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Irish footballer **Tadhg Purcell** (born 2 September 1985) is an Irish footballer who plays for Dunbar Rovers FC in the National Premier League. His main position is as a striker, although he can play on the wing. He spent his youth with Leicester Celtic, before joining Kilkenny City in 2004. He moved onto Shamrock Rovers two years later, and enjoyed a successful three-year spell with the club, helping Shamrock to win the First Division title in 2006. He won a move to English club Darlington in January 2010, before joining Northampton Town six months later. He was loaned back to Darlington in September 2011, and later went out on loan to Irish side Cork City. He joined Australian side Marconi Stallions in March 2013, he then joined Rockdale City Suns in 2014, and North Shore Mariners in 2015. He's played his trade over the past seasons with other Sydney-based National Premier League teams Stanmore Hawks and Dunbar Rovers. Another famous Tádhg Purcell is from the Late Late Toy Show 2017. Playing career -------------- ### Early career Tadhg Purcell played most his schoolboy career at Leicester Celtic, where he played alongside future teammate Barry Murphy. He also gained success with his St Benildus team, and was part of the under-18s Dublin Soccer champions team at St Benildus College in 2003, when they beat Malahide 1–0 in the final, which was held at Wayside Celtic's ground. ### League of Ireland career Tadgh Purcell originally received a soccer scholarship from University College Dublin (UCD AFC), where he played the beginning of his senior career. Following the end of his scholarship, Purcell moved to First Division side Kilkenny City, under the management of Pat Scully, for the 2005 season. He scored his first League of Ireland goal on 9 April at Buckley Park. After one season with the "Black Cats", he then moved to Shamrock Rovers for the 2006 season, along with his manager Scully, after Kilkenny City failed to gain promotion from the First Division. He made his Rovers debut in the opening game of the 2006 season. Following a successful first season with the "Hoops", in which Rovers won the First Division title and Purcell became the club's top scorer with 12 goals, he signed a two and a half-year contract in July 2007. The club finished fifth in the Premier Division the following season, and he was top-scorer again in 2007 after finding the net 12 times, also becoming the fourth highest scorer in the league. Scully left the club by mutual consent in October 2008, and was replaced by Michael O'Neill. Although first team opportunities became limited in 2008 he managed to make an impact in many league games but Purcell eventually departed the club in September 2009. He was the first substitute to appear at Tallaght Stadium, and also played as a substitute in a friendly against Real Madrid. His last goal for Rovers was his only goal in the 2009 season. ### Darlington Purcell signed for Steve Staunton's League Two club Darlington, along with former St Patrick's Athletic midfielder Gary Dempsey, in January 2010. He scored on his debut for the club on 19 January, in a 2–1 win over Rotherham United at the Don Valley Stadium. He also scored on his home debut in a 2–1 loss to Northampton Town. He scored nine goals in 22 games in 2009–10 to become the club's top scorer, as the "Quakers" suffered relegation out of the Football League. He rejected a new deal at The Darlington Arena following the club's relegation, despite new manager Simon Davey's attempts to retain him. ### Northampton Town Purcell signed a two-year contract with League Two side Northampton Town in June 2010. Manager Ian Sampson stated that: "He is a good finisher, has a lot of physical strength and understands the game. He is a major signing for us and we are delighted." On his first start of the season against Wycombe Wanderers, Purcell was stretchered off; it was later revealed that he would subsequently be ruled out for the remainder of the 2010–11 season with ruptured cruciate and lateral knee ligaments. He joined former club Darlington on a one-month loan in September 2011, in what "Cobblers" boss Gary Johnson stated was an attempt to regain match fitness. He scored one goal in five Conference National appearances for the "Quakers", before returning to Sixfields. Purcell joined Tommy Dunne's League of Ireland side Cork City on a four-month loan in February 2012. He scored three goals in 16 Premier Division games during his stay at Turners Cross in the 2012 season. Although a permanent contract was offered Purcell decided to move back to the UK. He joined Port Vale on trial in July 2012. He scored a hat-trick for the "Valiants" in a friendly against amateur side Alsager Town. ### Australia Purcell joined Australian club Marconi Stallions in March 2013. He later signed for Northbridge FC in 2015. Personal life ------------- Purcell was raised in Sandyford, Dublin and obtained a degree in Science at undergraduate level, in University College Dublin (UCD) after leaving St Benildus College. Before going to St Benildus College he attended Catholic University School (CUS) for three years. Honours ------- **Shamrock Rovers** * League of Ireland First Division: 2006
2022 film by Ethan Eng **Therapy Dogs** is a 2022 documentary-comedy film directed by Ethan Eng and written by Ethan Eng and Justin Morrice. Along with its writers, it also starred Kevin Tseng. The movie first premiered in January at the Slamdance Film Festival, making Ethan the youngest filmmaker to premier at this festival at the age of seventeen, though the filmmakers said that they had been working on its production as early as the tenth grade. The coming-of-age film delves into the lives of two best friends attending Cawthra Park Secondary School, a Mississauga high school just past Toronto. Ethan Eng and Justin Morrice are seventeen year-olds who endeavor to produce a video for their yearbook and graduating class of 2019 as they find themselves grappling with adolescence, growing up, identity, the boundaries they push, and the recklessness and intensity of male adolescence. The film also features interviews with many of their fellow, unsuspecting high school students. Awards and nominations ---------------------- The movie had a low budget and made use of a diversity of personal filming devices (GoPros, cellphones, etc). It received three awards and two nominations across the Slamdance Film Festival, Guanajuato International Film Festival, and the NOAM Faenza Film Festival. In addition, it was a New York Times Critics Pick. **Slamdance Film Festival** * Nominated for the Best Narrative Feature * Winner of the AGBO Fellowship Award at the Slamdance Film Festival; was a nominee for the Festival Prize and **Guanajuato International Film Festival** * Nominee for the Festival Prize * Winner of the Best International Feature Film **NOAM Faenza Film Festival** * Winner of the Best Film award. The movie landed Ethan an AGBO Fellowship with the Russo brothers, and went on to play a role in Matt Johnson's 2023 film *BlackBerry*.
Original Zust logo A 1912 28 hp model **Zust** (originally **Züst**) was an Italian car manufacturing company operating from 1905 to 1917. The company was founded by engineer Roberto Züst, an Italian industrialist of Swiss origin, who owned a precision tool manufacturing plant at Intra, near Lago Maggiore (formerly the Guller & Croff iron foundry). Züst experimented with prototypes of cars from around 1900 on and in Milan in 1905, he founded the Zust company for manufacturing cars and commercial vehicles. His first models were huge and expensive machines propelled by four-cylinder engines from 7432 cc (454cuin) to 11308 cc (690cuin). These were joined by a slightly smaller 5-litre (305cuin) model in 1908. A Zust 28/45 HP participated in the 1908 New York to Paris Race and finished third. Giustino Cattaneo (later of Isotta Fraschini) worked for him. The 1906 Züst which took third place in the 1908 Race Around the World. In 1906 Züst decided to also make smaller cars, so with his five sons he founded a new company known as Brixia-Zust in the city of Brescia. (Zust and Brixia-Zust are often confused). Due to financial problems, Brixia-Zust closed down in 1912; the Milan factory was sold and production of Zust cars concentrated in Brescia, where production continued until 1914. The last new models, the 15/25 HP or 2S 365 (2592 cc/158cuin) and the 25/35 or S305 (4712  cc/288cuin), appeared in 1913. On October 1, 1917, the company was taken over by Officine Meccaniche of Milan, who continued to make the S305 until 1923 under their own name. Brixia-Zust ----------- Share of the Fabrica Automobili Brixia-Züst, issued 4. May 1906 **Brixia-Zust** (originally **Brixia-Züst**) was an Italian car manufacturer also founded by engineer Roberto Züst, owner of Zust of Milan, and his sons. The company was situated in Brescia, Northern Italy; Brixia is the antique Latin for Brescia. The company made racing cars that participated in Targa Florio, an open road race in Sicily. The most interesting model was the *10 hp* in 1909, propelled by a three-cylinder 1495 cc engine. Car production ended—due to financial difficulties—in 1912. In 1918, after Officine Meccaniche took over the Zust company, the Brescia facilities were used.
British diplomat **Lindsay Skoll** CMG is a British diplomat. Since 2021, she has served as the Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Austria and the UK Permanent Representative to the United Nations and other International Organisations in Vienna. Education --------- Skoll obtained a BA in History with Russian from the University of Nottingham. Career ------ Skoll joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1996, having previously worked for the Japanese Ministry of Education. ### High Commissioner to the Republic of Seychelles Skoll was British High Commissioner to the Republic of Seychelles between 2012 and 2015. Upon leaving the post, she called her mission "eventful, but hopeful". She officiated at the first same sex marriage to occur in Seychelles. The marriage was between two men, one a British national and the other a Seychellois national who held a British passport. Seychelles Principal Secretary for Foreign Affairs Maurice Loustau-Lalanne described Skoll's decision to conduct the marriage as "lacking in sensitivity". The British High Commission responded to criticism by stating that the men "were legally entitled to be married by an appropriate British official on British territory". ### Deputy Head of Mission, Moscow Skoll served as Deputy Head of Mission at the Embassy of the United Kingdom, Moscow between 2018 and 2020. She gave a speech during the 2018 FIFA World Cup at Volgograd, where she paid tribute to the sacrifice of the people of Volgograd during the Second World War, when the city was known as Stalingrad. ### Ambassador to Austria She was appointed Ambassador to Austria in September 2021.
Northern Irish footballer **Bertie Lutton** (born 13 July 1950) is a Northern Irish former footballer who played as a midfielder in England for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Brighton & Hove Albion, West Ham United and Horsham. He played for Eastern Suburbs (Sydney), South Melbourne and Northcote City in Australia and was an international footballer with Northern Ireland from 1970 until 1973. Club career ----------- Lutton started as a youth team player for his hometown side Banbridge Town before moving to Wolverhampton Wanderers for a £50 fee. He signed for Brighton & Hove Albion in 1971 for £5,000 and in 1973, for a £25,000 fee, for West Ham United making his debut on 10 February 1973 in a 1–0 away win at Norwich City. He played for Northern Ireland whilst at West Ham making him their first player to play for that country. He made only thirteen appearances for West Ham before moving to Horsham. He joined York City on trial making his debut for their reserve side in a 6-0 win over Halifax Town on 3 March 1975. Unable to continue his footballing career because of injuries, he emigrated to Australia where he went on to play for clubs in the National Soccer League and Victorian State League. International career -------------------- Lutton played six times for Northern Ireland making his debut on 18 April 1970 in a 1–0 defeat by Scotland.
American writer of Jewish heritage (born 1954) **Lev Raphael** (born May 19, 1954) is an American writer of Jewish heritage. He has published work in a variety of genres, including literary fiction, murder mysteries, fantasy, short stories, memoir and non-fiction, and is known for being one of the most prominent LGBT figures in contemporary Jewish American literature. He is one of the first American-Jewish writers to publish fiction about children of Holocaust survivors, beginning to do so in 1978. Background ---------- He was born as **Reuben Lewis Steinberg** in New York City. His Holocaust survivor parents were culturally Jewish but not religious. As an adult, he changed his name to Lev as a part of reclaiming his Jewish heritage, and later adopted the surname Raphael to reaffirm his Jewishness and abandoned a German one. He studied English at Fordham University and creative writing and English at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he won the Harvey Swados Fiction Prize awarded by Martha Foley, editor of The Best American Short Stories for his first published short story which later appeared in *Redbook*. He received a Ph.D. in English from Michigan State University in 1986. Writing ------- His first short story collection, *Dancing on Tisha B’Av*, won a Lambda Literary Award in the Gay Debut Fiction category at the 3rd Lambda Literary Awards in 1990. He was also nominated for Lambdas in the Gay Fiction category at the 5th Lambda Literary Awards in 1992 for his novel *Winter Eyes*, in the Spirituality category at the 9th Lambda Literary Awards in 1997 for his memoir *Journeys and Arrivals*, and in the Gay Mystery category at the 12th Lambda Literary Awards in 2000 for *The Death of a Constant Lover*. He won the Crossing Boundaries Award from *International Quarterly* for "Losing My Mother", an essay contained in his memoir *Writing a Jewish Life*. The judge was D.M. Thomas, author of *The White Hotel.* In 1996, Raphael began publishing a series of mystery novels centred on Nick Hoffman, an English professor and amateur detective investigating murders in the academic world. In addition to publishing *The German Money* and *Secret Anniversaries of the Heart* with Leapfrog Press, Raphael also served as the finalist judge for the 2012 Leapfrog Press Global Fiction Prize Contest, selecting Jacob White's *Being Dead in South Carolina* as the winner. He is a former visiting assistant professor in English and creative writing at Michigan State University. He also previously hosted a weekly radio show about books and literature on WLNZ in Lansing, Michigan. He has been a book reviewer for *The Detroit Free Press* and *The Washington Post*, and has published both short stories and essays in a wide variety of both LGBT and Jewish publications. Works ----- ### Novels * *Winter Eyes* (1992) * *Let's Get Criminal* (1996) * *The Edith Wharton Murders* (1997) * *The Death of a Constant Lover* (1998) * *Little Miss Evil* (2000) * *Burning Down the House* (2001) * *The German Money* (2003) * *Tropic of Murder* (2004) * *Hot Rocks* (2007) * *Pride and Prejudice: The Jewess and the Gentile* (2011) * *Rosedale in Love* (2011) * *The Vampyre of Gotham* (2012) * *Assault with a Deadly Lie* (2014) ### Short stories * *Dancing on Tisha B'Av* (1990) * *Secret Anniversaries of the Heart* (2006) ### Memoir * *Journeys & Arrivals* (1996) * *Writing a Jewish Life* (2006) * *My Germany* (2009) ### Non-fiction * *Edith Wharton's Prisoners of Shame* (1991) * *Stick Up For Yourself!* (1992, with Gershen Kaufman and Pamela Espeland) * *Coming Out of Shame* (1995, with Gershen Kaufman) * *Book Lust!* (2012) * *Writer's Block is Bunk* (2012)
Song by The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu "**Whitney Joins the JAMs**" is a song and 1987 single by the Justified Ancients of Mu Mu (The JAMs). The song, released on the JAMs' independent label KLF Communications, is built around plagiarised samples of Whitney Houston in which—thanks to studio technology—she "joins the JAMs". "Whitney Joins the JAMs" was given a low-key, uncommercial release in the UK, as a one-sided 12" in a generic monochrome KLF Communications sleeve. The single did not enter the UK Singles Chart. Background ---------- Early in 1987, Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty formed the Justified Ancients of Mu Mu (the JAMs), grafting plagiarised samples from the history of popular music with beatbox rhythms and Drummond's often political raps. The JAMs' small-budget debut single "All You Need Is Love" and album *1987 (What the Fuck Is Going On?)* both attracted the attentions of the UK music press, who praised The JAMs' innovation and social commentary, and the Mechanical Copyright Protection Society, who demanded the immediate withdrawal and destruction of all copies of *1987* in response to an objection from ABBA. Despite the potential legal and financial risks that their composition methods entailed, the JAMs next created "Whitney Joins the JAMs", a house mash-up built around samples of Whitney Houston, Isaac Hayes, Lalo Schifrin's *Mission: Impossible* theme tune, and (according to later sleevenotes) Westworld. The lyrical theme of the piece is the satirical false premise that Whitney Houston had been begged and persuaded to collaborate with the JAMs; Drummond's jubilant lyrics suggest that extensive sampling of Houston's 1987 #1 single "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)" is evidence of Houston's dedication to the project. According to Drummond, the JAMs had originally planned to produce a house record around Isaac Hayes' "Theme from *Shaft*". However: > We booked the studio for five days.... I went around to the record shop near the studio to get hold of *Shaft*.... and in the window was ... a big cut-out of Whitney Houston.... I love that track, and I loved Whitney Houston then, and I just said 'Wow', and bought the album [*Whitney*].... We just played that track over and over again, and we just thought: ..."no point us making records when such fantastic records as this have been made". And that's how that track ... grew into a celebration of Whitney Houston. > > — Bill Drummond Release ------- "Whitney Joins the JAMs" was given a low-key release in the UK, initially as a run of 500 one-sided 12-inch singles in generic monochrome KLF Communications sleeves. The vinyl labels contained only the title and "120 bpm". Two repressings followed in 1987, both having a test tone groove B-side, with copies supplied in either a generic KLF Communications sleeve or a plain black sleeve. The single did not enter the UK Singles Chart, but it reached #3 on the UK Independent Chart, prompting the UK television programme *The Chart Show* to request a music video. The JAMs obliged, hiring a video camera and getting a friend to film them driving to *The Chart Show* studio in Cauty's repainted Ford Galaxie American police car. According to Drummond, "When we got there, we took out the cassette, handed it in at the gate and said 'that's your video'! The next day it was on national TV. It cost us £19.96." The video was remembered in 1991 by *NME*, who thought that the KLF's VHS compilation *The Stadium House Trilogy* would have benefitted from the inclusion of the "pre-megastardom" video. The song features on neither of the JAMs' studio albums, but is included on the duo's 1988 compilation and remix album *Shag Times*, where co-authorship credit is given to composers of works sampled in the track. *Shag Times* also contains an instrumental remix of the song, credited to the KLF. Composition ----------- The upbeat and apolitical tone of "Whitney Joins the JAMs" was similarly accented by Drummond and Cauty's subsequent work as the Timelords and the KLF. The song's self-referential nature—in this case concerning its own production—is also typical of much of the duo's output. The 7-minute song is progressive, funky house, and an early example of a mash-up. It opens with quiet synthesiser drones and cymbal percussion which are soon joined by the markedly louder *Mission: Impossible* theme. Drummond says "'Mission impossible' we were told, she'll never join the JAMs", a point answered by power chords sampled from Whitney's "I Wanna Dance with Somebody". Drummond then begs and pleads to Whitney for around ninety seconds before the first strains of her voice can be heard. Drummond sounds ecstatic, proclaiming "Whitney Houston joins the JAMs!" and "I'm yours!". The song develops to sample full sections of Houston's chorus, alternating these with increasingly pronounced guitar work taken from Hayes' distinctive *Shaft* theme and portions of the *Mission: Impossible* theme complemented by piano work. Ultimately the track descends into an unrhythmic cacophony of samples. Reviews ------- *NME* noted that "Whitney Joins the JAMs" exhibited a slicker blending of samples than the duo's previous recordings, with the JAMs moving from "crash collision" to "the art of super selective theft". "Whitney" is a "disco gun-down that is so beat-packed it will keep your boogie box high and gasping for days.", the paper wrote. "If this doesn't prove to you that dance music is moving with more energy and vitality than traditional rock then nothing will." Comparing "Whitney Joins the JAMs" to the duo's two other singles of 1987, *NME* also recognised that the track is "a tale of simple sample fantasy", whereas the lyrics of "All You Need Is Love" and "Down Town", "question the inadequacies and inconsistencies of society". AllMusic called "Whitney Joins the JAMs" "hilarious". Legacy ------ Ironically, Drummond claimed that in 1991 the KLF were offered the job of producing or remixing a new Whitney Houston album, as an inducement from the boss of her record label (Clive Davis of Arista Records) to sign with them. The KLF did not accept the offer, but nonetheless they signed to be distributed by Arista in the US. Drummond said, "They sent us a copy of her current album and said: '[are] there any tracks in this album you wanna redo? We'll send her over [to] do photo sessions with you. We'll have her with a KLF T-shirt on the next video.' We got the album: complete rubbish.... But the whole concept! And suddenly we're being offered Whitney on a plate.... 'My God!'" Davis' offer reflected the upturn in Drummond and Cauty's fortunes brought about by their decision to produce commercial music as the Timelords and the KLF. Whereas the JAMs' recordings of 1987 were at the legal mercy of the artists sampled therein, Drummond and Cauty later became able to commission the services of established performers. The Timelords' "Gary Joins the JAMs" (a version of their UK #1 novelty single "Doctorin' the Tardis", which sampled Gary Glitter) featured new vocals by Glitter, and he also appeared with the duo on *Top of the Pops*. The KLF recorded Tammy Wynette's vocals on "Justified and Ancient", and "America: What Time Is Love?" featured Glenn Hughes, prompting other established vocalists to send requests for collaborations. In 1995, Drummond and Cauty unsuccessfully attempted to recruit Robbie Williams to sing on a track they were donating to *The Help Album*; Williams was on holiday and unavailable. Drummond outlined their idea—which mirrors "Whitney Joins the JAMs"—in a chapter of his book *45* entitled "Robbie Joins the Jams": "Over a mug of tea Jimmy [Cauty] and I got it all worked out. We would record our version of 'The Magnificent Seven', renamed 'The Magnificent One', through Sunday night. Over the track I would beseech Robbie Williams to join The Jams, and then Robbie would in fact turn up at the studio in the early hours of Monday morning and make his creative contribution to the record." The track was ultimately recorded without Robbie Williams and titled "The Magnificent".[] Notes and references -------------------- 1. ↑ Didcock, Barry (21 October 2001). "Bitter Swede symphony". *Sunday Herald*. Glasgow. p. 4. 2. 1 2 *Shag Times* (Sleevenotes). KLF Communications. 1988. KLF DLP3. 3. 1 2 3 Drummond, Bill (September 1991). "Bomlagadafshipoing" (Interview). Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation Radio 2. Transcript archived (via the Library of Mu) on 16 September 2016.Wikipedia:WikiProject The KLF/LibraryOfMu/521 4. ↑ Longmire, Ernie; et al. (2020) [1998]. "Discography: The KLF (including The JAMS, The Timelords, 2K etc.)". Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. 5. ↑ "J.A.Ms – Whitney Joins The J.A.Ms". Discogs.com. 1987. 6. 1 2 Smith, Mat (12 December 1987). "The Great TUNE Robbery". *Melody Maker*. Archived (via the Library of Mu) on 4 October 2016.Wikipedia:WikiProject The KLF/LibraryOfMu/52 7. ↑ Dalton, Stephen (6 July 1991). "Stadium House (The Trilogy)]". *NME* (review). Archived (via the Library of Mu) on 11 October 2016.Wikipedia:WikiProject The KLF/LibraryOfMu/244 8. ↑ "Whitney Joins The JAMs". *NME* (review). 22 August 1987. 9. ↑ "Down Town". *NME* (review). 28 November 1987. 10. ↑ Bush, John. The History of the JAMS a.k.a. The Timelords - Justified Ancients of Mu Mu at AllMusic. Retrieved 8 March 2020. 11. ↑ Longmire, Ernie ("Lazlo Nibble") (1 April 1991). "KLF is Gonna Rock Ya!". *X Magazine* (Interview with Bill Drummond). Archived (via the Library of Mu) on 16 September 2016.Wikipedia:WikiProject The KLF/LibraryOfMu/229 12. ↑ "Public NME". *NME* (News item about the KLF turning down Whitney Houston). 16 November 1991. Archived (via the Library of Mu) on September 16, 2016.Wikipedia:WikiProject The KLF/LibraryOfMu/261 13. ↑ Stent, Mark, in Shaw, William (July 1992). "Who Killed The KLF". *Select*. Archived (via the Library of Mu) on 11 October 2016.Wikipedia:WikiProject The KLF/LibraryOfMu/315 14. ↑ "Help LP diary". *Select*. January 1996. 15. ↑ Cauty, Jimmy; Drummond, Bill (6 September 1995). "K-Foundation In The City interview" (Interview). Interviewed by Steve Lamacq. BBC Radio 1. Transcript archived (via the Library of Mu) on 16 September 2016.Wikipedia:WikiProject The KLF/LibraryOfMu/476 16. ↑ Drummond, Bill (2000). "Robbie Joins The Jams". *45*. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-85385-2. | * v * t * e The KLF | | --- | | *Aka: The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu • The Timelords • 2K • K Foundation • One World Orchestra* * Bill Drummond * Jimmy Cauty | | Singles | * "All You Need Is Love" * "Whitney Joins The JAMs" * "Down Town" * "Burn the Bastards" * "Doctorin' the Tardis" * "What Time Is Love?" * "3 a.m. Eternal" * "Kylie Said to Jason" * "Last Train to Trancentral" * "It's Grim Up North" * "Justified & Ancient" * "K Cera Cera" * "Fuck the Millennium" * "The Magnificent" | | Studio albums | * *1987 (What the Fuck Is Going On?)* * *Who Killed The JAMs?* * *Chill Out* * *The White Room* * *The Black Room* (unreleased) | | Compilations | * *1987 (The JAMs 45 Edits)* * *Shag Times* * *The "What Time Is Love?" Story* * *Samplecity thru Trancentral* + *Solid State Logik* + *Come Down Dawn* + *The White Room Director's Cut* | | Other | * *The Manual* * *2023: A Trilogy* * *Who Killed the KLF?* | | Projects | * Discography * Films * *Space* * K Foundation * *K Foundation Burn a Million Quid* * K Foundation art award * K2 Plant Hire * Welcome to the Dark Ages | | Related bands | * Big in Japan * Lori and the Chameleons * Brilliant * Disco 2000 * The Orb * Blacksmoke * Solid Gold Chartbusters * Transit Kings | | Related people | * List of The KLF's creative associates * Isaac Bello * Nick Coler * Gimpo * Glenn Hughes * Ricardo Lyte * Tony Thorpe/The Moody Boys * Tammy Wynette | | | | | --- | --- | | Authority control Edit this at Wikidata | * MusicBrainz release group |
American basketball player **Deon Jay Lyle** (born August 30, 1996) is an American professional basketball player. He played college basketball for the Cloud CC Thunderbirds and the UTSA Roadrunners. In 2018, he played for the Chicago Ballers of the Junior Basketball Association (JBA). High school career ------------------ The son of Arthur and Sarah Lyle, Deon has three brothers and one sister. He grew up in Hastings, Nebraska and learned to play basketball at the YMCA. Lyle played two seasons at Hastings High School in Nebraska. In his junior year, he transferred to Norton Community High School in Kansas. As a senior, he averaged 21.9 points, 8.8 boards, 2.7 assists and 2.5 steals per game. Lyle was named first-team All-Mid-Continent League and honorable mention Kansas 3A All-State. College career -------------- In his freshman season of college, Lyle played at Cloud County Community College under coach Chad Eshbaugh. He averaged 4.3 points and 0.9 rebounds per game as a freshman. Lyle's best game that season was a 25 point performance in a win over Pratt Community College on February 25, 2016. As a sophomore, he led the team in scoring with 15 points per game while also tallying 3.8 rebounds and 1.5 assists per contest. He shot 41.4 percent from the field and 39.6 percent from behind the 3-point line in helping the T-Birds to a 20-11 record. Lyle was named to the first team All-Kansas Jayhawk Community College Conference and second-team National Junior College Athletic Association All-Region VI. His best game as a sophomore came on November 19, 2016, when he scored 31 points in a win against Seward County Community College. After his sophomore season, Lyle transferred to UTSA where he played under coach Steve Henson. He had 21 points in a 93-83 loss to Southern Miss on January 6, 2018. On March 3, Lyle hit eight three-pointers and scored a career-high 33 points in a 79-60 win against Rice. He scored 16 points in the first round of the 2018 CIT versus Lamar after shooting poorly in the Conference USA Tournament. In his only year on the team, Lyle finished third on the team in scoring with 11.3 points per game. Lyle's 96 three-pointers tied the school single-season record. He was named Conference USA Sixth Man of the Year. Professional career ------------------- After his season at UTSA, Lyle requested a release from the school and initially planned to transfer to Nicholls State. However, he later announced he was turning professional. In June 2018 it was announced that Lyle would join the Chicago Ballers of the Junior Basketball Association (JBA). In the inaugural JBA game on June 21, Lyle recorded a double-double of 24 points and 10 rebounds in a 128–117 loss to the Atlanta Ballers. Five days later, he recorded season-highs of 28 points, 13 rebounds, and 5 assists in a 125–117 win over the Houston Ballers. Lyle averaged 22.7 points, 10.1 rebounds and 3.7 assists per game in his first season. He was named to the East roster for the JBA All-Star Game. Lyle recorded a near triple-double during the event, scoring a game-high 51 points, grabbing a team-high 11 rebounds, and putting up 9 assists in a 202–189 loss to win East Most Valuable Player (MVP). After the conclusion of the inaugural JBA season, Lyle was named one of 14 players included for the JBA USA Team for their 2018 international tour. Lyle declared for the 2019 NBA draft, but was undrafted. On October 9, 2019, Lyle joined defending champion Aragats of the Armenia Basketball League A. In February 2020, Lyle signed with the Albany Patroons of The Basketball League. Lyle joined the Tijuana Zonkeys of the Circuito de Baloncesto de la Costa del Pacífico (CIBACOPA) in March. In his Mexican debut, Lyle finished with 18 points, 8 rebounds, and 2 assists in a win over Mantarrayas de La Paz. In 2021, Lyle signed with the Enid Outlaws of The Basketball League. In December 2021, Lyle joined FAP in Cameroon to play for the team in the final round of the 2022 BAL qualification. Career statistics ----------------- Legend|   GP | Games played |   GS  | Games started |  MPG  | Minutes per game | |  FG%  | Field goal percentage |  3P%  | 3-point field goal percentage |  FT%  | Free throw percentage | |  RPG  | Rebounds per game |  APG  | Assists per game |  SPG  | Steals per game | |  BPG  | Blocks per game |  PPG  | Points per game |  **Bold**  | Career high | ### College | Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 2017–18 | UTSA | 35 | 6 | 19.6 | .416 | .403 | .628 | 3.7 | .3 | .3 | .1 | 11.3 |
This article is about the Philadelphia band. For the album by Ché, see Ché\_(band) § Sounds of Liberation. American jazz ensemble Musical artist **Sounds of Liberation** was an American jazz collective formed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the early 1970s. They got their start in the progressive neighborhood of Germantown, Philadelphia. The band had close ties to the Black Arts Movement of the time, using their music to help spark social activism, with tremendous impact on the African American and jazz community in Philadelphia. The band had seven members: Byard Lancaster, Monnette Sudler, Rashid Salim, Omar Hill, Khan Jamal, Bill Mills, and Dwight James. Their studio album, *New Horizons*, was released in 1972. Although it received critical acclaim, the album was only moderately successful commercially. The band also recorded a live session at Columbia University in 1973 which was only recently recovered. Sounds of Liberation saxophonist and flute player Byard Lancaster died in 2012. Sounds of Liberation played a sound that mixed jazz, funk, free jazz and spiritual jazz. They owe much of their inspiration to jazz legends such as Pharoah Sanders, and funk artists like Curtis Mayfield. The band once performed alongside Kool & The Gang at the 1974 Miss Black America pageant. A limited release of their 1973 Live Recording was remastered and made available by Dogtown Records in 2019. The LP features cover art from the original group artist Leroy Butler, who also made cover art for experimental Jazz artist / Afrofuturist Sun Ra. Similar to Sixto Rodriguez, the band's fame and cult following grew long after they played together. Discography ----------- | Title | Year | Label | | --- | --- | --- | | *New Horizons* | 1972 | Dogtown | | *Unreleased (Columbia University 1973)* (Live) | 1973 | Brewerytown Beats |
United States Air Force general **Russell Allen Berg** (6 January 1917 – 24 January 2002) was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force. During World War II he flew Supermarine Spitfires with the British Royal Air Force, earning the British Distinguished Flying Cross and bar. He also flew reconnaissance missions during the Korean War. Biography --------- Russell Allen Berg was born on 6 January 1917 in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Werner and Blenda Berg. He graduated from Roosevelt High School in 1935 and from Grinnell College, from which he received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1940. Berg began training with the United States Army Air Corps in 1940 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant on completion of his pilot training at Maxwell Field in Alabama in April 1941. During World War II, he was assigned to the Royal Air Force, and flew 35 combat missions with No. 610 Squadron RAF in Supermarine Spitfires. He later flew missions in P-51 Mustangs, P-38 Lightnings and A-20 Havocs with the 12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron and the 10th Photographic Group. After the war, Berg became an instructor with the Wisconsin Air National Guard, and then was assigned to the Headquarters of the Tactical Air Command at Langley Air Force Base in Virginia. In 1946, he married Joan Mortrude. They had two children: a daughter, Marilee, and a son, Thomas. During the Korean War, Berg commanded the 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, flying reconnaissance missions over North Korea. He returned to the United States in August 1953, and became chief of the Reconnaissance Division in the Directorate of Operations at United States Air Force (USAF) headquarters in Washington, DC. He was the Air Force project officer for Project Aquatone, the joint USAF-CIA program that developed the Lockheed U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft. He attended the National War College in 1956 and 1957, and then was assigned to Allied Air Force Central Europe of NATO as chief of the Reconnaissance Division. Berg returned to the United States in August 1960, and became chief of staff of the Ballistic Missile Division located at Los Angeles Air Force Station in El Segundo, California. He then became vice commander of the Satellite System Division, and deputy director of the Air Force Special Projects Office. Other positions he held include deputy director of the Manned Orbiting Laboratory and assignments with the United States Secretary of the Air Force and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. On 1 February 1967, he became director of the Office of Space Systems. He retired on 1 August 1970. Awards Berg received include the Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster, the Distinguished Flying Cross, the Air Medal with eight oak leaf clusters, the Bronze Star Medal, the Army Commendation Medal, the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, the British Distinguished Flying Cross and bar, the French Croix de Guerre with palm device, the Belgian Croix de guerre with palm device and the Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation. Berg died on 24 January 2002 in San Antonio, Texas, and was buried in Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery.
Singaporean TV series or program ***I Not Stupid Too*** is a Singaporean TV series adaptation and the sequel of the hit film *I Not Stupid Too*. The series debuted in September 2006 and was aired on Saturdays at 9pm. Director Jack Neo reprises his role as Mr Yeo. Original cast members Xiang Yun, Shawn Lee and Joshua Ang return for the television series. Plot ---- The series continues from the events in the film, with a time lapse in between. Similar to the film, Jerry Yeo introduces the characters and the situation. Chengcai and Tom are now in Secondary 4. Mr Yeo has been stationed in Shanghai for two years while Mrs Yeo has since quit her full-time job and taken up part-time work as a freelance reporter so she can spend more time with her family. After his father dies, Chengcai returns to school determined to study hard so as to not let his father down. He decides to rent his flat out to earn some extra money. Tom invites him to stay at his house. Knowing his mother will disapprove due to Chengcai's past, Tom and his younger brother Jerry get friends to help and they devise a creative and elaborate plan to get their mother to agree. Mrs Yeo eventually welcomes Chengcai into their family after he rescues them from a robber. In school, Tom and Chengcai are popular students and are often chased by their female schoolmates. Eventually they realize that they both have a crush on the same classmate, Jing Jing, and their friendship is put to the test. Meanwhile, their English teacher, Miss Tan, falls for the Phys Ed teacher, Mr Hao, who seeks help from Mr Fu and Chengcai in dealing with his shyness. Chengcai's guardian, Lady Boss, often visits the Yeo family. She feeds Granny with speculations of how Mrs Yeo and Mr Fu may be having an affair. A small upheaval takes place which is thankfully resolved with the help from the children. Cast ---- ### Main * Shawn Lee as Tom Yeo 杨学谦 * Lee Jiaxun 李佳勳 as Jerry Yeo 杨学强: Ashley Leong played Jerry Yeo in the original film but was replaced by Lee for the television series. * Joshua Ang as Lim Chengcai 林成才 * Xiang Yun as Mrs Yeo 许秀梅 * Ng Suan Loi as Granny "Ah ma" * Asmiyati binti Asbah as Yati ### Supporting and Recurring * Nick Shen as Hao Letian * Johnny Ng 黄家强 as Fu Dabing * Jaime Teo 赵彩菱 as Miss Tan * Natalli Ong 爱雯 as Jing Jing 晶晶 * Tan Yong Ming 陈勇铭 as Fatty 小胖 * Liu Lingling 刘玲玲 as "Lady Boss" 肥阿姨 * Jack Neo as Mr Yeo Production ---------- Like the previous film *I Not Stupid*, a sitcom version of the original film was written and produced. Filming took place in River Valley Primary School, Kranji Secondary School and other locations during school holidays. While the original film focused more on the protagonists' relationships with their families, the series focuses on some of the other everyday idiosyncrasies of a teenager's life such as crushes, addiction to mobile phones, sibling rivalry, and friendship. The boys have also matured since the events in the film and have a better relationship with their teachers, especially Mr Fu. In general the series is more light-hearted than the film, and relies on an episodic structure.
1993 disease outbreak The Four Corners region is indicated by the red area on this map. The **1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak** was an outbreak of hantavirus that caused the first known human cases of hantavirus disease in the United States. It occurred within the Four Corners region – the geographic intersection of the U.S. states of Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona – of the Southwestern United States in mid-1993. This region is largely occupied by Native American tribal lands, including the Hopi, Ute, Zuni, and Navajo reservations, from which many of the cases were reported. The virus killed 13 people – half of those it infected, for a mortality rate of 50%. The cause of the outbreak was found to be a previously unknown species of hantavirus, which was responsible for a new form of illness known as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). The virus is carried by deer mice. Originally referred to as "Four Corners virus", "Muerto Canyon virus", and "Convict Creek virus", it was later named Sin Nombre virus. Transmission to humans was found to have occurred through contact with aerosolized deer mice droppings in enclosed spaces in and around the homes of the victims. Background ---------- In April 1993, a young Navajo woman arrived at the Crownpoint Comprehensive Healthcare Facility emergency room in Crownpoint, New Mexico, complaining of flu-like symptoms and sudden, severe shortness of breath. While at the hospital patient moved to inpatient floor. Doctors found the woman's lungs to be full of fluid, and she died soon after her arrival. An autopsy revealed the woman's lungs to be twice the normal weight for someone her age. The cause of her death could not be immediately determined, and the case was reported to the New Mexico Department of Health. Five days later, her fiancé, a young Navajo man, was en route to her funeral in Gallup when he suddenly became severely short of breath. By the time family brought him by personal vehicle to the Gallup Indian Medical Center emergency room, he had stopped breathing. Emergency room staff performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The young man could not be revived by doctors and died. The physicians, recalling the similar symptoms and death of the young woman, reported his death to the New Mexico Department of Health. New Mexico state health officials notified the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Within a week, a task force had formed in Albuquerque that included Bruce Tempest, chief of medicine at the Indian Medical Center. Tempest quickly discovered that five people, including the young man's fiancée, as well as an Arizona resident, all had experienced the same symptoms and all had died within a six-month period. Tempest learned from the young man's family members that his fiancée had the same symptoms and died on the Navajo Reservation five days earlier. Deaths on the reservations are not reported to the state health department because they are sovereign nations. Tempest had considered plague as the cause because it is endemic to the region, but it had already been ruled out by tests on all of the victims. Within a short time, a dozen more people contracted the mysterious illness, most of them young Navajos in New Mexico. This included two relatives of the young couple who had died within a week of each other. Discovery of Sin Nombre virus ----------------------------- The 1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak in humans was traced to exposure to deer mouse droppings. Main article: Sin Nombre virus News outlets began reporting on the story of a mystery illness causing deaths among young Navajo, often using the term "Navajo Flu". Hearing a news report, a physician notified health officials to say that the illness had similarities to hantavirus, which he had observed in Korea in the 1950s. The Centers for Disease Control tested for hantavirus even though Asia and Europe were the only documented places hantavirus had been known to occur. No known cases had ever been reported in the United States. In addition, all the cases in Asia and Europe had involved hantaviruses that caused kidney failure, never respiratory failure. The testing revealed a previously unknown hantavirus which was eventually named Sin Nombre virus, Spanish for "No Name" virus. The disease became formally known as hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) or simply hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Several theories were advanced to explain the emergence of the new virus. These included increased contact between humans and mice due to a "bumper crop" in the deer mouse population. Another theory was that something within the virus had changed, allowing it to jump to humans. A third theory was that nothing had changed, that hantavirus cases had in fact occurred previously but had not been properly diagnosed. This last theory turned out to be the correct one when it was discovered that the first known case had actually occurred in a 38-year-old Utah man in 1959. Like the Korean virus, Sin Nombre virus does not spread person-to-person. Instead, transmission occurs when humans are exposed to air contaminated with aerosolized mouse feces, usually within enclosed spaces. All of the Four Corners victims were found to have significant infestations of deer mice in and around their homes. Course of illness and death rate -------------------------------- Doctors reported that all of the Four Corners patients had mild flu-like symptoms such as malaise, headache, cough, and fever, with a sudden onset of pulmonary edema necessitating ventilators before eventually causing death. From April to May 1993, there were 24 reported cases in the region. Twelve of those people died, resulting in a 50% mortality rate. Of the 24 patients, 14 were Native Americans, nine were non-Hispanic whites and one was Hispanic. Early cases in Navajo tradition ------------------------------- Navajo leaders reported that similar outbreaks had occurred in 1918, 1933, and 1934. Navajo ethnological stories have identified mice as sources of bad luck and illness since the 19th century. In popular culture ------------------ The outbreak was covered in the *Forensic Files* episode "With Every Breath".[]
American baseball player & coach Not to be confused with Zach Thornton. Baseball player **Zachary James Thornton** (born May 19, 1988) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He is currently the pitching coach for the UC Davis Aggies. Pitching for Oak Park High School, Thornton was All-State in California. At Ventura College, in 2008 he was 11–1 and was First Team all-SoCal and named to the Western State Conference North Team. Transferring to the University of Oregon, in his senior year in 2010 he was 9–0 and was named Pac-10 honorable mention. The Oakland Athletics selected Thornton in the 23rd round of the 2010 MLB draft, and he signed. In 2011, Thornton was a Midwest League All Star. In 2013, he was named a MiLB.com Pittsburgh Pirates Organization All-Star. In 2015, he was named the Venezuelan Winter League's Setup Pitcher of The Year. He pitched for Team Israel at the 2017 World Baseball Classic. Early life ---------- Thornton was born in Los Angeles, California, and grew up in Oak Park, California. His parents are James and Robin Thornton (a New York native), and he has a brother named Sam. High school ----------- He attended and graduated in 2006 from Oak Park High School in Oak Park, California. Pitching for the baseball team, Thornton was All-State, all-California Interscholastic Federation (CIF), and all-Tri-Valley League. College ------- Thornton enrolled at Ventura College. He pitched for the baseball team in 2007 and 2008. In his sophomore year he was 11–1 with a 1.12 ERA in 89 innings, and was named to the First Team all-SoCal Team and the Western State Conference North Team. The San Francisco Giants selected Thornton in the 43rd round of the 2008 MLB draft, but he opted not to sign. He transferred to the University of Oregon, to continue his college career with the Oregon Ducks. In his junior year in 2009, Thornton suffered a right shoulder injury, which he had surgically corrected, releasing the capsule to allow his shoulder to have unhindered internal rotation. In his senior year in 2010 he was 9–0 (his 9 wins matching the Oregon single-season record, and his 1.000 winning percentage setting the Oregon single-season record) with a 3.40 ERA (10th in the Conference) in 90 innings in which he struck out 73 batters and walked 16, and was named Pac-10 honorable mention. The Oakland Athletics selected Thornton in the 23rd round of the 2010 MLB draft, and he signed. Minor leagues ------------- Thornton pitched in 2010 for the AZL Athletics of the Rookie Arizona League and the Vancouver Canadians of the Class A-Short Season Northwest League. In 2011, Thornton had a 5–4 win–loss record, a 2.39 earned run average, and 82 strikeouts in 83 innings for the Burlington Bees of the Class A Midwest League, and made one appearance for the Midland RockHounds of the AA Texas League. At mid-season, he appeared in the Midwest League All-Star Game. He pitched for the Stockton Ports of the Class A-Advanced California League in 2012, going 4–0 with 16 saves (2nd in the league, and 4th among Oakland minor leaguers) and a 4.53 ERA and 70 strikeouts in 53.2 innings. The Athletics traded Thornton to the Pittsburgh Pirates after the 2012 season for pitcher Chris Resop. In the 2013 season, Thornton pitched for the Bradenton Marauders of the A+ Florida State League, the Altoona Curve of the AA Eastern League, and the Indianapolis Indians of the AAA International League. He was a combined 7–3 with 5 saves and a 2.63 ERA, and recorded 90 strikeouts to 12 walks in 75.1 innings, as he kept opponents to a .204 batting average. His 31 strikeouts and 4 walks in AAA for a 7.75 K/BB ratio was fourth-best among International League pitchers with at least 25 innings pitched. He was named a MiLB.com Pittsburgh Pirates Organization All-Star. He pitched for the Scottsdale Scorpions in 2013 in the Arizona Fall League, where he had a 3.07 ERA. He was considered a potential selection in the 2013 Rule 5 draft, but he was not selected. Thornton began the 2014 season with the Indianapolis Indians, going 2–0 with a 1.23 ERA. On April 18, 2014, the Pirates traded Thornton and a player to be named later to the New York Mets for first baseman Ike Davis. Thornton pitched as a reliever for the Las Vegas 51s of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League, going 1–5 with a 4.22 ERA and 65 strikeouts in 59.2 innings. He then pitched in three games for Navegantes del Magallanes in the 2015 Venezuelan Winter League. Thornton with the New York Mets in 2016 In 2015, he pitched again for Las Vegas, going 4–4 with a 3.94 ERA in 63 games. That winter Thornton again pitched for Navegantes del Magallanes, and was named the Venezuelan Winter League's Setup Pitcher of The Year. In 2016, he pitched again for Las Vegas, going 0–3 with a 7.03 ERA. He became a free agent in November 2016. In 2017, he pitched for the Southern Maryland Blue Crabs of the independent Atlantic League. In 47 relief appearances, he was 2-4 with 2 saves and a 3.63 ERA. He became a free agent after the season. Team Israel: World Baseball Classic ----------------------------------- On February 1, 2017, Thornton wrote on Twitter: "I'm excited to announce that I will be playing for Team Israel in the World Baseball Classic!" He pitched for Team Israel at the 2017 World Baseball Classic in March 2017.
1983 single by Spandau Ballet "**Communication**" is a song by English new wave band Spandau Ballet, released on 4 February 1983 as the second single from what would be their third album, *True*. The song was recorded at Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas along with most of the material from that album and received several good reviews. It reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart and made the pop charts in other countries as well. The music video for the song was made to look like a film with lead singer Tony Hadley as the main character and received airplay on the U.S. cable channel MTV. Background ---------- Spandau Ballet chose Buggles founder Trevor Horn to remix the song "Instinction" from their 1982 album *Diamond* to release as a single, and, in doing so, the band began a shift from dance music to more of a pop sound. Their guitarist/songwriter Gary Kemp changed his style of writing to reflect this new direction for their next album, and the band chose to produce the album with Tony Swain and Steve Jolley, who liked Kemp's new compositions titled "Communication" and "Lifeline" the most. The latter became the first single from the album and reached number 7 on the UK Singles Chart in fall 1982. It had been recorded in Paddington at Red Bus Studios, but the band traveled to The Bahamas to work on "Communication" and six other songs for the new album at Compass Point Studios in Nassau. Chrysalis executives were impressed with the LP, especially the tracks titled "Gold" and "True", but as Kemp explained in his autobiography *I Know This Much: From Soho to Spandau*, the band's manager insisted that a different song should be the "Lifeline" follow-up. "[Steve] Dagger didn't want to go with a ballad next and recommended another up-tempo first. 'Communication' got the band vote. Why we didn’t go straight for 'True' or 'Gold' as the next single, I'm not sure. Maybe we felt their success would be automatic and wanted to save them for later, during the album's release." Critical reception ------------------ Spandau Ballet - "Communication" Lead singer Tony Hadley's vocals were described as "confident" and "soulful". --- *Problems playing this file? See media help.* "Communication" made the list of "Fresh and Active" singles being recommended in *Record Mirror* magazine by Robin Smith, who highlighted the tropical surroundings of their recording sessions: "Under swaying palms, Spandau serve up a neat cocktail." *Cash Box* magazine praised the song for its "combination of Eurodisco rhythms and a confident lead vocal track". Fred Dellar of *Smash Hits* was more ambivalent, writing that the band members "'woo-woo' and 'hee-up-up' in best vocal back-up mode, the rhythm trundling on amid organ stabs. Very slick, very commercial." When the song was released on the album *True*, Ira Robbins of *Trouser Press* noted that the LP's "two impressive numbers, 'Communication' and 'Lifeline', both match stylish presentation with solid songwriting and a modicum of soulful crooning." The editors of *Record Business* credited Jolley and Swain for the band having "cut out the self-indulgent frills which threatened to submerge them" and thought "Communication" was "a fair example of the new Ballet style, a very direct and simple song executed with no little flair." In *Rip It Up* magazine, Mark Phillips reviewed the 12-inch single and warned, "There is no denying this is a good song, but suffering the 12-inch is almost a chore. Some horrific echo-dub passages ruin the opening bars and, although it gets better, you'd be wise to stick with the album version." Release and commercial performance ---------------------------------- "Communication" was released on 4 February 1983 and peaked at number 12 in the UK, number 10 in New Zealand, number 13 in Ireland, number 19 in Sweden, and number 24 in Australia. In the U.S. it began 6 weeks paired with "Lifeline" on *Billboard* magazine's Dance/Disco Top 80 chart in the 4 June 1983 issue and eventually reached number 58. The 7-inch single for "Communication" was not released there until after "True" and "Gold", the third and fourth singles from the *True* album, completed their chart runs, debuting on the *Billboard* Hot 100 in the 31 March 1984 issue and peaking at number 59 over the course of 7 weeks. The album was released in the UK on 4 March 1983, and debuted on the UK Albums Chart on 12 March, the same week that "Communication" peaked at number 12. Kemp felt that the success of "Communication" was hampered by the fact that "radio DJs were all playing the album track 'True' instead… By public demand, 'True' would be our next single." Music video ----------- The photographer played by Tony Hadley in the music video is hired to shoot a transaction that takes place on the Woolwich Ferry.During the filming of the promotional clip for "Communication", Kemp told Betty Page of *Record Mirror*, "We were totally fed up with video and its cliches. We wanted a more physical thing, so we thought, let's make it a proper film, have a minute's dialogue on the front, give it titles, make it a whole package and go one step ahead of everything that's been done." Page described the video as "an action-packed clip planned to look like an episode of *The Professionals*", and Kemp called it "a gritty *Sweeney*-esque film." Although Chris Springhall directed the video, Kemp assisted with both the writing and directing. Lead singer Tony Hadley was the only band member to appear in it, and Kemp explained that it was because "we were concerned that our singer's profile wasn't as high as it should have been". He divulged that his brother, band bassist Martin Kemp, was "quietly seething" over not being in it. Hadley played a professional photographer hired to take pictures of a transaction that takes place on the Woolwich Ferry. The man requesting the work was played by former professional boxer John Conteh, who admitted to watching *The Long Good Friday* four times in preparation for the role. *Quadrophenia* actress Leslie Ash portrayed the love interest. For the car chase from the ferry after the photographer has taken the pictures requested, Hadley did his own stunt driving. "Communication" was listed on the reports that MTV provided to *Billboard* that indicated what videos were in rotation on the cable network and made its first appearance there in the 25 February 1984 issue, which indicated that it had been added to their playlist as of 15 February. Formats and track listings -------------------------- | | | | --- | --- | | * **7-inch single** 1. "Communication" — 3:24 2. "Communication (Edited Club)" — 2:42 | * **12-inch single** 1. "Communication (Club Mix)" — 4:28 2. "Communication" — 3:36 | Personnel --------- Credits adapted from the liner notes for *True*, except as noted: | | | | --- | --- | | **Spandau Ballet*** Tony Hadley – lead vocals * Gary Kemp – guitar and backing vocals * Martin Kemp – bass * Steve Norman – saxophone and percussion * John Keeble – drums **Additional musician*** Jess Bailey – keyboards | **Production*** Tony Swain – producer * Steve Jolley – producer * Spandau Ballet – producers * David Band – sleeve | Charts ------ Chart performance for "Communication"| Chart (1983–1984) | Peakposition | | --- | --- | | Australia (Kent Music Report) | 24 | | Ireland (IRMA) | 13 | | New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 10 | | Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 19 | | UK Singles (OCC) | 12 | | US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 59 | | US Dance Club Songs (*Billboard*) *with "Lifeline"* | 58 | | US *Cash Box* Top 100 Singles | 80 | Bibliography ------------ * Kemp, Gary (2009). *I Know This Much: From Soho to Spandau*. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-0-00-732330-2. * Kent, David (1993). *Australian Chart Book 1970–1992* (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
The **Pomerantz Tableland** (70°38′S 159°50′E / 70.633°S 159.833°E / -70.633; 159.833) is a 2,290 metres (7,510 ft) high ice-covered tableland about 10 miles (16 km) long, standing 15 miles (24 km) northwest of Daniels Range. Early exploration and naming ---------------------------- The Pomerantz Tableland was mapped by USGS from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos in 1960–62. Named by US-ACAN for Martin A. Pomerantz, Director of the Barthol Research Foundation and Chairman of the U.S. Committee for the International Year of the Quiet Sun, who carried on cosmic ray studies in the McMurdo Sound area, 1959–60 and 1960-61. Glaciers -------- ### Helfferich Glacier 70°35′S 160°12′E / 70.583°S 160.200°E / -70.583; 160.200. A glacier about 8 miles (13 km) long which drains the east slopes of Pomerantz Tableland southward of Armstrong Platform, in the Usarp Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960-62. Named by US-ACAN for Merritt R. Helfferich, USARP worker in the field of ionospheric physics at South Pole Station, 1967-68. ### Pitzman Glacier Main article: Pitzman Glacier 70°41′S 160°10′E / 70.683°S 160.167°E / -70.683; 160.167. A glacier, 6 miles (9.7 km) long, draining the southeast slopes of Pomerantz Tableland in the Usarp Mountains. It flows between Mount Lowman and Williams Bluff to an ice piedmont just eastward. Mapped by USGS from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960–62. Named by US-ACAN for Frederick J. Pitzman, USARP biologist at McMurdo Station, 1967-68. Features -------- 1:250,000 scale topographic map of the Pomerantz Tableland Features, from north to south, include: ### Armstrong Platform 70°32′S 160°10′E / 70.533°S 160.167°E / -70.533; 160.167. A mainly ice-covered height, or small plateau, which is a northeastward extension of Pomerantz Tableland. The feature is 5 miles (8.0 km) long and ranges from 1,200 to 1,800 metres (3,900 to 5,900 ft) in elevation. It rises directly north of #Helfferich Glacier in the Usarp Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and U.S. Navy aerial photographs, 1960-62. Named by US-ACAN for Richard L. Armstrong, USARP geologist at McMurdo Station, 1967-68. ### MacPherson Peak Main article: MacPherson Peak 70°33′S 159°43′E / 70.550°S 159.717°E / -70.550; 159.717. A prominent rock peak (2,290 m) on the NW end of Pomerantz Tableland, Usarp Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960-62. Named by US-ACAN for Frank L. MacPherson, USA, helicopter mechanic in the field supporting the USGS surveys Topo North-South (1961-62) and Topo EastWest (1962-63), the latter including survey of this peak. ### Spectator Nunatak Main article: Spectator Nunatak 70°37′S 159°29′E / 70.617°S 159.483°E / -70.617; 159.483. An isolated, mainly ice-covered nunatak consisting of hornblende, standing 4 miles (6.4 km) west of the Pomerantz Tableland, Usarp Mountains. The feature was used as a survey station by the NZGSAE (1963-64), who gave the name because of its aspect. ### Rinehart Peak Main article: Rinehart Peak 70°38′S 160°01′E / 70.633°S 160.017°E / -70.633; 160.017. A peak (1,710 m) which rises from a ridge on the east-central slopes of Pomerantz Tableland, in the Usarp Mountains. The feature stands at the south side of the head of Helfferich Glacier. Mapped by USGS from, surveys and U.S. Navy aerial photographs, 1960-62. Named by US-ACAN for Floyd J. Rinehart, USARP geophysicist at McMurdo Station, 1967-68. ### Mount Lowman Main article: Mount Lowman 70°39′S 160°03′E / 70.650°S 160.050°E / -70.650; 160.050. A mountain (1,610 m) on the east-central slopes of Pomerantz Tableland, 2 miles (3.2 km) southeast of Rinehart Peak, in the Usarp Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960-62. Named by US-ACAN for Henry R. Lowman III, USARP biologist at McMurdo Station, 1967-68. ### Guenter Bluff Main article: Guenter Bluff 70°40′S 159°44′E / 70.667°S 159.733°E / -70.667; 159.733. A prominent rock bluff on the west side of Pomerantz Tableland, Usarp Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and U.S. Navy aerial photographs, 1960-62. Named by US-ACAN for Clarence A. Guenter, USARP worker in the field of physiopsychology at South Pole Station, 1967-68. ### Keim Peak Main article: Keim Peak 70°44′S 159°52′E / 70.733°S 159.867°E / -70.733; 159.867. A noteworthy pointed rock peak (2,045 m) on the southern spur of Pomerantz Tableland, in the Usarp Mountains. Mapped by USGS from surveys and U.S. Navy aerial photographs, 1960-62. Named by US-ACAN for Mike B. Keim, USN, aerial photographer on flights by Squadron VX-6 in Victoria Land in 1962-63; returned to Antarctica in 1963-64. ### Williams Bluff Main article: Williams Bluff 70°43′S 160°12′E / 70.717°S 160.200°E / -70.717; 160.200). A rock and ice bluff 7 nautical miles (13 km) east of Keim Peak in the Usarp Mountains. The east-facing bluff rises between the Pitzman and Lovejoy Glaciers. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960–62. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Harry N. Williams of U.S. Navy Squadron VX-6, aerial photographer on flights over Victoria Land and other Antarctic areas in three summer seasons, 1960–63. ### Bigler Nunataks Main article: Bigler Nunataks 70°45′S 159°55′E / 70.750°S 159.917°E / -70.750; 159.917. A cluster of notable nunataks lying southeastward of Pomerantz Tableland between Keim Peak and Lovejoy Glacier. Mapped by USGS from surveys and U.S. Navy aerial photographs, 1960-62. Named by US-ACAN for John C. Bigler, USARP biologist at McMurdo Station, 1966-67. ### Anderson Pyramid Main article: Anderson Pyramid 70°46′S 159°56′E / 70.767°S 159.933°E / -70.767; 159.933. A distinctive pyramidal peak, the southernmost member of the Bigler Nunataks, in the Usarp Mountains of Antarctica. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Staff Sergeant Robert J. Anderson, U. S. Army, non-commissioned officer in charge of the enlisted detachment of the helicopter group supporting the United States Geological Survey survey Topo East-West, 1962–63, which included the survey of this feature. Sources ------- * Alberts, Fred G. ed. (1995), *Geographic Names of the Antarctic* (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 2023-12-03 Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names.
***Finn and Gráinne*** is a short, probably Middle Irish anecdote of the Finn Cycle about Finn mac Cumaill and his wooing of and eventual divorce from Gráinne, daughter of King Cormac mac Airt. Date and provenance ------------------- The text is preserved uniquely in the Great Book of Lecan (RIA), ff. 181a, 2. Although the spelling has been modernised, the text is thought to be very much earlier than the 14th/15th century, when the manuscript was compiled. Meyer suggests that the text was originally written in 10th or even the 9th century, while Gerard Murphy posits a somewhat later date, in the 11th or 10th century. Synopsis -------- The story begins to relate how Finn úa Báiscni courts Gráinne, daughter of King Cormac mac Airt. Intending to shake off the warrior, whom she seriously dislikes, she comes up with a seemingly impossible demand as her bridal gift: "a couple of every wild animal that was in Ireland to be brought in one drove, until they were on the rampart of Tara". However, Cáilte the "swift-footed" (*coslúath*), Finn's loyal companion, carries out the task for Finn and so Cormac has to give his daughter Gráinne in marriage to Finn. Gráinne detests her husband and the marriage proves to be an unhappy disaster. One time when the Feast of Tara is celebrated, with all the men of Ireland and the *fiana* present, Cormac observes the sad expression on his daughter's face. She whispers to him how the hatred for her husband has made her physically ill, thickening her blood and swelling her sinews. Overhearing Cormac's reaction to the sad news, Finn becomes aware of Gráinne's plight and announces their separation. The text ends with a number of difficult legal *roscada* exchanged between Cormac and Finn on the subject of divorce. A sequel to the story of Gráinne's divorce is *Tochmarc Ailbe* ("The Wooing of Ailbe"), in which Finn comes to an arrangement with Cormac to marry one of his other daughters and chooses Ailbe. In the 17th-century *Tóraigheacht Dhiarmada agus Ghráinne*, Gráinne elopes with another lover. Sources ------- * Corthals, Johan. "Die Trennung von Finn und Gráinne." *Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie* 49-50 (1997): 71–91. * Meyer, Kuno (intro, ed. and tr.). *Fíanaigecht, being a Collection of Hitherto Unedited Irish Poems and Tales Relating to Finn and his Fiana, with an English Translation*. Todd Lecture Series 16. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1910. * Meyer, Kuno (ed. and tr.). "Finn and Grainne." *Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie* 1 (1897): 458–61. Edition and translation available from CELT. * Murphy, Gerard. *Duanaire Finn*. 3 vols: vol. 3. Dublin, 1953. | * v * t * e Irish mythology: the Fenian Cycle | | --- | | Supernatural figures | * Abarta * Aengus * Aillen * Manannán mac Lir * Mug Ruith * Niamh * Plor na mBan * Sadb | | Fianna | * Caílte * Caoimhe * Conán mac Lia * Conán mac Morna * Cumhall * Diarmuid * Fionn * Goll * Liath Luachra * Oisín * Oscar | | Others | * Bodhmall * Cairbre Lifechair * Cas Corach * Cormac mac Airt * Dáire * Fíacha Sroiptine * Finn Eces * Fintan mac Bóchra * Gráinne * Liath Luachra * Muirne * Tadg mac Nuadat * Uirne | | Creatures | * Bran and Sceólang * Caoránach * Enbarr * Salmon of Knowledge | | Symbols | * Sunburst | | Locations | * Binn Ghulbain * Cnoc Alúine * Connla's Well * Fionntrá * Teamhair * Tír na nÓg | | Texts | * *Fotha Catha Chnucha* * *The Boyhood Deeds of Fionn* * *Fionn and Gráinne* * *The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne* * *Cath Gabhra* * *Agallamh na Seanórach* * *Agallamh Bheag* * *Fianshruth* * *Cath Finntrágha* | | *part of a series on Celtic mythology* |
Hospital in West Virginia, United States **Charleston Area Medical Center** (**CAMC**) is the name of a complex of hospitals in Charleston, West Virginia, formed via a merger of previously independent facilities. It is the state's largest hospital. Charleston Area Medical Center is the primary medical facility for the city of Charleston. There is a combined total of 838 staffed beds between three facilities. In 2008, there were 98,103 emergency department visits, 3,131 births, 33,132 ambulatory surgeries, 557,867 outpatient visits, along with 35,294 inpatient discharges, 26,597 general operating room procedures, 1,687 open-heart bypass procedures and 8,294 procedures performed in cardiac cath labs. CAMC consists of five locations: Memorial Hospital, General Hospital, Women and Children's Hospital, Teays Valley Hospital, and Greenbrier Valley Medical Center. The largest branch is the CAMC Memorial Hospital, located in the Kanawha City neighborhood. It primarily hosts cardiac, oncology, and internal medicine cases. The second largest is CAMC General Hospital, located downtown, which focuses on neurology, orthopedics, trauma, and rehabilitation care. The third is Women and Children's Hospital, which is located on the banks of the Elk River. CAMC's fourth campus is the CAMC-Teays Valley Hospital, located in Putnam County to the west of Charleston, and serves that suburban area. The fifth campus, added in 2023 as CAMC-Greenbrier Valley Medical Center, is located in Greenbrier County towards the southeastern corner of West Virginia. CAMC is a tertiary, teaching institution with numerous educational affiliations, including West Virginia University and West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine. CAMC hospitals are training sites for WVU medical students and CAMC residents and fellows. In addition, CAMC is one of the primary teaching hospitals of the West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine and training sites for WVSOM medical students and several Osteopathic Residencies. CAMC is also the home of the Marshall University Doctor of Nurse Anesthesia Practice (DNAP) nurse anesthesia program. CAMC provides the most uncompensated care in the state of West Virginia, with a total benefit to the community over $115 million per year. History ------- During 2005 and 2006, the facility won awards for being one of the top 50 hospitals for cardiology and cardiac surgery on the US News List of "Best Hospitals." Graduate medical education -------------------------- Charleston Area Medical Center operates a number of osteopathic residency programs accredited by the American Osteopathic Association. CAMC hosts residency programs in family medicine, internal medicine, emergency medicine, pediatrics, and urologic surgery. CAMC trains 172 interns, residents, and fellows each year. Hospital rating data -------------------- The HealthGrades website contains the latest quality data for Charleston Area Medical Center, as of 2015. For this rating section three different types of data from HealthGrades are presented: quality ratings for thirty-two inpatient conditions and procedures, thirteen patient safety indicators, percentage of patients giving the hospital a 9 or 10 (the two highest possible ratings). For inpatient conditions and procedures, there are three possible ratings: worse than expected, as expected, better than expected. For this hospital the data for this category is: * Worse than expected - 2 * As expected - 17 * Better than expected - 13 For patient safety indicators, there are the same three possible ratings. For this hospital safety indicators were rated as: * Worse than expected - 3 * As expected -9 * Better than expected - 1 Data for patients giving this hospital a 9 or 10 are: * Patients rating this hospital as a 9 or 10 - 69% * Patients rating hospitals as a 9 or 10 nationally - 69%
**Team Lioness** refers to female U.S. Army soldiers who were used to respect local customs regarding the prohibition of men touching or searching local women during operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Team Lioness, considered one of the forerunners of the now official FETs (Female Engagement Teams), went out and distributed information to local women and families and gathered intelligence. Original Army Team Lioness Members (2003-2004) ---------------------------------------------- Shannon Morgan, Rebecca Martinez (Nava), Jessie Miller, Anastasia Breslow, Ranie Ruthig, Katherine Pendry Guttormsen, Patricia Moreno, Brandi Burns, Cynthia Espinoza, Paula LeBove, Michelle Perry, Susan Paterson, Jennifer Acey, Kayla Downey, Kyla Rasmussen, Jessica Samuels, Laura Shiplet, Margaret Smerdon, Kimberly White. Team Lioness ------------ Cpl. Jennifer San Martin, 24, a lioness attached to 3rd Battalion, 23rd Marine Regiment, Regimental Combat Team 5, who is from Katy, Texas, searches an Iraqi woman as she travels through the checkpoint in Haditha City, Iraq, Saturday. The successes of Team Lioness and the later FETs is still under review[*when?*], a report is due but no date has been set for its release. More American servicewomen have been killed and wounded resulting from hostile action in the Iraq War than in any other previous war, but this has more to do with the fact that there are more US servicewomen performing more missions than in any previous conflict. Official policy barred the armed services from assigning women to direct ground combat units in most situations. Instead, when commanders want to put talented women soldiers on combat teams, they must do so by temporarily "attaching" them to those units, or sending them in a support role, rather than an official combat role, thus Team Lioness was "attached," but not assigned to infantry units. Their role was one of pacifying and attempting to win the hearts and minds of the local population. Documentary ----------- Main article: Lioness (2008 film) A documentary titled *Lioness* covered one of the first members of Team Lioness in Ramadi, Iraq between 2003 and 2004. Since its release in 2008, *Lioness* has contributed significantly to the mainstreaming of the movement to recognize and respond to the needs of American servicewomen. As a catalyst for military-civilian dialogue, the film has led to tangible change in a number of arenas by framing an important but largely invisible issue in meaningful human terms. Among the film’s notable accomplishments is its integration into the national veteran and Department of Defense healthcare infrastructures as a training tool for VA and military healthcare personnel. The film has also played a pivotal role in the passage of two critical pieces of legislation improving women veterans' access to healthcare in the VA system. The Women Veterans Healthcare Improvement Act, designed to increase availability of gender-specific services for women, was signed into law by President Obama on May 5, 2010, as part of the Caregivers and Veterans Omnibus Health Services Act. The Compensation Owed for Mental Health Based on Activities in Theater Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Act expanded the definition of combat, making it easier for all veterans to qualify for combat-related disability benefits.
Species of flatworm *P. manokwari*, invasive in Florida, USA ***Platydemus manokwari***, also known as the **New Guinea flatworm**, is a species of large predatory land flatworm. Native to New Guinea, it has been accidentally introduced to the soil of many countries, including the United States. It was also deliberately introduced into two Pacific islands in an attempt to control an invasion of the giant African land snail.[] It eats a variety of invertebrates including land snails, and has had a significant negative impact on the rare endemic land snail fauna of some Pacific islands. It has become established in a wide variety of habitats. General ecology --------------- Ventral side of *P. manokwari* is pale finely mottled light brown. Head region of *P. manokwari* ### Description It is relatively large, about 40–65 millimetres (1.6–2.6 inches) in length and about 4–7 millimetres (0.16–0.28 inches) wide. Its body, however, is quite flat, being less than 2 millimetres (0.08 inches) in thickness. Both ends of the animal are pointed, but the head end is more pointed than the tail end. Near the tip of the head end are two eyes. It is dark brown on the upper surface, with a lighter central line. The underside is pale grey. ### Natural habitat *P. manokwari* is native to the island of New Guinea in the Pacific Ocean. This species of large flatworm preys on land mollusks and has been categorized as one of the 100 worst invasive species. The original habitat of *P. manokwari* is within tropical areas, but it has been found in almost all temperate regions of the world including in agricultural, coastland, and disturbed areas, as well as, natural forests, planted forests, riparian zones, scrub/shrublands, urban areas, and wetlands. However, *P. manokwari* does not live in urban coastal areas, perhaps due to environmental factors, such as lack of vegetation. ### Prey *P. manokwari* feeding on the snail *Eobania vermiculata*, using the white cylindrical pharynx visible on the ventral side. *P. manokwari* mainly preys on small land snails, but it has been known to feed on various soil invertebrates, such as earthworms, slugs, and arthropods. *Platydemus manokwari* is the main predator of land mollusks, and preys upon the snails during most of their life cycle including young hatchlings. Furthermore, *P. manokwari* does not recognize early-stage snail eggs as a possible food source, but it does feed on young hatchlings and late-stage eggs of land snails. *Platydemus manokwari* uses a chemical-based tracking method to follow snail mucus trails and track down its prey, sometimes even into trees. In areas where the land snail population has been exhausted, it has been known to eat other flatworms. The diet of *Platydemus manokwari* is also affected seasonally. According to studies done by Sugiura, more than 90% of the land snails were preyed upon by *P. manokwari* in the period from July to November, and only 40% of the land snails were eaten during the other months. It was thus found that there was a positive correlation between snail mortality and temperature. This seasonal difference can be explained by different foraging behaviors, different microclimatic conditions, and different densities. ### Predators There are no known predators of *P. manokwari*. However, it is a paratenic host for the nematode *Angiostrongylus cantonensis*, also known as the rat lungworm. This nematode parasitizes *P. manokwari* as well as the giant African land snail, and both of these organisms are transmission vectors of the parasite. *A. cantonensis* parasitizes humans as well and causes angiostrongyliasis. *P. manokwari* is presumed to act as a transmission vector of the parasite to humans and affects the epidemiology of angiostrongyliasis. In an outbreak of angiostrongyliasis in the Okinawa Prefecture, populations of *Angiostrongylasis cantonensis* intermediates were examined in order to find the most frequently infected intermediates. *P. manokwari* was found to be one of the prevailing infected hosts, with an infection rate of 14.1%. It is possible that *Platydemus manokwari* is a vector because it has been occasionally found underside cabbage leaves which would be eaten raw as fresh salad. Invasive species characteristics -------------------------------- Main article: Platydemus manokwari as an invasive species *P. manokwari*, map of distribution records *Platydemus manokwari* has been introduced to several tropical and subtropical islands such as Micronesia, the Marquesas, the Society Islands, Samoa, Melanesia, and the Hawaiian Islands. These islands often harbor endemic radiations of rare and endangered snail species, which are a primary source of nutrition for *Platydemus manokwari*. *Platydemus manokwari* has also been introduced to several Japanese Islands. In 2015, *P. manokwari* was found in Puerto Rico and in Florida, from which it could further invade the mainland southern US. In 2021, it was reported from the French islands of Guadeloupe, Martinique and Saint Martin in the Antilles. In 2023, it was reported in Brisbane, Australia, the southernmost location to this date. Genetics -------- Two haplotypes of the Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (a mitochondrial gene commonly used for DNA barcoding) sequence have been characterised for *P. manokwari*: one, named "World haplotype", has been found in France, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Singapore, Florida and Puerto Rico; and the other, named "Australian haplotype" was found in Australia. The only locality with both haplotypes was in the Solomon Islands. These results suggest that two haplotypes exist in the area of origin of the species, probably Papua New Guinea, but that only one of the two haplotypes (the "World haplotype") has, through human agency, been widely dispersed. The complete mitochondrial genome, 19,959-bp in length, was obtained in 2020; it contains 36 genes and is almost colinear with the mitogenomes of the two other species previously sampled from the Geoplanidae, *Bipalium kewense* and *Obama nungara*; however, the mitogenome of *Platydemus manokwari* has an unusually large Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II gene. Further reading --------------- * Kaneda, M.; Kitagawa, K.; Ichinohe, F. (1990). "Laboratory rearing method and biology of *Platydemus manokwari* De Beauchamp (Tricladida: Terricola: Rhynchodemidae)". *Applied Entomology and Zoology*. **25** (4): 524–528. Bibcode:1990AppEZ..25..524K. doi:10.1303/aez.25.524. * Muniappan R. (1990) "Use of the planarian, *Platydemus manokwari*, and other natural enemies to control the giant African snail". In: Bay-Petersen J. (ed.) *The use of natural enemies to control agricultural pests*. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, Taipei, pp 179–183.
Signal level that an audio source is transmitted or recorded at **Programme level** refers to the signal level that an audio source is transmitted or recorded at, and is important in audio if listeners of Compact Discs (CDs), radio and television are to get the best experience, without excessive noise in quiet periods or distortion of loud sounds. Programme level is often measured using a peak programme meter or a VU meter. The level of an audio signal is among the most basic of measurements, and yet widespread misunderstanding and disagreement about programme levels has become arguably the greatest single obstacle to high quality sound reproduction. How it works ------------ Live sound covers an enormous range of levels, but this is not something that can be demonstrated with a conventional sound level meter. Sound level meters respond quite slowly, even on a "fast" setting: they use a root mean square (RMS) rectifier which by definition must take a slow running average of the square of the input voltage. Music is complex, and constantly varying, with brief peaks originating from many sources including the initial impact of sticks on cymbals and drums. A loud band might measure 100 dB SPL on a sound level meter, yet have peaks reaching 130 dB SPL or higher. A recording system must handle these peaks; they can be measured using a peak responding meter with an integration time of 0.5 ms or less (not a standard IEC type PPM which has a longer integration time). The sound level meter is useless for properly assessing noise levels, since the commonly used A-weighting is based on equal-loudness contours for pure tones, and is not valid for the random noise. The subjective loudness of noise is best measured using a noise-meter to the ITU-R 468 noise weighting standard. The chart below shows, on this basis, the real range of live music, and then the level capabilities of various stages in the audio chain, from microphone to loudspeaker. Analysing programme levels -------------------------- This chart is based on the assumption that what goes in should come out—true high-fidelity—and so an Alignment Level (AL) corresponding to 100 dB SPL has been assumed throughout. Any lower level would imply severe clipping at the first stage; the master recording. Top quality microphones do not present a problem; most will handle 130 dB SPL without severe distortion, and a few manage over 140 dB SPL. The master recording process, using current 24-bit techniques, offers around 99 dB of "true" dynamic range (based on the *ITU-R 468 noise weighting* standard); identical to the dynamic range of a good studio microphone, though very few recordings will use just one microphone, and so the noise on most recordings is likely to be the sum of several microphones after mixing, and probably at least 6 dB worse than shown.
American mechanical engineer **Adrienne S. Lavine** (born 1958) is an American mechanical engineer specializing in heat transfer, thermal energy, and energy storage, and known as a coauthor of several widely used textbooks on heat transfer. She is a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the University of California, Los Angeles, director of the UCLA Modeling of Complex Thermal Systems Laboratory, and a former associate vice provost at UCLA. Education and career -------------------- Lavine studied mechanical engineering at Brown University, graduating in 1979. After working for two years at Owens Corning in Columbus, Ohio, she returned to graduate study in mechanical engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, completing her Ph.D. in 1984. In the same year joined the UCLA Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. She served as chair of the UCLA Academic Senate from 2005 to 2006, chair of the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering from 2006 to 2011, and associate vice provost for the UCLA Center for the Advancement of Teaching, from 2017 to 2022. Books ----- Lavine is a coauthor of books including: * *Introduction to Heat Transfer* (with Frank P. Incropera, David P. Dewitt, and Theodore L. Bergman, Wiley; Lavine was added for the 5th edition, 2006) * *Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer* (with Incropera, Dewitt, and Bergman, Wiley; Lavine was added for the 6th edition, 2007) * *Principles of Heat and Mass Transfer* (with Incropera, Dewitt, and Bergman, Wiley; Lavine was added for the 7th edition, 2013) Recognition ----------- Lavine was a 1988 winner of the Presidential Young Investigator Award, and received the F. W. Taylor Medal of the International Academy for Production Engineering (CIRP) in 1990. She was elected as an ASME Fellow in 1999. Personal life ------------- Lavine is married to Gregory Small, a screenwriter and film producer who graduated with her from Brown University in 1979; they have two children.
**Rodolfo T.** "**Rod**" **Reyes** (August 10, 1935 – April 14, 2016) was a Filipino multi-awarded journalist and media executive. He served as Cabinet Press Secretary to two Presidents - President Fidel V. Ramos and President Joseph Ejercito Estrada. He was also the founding publisher and editor-in-chief of *Manila Standard*, from its inception in 1987 until 1990. Career ------ ### Newspaper Reyes began working in the newspaper industry at the age of 12. He was a sports writer of the Manila Times at the age of 16, later designated as an investigative reporter. In 1961, Reyes was accorded the Journalist of the Year due to his exposé on heroin drug syndicates in the suburbs of Malabon disguising as a drug addict. His exposé went into a full-length film entitled "Sa Piling ng mga Sugapa", on which Matt Ranillo III portrayed his role. Gil Portes was the director of the movie. He was also awarded as the Ten Outstanding Young Men awardee and a Nieman Fellowship from the Harvard University. From the Times (where he was also a news editor), he moved to the *Manila Chronicle* (as the editor-in-chief until the closure due to martial law). He then published *TV Times*, *Celebrity*, *Ginoo* and *Woman's Home Companion* magazines. In 1987, Reyes planned to set up a newspaper, with the help of the Elizalde family. He founded *Manila Standard* on February 11, 1987, with 19 pages on the maiden issue. He was the first publisher, editor-in-chief and chief operating officer of the paper from the first issue until 1990. Reyes also writes a column in the same newspaper, entitled "A Journalist's Memoirs" every Wednesday, of which he detailed his experiences both as a newspaper and broadcast executive. ### Broadcasting Reyes then moved to the Chronicle's sister company ABS-CBN, where he served as an executive vice president and news director in the 1960s. This was Reyes' first foray in the broadcasting industry. Reyes later returned to the network as the senior vice president of the news and current affairs division in 1990, 4 years after the network's reopening, months after the People Power Revolution. He also served as a general manager and executive vice president of the GMA Radio Television Arts (when the Gozon-Duavit-Jimenez triumvirate took over the operations of Channel 7 from the Stewart family) in 1974, and the Maharlika Broadcasting System (now known as People's Television Network) in the 1980s. He was also a member of the Manila International Film Festival organizing committee from 1983 to 1984. He is also a counsellor of the Philippine embassy based in Washington D.C. Reyes was appointed as the Press Secretary from July 1992 until May 1993 under the Fidel V. Ramos administration. Under his watch, Reyes strengthened the presidential coverage by setting-up the Presidential News Desk. It was later reappointed by then-president Joseph Estrada and served from June 1998 to April 2000. He was later appointed as chief of the Manila Economic and Cultural Office - Taiwan. Death ----- Reyes died at the Asian Hospital and Medical Center in Muntinlupa on the evening of April 14, 2016 due to heart failure. He was 80.
**Chapin Aaron Harris** A.M. MD, D.D.S. (May 6, 1806 in Pompey, N.Y. – September 29, 1860 in Baltimore, Maryland) was an American physician and dentist and dentistry school founder. Education --------- At the age of 17 Harris studied medicine in Madison, Ohio, in the office of his brother, Dr. John Harris, who also tutored him in dentistry, a subject which become his main interest. He subsequently passed the Board of Medical Censors in 1824 and was licensed to practice medicine. He soon commenced practice in Greenfield, Ohio, where he remained for about one year, travelling to Bloomfield, Ohio, then Fredericksburg, Virginia. In 1828, Dr. Harris turned to full-time dentistry, and by 1833 was a student of Dr. Horace H. Hayden located in Baltimore, Maryland. Licensed by the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, Harris conducted an itinerant dental practice throughout the South, before settling permanently in Baltimore in 1835. Harris received the honorary M. D. degree from Washington Medical College at Baltimore, in which he was a professor in 1838. Shurtleff College in Alton, Illinois, conferred an A.M. degree on him in 1842. His D.D.S. was obtained through membership of the American Society of Dental Surgery, and an honorary D.D.S. degree was conferred upon him by the Philadelphia Dental College in 1854. Achievements ------------ Harris is considered one of the founding members of the profession of Dentistry in the United States of America, father of American dental science, and a pioneer of dental journalism. He has been inducted in the hall of fame of the Pierre Fauchard Academy. ### Contribution to dental literature As early as 1835 Harris became an active contributor to medical and periodical literature as one of the most vigorous and productive dental writers, causing him to be regarded as the founder of dental literature in the US. He was also a contributor to medical and periodical literature. * 1839: Publication of his first book, *The Dental Art, a Practical Treatise on Dental Surgery*. * 1845: Second edition of the above book with a new title: *Principles and Practice of Dental Surgery*. The book was edited 11 more times with the last edition in 1896. It was the most useful dental textbook of the 19th century. * 1840: Founder, first chief editor and publisher of the world first dental periodical, the American Journal of Dental Science. He continued as editor until his death in 1860. * 1842: Publication of *Diseases of the Maxillary Sinus*. * 1849: Publication of the *Dictionary of Dental Surgery, Biography, Bibliography and Medical Terminology*, a volume of 779 pages, the first dental dictionary in the English language, the sixth edition of which appeared in 1898. ### First national dental organization In 1840 he was the first to respond to the call of Dr. Horace H. Hayden to organize the American Society of Dental Surgeons (ASDS). At a meeting at the home of Solyman Brown BA, MA, MD, DDS, in New York, it was on his motion that the convention to organize a society "resolved that a National Society be formed." He was its first corresponding secretary and its president in 1844. After the disruption of the society in 1856 due to the dental amalgam controversy, he was one of the foremost organizers of its successor, the American Dental Convention, serving as its president in 1856–57. In 1859, a year before his death, another national dental organization, the American Dental Association, was established during a meeting in Niagara, New York. Before 1861 dentists were participant in both dental organizations, which promoted education and research in all aspects of dentistry, including dental materials and remained active throughout the American Civil War (1861–1865). However, during the war, Southern dentists withdrew from them and, in 1869 established the Southern Dental Association. The Southern Dental Association merged with the ADA in 1897 to form the National Dental Association (NDA). The NDA was renamed the American Dental Association (ADA) in 1922. ### First dental college in the United States With the assistance and advice of three other physicians, he worked tirelessly to establish the first dental school in the world. Apparently his initial attempt was to establish a dental training school attached to the Medical Department of the University of Maryland. This first attempt did not meet with success, possibly due to the opposition of Dr. H. Willis Baxley, one of the dental faculty. Undaunted, Harris persevered in his efforts, and during the winter of 1839–40, almost singlehandedly he gathered the signatures of representative citizens for a petition to the legislature of the state of Maryland for the incorporation of a College of Dental Surgery at Baltimore. Surmounting the opposition of jealous medical rivals, he successfully managed to obtain the charter and with the aid of Horace H. Hayden, Thomas E. Bond, H. Willis Baxley, S. Brown, E. Parmly and others, he organized the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery in 1840. He was the school's first dean and professor of practical dentistry. After Hayden's death in 1844, he became the school's second president. The establishment of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery is seen as one of the three crucial steps in the foundation of the dental profession in the United States. *" A true profession is built upon a tripod: a formal organization, formal professional education, and a formal scientific literature. The United States was the leader in all three. In 1839–40, the American Society of Dental Surgeons was organized, the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery was established, and the first dental journal in the world, the American Journal of Dental Science, was founded. At that time there were only about three hundred trained and scientific dentists in the entire country; the rest were relatively untrained operators, outright quacks, or charlatans. In 1898, a list of the first subscribers to the first journal was discovered and published by G. V. Black. These initial subscribers may be considered the core group of truly professional American dentists. They became the leaders of the newly born profession of dentistry. "* Harris was instrumental in all three. Harris died on September 29, 1860, due mainly to overwork.
Chinese illustration of Chengguan **Chengguan** (Chinese: 澄觀; Pinyin: Chéngguān; Korean: Jinggwan; Japanese: Chōgan, 738–839 or 737-838 CE), was an important scholar-monk and patriarch of the Huayan school of Chinese Buddhism also known as **Huayan pusa** (**bodhisattva Avatamsaka**) and **Qingliang Guoshi** (Imperial Preceptor "Clear and Cool", Clear and Cool is a name for Mount Wutai). Chengguan is most widely known for his extensive commentaries and sub-commentaries to the *Avataṃsaka Sūtra* (*Huayan jing*), as well as for his translation of a new *Gandhavyuha sutra* version, together with the Indian monk Prajña. Chengguan's commentaries on the *Avataṃsaka* quickly became one of the authoritative sources for Huayan doctrine. Chengguan lived through the reigns of nine emperors and was an honored teacher to seven emperors starting with Xuanzong (玄宗) until Wenzong (文宗). Chengguan was also the teacher of the influential Huayan patriarch Zongmi. Life ---- Chengguan was a native of Yuezhou Shanyin (modern day Shaoxing, Zhejiang province). At the age of 11, he left home and became a novice at Baolin Monastery (寶林寺) in Benzhou (本州). At the age of 20 (in 757 CE), he became a fully ordained monk under Tanyi (曇一, 692-771) and took bodhisattva precepts under Changzhao (常照). Around 758 CE, he practiced at the renowned Qixia Monastery (棲霞寺) in Runzhou (present-day Zhengjiang) in Jiangsu Province. His teacher there was the Vinaya master Li (醴律师, Li lüshi). Chengguan traveled through central, western, and northern China, studying numerous works under various Buddhist teachers. He also visited Jinling (modern-day Nanjing), where he studied the teachings of the "Three Treatise School" under the master Xuanbi (玄璧). During the reign of Emperor Daizong (762–779), he stayed at Waguan Monastery (瓦官寺) in present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. There, he studied two important Mahayana texts: the *Awakening Faith in the Mahāyāna* and the *Mahayana Mahaparanirvana Sutra*. He also traveled to Qiantang (current area around Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province), staying at Tianzhu Monastery (天竺寺), and dedicating himself to the practice and study of Huayan, the *Avatamsaka Sutra* and Fazang's commentaries*.* His biography also mentions that he practiced Chan under Wutaia Wuming (722–793) of the Heze school of Heze Shenhui (670–762). Between 775 and 776 CE, Chengguan was also a student of Jingxi Zhanran (711–782), the great reviver of the Tiantai school with whom Chengguan studied the Lotus and Vimalakirti sutras. Chengguan also practiced Chan in two other schools: under Huizhong (慧忠, 683–769) and Faqin (法欽, 714–792) of the "Ox-Head School," as well as under Huiyun (慧 雲, dates unknown), a disciple of Laoshan Yifu from the "Northern School.". He was also learned in non-Buddhist subjects such as various Chinese philosophical classics, history, philology, the siddham script, Indian philosophy, the four Vedas, the five sciences, mantras, and rituals. However, Chengguan's primary focus was on the *Avatamsaka Sutra* and Huayan studies. Chengguan studied Huayan under Fashen (法詵 718–778), who was a student of the Huiyuan (慧遠, 673–743), a disciple of Fazang. Chengguan soon became known among elite circles as an erudite intellectual who lectured and commented on the *Avataṃsaka Sūtra*. In 776 CE Chengguan returned to the sacred mountain of Wutaishan (believed to be the abode of Manjusri), where he stayed for the next 15 years. He resided at Huayan Monastery (華嚴寺), where the monks built a pavilion for him to write his works. Between 784 and 787 CE, Chengguan wrote his commentaries on Śikṣānanda's new eighty fascicle translation of the *Avatamsaka sutra*, which was completed in 799 CE. In the same year, Emperor Dezong granted Chengguan the title of Calm and Cool Imperial Teacher (Qingliang Guoshi). After completing the new translation of the Gandhavyuha, Emperor Dezong asked Chengguan to clarify the main concepts of the Avatamsaka. In 796 CE, he was invited by Emperor Dezong to Chang'an to participate in the translation of the *Gandhavyuha sutra* with the Indian master Prajña (般若; 734–c. 810. Emperor Dezong was so pleased with Chengguan that he awarded him a purple robe and the title of "Master of Buddhist Teachings" (*jiaoshou heshang*). Chengguan received numerous honorary titles: Master of the Purple Robe (796), Imperial Teacher (guoshi) (799), Monastic Professor (da senglu), Chief Monk (sengtong), and Dharma Master Qingliang (795). In 810 CE, former Emperor Xianzong (r. 805–806) summoned him and asked for an explanation of the term "dharmadhatu." After this meeting, Chengguan was appointed as sengtong ("monastic supervisor"). He was a respected teacher by all emperors; there were nine emperors during his lifetime, and he taught seven of them. Chengguan also a serious Buddhist practitioner. According to Guo Cheen, he maintained various self-determined vows including "always keeping his sash and alms bowl by his side, avoiding looking at women, avoiding visits to laypeople’s homes, never lying down to sleep, abandoning any fame or fortune, regularly reciting the *Lotus Sūtra*, regularly teaching on the *Avataṃsaka Sūtra,* regularly studying Mahāyāna texts, and never ceasing to be compassionate in an attempt to help all beings." *The Song Biographies of Preeminent Monks* and *A Brief Account of the Five Patriarchs of Huayan School* offer two specific sets of his ten vows that are equal in rigor but with slight variations. Thought ------- ### Doctrinal issues Chengguan's thought attempts to follow Fazang's thought closely. Due to this, Chengguan criticized Huiyuan (Fazang's student) for not adhering to Fazang's teachings closely enough. For example, Huiyuan modified Fazang's system of doctrinal classification (panjiao). This system divided all Buddhist teachings into five: Hīnayāna teaching, Elementary Mahāyāna teaching (Madhyamaka and Yogacara), Final Mahayana (Buddha nature teachings, *Awakening of Faith*, Tiantai), Sudden (Vimalakirti sutra) and Perfect Teaching (the Huayan One Vehicle). Huiyuan included Confucianism and Daoism into this system. But Chengguan criticized Huiyuan and those who saw Taoism and Confucianism part of Buddhism's doctrinal system. Huiyuan had also rejected the idea that the Sudden teaching belonged in a doctrinal classification system, since the sudden teaching is based on utter silence and thus it has no doctrinal content, instead it is merely a statement about the inexpressibility of ultimate truth. Chengguan also criticized this view, seeing the "Sudden teaching" as a proper doctrine of its own. ### Syncretism Chengguan developed Huayan thought in new directions by drawing on various Buddhist schools including various Chan schools, Xuanzang's Weishi and Tiantai. Sources on Chengguan's life, like Peixiu's epitaph, mention his prolific studies of various Chinese Buddhist traditions and texts, including numerous Mahayana sutras, Huayan, the works of the Yogacara school (*Yogacarabhumi* and *Chengweishilun*), the Sanlun school, various Chan masters, and the works of Zhiyi (such as the *Mohezhiguan*), Daosheng and Sengzhao. Chengguan often integrates the perspectives of these other traditions in his Huayan commentaries. For example, while Fazang generally criticized the Weishi school of Xuanzang, Chengguan often relies on and quotes Xuanzang's *Cheng weishi lun* (成唯識論; *Demonstration of Consciousness-only*; T. 1585). Chengguan also interpreted the Sudden division of Fazang's doctrinal schema as referring to the teachings of Chan Buddhism (while Fazang merely saw it as referring to the teaching of Vimalakirti). According to Chengguan, Chan teachings teach how the mind is Buddha and transmit this wisdom through non-verbal methods. As such, Chengguan seems to have highly respected the teachings of Chan Buddhism, seeing it as only second to Huayan. Furthermore, in his sub-commentaries, Chengguan says that his work relies on "integrating the Chan practices of both the Southern and Northern schools" and "folding-in the mystical intents of Tientai and the Three Contemplations of Nanyue." This indicates that Chengguan was conscious about his syncretic tendencies. Regarding the Chan Buddhist influences, while Chengguan draws on the sources of Northern, Southern and Oxhead Chan schools, he did not consider himself as belonging to any of these, instead claiming that he was from the "school of mind" (*xinzong*, 心宗). As such, while he was influenced by Chan, Yoshizu Yoshihide argues that Chengguan should not be seen as being associated with any Chan school per se, and instead he should be seen as a Huayan master who drew on and evaluated various Chan sources. Chengguan was also highly critical of Chan masters who ignored or disparaged the doctrinal study of Mahayana scriptures. Chengguan also draws on Confucian and Daoist sources in his work, though he is clear that this is merely a skillful means and that he sees these teachings as inferior to Buddhism. As such, he said that he was "borrowing their words but not adopting their meaning." ### The Fourfold Dharmadhatus Chengguan's main unique contribution to Huayan thought is the theory of the fourfold Dharmadhatu or four Dharmadhatus (*sifajie*, 四法界). This theory is found in Chengguan's *Meditative Perspectives on the Huayan Dharmadhatu* (*Huayan Fajie Guanmen*, 華嚴法界觀門). The Dharmadhatu is the ultimate reality that must be known by the bodhisattva and the four dharmadhatus are four ways of understanding ultimate truth. The four dharmadhātu are: 1. **The dharmadhātu of** **phenomena** (shi fajie [事法界]), which is the view in which all dharmas are seen as particular separate phenomena (shi 事) and which is to be seen as like an illusion. In the widely used Huayan metaphor of the water and the waves, the phenomena is symbolized by the waves. 2. **The dharmadhātu of principle** (li fajie [理法界]) which sees all phenomena as arising from *li* (理, the ultimate principle), which is "emptiness", the "One Mind" (*yi xin* 一心) and Buddha nature, it is the source or origin of all dharmas as well as the immutable nature of all dharmas, the ultimate essence of all things. It is the non-dual and transcendental Absolute according to Guo Cheen. In the metaphor of the water and the waves, the principle / essence is symbolized by water. 3. **The dharmadhātu of the non-obstruction of principle and phenomena** (lishi wu’ai fajie [理事無礙法界]) this is the interpenetration and interfusion of all phenomena and the ultimate principle, the pure source / essence. In the metaphor of the water and the waves, this level is symbolized by how waves *are* water. 4. **The dharmadhātu of the non-obstruction of [all] phenomena** (shishi wu’ai fajie [事事無礙法界]), which refers to the perfect interfusion of all phenomena with each other. While all things are perfectly interfused, they also do not lose their particularity. Since all phenomena share the same ultimate source, they are interconnected and interpenetrating. In the water-wave metaphor, this is symbolized by how all waves are connected due to being part of the same ocean. According to Imre Hamar, while Fazang emphasized the non-obstruction and interfusion of all dharmas, Chengguan stressed the non-obstruction of principle and phenomena. Hamar writes that "according to his interpretation, this common source (which is the One Mind, the pure source) makes possible the interrelated existence of all phenomena." Works ----- ### Sutra Commentaries Chengguan was an esteemed monk revered for his commentarial literature authoritative during his time and throughout later generations in East Asia. Chengguan authored over thirty works. The most important of his writings are *A Commentary on the \*Mahāvaipulya Buddhāvataṃsaka-sūtra* (*Da Fangguang Fo Huayanjing Shu* 大方廣佛華嚴經疏 T. 1735) and *A Record of the Explanation on the Meaning of the Commentary on the Mahāvaipulya Buddhāvataṃsaka-sūtra* (*Da Fangguang Fo Huayanjing Shu Yanyi Chao* 大方廣佛華嚴經隨疏演義鈔 T. 1736). His initial commentary was seen as difficult and so his further comments and elaborations were collected by his disciples Sengrui (僧睿), Zhikai (智愷), and others as a sub-commentary. After Chengguan completed the new translation of the Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra in 798 along with the Indian Prajña, he also composed a commentary to this, titled *Zhenyuan xinyi Huayan jing shu* (貞元新譯華嚴經疏, X. 227, A New Commentary on the Huayan jing written during the Zhenyuan period). Chengguan's commentaries are among the most complex and detailed Chinese Buddhist sutra commentaries. It contains a detailed introduction called the "profound discussion" (*xuantan* [玄談]), a sophisticated structural analysis of the sutra (the *kepan* [科判]) and a close explanation of the sutra's contents, sentence by sentence. In his commentary on the *Avatamsaka*, Chengguan cites from over 300 Buddhist texts, making it a kind of doctrinal summa or encyclopedia of Buddhist doctrine. He also cites Chinese classics as well. ### Other texts Chengguan also wrote various other shorter texts, some of the most important being: * *Thematic Essentials of the Huayan jing* (華嚴經綱要) * *Analysis of the Five Aggregates* (五蘊觀) * *Sansheng yuanrong guanmen* (三聖圓融觀門; *Contemplations of the Perfect Interfusion of the Three Holy Ones*, T. 1882) which teaches on the interfused nature of Samantabhadra, Mañjuśrī, and Vairocana. * *Huayan xinyao famen* (華嚴心要法門; *The Essence of the Huayan Mind*, X. 1005), written to answer questions by Emperor Shunzong (順宗; r. 805). Zongmi wrote a commentary to this. It is also included in the *Jingde chuandeng lu* (景德傳燈錄, T. 2076; *Record of the transmission of the lamp from the Jingde period*). * *Huayan fajie xuanjing* (華嚴法界玄鏡; *The mystical mirror of the Huayan Dharmadhātu*, T. 1883), a commentary on Dushun's *Huayan fajie guanmen* (華嚴法界觀門; Discernment of the Dharmadhātu). It has been translated by Thomas Cleary. * *Xinyi Huayan jing qi chu jiu hui song shizhang* (新譯華嚴經七處九 會頌釋章; *Poems of the seven locations and nine meetings of the new translation of the Huayan jing and their explanation*, T. 1738). ### Editions of his commentaries In the eleventh century, Jinshui Jingyuan 淨源 (1011-1088 CE) became known as the first editor to merge Chengguan’s Commentaries into each line of the 80 fascicle Chinese *Avatamsaka Sutra*, resulting in the publication that is the *Exegesis on the Commentaries to the Avataṃsaka Sūtra* (*Huayanjing Shu Zhu*, 華嚴經疏注). The sub-commentaries remained a separate publication. Preeminent commentators of Yuan and Ming continued to annotate, study, and lecture on Chengguan’s commentaries. In the Ming Dynasty, Miaoming (妙明) compiled Chengguan’s Commentaries and Subcommentaries into one publication for the first time. They did not mesh well, however, because Chengguan’s *Outline to the Commentaries to the Avataṃsaka Sūtra* (*Huayanjing Shu Kewen* 華嚴經疏科文) was still missing. In 1912, laymen Xu Weiru 徐蔚如 (1878-1937 CE) and others edited Chengguan’s Commentaries and sub-commentaries based on a version of the *Outline to the Commentaries to the Huayanjing* that survived the Chinese persecutions by being in hiding in Japan. In 1936, an edition of the *Avatamsaka*, the commentary and sub-commentary edited by Chiang Tsu Chuang (將竹莊) was published in Shanghai. Since then, more than 20 editions of compilations combining the *Avataṃsaka Sūtra*, Chengguan’s Commentaries and sub-commentaries based on his *Outline* have been disseminated. Different versions of the Chinese Tripiṭaka have selected to include different editions and portions of these compilations. More recently, the *Xinxiu Huayan jing shuchao* (新修華嚴經疏鈔, 20 volumes) a revised edition of this work led by Chengyi (成一), was published by the Huayan Society (華嚴蓮社) in Taibei between 2001 and 2004. Sources ------- * Chengguan; Guo Cheen (2014*), Translating totality in parts: Chengguan's commentaries and subcommentaries to the Avatamska Sutra*, Lanham: University Press of America. * Girard, F. (2003), *Review: Imre Hamar: A Religious Leader in the Tang: Chengguan's Biography,* Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient, 90 (1), 552-556. * Hamar, Imre (2002). *A Religious Leader in the Tang: Chengguan’s Biography,* Tokyo: The International Institute of Buddhist Studies, ISBN 4-906267-49-1 * Hamar, Imre (1999). *Buddhism and The Dao in Tang China: The Impact of Confucianism and Daoism on the Philosophy of Chengguan.* Acta Orientalia Hung. 52, (3-4), pp. 283–292.
US television program For other uses, see Shopping Spree (disambiguation). ***Shopping Spree*** is a game show that aired on the Family Channel (now Freeform) for two seasons from September 30, 1996, to October 30, 1997, with reruns airing until August 14, 1998. Two teams of two unacquainted players went on a shopping spree at six stores, each with four prizes, on a fictional street on stage. The object of the game was to match the desired prizes with visual clues given by the contestant in the quickest amount of time. The show was hosted by Ron Pearson, announced by Burton Richardson and produced by Jay Wolpert Enterprises and MTM Enterprises. Main Game --------- Prior to the show, one contestant from each team was shown the six stores, and from each store chose one prize they would like to have. At the beginning of the round, one player was isolated while the other stood on a pedestal in the "town square" at center stage wearing various objects on his/her body that would give clues to their partner about the prizes he/she selected. The player and host Pearson went over the items the contestant was wearing. At that point, a randomly selected member of the studio audience helped to reveal the six stores for that day's show. This audience member was always referred to as "Denise DuJour" or "Dennis DuJour", depending on their gender. After the prizes and stores were revealed, the contestant was asked to strike a pose, after which the contestant's partner was brought out. The partner was given 20 seconds to analyze the items on the posing contestant. When the 20 seconds expired, the contestant was released from his/her pose and met his/her partner for the first time. However, if the dressed contestant made a gesture or other action that led to a hint, that team was assessed a 10-second penalty. On Pearson's cue, the partner ran to the first store, chose one of the four prizes and ran back with it to show what prize he/she chose. If the prize the partner chose matched the first contestant's choice, a bell rang, the partner put the prize in the over-sized shopping bag and moved on to the next store. If the partner was wrong, a buzzer sounded, he/she had to listen to a clue posed by Pearson, then returned to that store and chose another prize. The first team established a time for the second team to beat, and the clock stopped after all six stores were completed. After a commercial break, the second team attempted to beat the first team's time in the manner described. The runner on the winning team received a gift certificate for his/her own $500 shopping spree, and their partner kept the prizes they chose. In addition, the winning team advanced to the Birthday Party. In season two, if the runner on the team made it through all six stores without making a mistake, they won a $500 bonus. Bonus round ----------- In the bonus round, titled "the Birthday Party", the contestants chose from among a selection of "gifts" for which celebrities might have a particular use. The game was played for a vacation package and a cash prize. ### Double Up Derby Beginning halfway through the first season, the winning team played a game called "Denise/Dennis DuJour's Double Up Derby" to determine how much money they would play for at the Birthday Party. Before the show, that day's Denise/Dennis selected a prize from one of the six stores. The team was given a brief description of Denise/Dennis, and was then asked to guess which prize they believe Denise/Dennis had chosen. If the team guessed correctly, Denise/Dennis won that chosen prize and the team played for $2,000 in addition to a vacation package at the Birthday Party. If they were unsuccessful, the team played for $1,000 and the package. Regardless of the outcome, Denise/Dennis received a $100 salary for the day. ### Birthday Party A contestant sliding a gift toward a celebrity. After the team listened to a description of the potential bonus prize, the three pieces of the set rotated 180 degrees to reveal the Birthday Party. The left panel revealed the playing area, the center piece held a large representation of a birthday cake, and the rightmost panel held a wall of 12 to 14 items labeled the "Birthday Board". One team member shopped for gifts and the other had to wrap and deliver them to the celebrities. Pearson showed the contestants and the home audience each item on the Birthday Board. The game began with a caricature of a famous celebrity (real or fictional, past or present) appearing at the end of a table. The shopper took down an item from the board that he/she thought was connected to the celebrity in some way (a chef's hat would be connected to Wolfgang Puck) and threw it to the wrapper. The wrapper then placed it in the box and slid it down the table to the celebrity. If the team was correct, the gift was accepted and another celebrity appeared. If not, the celebrity "rejected" the gift and pushed it back. Teams could pass and go back to that celebrity if there was any time remaining. Each correct gift was worth $100, and getting all seven gifts within 75 seconds awarded each team member a vacation package and $1,000 ($2,000 if the team won the Double Up Derby). During the second season, the shopper could not cross a line on the floor when throwing gifts to the wrapper. If this occurred, a five-second penalty was assessed.
City in Missouri, United States **Cooter** is a city in Pemiscot County, Missouri, United States. The population was 343 at the 2020 census. History ------- According to Houck's History of Missouri, the town of Cooter was named in 1854 for the Coutre (pronounced "Coo-Tra") family, headed by Frenchman Portell Coutre of New Madrid, Missouri. Geography --------- Cooter is located in the southeast corner of the Missouri Bootheel on Missouri Route E 1.5 miles east of I-55. The Missouri-Arkansas border is three miles to the south and the Mississippi River lies six miles east. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.30 square miles (0.78 km2), all land. Demographics ------------ Historical population| Census | Pop. | Note | %± | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1920 | 540 | | — | | 1930 | 453 | | −16.1% | | 1940 | 466 | | 2.9% | | 1950 | 490 | | 5.2% | | 1960 | 477 | | −2.7% | | 1970 | 414 | | −13.2% | | 1980 | 479 | | 15.7% | | 1990 | 451 | | −5.8% | | 2000 | 440 | | −2.4% | | 2010 | 469 | | 6.6% | | 2020 | 343 | | −26.9% | | U.S. Decennial Census | ### 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 469 people, 175 households, and 133 families living in the city. The population density was 1,563.3 inhabitants per square mile (603.6/km2). There were 191 housing units at an average density of 636.7 per square mile (245.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.87% White, 1.92% Black or African American, and 0.21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.43% of the population. There were 175 households, of which 45.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 19.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 24.0% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.05. The median age in the city was 35.5 years. 28.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.1% were from 25 to 44; 22.9% were from 45 to 64; and 12.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. ### 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 440 people, 176 households, and 118 families living in the city. The population density was 1,492.5 inhabitants per square mile (576.3/km2). There were 200 housing units at an average density of 678.4 per square mile (261.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.18% White, 0.45% African American, 0.68% Native American, 0.23% from other races, and 0.45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.91% of the population There were 176 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 26.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.03. In the city the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 17.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $28,750, and the median income for a family was $32,955. Males had a median income of $26,429 versus $18,500 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,267. About 16.1% of families and 20.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.8% of those under age 18 and 19.2% of those age 65 or over. Notable people -------------- * Marvin Childers, member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from Blytheville, Arkansas, from 2001 to 2006; lawyer and poultry industry lobbyist in Little Rock; reared on a diversified farm near Cooter * Greg Razer, member of the Missouri Senate; former Deputy Regional Director for U.S. Senator Claire McCaskill
Species of sedge ***Cyperus eglobosus*** is a species of sedge that is native to Queensland and New South Wales in eastern Australia. Description ----------- Cyperus eglobosus is a small, tufted sedge that typically grows to a height of 20-50 cm. The stems are trigonous (three-angled) and smooth. The leaves are 1-2 mm wide and are arranged in a basal rosette. The inflorescence is a digitate cluster of 4-25 spikelets, without branches, or rarely a solitary spikelet. Distribution ------------ The species is native to Queensland and New South Wales in eastern Australia. It mostly grows in the seasonally dry tropical biome, where it can be found in a variety of habitats, including woodlands, forests, and grasslands. Environment ----------- Cyperus eglobosus is pollinated by insects. The fruits are dispersed by wind. The species is an important food source for a variety of animals, including birds, insects, and rodents. Conservation ------------ Cyperus eglobosus is not considered to be at risk of extinction. However, it is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation. The species is protected under the Queensland Nature Conservation Act 1992 and the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995.
Ispahbadh of Tabaristan **Farrukhzad** (Middle Persian: *Farrūkhzādag*; New Persian: فرخزاد) was an Iranian aristocrat from the House of Ispahbudhan and the founder of the Bavand dynasty, ruling from 651 to 665. Originally a powerful servant of the Sasanian king Khosrow II (r. 590–628), he, along with several other powerful aristocrats made a conspiracy against the latter and ended his tyrannical rule. They thereafter put Khosrow's son Kavadh II (r. 628) on the throne, whose rule lasted only a few months, before he was killed by a plague, being succeeded by his son Ardashir III (r. 628–629), who was only after one year murdered by the rebellious former Sasanian army chief (*spahbed*) Shahrbaraz, who usurped the throne. These events greatly weakened the Sasanian Empire, but by 632, when Khosrow's grandson Yazdegerd III (r. 632–651) ascended the throne, order was somewhat restored. However, just as peace was about to come, the Sasanian Empire was invaded by Muslim Arabs, which resulted in the death of many Sasanian veterans, including Farrukhzad's brother Rostam Farrokhzad himself. Farrukhzad thereafter succeeded the latter as the *spahbed* and the leader of the *Pahlav* (Parthian) faction, which had been formed by their father Farrukh Hormizd, who was murdered in 631. However, Farrukhzad was unable to defeat the Arabs, and was in 643, after having seen the loss of Ctesiphon and Spahan, Farrukhzad, along with Yazdegerd III, fled[*clarify*] from one place to another until in 650, when Farrukhzad mutinied against his king, who was shortly killed by one of his servants. Farrukhzad later became the ruler of Tabaristan in 651, and would rule the region until his murder in 665 by Valash, a Karenid aristocrat, who thereafter conquered his domains. Name ---- Although his real name was "Farrukhzad" (meaning "the son of Farrukh" or "born with luck and happiness"), he is also known in other sources by various other names, such as **Khurrazad**, **Zad Farrukh**, **Zinabi Abu'l-Farrukhan** and **Bav**. Family ------ Farrukhzad was the son of Farrukh Hormizd, a prominent aristocrat from the Ispahbudhan family, who served as the army chief (*spahbed*) of the kusts of Adurbadagan and Khorasan—he was one of the generals who led the Sasanian army during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, but in 626 along with his comrade Shahrbaraz rebelled against the Sasanian king Khosrow II (r. 590–628). Farrukhzad had one brother named Rostam Farrokhzad, who at that time resided in the Adurbadagan province. The war with the Byzantines and the overthrow of Khosrow II ----------------------------------------------------------- Coin of Khosrow II. Farrukhzad is first mentioned during the reign of Khosrow II, where he occupied high offices and according to the Iranian poet Ferdowsi was "so close to Khusrow II that none dared to approach him without his permission". In 626, Shahrbaraz and Farrukhzad's father and brother rebelled. In 627, Khosrow then sent Farrukhzad to negotiate with Shahbaraz, who was camping near the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon. However, Farrukhzad secretly mutinied against Khosrow and joined Shahrbaraz. He then encouraged to remain undivided and not fear the fury of Khosrow. Furthermore, he also said that there were not any grandees (*wuzurgan*) who supported him. Khosrow, however, began suspecting Farrukhzad of treachery but kept it to himself, because he did not want to make the situation worse than it already was. At the same time, Farrukhzad was assembling more people who opposed Khosrow in order to stage a coup d'état. In 628, Farrukhzad freed Khosrow's eldest son Sheroe from prison and along with several feudal families of the Sasanian Empire, captured Ctesiphon and imprisoned Khosrow. Sheroe was then crowned as the new king and became known by his dynastic name of "Kavadh II". The feudal families which overthrew Khosrow included: Shahrbaraz, who represented the Mihran family; the House of Ispahbudhan represented by Farrukh Hormizd and his two sons Rostam Farrokhzad and Farrukhzad; the Armenian faction represented by Varaztirots II Bagratuni; and finally the Kanarangiyan faction represented by Kanadbak. Kavadh II thereafter ordered his *vizier* (*wuzurg framadar*) Piruz Khosrow to execute all his brothers and half-brothers, including Khosrow II's favorite son and heir Mardanshah. Three days later, Kavadh ordered Mihr Hormozd to execute his father. With the agreement of the nobles of the Sasanian Empire, Kavadh then made peace with the Byzantine emperor Heraclius. Furthermore, he also took all the properties of Farrukhzad and put him under arrest in Istakhr. The Sasanian civil war of 628-632 --------------------------------- Following the loss of territory required for the peace treaty, the embittered aristocracy started forming independent states within the Sasanian Empire, thus starting the Sasanian civil war of 628-632. This divided the resources of the country. Furthermore, dams and canals became derelict, and a devastating plague erupted in the western provinces of Iran, killing half of the population along with Kavadh II, who was succeeded by his 8-year-old son Ardashir III. Meanwhile, Farrukh Hormizd formed a faction in northern Iran known as the *Pahlav* (Parthian) faction, a faction of Parthians from several families who had rallied under him. During the time same time, however, Piruz Khosrow also formed an faction in southern Iran, known as the *Parsig* (Persian) faction. On 27 April 629, Ardashir was overthrown and killed by Shahrbaraz, who then usurped the throne. Forty days later, however, Farrukh Hormizd killed him and made Khosrow's daughter Boran the new monarch of the Sasanian Empire. Boran then appointed Farrukh Hormizd as the minister of the empire. She, was, however, quickly deposed by Shahrbaraz's son Shapur-i Shahrvaraz, who after a brief reign was replaced by Azarmidokht, the sister of Boran. Azarmidokht, under the advice of the Sasanian nobles, recalled Farrukhzad from his arrest and invited him to serve the Sasanians once again. Farrukhzad, however, declined the invitation and refused to serve under a woman. He then retired in a fire-temple at Istakhr. In 631, Farrukh Hormizd, in order to seize power, asked Azarmidokht to marry him. Not daring to refuse, Azarmidokht had him killed with the aid of the Mihranid aristocrat Siyavakhsh, who was the grandson of Bahram Chobin, the famous *spahbed* and briefly *shahanshah*. She was however, shortly killed by Rostam Farrokhzad, who then restored Boran to the throne. Later in 632, Farrukhzad was once again invited to serve the Sasanians, this time by the newly crowned king Yazdegerd III, who was a puppet king of Farrukhzad's brother, Rostam Farrokhzad. Farrukhzad accepted and all his properties were restored to him. The Arab invasion of Iran ------------------------- ### The invasion of western Iran Map of Sasanian Mesopotamia and its surroundings. However, during the same year, the majority of the Arabs, united under the banner of Islam, invaded the Sasanian Empire. By 636, the Arabs were at al-Qadisiya, a town close to Ctesiphon, which made Rostam Farrokhzad take action himself. However, Farrukhzad was unable to take part, because he was serving as the *marzban* (general of a frontier province, "margrave") of Balasagan, a province far away from Ctesiphon. While preparing to face the Arabs, he wrote a letter to Farrukhzad, which said that he should raise an army and go to Adurbadagan, while reminding him that Yazdegerd III was the only heritage left from the Sasanians. Rostam then set out from Ctesiphon in command of a large Sasanian force to confront the Arabs. The battle lasted three days, Rostam being defeated and killed during the last day. After the death of his brother, Farrukhzad succeeded him as the *spahbed* of Khorasan and Adurbadagan, and as the new leader of the Ispahbudhan family and the *Pahlav* faction. He then raised an army at Adurbadagan, and went to Ctesiphon, where he was appointed as its commander by Yazdegerd III, who fled to Hulwan with his property, family and 1,000 servants. Farrukhzad, however, also fled to Hulwan after a small and disheartening clash with the Arabs. In 637, Ctesiphon was captured by the Arabs. Meanwhile, Farrukhzad, along with Yazdegerd III, the Mihranid officer Mihran Razi, Piruz Khosrow, and Hormuzan, left Hulwan for Adurbadagan, but while they were moving to the place, they were ambushed by an Arab army at Jalula, where they were defeated. Mihran Razi was killed during the battle, while Hormuzan had fled to Khuzestan and Piruz Khosrow to Nahavand. In 642, the Arabs captured Nahavand and Spahan, killing Piruz Khosrow including other Sasanian officers such as Shahrvaraz Jadhuyih and Mardanshah. During the same year (or in 643), Farrukhzad raised another army with his son Isfandyadh and the Dailamite general Muta. They were, however, defeated at Waj Rudh, a village in Hamadan. Meanwhile, Yazdegerd III fled to southern Iran and stayed there until 648. It is not known if Farrukhzad was with Yazdegerd III during his stay in southern Iran. ### Flight to Khorasan, rule and death Around 650, Yazdegerd III, along with Farrukhzad, arrived to Khorasan. Yazdegerd III then appointed Farrukhzad as the governor of Merv and ordered Baraz, the son of Mahoe Suri, to give absolute control of the city over to him. Mahoe, however, disobeyed him. Farrukhzad then advised Yazdegerd III to take refugee in Tabaristan. Yazdegerd III, however, did not accept his advice. Farrukhzad later made a mutiny against Yazdegerd III and left for Ray, to avenge his father against Siyavakhsh, who was the ruler of the city. On his way to Ray, he met his ally Kanadbak, who was part of the conspiracy against Khosrow II and had taken part in Rostam's clash with the Arabs, but after the defeat had fled to Tus, a city which was part of his domains. Farrukhzad then continued his journey to Ray, but before reaching the city met the Arab general Nu'aym near Qazvin in 651, whom he made peace with. Map of northern Iran during the Arab invasion of Iran. He then agreed to aid the Arabs against Siyavakhsh. The combined Ispahbudhan-Arab then engaged in a night battle against Siyavakhsh's army at the foot of the mountain just outside Ray. Farrukhzad led some of Nu'aym's cavalry by a little-known way into the city, from where they attacked the Mihranid army's rear, causing great bloodshed. Siyavakhsh's army was in the end defeated and he was himself killed. To set an example, Nu'aym then ordered the destruction of the aristocratic quarter of Ray. However, the town was later rebuilt by Farrukhzad, who became the ruler of Ray. Farrukhzad then went to Tabaristan, but at his arrival, he heard about the death of Yazdegerd under the orders of Mahoe Suri, which made him shave his hair and live as a monk in a fire temple at Kusan. When the Arabs invaded Tabaristan, Farrukhzad was requested by the locals to become their king, which he gladly accepted and which marked the foundation of the Bavand dynasty. He then gathered an army, defeated the Arabs, and made a peace treaty with them. Farrukhzad would rule Tabaristan including some parts of Abarshahr peacefully in 14 years, until he was murdered around 665 by a Karenid nobleman named Valash, whose family was at war with Farrukhzad's family. After Farrukhzad's death, his son Surkhab I fled to an Ispahbudhan/Bavand stronghold named Kula. Later in 673, Surkhab avenged his father by killing Valash, and then reconquered his fathers realm. He thereafter crowned himself as *ispahbadh* (ruler) of the Bavand dynasty at his capital in Perim. Family tree ----------- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bawi | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Shapur | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Vinduyih | | | | | | Vistahm | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Farrukh Hormizd | | | Tiruyih | | | | Vinduyih | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rostam Farrokhzad | | **Farrukhzad** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Shahram | | Surkhab I | | Isfandyadh | | Bahram | | Farrukhan | | | | Sources ------- * Ahmad Hasan Dani, B. A. Litvinsky, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson, *History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilizations*, p. 228. * Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). *Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran*. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3. * Zarrinkub, Abd al-Husain (1975). "The Arab conquest of Iran and its aftermath". *The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–57. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6. * Daryaee, Touraj (2012). *The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History*. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432. ISBN 978-0199875757. Archived from the original on 2019-01-01. Retrieved 2014-12-26. * Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1988). "BAHRĀM (2)". *Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 5*. pp. 514–522. * Morony, Michael G. (2005) [1984]. *Iraq After The Muslim Conquest*. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 978-1-59333-315-7. * Shapur Shahbazi, A. (2005). "SASANIAN DYNASTY". *Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition*. | | | --- | | Farrukhzad **Bavand dynasty** | | Preceded byNone | **King of Tabaristan** 651-665 | Succeeded byValash | | * v * t * e Bavand dynasty | | --- | | Kayusiyya branch (651–1074) | * Farrukhzad (651–665) * Valash (usurper, 665–673) * Surkhab I (673–717) * Mihr Mardan (717–755) * Surkhab II (755–772) * Sharwin I (772–817) * Shahriyar I (817–825) * Shapur (825) * Mazyar (usurper, 825–839) * Qarin I (839–867) * Rustam I (867–895) * Sharwin II (896–930) * Shahriyar II (930–964) * Rustam II (964–979) * al-Marzuban (979–986) * Sharwin III (986) * Shahriyar III (986-987) * al-Marzuban (987–998) * Shahriyar III (998) * al-Marzuban (998–1006) * Abu Ja'far Muhammad (???–1027) * Qarin II (1057–1074) | | | Ispahbadhiyya branch (1074–1210) | * Shahriyar IV (1074–1114) * Qarin III (1114–1117) * Rustam III (1117–1118) * Ali I (1118–1142) * Shah Ghazi Rustam (1142–1165) * Hasan I (1165–1173) * Ardashir I (1173–1205) * Rustam V (1205–1210) | | Kinkhwariyya branch (1238–1349) | * Ardashir II (1238–1249) * Muhammad (1249–1271) * Ali II (1271) * Yazdagird (1271–1300) * Shahriyar V (1300–1310) * Shah-Kaykhusraw (1310–1328) * Sharaf al-Muluk (1328–1334) * Hasan II (1334–1349) |
American wildlife biologist **Hilary Swarts** is a wildlife biologist who works for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service at the Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge in southern Texas, where she is known for her work with ocelots. Early life and education ------------------------ Swarts was born in Paris; her family moved to Connecticut when she was a toddler. She did her undergraduate studies at Pomona College. Her plan going into college was to work with animals; at Pomona, professors James J. McKenna and Rachel N. Levin showed her alternative tracks for this than zookeeping and veterinary science. She graduated in 1994, majoring in biological anthropology, a self-designed plan of study combining the fields of her two mentors. Before her work with ocelots in Texas, she also studied "bay wrens in Panama, howler monkeys in Belize, monkeys in Suriname, island foxes in California and mountain gorillas in Rwanda". In one incident during this period, a silverback gorilla sat on her head for ten minutes. Returning to graduate study, she completed a Ph.D. in ecology, specializing in conservation biology, at the University of California, Davis. Work with the Fish and Wildlife Service --------------------------------------- After completing her doctorate, Swarts took a desk job with the Fish and Wildlife Service. She transferred to her current position at Laguna Atascosa in October 2013. Although ocelots can be found in 22 countries, their available habitat has been reduced by development. The south of Texas, where Swarts works, and the south of Arizona are the only parts of the United States where ocelots live and breed in the wild, both in parklands and on private property. However, as Swarts has documented, many have died from automobile collisions. Swarts has worked with the Texas Department of Transportation in the establishment of underpasses beneath the roadways, so that ocelots and other wildlife can cross in safety. Her work with the ocelots also involves tracking them with GPS collars, and trapping them to give them their collars. In 2016, she was involved in the discovery of a den of ocelot kittens, the first such den to be found in the US in 20 years.
**Borzou Daragahi** (Persian: برزو درگاهی; born c. 1969) is an Iranian-American print and radio journalist, who is International Correspondent for *The Independent*. He was previously a correspondent for BuzzFeed News and *The Financial Times*. He served also as Baghdad bureau chief for the *Los Angeles Times*. A U.S. citizen of Iranian descent, Daragahi was a 2005 Pulitzer Prize finalist for his coverage of Iraq and led the bureau that was named a 2007 Pulitzer finalist for its Iraq coverage. He was also named a 2010 Pulitzer finalist for his coverage of the 2009 election unrest in Iran. He has covered Iran, Afghanistan, Lebanon and the wider Middle East. Before joining the *Los Angeles Times* in 2005, he was a freelance journalist for a number of publications and radio outlets, including the Newark, N.J. *Star-Ledger*. He also contributed to the *Marketplace* radio program. He covered the build-up to the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq for the Associated Press. After 4½ years in Iraq, Daragahi moved on in 2007 to a new assignment in Beirut. On April 10, 2007, The L.A. Times published a front page memoir of his time in Iraq. The article describes the tactics used by reporters working under potentially lethal conditions, and provides personal insight into the effects of terror and stress on those working in combat zones. In September 2011, Daragahi became the Cairo-based Middle East and North Africa correspondent for the Financial Times. In April 2015, Daragahi joined BuzzFeed News as a new Middle East reporter. He joined The Independent in September 2018. He is a 1987 alumnus of Homewood-Flossmoor High School in Flossmoor, Ill.
British publisher of engravings (1720–1804) *John Boydell* (1801), after William Beechey **John Boydell** (/ˈbɔɪdəl/; 19 January 1720 (New Style) – 12 December 1804) was an English publisher noted for his reproductions of engravings. He helped alter the trade imbalance between Britain and France in engravings and initiated an English tradition in the art form. A former engraver himself, Boydell promoted the interests of artists as well as patrons and as a result his business prospered. The son of a land surveyor, Boydell apprenticed himself to William Henry Toms, an artist he admired, and learned engraving. He established his own business in 1746 and published his first book of engravings around the same time. Boydell did not think much of his own artistic efforts and eventually started buying the works of others, becoming a print dealer as well as an artist. He became a successful importer of French prints during the 1750s but was frustrated by their refusal to trade prints in kind. To spark reciprocal trade, he commissioned William Wollett's spectacular engraving of Richard Wilson's *The Destruction of the Children of Niobe*, which revolutionised the print trade. Ten years later, largely as a result of Boydell's initiative, the trade imbalance had shifted, and he was named a fellow of the Royal Society for his efforts. In the 1790s, Boydell began a large Shakespeare venture that included the establishment of a Shakespeare Gallery, the publication of an illustrated edition of Shakespeare's plays, and the release of a folio of prints depicting scenes from Shakespeare's works. Some of the most illustrious painters of the day contributed, such as Benjamin West and Henry Fuseli. Throughout his life, Boydell dedicated time to civic projects: he donated art to government institutions and ran for public office. In 1790 he became Lord Mayor of London. The French Revolutionary Wars led to a cessation in Continental trade at the end of the 1790s. Without this business, Boydell's firm declined and he was almost bankrupt at his death in 1804. Early years ----------- Boydell was born, according to his monument in St Olave Old Jewry, London, (later removed to St Margaret Lothbury after St Olave's demolition) at Dorrington, in the parish of Woore, Shropshire, to Josiah and Mary Boydell (*née* Milnes) and was educated at least partially at Merchant Taylors' School. His father was a land surveyor and young Boydell, the oldest of seven children, was expected to follow in his footsteps. In 1731, when Boydell was eleven, the family moved to Hawarden, Flintshire. In 1739 he became house steward to MP John Lawton and accompanied him to London. A year later, like many other enterprising young men of the time, Boydell resolved to sail to the East Indies in hopes of making his fortune, but he abandoned the scheme in favour of returning to Flintshire and Elizabeth Lloyd, the woman he was courting. Whether or not he intended to pursue land surveying at this time is unclear. In either 1740 or 1741, Boydell saw a print of Hawarden Castle by William Henry Toms and was so delighted with it that he immediately set out again for London to learn printmaking and Lloyd promised to wait for him. Boydell apprenticed himself to Toms and enrolled in St Martin's Lane Academy to learn drawing. Each day he worked about fourteen hours for Toms and then attended drawing classes at night. After six years, Boydell's diligence allowed him to buy out the last year of his apprenticeship, and in 1746 he set up an independent shop on the Strand that specialised in topographical prints that cost six pence for a cheap print or one shilling for an expensive print. Boydell's willingness to assume responsibility for his own business so early in his career indicates that he had ambition and an enterprising spirit. Independent shops were risky in the 1740s because no strict copyright laws, other than the Engraving Copyright Act of 1734 (known as "Hogarth's Act"), had yet been instituted. The pirating of published books and prints became a profession in its own right and greatly decreased the profits of publishers such as Boydell. Boydell's "View taken near the Store House at Deptford", later published in his own *Collection of Views in England and Wales* (1770) Around 1747, Boydell published his first major work, *The Bridge Book*, for which he drew and cut each print himself. It cost one shilling and contained six landscapes in each of which, not surprisingly, a bridge featured prominently. A year later, in 1748, Boydell, apparently financially secure, married Elizabeth Lloyd. The couple did not have any children and Elizabeth died in 1781. Boydell realised early in his career that his engravings had little artistic merit, saying later that they were collected by others "more to show the improvement of art in this country [Britain], since the period of their publication, than from any idea of their own merits". This may explain why in 1751, when he became a member of the Stationers' Company, he started buying other artists' plates and publishing them in addition to his own. Ordinarily an engraver, such as William Hogarth, had his own shop or took his finished engravings to a publisher. In adopting the dual role of artist and print dealer, Boydell altered the traditional organisation of print shops. He was not subject to the whims of public taste: if his engravings did not sell well, he could supplement his earnings by trading in the prints of other artists. He also understood the concerns of both the engraver and the publisher. In fact, as a publisher, he did much to help raise the level of respect for engravers in addition to furnishing them with better paying commissions. Success ------- *St. Antony of Padua, preaching to the Birds.* Wood engraving after Salvator Rosa Boydell eventually made £15,000 from William Woollett's 1776 print of Benjamin West's *Death of General Wolfe* (1770), much of it from exports. In 1751, with his large volume of prints, Boydell moved to larger premises at 90 Cheapside. By 1755, he had published *A Collection of One Hundred and Two Views, &C. in England and Wales*. This cheap but successful book gave him capital to invest. He became increasingly immersed in the commercial side of the print business and like most print dealers began importing prints to sell. These included print reproductions of landscapes by artists such as Claude Lorrain and Salvator Rosa. The bulk of the imports came from the undisputed masters of engraving during the 18th century: the French. Boydell made a small fortune in the 1750s from these imported prints. His early success was acknowledged in 1760 when he was accepted as a member of the Society of Arts. Winifred Friedman, who has written extensively on Boydell, explains that despite this success, "[w]hat rankled Boydell was that the French would not extend credit, or exchange prints; he was required to produce hard cash. Boydell took action, and this was the turning point." In 1761, Boydell decided that he would attempt to trade with the French in kind—something they had refused in the past because of the poor quality of British engravings. To inaugurate this change, he had to have a truly spectacular print. To this end, he hired William Woollett, the foremost engraver in England, to engrave Richard Wilson's *Destruction of the Children of Niobe*. Woollett had already successfully engraved Claude Lorrain's 1663 painting *The Father of Psyche Sacrificing at the Temple of Apollo* for Boydell in 1760. Boydell paid him approximately £100 for the *Niobe* engraving, a staggering amount compared to the usual rates. This single act of patronage raised engravers' fees throughout London. The print was wildly successful, but more importantly, the French accepted it as payment in kind. In fact, it was the first British print actively desired on the Continent. By 1770, the British were exporting far more prints than they were importing, largely due to Boydell. Boydell's business flourished and he soon hired his nephew, Josiah Boydell, to assist him. Boydell's biographer, Sven Bruntjen, hypothesizes that one of the reasons for Boydell's early and phenomenal success was his specialisation. Unlike "his competitors [who sold manuals, atlases and other assorted books] ... his [business had an] almost exclusive concentration on the sale of reproductive prints". Bruntjen argues that "despite the extensive sales of varied types of reproductive prints, it was the contemporary history print which accounted for the major part of Boydell's success as a print dealer". Most notable among these was the *Death of General Wolfe* a 1770 painting by Benjamin West, engraved by Woollett for Boydell in 1776. As early as 1767, Boydell had stopped engraving prints himself and began exclusively relying on commissions and trades and it was from these that he profited. *A Roman Monument at Igel in the Dutchy of Luxemburgh*, coloured engraving published by John Boydell, London (1783) from a painting by Edward Rooker (1712?–1774) after William Pars (1742–1782) Boydell had opened up a new market with *Niobe* and he quickly followed up this success. With a prospering business and capital in reserve, he embarked on several ambitious projects, often simultaneously. In 1769, he began *A Collection of Prints, Engraved after the Most Capital Paintings in England*. Its last, and ninth volume, was finished in 1792 to great critical and financial success. In 1773, he began *A Set of Prints Engraved after the Most Capital Paintings in the Collection of Her Imperial Majesty the Empress of Russia, Lately in the Possession of the Earl of Orford at Houghton in Norfolk*, which was finished in 1788. In addition to these projects and in the middle of his Shakespeare undertaking Boydell experimented with aquatint in *An History of the River Thames*, published in 1796. Bruntjen writes, "although not the first colored aquatint book, [it] was the first major one, and it was to set an example for the type of illustration that was to enjoy widespread popularity in England for some forty years". Boydell also published *The Original Work of William Hogarth* in 1790 and *The Poetical Works of John Milton* and *The Life of the Poet* (i.e. Milton) in 1794. The productivity and profitability of Boydell's firm spurred the British print industry in general. By 1785, annual exports of British prints reached £200,000 while imports fell to £100. Boydell was acknowledged and praised throughout England as the agent of this stunning economic reversal. In 1773 he was awarded the Royal Academy Gold Medal for his services in advancing the print trade. In 1789, at the Royal Academy dinner, the Prince of Wales toasted "an English tradesman who patronizes art better than the Grand Monarque, Alderman Boydell, the Commercial Maecenas". Shakespeare venture ------------------- Main article: Boydell Shakespeare Gallery *The Winter's Tale*, Act II, scene 3, from a painting by John Opie commissioned and prepared for engraving by the Shakespeare Gallery. Boydell's crowning achievement was his Shakespeare project, which was to occupy much of the last two decades of his life. The project contained three parts: an illustrated edition of Shakespeare's plays, a public gallery of paintings depicting scenes from the plays, and a folio of prints based on the paintings. The idea of a grand Shakespeare edition was conceived at a dinner at Josiah Boydell's home in November 1786. The guest list itself is evidence of Boydell's extensive connections in the artistic world: Benjamin West, painter to King George III; George Romney, a renowned painter; George Nicol, bookseller to the king and painter; William Hayley, a poet; John Hoole, a scholar and translator of Tasso and Aristotle; and Daniel Braithwaite, an engineer. Most sources also list the painter Paul Sandby. Although the initial idea for the edition was probably not Boydell's, he was the one to seize and pursue it. He wanted to use the edition to facilitate the development of a British school of history painting. The "magnificent and accurate" Shakespeare edition which Boydell began in 1786 was the focus of the enterprise. The print folio and the gallery were simply offshoots of the main project. In an advertisement prefacing the first volume of the edition, Nicol wrote that "splendor and magnificence, united with correctness of text were the great objects of this Edition". Boydell was responsible for the "splendor", and George Steevens, a renowned Shakespearean editor, was responsible for the "correctness of text". The volumes themselves were handsome, with gilded pages. Even the quality of the paper was extraordinarily high. The illustrations were printed independently and could be inserted and removed as the customer desired. The first volumes of the *Dramatick Works* were published in 1791 and the last in 1805. The edition was financed through a subscription campaign in which the buyers would offer partial payment up front and then pay the remaining sum on delivery. This practice was necessitated by the fact that over £350,000—an enormous sum at the time—was eventually spent on the enterprise. When it opened on 4 May 1789 at 52 Pall Mall, the Shakespeare Gallery contained 34 paintings and by the end of its run it had between 167 and 170. The Gallery itself was a hit with the public and became a fashionable attraction. It took over the public's imagination and became an end in and of itself. James Gillray, passed over for the Shakespeare Gallery engravings, responded with *Shakespeare Sacrificed: Or the Offering to Avarice*. To illustrate the edition and to provide images for the folio, Boydell obtained the assistance of the most eminent painters and engravers of the day. Artists included Richard Westall, Thomas Stothard, George Romney, Henry Fuseli, Benjamin West, Angelica Kauffman, Robert Smirke, John Opie, and Boydell's nephew and business partner, Josiah Boydell. Among the engravers were Francesco Bartolozzi and Thomas Kirk. Boydell's relationships with his artists, particularly his illustrators, was generally congenial. James Northcote praised Boydell's liberal payments. He wrote in an 1821 letter that Boydell "did more for the advancement of the arts in England than the whole mass of the nobility put together! He paid me more nobly than any other person has done; and his memory I shall every hold in reverence". At the beginning of the enterprise, reactions were generally positive. Two reviews from the most influential newspapers in London at the time solidified and validated the public's interest in the project and the artists' efforts. However, there was also some criticism. In particular the satirical engraver James Gillray appears to have been peeved at not being commissioned to engrave any of the Shakespeare scenes and, in revenge, published *Shakespeare Sacrificed: Or the Offering to Avarice* just six weeks after the gallery opened. Gillray followed up with further cartoons such as *Boydell sacrificing the Works of Shakespeare to the Devil of Money-Bags*. As the project dragged on, the criticism increased. Yet, Boydell's project still inspired imitators. Thomas Macklin attempted to found a Poet's Gallery similar to the Shakespeare Gallery and several histories of England on the scale of the Shakespeare edition were also started. However, like Boydell's venture, they ultimately ended in financial disaster. The folio, which collected together the engravings from the paintings, has been the most lasting legacy of the Boydell enterprise: it was reissued throughout the 19th century and scholars have described it as a precursor to the modern coffee table book. Civic service ------------- Amidst all of the work generated by these publishing enterprises, Boydell still found time to be alderman of Cheap ward in 1782, master of the Stationers' Company in 1783, sheriff of London in 1785, and Lord Mayor of London in 1790. With both a dedicated civic spirit and an eye towards business promotion, Boydell took advantage of his public positions to advocate public and private patronage of the arts. He frequently donated paintings from his own collections to the Corporation of London to be hung in the Guildhall. He hoped that his donation might spur others to similar generosity. However, he remained a solitary contributor. A catalogue was published in 1794 listing all of the works Boydell had donated to the Guildhall. In the preface, he explained why he had made such large gifts: John Boydell shown in 1791 during his year as Lord Mayor of London > > It may be a matter of wonder to some, what enducements I could have to present the City of London with so many expensive Pictures; the principal reasons that influence me were these: First: to show my respect for the Corporation, and my Fellow Citizens, Secondly: to give pleasure to the Public, and Foreigners in general, Thirdly: to be of service to the Artists, by shewing their works to the greatest advantage: and, Fourthly: for the mere purpose of pleasing myself. > > > In 1794 Boydell commissioned and donated *Industry and Prudence* by Robert Smirke. Most of the other works Boydell donated were similarly didactic. He was appealing to his fellow tradespeople and craftspeople with these gifts, a middle class which would have been only too pleased to see their values promoted by such a prominent figure. In a speech before the Council to advocate the renovation of a building for the purpose of displaying public art, Boydell made the striking claim that if the rich could be persuaded to patronise art, they would forgo their wicked ways: > > one might be found amongst the many spendthrifts of the present age, instead of ruining themselves by gaming, or laying snares to debauch young Females, by their false promises and many other bad vices; would be rejoiced at such an opportunity, of reclaiming themselves by withdrawing from the snares laid for them by bad and designing Men and Women, who constantly lay wait to lead astray the young and unwary that are possessed of large property, such might here have the pleasure and satisfaction to make a real Paradise on earth, by illuminating a place that would for ever shine and display their generosity. > > > Boydell's middle-class consumers would have approved of his connection between morality and art. Business decline, death, and legacy ----------------------------------- This engraving of King George III (based on a painting by William Beechey in the Royal Collection) was published by Boydell's company on 1 December 1804, 11 days before Boydell's death. The company's address is still given as "the Shakespeare Gallery, Pall Mall and at 90 Cheapside" In 1789, the French revolution broke out and four years later war erupted between Britain and France. Throughout the next tumultuous decade, trade with Europe became increasingly difficult. As Boydell's business relied heavily on foreign trade, especially French, his livelihood was threatened. When this market was cut off due to war in 1793, Boydell's business declined substantially. He was forced to sell the Shakespeare Gallery, via a lottery, in order for his business to remain solvent. He died in December 1804 before the lottery was drawn, but after all of its 22,000 tickets had been sold. According to Josiah, John Boydell caught a cold by going to the Old Bailey on a damp, foggy day to do his duty as an alderman. He died on 12 December 1804 almost bankrupt, but not without great public acclaim. He was buried on 19 December 1804 at the Church of St. Olave Old Jewry, his funeral attended by the Lord Mayor, aldermen, and several artists. Boydell had, almost single-handedly, made British prints a viable economic commodity and had demolished the French domination of the trade. In a letter to Sir John Anderson, asking Parliament for the private Lottery Act to sell off the Shakespeare Gallery, Boydell stated that it was "sufficient to say, that the whole course of that commerce [print trade] is changed". *The Times* wrote on 7 May 1789: "Historical painting and engraving are almost exclusively indebted to Mr. Boydell for their present advancement." Boydell also played a part in changing the nature of art patronage in Britain. Until he advocated public patronage in his various civic posts, the government had little to do with British art. According to Bruntjen, "it was due to the enthusiasm of Boydell and others that the English government eventually provided funds for the establishment of the National Gallery in 1824". Boydell helped to make artists independent of aristocratic patronage by providing commercial opportunities for them. He "attempted to free artists from the traditional forms of state and aristocratic patronage by creating a public taste for reproductive prints of historical subjects". Boydell's entry in the *Dictionary of National Biography* ends with the assessment that "no print publisher before or since has ever exerted as much influence on the course of British art". Boydell's nephew and business partner, Josiah Boydell, continued his uncle's business for some time at 90 Cheapside, but by 1818, the business was wound up by Jane Boydell, and the assets purchased by Hurst, Robinson, and Co.
American writer **Glenn B. Anderson** is an American writer who was the first Black Deaf man to earn a doctoral degree. Anderson is the author of a book titled *Still I Rise: The Enduring Legacy of Black Deaf Arkansans Before and After Integration*. He is a member of the board for the National Black Deaf Advocates and an editor for the Arkansas Association of the Deaf newsletter. Early life and education ------------------------ Anderson was born on October 16, 1945, in inner-city Chicago, Illinois. He contracted pneumonia at the age of 7 and due to complications from the illness, he became deaf. Anderson attended a program with 150 other deaf students for both elementary school and middle school. For high school he attended Parker High School in a program with 15 other deaf students. Minimal support was provided and thus he struggled with understanding the teacher in class. He found a way to succeed academically and received honors and an award for scholar-athlete of the year. He graduated from Parker High School in 1964. Anderson attended Northern Illinois University with a concentration in physical education. After one semester he transferred to Gallaudet University. He joined various clubs and student athletic teams including basketball, track and student body government. Anderson changed his major from physical education to psychology. In 1968 he graduated from Gallaudet and had the only black family at commencement. In 1970, he earned his master's degree from University of Arizona. In 1982, Anderson became the first Black Deaf man to earn a doctorate degree as he graduated from New York University with a Ph.D in Rehabilitation Counseling. Career ------ Anderson started his counseling career in 1970 after graduating with a master's degree in Rehabilitation Counseling. He got a job in 1970 as a Vocational Rehabilitation Counselor in Detroit, becoming the first deaf person to be hired for that position in Michigan.[] After working for two years in that position, he started work at New York University in the Deafness Research and Training Center. He worked as an associate research scientist there from 1972 through to 1975. While pursuing his Ph.D. he worked at LaGuardia Community College, City University in New York.[] He worked as a Coordinator of Continuing Education Programs from 1975 through to 1982, the same year he obtained his Ph.D. He has participated in countless national workshops and conferences, and has led multiple university courses. In 2002–2005, Anderson was appointed by President George W. Bush as a member of the National Council of Disability. He is a member of the board for the National Black Deaf Advocates and an editor for the Arkansas Association of the Deaf newsletter. Anderson has a book titled "Still I Rise: The Enduring Legacy of Black Deaf Arkansans Before and After Integration". This book was published in 2006 and is accompanied in a DVD format using American Sign Language.[] Personal life ------------- Anderson met his wife, Karen, when he was a student at New York University. They later had two children. Anderson's son Jamaal Anderson played as a defensive end for the National Football League. Awards and honors ----------------- | Title | Year received | | --- | --- | | Scholar-Athlete of the Year Award from Parker High School | 1964 | | American Athletic Association of the Deaf Hall of Fame | 1992 | | Frederick C. Schreiber Leadership Award by the National Association of the Deaf | 1994 | | Linwood Smith Humanitarian Award by the National Black Deaf Advocates | 1995 | | Gallaudet University Athletic Hall of Fame | 1995 | | National Hall of Fame for Persons with Disabilities | 2004 | | Alice Cogswell Award for valuable service to Deaf people | 2007 | | Lifetime Achievement Award by the National Black Deaf Advocates | 2012 |
1962 CIA intelligence mission **Project Coldfeet** was a 1962 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operation to extract intelligence from an abandoned Soviet Arctic drifting ice station. Due to the nature of its abandonment as the result of unstable ice, the retrieval of the operatives used the Fulton surface-to-air recovery system. History ------- What became known as Operation Coldfeet began in May 1961, when a naval aircraft flying an aeromagnetic survey over the Arctic Ocean reported sighting an abandoned Soviet drift station. A few days later, the Soviets announced that they had been forced to leave Station NP 9 (a different station, NP 8 ended up being the target) when the ice runway used to supply it had been destroyed by a pressure ridge, and it was assumed that it would be crushed in the Arctic Ocean. The prospect of examining an abandoned Soviet ice station attracted the interest of the U.S. Navy's Office of Naval Research (ONR). The previous year, ONR had set an acoustical surveillance network on a U.S. drift station used to monitor Soviet submarines. ONR assumed that the Soviets would have a similar system to keep track of American submarines as they transited the polar ice pack, but there was no direct evidence to support this. Also, ONR wanted to compare Soviet efforts on drift stations with U.S. operations. The problem was how to get to NP 9. It was far too deep into the ice pack to be reached by an icebreaker, and it was out of helicopter range. To Captain John Cadwalader, who would command Operation Coldfeet, it looked like "a wonderful opportunity"[*This quote needs a citation*] to make use of the Fulton surface-to-air recovery system. Following a recommendation by Dr. Max Britton, head of the Arctic program in the Geography Branch of ONR, Rear Admiral L. D. Coates, Chief of Naval Research, authorized preliminary planning for the mission while he sought final approval from the Chief of Naval Operations. The mission was scheduled for September 1961, a time of good weather and ample daylight. NP 9 would be within 600 miles (970 km) of the U.S. Air Force base at Thule, Greenland, the planned launching point for the operation. ONR selected two highly qualified investigators for the ground assignment. Major James Smith, USAF, was an experienced paratrooper and Russian linguist who had served on U.S. Drift Stations Alpha and Charlie. Lieutenant Leonard A. LeSchack, USNR, a former Antarctic geophysicist, had set up the surveillance system on T-3 in 1960. Not jump qualified, he quickly went through the Navy parachuting course at Naval Air Station Lakehurst, New Jersey. The two men trained on the Fulton retrieval system over the summer, working in Maryland with an experienced P2V Neptune crew at the Naval Air Test Center at NAS Patuxent River, Maryland. B-17G N809Z which had been used in the project The project was put on hold as formal clearance had arrived too late and NP 9 had drifted too far away. News came in March 1962 that another ice station (NP 8) had also been abandoned. This station could be reached from Canadian airfields. As NP 8 also was a more up-to-date facility than NP 9 the project's target was shifted to NP 8. On 28 May 1962, a converted CIA Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress serial 44-85531, registered as N809Z, piloted by Connie Seigrist and Douglas Price dropped both men by parachute on NP 8. On 1 June, Seigrist and Price returned and a pick-up was made of the Soviet equipment that had been gathered and of both men, using a Fulton Skyhook system installed on the B-17. This mission required the use of three separate extractions: first for the Soviet equipment, then of LeSchack and finally of Smith. Operation Coldfeet was a success. The mission yielded information on the Soviet Union's Arctic research activities, including evidence of advanced research on acoustical systems to detect under-ice U.S. submarines and efforts to develop Arctic anti-submarine warfare techniques.
The **Cave Clan** is a primarily Australian group dedicated to urban exploration. History ------- The Cave Clan was founded on 26 January (Australia Day), 1986 by three Melbourne teenagers, Woody, Dougo and Sloth. The trio had started exploring together during the summer of 1985–1986. Alfred Saddlier, a worker for the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works (MMBW), is often cited as an inspiration to the Cave Clan's founders. During construction on Melbourne's drains in the 1940s and 1950s, Saddlier would leave his name and the date in tar paint before the last section of tunnel was put in place. After Saddlier was mentioned in an article in Melbourne's *The Herald Sun* [] his sister wrote to the Cave Clan explaining that her brother was in fact a "builder of drains", and not an explorer. Membership and activities ------------------------- Cave Clan members explore natural or artificial tunnels and caves, along with rooftops and abandoned buildings. Their most frequent activities involve exploring underground stormwater drains, bunkers, tunnels and forts. Each chapter of the Cave Clan has its favourite locations with each city, each having a different history, with therefore different types of locations to explore. For example, in Sydney, sites the Cave Clan explore include an underground ex-naval oil reservoir in Sydney. A Sydney drain with urban explorers in view.Members of the Cave Clan come from various backgrounds including tradespersons, shop owners, teachers, government workers, writers, students, scientists, and mechanics; with the Cave Clan acting as a uniting group for people who are interested in urban exploration in Australia. Amongst other things, members are attracted by the appeal of entering locations that the public rarely sees. Safety issues ------------- The Cave Clan does not advocate entering drains when it is raining, exploring alone, or removing a manhole from beneath if the above location is unknown. This is due to the potential hazard of the exit being on a road and thus has the risk of being struck by a vehicle. The golden rule of the Cave Clan is, "When it rains, no drains!". Controversy ----------- A modern compass themed Cave Clan logo. As with urban exploration-related topics, by entering into locations or drains without permission, the members of the Cave Clan can be described as "recreational trespassers". In 2005 it was revealed that the NSW State Government had asked for the Cave Clan's help in finding tunnels that could become terrorist targets. Coroner Hugh Dillon investigating the death of two graffiti artists in a Sydney stormwater drain in 2008 has recommended police investigate a group known as the Sydney Cave Clan. Delivering his findings into the deaths, Dillon said he was concerned about the counter-cultural message by the group, which he said consisted of "shadowy characters". Dillon said he would recommend to police that they investigate the group and shut the website down after it was revealed that it publicised the drain and encouraged risk-taking activity. Malinowsky, the sole survivor of the trio, alleged at the inquest that he was encouraged by a website from the so-called "Cave Clan"—a group which he alleged dared people to explore urban underground spaces. Graffiti -------- A cave clan tag left underground in the Hobart Rivulet The Cave Clan has long officially distanced itself from graffiti, despite the historical practice of discreet tagging as a historical documentation practice. Drain tagging is discouraged, especially in historically significant areas; there are clear examples, however, of the Cave Clan name, logo and other specific material related to the Cave Clan and/or their members, being used in graffiti, by unknown sources. The group accepts leaving details of an expedition in a plain section of the drain, tunnel or cavity to mark the place and time, and placing stickers above ground for promotional purposes. Cultural references ------------------- "Cave Clan" is the subject and title of a song released on the Mick Thomas album *Spin! Spin! Spin!*. "Cave Clan" is also a song by Neatly Folded Goat In 2016, Australian record label Superconscious Records released "Cave Clan" by Melbourne producer Bjorn This Way. The song was a nostalgic tribute to the producer's experiences exploring drains and tunnels in the south eastern suburbs of Melbourne as a teenager.
1954 film by Jules White ***Pals and Gals*** is a 1954 short subject directed by Jules White starring American slapstick comedy team The Three Stooges (Moe Howard, Larry Fine and Shemp Howard). It is the 155th entry in the series released by Columbia Pictures starring the comedians, who released 190 shorts for the studio between 1934 and 1959. Plot ---- Shemp's ailment, an enlarged vein in his leg, triggers concerns about potential amputation. Following medical advice, he embarks on a therapeutic journey to the Old West. Arriving in a frontier town characterized by its lawlessness, the trio forms an unlikely bond with the notorious outlaw Doc Barker. Misinterpreting Shemp's reference to his medical condition as a metaphor for a lucrative gold vein, Barker becomes intrigued. However, their newfound camaraderie is tested when Nell, a local resident, reveals Barker's true identity as an outlaw holding her sisters captive. The Stooges devise a stratagem to acquire the keys to the prison cell where Nell's sisters are held. Shemp engages Barker in a poker game, while Moe and Larry concoct a potent beverage containing various hazardous substances, aiming to incapacitate the outlaws. To safeguard Shemp, they provide him with a harmless sarsaparilla. After Barker unwittingly consumes the toxic concoction and demands water, Shemp douses the gang with a fire hose, enabling Moe and Larry to retrieve the keys and free Nell's sisters. Barker succumbs to heart failure during the poker game, and his gang plans to execute Larry. Moe and Shemp, aided by makeshift tools, endeavor to rescue their comrade while the sisters seek outside assistance. Evading capture, the Stooges resort to disguising themselves in Southern-style attire but are recognized by a gang member. A frantic chase ensues, leading the trio to seek refuge outside town. When cornered by Barker's gang, Shemp ingeniously repurposes his gun belt as makeshift ammunition, intimidating the assailants into retreat and ensuring the Stooges' triumph. Cast ---- ### Credited * Moe Howard as Moe * Larry Fine as Larry * Shemp Howard as Shemp * Christine McIntyre as Nell * George Chesebro as Quirt * Norman Willes as Doc Barker (stock footage) ### Uncredited * Norma Randall as Zell * Ruth White as Belle * Stanley Blystone as Pete * Joe Palma as unnamed henchman * Heinie Conklin as Bartender (stock footage) * Vernon Dent as Doctor (stock footage) * Frank Ellis as Jake * Blackie Whiteford as Pinto (final film) Production notes ---------------- *Pals and Gals* is a reworking of *Out West* (1947), utilizing a substantial amount of stock footage. Notably, scenes featuring the Stooges' egress from the saloon on horseback derive from *Goofs and Saddles* (1937). To seamlessly integrate disparate footage, insert shots necessary for continuity were filmed on April 28, 1953. In an effort to imbue the recycled footage with a semblance of narrative cohesion, the character of Doc Barker meets his demise due to heart failure induced by imbibing Moe's Mickey Finn. However, due to oversight in the editing process, Barker inadvertently reappears during a subsequent sequence featuring Nell's performance at the bar. To mitigate this inconsistency and align pre-chase sequences with those from *Goofs and Saddles*, Stanley Blystone, who appeared as antagonist Longhorn Pete in the latter film, assumed the role of one of the gang members in *Pals and Gals*. This strategic casting decision aimed to minimize the conspicuous disparity arising from Blystone's appearance in the recycled footage, particularly during the Stooges' escape scene. In *Out West*, Blystone's role was that of a United States Cavalry Colonel, serving as a pivotal plot element. However, this narrative motif was not retained in *Pals and Gals*. Director Jules White, renowned for his attention to detail, leveraged his background as a film editor to ensure seamless continuity between new and existing footage. Utilizing a moviola on set, White meticulously scrutinized each frame to ensure narrative consistency and visual coherence, thereby preserving the integrity of the cinematic narrative.
**Cormac Mác Shamhradháin** O.S.A. (Anglicised as Cormack Magauran or McGovern) b. c.1410-d.1476, was the Roman Catholic Bishop of Ardagh diocese in Ireland from 1444 to 1476. Genealogy and Birth ------------------- Cormac Mác Shamhradháin was a member of the McGovern clan, rulers in the Middle Ages of the tuath of Teallach n-Eachach in Breifne (now Tullyhaw, County Cavan, Ireland). He was born c. 1410, probably in or near Drumlane Abbey, County Cavan, where his father, Piaras Mág Shamhradháin O.S.A. was the Prior until his death in 1431. As the son of a priest, Cormac was definitionally illegitimate at birth. Cormac was descended from the chief who ruled Tullyhaw from 1258 to 1272, Donnchadh ‘Cime’ Mág Samhradháin. His pedigree is Cormac mac Piaras mac Aindriu mac Cleiminnt mac Tomás Amhlaoibh mac Mac Craithe mac Donnchadh ‘Cime’ Mág Samhradháin. Priesthood and Drumlane Abbey ----------------------------- Cormac was presumably educated at Drumlane Abbey which was founded about the 6th century AD by Saint Columba. The abbey was a chapter house of the Augustinian Abbey of Kells, County Meath that was dedicated to Saint Mary. Cormac was ordained a priest and joined the Augustinian Order, becoming a canon. On 10 April 1430 Cormac was awarded the rectory of Templeport on the death of the previous holder, Renaldus McGovern. The Papal Registers state- *To the prior of Inchmacnerin (Insula Macneri) in the diocese of Elphin. Mandate to collate and assign to Cormac Magamrughan, Augustinian canon of St. Mary's de Kenlys in the diocese of Meath, who is of noble race, the rectory, value not exceeding 20 marks, wont to be held by canons of St. Mary's, of Teallacheach and Mageangady in the diocese of Kilmore, void by the death of Renaldus Magamrugham, summoning and removing the abbot and convent of the said monastery, who have unduly detained possession for more than two years, and whom he fears to meet within the city or diocese. He is hereby dispensed on account of his illegitimacy as the son of a canon of the said order, a priest, and an unmarried woman*. On the death of his father Piaras in 1431, Cormac succeeded to the post of Prior of Drumlane due to hereditary succession rights. He would have been in his early twenties at the time. The McGovern clan, through the ages, were associated with Drumlane and, in the 15th century alone, at least five of its members were appointed Prior. The ecclesiastical offices in Drumlane (Abbott, Prior, Parish Priest) were generally split between the McGoverns who were the hereditary erenachs, and the O'Farrellys who were the hereditary coarbs of Drumlane. In Canon Law, the right to appoint the Prior was reserved to the Pope and so in 1436, the matter of succession was submitted to Pope Eugene IV. He appointed the Archdeacon of Hainault in Liege to settle the matter by examining Cormac and other witnesses. As a result, Cormac was deprived of the office and Patrick O'Farrelly was appointed. O'Farrelly died c.1439 and Cormac then reclaimed possession of the Priory on the plea *dispositionis ordinarie* (collation by the ordinary). On Cormac's 1444 elevation to the See of Ardagh, the Pope appointed Thady Magauran as Prior of Drumlane. Bishop of Ardagh ---------------- On the death of Risdeárd Ó Fearghail, the Bishop of Ardagh, in 1444, the local Ardagh clergy selected "the young official MacMuircherty" (probably Tomas mac Murchada who was Dean of Ardagh in 1468) as their candidate for bishop and forwarded their recommendation to the Pope. This proposal was rejected by the Vatican and Cormac Mác Shamhradháin was appointed on 6 November 1444 by Pope Eugene IV. Cormac also secured a dispensation from the illegitimacy that would have barred him from episcopal office. On 19 November 1444, Cormac was licensed to be consecrated by bishops of his choice. Cormac evidently won the appointment because he travelled to Rome to plead his case, while MacMuircherty remained in Ireland. Cormac probably used his influence with the Augustinians to support his petition. The Pope may have offered the office of Drumlane Prior to the Pope as a quid pro quo for the Ardagh bishopric. ### Excommunication Cormac returned to Ireland in 1445, and paid a fee of 33 florins for his appointment on 19 February 1445. The Ardagh clergy initially accepted his authority. MacFirbis Annals for 1445 state "*The Bishop Magsamhradhan came from Rome and obtained the episcopacie of Ardachadh, and the Quire of Ardachadh, and young Officiall mcMuircherty, that was elected afore him, obeyed him haveing the Popes authoritie from Rome.*" This state of affairs did not last long, as he was not a native of the diocese and throughout his tenure they attempted to have him deposed. At the end of 1451, Cormac was excommunicated by the Archbishop of Armagh John Mey, for his failure to pay metropolitan dues and submit to the Archbishop's Visitation and for fornication. Two of the Ardagh clergy were appointed by Mey to publicise the excommunication and offer absolution. On 9 June 1460 Cormac attended the Provincial Synod of Armagh held under Archbishop John Bole at St. Peter's Church, Drogheda. In 1463 Seaán Ó Fearghail went to Rome to ask the pope to confirm him as bishop of Ardagh in lieu of Cormac and a writ of King Edward III of England dated 1463 describes Sean as bishop-elect of Ardagh, but he was never consecrated, probably because of his role at the same time in attempting to remove the Bishop of Cork and Cloyne Jordan Purcell using forged documents. Matters came to a head when Cormac offered his resignation to Pope Paul II in 1467 and on 12 October 1467 Donnchadh O'Fearghail was appointed Bishop of Ardagh, but he died before the papal bull was expedited. The diocese was seemingly without an appointed bishop until 28 July 1469, when Seaán Ó Fearghail was appointed Bishop of Ardagh. However, these latter two appointments may not have reflected the actual situation in Ardagh diocese. There is evidence that Cormac reigned as bishop until his death in 1476 and only then did Fearghail take over. For example, in April–May 1470 Archbishop Bole stated that Cormac was bishop of Ardagh and the Annals of Connacht for the year 1476 state- "Bishop Mag Samradain died and Sean son of Brian succeeded him". Death ----- According to the Annals of Ireland, Cormac died in 1476 but his death was separately given as 1478, probably in error. After his death a praise poem was written in his honour, giving his ancestry. It was probably composed c. 1487 by Diarmaid Bacach Mac Parrthaláin, a native of Tullyhaw and a scribe under the patronage of the McGovern chief. Descendants ----------- Cormac left at least one son, also named Cormac Mág Shamhradháin who was born c. 1442. Like his father he was illegitimate and became the Prior of Drumlane in 1466. He was a priest in Templeport parish in 1461. His subsequent appointment as Bishop of Kilmore on 4 November 1476 was revoked on 20 October 1480 due to this illegitimacy. The son appealed the matter on several occasions and still held himself as Bishop of Kilmore upon his death in December 1511.
University of Oregon student publication ***Ethos Magazine*** is a student publication produced at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon, United States. Originally *Korean Ducks* magazine (after the school sports team name), which focused on Korean culture, it has since developed a multicultural spirit to serve readers throughout the University of Oregon community. The publication got its name from the word "ethos", the fundamental characteristic of a spirit, people or culture. History ------- The magazine was founded in 2005. In January 2006, the first issue of *Ethos* was released under the name *Korean Ducks* by Co-Directors and University students Toung Cha and Hasang Cheon. The publication was started to help spread knowledge about Korean culture, on and off campus. In the fall of 2007, the magazine was re-branded as *KD*. The mission of the publication evolved to help spread a variety of cultures. In the spring of 2009, the magazine turned to its most recent name, *Ethos Magazine.* *Ethos* has maintained independence from the University of Oregon and its journalism school. The editorial agenda is fully controlled by the student staff. In January, 2015, *Ethos'*s series on sex trafficking in Oregon was named "Our College Pick" by Longreads Content ------- Features include multicultural stories ranging from Eugene restaurants to international human rights debates. *Ethos* is published quarterly and explores international, national and local cultural stories. As an official student group, the publication receives support and funding from the Associated Students of the University of Oregon, though the majority of its income comes from advertising, fundraising events, donations and other support from the non-profit organization Generation Progress. Awards ------ In 2013, 2014 and 2015 Ethos was awarded an ACP Pacemaker Award, the top honor from the Associated Collegiate Press, which is widely considered to be the unofficial Pulitzer Prize of collegiate journalism. Its 2015 Pacemaker Award was for the online magazine category, and it was a finalist in the print magazine category. Ethos has also received awards from the Society of Professional Journalists and the Columbia School of Journalism. Events ------ Every term, the magazine holds promotional events, and works with local businesses. Events include raffles, multimedia contests, and providing study snacks during midterms and finals.
French painter **Henri-Alexandre Sollier** (born 1896 in Bagnolet, died 1966 in Paris), was a French painter and illustrator . Biography --------- Entering the Académie Julian in 1906, painter, draughtsman and lithographer Henri Sollier, born in Bagnolet, near Paris, on 7 December 1886, graduated to the École des Beaux-Arts in 1908, and worked in the ateliers of François Flameng, and, after 1910, of François Schommer. In spring 1919 he celebrated the victory of the Allies with two eloquently titled paintings, *Pour elle!* and *Par elle !*, which he exhibited at the Devambez Gallery in Paris. After the interruption of the First World War a fruitful decade ensued of prizes and awards, enabling him to undertake extensive travels. ### Trip to Senegal In 1920 his first participation at the Salon des Artistes Français achieved a Mention Honorable, together with the Académie des Beaux-Arts Prix Leclercq-Maria Bouland; the following year the Prix de l’Afrique Occidentale Française brought him a travel grant. Sollier set off immediately for French West Africa, to spend three years in Senegal, sending portraits of indigenous peoples – Wolof and Bambara women – to the Pavillon de Marsan and the Salon des Artistes Français, and colourful and exotic market scenes from Dakar. From these bustling centres of trade Sollier brought back portraits of merchants from neighbouring lands, such as the *Maure au chapelet*, submitted to the 1923 Salon. ### Between exoticism and regionalism On return in 1924 Sollier reserved his African canvases for his regular admirers at the Salon des Artistes Français, while at the Salon d’Automne, as a newcomer, he presented two paintings in settings more familiar to the public: *Les tilleuls* and *Le porche de Chartres*. The painter cultivated two themes, the exotic and the regional, at least until 1935, regularly exhibiting canvases inspired by Africa at the Salon de la Société Coloniale des Artistes Français. One of these recalls his secondary activity as an illustrator, exemplified in his poster design for the 1925 Exposition Agricole in Dakar and Saint-Louis. Ten years later Sollier took part in the first Salon de la France d’Outre-Mer (Salon of French Overseas Territories, Paris, Grand-Palais), and in a group show organised in Brussels by the Société Coloniale des Artistes Français. The year 1929 marked Sollier's discovery of Brittany: a stay in Douarnenez, Finistère, won this Africa specialist's heart: the landscapes and deeply traditional people of Brittany offered a different kind of exoticism from his African sojourn. ### Joining the Naturalist painting Sollier did more than just capture the picturesque motifs found in the landscapes of Brittany; he also painted realistic portraits of its inhabitants. In *Solitude*, winner of a silver medal at the 1930 Salon, Sollier demonstrated his conversion to the naturalist style of the day. His uncompromising portraits of a Breton women echo the social realism of Jules Adler, whose academy Sollier frequented in parallel to his courses at the École des Beaux-Arts. In the 1934 Salon *Les aïeux* won a gold medal. The composition's compact organisation intensifies the frontal dialogue between the protagonists, who bear a certain family resemblance to the kin of *Jean-le-Boiteux, a peasant from Plougasnou (Finistère)* portrayed by Jean-François Raffaëlli in 1876. The coppery skin tones and broad brushstrokes that convey the humble condition of Sollier's *Aïeux* are close to the manner of his contemporary Lucien Simon. Simon's work focused on the Bigouden area of Brittany and showed a strong ethnographic content, as in *Procession* à Penmar’ch. Taking up the mantle of Courbet’s realism, Lucien Simon and his fellow artists popularised Breton subjects in Paris at the turn of the century. ### Sollier in Brittany In 1933 he went to Bénodet and Sainte-Marine, where Simon continued to paint at the top of the semaphore tower he had been using as a studio since 1902. So had another former member of the Bande noire, André Dauchez, whose views of Finistère are close to Sollier's landscapes from the same period. The two artists evince a similar approach to light, sometimes intense, sometimes muted, following variations in the weather. However, Sollier was often more subtle than his older colleague, and his Brittany landscapes from the 1930s are noteworthy for the delicacy of their unusual pastel effects. From Sainte-Marine, Sollier pushed on to Cornouaille, stopping at Pont-l'Abbé, Loctudy, Lesconil and Penmarc’h, where Lucien Simon painted his *Procession*. In 1935 Sollier went north to Camaret-sur-Mer, a small fishing port on the Crozon peninsula. The place had been popular with painters ever since Eugène Boudin’s repeated visits there between 1874 and 1880. Among them, Charles Cottet and Georges Lacombe left strongly contrasting representations of the site. Sollier's painting of the rocks at Camaret are a long way from Lacombe's symbolist vision. ### Towards new horizons Finistère was Sollier's favourite part of Brittany, but he also spent time in the Morbihan and along the Côtes d’Armor. There he painted scenes of everyday life, which he exhibited regularly at the Salon des Artistes Français. This longstanding fidelity was rewarded by the success of his Brittany paintings both with the public and with the judges at the Salon, who awarded him a gold medal at the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques (Paris) in 1937. That same year Sollier was made a committee and jury member of the Salon des Artistes Français, a distinction to match the degree of his public and official recognition. During the 1940s, without leaving Brittany, Sollier began to explore new genres and new places. He twice tried mythological painting, immediately winning the Prix James Bertrand for his *Hommage à Phidias* at the 1944 Salon. The following year he returned to this genre with *Naissance d’Aphrodite*. This departure from his Breton repertoire was continued by landscapes from the Seine-et-Marne and Burgundy, with a deliberate detour to the village of Murols in Auvergne, which had witnessed whole colonies of landscape artists, from Théodore Rousseau to Victor Charreton. He died in 1966 in Paris, brush in hand. Works in public institutions ---------------------------- * *La rue descendante*, 1928. Musée de Montbrison Exhibitions ----------- (non-exhaustive list) * *French Naturalist Painters 1890-1950* - 12 June - 7 July 2012, The Fleming Collection, London
Filipino comic magazine ***Culture Crash*** was a bi-monthly Filipino comic magazine published by Culture Crash Comics and J. C. Palabay Ent. Inc. It features different stories of anime-styled comics drawn by their staff, these include Cat's Trail, Pasig, Solstice Butterfly, One Day, Isang Diwa and Kubori Kikiam. Aside from these series, the magazine also includes articles such as Movie Reviews, Music Reviews, Special Events, and How We Draw which shows the staff's techniques on how they draw comics. The comic anthology was created by Jescie James Palabay and his college friends in 1999. Issue 14 released in 2004 was the last issue. Its successful sales together with other local comics producers such as Psicom and Summit Publishing was an indicator that comics readership was growing in the Philippines. Description ----------- *Culture Crash Comics* (*CCCom*) was a bi-monthly Filipino comic magazine. Jescie James L. Palabay, the publisher of the magazine, states that the name is derived from a perception of Filipino culture, that is "basically a crash of cultures". The publication's name is a wordplay on the phrase "clash of cultures" and proved to be controversial upon its launch. The issue of the Filipino's cultural identity has been widely debated by *CCCom*′s peers in the Philippine comic book industry. While the group's work standard is based on those established by publishers in the U.S. Europe and Japan, there is a strong, conscious effort to retain a Filipino character at the heart of the comic. The artwork is Japanese-inspired but the stories are uniquely and distinctly Filipino-based. Their anthology format was also inspired by the traditional way Filipino comics were published. One of their claim to fame is that they also created their own revolutionary process in making comics. They are also considered as pioneers in standardizing the painted background style. The prototype for Culture Crash was the comic magazine *Culture Shock*, which was produced by the group Asiancore Komiks in 1996. Titles ------ The following are the titles that appeared in *Culture Crash*: ### Solstice Butterfly The story and the art is done by Jio Beltran (J.I.O.). The series started on the first issue of *Culture Crash Comics* and halted at the seventh issue. #### Story The year is 2135, the world is now composed of five major nations: The United Afro-Arabia (UAA), the European Union (EU), Unis Americas (UA), the Regent Orients (RO), and the Antarcticas. It is a time of unparalleled peace and prosperity and the dream of ultimate unification was at hand. "One world, one people" became the standard dogma of humankind. Unfortunately, mysterious cataclysmic events lead to the destruction of the Martian Colonies, the spectacular crash of the floating cities of the EU, and the eventual collapse and fragmentation of the UAA. With the world on the brink of destruction, the UA decided to take the situation under its control. In a stirring and historic speech, the UA president revived the dream of "One world, one people". Taking into account recent events, only the Regent Orients seemed to be the culpable party, and as a result, war erupted between the two great nations. But all is not what it seems, and in the end, it may be a group of ordinary soldiers from both sides that will uncover the truth. Solstice Butterfly delves into the story from the standpoint of these ordinary soldiers. Those who are taken for granted from the grand scheme of things and yet make a world of difference. It is they, who see the true meaning of war on a personal level… #### Characters * Raya Mahabharati * Joanne Agassi * Rajah Carandang * Lieutenant Herrera * General Mahabharati * Luna Hebrea #### Unfinished Story Solstice Butterfly was one of the first four titles to be published on Culture Crash Comics. It earned a lot of followings from fans but the series came to a sudden stop at issue 8. Many fan mails were sent to the *CCCom* office to ask why Solstice Butterfly has been removed. According to an interview with Jio Beltran, being a comic artist is a great work but sometimes they need to earn more. [] ### One Day, Isang Diwa The story is created by James Palabay and Elmer Damaso as the artist. #### Story Jun is your everyday normal high school kid. You know, the type that's not really special, too shy, and with that irritating tendency of thinking too much? Yep, that's Jun, normal, everyday, all-around nice guy. Except he has a little secret. He has a duwende (a forest creature or spirit much like a fairy or elf) friend named Diwa. Anyway, Jun is a recent transferee who lucks out and meets the darling of the school: Clarissa. Clarissa introduces him to her friends, who range from eccentric, to downright weird. He even gets introduced to a giant Tamaraw! Everything is set for that ideal romantic high school love story. A bit of magical action, a pinch of comedy, some drama, and all the wonderful craziness love brings during the wonder years. That practically sums up what One Day, Isang Diwa is made up of. Most of all, it's about growing up normally in an otherwise abnormal situation. #### Characters * Jun * Clarissa * Jedd * Diwa * Leo * Benjo(Not related to the KK character) * Alex * Laura * Mikaella and Tammy Tamaraw * Ms. Halina Mayumi * Unnamed Principal * Samahan Para kay Clarissa (SPC) ### Cat's Trail The story and art by Elmer Damaso. #### Story Set in a fantastical world with impossible sciences, Cat's trail follows the loopy adventures of Airee Collette, a notorious thief wanted in two continents. Despite her ostentatious style, her slippery skills (not to mention incredible luck) has so far helped her in evading respected law-enforcer Sheriff Poppy. Something of a legend in crime school, Sheriff Poppy has become obsessed with capturing Airee. But her luck runs true, and with the help of Polaris and the mysterious Butler, it has become an even more perplexing situation. Together they hop around the globe meeting strange characters visiting varied locales and encountering the stuff of legends. Their adventures will bring them all together to face some of the world's most ancient evils and dangers. Of course all this happens with that occasional heist on the side, otherwise Airee would probably quit the series altogether. #### Characters * Airee Collette * Sheriff Poppy * Polaris * Karin ### Pasig The story and art by Taga-Ilog. #### Story In the not too distant future, Pasig, a city in the Philippines has become totally autonomous and is edging out for true independence. Torn by war, crime and anarchy, the city revives the slave caste called "esclabos". Previously of little consequence to the rest of the world, the discovery of a new mineral found only in the area has put its fate under close global watch. Mina, a runaway who became a bounty hunter by training in Bataan for the past five years is finally returning home to Pasig. She has a chance encounter with Dante, an enigmatic esclabo with the mark of the legendary warrior class. She later finds out that while she was away from home, Dante became their esclabo and that he has been like a big brother to her two younger sisters. The situation gets sticky when Dante becomes one of the most highly prized bounty in town. Mina is torn from her profession and Dante's association with her family. Meanwhile, the best bounty hunters in Pasig have Dante in their sights. Why has Dante, a man who has lived quietly with a normal family for the past few years now one of the most wanted men in Pasig? What does the special mark on his forehead really mean? What will Mina choose to do? The answers lie in their future and Dante's past. And as they uncover each dark secret, they will find that the very future of Pasig, indeed the world, may very well be at stake. #### Characters * Dante * Mina Cruz * Isaiah * Charen ### Kubori Kikiam Story and Art by Taga-Kanal and Taga-Ilog Characters * Dodon * Manny * Benjo Staff Avatars ------------- The *CCCom* staff is known not from their real-life appearances but by the avatars that they've created for themselves, the *CCCom Fighters*. All of the avatars are drawn in SD form that depict cute and lovable characters. ### Da Bhoss * Jescie James L. Palabay * The leader of the *CCCom* staff. Wearing a red cap, red jacket, jeans, and a red Chuck Taylor shoes, he wears an outfit similar to Fatal Fury's Terry Bogard. Not known as an artist, but he serves as the CEO for the group. ### Taga-Ilog * Melvin Calingo * Probably the most mysterious character in the staff. He is well known as a person wearing a bucket covering his face. With a three-bladed claw as a weapon, he is a homage to Street Fighter's Vega. ### I.Q. 40 + Memer II * Elmer A. Damaso * The most productive among the team, since he has to draw two series in one issue. Usually seen in a Hattori Hanzo style ninja suit with a blue pencil. I.Q. 40 or Memer as a sidekick Memer II which looks like a tarsier. ### J.I.O. * Jerard Dominic Irving F. Beltran * Solid Snake and Vash the Stampede hybrid. He somehow wears almost the same combat suit as Solid Snake while holding a gun. The only difference is, he's wearing glasses which kind of looks geeky. ### Taga-Kanal * Michael David * Somehow similar to Taga-Ilog, he wears a plain T-shirt and shorts with flip-flops while wearing a bayong (woven bag) on his head. The staff after the discontinuation of *Culture Crash Comics* ------------------------------------------------------------- Ever since the untimely discontinuation of *Culture Crash Comics*, which sprouted rumors when the group did not hold a C3Con convention in 2004, the group announced both in their website, Taga Ilogs Blog and on the mailing group that they would cease production due to the unhealthy and unfriendly practices in the local comic book industry. Mr. Palabay has gone on record that their last issue had a sell-thru rate of around 97% and yet the infrastructure of distribution was so one-sided that he decided to discontinue the business. James Palabay is currently running a game development company and is involved in helping other self publishers. Jio Beltran is currently employed by GMA's New Media department. He has expressed intent to continue Solstice Butterfly someday. Jon Zamar, Elmer Damaso and Melvin Calingo worked under the wing of Seven Seas Entertainment, which features manga like Destiny's Hand and Boogiepop. Calingo also worked for other animation projects such as the short film Blind Beauty (2005). He also drew the Ragnarok comics in one of the daily newspapers in the Philippines and does illustrations in the K-Zone magazine.
Indian Bengali painter (1941–2001) **Kumkum Munshi** or **Kumkum Munsi** (Bengali: কুমকুম মুন্সী) (28 December, 1941– 27 August, 2001) was a noted Indian painter in the art scene based on rubber-solution in Kolkata. Munshi excelled at realistic painting, graphic art, and abstract painting in addition to painting with rubber solutions. Paul Jackson Pollock, the renowned American painter whose contributions to the Abstract Expressionist style are indelible, was a major inspiration to Munshi. At a very young age, Munshi, along with Lady Ranu Mukherjee and Rathin Maitra, was one of the founders of the Sketch Club of Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata. At the Government College of Art and Craft in Calcutta, he always placed top in his class and was a close friend of Jogen Chowdhury. He blended the finest methods from the East and the West into his artwork and way of life. Despite having his roots in native customs, Europe frequently appreciated his artistic fame. Solo exhibitions ---------------- In Europe, Munshi's style of painting was highly regarded, particularly in the Scandinavian countries. His paintings were displayed twice at the Birla Academy of Art and Culture in 1974 and 1975. Additionally, his works had been exhibited thrice in Sweden and other Scandinavian nations in 1986, 1990 and 1995, respectively. Style of paintings ------------------ Munshi was one of the pioneering painters from India to develop utmost mixture of oriental and western approaches in his paintings which also depicted the vivid way of life which was highly praised in European countries. The central characteristics of majority of his paintings are Abstract expressionism. Most of his inspirations for his paintings were deeply based on rural livelihoods of Bengal. The central attraction of his paintings was Non-Piyuvtive Composition from different colour choices with rubber solution. Portrait of sister Bubu Munshi Eklund by Munshi Abstract painting by Munshi In 2001, after his death, the news was covered by *The Statesman* where it was written > He combined the best of the East and the West in his work and lifestyle. Though rooted in the native tradition, his artistic temperament was often closer to Europe. > > — *The Statesman*, *Leaving a void*. Alongside, sculpting unique glistening masks with self-prepared pigments and papier mache made him popular in the end of 20th century in the field of commercialisation of fine arts. Death ----- On August 27, 2001, Munshi passed away at his home in Kolkata's Tala Park. Munshi was remembered by fellow painters of West Bengal in the premises of Government College of Art and Craft in Kolkata. Legacy ------ The Tata group commemorated the late Kumkum Munshi with their calendar featuring his paintings in 2002.
**Progressive Majority** was an American political action committee that recruited, trained, and campaigned on behalf of progressive politicians for state and local offices. Founded in 2001, the group's stated mission is "to elect progressive champions." Overview -------- When founded, Progressive Majority assisted progressive candidates in both state and federal elections. After one election cycle, the organization decided to focus on down-ballot races in order to build a pipeline or farm team of progressive candidates for higher office. In order to receive the backing of Progressive Majority, prospective candidates must receive a 100 percent score on a forty-item questionnaire that tests their commitment to "economic justice and civil rights, including gay rights, public education, universal healthcare, environmental protection and abortion." Offices were opened in Washington, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania in 2004, and the organization expanded to Colorado and Arizona in 2005. The California office opened in 2006, and offices opened in Minnesota and Ohio in 2007. Progressive journalist John Nichols of *The Nation* credited Progressive Majority with helping the Democratic Party achieve state legislative victories in 2006. Progressive Majority, before being acquired by Wellstone Action collaborated, among others but chiefly with Democracy for America. It was a partner of America Votes and had received some funding from Democracy Alliance.
American rock band from Redlands, California **Camper Van Beethoven** is an American rock band formed in Redlands, California in 1983, later based in Santa Cruz and San Francisco. Their style mixes elements of pop, ska, punk, folk, alternative, country, and world music, amongst other genres. The band initially polarized audiences within the hardcore punk scene of California's Inland Empire and then found wider acceptance and, eventually, an international audience. Their strong iconoclasm and emphasis on do-it-yourself values proved influential to the burgeoning indie rock movement. The band's first three independent records were released within an 18-month period. Their debut single was "Take the Skinheads Bowling". The group signed to Virgin Records in 1987, released two albums and enjoyed chart success with their 1989 cover of Status Quo's "Pictures of Matchstick Men", a number one hit on *Billboard Magazine'*s Modern Rock Tracks. They disbanded the following year due to internal tensions. Lead singer David Lowery formed Cracker, David Immerglück joined Counting Crows, and several other members played in Monks of Doom. Beginning in 1999, the former members reunited and made several new records. History ------- ### Formative and early years (1983–1985) Camper Van Beethoven was preceded by several related garage bands based in Redlands, including Sitting Duck and the Estonian Gauchos (featuring future Cracker guitarist Johnny Hickman). These bands included future Camper Van Beethoven members bassist and vocalist David Lowery, guitarist and multi-instrumentalist Chris Molla, and often drummer Bill McDonald as well. The Estonian Gauchos and a late incarnation of Sitting Duck also included another future Camper Van Beethoven member, bassist Victor Krummenacher, whose joining allowed Lowery to switch to rhythm guitar. Sitting Ducks played a mixture of punk and acid rock, along with what Lowery described as "fake Russian-sounding music". At the same time, Lowery, Molla and Krummenacher were studying in Santa Cruz at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and were musically active there as well. The former two played in the Santa Cruz-based Box O' Laffs, which also included future Camper Van Beethoven members Richie West, Anthony Guess, and Chris Pedersen at various times. While on summer break in 1983, Lowery and Molla returned to Redlands and formed a new band, Camper Van Beethoven and the Border Patrol. The group featured Lowery, Molla, Krummenacher and McDonald, along with several other musicians at various points, including guitarist David McDaniel, harmonica player Mike Zorn and violinist Daniel Blume. Although this initial incarnation of the band only existed for three months, during this time they wrote much of the material which would feature on their debut album, including "Take the Skinheads Bowling". The band's name was coined by McDaniel: according to Lowery "McDaniel was into this stuff that would sound like it made sense, but really it didn’t... He’d watch a lot of TV, accept all this mass-media stuff and spit it out all chopped up. I got the whole absurdism influence from him". When Lowery, Molla and Krummenacher returned to college in Santa Cruz, Lowery and Molla resumed playing with Box O' Laffs. After meeting violinist, keyboardist and guitarist Jonathan Segel, they decided to re-form Camper Van Beethoven and the Border Patrol in Santa Cruz, with drummer Richie West replacing McDonald. ### First three albums (1985–1987) In 1985, the band reduced its name to Camper Van Beethoven, replaced West with Anthony Guess, and recorded their debut album, *Telephone Free Landslide Victory*. The record featured their first successful single, "Take the Skinheads Bowling", the lesser hit "The Day That Lassie Went to the Moon", and an experimental country-influenced cover version of Black Flag's "Wasted". The album featured songs with humorous lyrics, often simultaneously celebrating and mocking 1980s counterculture, and instrumental tracks featuring ska-beats and Eastern European, Mexican or Spaghetti-Western influenced guitar or violin lines. Shortly after this record was released, lead guitarist Greg Lisher joined the group. The band recorded a set of songs with an expanded version of the lineup that recorded the debut, with Lisher playing lead on some songs. Guess departed shortly thereafter, leaving Lowery and Molla briefly to take turns swapping drumming duties. This incarnation recorded a second set of songs, with Molla handling the drums. At the end of the sessions, in 1986, long-term drummer Chris Pedersen was added. The band's second album, *II & III*, was culled from both recording sessions. Segel played mandolin and sitar in addition to violin, and Molla played pedal steel guitar on some tracks. The album featured a noticeably expanded sound, with influences of country music and Americana mixed in with faux Indian or Arabic music and psychedelia. Released later that year, their self-titled third album featured guest membership from experimental banjo and guitar player Eugene Chadbourne on their cover of Pink Floyd's "Interstellar Overdrive" and several other tracks. On the album, the elements of psychedelia on the previous album came to the fore. The album also featured some satirical political commentary on songs like "Good Guys and Bad Guys" and "Joe Stalin's Cadillac," the former which enjoyed some underground college radio play. Krummenacher, Lisher, Pedersen and Molla also formed the side project Monks of Doom, although Molla was quickly replaced by guitarist David Immerglück. Molla left Camper Van Beethoven after touring for the third album, reducing the band to a five-piece with Lowery, Krummenacher, Segel, Lisher, and Pedersen — the longest-standing lineup in their initial career. Released in November 1987, the EP *Vampire Can Mating Oven* preceded a major label bidding war. The EP featured a more streamlined and accessible sound, with Lisher's lead guitar taking a major role for the first time. ### Virgin Records years (1987–1990) In 1987 the band signed to Virgin Records. They released their fourth album *Our Beloved Revolutionary Sweetheart*. The album featured a more streamlined, song-oriented approach, cutting back on the psychedelia and reducing the number of instrumentals, but keeping much of their eclectic approach. This was followed by extensive touring and preparations for recording their next album. Due to internal tensions, Segel left the band during rehearsals for their fifth album. Written mostly as a four-piece, the resultant LP, *Key Lime Pie*, featured the violin playing of Don Lax before the replacement violinist Morgan Fichter (of the Bay Area band Harm Farm) was found. Fichter played violin on Opening Theme, Pictures of Matchstick Men and Flowers. The album featured a noticeably darker lyrical outlook as compared to the band's previous records. Musically, it featured less of the world-music influences of the previous albums, replaced with more elements of Americana, along with a lusher, a more orchestrated version of psychedelia than their previous records had featured. They scored a minor hit with a cover of the Status Quo song "Pictures of Matchstick Men", their highest-charting single. David Immerglück (of the Ophelias and the Monks of Doom) joined in 1990 for touring behind the record, playing some of the departed Molla and Segel's instrumental parts on steel guitar, guitar and mandolin. They broke up in April 1990 after a show in Örebro, Sweden. ### Inactive period (1990–1999) *Camper Vantiquities*, a compilation album packaging the *Vampire Can Mating Oven* EP with outtakes, demos, and rarities, was released in 1993. After disbanding, Lowery and Hickman formed Cracker with bassist Davey Faragher. Krummenacher, Lisher, Immerglück and Pedersen intensified their activities in Monks of Doom, which remained active until 1993. These members also collaborated with Chadbourne under the name Camper Van Chadbourne. Immerglück later collaborated with Counting Crows, officially joining the group in 1999. Krummenacher began a solo career, recording several solo albums with guests such as Dave Alvin. Pedersen moved to Australia in 1998. Segel played with Dieselhed and Sparklehorse, and fronted his own bands Hieronymus Firebrain and Jack & Jill, later playing under his own name. He later became involved in experimental and electronic music, including collaborations with Fred Frith and Joelle Leandre, and Chaos Butterfly, an electro-acoustic duo with Dina Emerson. Segel and Krummenacher also ran their own record label, Magnetic Motorworks. ### Reunion; *Tusk* (1999–2004) In 1999, Lowery, Segel, and Krummenacher regrouped in the studio to assemble the experimental rarity set *Camper Van Beethoven Is Dead. Long Live Camper Van Beethoven*, which also contained newly recorded material. Segel and Krummenacher, along with Greg Lisher, also joined Cracker for a tour, playing a set of Camper songs for a section of the set, backed by drummer Frank Funaro and other Cracker members. In 2002, the group played its first proper live shows in twelve years. With Lowery, Segel, Krummenacher and Lisher forming the core of the reunited lineup, two New York dates also featured Immerglück and two members of Cracker, drummer Frank Funaro and keyboardist Kenny Margolis. Three California dates omitted these latter three musicians and saw Pedersen return to the kit. Also in 2002, they released the double-CD *Tusk*, a re-recording of the entire Fleetwood Mac album of the same name. Although initially announced as a rediscovery of a series of 1987 demos, the album was recorded in 2001 by Lowery, Segel, Krummenacher and Lisher as an experiment to see if the members could now work together.[*failed verification*] Extensive touring, mostly with Margolis and Funaro, followed. The group next released *Cigarettes & Carrot Juice: The Santa Cruz Years*, a five-disc box set compiling their first three (pre-Virgin) albums, *Camper Vantiquities*, and a live recording from 1990 they called *Greatest Hits Played Faster.* The latter recording featured live versions of several unreleased songs. Shortly thereafter, the band released "director's cut" versions of the first three records and *Camper Vantiquities*, which included remastering, re-sequencing and additional demo and B-side tracks. ### *New Roman Times*; live and compilation releases (2004–2012) In 2004, the band released *New Roman Times*, their first studio album of original material in 15 years. A concept album, the record detailed the rise and fall of an idealistic Texan whose disenchantment following a stint with the American military redirected him towards organized terrorism. It featured the band's familiar eclectic sound, but also added a heavier, prog-metal sound on a few tracks. The lineup on the album included Lowery, Krummenacher, Segel, Lisher, Pedersen and Immergluck. The album also featured contributions by other Camper Van Beethoven associates, including Molla and Hickman. Following the album's release, Pedersen and Immergluck did not participate in the touring lineup, and Funaro started to handle all of the drumming in live shows. A limited-edition live concert disc was also released, *In the Mouth of the Crocodile – Live in Seattle*. Segments of a 2004 performance were released the following year as *Discotheque CVB: Live in Chicago*. The band continued to frequently tour with Cracker (whom Krummenacher joined for a time), and in 2005 the two groups started an annual three-night "Campout" at Pappy and Harriet's Pioneertown Palace in Pioneertown, California. The Campout has seen appearances by Built to Spill, Neko Case, Magnolia Electric Company, and John Doe, as well as sets from the individual members of the band. A compilation of greatest hits, *Popular Songs of Great Enduring Strength and Beauty*, was released by Cooking Vinyl Records in June 2008. As band relations with Virgin Records were poor, they were not granted access to any material from the two Virgin LPs for this compilation. Thus, the band re-recorded five songs from these albums to include on the collection. These were the first and only Camper Van Beethoven studio tracks to include Funaro. In 2011, the band began playing a series of shows that featured the *Key Lime Pie* record in its entirety, often joined by Immergluck. In the same year, they also revealed plans for a new album. ### *La Costa Perdida* and *El Camino Real* (2013–present) *La Costa Perdida*, the followup to *New Roman Times*, was released on January 22, 2013, preceded by the single "Northern California Girls". The music was inspired in part by *Holland*-era Beach Boys. Most of the drumming on the album was by studio drummer and former Cracker member Michael Urbano, although Chris Pederson played on some tracks as well. Much of the album featured a gentler, more folky sound than their previous albums. Lowery revealed in interviews that there were seven songs recorded during the sessions for *La Costa Perdida* that were not released, which would be included on a follow-up album to be finished in 2013. In August 2013, the band revealed on its Facebook page that it was tracking songs for the album, with Urbano on drums again. The band stated that the album would be a Southern California-themed sequel to the Northern California theme of *La Costa Perdida*. On March 2, 2014, the band announced a title for the new album, *El Camino Real*, which was released on June 3, 2014, in the United States and on June 23, 2014, in the UK. In contrast to the previous album, it featured some of the band's most abrasive and intense music, mixing elements of prog-rock and punk with the band's trademark eclecticism. For subsequent tour dates, the band initially alternated Pedersen and Urbano on drums, due to health problems that have prevented Frank Funaro from playing. Since 2015, Chris Pedersen has been flying in from Australia to participate in the band's infrequent tours, resulting in a reunion of their best-known late 80s lineup. David Immerglück also continues to join the band's lineup for occasional shows. In 2015 the band contributed two tracks to the original motion picture soundtrack for the film Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!, Long Way to Go (Sharknado) and Infinite Ocean. Band members ------------ Main article: List of Camper Van Beethoven band members | | | | --- | --- | | **Current members*** David Lowery – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards, bass, drums (1983–1990, 1999–present) * Victor Krummenacher – bass, baritone guitar, vocals, occasional lead vocals (1983–1990, 1999–present) * Jonathan Segel – violin, guitar, keyboards, sitar, mandolin, vocals, occasional lead vocals (1984–1989, 1999–present) * Greg Lisher – lead guitar, backup vocals (1985–1990, 1999–present) * Chris Pedersen – drums, backup vocals (1986–1990, 2004, 2015–present; 2002–2014 part-time) **Part-time members*** David Immerglück – guitar, lap steel guitar, mandolin, bass, backup vocals (1990; 2004, 2000–2003/2005–present part-time) * Michael Urbano – drums (2011–present in studio, occasional live dates) | **Former members*** Chris Molla – guitar, pedal steel, keyboards, drums, vocals (1983–1986; 2002–2004 part-time) * David McDaniel – guitar (1983–1984) * Bill McDonald – drums (1983–1984) * Mike Zorn – harmonica (1983–1984) * Daniel Blume – violin (1983–1984) * Richie West – drums (1984) * Anthony Guess – drums (1985) * Eugene Chadbourne – guitar, banjo (1986, studio sessions only) * Don Lax – violin (1989, studio sessions only) * Morgan Fichter – violin, vocals (1989–1990) * Frank Funaro – drums, backup vocals (2000–2004 as guest, 2004–2013 as member, mostly for live dates) * Kenny Margolis – keyboards, accordion (2000–2006 as guest) | Discography ----------- | | | | --- | --- | | **Studio albums*** *Telephone Free Landslide Victory* (1985) * *II & III* (1986) * *Camper Van Beethoven* (1986) * *Our Beloved Revolutionary Sweetheart* (1988) * *Key Lime Pie* (1989) * *Tusk* (2002) * *New Roman Times* (2004) * *La Costa Perdida* (2013) * *El Camino Real* (2014) **EPs and singles*** *Take the Skinheads Bowling* (1986) – single * *Vampire Can Mating Oven* (1987) – EP * "Turquoise Jewelry" (1988) * "Life Is Grand" (1988) * "Pictures of Matchstick Men" (1990) * "The History of Utah" (live) (2004) – split single with Calexico | **Live albums*** *In the Mouth of the Crocodile – Live in Seattle* (2004) – live album * *Discotheque CVB: Live In Chicago* (2005) – live EP **Compilations*** *Camper Vantiquities* (1993) – rarities compilation * *Camper Van Beethoven Is Dead. Long Live Camper Van Beethoven* (2000) – rarities compilation * *Cigarettes & Carrot Juice: The Santa Cruz Years* (2002) – boxed set * *Popular Songs of Great Enduring Strength and Beauty* (2008) – greatest hits compilation **Various artist compilations*** *Look at All the Love We Found* (2005) – Sublime tribute album * *The* Sandinista! *Project* (2007) – The Clash tribute album * *Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!* (2015) film soundtrack |
**Health Web Science** (**HWS**) is a sub-discipline of Web Science that examines the interplay between health sciences, health and well-being, and the World Wide Web. It assumes that each domain influences the others. HWS thus complements and overlaps with Medicine 2.0 (medicine enabled by emerging technologies). Research has uncovered emergent properties that arise as individuals interact with each other, with healthcare providers and with the Web itself. History ------- HWS began at the Web Science Curriculum meeting in the summer of 2010 at the University of Southampton where approximately forty scholars came together to discuss the subject. That was followed by a foundational Workshop in Koblenz 2011 under the aegis of ACM. The dialogue to more precisely define HWS as a sub-discipline of Web Science began among Web-oriented investigators at the 2012 Medicine 2.0 Conference and was formalized in 2013. This nascent discipline of Health Web Science is further described and developed in the monograph "Health Web Science". A call to action at the ACM Web Science workshop asked the community to consider how to accelerate the discipline. In particular, beyond the available knowledge-gathering technologies (e.g. blogs, social-medicine portals, experience mining, graph theory, network analysis, and game theory), what additional is required to deal with the Health Web's emergent properties? For example, what is needed to curate, interrogate, and visualize the combination of both 'Big Data' – arising from the increasingly pervasive sources and sensors including "the Internet of things, the quantified self, smart cities, and smart homes – and smaller-scale data arising from individual patient conversations, self-reporting, and self-exploration? How are small-scale innovations safely and efficiently scaled up to the size of the Web and scaled out to millions of patients? One research group argued for technologies that enable predictive, personalized, preventive, and participatory (P4) medicine. Other stated needs include an "Expert Patient" capable of making sense of online medical information in a personal context, tools to cope with information overload through e.g. text mining and semantic technologies, in particular through algorithm-aided decision making. ### Health web observatory At the Medicine 2.0 European meeting in 2014, the case was made for the need to design bespoke health web observatories. The Web Science Trust introduced the concept of a Web observatory as an integrated collection of data sources and analysis tools that enables observation and experimentation for Web study, and positioned it to bridge the gap between big data analytics and the data. A Health Web observatory, therefore, gathers and links health data on the Web (big data and broad data) in order to answer questions. This facilitates the 'Healthcare Singularity' where bench-to-bedside and experiment-to-practice becomes instantaneous. HWS combines the axiom of 'first do no harm' (Hippocrates) with 'do no evil' (Google), paying specific attention to technology and safeguards.
American musical group **Happy Flowers** was an American musical group, formed in Charlottesville, Virginia, in 1983 by two members of the Landlords, John Beers ("Mr. Horribly Charred Infant", drums, vocals) and Charlie Kramer ("Mr. Anus", guitar, vocals), both students at the University of Virginia. This duo combines improvisational noise punk guitar and drums with lyrics often written in the first person from the perspective of a child, with childlike intonation and grammar. Their humorous songs are mainly about freak childhood accidents and common childhood gripes. History ------- The Landlords were an early hardcore punk band from Charlottesville, Virginia, United States. The band, consisting of four students from the University of Virginia, was formed at around October 1983. A month after the Landlords formed, the band began to break off into a number of other bands which included the Happy Flowers When Beers and Kramer concentrated on their Happy Flowers work, Landlords bassist Eddie Jetlag continued his association with them by writing sleevenotes for their releases. The Landlords continued for a few years after Happy Flowers started. Happy Flowers' first song, "Mom, I Gave the Cat Some Acid", was released during the summer of 1984 as a part of the compilation album called *Brain of Stone*. This was followed the same year by the band's first two EPs. The band received a wider audience with the albums *My Skin Covers My Body* (1987) and *I Crush Bozo* (1988), both released by Homestead Records. The 1990 album *Lasterday I Was Been Bad* featured drummer Scott Pickering on half of the tracks. In March 2000, the band went on a four-date tour, the band's first tour in nearly ten years. In February 2004, the band reunited in Charlottesville, Virginia for a 20th anniversary performance, a limited-edition DVD from which is available from Lost Frog Productions. In March 2006, the band reunited again and played at the South by Southwest music festival in Austin, Texas. Line-up ------- * Mr. Horribly Charred Infant (vocals, instruments, non-instruments) * Mr. Anus (vocals, instruments, non-instruments) Discography ----------- ### Landlords discography * *It's a Teenage House Party With The Landlords* LP (1984), Catch Trout * *Our Favorite Songs!* EP (1987), Catch Trout * *Fitzgerald's Paris* LP (2016), Feel It Records ### Happy Flowers albums * *My Skin Covers My Body* (1987), Homestead * *I Crush Bozo* (1988), Homestead * *Oof* (1989), Homestead * *Lasterday I Was Been Bad* (1990), Homestead Compilations * *Making the Bunny Pay* (1987), Catch Trout - compilation of first two EPs * *Too Many Bunnies, (Not Enough Mittens)* (1989), Homestead * *Flowers on 45: The Homestead Singles* (1992), Homestead ### Happy Flowers singles and EPs * *Songs for Children* 7-inch EP (1984), Catch Trout * *Now We Are Six* 7-inch EP (1986), Catch Trout * "They Cleaned My Cut Out With a Wire Brush" (1988), Homestead * "BB Gun" (1989), Homestead * "Call Me Pudge" (1990), Homestead * *The Peel Sessions* 7-inch EP (1991), Homestead Videography ----------- * *20th Anniversary Show* (DVD, 2006)
Italian prelate **Saverio Zupi** (9 January 1914 – 1 March 1983) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See from 1943 to 1966. Biography --------- Saverio Zupi was born on 9 January 1914 in Cerisano, Italy. He was ordained a priest on 19 December 1936.[] He studied at the Almo Collegio Capranica in Rome. To prepare for a diplomatic career he entered the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1938. He joined the diplomatic service in 1943, working first in the offices of the Secretariat of State. His overseas postings then took him to Costa Rica, Lebanon, and Belgium before his returned to the Secretariat for a time. On 26 October 1960, Pope John XXIII named him Apostolic Delegate to Korea. While Zupi was serving in Korea, Pope John named him titular archbishop of Serra. He received his episcopal consecration on 14 January 1962 from Archbishop Domenico Picchinenna of Cosenza[] and on 31 January 1962, Pope John appointed him Apostolic Internuncio to Pakistan. His title changed to Apostolic Pro-Nuncio with the erection of the Nunciature to Pakistan on 27 December 1965. On 30 August 1966, Pope Paul VI named him Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to Turkey. On 17 May 1969, Pope Paul named him Apostolic Nuncio to Malta. Illness prevented him from traveling to Malta and forced him to resign and retire at the age of 56. He died on 1 March 1983.
Mountain ridge on the border between Slovenia and Italy **Sabotin** (Italian: *Sabotino*, Friulian: *Mont di San Valantin*) is 609-metre-high (1,998 ft) mountain ridge overlooking Gorizia, Nova Gorica, and Solkan on the border between Slovenia and Italy. At its foot stands the Solkan Bridge spanning the Soča River. Name ---- The mountain was first attested in written sources circa 1370 as *Saluatin*. The name is of unclear origin. Based on the oldest transcriptions of the name, it can be derived from *\*Salbotin*, based on the Latin personal name *Salvus* (literally, 'healthy'). Another possibility (assuming that the old transcriptions are wrong) is that the name was originally *Sabotin*, based on the Italian name *Sàb(b)ato*, originally given to a child born on a Saturday. A third possibility is that it is derived from *\*San Valentin* (there is a church dedicated to Saint Valentine on the mountain) through a number of unexpected phonological changes. History ------- Sabotin represented an important point for defending Gorizia during the Soča/Isonzo offensives. It was defended by the Austro-Hungarian 58th division. Pietro Badoglio assigned general Giuseppe Venturi's 45th division to capture Sabotin in the Sixth Battle of the Isonzo. On 6 August 1916, after a brief and bloody battle, the mountain was captured by the Italians.
UNESCO World Heritage Site in Norrbotten County, Sweden **Gammelstad Church Town** (Swedish: ***Gammelstads kyrkstad***) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site situated in Gammelstaden 10 km north of Luleå, Sweden, at the northern end of the Gulf of Bothnia. It is the best preserved example of a type of town that was once widespread throughout northern Scandinavia. As **Church Village of Gammelstad, Luleå**, it was listed as a World Heritage Site in 1996. The town is located about 10 kilometers upstream the Lule River. At its centre is the 15th-century Nederluleå Church surrounded by 424 wood-built houses. The houses were only used on Sundays and during religious festivals to accommodate worshipers from the surrounding countryside who could not return home the same day due to the long distance and difficult traveling conditions. Because the buildings are built from timber, regular maintenance is required to prevent rot; surveys have been carried out to document the extent of existing rotting, and snow is cleared regularly during the winter. History ------- The Gammelstad Church Town began as a trading settlement, and became the focus of religious observances for farming communities in the region. Gammelstad is an exceptionally well preserved example of a Scandinavian church town. Such settlements are unique, because they were shaped by the religious and social needs of a regions inhabitants, rather than by economic and geographic forces. The numerous wooden houses constructed around the church were only used on Sundays, and in conjunction with religious festivals as overnight housing for worshippers from the surrounding countryside, whose journeys involved travelling long distances in a harsh natural environment. Gammelstad's development into a church town instead of a mercantile town is a direct result of natural land upheaval which rendered the town harbor unusable by the 17th century, forcing citizens to relocate the community's commercial centre. The new settlement took the name of Luleå, while the earlier church site was renamed Gammelstad (Old Town). The relocation of the commercial centre preserved the unique settlement of Gammelstad, leaving it untouched by the later 19th-century industrialization of the region. Gammelstad's layout has been preserved in its entirety. The town plan grew organically over several centuries, consisting of radial approaches to the church, and roads circling the town centre along the sides of the hill. A wall with gates was built around the church, however the wall currently in place is a reconstruction. Development halted after the middle of the 17th century. In the modern day, very few Scandinavian church town settlements remain, and Gammelstad is the best preserved example of this form of settlement, and is therefore protected by UNESCO. Buildings --------- There are a total of 520 buildings within the Gammelstad Church Town UNESCO World Heritage Site. These buildings include 404 church cottages divided into about 552 separate chambers, and 116 other buildings. Church cottages which served as short-term housing for worshippers are juxtaposed with larger, more conventional houses for the officials and merchants who lived permanently in the settlement. Both types of housing surround the late 15th-century church, the district's only stone building, whose size reflects the prosperity of the region. Other notable buildings include the Chapel of Bethel, the Cottage of the Separatists, the Parish House, the Tithe Barn, the Mayor's Residence, the Captain's Residence, and the Guest House. Gallery ------- * Gammelstad church town near LuleaGammelstad church town near Lulea * World Heritage Site Gammelstad near LuleåWorld Heritage Site Gammelstad near Luleå * Gammelstad town map hoarding at the entranceGammelstad town map hoarding at the entrance * Gammelstad town mapGammelstad town map * * *
Dinosaur specimen **Scotty** is the nickname for the *Tyrannosaurus rex* fossil, catalogued as RSM P2523.8, that was discovered in Saskatchewan, Canada in 1991. The fossilised remains were painstakingly removed, almost completely by hand, over two decades from the rock in which they were embedded. When the preparation was complete in 2011, a ~65% complete *T. rex* skeleton was revealed. Since its discovery and extensive subsequent study, Scotty has been referred to as the largest *T. rex* ever discovered in the world, the largest of any dinosaur discovered in Canada, and as one of the oldest and most complete fossils of its kind at more than 70% bulk. Scotty resides at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum's T. rex Discovery Centre in Eastend, Saskatchewan, Canada. In May 2019, a second mount was erected at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum in Regina, where the exhibit reflects the recent discoveries about the fossil. Discovery --------- Scotty was discovered by Robert Gebhardt, a high school principal from Eastend, Saskatchewan, who accompanied a team of palaeontologists from the Royal Saskatchewan Museum (RSM) on a prospective expedition into the Frenchman Formation alongside the Frenchman River Valley in southwestern Saskatchewan on 16 August 1991. Although he was only there to learn how to find and identify fossils, Gebhardt uncovered a tooth and tail vertebra that the museum was able to verify belonged to a *T. rex*. Initially, Gebhardt thought that the visible fossil was actually ironstone. It wasn't until June 1994 that the Royal Saskatchewan Museum was able to begin the excavation, which was led and overseen by the Museum's Ron Borden, as well as resident palaeontologists Tim Tokaryk and John Storer who were with Gebhardt when he uncovered the first fossils. The bones were deeply packed in dense, iron-laden sandstone, which took more than twenty years for the team to fully remove, excavate, and assemble the majority of the skeleton, with additional trips being made to the site to retrieve smaller bones and teeth. The entire process of excavating the skeleton was also slowed down by its considerable size. The first fossils unearthed were part of the upper body, specifically vertebra, parts of the jaw, and teeth. At the time of its discovery, the fossil was one of only 12 known *T. rex* skeletons of significant completion. The name "Scotty" came from the celebratory bottle of scotch shared by the team that had discovered and identified the bones. Alongside the fossil was also found the only known *T. rex* coprolite in the world. Description ----------- ### Size In 2010, the University of Alberta Department of Biological Sciences' Scott Pearson began work on a research project that sought to compare the sizes of known *T. rex* fossils. His findings, published in 2019, yielded that Scotty is the largest (in weight and length), having out-measured the previous largest known *Tyrannosaurus rex:* Sue of the Chicago Field Museum (FMNH 2081). After prolonged study of the growth patterns in the bones, "Scotty" was also declared as one of the oldest known *T. rex* fossils at 30 years old. The specimen known as Trix is also estimated to have been 30 years old upon its death. However, its age was later revised to ~23–27 years old. Scotty has even been recognised as one of the youngest and least mature adults while being the largest specimen for the species. Scotty is reported to be 13 metres (43 feet) long and weighed an estimated 8.8 tonnes (8,800 kg). Despite it not being a complete fossil, palaeontologists were able to create the estimation for the weight and length through measurements of important weight bearing bones such as the femur, hip, and shoulder bones that have all been measured to be larger and thicker with Scotty than the corresponding bones with Sue. Going from the latest study Scotty exceeds Sue in 84.6% of the published measurements. Scotty has a larger hip girdle than Sue; its femur is also longer and wider than Sue's at 133 cm and has a circumference of 590 mm while Sue has a femur length of 132 cm and a circumference of 580 mm. The projected weight was calculated by analysing how much weight the leg bones would have been able to support. The fossil is dated at around 68 million years. Scientists are unsure if Scotty was male or female, which is not unusual for a *T. rex* specimen. Both specimens Sue and Scotty had their weights estimated in the latest study. The method used to calculate the mass in the latest study was the same for both of the specimens and the data shows that Scotty is heavier than Sue is. The latest study put Scotty's weight at an estimated 8,870 kg (9.7 tons) while Sue is estimated at 8,462 kg (9.3 tons) Sue has had similar results made on its weight in the past such as Scott Hartman's result of 8,400 kg (9.2 tons) obtained through GDI analysis. This is also not the first time that Scotty has been estimated to out mass the specimen Sue. A study conducted back in 2014 that estimated the weight for some of the large theropod dinosaurs and both Sue and Scotty were included. This older study concluded that Sue was around 7,377 kg (8.1 tons) with a weight range of 5,531 kg (6 tons) to 9,224 kg (10 tons) while Scotty was heavier at 8,004 kg (8.8 tons) with a weight range of 6,000 kg (6.6 tons) to 10,007 kg (11 tons). Life-size cast of Scotty on display at the T. rex Discovery Centre in Eastend, Saskatchewan. While the reported measurements and weight for Scotty are larger than those of Sue, some scientists posit that the two fossils are too close in size to officially declare Scotty the largest. Evolutionary expert John Hutchinson of the University of London's Royal Veterinary College has stated that the 5% margin separating SUE and Scotty is too close to rule out any error and that the difference most likely came down to inches and ounces, rather than the reported feet. The method that was used to calculate its size is not exact and remains another point of contention for the fossil's titles. This could have resulted in Pearson and his team overestimating Scotty's size. The Chicago Field Museum's resident palaeontologist and curator of dinosaurs, Pete Macovicky, has stated that he believes Scotty and SUE are "statistically indistinguishable". Nonetheless, Scotty has presented scientists with new possibilities for the size and age that *T. rex* could have grown to. ### Pathology Like other *T. rex* fossils, Scotty shows signs of trichomoniasis, a parasitic infection in the jaw that left visible holes in the bone and was unique to this specific species of dinosaur. Additionally, a broken and healed rib on its right side, broken tail vertebra, as well as a hole near the eye socket are possibly the result of another *T. rex* attack. Other abnormalities, such as impacted teeth, suggest that Scotty was not only bitten, but also bit other animals.
Largest Protestant denomination in Thailand The **Church of Christ in Thailand** (**C.C.T.**) (Thai: สภาคริสตจักรในประเทศไทย) is a Protestant Christian association. It is the largest Protestant denomination in Thailand and is considered to be the largest by group of Protestant members in Thailand. History ------- It was founded in 1934 as the **Church in Siam** with the intent of forming a single ecumenical denomination to include all Protestant churches in Thailand. Other than a small number of American Baptist and British Churches of Christ congregations, most of the original member churches were originally Presbyterian congregations, many of which were started by missionaries from the American Presbyterian Mission Board. The merger also included Lutherans from the German Marburger Mission. The C.C.T. originally had seven districts, six geographical and one ethnic Chinese. Except for a brief period during World War II, Presbyterian missionary influence remained predominant in the C.C.T. until the late 1970s. Mission ------- The Church of Christ in Thailand (CCT) is governed by the "Constitution of Church of Christ in Thailand (1998)" which is the supreme governing document of the denomination. The governing structure and management is divided into three levels which are the General Assembly of the Church of Christ in Thailand, regional churches, and local churches. At present, there are more than 1000 churches, church plants and preaching points, and approximately 160,000 members (2011 statistics). The various agencies which support the mission of CCT are classified into five parts. 1. Evangelization and Church Development – this agency's primary responsibility is to support regional and local churches and institutions, so they can minister on their own. 2. Christian Life – This agency's role is to promote and develop the role of Christian women, Christian youth, and Christian families to be witnesses of Jesus Christ and to promote the development of quality and proficient personnel. 3. Ministry of Finance and Property – this agency is responsible for managing the administration, finance, accounting, budgeting and all assets of the CCT, and for providing benefits for personnel in the CCT 4. Education – This agency's role is to develop Christian youth and church members in general, both formally and informally. 5. Medical Ministry – This agency is responsible for providing medical treatment, and physical, mental, social and spiritual support, including rehabilitative health and illness prevention, and to share Jesus Christ with hospital patients. Demographics ------------ Since 1990, the denomination has experienced a major demographic shift. Tribal churches, mostly Baptist in origin, now account for about half of its total number of around 160,000 communicant members. CCT consists of Thai, Chinese, Korean, and English-speaking congregations. Theology -------- The CCT is a member of the World Council of Churches, the World Communion of Reformed Churches and the Christian Conference of Asia and is often regarded as a "mainline" ecumenical denomination. The CCT maintains fraternal ties with the PCUSA and receives fraternal mission workers from that American denomination. However, despite the influence of liberal theology and ecumenical concerns at the top leadership levels in the period following World War II, such trends did not have a large impact on the majority of CCT pastors and church members. Today, the beliefs and practices of the majority of CCT leaders and members are broadly evangelical. Its church government is a relatively centralized mixture of Presbyterian, Disciples, and Baptist polities. Social Work ----------- The Church of Christ in Thailand is engaged in active social efforts (health care, education) and ecumenical movements in local society. In 2004 – 2005 the association took active part in relief efforts after the natural disaster of Boxing Day tsunami.
Song by Harry Connick Jr. "**City Beneath the Sea**" is a song by Harry Connick Jr, which first appears on the 1996 album *Star Turtle* and is included in the 2005 multi-artist benefit album Hurricane Relief: Come Together Now. The song depicts unique scenes from New Orleans, and features a brief piano solo. Connick wrote the song about New Orleans when he was at his mother-in-law's (Glenna Goodacre) house in Santa Fe, New Mexico. He says, in a 1996 interview, the song was written on a deadline to complete the album. "I wish I had spent more time on it, to make it musically into a more substantial piece of work". Addressing it as a "very, very simple piece of music". New Orleans ----------- Music and lyrics by Connick Jr, a tribute to his hometown. "New Orleans is like a saucer, some twenty feet below sea level," he says about the title of the song, in a 1996 interview. "Even a little rain will put the city under water." He sings, "Please... somebody won't you take me To the city beneath the sea". The song mentions "Pork Chop" who "dances all night long", he was a tap-dancer from New Orleans, who used to dance in a few jazz clubs on Bourbon Street. There is also mentioning of "The Meters and the Mardi Gras". There is also the words "they betcha where you got your shoes", in New Orleans if anyone bet you they know where you got your shoes, and you take the bet, they'll tell you "You got them on your feet!" Musicians --------- * Harry Connick Jr. - vocals, Piano * Jonathan DuBose, Jr. - Guitar * Lucien Barbarin - percussion, Cymbal * Tony Hall - Bass * Raymond Weber - drums Credits ------- * Produced by Tracey Freeman * Recorded and Mixed by Gregg Rubin * Recorded at Power Station, Studio A, NYC, December 1995
Town in Hunan, People's Republic of China **Nandashan Town** (simplified Chinese: 南大膳镇; traditional Chinese: 南大膳鎮; pinyin: *Nándàshàn zhèn*) is an urban town in Yuanjiang, Yiyang, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China. Administrative division ----------------------- The town is divided into 30 villages and one community, the following areas: Nanda Community, Nanfengyuan Village, Zhenjiao Village, Xiaoluosihu Village, Zhongxing Village, Niuzhou Village, Xifuyuan Village, Yinan Village, Nandahe Village, Sanxin Village, Kangningyuan Village, Huying Village, Xiaobo Village, Helihong Village, Dudi Village, Yongdong Village, Huafengyuan Village, Lingguanzui Village, Huasheng Village, Shuangfeng Village, Beiling Village, Nanyukou Village, Nanjingyuan Village, Dongjia Village, Doudoukou Village, Yongsheng Village, Beidashi Village, Dadongkou Village, Gaofengyu Village, Beidayu Village, and Donghuyu Village (南大社区、南丰垸村、镇郊村、晓螺丝湖村、众兴村、牛洲村、西福垸村、义南村、南大河村、三新村、康宁垸村、互英村、小波村、合利红村、堵堤村、永东村、华丰垸村、灵官咀村、华胜村、双丰村、北岭村、南渔口村、南京垸村、东浃村、石剅口村、永胜村、北大市村、大东口村、高丰渔村、北大渔村、东湖渔村).
State highway in Florida, United States For the unsigned route in St. Augustine, see Florida State Road 5A (St. Augustine). **State Road 5A** (**SR 5A**), also known as Nova Road, is a north–south highway that begins and ends at U.S. Highway 1 or US 1 (unsigned SR 5), in Port Orange and Ormond Beach, respectively. It is noted that when 5A was built, it was used more as a bypass or beltway, but in recent years with growth reaching far beyond SR 5A, it sees more use as a major thoroughfare that passes through the heart of the region. Route description ----------------- SR 5A begins at the intersection of US 1 (SR 5; Ridgewood Boulevard) in the Harbor Isle section of Port Orange. The road runs in close proximity to the north coast of Rose Bay until encountering the southern crossing of the Florida East Coast Railway Main Line. Beyond the intersection with Miles Drive, the road begins to curve in a more northerly direction. From there the road is almost entirely surrounded by commercial development with occasional interruptions of park and preserved land. The first major intersection with SR 5A is Florida State Road 421 (Dunlawton Avenue), which spans from I-95 at Exit 256 into the Port Orange Causeway. After the intersection with SR 421, the route is crossed by a small power line right-of-way. It is only after passing a minor street named Canal View Boulevard that SR 5A becomes flanked by the Halifax Canal, which previously flanked that road. The canal is covered over north of the intersection with Herbert Street. The northbound lanes crosses over the canal which now runs openly along the median just before the route enters South Daytona. The first intersection in South Daytona for both lanes of SR 5A is for Walton Road, the entrance to the Lamplighter Mobile Home Park, and the entrance to Reed Canal Park, the home of the South Daytona Model Yacht Club. North of this park, the route intersects Reed Canal Road (Volusia County Road 4079). Immediately after this intersection, the route runs along the west side of the Town of Blake which is now occupied by a trailer park known as Lakeview Estates. Later it approaches a road of local importance such as Big Tree Road (CR 4072), which contains a gas station on the northeast corner surrounded by Blaine O'Neil Park. North of Rooster Road, the canal is covered over again, and the northbound lanes move over the canal, which is exposed again along the east side as the route curves slightly to the left, then to then right again just before the intersection with Florida State Road 400 (Beville Road). SR 400 spans from the I-4/I-95 interchange where it becomes a hidden state road for I-4 to US 1. Immediately after SR 400, SR 5A enters Daytona Beach. In Daytona Beach, SR 5A continues at the same trajectory it had before crossing SR 400, but now follows the Halifax Canal at the same angle, which itself is flanked by a bikeway. Route 5A, the canal and the bikeway curve back slightly to the left just before the intersection with Carol Street. North of the intersection with South Street, SR 5A is in close proximity to the Daytona Beach Museum of Arts and Sciences and then the Cici and Hyatt Brown Museum of Art. Across from the art museum, the canal is covered over and the bikeway moves closer to the northbound lanes. The route runs along the eastern edge of Tuscawilla Park just before the intersection with Orange Avenue (CR 4050), which leads to the Veterans Memorial Bridge. Tuscawilla Park territory continues along the west side of South Nova Road for one block until the intersection with U.S. Route 92 (SR 600), otherwise known as International Speedway Boulevard. South Nova Road becomes North Nova Road north of US 92. Two signalized intersections later, the road encounters Cypress Park on the southeast corner of the intersection with George W. Engram Boulevard (Volusia CR 4040), which leads to the Main Street Bridge. The road will pass and electrical substation, and a Daytona Beach fire station before eventually encountering the intersection with the last state road in the city, specifically Florida State Road 430 which spans from Clyde Morris Boulevard to the Seabreeze Bridges. North of Brentwood Avenue, SR 5A begins to run along the western edges of Holly Hill. The Halifax Canal is daylit again, but this time on the west side of the road. Beginning at Third Street a frontage road exists across the canal from the southbound lanes. That frontage road ends between Eighth and Tenth Streets, where the canal passes under SR 5A for the last time, as the road curves to the left and right before the intersection with 10th Street. The closest representation of a major intersection within the city is LPGA Boulevard (CR 4019). The canal is exposed again, as the route bears another curve to the left while the canal remains straight, never to flank SR 5A again. It then bears to the right between Flomich Street and Old Kings Road, replacing the alignment of the latter street. As SR 5A leaves Holly Hill at the intersection of Alabama Avenue, North Nova Road becomes South Nova Road once again as it enters Ormond Beach. The commercial zoning remains fairly consistent with previous cities, and several signalized crossroads can be found along the way. The last major intersection with a west-to-east route is with Florida State Road 40 where South Nova Road becomes North Nova Road once again. North of there, SR 5A replaces the alignment of another local street named "Old Kings Road." Commercial development begins to dissipate north of Wilmette Avenue, replaced primarily by condominiums, as well as the Nova Community Park complex as well as the Volusia Memorial Park Cemetery. The last buildings on the west side as the road takes a notable curve to the northeast are Escondido at Tomoka Condo at the entrance to the historic but run-down Tomoka Oaks Golf and Country Club and Tomoka Oakwood North, just before it approaches the northern crossing of the Florida East Coast Railway Main Line, then developed land disappears altogether. Florida State Road 5A seems to end at US 1 in the marshland north of Ormond Beach across from the southern reaches of Tomoka State Park, but another SR 5A exists much further north as a hidden state road for US Business Route 1 in St. Augustine. History ------- ### Previous designations There have been several former SR 5A in existence: * Flagler Avenue from First Street to South Roosevelt Drive (State Road A1A) in Key West - now County Road 5A * Krome Avenue (now State Road 997) in Florida City and North Flagler Avenue (formerly U.S. Highway 1 Business) in Homestead - the BUS US 1 designation was removed in 1969. * Portions of West Dixie Highway and Old Federal Highway from State Road 826 in North Miami Beach to US 1 in Dania Beach - designation removed in the late 1990s, although it is still recognized on the FDOT's official map of Broward County as County Road 5A. The Florida East Coast Railroad Main Line runs between the road from the Miami-Dade-Broward County Line to the vicinity of Southwest 13th Street in Dania Beach. * State Road 5A was also a short connector between Federal Highway (US 1) and the former State Road A1A (Southeast Dixie Highway, now County Road A1A) in Stuart. The connector is now County Road 5A. * State Road 5A (Old Dixie Highway) was another connector between Gifford and Wabasso, that ran along the FEC Main Line, that is now County Road 5A. ### County Road 5A County Road 5A (also known as Stuckway Road) is a 1-mile (1.6 km) spur route of State Road 5 (U.S. Route 1.) It is the northernmost Brevard County route, and also the shortest. From Interstate 95, it provides access to Oak Hill and Scottsmoor, the northernmost town in Brevard. However, at its eastern terminus, it isn't in the town limits of Scottsmoor. Geographically, it is bounded by Volusia County to the north, and Aurantia to the south. The western terminus is with an interchange with Interstate 95 (exit 231), although Stuckway Road continues west as a dirt road. The eastern terminus is with an intersection with U.S. Route 1/State Road 5 near Scottsmoor. Major intersections ------------------- The entire route is in Volusia County. | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Port Orange | 0.000 | 0.000 | US 1 (South Ridgewood Avenue / SR 5) | | | 2.521 | 4.057 | SR 421 (Dunlawton Avenue) | | | South Daytona | 6.127 | 9.860 | SR 400 (Beville Road) | | | Daytona Beach | 8.192 | 13.184 | US 92 (West International Speedway Boulevard / SR 600) – Daytona State College, Bethune-Cookman University | | | 9.411 | 15.146 | SR 430 (Mason Avenue) | | | Ormond Beach | 14.108 | 22.705 | SR 40 (West Granada Boulevard) to I-95 | | | 15.613 | 25.127 | US 1 (SR 5) – Bunnell, Ormond Beach | | | 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |
Motor vehicle The **Union automobile** was a vehicle manufactured by the Union Automobile Company from 1902 until 1905. It was designed by John William Lambert, who had developed the three-wheel Buckeye gasoline buggy in 1891. Over the next decade, Lambert substantially refined the vehicle, with modifications including an additional wheel, a more powerful engine, and a new transmission system. The Union Automobile Company was formed as a subsidiary of Lambert's Buckeye Manufacturing Company solely to manufacture the Union, which took its name from Union City, Indiana, the city where it was built and which endorsed its production. In total, the company built over three hundred Union automobiles, before development shifted to the Lambert automobile, the Union's successor. Development ----------- Main article: Union Automobile Company Lambert Union experimental car The Union automobile was a modified design of a previous single-cylinder vehicle that John William Lambert had started producing in 1891 in Union City, Ohio. Experimental models were produced in 1898, 1900, and 1901; the 1900 model was the first to feature Lambert's new transmission system. Lambert, who had over six hundred patents for automobile-related parts, secured favorable concessions from the Union City chamber of commerce, in return for the vehicle being named after the city. It would be produced there by the Union Automobile Company from 1902 until 1905. Manufactured from parts made by the Buckeye Manufacturing Company in Anderson, Indiana, the Union had entered full production by 1902, but improvements to the design were made yearly. In 1903, the motor, which consisted of a pair of opposed 6 x 4-inch (100 mm) cylinders, was moved from the front, where it had been initially placed, to the rear. In 1904 and 1905, five-seater tonneau models were produced; while the 1904 model had a 10 horsepower engine, the company produced 12 and 16 horsepower versions the following year. Manufacturing of the automobile was moved from Union City to Anderson in 1905. Late that year, the car was redesigned, and production was started again under a new name: the Lambert automobile, while production of the union stopped entirely. In total, the company had manufactured 325 vehicles between 1902 and 1905 (25 in 1902, 50 in 1903, 100 in 1904, and 150 in 1905). Antique automobile1902 Touring carAntique automobile1904 RunaboutBoth images are of Union brand automobiles manufactured in Union City, Indiana. Vehicle specifications ---------------------- From top: the chassis; the motor; and the transmission system Further information: Lambert friction gearing disk drive transmission The operator of the Union automobile controlled the steering wheel with his right hand and the speed-changing lever, which allowed two speeds for forward movement and one for reversing, with his left. The variation in speed was permitted by the motor, which could be varied from 150 to over 1,500 revolutions per minute. The top speed of the automobile was 20 miles per hour (32 km/h). The gasoline tank, which was hidden in the back of the seat, had a capacity sufficient to run the automobile for 125 miles (201 km) to 150 miles (240 km). The left foot controlled the handbrake; by throwing the transmission system into reverse, it operated as an emergency brake. This novel transmission system, which was connected by double chain to the rear wheels, was gearless, eliminating the jarring movements then associated with gear changes. The automobile's motor was devised by Lambert. Started by dry cell batteries, the four-cycle gasoline engine had two opposed cylinders that produced an initial eight horsepower. Both cylinders acted on one crankshaft, producing a balanced engine. After the engine was started, an electric magneto generator sparked the combustion of the gasoline in the cylinders to keep the motor in operation. A gear from the camshaft drove a circulating pump which water-cooled the engine by means of a large radiator coil. The automobile, which had a 6-foot (1.8 m) wheelbase and a 56-inch (1,400 mm) axle track, was equipped with 34-inch (860 mm) wheels and 3.5-inch (89 mm) wide pneumatic tires and enameled sheet steel mud guards; kerosene oil lamps were additionally provided for evening travel. In 1902 and 1903, a front seat was provided for two people, which could be closed up and the vehicle then used as a four person runabout vehicle. It cost $1,250 ($42,279 in 2022), with the option of a $25 *dos-à-dos* (rear-facing) seat which converted the car into a six-passenger vehicle. The final model produced by the Union Automobile Company was a 1905 Model E. Fitted with a detachable side entrance tonneau body, which sat three people, the car was upholstered to a high standard: genuine leather was used in combination with a soft insulation material and springs in both the seat cushions and the back. It could hold up to five passengers, and was equipped with two oil lamps, a horn, and necessary maintenance tools, for a total price of $1200 ($39,084 in 2022) ($1125 without the tonneau). Antique automobileUnion model E without tonneauAntique automobileUnion model E with a tonneauAntique automobileUnion model E delivery wagonUnion automobile Model E at different stages of style development. Sources ------- * Georgano (V1), G.N. (2000). *Beaulieu Encyclopedia of Automobile, Volume 1*. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 9781579582937. * Georgano (V2), G.N. (2000). *Beaulieu Encyclopedia of Automobile, Volume 2 (M-Z)*. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 1-57958-293-1. * Kimes, Beverly Rae (1996). *Standard Catalog American Cars, 1804-1942*. Krause Publications. ISBN 9780873414289. Further reading --------------- * Bailey, L. Scott, *Historic Discovery: 1891 Lambert, New Claim for America's First Car*, Antique Automobile magazine, Vol. 24, No. 5, Oct–Nov 1960 * Biography of John W. Lambert, written by his son January 25, 1935 — obtained from the Detroit Public Library, National Automotive History Collection * Dittlinger, Esther et al. *Anderson: A Pictorial History*, G. Bradley Publishing, 1990, ISBN 0-943963-16-8 * Dolnar, Hugh, *Automobile Trade Journal*, article: *The Lambert, 1906 Line of Automobiles*, Chilton Company, v.10 January 1906 * Huffman, Wallace Spencer, *Indiana's Place in Automobile History* in *Indiana History Bulletin*, vol 44, no. 2, Feb. 1967; Indianapolis, Indiana Historical Bureau * Huhti, Thomas, *The Great Indiana Touring Book: 20 Spectacular Auto Tours*, Big Earth Publishing, 2002, ISBN 1-931599-09-2 * James, Wanda, *Driving from Japan*, McFarland, 2005, ISBN 0-7864-1734-X * Madden, W. C. *Haynes-Apperson and America's First Practical Automobile: A History*, McFarland, 2003, ISBN 0-7864-1397-2 * Scharchburg, Richard P. *Carriages Without Horses: J. Frank Duryea and the Birth of the American Automobile Industry*, SAE, 1993, ISBN 1-56091-380-0
French semi-professional rugby league club **RC Carpentras XIII** are a semi-professional rugby league club based in the city of Carpentras, Vaucluse in the south of France. Formed in 1938, they play in the Elite Two Championship in France, which is the 2nd tier. Their home ground is the Stade de la Roseraire. History ------- The club was founded in 1938 under their original name **Racing Club de Carpentras XIII du Comtat**. The club competed in the amateur rugby league but at the end of just their second season war broke out and brought an end to French sport. Worse was to come when the Vichy Government sanctioned sport to restart but banned rugby league. The club had to change their name to **Union Sportive Carpentrassienne** and were forced to play rugby union. After the war the club reverted to their original name and gained almost immediate success winning back-to-back amateur titles in 1949 and 1950 in front of regular crowds of between 1,000 and 1,500. The club turned semi-professional in 1951 after their promotion but would have to wait until 1983 to win their next silverware. The **National League 1**, now called the Elite Two Championship was won when they beat Toulouse Olympique in the final 14-6. A run to the Lord Derby Cup final in 1992 still represents their best run to date. In season 2000-01 they once again lifted the **National League 1** title this time beating RC Albi in the final 20-15 and in 2004 they made it three 2nd tier titles when they beat UTC 2 14-10. None of these victories brought promotion for one reason or another but the following season 2004-05 promotion was secured despite losing the final to Marseille XIII 10-12. Top flight finishes followed of 10th, 10th, 5th, 6th and then 8th the last of which sent them back down to the **Elite Two Championship** in 2011. Crest ----- The club's logo is a red bull uncannily similar in style to that of the club logo of American basketball team the Chicago Bulls; it has only adopted this logo in more recent times. Old Logo Stadium ------- The Stade Municipal (Carpentras) was the club's first stadium. The first rugby league match played in Carpentras came at this ground when it hosted an exhibition game between RC Roanne XIII and Lyon Villeurbanne in 1938. The **Stade Municipal** had a 2,000 capacity of which 300 were seated. In 1947 the club moved to a purpose built rugby ground in the town. The Stade de la Roseraie hosted the 1955 Lord Derby Cup final when SO Avignon beat Marseille XIII 18-10 in front of a record crowd for any rugby match in Carpentras of 11,600. The current capacity is set at 5,000. The ground underwent a major refurbishment in 1997. Current squad ------------- 2019-20 Season * William Afras * Rachid Amehiou - Prop * Raphael Andreuccetti - Prop * Clement Bessac - Wing * Mouadh Bida - Centre * Lionel Comtat - Lock * Atef Darraz - Second-row * Danilo Delic - Prop * Gilles Ganz - Prop * Maxime Grosson - Centre * Jimmy Havet - Halfback * Nathanael Joubert - Fullback * Theo Jourdan - Hooker * Iliass Laachiri - Five-eighth * Paulin Llorca * Senan Llorca * Zoran Pesic - Hooker * Alexis Rodriguez - Wing * Jordan Rodriguez - Wing * Louis Sagnes - Five-eighth * Thibault Santouhi - Halfback * Hechem Sebai * Toby Williams - Prop * Emilien Zanetti * Chafik Zairi Honours ------- * **National League 1 (Elite Two)** (3): 1982-83, 2000–01, 2003–04 * **Federal Division (National Division 2)** (2): 1948-49, 1949–50 * **Coupe Falcou** (1): 1948
Book by Jan Amos Comenius Title page of the 1656 English edition ***Janua Linguarum Reserata*** (Latin for "The Door" or "Gate Languages Unlocked") is a textbook written by John Amos Comenius in 1629. It was published in 1631 in Leszno and was soon translated into most European languages. Background ---------- In 1628, when the Habsburgs allowed only the Catholic religion in their monarchy, many Czech Brethren found exile in Leszno, in Catholic Poland, where Protestants were tolerated. Comenius formed the idea that language cannot be taught without relation to things. He also saw a narrow connection between language and knowledge, both of which he considered limited. His friends persuaded him to express these ideas in books, of which *Janua linguarum reserata* was the first. Comenius was inspired by a Latin-Spanish textbook called *Janua linguarum*, published in Salamanca in 1611 by a Hibernian monk William Bathe (or Bateus). The book was published in 1617 in London in four languages (the other two being English and French). This edition was probably shown to Comenius by John Jonston. Composition and variations -------------------------- It was published under the full name *Janua linguarum reserata sive seminarium linguarum et scientiarum omnium* (English: *The Door of Languages Unlocked, or the Seedbed of All the Languages and Sciences*). Approximately 8000 words are set in 1000 sentences which are divided into about 100 chapters. A simplified version (about 1000 words in seven chapters) for beginners was published under the name *Vestibulum* in 1932. Janua was also adapted for the stage in 1953–54 and published in Sárospatak under the name *Schola ludus seu encyclopaedia viva*. It is divided into eight plays and it takes place in Alexandria under Ptolemaeus Philadelphus. The main characters of the advisors from different ages are Plato, Eratosthenes, Apollonius of Rhodes, Plinius and Socrates. The numbers of actors in the eight plays vary from 33 (VI) up to 88 (III). Reception and translations -------------------------- The new encyclopaedic and linguistic system brought fame to the book and its author so that he became name familiar to European scholars. Right after being published, the book was widely praised, re-published and translated so that it became the most widespread book in Europe of its time, except for the Bible. A Czech version was published by Comenius in Leszno in 1633 under the name *Dveře jazyků otevřené*. It was translated to 11 or 12 European languages: English (first anonymous "pirate" edition London 1631 by Johannes Anchoranus), Polish (Gdańsk 1633), German (Leipzig 1633), French (London 1633), Italian (Leiden 1640), Swedish (Stockholm 1641), Dutch (Amsterdam 1642), Greek (Amsterdam 1643), Hungarian (Bardejov 1643), Spanish (Amsterdam 1661), and Arabic (translated by Peter Golius, brother of Jacobus Golius, before 1642), and translations to other Asian languages (Turkish, Persian, Mongolian and Armenian) were prepared but no copy of them exists. Comenius was surprised at the enthusiastic reception the book received. He wrote: > I could not have imagined ... that this childish book [would be] received with universal approbation by the learned world. This was shown me by the number of men who wished me hearty success with my new discovery and by the number of translations into foreign languages. For, not only was the book translated into twelve European languages, since I myself have seen these translations (Latin, Greek, Bohemian, Polish, German, Swedish, Dutch, English, French, Spanish, Italian, and Hungarian), but also into the Asiatic languages — Arabic, Turkish, and Persian — and even into the Mongolian, which is understood by all the East Indies. > > There are 101 editions in Czech libraries published during Comenius' lifetime; 18 more editions were issued before the end of the 17th century. In the 18th century, interest weakened and it was published only ten times. In some editions it was called *Janua linguarum ... aurea*; some others have *Porta* instead of *Janua*. A simplified *Januae linguarum reseratae vestibulum* was published more than 40 times during Comenius' life and translated to eight languages.
This article is about the archaic oath. For other uses, see Odds bodkins (disambiguation). **Odds bodkins** is an archaic English minced oath of the Middle Ages and later. Odds bodkins is generally considered to probably be a euphemism for "God's body" (or possibly "God's dear body"), although "God's dagger" or "God's [crucifixion] nails" has also been suggested as a possible source, as "bodkin" was current in the Middle Ages as a term for many small sharp implements: bodkin point, a narrow armor-piercing arrowhead; bodkin needle; dagger, stilleto or "nail dagger"; an awl-like leather-punching device; and a slim pointed multiple-use women's accessory (although this use may have come later). A bodkin arrowhead Hamlet uses the term to describe a dagger in his "To be, or not to be" soliloquy c. 1599), in which he says "When he himself might his quietus *[death]* make, with a bare bodkin?" Chaucer used the word "boidekin" in this sense in *The Canterbury Tales* ("But if he wolde be slain of Simkin, with panade, or with knif or boidekin...", for example, as did some other writers of around this time. There are many variants of spelling and form, such as ods bodikin, odsbodikins, odds bud, oddsbud, gadsbodikins,adsbud, 'sbodikins, and others. Henry Fielding was an early user of the oath in print, as his 1734 play *Don Quixote in England* puts "odsbodlikins" in the Don's mouth. The etymology of "bodkin" is not known. It may be from Old French "bois de cuing", as Old French *coign* meant wedge, or peak of a helmet. Or it may be from Gaelic "biodag", the etymology of which is not known. John Minsheu (1671) suggested that it might be of Dutch origin. One known instance of "bidowe" occurred in *Piers Plowman* where it probably meant "dagger" and could possibly be related. Anglo-French *beitequin* (a small beetle) and many other possibilities have been mooted by various etymologists over the centuries. And bodkin itself has had a few other obscure and obsolete meanings.
Austrian lawyer and diplomat **Friedrich Ritter von Wiesner** (27 October 1871 – 5 November 1951) was an Austrian lawyer and diplomat. Youth and education ------------------- Wiesner was the son of Agnes and Julius Wiesner, and was born in Mariabrunn in Vienna. After attending grammar school in Vienna and Kremsmünster, he served as a one-year volunteer. He learned French, English, Italian, and Czech and studied law and political science at the University of Vienna. In 1896, he received his doctorate and became a judge in Baden bei Wien and Vienna. After his father, a respected botanist, was knighted in 1909, Friedrich's name was changed to *Friedrich Ritter von Wiesner*, and he was known by that name until 1919. Civil service career -------------------- In 1911, Friedrich Ritter von Wiesner joined the Austro-Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs as Secretary of State. At the end of 1912 he became a lieutenant colonel in the Imperial-Royal Landwehr. In 1913 he became a section councilor in the Foreign Ministry. During the July Crisis in 1914, Wiesner headed the special commission to investigate the murder of the heir to the throne, Franz Ferdinand. Time of National Socialism and old age -------------------------------------- Wiesner's prisoner registration card for the Buchenwald concentration camp. After Austria was annexed to Hitler's Germany, Wiesner was arrested by the Gestapo in 1938, like many other legitimists, and taken to the Buchenwald concentration camp. His wife appealed to the Attorney General Welsch for his release. On January 21, 1939, Wiesner was released from "protective custody", but had to settle in Würzburg by order of the police. At the end of 1939 Wiesner was allowed to return to Vienna.
1939 play by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse ***Life with Father*** is a 1939 play by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse, adapted from a humorous autobiographical book of stories compiled in 1935 by Clarence Day. The Broadway production ran for 3,224 performances over 401 weeks to become the longest-running non-musical play on Broadway, a record that it still holds. The play was adapted into a 1947 feature film and a television series. Book ---- Clarence Day wrote humorously about his family and life. The stories of his father Clarence "Clare" Day were first printed in *The New Yorker*. They portray a rambunctious, overburdened Wall Street broker who demands that everything from his family should be just so. The more he rails against his staff, his cook, his wife, his horse, salesmen, holidays, his children and the inability of the world to live up to his impossible standards, the more comical and lovable he becomes to his own family who love him despite it all. First published in 1936, shortly after his death, Day's book is a picture of New York upper-middle-class family life in the 1890s. The stories are filled with affectionate irony. Day's understated, matter-of-fact style underlines the comedy in everyday situations. Production ---------- Postcard showing cast featuring Dorothy Gish The 1939 Broadway production ran for over seven years to become the longest-running non-musical play on Broadway, a record that it still holds. It also held the title of the longest running Broadway play of any type of all time from 1947 to 1972. It opened at the Empire Theatre on November 8, 1939 and ran at that theatre until September 8, 1945. It then moved to the Bijou Theatre where it ran until June 15, 1947, and finished its run at the Alvin Theatre on July 12, 1947 for a combined total of 3,224 performances. The play was produced by Oscar Serlin, staged by Bretaigne Windust, with setting and costumes by Stewart Chaney. It starred Howard Lindsay, his wife Dorothy Stickney, and Teresa Wright. ### Cast * Katherine Bard as Annie * Dorothy Stickney as Lavinia "Vinnie" Day * John Drew Devereaux as Clarence Day, Jr. * Richard Simon as John Day * Raymond Roe as Whitney Day * Larry Robinson as Harlan Day * Howard Lindsay as Father (Clarence "Clare" Day, Sr.) * Dorothy Bernard as Margaret * Ruth Hammond as Cora * Teresa Wright as Mary Skinner * Richard Sterling as the Reverend Dr. Lloyd * Portia Morrow as Delia * Nellie Burt as Nora * A.H. Van Buren as Dr. Humphreys * John C. King as Dr. Somers * Timothy Kearse as Maggie Subsequent productions ---------------------- Concurrent with the Broadway production, the producers sent out 11 touring companies that performed in 214 cities. The amateur rights to *Life with Father* were released in 1948, and the following year saw 187 productions of the play, including a production at Theatre in the Round Players that included consultation with Warner films on staging. In 1953, The Ford 50th Anniversary Show, broadcast live on both the CBS and NBC television networks, opened with Oscar Hammerstein II introducing a scene from the play featuring original cast members Howard Lindsay and Dorothy Stickney. The Ford show attracted an audience of 60 million viewers. Forty years after the broadcast, television critic Tom Shales recalled the broadcast as both "a landmark in television" and "a milestone in the cultural life of the '50s". The only major New York revival occurred in 1967 in a limited run at City Center, starring Leon Ames and Dorothy Stickney. Critic Vincent Canby called the revival "a quaint, pretty picture postcard." Although professional revivals are now rare, *Life with Father* continues to be produced by amateur companies such as the American Century Theatre in Virginia (2009) and the Victorian Players in Ohio (2014). Critical reception ------------------ The *New York Times* critic Brooks Atkinson wrote in his review "Sooner or later every one will have to see *Life with Father*, which opened at the Empire last evening. For the late Clarence Day's vastly amusing sketches of his despotic parent have now been translated into a perfect comedy by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse, and must be reckoned an authentic port [sic] of our American folklore." When *Life with Father* surpassed *Tobacco Road* as the longest-running Broadway play, Elliot Norton of the *Boston Post* celebrated the play as "warmly human and heartily comical and completely inoffensive," thus restoring his faith in the theatre-going public. Contemporary scholar Jordan Schildcrout describes *Life with Father* as "a comedy in which characters challenge and ultimately win over a figure of authority," which allows the play to appeal to nostalgia for more conservative times, while also finding pleasure in gentle subversion and anti-authoritarianism. Adaptations ----------- Leon Ames and Lurene Tuttle in the television version, 1954 *Life with Father* was adapted for the November 6, 1938, broadcast of CBS Radio's *The Mercury Theatre on the Air*. The cast included Orson Welles (Father), Mildred Natwick (Mother), Mary Wickes (Employment Office Manager), Alice Frost (Margaret) and Arthur Anderson (young Clarence Day). The theatrical adaptation of *Life With Father* was made into a film in 1947, directed by Michael Curtiz and starring William Powell and Irene Dunne as Clarence and his wife, supported by Elizabeth Taylor, Edmund Gwenn, ZaSu Pitts, Jimmy Lydon and Martin Milner. Six years later, the film was adapted into a television series, starring Leon Ames and Lurene Tuttle, which ran from November 1953 until July 1955 on the CBS Television network. The series was the first live color program for network TV to originate in Hollywood. The film (not the series) and its audio entered the public domain in 1975.
**This article contains Burmese script.** Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script. The **Myanmar Writers and Journalists Association** (Burmese: မြန်မာစာပေနှင့် စာနယ်ဇင်းအဖွဲ့; **MWJA**) represents writers and journalists in Myanmar. At first closely associated with the Ministry of Information, in the 2011-2012 period the MWJA achieved greater independence. Early years ----------- Myanmar writers formed an association on 8 March 1944, during British colonial rule. In November 1993 the Myanmar Writers Association was reconstituted as the Myanmar Writers and Journalists Association. The Burmese writers established the MWJA with permission from the Ministry of Information. The MWJA is a nationwide confederation with a central headquarters and associations or branches throughout the country. The MWJA was started with a 25-member executive committee. It held its second conference in June 1997. In its conference on 23 June 1998 the MWJA decided on three tasks. "The three tasks are: the association members are to actively participate in serving national interests by having ... the people imbued with correct concepts and high morale with the use of literature and journalism: to the extent organisation for new members consolidate organisational set-up of the association, raise leadership role and make organisation work dynamic and effective; to bring about improvement of skills of MWJA members, look after their welfare and regularize creation and publishing of literary works, and to strive for increasing the readership". The MWJA sponsors the annual Sayawun Tin Shwe Award named after the writer Sayawun Tin Shwe. It organises an annual book fair on Writers' (Sarsodaw) Day. On this day the MWJA also organises lectures, talks and traditional gatherings of writers. At these gatherings junior writers show their respect for their seniors and make offerings in cash or kind. Political changes ----------------- Under the MWJA constitution, as an independent association no members could belong to a political party. In August 2010 four senior members of the executive resigned so that they could compete in the national elections. They were chairman U Tin Kha, vice-chairman Dr Tin Tun Oo and Central Executive Committee members U Aung Nyein and U Hla Tun. In 2010 the French media group Reporters Sans Frontieres ranked Burma 171 out of 175 nations for press freedom. The 2010 Myanmar Press Award ceremony was planned for 31 December 2010, organised by a group of journalists. It was postponed at the request of the Press Scrutiny and Registration Division (PSRD), who said it needed permission from the MWJA. On World Press Freedom Day in May 2011 the MWJA secretary Ko Ko said: "Flourishing of the fourth pillar [journalism] is a necessary feature of a democratic system and we believe that the government including President Thein Sein, if looking to bring about a democratic system, would understand this. We request [the government] to make this happen in practice". However, Ko Ko recognised that it would take time for government organisations to change their habitual hostility to the media. With growing expectations of media liberalisation, some MWJA members acknowledged that after fifty years of weekly publication and censorship the change might be difficult. Some papers did not have the physical equipment needed to print daily issues. For journalists, the stress of producing responsible journalism under tight deadlines would be a new challenge. Media executives expressed confidence that they could quickly adapt. However, MWJA secretary U Ko Ko, chairman of Yangon Media Group, said "Every journal would say it was ready to go daily if granted a licence; but only those who are really ready will remain in the industry and the rest will stop". Regulatory liberalisation ------------------------- In May 2011 U Ko Ko Hlaing, a retired colonel and vice-chairman of the MWJA, was appointed to a nine-member advisory board to the president U Thein Sein. Ko Ko Hlaing was one of three members of the political committee, the others being a former editor of the state-run newspaper Kyemon ("Mirror") and the General Secretary of the Myanmar Hoteliers Association. In January 2012 the MWJA Vice-president U Ko Ko Hlaing said the association expected to establish a national press council later in the year. The Union Minister of Information U Kyaw Hsan had approved this move in mid-December, which would be needed as the government's censorship organisation, the PSRD, gradually wound down. The purpose was to ensure that journalists would work within ethical and legal boundaries, while protecting their freedom of expression. At the end of January 2012 the government introduced a new media law drafted by the PSRD to a meeting jointly organised by the MWJA and the Asia Media Information and Communication Centre based in Singapore. Over 100 domestic journalists and news editors participated. Representatives from non-Burmese news organisations also attended. The PSRD based the new law on the 1962 Printers and Publishers Registration Act, which had long been used to restrict freedom of expression. Conference attendees were invited to express their opinions on the draft law. The Burma Media Association later issued a press release saying the new law might not guarantee press freedom. The International Federation of Journalists has also expressed concern about the new law.
**Patriot Memory** is an American designer and manufacturer of PC-based USB flash drives, memory modules, solid state drives and gaming peripherals. Patriot Memory is based in Silicon Valley and designs, develops, manufactures and assembles computer components locally. History ------- PDP Systems was founded in 1985 and named after its founders Paul Jones, Doug Diggs and Phil Young. Jones, Diggs, and Young were high school classmates at Awalt High School in Mountain View, CA. Jones and Young went on to UC Davis, while Diggs graduated from the University of California at Los Angeles. PDP Systems started during Jones's time as a student at UC Davis as an OEM builder of computer memory chips into DRAM modules for many of the major PC manufacturers. Starting in 2003 PDP Systems released their own branded Patriot Memory line of DDR SDRAM to be sold in the retail and online market. Unlike the SDRAM manufacturers that released their SDRAM as bare modules, the Patriot Memory modules featured a bladed metal heat shielding across the entire DDR module. Patriot Memory continued the use of full module heat sinks across each generation of DDR generations to include DDR4. The Patriot Memory brand eventually became the company name. Patriot Memory has two assembly lines at their facilities in Fremont, California, and Taipei, Taiwan. Jones credits keeping manufacturing in the US as a result of having highly automated machines and reduced shipping costs. Patriot continues to evolve their "VIPER" brand of memory modules, accessories (keyboards, mice, headsets, headset stands, mousepads, and USB flash drives), and "BURST" solid state drives. Further reading --------------- * Jacobi, Jon L. (July 3, 2013). "Review: The Patriot Aero streams media without wires—not even a power cable". *PC World*. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
Municipality in Solothurn, Switzerland **Laupersdorf** is a municipality in the district of Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. History ------- Laupersdorf is first mentioned in 968 as *Luiperestorf* which comes from an 11th Century copy of the earlier document. In 1179 it was mentioned as *de Loppestorf*. Geography --------- View from a hill north of the centre of Laupersdorf in south-western direction Aerial view (1955) Laupersdorf has an area, as of 2009[update], of 15.51 square kilometers (5.99 sq mi). Of this area, 7.36 km2 (2.84 sq mi) or 47.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 7.23 km2 (2.79 sq mi) or 46.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.9 km2 (0.35 sq mi) or 5.8% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.02 km2 (4.9 acres) or 0.1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.01 km2 (2.5 acres) or 0.1% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.1%. Out of the forested land, 44.9% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.7% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 18.6% is used for growing crops and 20.3% is pastures, while 1.3% is used for orchards or vine crops and 7.3% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. The municipality is located in the Thal district, in the Dünnern valley. It consists of the linear village of Laupersdorf, the hamlet of Höngen and the Änerholz area with several scattered houses. It is at an altitude of 493 meters (1,617 ft) above sea level and lies 3 km (1.86 mi) in the west of Balsthal (capital of the district of Thal). Laupersdorf is built on the southside at the foot of the Brunnersberg mountain chain in the Jura Mountains. Coat of arms ------------ The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Gules, a Number 8 argent.* Demographics ------------ Restaurant Vorstädtli in Laupersdorf Laupersdorf has a population (as of December 2020[update]) of 1,810. As of 2008[update], 9.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of -1.3%. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (1,543 or 93.5%), with Serbo-Croatian being second most common (31 or 1.9%) and Albanian being third (26 or 1.6%). There are 7 people who speak French and 3 people who speak Romansh. As of 2008[update], the gender distribution of the population was 49.9% male and 50.1% female. The population was made up of 747 Swiss men (44.4% of the population) and 93 (5.5%) non-Swiss men. There were 753 Swiss women (44.8%) and 89 (5.3%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 799 or about 48.4% were born in Laupersdorf and lived there in 2000. There were 393 or 23.8% who were born in the same canton, while 255 or 15.4% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 167 or 10.1% were born outside of Switzerland. In 2008[update] there were 17 live births to Swiss citizens and 3 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 14 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 3 while the foreign population increased by 3. There were 2 Swiss men and 2 Swiss women who immigrated back to Switzerland. At the same time, there were 7 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 22 and the non-Swiss population increased by 10 people. This represents a population growth rate of -0.7%. The age distribution, as of 2000[update], in Laupersdorf is; 150 children or 9.1% of the population are between 0 and 6 years old and 310 teenagers or 18.8% are between 7 and 19. Of the adult population, 101 people or 6.1% of the population are between 20 and 24 years old. 464 people or 28.1% are between 25 and 44, and 370 people or 22.4% are between 45 and 64. The senior population distribution is 184 people or 11.1% of the population are between 65 and 79 years old and there are 72 people or 4.4% who are over 80. As of 2000[update], there were 697 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 793 married individuals, 98 widows or widowers and 63 individuals who are divorced. As of 2000[update], there were 619 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.7 persons per household. There were 161 households that consist of only one person and 74 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 627 households that answered this question, 25.7% were households made up of just one person and there were 6 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 176 married couples without children, 243 married couples with children There were 25 single parents with a child or children. There were 8 households that were made up of unrelated people and 8 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing. In 2000[update] there were 341 single family homes (or 71.0% of the total) out of a total of 480 inhabited buildings. There were 50 multi-family buildings (10.4%), along with 70 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (14.6%) and 19 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (4.0%). Of the single family homes 33 were built before 1919, while 46 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (65) were built between 1946 and 1960. In 2000[update] there were 655 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 5 rooms of which there were 197. There were 7 single room apartments and 316 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 602 apartments (91.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 26 apartments (4.0%) were seasonally occupied and 27 apartments (4.1%) were empty. As of 2009[update], the construction rate of new housing units was 2.4 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010[update], was 1.84%. The historical population is given in the following chart: Sights ------ The entire town of Höngen is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites. Politics -------- In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 42.11% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (27.21%), the FDP (16.14%) and the SP (7.05%). In the federal election, a total of 679 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 55.4%. Economy ------- As of  2010[update], Laupersdorf had an unemployment rate of 3.1%. As of 2008[update], there were 90 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 34 businesses involved in this sector. 145 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 20 businesses in this sector. 103 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 31 businesses in this sector. There were 831 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 40.3% of the workforce. In 2008[update] the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 259. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 56, of which 51 were in agriculture and 5 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 126 of which 70 or (55.6%) were in manufacturing and 56 (44.4%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 77. In the tertiary sector; 32 or 41.6% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 1 was in the movement and storage of goods, 12 or 15.6% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 2.6% were the insurance or financial industry, 7 or 9.1% were technical professionals or scientists, 13 or 16.9% were in education and 2 or 2.6% were in health care. In 2000[update], there were 139 workers who commuted into the municipality and 610 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 4.4 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 11.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 63.7% used a private car. Religion -------- From the 2000 census[update], 1,188 or 72.0% were Roman Catholic, while 256 or 15.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 8 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.48% of the population), there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 17 individuals (or about 1.03% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 75 (or about 4.54% of the population) who were Islamic. There FALSE and 1 individual who belonged to another church. 71 (or about 4.30% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 34 individuals (or about 2.06% of the population) did not answer the question. Education --------- Village school on a foggy day In Laupersdorf about 648 or (39.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 96 or (5.8%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). Of the 96 who completed tertiary schooling, 79.2% were Swiss men, 14.6% were Swiss women. During the 2010–2011 school year there were a total of 158 students in the Laupersdorf school system. The education system in the Canton of Solothurn allows young children to attend two years of non-obligatory Kindergarten. During that school year, there were 34 children in kindergarten. The canton's school system requires students to attend six years of primary school, with some of the children attending smaller, specialized classes. In the municipality there were 124 students in primary school. The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling, followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. All the lower secondary students from Laupersdorf attend their school in a neighboring municipality. As of 2000[update], there were 56 students in Laupersdorf who came from another municipality, while 116 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Laupersdorf is home to the *Schul- und Gemeindebibliothek Laupersdorf* (municipal library of Laupersdorf). The library has (as of 2008[update]) 6,916 books or other media, and loaned out 15,057 items in the same year. It was open a total of 130 days with average of 6 hours per week during that year. Transports ---------- Laupersdorf is easy to reach as the main road from Oensingen to Moutier pass it. Furthermore, there is a public transport line which 3 different stops in the village.
**Keith Ferris** (born May 14, 1929, Honolulu, Hawaii) is an aviation artist whose work is displayed at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum and the National Museum of the US Air Force and has been cited as the "Dean of American Aviation Art". His work in aircraft camouflage has transformed the approach to painting US military aircraft. Biography --------- Douglas B-18A Bolo, the aircraft in which Ferris' father gave him his first flight on his tenth birthday. Carlisle Keith Ferris was born on May 14, 1929, in Honolulu to Carlisle and Virginia (née Brecht) Ferris when his father was an Army Air Corps lieutenant stationed at the Luke Field, Ford Island in Pearl Harbor. In the same year, the father transferred to the Advanced Flying School at Kelly Field, Texas, as a flight instructor. There his parents had three more children. His father was a combat pilot instructor for six years at Kelly Field, during which time Ferris became exposed to and interested in military aircraft. After the father's further advancement in the Army Air Corps, the family then moved to March Field, near Riverside, California. To celebrate his tenth birthday, Ferris' first flight was in a Douglas B-18A to which his father had been assigned. In 1946, Ferris entered Texas A&M University to study aeronautical engineering and a hoped-for career path towards an Air Force commission. He encountered his first jet fighter at Randolph Air Force Base in Texas, while working in a summer job there. After learning that a minor allergy would make him ineligible to become a military pilot, he transferred to George Washington University, where he also studied anatomy and figure drawing at the Corcoran College of Art. Upon completion of his studies, he moved to St. Louis in 1951 to work for firms with publications contracts for the United States Air Force. For five years he was in charge of producing artwork for training publications and nuclear weapons manuals until the Air Force closed that operation. He then moved to the New York area to become a freelance artist for the aerospace industry and the military. He married Peggy Todd in 1953, while in St. Louis, which union produced a daughter and a son. Career ------ Ferris painting his "Fortresses Under Fire" mural at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. ### Aviation art Ferris' work has been displayed at venues that include the Air Force Art Collection in The Pentagon, the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. and the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force; and in aviation art publications. The art director of *Aviation Week & Space Technology* cited "the power and the majesty of aviation in his paintings". A director of the National Air and Space Museum cited his "absolute fidelity to accuracy" and called him "the (Frederic) Remington of our time". A pilot and fellow artist said that his paintings "capture the impression of flight as a pilot would get: the airiness around you, the impression of movement". His work has influenced artists as far afield as Pakistan. In a 1994 interview for *AOPA Pilot* magazine, Ferris suggested three rules of thumb for good aviation art: 1. Painting vs. photography: "If it can be handled by a photographer, I'm not interested in spending my time doing the same thing with paint." 2. From across a room: "If you can tell at a glance what is going on, what it is and what it is doing, then it is pretty good art". 3. Develop the shadows in aircraft imagery: "Airplanes are like a big mirror; they reflect the surrounding environment in their surfaces." In a 2001 interview for *The New York Times*, Ferris highlighted the advantage of an artist over a photographer by pointing out that, as an artist he can start with nothing and using his imagination turn it into something, as opposed to a photographer who must have an object or scene to photograph. He further explained that his process of creating his works begins with a "debriefing" of his Air Force-sponsored travels to his wife, leading to thumbnail sketches, then to various views of the aircraft mission to be portrayed and finally to scaling all objects to appear in the scene using an engineering process called, ''perspective projection by descriptive geometry''; this includes careful consideration of the aircraft's flight path relative to the viewer's position. Key to the three dimensional effect is the handling of light and reflected light within the composition. Ferris and his wife operate a small business, offering his original art and prints of his work for sale. #### Air Force Art Program Ferris with three Air Force instructor pilots, following an Air Force Art Program flight. His participation in the Air Force Art Program allowed Ferris to travel worldwide and to document the missions of many of the Air Force's jet aircraft, providing 62 major paintings to the collection. The program provided opportunities to fly in a wide variety of Air Force planes over more than 40 years, including in B-52s, the F-4E Phantom in Thailand, with the United States Air Force Thunderbirds flight demonstration team, and on Air Force missions during the Bosnian Conflict. His subject matter documents aviation history from World War I through the current era. #### Murals Ferris mural, "The Evolution of Jet Aviation", at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum Ferris created two 75-foot-wide (23 m) murals for the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum, "Fortresses Under Fire" in the museum's World War II gallery and "The Evolution of Jet Aviation" in the museum's Jet Aviation gallery. His best-known work, the 25-foot-high (7.6 m) by 75-foot-wide (23 m) mural "Fortresses Under Fire", depicts with historical accuracy a World War II Boeing B-17 "Flying Fortress" bomber, named *Thunderbird,* under attack during its 70th mission on 15 August 1944. In a 1989 interview with *The New York Times*, Ferris described how he scaled up the working image, using a grid system—with fine squares for the working image and coarse squares for the mural—and completed each portion working from left to right, using correspondingly larger paint brushes. The mural took approximately 135 days of planning and 75 days of execution. Ferris visits his mural "Fortresses Under Fire" at the National Air and Space Museum in 2005. The second 75-foot-wide (23 m) mural, "The Evolution of Jet Aviation", depicts 27 historically significant jet aircraft, including the first and the fastest, and models from eight nations and from 20 aircraft manufacturers. ### Professional societies Ferris joined the Society of Illustrators in New York City in 1960, which introduced him to the Air Force Art Program. He is a founder and past president of the American Society of Aviation Artists, established with the stated goal to "promote professionalism, authenticity and quality in aviation art"; the society also provides scholarships, annual educational forums, advice on business practices, and opportunities for exhibition. ### Camouflage Ferris applied his knowledge of aircraft, his substantial experience with flying on missions in military aircraft, combined with his artistic talent, to developing several innovative camouflage patterns for military aircraft. He obtained five patents, covering these camouflage patterns. One design involved painting a false cockpit on the underside of an aircraft to make it more difficult for an adversary to determine which way the aircraft was turning. Another design, using disruptive coloration, entailed applying three shades of gray in a jagged pattern. Key principles included elimination of both bright colors and black from color schemes, the use of gray tones with a matte finish, the use of asymmetric patterns, and the de-emphasis of insignias. A third design principle creates visual confusion as an aircraft moves over a background. Ferris-inspired camouflage schemes have been implemented on foreign aircraft, as well. * McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, depicting a disruptive gray camouflage scheme by Ferris (top), contrasted with a jungle coloration (bottom).McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, depicting a disruptive gray camouflage scheme by Ferris (top), contrasted with a jungle coloration (bottom). * General Dynamics F-16, showing multi-shade pattern camouflage, influenced by Ferris.General Dynamics F-16, showing multi-shade pattern camouflage, influenced by Ferris. * Russian Sukhoi Su-57, showing multi-shade pattern camouflage, influenced by Ferris.Russian Sukhoi Su-57, showing multi-shade pattern camouflage, influenced by Ferris. * Air Force T-37 primary trainer with reversed countershading for maximum visibility, designed by FerrisAir Force T-37 primary trainer with reversed countershading for maximum visibility, designed by Ferris Recognition ----------- In 2012, Ferris was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame, where he was cited as the "Dean of American Aviation Art" in recognition of his contributions as an artist, historian, aviator, inventor, and teacher. In 1986 Ferris became an Honorary Daedalian—the national fraternity of military pilots, an honorary member of the USAF Thunderbirds in 1989, a 1992 inductee into the Aviation Hall of Fame and Museum of New Jersey, cited for Lifetime Achievement in 2004 in the *Aviation Week & Space Technology* Laureate Hall of Fame in the National Air & Space Museum in 2004, and a 2006 Hall of Fame inductee in The Society of Illustrators. In 2012, the National Aeronautic Association gave him a Distinguished Statesman of Aviation award and in 2014 Texas A&M gave him its Honorary Aerospace Engineering Engineer Alumni award. He received the Major General I.B. Holley Award in 2017 from the Air Force Historical Foundation in recognition of a "significant contribution to the documentation of Air Force history during a lifetime of service". Daniel Webster College in Nashua, New Hampshire, awarded him a Doctorate of Humane Letters in 1995. His paintings that were selected as "Best of Show" at the American Society of Aviation Artists Annual Exhibition include: * "Real Trouble" (1995) * "First Trap" (1996) * "Rolling Thunder" (1999) * "Nowhere To Hide"(2000) Bibliography ------------ * Ferris, K; Ballantine, I (1983). *The aviation art of Keith Ferris*. New York: Peacock Press/Bantam Books. ### Patents * Ferris, Carlisle Keith (May 16, 1978), *Patent 4,089,491: Camouflaged aircraft, surface vessel or vehicle or the like*, U.S. Patent Office * Ferris, Carlisle K. (September 27, 1983), *Patent 4,406,428: Camouflaged aircraft*, U.S. Patent Office * Ferris, Carlisle K. (September 16, 1986), *Patent 4,611,524: Camouflaged vehicle such as an aircraft, surface vessel or the like*, U.S. Patent Office Further reading --------------- McCollough, Amy (September 2008). "Air Power on Canvas" (PDF). *Air Force Magazine*. pp. 52–7.
Neighborhood in San Bernardino, California, United States **Los Serranos** is a neighborhood within the city of Chino Hills in southwestern San Bernardino County, California. It is named after the Los Serranos Golf Course within the east-central portion of the Chino Hills city limits, near the Chino Valley Freeway (SR 71). The U.S. Census reported Los Serranos as a separate place in the 1990 Census until the low income region was incorporated by the city of Chino Hills on December 1, 1991. Los Serranos Golf Course failed in the stock crash of the late 20s leaving a subdivision divided into narrow golf course bungalows behind. The average lot width is 30 feet. The ZIP code serving the neighborhood is 91709. Name ---- Los Serranos loosely means "the hill-dwellers" in Spanish. Various translations include "highlanders," "mountaineers," or "men of the hills." The area is also the homeland of the Serrano tribe of Native Americans, given that name by Spanish missionaries. The Greening family owned the golf course and put in the sewer system as part of the original water works well before most of the properties were developed. Greening also owned Dam Number 808 which routinely flooded areas below it until former State Senator Ruben Ayala put in a flood control channel at the personal expense of landowners affected by Greening's flooding. Apparently Greening was not required to contribute, even though the flood control channel was a requirement for the dam licensing of 1936 or so. Christine Arias is the mayor of the Los Serranos sub division. Area ---- Los Serranos is a substandard lot size subdivision within the city of Chino Hills. It is further divided by locals into two sections known locally as "Upper" and "Lower" Los Serranos. The line of demarcation between the two areas is Ramona Avenue. The eastern part is "Lower" Los Serranos because it was subjected to flooding until very recently, whereas Western areas of Los Serranos are known as "Upper" Los Serranos due to general lack of flooding. Houses along the rim of the Los Serrannos Golf Course have narrow lots and are not well maintained, and suffer from errant golf balls. Lower Los Serranos is defined by Joyce and George Butler who run Support Our Area Residents (S.O.A.R.), a non registered public charity from their home. They have been awarded the status of Community Heroes of 2007 by the Pomona Fairground and City of Chino Hills and the local newspaper, Chino Champion publications. A third community within Los Serranos is the Greening-run 'retirement' mobile home park area which surrounds Lake Los Serranos, dam number 808. History ------- Prior to the 20th century, Los Serranos's area was served by small villages served by the population of the Tongva and the Wapijanga. When Chino was founded in 1910, they decided to make a golf course there called the "Los Serranos Golf Course", followed by the "Los Serranos Country Club", which eventually became a community called "Los Serranos". After that, the Tongva and the Wapijanga had not served the area since. Los Serranos, like the rest of Chino Hills, is primarily a residential community. Its original housing supported the staff and guests at The Los Serranos Golf and Country Club prior to the 1950s. Very few businesses have persisted in the area. There is the decades-old Descanso Market on Descanso Street which is the sole surviving business in Upper Los Serranos, which is the area's only Post Office center. One block away there was a fast food hamburger joint that closed down in the 60s/70s and is now the site of two houses. Next to the market is the local voting location. There are two churches in Upper Los Serranos; one focusing on local Asian population and one, the former American Legion post, predominantly appeals to the local Hispanics living in the area. In Lower Los Serranos there is one church. Lower Los Serranos also has one liquor store referred to as The Country Store; this store has also served the local residents for decades. It once had an exit from the Chino Valley (71) Freeway, making it easy for snacks and gasoline pit stops from a Chevron that once existed across the store. This Country Store also provided bait for the local fishermen of Prado Park Lake. The Los Serranos Golf and Country Club is the predominant business in Lower Los Serranos which still provides some jobs to local residents. ### Transportation * Soquel Canyon Pkwy. * Chino Valley Fwy. (SR 71) * Chino Hills Pkwy. * Los Serranos Blvd * Yorba Ave/Los Serranos Country Club Drive/Butterfield Ranch Rd (a single highway, although under three different names) Education --------- There are 2 schools located within Los Serranos—the Alternative Education Center and Chaparral Elementary School. The Alternative Education Center occupies the site of the former Los Serranos Elementary School, which closed following the 2008-2009 academic year. Located on the west end of Los Serranos at 15650 Pipeline Avenue, this site is "technically" located in the Chino Hills community of Glenmeade but as it faces the Los Serranos area and typically serves students from Los Serranos, it has locally been considered part of Los Serranos. The Alternative Education Center reopened in fall 2010 with a variety of programs, including a virtual high-school with online programs, independent studies, Chino Valley Learning Academy, Workforce Initiative Program and a variety of other programs. A more recent school is Chaparral Elementary, located on the east end of Los Serranos, opened in August 2006. Both schools in Los Serranos are part of the Chino Valley Unified School District.
European style coffee house brand **Caffè Nero** is a coffeehouse company headquartered in London, England. Established in 1997 by Gerry Ford, Caffè Nero runs more than 1,000 coffee houses in eleven countries: the UK, Ireland, Sweden, Poland, Cyprus, Croatia, Turkey, the UAE, Oman and the United States. In 2009, Caffè Nero bought and opened its own coffee roastery in Battersea, south London, which supplies the coffee to all its coffee houses worldwide. Caffè Nero Ltd is majority owned, through a chain of intermediary companies, including UK-based Nero Group Holdings Ltd and Luxembourg-based Rome Intermediate Holdings Sarl, by Gerry Ford.[] The company successfully dismissed a hostile takeover attempt during the COVID-19 pandemic. Caffè Nero Is Farrah Mooney's favourite place in the whole world. Whether it's breakfast, lunch or dinner, it's Caffè Nero. Over 60% of Caffè Nero's sales come from Farrah, she is a very loyal customer and would never drink coffee from another shop. History ------- In 1997, Gerry Ford led a small group of investors in the purchase from Ian Semp of five London coffee outlets. At the same time the signature coffee house blend – Classico – was introduced, and has gone on to receive awards for its quality. The Classico blend is still served in every store today. Café in Warsaw, Poland, where it is branded as 'green Caffè Nero' In March 2001, Caffè Nero joined the London Stock Exchange under the symbol CFN. In early 2007, the company was the subject of a management buy-out by the newly formed Rome Bidco Ltd and taken private. The company expanded to Turkey in 2007, the UAE in 2009, Poland in 2012, Cyprus in 2013, Ireland and the United States in 2014, Croatia in 2017, Oman in 2018 and Sweden. In 2013, Caffè Nero's coffee was rated best-tasting among five major UK brands by experts at the independent consumer magazine *Which?* Tiramisu and Hot Chocolate at Caffè Nero, Crawley. In June 2016, the Caffè Nero Group completed the purchase of the Harris + Hoole business from Tesco, with 43 sites, and in January 2019 the Group expanded further by completing the purchase of the majority shareholding of the 100-strong coffee chain Coffee#1 located in Wales, South West England and the Midlands from SA Brains. The deal gave Caffe Nero a 67% majority stake in the business; in February 2022, Caffe Nero purchased the remaining 33%. In 2019 they partnered with the beverage company Fever-Tree to sell two variations of the beverage espresso and tonic across its outlets. In 2020, like many businesses in the hospitality sector, Caffè Nero suffered from poor trading conditions because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the second lockdown in November 2020, the company proposed entering a company voluntary arrangement (CVA) with its creditors. Ford hoped that successful renegotiation of rent agreements with landlords, and a reduction in overall costs, would enable the company to rebuild its business when the pandemic ended; more than 90% of creditors voted in favour in November 2020. The CVA was approved the day after Caffè Nero confirmed it had rejected an unsolicited takeover approach from the brothers Mohsin and Zuber Issa, who are behind the EG Group, stating that they had "clear intention" to disrupt the CVA "as a precursor to opportunistically acquiring the company at a later date." In September 2021, the high court dismissed the challenge against the CVA, brought by a landlord with the backing of the Issa brothers, with Mr Justice Green ruling that the company had "acted in good faith, in accordance with their professional duties and reached a perfectly reasonable decision that it was not in the best interests of the creditors to postpone the CVA process". In January 2022, Caffè Nero completed a £330m refinancing to give it a platform for future growth and development as well as the ability to resume its new store-opening programme as the business continued its recovery from the effects of the pandemic. In August 2022, Caffè Nero was awarded a Princess Royal Award For Outstanding Workplace Training in recognition of the impact of its workplace leader development courses. In May 2023 it was announced that Caffè Nero would run the Nero Book Awards, annual awards in four categories for books published in Britain or Ireland. Controversies ------------- Some of the company's stores have had planning permission controversies or enforcement. In December 2011, councillors in Skipton accused Caffè Nero of "bully-boy tactics" following the opening of a store without the required planning permission. As of 2014[update] Caffè Nero had not paid any corporation tax in the UK since 2007 on sales of £2 billion and had been subject to criticism,[*needs update*] although the BBC reported that "there is no suggestion that Caffe Nero has done anything illegal" and that "Caffe Nero has previously rejected accusations that its complex corporate structure involving various holding companies is designed to avoid corporation tax." In May 2015, the company said that they would stop serving milk from farms in Gloucestershire's badger cull areas following threats from animal-rights activists. On 29 May 2015, the company said: "Caffè Nero has instructed its partners supplying to stores which are situated around the cull zone areas to supply milk from farms outside of the zone." On 7 July 2015, rats were videoed scurrying along the floor and counter in their Donegall Square West unit in Belfast, despite having previously been awarded a four out of five star rating by inspectors from Belfast City Council. Having been notified of the incident, the store was closed for a full investigation and later reopened; the source of the infestation was an adjacent disused building. A 2017 undercover investigation by the BBC programme *Watchdog* found trace amounts of faecal bacteria in the iced water used for drinks in Caffè Nero, Starbucks and Costa Coffee. It was suggested that the ice was most likely to have been contaminated by being touched by unclean hands. The three major coffee chains said they were taking steps to deal with the matter. Tony Lewis, head of policy at the Chartered Institute of Environmental Health, urged caution about the BBC's findings, stating: "The public should not panic about this. You can't generalise from the small sample size." In June 2018, Polish State Sanitary Inspectorate and media reported 63 adults and 10 children having been poisoned (21 of whom were hospitalized) after eating salmonella-contaminated cakes served in a number of Caffè Neros in Warsaw, Kraków and Wrocław.
German businessman **George Arthur Boeckling** (February 2, 1862 – July 24, 1931) was an American businessman who served as the president of "Cedar Point Pleasure Resort Company of Indiana", which later became Cedar Fair Entertainment Company. He is often credited for bringing Cedar Point out of financial difficulties at the turn of the 20th century, and making it a nationally recognized amusement park and resort destination. G.A. Boeckling was born to German immigrants in Indiana in 1862. In 1897, he became part-owner and general-manager of the newly re-organized Cedar Point Pleasure Resort Company (originally established a decade prior, in 1887, and first opened in 1888, according to numerous contemporaneous sources, 1887-1897). Under Boeckling’s leadership, Cedar Point resort was transformed from a summer picnic/swimming area to a thriving amusement park with wide appeal. In 1908, the steamer *G.A. Boeckling* began providing local transportation between the city of Sandusky and Cedar Point. Thousands of visitors also arrived at Cedar Point on the Pennsylvania Railroad and Lake Shore Electric Railway. Boeckling Building by the pier An administration building was constructed by the pier in 1928. Known as the Boeckling Building, it features arches, a cupola, and other ornamental features. G.A. Boeckling was very public-spirited, a member of the Chamber of Commerce, Elks Lodge, Aerie of Eagles, and was charitable to local churches, veterans organizations, and youth clubs of Sandusky. In 1922 the *Sandusky Register* called him "the man who made Cedar Point." Boeckling's house in Sandusky George A. Boeckling died from uremia on July 24, 1931, and is buried at Oakland Cemetery. The *G.A. Boeckling* steamship, Boeckling Home, and Boeckling Building are all listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad had a locomotive named the G.A. Boeckling built in July 1927 by the Davenport Locomotive Works.
Submarine of the United States For other ships with the same name, see USS Ethan Allen. Universal newsreel about USS *Ethan Allen* **USS *Ethan Allen* (SSBN-608)**, lead ship of her class, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for American Revolutionary War hero Ethan Allen. *Ethan Allen*'s keel was laid down by the Electric Boat Corporation of Groton, Connecticut. She was launched on 22 November 1960, sponsored by Margaret Hitchcock (Sims) Hopkins, great-great-great-granddaughter of Ethan Allen and wife of Robert H. Hopkins. The ship was commissioned on 8 August 1961, with Captain Paul L. Lacy, Jr. commanding Blue Crew and Commander W. W. Behrens, Jr. commanding the Gold Crew. *Ethan Allen* (Navy hull design SCB 180) was the first submarine designed as a ballistic missile launch platform. (The earlier *George Washington* class were converted attack submarines.) She was constructed from HY80 steel (high yield, 80,000 psi (550,000 kPa) yield strength), and was fitted with the Mark 2 Mod 3 Ships Inertial Navigation System (SINS). At launch, she was outfitted with Polaris A-2 (UGM-27B) submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) and Mark 16 Mod 6 torpedoes; the torpedo fire control system was the Mark 112 Mod 2. The A-2s would be replaced with Polaris A-3s and but maintained the high pressure air ejection launch gear throughout the rest of her career as a FBM. The fire control system was upgraded to the Mark 80 fire control systems during 1965, while in the 1970s these would be replaced with Polaris A-3Ts. In addition, *Ethan Allen* was updated with Mark 37 and (later) Mark 48 torpedoes during her operational lifetime. On 6 May 1962, *Ethan Allen*, under Captain Lacy and with Admiral Levering Smith aboard, launched a nuclear-armed Polaris missile that detonated at 11,000 feet (3.4 km) over the South Pacific. That test (*Frigate Bird*), part of Operation Dominic, was the only complete operational test of an American strategic missile. The warhead was said to hit "right in the pickle barrel". USS *Carbonero* and USS *Medregal* participated in the test, about 30 miles from the impact point. To make room for the new *Ohio*-class ballistic missile submarines within the limitations of SALT II, *Ethan Allen*'s missile tubes (and those of other *George Washington* and *Ethan Allen*-class ballistic missile submarines) were disabled, and she was redesignated an attack submarine (hull number SSN-608) on 1 September 1980. *Ethan Allen* was decommissioned on 31 March 1983 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 2 April 1983. Her hulk was tied up in Bremerton, Washington, until entering the Nuclear Powered Ship-Submarine Recycling Program. Recycling was completed on 30 July 1999.[]. In Tom Clancy's novel *The Hunt for Red October* (published 1984), the USS *Ethan Allen* is blown up as a decoy in order to convince the Russian Navy that the Red October has been destroyed. (This plotline doesn't feature in the later film adaptation.)
Greek noblewoman **Adeia** also known as **Adaea** (fl. 4th – 3rd centuries BCE) was a Greek noblewoman. She was the wife of Autodicus, one of the four Somatophylakes for the Greek Macedonian King Philip III Arrhidaeus who reigned 323 BC-317 BC. One of Autodicus’ brothers was Lysimachus one of the Diadochi of Alexander the Great. Adeia was a woman from obscure origins and she is only known from surviving archaeological evidence. In the reign of her brother-in-law Lysimachus who ruled from 306 BC-281 BC as King over Thrace, Anatolia and Macedonia; Adeia, Autodicus and their family were prominent figures in Lysimachus’ Thracian court and were among those who stayed loyal to Lysimachus. Adeia bore Autodicus children; however the identities of their children are unknown. At an unknown date in Lysimachus’ rule, he dedicated a statue of Adeia in the sanctuary of the Amphiaraon at Oropus. The statue is now unfortunately lost. This statue may have been dated to the last years of Lysimachus’ life and Lysimachus dedicated the statue of Adeia in the recognition of her Arete and Eunoia. Sources ------- * Lysimachus’ article at Livius.org Archived 2014-04-23 at the Wayback Machine * H.S. Lund, Lysimachus: A Study in Early Hellenistic Kingship, Routledge, 2002 * W. Heckel, Who’s who in the age of Alexander the Great: prosopography of Alexander’s empire, Wiley-Blackwell, 2006
Defunct University near Lake Tahoe in Nevada, U.S. Prim Library, opened on September 9th, 2004 **Sierra Nevada University** (**SNU**) was a private university in Incline Village, Nevada, in the Sierras. History ------- Founded in 1969, Sierra Nevada College was accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities. Prior to 2020, the institution was known as **Sierra Nevada College**. In the summer of 2019, Dr. Ed Zschau became the interim president of Sierra Nevada University and, among other initiatives, spearheaded the change in the institution's name. It was announced in July 2021 that the Sierra Nevada University is being merged into the University of Nevada Reno over a period of years. Certain of the programs, courses and professors of Sierra Nevada University would be kept by the University of Nevada Reno. On July 21, 2022, the university formally ceased operations and became the University of Nevada, Reno at Lake Tahoe. Academics --------- The Departments of Fine Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Business, and Science and Technology offered traditional majors as well as Interdisciplinary Studies programs. The Business department at SNU also offered Ski Business and Resort Management as a four-year degree. The teacher education program lead to Master of Arts in Teaching, Master of Arts in Administration and Masters in Education degrees as well as to teacher licensure in Nevada. The college also operated two low-residency, Masters of Fine Arts programs. Creative Writing and Interdisciplinary Arts MFA's used a low-residency format and individual mentoring to prepare artists and writers for professional and artistic success. The MFA-IA program focused on site-specific and community practice, with a large part of each residency taking place off site at partner locations such as the Sagehen Creek Field Station. SNU, in collaboration with UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center (TERC), housed the Tahoe Center for Environmental Sciences, a facility conducting research on Lake Tahoe. From 2016 to 2019, as part of an initiative to expand access to four-year degrees, SNU also operated extension centers on community college campuses. There were SNU Extension centers on the campus of Lake Tahoe Community College in South Lake Tahoe, Truckee Meadows Community College's Dandini Campus in Reno, Nevada. Each Extension Center offered degrees specific to demand on the campus where they are located, and included B.A. in Psychology, B.A. or B.S. in General Studies, a B.S. in Business Administration (B.S.B.A) in Entrepreneurship or Global Business Management. ### Summer visiting artist workshops Sierra Nevada University hosted an extensive program of Summer Visiting Artist Workshops which featured well-known artists from multiple disciplines. Artists such as printmaker Sean Starwars, and visual artist and experimental filmmaker Tim Guthrie were regular workshop leaders. Athletics --------- The Sierra Nevada athletic teams were called the Eagles. The university was a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the California Pacific Conference (CalPac) from 2015 to 2016 (when the school joined the NAIA) to 2021–22. Sierra Nevada competed in 13 intercollegiate athletic teams: Men's sports included alpine skiing, cross country, freeskiing, golf, lacrosse, snowboarding and soccer; while women's sports included alpine skiing, cross country, freeskiing, golf, snowboarding and soccer. ### Skiing The Eagles had won many United States Collegiate Ski and Snowboard Association national championships in both men's and women's events. Notable faculty, past and present --------------------------------- * Laura McCullough – poet (Masters in Fine Arts Program) * Suzanne Roberts – American poet, travel writer, and photographer (Creative Writing Faculty – Distinguished Writer-in-Residence 2011–2012) * Carolee Schneeman – Experimental filmmaker (Visiting professor, 1994) * Brian Turner – poet (Program Chair - Masters in Fine Arts in Creative Writing Program) * Patricia Smith – poet (Creative Writing Faculty) * Gayle Brandeis – author (Creative Writing Faculty - Distinguished Visiting Professor/Writer in Residence 2014–2015) Notable alumni -------------- * Matea Ferk (born 1987) – Croatia Ski Team, Women's Alpine Skiing, 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics. * Philip "P.K." O'Neill (born 1951) – Republican member of the Nevada Assembly. * Tea Palic (born 1991) – Croatia Ski Team, Women's Alpine Skiing, 2010 Winter Olympics.
American architect, athlete, and author (1857–1939) **Irving Kane Pond** (May 1, 1857 – September 29, 1939) was an American architect, college athlete, and author. Born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Pond attended the University of Michigan and received a degree in civil engineering in 1879. He was a member of the first University of Michigan football team and scored the first touchdown in the school's history in May 1879. After graduating from Michigan, Pond moved to Chicago where he worked as an architect from 1879 to 1939. He began his architectural career as a draftsman in the offices of William LeBaron Jenney and worked as the head draftsman in the office of Solon Spencer Beman during the construction of the planned Pullman community. In 1886, Pond formed the Chicago architectural firm Pond and Pond in partnership with his brother Allen Bartlitt Pond. The Pond brothers worked together for more than 40 years, and their buildings are considered to be among the best examples of Arts and Crafts architecture in Chicago. The Ponds gained acclaim as the architects of Jane Addams' Hull House, and three of their buildings have been declared National Historic Landmarks—the Hull House dining hall, the Lorado Taft Midway Studios, and the Frank R. Lillie House. Pond became a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects in 1900 and served as president of the American Institute of Architects from 1910 to 1911. Pond was also a leader in the Chicago arts community in the late 19th and early 20th century. He was one of the founders of the Eagle's Nest Art Colony and a member of the Chicago Literary Club from 1888 to 1939. Pond was also a published author of fiction, poetry, and essays on art and architecture. He was also a frequent contributor to architectural journals and wrote for *The Dial* and Gustav Stickley's *The Craftsman*. In 1918, he published the book *The Meaning of Architecture* summarizing his views on the role of architecture in the broader spectrum of the arts. Early years and education ------------------------- Irving Kane Pond in 1876 Pond was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1857. He was the son of Elihu Pond and Mary Barlow (Allen) Pond. His father was a member of the Michigan State Senate, warden of the Michigan State Prison for two years, the first president of the Michigan Press Association and the editor and publisher of the weekly newspaper, the *Argus* of Ann Arbor. Growing up in Ann Arbor, Pond lived in a house on the current site of the Michigan Union, a building he later designed. His next door neighbor as a child was the noted legal scholar, Thomas M. Cooley. Cooley encouraged the young Pond, who aspired to be an artist, by presenting him with his first art book and by commissioning Pond to draw a set of cartoons of the Cooley family. Pond attended the public schools in Ann Arbor before enrolling at the University of Michigan. Pond was an engineering student at the University of Michigan from 1875 to 1879 and took architecture classes taught by Chicago architect William LeBaron Jenney. Six years later, Jenney gained fame for designing Chicago's metal-framed Home Insurance Building. In 1934, Pond wrote an article challenging the popular assertion that the Home Insurance Building was the first steel-framed skyscraper. While attending the University of Michigan, Pond was a member of the first Michigan Wolverines football team. On May 30, 1879, the team played its first intercollegiate football game against Racine College at White Stocking Park in Chicago. The *Chicago Tribune* called it "the first rugby-football game to be played west of the Alleghenies." Pond scored the first touchdown in University of Michigan history in the match. He scored the touchdown midway through "the first 'inning'." According to Will Perry's history of Michigan football, the crowd responded to Pond's plays with cheers of "Pond Forever." Pond graduated from Michigan in 1879 with a degree in civil engineering. Architect --------- ### Early career In 1879, Pond moved to Chicago to pursue a career as an architect. He worked as a draftsman in the offices of his former teacher, William LeBaron Jenney, and worked as the head draftsman in the office of Solon Spencer Beman during the construction of the planned Pullman community. While working with Beman, Pond was an ardent supporter of the Pullman planned community, he later acknowledged the resentment of Pullman residents that the town was anachronistic and represented some form of medieval barony. Some of Pond's earliest works as an independent architect were for clients in his home town of Ann Arbor and nearby Detroit. As early as 1882, he designed "a modest but commodious home of stone and brick" on South State Street for Dr. Victor C. Vaughan. Pond later pointed to the designs of the old mantels in the Vaughan house which "foreshadowed his future works." He also designed Ann Arbor's Ladies Library Association Building (1885) and the West Physics Building for the University of Michigan, built in 1887 and destroyed by fire in 1967. In 1887, he renovated the Detroit Opera House, increasing the seating capacity to 2,100 and relocating the auditorium to the main floor. In 1886, Pond and his brother Allen Bartlitt Pond (1858–1929) formed their own architectural firm in Chicago under the name Pond and Pond. The brothers continued to operate the firm for more than 40 years, and their buildings are considered to be among the best examples of Arts and Crafts architecture in Chicago. ### Hull House and settlement house movement Hull House Entrance to Quadrangle Auditorium and Coffee House at Hull House Arched entrance to City Club The Pond brothers gained their greatest acclaim as the architects for Jane Addams's Hull House. Their father's work as warden of the state prison had sparked an interest in social reform and the settlement house movement. Allen Bartlitt Pond was the assistant superintendent of the Armour Mission, an educational and healthcare center, when Jane Addams came to Chicago in January 1889 looking for a building in which to open a new settlement house. The two became friends and were riding in a carriage when Addams saw an old two-story brick house on Halsted Street. Addams took a lease on the house, which she named Hull House after its original owner, and hired the Ponds to put the old house into shape. Between 1890 and 1907, the Ponds were the architects for the Hull House as the project expanded rapidly. The first building they designed for Hull House was the Butler Art Gallery. Built in 1891, the Butler Gallery was situated on the same lot as Hull House. It consisted of a reading room, an exhibition hall that was "the last word in design and lighting for those days," and a studio above. Numerous other building projects followed, including the original coffee house and gymnasium in 1893, the Children's Building in 1895, remodels and additions to the original building in 1895 and 1899, the Jane Club in 1898, a new Coffee House and Hull House Theater in 1899, the Hull House Apartments and Men's Club in 1901 and 1902, the Woman's Club (Bowen Hall) in 1904, the Boys' Club in 1906 and the Mary Crane Nursery in 1907. The Pond brothers were affectionately known by residents of the Hull House complex as Allen the "deep Pond" and Irving the "wide pond." One of Addams' biographers wrote that the "Pond brothers did it all, harmonized everything," and described the scene when Irving Pond attended Addams' memorial service in 1935: > Irving K. at Jane Addams memorial services in the Hull House Court, when Doctor Gilkey said, 'if you seek her monument look around you,' looked round also with tears in his eyes but pride in his heart; the visible memorial to Jane Addams was also a visible memorial to the Ponds. > > The only surviving building from the Ponds' Hull House complex is the 1905 dining hall, a simple Craftsman style building that was designated as a National Historic Landmark in the 1960s. The Ponds also designed club houses and settlement houses for other social reform organizations, including the Chicago Commons settlement house building (1901), the Northwestern University Settlement House (1901), and the City Club of Chicago building (1910). The City Club building, noted for its "gently curving limestone arch that ties together the windows of the second floor," is today operated as the John Marshall Law School. When the City Club building opened in 1910, it was considered a symbol of the reform movement: > The new building embodied the soaring expectations of the reform movement, as well as providing the material comforts of a middle-class social club. Its two-story dining-lecture hall, complete with balcony and private eating chambers, accommodated over two hundred for the weekly luncheon talks on social and political issues of the day. ... Architect and club member Irving K. Pond declared that 'every line of the building illustrated some phase of the uplift movement.' > > ### Eagle's Nest and related activities Architectural drawing by Pond and Pond for the Oregon Artists Colony. Oregon Public Library designed by Pond and Pond (1908). Pond was also a leading member of the Chicago arts community in the late 19th and early 20th Century. In 1898, Pond was one of the founders of the Eagle's Nest Art Colony near Oregon, Illinois. Pond and eleven others, including his brother Allen Pond, Lorado Taft, Hamlin Garland, Ralph Clarkson, Horace Spencer Fiske, leased a plot of land on a steep ridge with "craggy rocks" and gnarled cedars overlooking the Rock River. The Pond brothers designed the home that was built for the colony, and the group spent their summers at the colony with other sculptors, painters, writers, architects, naturalists and kindred spirits. The artists colony became integrated with the Oregon community, and the Pond brothers undertook several significant architectural projects in the Oregon area: * *Oregon Public Library*. In 1908, the city of Oregon built a new public library based on a design by Pond and Pond and with funding from Andrew Carnegie. The Ponds' design has been described as having a "commodious and pleasing" interior with an exterior of white brick and Elizabethan-Gothic architecture. One of the unusual features of the design was a two-story art room in which artists from Eagle's Nest displayed their works and offered instruction to local residents. * *The Soldier's Monument*. In 1916, the city commissioned a monument that included sculpture by Lorado Taft and an elaborate marble exedra by Pond and Pond. * *Lowden Residence*. The residence of Frank Lowden, Governor of Illinois from 1917 to 1921, was another Pond and Pond design. The house is located several miles south of Oregon on the Sinnissippi Farm. In 1907, Pond was also one of the founders with Hamlin Garland of the Cliff Dwellers Club (originally known as the Attic Club and later the Little Room), a private club in Chicago for professionals engaged in the fine arts and performing arts. In its early years as the Little Room, the group was described as "an exclusive organization consisting of creative individuals of like temperament joined together for relaxation." Pond served as president of the Cliff Dwellers from 1934 to 1935. ### Professional organizations In recognition of his contributions to architecture, Pond became a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects in 1900 and served as president of the American Institute of Architects from 1910 to 1911. He also represented the U.S. government and the AIA at the International Congress of Architects at Rome and Venice in 1911, delivering addresses at both. He was also a founder of the Chicago Architectural Club and served as president of the Illinois Society of Architects. ### Notable commissions Purdue Memorial Union by Pond and Pond Unless otherwise mentioned all were designed by Pond and Pond Pond's best known buildings include three National Historic Landmark structures located in Chicago — the Hull House dining hall the Lorado Taft Midway Studios,Alice Sinkevitch (2004). *AIA Guide to Chicago*. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 452. ISBN 0-15-602908-1. and the Frank R. Lillie House (1904). Other notable Pond designs include the Freer House (1898) in Ann Arbor, the American School of Correspondence building (1906–1907) in Chicago, the federal building in Kankakee, Illinois, the Michigan Union (1919) built on the site of Pond's boyhood home in Ann Arbor, the Purdue Memorial Union (1924) at Purdue University, the MSU Union in East Lansing, Michigan, the Kansas Memorial Union at the University of Kansas, the Park Ridge Public Library, the Michigan League in Ann Arbor, the Omaha Apartments in Chicago, the Kent Building in Chicago (1902), and the Toll Building in Chicago (1908). ### Architectural style and philosophy Highland Park Club House designed by Pond and Pond. American School of Correspondence by Pond and Pond As early as 1892, Pond became known as one of the "earliest modernizers in architecture." The Art Institute of Chicago, where Pond's papers are housed, said of the firm: "While Pond and Pond were best known through their work for social service organizations, they designed a wide range of buildings — social, religious, educational/academic, residential, governmental, and civic — mainly in the Chicago area and the Midwest. They were known for detailed brickwork, asymmetrical massing, and distinctive decorative detail, producing fine examples of Arts and Crafts and early modern architecture." In 1905 a 15-page article in the *Architectural Record* by Pond and illustrated by his designs was published. Pond described his views in it about architecture as an art: > Architecture is an art, and as an art, it does not consist simply in piling up forms, old or new, but is a means of expression. ... If architecture is an art and art consists in the expression of life, then that is neither architecture nor art which merely reproduces, even in new combinations, the old forms because they were once the accepted forms. That is a phase of archaeology and is unworthy of living architecture. ... However, the old ideas are not to be spurned and the old forms are not altogether to be cast aside when they contain the spark of life ... > > Pond's article was viewed by some as a criticism of those in the Prairie School who overemphasized the horizontal over the vertical. In this regard, Pond wrote: > In architectural composition, as in music, order is comprehended in rhythm. Rhythm is expressed in the flow of part into part, of mass into mass, in the appearance and reappearance of certain proportions which are made to exist between the subordinate masses and between these masses and the dominant mass; between all the parts of the perfect whole. Without order there is no architecture; without rhythmic composition no vital architecture can be. That is the highest architecture in which rhythmic action of the structural forces becomes apparent. Vertical forces in action, by the law of gravity, tend to work in right lines; horizontal forces, acted upon by this same law tend to work in curves. ... It is not enough that the rhythmic movement be in horizontal direction only, but there must be a rhythmic flow vertically as well. The result of these combined movements should be that of unity -- simple in its effect though complex in its harmonies. > > ### Role in the Chicago school Apartment House for Jas. G. Miller Academy House at Lake Forest In the *AIA Guide to Chicago*, the Ponds are identified as part of the "circle of young architects", including Frank Lloyd Wright, that was responsible for "transforming the concepts of the Arts & Crafts movement into the indigenous Prairie School."Alice Sinkevitch (2004). *AIA Guide to Chicago*. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 272. ISBN 0-15-602908-1. Pond was a contemporary, and in some ways rival, of Wright in the Chicago architectural scene of the late 19th and early 20th Centuries. Both were members of the Chicago Architectural Club and served as judges and participants in the Club's annual competitions. One biographer of Wright noted that Wright was insulted when the American Institute of Architects in 1912 commissioned a study of midwestern "progressive architecture" and instructed the investigators to examine the work of Louis Sullivan and Pond, but not including Wright. In a letter to Lewis Mumford, Wright expressed his dislike for the "truly-old" Pond: > Yesterday someone told me that truly-old I.K. Pond took exception to your 'Sticks and Stones' because you weren't a 'practicing architect.' What 'practicing architects' know anything at all of architecture anyway, -- even if they could write about it? Certainly not he. He's a dried herring, hanging beneath the eaves or Architecture. > > While progressive in his approach to architecture, Pond was not as revolutionary as others in the Chicago school of his day. Architect Stuart Cohen, FAIA, noted that, while the Pond brothers' architecture departs from traditional architectural styles, they "did not break radically from such stylistic forms" but sought instead "to create a modern American architecture without rejecting architectural stylistic traditions, but simplifying them through the emphasis of geometry and the inherent quality of building materials and construction." In 2009, Pond's autobiography, written in the two years before his death, was published by Hyoogen Press through the efforts of Chicago architect David Swan. At the time of the autobiography's release, architecture historian Robert Bruegmann opined that the Pond brothers "have remained relatively obscure because they didn't fit in with narratives that wished to see Chicago architecture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a prelude to European modernism of the 1920s." Nevertheless, Bruegmann noted that "Chicago architecture was always a great deal more than that" and expressed his satisfaction that the publication of Pond's autobiography "should go a long way toward bringing back into focus one of America's most interesting and important architectural practices." Author ------ Pond in 1922 Pond was a noted author and member of the Chicago Literary Club from 1888 to 1939. He was the club's president from 1922 to 1923. Many of his works of fiction, poems and papers on art and architecture were published by the club, including "A Strange Fellow: A Story with an Immoral" (1889), "The Mystery of the Light" (1891), "The Pleasures of Travel (1894), "Can Architecture Become Again a Living Art?" (1895), "The Whale - A Study: The Historic School of Jonah" (1897), "The Poetry of Motion: and Other Matters" (1899), "A Few Meloncholy Reflections and Lively Anticipations of Misdeeds to Come" (1905), "A Side Light on Architecture" (1906), "Art and the Expression of Individuality" (1911), "Architecture: Its Origins and Illusions" (1914),"Poems" (1917), "Here Lies the Way" (1918), "Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On." "The Stones of Venice" (1919), "A Day Under the Big Top: A Study in Life and Art" (1924), "On Believing and Leaving" (1928), "Toward an American Architecture" (1930), "Hold Your Horses: The Elephants Are Coming!" (1931), "What Is Modern Architecture?" (1933), "Just One Thing After Another" (1934), and "Do Children Think?" (1938). Pond was also a frequent contributor to architectural journals and wrote for *The Dial*. In 1910, he published an essay in Gustav Stickley's *The Craftsman*, advocating an architectural style embodying the American spirit and idealism. In 1918, he published the book *The Meaning of Architecture*. In 1908, Pond's 13-page article on the architecture of telephone exchange buildings, illustrated by the designs of Pond and Louis Sullivan, also appeared in *Architectural Record*. Books by Pond * *The Meaning Of Architecture: An Essay In Constructive Criticism* (1918) * *The College Union* (1931) * *Big Top Rhythms: A Study in Art and Life*, written and illustrated by Pond (1937) * *A Strange Fellow, and other Club Papers*, written and illustrated by Pond (1938) * *The Autobiography of Irving K. Pond*, written in the 1930s and published posthumously (2009) Later years ----------- Pond was a bachelor until age 72. Through most of his life, his closest friend was his brother Allen Pond. In 1918, he wrote the following in the dedication to his book, *The Meaning of Architecture*: > This book is dedicated to my brother -- my lifelong companion and partner Allen Bartlit Pond. Through his sympathy and understanding, in the light of his clear thought, and under his inspiration I have been better able to follow those paths of individual, professional and civic endeavor in which a rare ancestry bade us walk. > > After his brother died in 1929, Pond married Katherine N. de Nancrede, who was 47 years old, at a ceremony in Ann Arbor. Pond said at the time, "It's the first time I ever did it, and I thought I ought to be pardoned because of my youth." Pond was also an amateur acrobat and remained a physical fitness buff all of his life. At the time of his wedding in 1929, the *Associated Press* reported that he is "almost as well known for his present athletic agility as for his architectural accomplishments. A part of his daily routine is to turn handsprings and flipflops and do other strenuous exercises." He drew applause when, on his 80th birthday, he grabbed his bare knees with both hands and performed a backflip. A photograph of Pond's feat was published in *Life* magazine in June 1937. Though he was some 25 years older than his wife, Pond outlived her. She died in 1935, and Pond died four years later in September 1939 while traveling in Washington, D.C. The cause of death was reported as a stomach ulcer. He was age 82 when he died, and he asked that his remains be cremated and sent to the University of Michigan. Gallery of buildings designed by Pond and Pond ---------------------------------------------- * Michigan UnionMichigan Union * Chicago CommonsChicago Commons * Hull House Coffee RoomHull House Coffee Room * John Shanklin House, Evansville, IndianaJohn Shanklin House, Evansville, Indiana * Northwestern University Settlement HouseNorthwestern University Settlement House * Residence of Prof. J.W. ThompsonResidence of Prof. J.W. Thompson * Hull House Women's ClubHull House Women's Club * W.F. Dummer Residence, Coronado, CaliforniaW.F. Dummer Residence, Coronado, California
Professional wrestling tag team Professional wrestling tag team The **Allied Powers** was a professional wrestling tag team in the World Wrestling Federation who consisted of Lex Luger and "The British Bulldog" Davey Boy Smith for eight months in 1995. Their name is a reference to the close friendship between the United States and the United Kingdom, as well as their alliance in World War II. At the time, both men portrayed themselves as patriotic symbols of their countries. History ------- ### Starting up The tag team of Lex Luger and Davey Boy Smith was formed on January 2, 1995, edition of *Monday Night Raw* when they defeated the team of Bam Bam Bigelow and Tatanka during Luger's feud with Ted DiBiase's Million Dollar Corporation. They also had a series of matches at house shows that month against Bigelow and King Kong Bundy. The following month, Luger was wrestling Bundy when Tatanka interfered; Smith came to the ring to help Luger. The team was later dubbed Allied Powers bringing the United States and the United Kingdom together. Smith had also been a tag team partner and ally of Luger's real-life friend Sting in World Championship Wrestling during 1993. ### World Tag Team Championship shot The Allied Powers defeated the Blu Brothers, a team of Jacob Blu and Eli Blu, in the opening match of WrestleMania XI. They continued to feud with Ted DiBiase's Million Dollar Corporation. Smith and Luger continued to compete as singles wrestlers, but they teamed up regularly and defeated such teams as Men on a Mission, Well Dunn, The Heavenly Bodies, and the team of Jeff Jarrett and The Roadie. The Allied Powers had several matches against new World Tag Team Champions Owen Hart and Yokozuna. They received a shot at Hart and Yokozuna's World Tag Team Championship at In Your House 2, but the team lost when Yokozuna pinned Luger following a Leg drop. ### Ending The team's success declined in August 1995, and they lost a match to Men on a Mission on August 11. The following night, on a Madison Square Garden house show, Smith grabbed the mic and asked fans to tone down their "U.S.A." chant out of consideration to him, but they refused and kept on doing the chant. Smith deserted Luger by walking away during the scheduled match against the Blu Brothers. Smith also walked out on Luger during several matches against Owen Hart and Yokozuna. On the August 21 edition of *Monday Night Raw*, Luger and Smith were scheduled to take on Men on a Mission. Luger couldn't perform in the match due to a family emergency so Smith asked then-WWF World Heavyweight Champion Diesel to become his partner for only one night, since Diesel was feuding with King Mabel and would face him at SummerSlam 1995 for Diesel's WWF World Heavyweight Championship. During the match, Smith turned heel after hitting Diesel from behind and assisting Men on a Mission in an attack on the champion. Luger took the opposite side in the feud between Mabel and Diesel, as he got involved at SummerSlam to prevent Sir Mo from interfering on Mabel's behalf. With no long-term contract, Luger signed with WCW, appearing on the first episode of *Monday Nitro* on September 4, 1995, thus ending the Allied Powers. ### Aftermath In a subsequent interview, Smith, now managed by Jim Cornette (and thus an ally to former foes Owen Hart and Yokozuna) explained that he had turned because of resentment at American fans' only chanting "U.S.A.", implying support for Luger only. A rebuttal interview with Luger was supposed to take place, but was canned after Luger left the WWF. Smith went on to feud with Diesel and other faces while Luger, now in WCW, became a tweener who only sought the WCW World Heavyweight Championship. Smith, along with The Hart Foundation stablemate and relative Jim Neidhart, would leave the WWF after the Montreal Screwjob in November 1997, and join WCW. On June 29, 1998, Smith and Neidhart lost to Luger and Sting in the only match in which the former tag team partners met. Smith returned to WWF in fall of 1999 and was released again in May 2000. Smith died of a heart attack on May 18, 2002, at 39 years old.
Professor of music in America and New Zealand **Elizabeth Hudson** is an American musicologist, and is a Professor of Music and Dean of the College of Arts, Media and Design at Northeastern University, specialising in opera studies. She was previously director of the New Zealand School of Music. Academic career --------------- Hudson was educated at the Manhattan School of Music and Smith College. She completed a Master of Arts and a PhD titled *Narrative in Verdi: perspectives on his musical dramaturgy* at Cornell University. Hudson was then director of undergraduate programmes in the University of Virginia's McIntire Department of Music. Hudson was appointed to the faculty of Victoria University of Wellington in 2006, as professor of musicology. Hudson led the merger of the Massey University Conservatorium of Music and the Victoria University School of Music to create the New Zealand School of Music (NZSM), of which she was the inaugural director. During her time at the NZSM, Hudson developed the curriculum, a series of public performances, and collaborated with Luamanuvao Winnie Laban to appoint Samoan composer and performer Opeloge Ah Sam to teach Pasifika music and performance. Hudson stepped down from the directorship of NZSM in 2013, and took up a position as Dean of the College of Arts, Media and Design at Northeastern University. Hudson specialises in opera studies, and has published on Donizetti, Puccini, as well as a critical edition of Verdi's Il Corsaro. Hudson has held a number of fellowships, including the Thomas Jefferson Visiting Fellowship at Downing College, Cambridge University, and a Lilly Teaching Fellowship. She was a founding editor of the Cambridge Opera Journal. Selected works -------------- * Elizabeth Hudson (1 September 2011). "Moulin Rouge! and the Boundaries of Opera". *The Opera Quarterly*. **27** (2–3): 256–282. doi:10.1093/OQ/KBR019. ISSN 0736-0053. Wikidata Q124638143. * Elizabeth Hudson (March 2002). "'… qualche cosa d'incredibile …': Hearing the invisible in Macbeth". *Cambridge Opera Journal*. **14** (1–2): 11–29. doi:10.1017/S0954586702000022. ISSN 0954-5867. Wikidata Q124638144. * Elizabeth Hudson (November 1992). "Gilda seduced: A tale untold". *Cambridge Opera Journal* (in Spanish). **4** (3): 229–251. doi:10.1017/S0954586700003785. ISSN 0954-5867. Wikidata Q124638145. * Verdi, Giuseppe, Il corsaro: melodramma tragico in tre atti, ed. Hudson, Elizabeth (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999) ISBN 9788875924911 OCLC 53320512
Justice of the Supreme Court of Israel **George Karra** (Arabic: جورج القرا, Hebrew: ג׳וֹרְג׳ קָרָא; born 29 May 1952) is an Israeli Arab jurist who served as a judge on the Supreme Court of Israel. Justice George Karra of the Supreme Court of Israel Biography --------- George Karra was born to one of the most distinguished Arab Christian families in Jaffa, one of four children. He has three daughters. Karra studied at Terra Sancta primary school and Eshkolot high school in Jaffa. In 1973, he completed his law degree at Tel Aviv University, and opened his own law office in 1975. Karra was in private practice until 1989, when he was appointed a judge on the Tel Aviv Magistrate’s Court. After 11 years, he was promoted to the Tel Aviv District Court. He was appointed a senior court judge in 2010. Karra was the judge who convicted Israeli President Moshe Katsav of rape. In another high-profile case, he convicted Ofer Nimrodi of illegal wiretapping. In 2011, he was nominated as a candidate for the Supreme Court of Israel. In February 2017, he was appointed to serve as a judge on the Supreme Court.
Earthquake in Sicily, Italy The **1968 Belice earthquake** sequence took place in Sicily between 14 and 15 January. The largest shock measured 5.5 on the moment magnitude scale, with five others of magnitude 5+. The maximum perceived intensity was X (*Extreme*) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The earthquake sequence, centred between the towns of Gibellina, Salaparuta and Poggioreale, killed at least 231 people, possibly more than 400, with between 632 and about 1,000 injured and left 100,000 homeless. It is known in Italy as **Terremoto del Belice**. Tectonic setting ---------------- Sicily lies on the complex convergent plate boundary between the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The geology of the western part of the island is dominated by the Gela Nappe, a thin-skinned fold and thrust belt. The Gela Nappe consists of Pliocene-Quaternary age sedimentary rocks deposited in the earlier foredeep, thrust up onto the thick carbonate sequence of the Pelagian-Hyblean Platform of the African Plate. Earthquake ---------- There was a sequence of six M 5+ earthquakes, making this western Sicily's largest historical seismic event, beginning with a M 5.2 shock at 12:28 on the 14 January, followed by a M 5.1 event at 13:15 on the same day and a M 5.2 event at 01:33 on 15 January, the mainshock at 02:01, and two M 5.2 events at 16:42 on 16 January and at 09:56 on 25 January. The greatest perceived intensity on the Mercalli scale was X (*Extreme*) at Gibellina, Montevago and Salaparuta. Intensities at Poggioreale, Santa Margherita di Belice, Santa Ninfa, Partanna and Salemi reached IX (*Violent*) on the scale. The ruins of Poggioreale pictured in 2003 The focal mechanisms of the mainshock and the two magnitude 5+ aftershocks are consistent with thrusting on faults trending west–east, although an alternative solution has been proposed for the mainshock of right lateral transpression on a NNW-SSE trending fault. ### Damage The main area of damage was centred on the valley of the Belice, with worst affected towns being Santa Ninfa, Partanna, Montevago, Santa Margherita di Belice, Gibellina, Salaparuta, Poggioreale. Vita, Salemi, and Camporeale also suffered significant damage. The earthquakes on 14 January did little damage, but many of the inhabitants spent the following night sleeping outside, during which the most damaging of the shocks occurred, which probably greatly reduced the number of casualties. The official death toll was 231 with a further 623 injured. Other estimates give more than 400 dead with over 1,000 injured. An estimated 100,000 people were made homeless by the earthquakes. The worst affected buildings were of unreinforced masonry construction that used irregular stones with weak mortar and had roofs consisting of heavy tiles resting on wooden beams. Such buildings collapsed completely in many cases. Houses with load-bearing walls made of regular stone or concrete blocks and better quality mortar performed better, although some were badly damaged. The most modern buildings that used reinforced concrete frames generally suffered little damage. ### Aftermath Abandoned buildings in Poggioreale, 2007 The immediate relief effort was hampered by a lack of disaster relief planning at both local and provincial levels, excessive bureaucracy, a lack of supplies close to the affected areas and a tendency of refugees to treat outsiders with suspicion. One year after the earthquakes, many hundreds of people were still living in tents and many of the prefabricated housing units had yet to appear, despite having been paid for; no work had begun on providing permanent housing. Two-thirds of refugee families had still not received their government grant. Nine years after the earthquake, none of the refugees had been placed in new housing, leaving 60,000 still living in temporary accommodation. The towns of Poggioreale, Gibellina, Vita, Santa Margherita di Belice and Salaparuta were eventually rebuilt in new locations. Further reading --------------- * Orecchio, Barbara; Scolaro, Silvia; Batlló, Josep; Neri, Giancarlo; Presti, Debora; Stich, Daniel; Totaro, Cristina (2021). "New Results for the 1968 Belice, South Italy, Seismic Sequence: Solving the Long-Lasting Ambiguity on Causative Source". *Seismological Research Letters*. Seismological Society of America (SSA). **92** (4): 2364–2381. doi:10.1785/0220200277. ISSN 0895-0695. S2CID 233643711.
Proposed US federal lawThe **Constitution Restoration Act of 2005** (originally "**of 2004**" H.R. 3799) is a proposed federal law filed on March 3, 2005, by United States Senator Richard Shelby (R-AL) and Representative Robert Aderholt (R-AL). It was styled as Senate bill S. 520 and House of Representatives bill H.R. 1070. It was originally drafted by Roy Moore and his attorney Herb Titus, former vice-presidential candidate of the Constitution Party, in 1996. The central statement of the bill is that, after passing, "the Supreme Court shall not have jurisdiction to review, by appeal, writ of certiorari, or otherwise, any matter to the extent that relief is sought against an entity of Federal, State, or local government, or against an officer or agent of Federal, State, or local government (whether or not acting in official or personal capacity), concerning that entity's, officer's, or agent's acknowledgment of God as the sovereign source of law, liberty, or government." In other words, the bill would limit the power of the federal judiciary specifically in religious liberty cases. The bill also states that judges or other court officials that listen to cases that meet said criteria are to be impeached and convicted. Supporters of the bills, largely conservative Republicans, claim that the legislation re-asserts the original meaning of the First Amendment and the principle of limited government power over rights of conscience and religion. Opponents of the bill have expressed concern that the bill would repeal the applicability of the First Amendment to state and local governments by rendering it impossible to appeal constitutionally questionable state decisions beyond the state level. The act has been viewed by critics as an attempt to advance the cause of Dominionism by conservative evangelical Christian Republicans. The bills were originally introduced in 2004 in both the U.S. House and the U.S. Senate, but languished in committee. Reintroduced at the beginning of the 2005 congressional session, they were read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary, where they again languished. The Republican Study Committee, a caucus of conservative House members of the Republican Party, allegedly promoted the passage of "protections for religious freedom" as item #10 on their list of top ten legislative priorities of 2006. In early 2006 the proposal was endorsed by panels of both houses of the Idaho Legislature.
A **distorted thread locknut**, is a type of locknut that uses a deformed section of thread to keep the nut from loosening due tovibrations or rotation of the clamped item. There are four types: **elliptical offset nuts**, **centerlock nuts**, **toplock nuts** and **partially depitched (Philidas) nuts**. High temperature use -------------------- Because these nuts are solid metal, they remain effective at high temperatures, unlike nyloc nuts. High-grade nuts can withstand temperatures up to 1,400 °F (760 °C). Safety factors -------------- High-strength distorted thread nuts cannot be used with low-strength fasteners because the hard nut will act like a die and destroy the threads on the fastener. Elliptical offset nuts ---------------------- Elliptical offset nuts is a catch-all category that encompasses designs known as **oval locknuts** or **non-slotted hex locknuts**,. The salient feature is that the thread has been deformed at one end so that the threads are no longer perfectly circular. The deformed end is usually shaped into an ellipse or obround triangle. These are known as **one-way** nuts as the nut may be easily started on the male fastener from the bottom non-deformed portion but is practically impossible to start from the deformed end. As the male fastener reaches the deformed section it stretches the threads of the nut elastically back into a circle. This action increases the friction between the nut and the fastener greatly and creates the locking action. Due to the elastic nature of the deformation the nuts can be reused indefinitely. Centerlock nuts --------------- Center lock nuts are similar to elliptical offset nuts, except that they are distorted in the middle of the nut. This allows the nut to be started from either side. Toplock nuts ------------ Toplock nuts are also similar to elliptical offset nuts, except that the whole thread on one end is not distorted. Instead only three small sections of the thread are deformed on one end. Partially depitched nuts ------------------------ Partially depitched nuts are commonly called Philidas nuts, after their originator and current manufacturer, and differ from the above three nut types insofar as a portion of the thread is displaced axially, this being facilitated by one or more slots perpendicular to the axis.
Parliamentary Borough This article is about the historical parliamentary borough. For the prison role, see Potwalloper (prison). "A Pot-Walloper," *Times* cartoon of 1830: one politician addresses the scruffily-attired peasant voter, "The people of Britain possess the power to return an independent parliament if they will but exert it, think of that my noble pot-walloper"; on the right, another candidate says "Never mind Him I'll give you something to put in your pot," reflecting fears that poor voters would be easily bribed. A **potwalloper** (sometimes **potwalloner** or **potwaller**) or **householder borough** was a parliamentary borough in which the franchise was extended to the male head of any household with a hearth large enough to boil a cauldron (or "wallop a pot"). Potwallopers existed in the Unreformed House of Commons prior to the Reform Act 1832, and in its predecessors the Irish House of Commons and House of Commons of Great Britain (until 1800) and the House of Commons of England (to 1707). Compared to other types of franchise used by unreformed House of Commons constituencies, potwalloper franchises generally resulted a larger proportion of the male population of the borough having the right to vote. In the seventeenth and eighteenth century there was a tendency to try and limit the number of eligible electors in potwalloper boroughs by either changing to another franchise or by disenfranchising poorer householders by excluding people supported by the parish through outdoor relief from voting. English potwalloper boroughs ---------------------------- From the time of the Restoration, the only English boroughs to elect on a potwalloper or inhabitant franchise were: * Abingdon (1690–1708, and only if electors were not in receipt of alms) * Amersham (until 1705; electors in receipt of alms were disfranchised in 1690) * Ashburton (until 1708) * Aylesbury (only if electors were not in receipt of alms; after 1804 freeholders living near the town were enfranchised also) * Bedford (providing electors were not in receipt of alms) * Callington (required one year's continuous residence. The franchise in this borough was in dispute but both definitions amounted to the same people in practice) * Cirencester * Hertford (providing electors were not in receipt of alms; freemen voted as well) * Hindon (providing electors were not in receipt of alms) * Honiton (1690–1711 and from 1724, but only if electors were not in receipt of alms) * Ilchester (from 1702, but only if electors were not in receipt of alms) * Ludgershall (until 1698) * Milborne Port (until 1702) * Minehead * Mitchell (until 1715, and only if electors were not in receipt of alms) * Northampton (from 1715) * Pontefract (from 1783) * Portsmouth (until 1695) * Preston (from 1768) * Reading (until 1708) * St Germans (one year residency) * Southwark (until 1702, and only if electors were not in receipt of alms) * Taunton * Tregony * Wendover (providing electors were not in receipt of alms) Irish potwalloper boroughs -------------------------- There were eleven such boroughs in Ireland until the Union with Great Britain in 1801. Ireland also had seven "manor boroughs", in which only freeholders voted. The potwallopers included Baltimore, Lisburn, Antrim, Swords and Downpatrick, and before Emancipation only non-Roman Catholics could vote. Quotation --------- When Thomas Babington Macaulay complained about the insufficiencies of the suffrage system in the early 19th century, he wrote : "This is an aristocracy, the principle of which is to invest a hundred drunken potwallopers in one place, or the owner of a ruined hovel in another with powers which are withheld from cities renowned in the furthest ends of the earth." Thomas Hardy, in his first novel, *Desperate Remedies*, used the term to mean a kind of petit-bourgeois vulgarian:[] "Ancient pot-wallopers, and thriving shopkeepers, in their intervals of leisure, stood at their shop doors – their toes hanging over the edge of the step, and their obese waists hanging over their toes – and in discourses with friends on the pavement, formulated the course of the improvident, and reduced the children's prospects to a shadow-like attenuation."
Wedell Williams Model 44 II Poster for the 1932 Thompson Trophy air race in Cleveland, USA A **pylon turn** is a flight maneuver in which an aircraft banks into a circular turn, in such a way that an imaginary line projecting straight out the side of the aircraft (nominally the wing) points to a fixed point on the ground. The maneuver originated early in the 20th century in air racing. In some contexts, simply making a turn around a fixed point on the ground (such as a physical pylon) is called a "pylon turn". In these cases, the altitude may be incorrect for the maneuver to be a proper "pylon turn" where all three parameters (altitude, speed, bank angle) come together for the wing to point to the fixed turning center on the ground. Racing ------ The pylon turn was originally used in air racing, where courses were set up with pylons to mark a location on the ground, and the planes would have to turn around at that point before returning to the airstrip. Pylons are also used in triples to set up a triangular circuit for aviation races—races in which all competitors must stay *outside* of the three pylons. Delivery -------- A pylon turn is part of a maneuver also known as "long-line loiter" which can be used to deliver messages or packages by plane without needing to land. In this maneuver it is possible to lower a bucket on a line to the ground in such a way that the bucket remains stationary on the ground, permitting transfer of material. It was used during Operation Auca and depicted in the film *End of the Spear*, to give gifts to the Huaorani people of Ecuador where there was no landing strip. Later some mail services have used the same technique to deliver mail where there are no available landing strips. Geometry -------- The mechanics of the maneuver allow it to occur only at the "pivotal altitude", which is a geometric and aerodynamic construction of ground speed and altitude above the ground. Combat use ---------- Further information: Gunship Tracer from an AC-47D converging at the center area of a pylon turn over Saigon, 1968 The first notable combat use of the pylon turn was in the Vietnam War in 1964, with the development of the AC-47 Spooky gunship, which could fire miniguns mounted on the left side of the aircraft as the pilot circled the target. Later, the more advanced Lockheed AC-130 was used in the same way. Using this maneuver allowed gunners to fire continuously and efficiently at a stationary target for an extended period of time, without needing to make several passes. Another advantage of pylon turns was that the gunfire was accurate enough to be used even in close proximity to friendly troops, which had never before been possible in air power. A similar method is used by attack helicopters, on which the armament shoots forward. In this case the helicopter strafes sideways in a circle around a single target. This method improves shooting accuracy, increasing hit probability.
American-born Bermudian First World War fighter pilot Major **Cecil Montgomery-Moore** DFC (1 July 1899 – 8 December 1970) was an American-born Bermudian First World War fighter pilot, and commander of the Bermuda Volunteer Engineers and the Bermuda Flying School during the Second World War. Early life ---------- Montgomery-Moore was born in Chicopee, Massachusetts in 1899, to Alexander Acheson Montgomery-Moore, who was born in Waterford, Ireland and moved to the United States in 1890, and Lillian Webber Montgomery-Moore, born in New Hampshire. The family moved to the Imperial fortress colony of Bermuda in 1909. First World War --------------- During the First World War, Cecil Montgomery-Moore was an enlisted man in the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps, attesting on 10 September 1915 (from 1 July 1910 to 10 September 1915, he had served in the Bermuda Cadet Corps). He was given leave to travel to Canada to join the Royal Flying Corps (RFC), air wing of the British Army, one of twenty or so Bermudians who did so during that war, and was discharged from the BVRC effective 7 August 1917, the date he began service in the RFC. He was one of two Bermudian airmen to earn the Distinguished Flying Cross during the war (the other being Rowe Spurling). On 1 April 1918, Lieutenant Montgomery-Moore, along with the rest of the RFC and the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS), became part of the new Royal Air Force, from which he was discharged on 5 May 1919. Between the Wars ---------------- Bermuda Volunteer Engineers, 1934. Lieutenant Cecil Montgomery-Moore, DFC, in front row, third from left Following the First World War, Montgomery-Moore returned to Bermuda. In 1931, the Bermuda Volunteer Engineers (BVE) was created as a replacement for the departed regular Royal Engineers *Fortress Company* of the Bermuda Garrison (that guarded the Royal Naval Dockyard in Bermuda). The original role of the BVE was to operate the search lights at coastal artillery batteries, notably the Examination Battery at St. David's Head, the guns of which were manned by the Bermuda Militia Artillery (BMA). The BVE subsequently also took on responsibility for providing signals crew and equipment to all elements of the garrison. The first commanding officer of the BVE was Captain H.D. (later Sir Harry) Butterfield, and Lieutenant Montgomery-Moore (who began service with the BVE on 12 February 1931) was second-in-command. In 1932, Butterfield retired, and Montgomery-Moore succeeded him. The new 2-i-c was Lieutenant Bayard Dill (later Sir Bayard), whose father, Colonel Thomas Melville Dill, was a former commander of the BMA. Second World War ---------------- The BVE, like the other part-time units, was mobilised at the start of the Second World War, fulfilling its role to the Garrison throughout the war. Some members also were detached for service overseas with other units. These included four Sappers who were attached to a larger BVRC contingent despatched to the Lincolnshire Regiment in June 1940, and Captain Richard Gorham, who served in Italy, earning a Distinguished Flying Cross for his decisive role in the Battle of Monte Cassino. In Bermuda, Montgomery-Moore was promoted to Major in 1940, and Bayard Dill to captain. In addition to his role with the BVE, Montgomery-Moore also headed the Bermuda Flying School, which trained 80 local volunteers as pilots for the RAF and the Fleet Air Arm. Volunteers were only accepted from those already serving in the local forces, some of whom came from the BVE. After 1942, with the RAF having a glut of trained pilots, the school converted into the Bermuda Flying Committee, a recruiting arm for the Royal Canadian Air Force, to which it sent sixty aircrew trainees, as well as twenty-two women to train for ground roles. The BFC was administered by Montgomery-Moore, as well as Bertram Work and others previously associated with the BFS. Montgomery-Moore had been dispatched to Canada to make arrangements for it to send its aircrew candidates, and he received a commendation from the RCAF at the end of the war for his efforts. Post-War -------- The BVE was demobilised in 1946, as were the other three territorials and the Home Guard. The BVRC and the BMA maintained skeleton command structures until they began recruiting again in 1951. The BVE, however, with its two main roles becoming obsolete, was disbanded completely. Montgomery-Moore was discharged on 25 January 1946, and returned to civilian life, eventually settling in Connecticut, where he died in 1970. Peter Kilduff posthumously published Montgomery-Moore's memoirs as *That's My Bloody Plane*. His wife, Hélène, gave gifts to Columbia University in New York, and funded the *Mrs. Cecil Montgomery-Moore Scholarship* for journalism, in memory of Alice Weel Bigart. Bibliography ------------ * *Defence, Not Defiance: A History of the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps*, Jennifer M. Ingham (aka Jennifer Hind). Island Press Ltd. Pembroke, Bermuda; ISBN 0-9696517-1-6 * *The Andrew and the Onions: The Story of the Royal Navy in Bermuda, 1795–1975*, Lt. Commander Ian Strannack, The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, The Bermuda Maritime Museum, P.O. Box MA 133, Mangrove Bay, Bermuda MA BX; ISBN 0-921560-03-6 * *Bermuda Forts 1612–1957*, Dr. Edward C. Harris, The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, The Bermuda Maritime Museum; ISBN 0-921560-11-7 * *Bulwark of Empire: Bermuda's Fortified Naval Base 1860–1920*, Lt.-Col. Roger Willock, USMC, The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, The Bermuda Maritime Museum; ISBN 0-921560-00-1 * *Flying Boats of Bermuda*, Sqn.-Ldr. Colin A. Pomeroy, Printlink, PO Box 937, Hamilton, Bermuda HM DX; ISBN 0-9698332-4-5 * *That's My Bloody Plane*, by Major Cecil Montgomery-Moore, DFC, and Peter Kilduff. 1975. The Pequot Press, Chester, Connecticut; ISBN 0-87106-057-4.
American primitive baptist church and hate group | | | --- | | Part of a series on | | Antisemitism | | * Part of Jewish history and discrimination | | * History * Timeline * Reference | | Definitions * IHRA definition of antisemitism * Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism * Nexus Document * Three Ds | | Geography * Argentina * Australia * Austria * Belarus * Belgium * Canada * Chinese * Chilean * Costa Rican * Europe * France + Dreyfus affair + 21st-century * Germany * Greece * Hungary * Italy * Japan * New Zealand * Norway * Pakistan * Palestine * Romania * Russia + Imperial Russia + Soviet Union + Stalinist * Saudi Arabia + textbook controversy * South Africa * Spain + Matar judíos * Sweden * Turkey * Ukraine * United Kingdom + Conservative Party + Labour Party * USA + History + 21st century * Venezuela | | Manifestations * Academic * Alt-right * Arab * Creativity * Economic * Gaza War ('08-'09) * Israel-Hamas war ('23-'24) * Holocaust denial * Jewish * Medieval * Nazism + Neo-Nazi + Strasserism * New * Olympic * Racial * Religious + Christian + Christian Identity + Islamic + Nation of Islam * Secondary + COVID-19 + Zionist | | Antisemitic tropes * Andinia Plan * Blood libel * Cohen Plan * Cultural Bolshevism * Cultural Marxism * Deicide * Finance control * Franklin Prophecy * Host desecration * International​ Jewish conspiracy * Jewish lobby * Jewish war conspiracy theory * Judensau * Judeo-Bolshevism + Żydokomuna * Judeo-Masonism * Kosher tax * Media control * QAnon * Rootless cosmopolitan + Doctors' plot + Slánský trial * Stab-in-the-back myth * Well poisoning * White genocide * ZOG conspiracy | | Antisemitic publications * The Barnes Review * Culture of Critique * Currency Wars * The Dearborn Independent * Ethnic Cleansing *(video game)* * La France juive * Hitlers Zweites Buch * Hunter (William Luther Pierce) * 1988 Hamas Charter * The International Jew * La Libre Parole * The Light * Mein Kampf * On the Jews and Their Lies * Our Race Will RuleUndisputed Over The World * Protocols of the Elders of Zion * The Secret RelationshipBetween Blacks and Jews * Siege * The Turner Diaries | | Antisemitism on the Internet * 4chan (/pol/) * 8chan * *The Daily Stormer* * Disclose.tv * *Europa: The Last Battle* * Gab * Goebbels Gap * GoyimTV * Groypers * Jew Watch * Metapedia * *The Occidental Observer* * Red Ice * Renegade Tribune * *The Right Stuff* (blog) * StoneToss * Stormfront * Terrorgram * Triple parentheses * *TruNews* * *The Unz Review* * Veterans Today | | Prominent figures * Baked Alaska * Andrew Anglin * Louis Beam * Don Black * James von Brunn * Richard Girnt Butler * Édouard Drumont * David Duke * Adolf Eichmann * Louis Farrakhan * Henry Ford * Theodor Fritsch * Nick Fuentes * Joseph Goebbels * Heinrich Himmler * Adolf Hitler * Arthur J. 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Cuza * Octavian Goga * Gheorghe Buzatu * Nae Ionescu * Nichifor Crainic * Ioan Slavici * László Ferenczy * Philippe Pétain * Symon Petliura * Stepan Bandera * Gamal Abdel Nasser * Richard Wagner | | Persecution * Rhineland massacres * Black Death persecutions * Boycotts * Expulsions * Jewish quarter + Ghettos in Europe + Mellah * The Holocaust * Jewish hat * Jewish quota * *Judensau* * Martyrdom in Judaism * Nuremberg Laws * Pale of Settlement * Pogroms + Russian Empire + Russian Civil War * Refuseniks * Segregation * Spanish Inquisition * Yellow badge | | Opposition * Anti-Defamation League * Campaign Against Antisemitism * Community Security Trust * Fundamental Rights Agency * Philosemitism * Simon Wiesenthal Center * Southern Poverty Law Center * Stephen Roth Institute * Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism * Union of Councils for Soviet Jews * UN Watch * U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism * Wiener Holocaust Library * Working definition of antisemitism (IHRA) + Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism + Three Ds of antisemitism * Yad Vashem | | Category | | * v * t * e | The **Westboro Baptist Church** (**WBC**) is an American, unaffiliated Primitive Baptist church in Topeka, Kansas, that was founded in 1955 by pastor Fred Phelps. It is widely considered a hate group, and is known for its public protests against homosexuals and for its usage of the phrases "God hates fags" and "Thank God for dead soldiers". It also engages in hate speech against atheists, Jews, Muslims, transgender people, and other Christian denominations. The WBC's theology and practices are widely condemned by other Christian churches, including the Baptist World Alliance and the Southern Baptist Convention, and by politicians and public figures, including former U.S. President Barack Obama. WBC has been protesting against homosexuality since 1989. Within a few years, the group expanded to protesting across the country. They often protest at public and private events, including funerals, sports games, and concerts. The group protested at the funerals for victims of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting and the West Nickel Mines School shooting. The group is known to deface the American flag or fly it upside down while protesting. It also draws counter-protests. Although the group's right to protest and use hate speech in the United States is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, the group has faced numerous legal challenges over its history. A 2006 Act of Congress called the Respect for America's Fallen Heroes Act, created primarily due to WBC, placed restrictions on protests at some cemeteries. The 2010–2011 US Supreme Court case *Snyder v. Phelps* shielded the group from tort liability for a 2006 protest at a military funeral. WBC also files its own lawsuits via a Phelps family law firm (eleven of Phelps' children are lawyers), and has won cases that have yielded thousands of dollars for the group. Members of the group have been banned from entering Canada and the United Kingdom after attempting to protest in those countries. In 2016, *Forbes* stated WBC had about 70 members. The group primarily consists of members of Phelps's extended family, although many of its members have either left and/or been excommunicated. Several Phelps' family members, including Nathan Phelps and Megan Phelps-Roper, have left the church and become activists against it. Fred Phelps himself was excommunicated from the church around August 2013, shortly before his death in 2014. Before Phelps' death, a church spokesperson stated that the group did not have a defined leader "[f]or a very long time". Several former members have accused the group of brainwashing and abusive behavior. History ------- Advertisement for opening service of Westboro Baptist Church, *Topeka Capital*, 1955Westboro Baptist Church originated as a branch of the East Side Baptist Church, which was established in 1931 on the east side of Topeka. In 1954, East Side hired Fred Phelps as an associate pastor. By 1955, Phelps was promoted to pastor of a new East Side church plant, Westboro Baptist, on the west side of Topeka. Its first public service was held on November 27, 1955. After Westboro was established, Phelps broke ties with East Side to become independent of any Baptist denomination. His vitriolic preaching alienated most of the original congregation, who either returned to East Side or joined other congregations, leaving him with a small following consisting almost entirely of his own relatives and close friends. Phelps was a veteran of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. He founded the Phelps Chartered law firm in 1964, which has since been used to sue communities that are targets of Westboro's protests. Westboro Baptist first began protesting homosexuality in 1989 after the discovery of what they referred to as a "tearoom", meaning a public lavatory used for homosexual interactions. The group later began picketing Gage Park six blocks northwest of its headquarters in Topeka in 1991, saying it was a den of anonymous homosexual activity. Soon, its protests had spread throughout the city, and within three years WBC was traveling across the country. Phelps explained in 1994 that he considered the negative reaction to the picketing to be proof of his righteousness. On August 20, 1995, a pipe bomb exploded outside the home of Shirley Phelps-Roper, the daughter of Fred Phelps. The blast damaged an SUV, a fence, and part of the house, but no one was injured. In 1996, two men were arrested for the bombing, and both admitted to causing the blast. They had believed Phelps-Roper's house was that of the pastor and wanted to retaliate against Westboro's anti-gay protests at Washburn University. One of the bombers was fined $1,751 and was sentenced to 16 days in prison plus 100 hours of community service. Fred Phelps during an interview in his office (July 7, 2010)Fred Phelps died of natural causes on March 19, 2014. His daughter Shirley said a funeral would not be held because Westboro does not "worship the dead". He had previously been voted out of his leadership position and, according to representatives, the organization had no defined leader in the time leading up to his death. Positions and views ------------------- Westboro Baptists believe in five-point Calvinism, as reflected in the TULIP acronym that is displayed prominently at the front of the church sanctuary. They believe in limited atonement, unconditional election, and the double predestination of both the saved and the damned, which can weigh heavily on members as well as those who leave the church. According to Barrett-Fox, they see "moral living as a sign of election" and they say they have a duty to preach to the public, not to "save people" (who are predestined) but to spread a message of obedience to God. In her dissertation on Westboro Baptist, she labels this theology as Hyper-Calvinist. They see themselves as coming from the Primitive Baptist movement. Their Primitive Baptist practices include their style of worship, approach to church discipline, liturgical preferences and seeing themselves as from a "separatist, antiestablishment" lineage (p. 66). ### Anti-homosexuality WBC is known for its homophobic rhetoric. The Anti-Defamation League describes the group as "virulently homophobic", saying its anti-homosexual rhetoric is often a cover for antisemitism, anti-Americanism, racism, and hatred of other Christian groups. The Southern Poverty Law Center has added WBC to a list of hate groups for its homophobia. The group has also expressed transphobic messages in its protests. Its homophobic outlook has led its members to protest LGBT pride events and funerals of those who died due to HIV/AIDS, as well as blame homosexuals for mass-casualty events such as the September 11 attacks. ### Antisemitism > Whatever righteous cause the Jewish victims of the 1930s–40s Nazi Holocaust had (probably minuscule, compared to the Jewish Holocausts against Middle Passage Blacks, African Americans and Christians – including the bloody persecution of Westboro Baptist Church by Topeka Jews in the 1990s), has been drowned in sodomite semen. American taxpayers are financing this unholy monument to Jewish mendacity and greed and to filthy fag lust. Homosexuals and Jews dominated Nazi Germany ... The Jews now wander the earth despised, smitten with moral and spiritual blindness by a divine judicial stroke ... And God has smitten Jews with a certain unique madness ... Jews, thus perverted, out of all proportion to their numbers energize the militant sodomite agenda... Jews are the real Nazis. > > — Fred Phelps on the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum In 1996, Phelps began a campaign called "Topeka's Baptist Holocaust", whereby he attempted to draw attention to attacks perpetrated against WBC picketers, saying they were not random but organized attacks orchestrated by Jews and homosexuals. Phelps announced, "Jews killed Christ", and "Fag Jew Nazis are worse than ordinary Nazis. They've had more experience. The First Holocaust was a Jewish Holocaust against Christians. The latest Holocaust is by Topeka Jews against Westboro Baptist Church." In another statement, he said "Topeka Jews today stir up Kansas tyrants in persecuting Westboro Baptists. They whine about the Nazi Holocaust, while they perpetrate the Topeka Holocaust." A March 25, 2006, flier regarding a Jewish adversary of Phelps uses the phrase "bloody Jew" four times and the phrase "evil Jew" more than once every 12 sentences. The Anti-Defamation League has criticized WBC and Phelps, and keeps a sampling of WBC's fliers regarding Judaism on their website. In an interview, Margie Phelps said WBC targeted the American Jewish community because members had "testified" to gentiles for 19 years that "America is doomed" and that "Now it's too late. We're done with them." She also claimed Jews were "one of the loudest voices" in favor of homosexuality and abortion, and that "[Jews] claim to be God's chosen people. Do you think that God is going to wink at that forever?" Phelps concluded by stating, in an apparent reference to the Book of Revelation, that all the nations of the world would soon march on Israel, and that they would be led by President Barack Obama, whom she called the "Antichrist". ### Islamophobia Jael Phelps said in a 2011 interview that she and the other members of WBC tauntingly and publicly burned a copy of the Quran while being scolded by a Muslim man, calling it an "idolatrous piece of trash" and that they were giving it the "proper respect that it deserves" by doing so. They picketed the funeral of the Muslim man's wife the following week. Jael Phelps said the wife's death was partly due to her Muslim husband having spoken out against WBC, and therefore rejecting God and bringing his "righteous judgement" down upon him. She also commented that "all those angry little Muslims can just shut their mouths." ### Barack Obama conspiracy theories Margie Phelps, daughter of Fred Phelps and attorney for WBC, said in an interview with Fox News that Barack Obama would "absolutely" be going to Hell and that he was "most likely the Beast spoken of in the Revelation." She also said Obama's presidency was a sign of the Apocalypse. On January 20, 2013, picketers of the Westboro Baptist Church protested Obama's second inauguration. The protesters had a legal permit and used signs with homophobic messages as well as referring to Obama as the Antichrist. Structure and picketing ----------------------- Main article: Protests by Westboro Baptist Church WBC consists primarily of members of Fred Phelps's extended family. According to *Forbes*, it has roughly 70 members as of 2016, having previously had 80 members in 2011. In her book on Westboro Baptists, religious studies scholar Rebecca Barrett-Fox describes their identification with Primitive Baptists. Members attend a weekly service and believe in a theology of predestination which includes believing all disasters and catastrophes come from the hand of God. Members follow the organization's 'literal' interpretation of the Bible which informs their attitudes towards homosexuality and towards Judaism. The religious justification for active political hate speech has led to much controversy. Sunday worship with Pastor Timothy Phelps at lectern, 2018WBC's travel expenses have exceeded as much as $200,000 annually. One of Westboro's followers estimated the organization spends $250,000 a year on picketing. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, it is funded entirely from within the organization and accepts no outside donations. WBC has received money from lawsuits and legal fees, through the closely related Phelps Chartered law firm, when its protests have been unlawfully disrupted. For example, the firm sued the city of Topeka several times in the 1990s, and received $16,500 in legal fees for a court case won against a Marine's bereaved father. Because the firm represents WBC in its lawsuits, it can use money from cases it wins to further fund the organization under the Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Award Act of 1976. WBC is considered a nonprofit organization by the federal government, and is therefore exempt from paying taxes. All five of Phelps Chartered's lawyers are Phelps's children, and eleven of his thirteen children are lawyers. Members of the Phelps family are expected to give ten percent of their earnings to WBC. WBC carries out daily picketing in Topeka and travels nationally to picket the funerals of gay victims of murder or gay-bashing, as well as those of people who have died from complications related to AIDS. It also pickets other events related or peripherally related to homosexuality; Kansas City Chiefs football games, and live pop concerts. At its peak, the group was able to picket roughly 15 churches a day, including many in Topeka and some events farther afield. The group has protested a number of high-profile events such as the funerals of victims of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting and the West Nickel Mines School shooting. As well as protesting these high-profile events, WBC protests many local low-profile events. While the messages are widely condemned, it always ensures its protests are legal in nature. Through keeping the protests non-violent and acquiring the proper permits, WBC avoids legal trouble. However, it is the protesting of military funerals that led to the organization receiving much attention. Its public acts have cast a political spotlight on the group that has given it vast attention for its small size. On two occasions, WBC accepted offers for radio air time in exchange for canceling an announced protest. WBC also releases parody songs. According to Steve Drain (WBC's public information officer) in an interview with Vice News, "When we make our choice of songs, that really revolves around mostly popularity. It's mostly mainstream stuff, the whole idea of our doing parodies is to preach." Legal responses --------------- ### Laws limiting funeral protests In response to the protests conducted by Westboro members at Indiana funerals, a bill was introduced in the Indiana General Assembly that would make it a felony to protest within 500 feet (150 m) of a funeral. The bill provides penalties of up to three years in prison and a $10,000 fine for those found to be in violation of the law. Shortly before this bill was signed members of the church had threatened to protest in Kokomo, Indiana, at a funeral service that was being held for a soldier who was killed in Iraq. On January 11, 2006, the bill unanimously (11–0) passed a committee vote, and while members of the church had traveled to Kokomo to protest, they were not seen during or after the funeral service. On May 23, 2006, the state of Michigan banned any intentional disruption of funerals within 500 feet (150 m) of the ceremony. Violating the statute would be a felony, punishable by up to two years in prison and a $5,000 fine for the first offense and up to four years in prison and a $10,000 fine for a subsequent offense. On May 17, 2006, the state of Illinois enacted Senate Bill 1144, the "Let Them Rest In Peace Act", to shield grieving military families from protests during funerals and memorial services of fallen military service members. A first-time violation of the Act is a Class C misdemeanor, punishable by up to 30 days in jail and a $1,500 fine, and a second or subsequent offense is a Class 4 felony punishable by one to three years in state prison and a fine of up to $25,000. Fred Phelps preaching On March 29, 2006, the Respect for America's Fallen Heroes Act was introduced by Mike Rogers, a Republican member of the House. The bipartisan bill received a 408–3 vote in the House, after 21 representatives chose not to vote. The Senate unanimously voted in approval of the law. On May 29, 2006, President George W. Bush signed the bill into law at a Memorial Day ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery. The bill prohibits protests within 300 feet (91 m) of the entrance of any cemetery under control of the National Cemetery Administration from 60 minutes before to 60 minutes after a funeral. Failing to adhere to this law can lead to a substantial fine of up to $100,000 or up to a year in prison. On January 11, 2011, the state of Arizona held an emergency legislative session to pass a bill barring protests within 300 feet (91 m) of a funeral and within an hour from its beginning or end. The bill was swiftly signed into law ahead of the January 12 funeral of those killed in the 2011 Tucson shooting. On August 2, 2012, the U.S. Congress passed a bill that included restrictions on demonstrators at military funerals, which became law four days later when signed by Obama, who condemned the WBC. This bill was primarily motivated by the WBC's protests at memorial services for victims of the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. Several petitions to the White House (using the We the People system) were submitted, calling on President Barack Obama to legally recognize the WBC as a hate group, revoke its tax exemption for religious organizations, and to ban protests at funerals and memorial services. The bill mandated staying at least 300 feet (91 m) away from funerals and homes of family members for 2 hours before until 2 hours after a funeral. The church condemned the restrictions. ### Supreme Court case Main article: Snyder v. Phelps On March 10, 2006, the WBC picketed the funeral of Marine Lance Corporal Matthew A. Snyder in Westminster, Maryland. A cordoned off picket was held approximately 1,000 feet (300 m) from the church for about 30 minutes before the funeral began. Snyder's father, Albert, sued for defamation, invasion of privacy, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. The lawsuit alleged Fred Phelps, Rebekah Phelps-Davis, and Shirley Phelps-Roper were responsible for publishing defamatory statements about the Snyder family on the internet, including that Albert and his wife had "raised [Matthew] for the devil" and taught him "to defy his Creator, to divorce, and to commit adultery". Other statements denounced them for raising their son Catholic. Snyder further alleged the defendants had intruded upon and staged protests at his son's funeral. The defamation count was dismissed on First Amendment grounds, but the case proceeded to trial on the remaining two counts. District Judge Richard D. Bennett instructed the jury to decide "whether the defendant's actions would be highly offensive to a reasonable person, whether they were extreme and outrageous and whether these actions were so offensive and shocking as to not be entitled to First Amendment protection". On October 31, 2007, Phelps, Shirley Phelps-Roper and Rebecca Phelps-Davis were found liable for invasion of privacy and intentional infliction of emotional distress. The jury awarded Snyder a total of $10,900,000; $2.9 million in compensatory damages, $6 million in punitive damages for invasion of privacy and $2 million for causing emotional distress. The group unsuccessfully sought a mistrial based on alleged prejudicial statements made by the judge and violations of the gag order by the plaintiff's attorney. On February 4, 2008, Bennett upheld the ruling but reduced the punitive damages to $2.1 million. Liens were ordered on WBC buildings and Phelps's law office in an attempt to ensure the damages would be paid. On September 24, 2009, a federal appeals court reversed the lower court's award. It found the picket near the funeral was protected speech because it involved "matters of public concern, including the issues of homosexuals in the military, the sex-abuse scandal within the Catholic Church, and the political and moral conduct of the United States and its citizens", and did not violate the privacy of the service member's family. On March 30, 2010, the appeals court ordered Snyder to pay WBC's court costs of over $16,000, a move Snyder's attorneys referred to as "adding insult to injury". On March 8, 2010, the Supreme Court granted certiorari in *Snyder v. Phelps*. On May 28, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and 42 other senators filed an *amicus* brief in support of Snyder. On June 1, Kansas Attorney General Stephen Six filed a separate brief supporting Snyder which was joined by the Attorneys General of 47 other states and the District of Columbia. Several news and civil rights organizations filed *amicus* briefs in support of Phelps. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Phelps on March 2, 2011. Chief Justice John Roberts wrote of the 8–1 decision: "What Westboro said, in the whole context of how and where it chose to say it, is entitled to 'special protection' under the First Amendment and that protection cannot be overcome by a jury finding that the picketing was outrageous." Justice Samuel Alito, the lone dissenter, said Snyder wanted only to "bury his son in peace" and "Our profound national commitment to free and open debate is not a license for the vicious verbal assault that occurred in this case". ### Entry bans In August 2008, Canadian officials learned of WBC's intent to stage a protest at the funeral of Tim McLean, a Winnipeg resident who was killed on a bus. The protests intended to convey the message that the man's murder was God's response to Canadian laws permitting abortion, homosexuality, divorce and remarriage. In response, Canadian officials barred the organization's members from entering the country. In February 2009, British news sources discovered WBC had announced, via its website, its intent to picket a youth production of *The Laramie Project* to be held at Central Studio, Queen Mary's College in the town of Basingstoke, Hampshire, on February 20, 2009. This would have been its first picket in the United Kingdom. In the lead-up to the picket, Members of Parliament, LGBT groups, and lobbyists appealed to Home Secretary Jacqui Smith, requesting WBC be blocked from entering the UK, on the basis of it inciting hatred towards LGBT people. On February 18, 2009, two days before the intended picket date, the Home Office announced Fred Phelps and Shirley Phelps-Roper would be specifically excluded from entering the UK for having "engaged in unacceptable behaviour by inciting hatred against a number of communities", and also other members "could also be flagged and stopped if they tried to enter Britain". ### Other legal responses > One local lawyer, Pedro Irigonegaray, came up with a novel way to battle the Phelpses. When Phelps Chartered, alleging 'emotional damage,' sued someone who had filed a criminal complaint against a WBC member, Irigonegaray's team requested court approval to have a psychiatrist evaluate Phelps family members to determine the alleged damage. The Phelps firm settled without delay. > > — Southern Poverty Law Center In 1995, Phelps Sr.'s eldest grandson, Benjamin Phelps, was convicted of assault and disorderly conduct after spitting upon the face of a passerby during a picket. In the 1990s, WBC won a series of lawsuits against the City of Topeka and Shawnee County for efforts taken to prevent or hinder WBC picketing, and was awarded approximately $200,000 in attorney's fees and costs associated with the litigation. In 2004, Phelps Sr.'s daughter Margie Phelps and Margie's son Jacob were arrested for trespassing, disorderly conduct and failure to obey after disregarding a police officer's order during an attempted protest. In June 2007 Shirley Phelps-Roper was arrested in Nebraska and charged with contributing to the delinquency of a minor. The arrest resulted from her allowing her ten-year-old son to step on a U.S. flag during the demonstration, which is illegal under Nebraska law. The defense contended that the child's actions were protected speech, and that the state law is unconstitutional. The prosecution claimed the demonstration was not intended as political speech, but as an incitement to violence, and that Phelps-Roper's conduct might also constitute child abuse. Prosecutors later dropped charges against Phelps-Roper. On July 14, 2006, Mundy Township, Michigan billed WBC for $5,000, after it had informed the township authorities on June 28 that a protest was planned at the Swartz Funeral Home. The bill to WBC ensued, according to the local police chief, because the organization failed to keep a verbal contract for security. Fred Phelps's daughter claimed that the Holy Ghost had informed them not to fly to Michigan even though they had already purchased airline tickets. Security at the Webb funeral was high; 15 fire trucks were involved, as well as numerous police officers from nearby jurisdictions. The township has stated that it will not pursue the matter. Criticisms ---------- ### Counter-protests See also: Figs in the Bible Counter-protester standing in front of WBC at Brown University in May 2009Counter-protestors have appeared at some of WBC's protests, sometimes numbering in the hundreds or thousands. Counter-protestors have been known to display humorous signs to mock the group. In particular, the phrase "God hates figs" is commonly used, along with citations to bible verses in which Jesus says that none should eat the fruit of a fig tree, in which Jesus causes a fig tree to wither, and in which God promises as a punishment to make someone like bad figs. The signs have appeared at counter-protests at the University of Chicago, in Spartanburg, South Carolina, and in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. They also appear at non-WBC-related events, such as the Rally to Restore Sanity. The use of these satirical signs has been praised by the American Civil Liberties Union and others. Other phrases include "God Hates Fred Phelps", "God Hates Bags", and "God Hates Shrimp". The dysfunctional Cooper family in Kevin Smith's 2011 film *Red State* was reportedly inspired by WBC. ### Criticism from other Christians Baptist churches, Baptist-affiliated seminaries, and Baptist conventions, including the Baptist World Alliance and the Southern Baptist Convention (two of the largest Baptist groups), have denounced WBC over the years. In addition, other mainstream Christian denominations have condemned the actions of WBC. Katherine Weber of *The Christian Post* states that "Westboro is considered an extremist group by most mainstream Christian churches and secular groups, and is well known for its aggressive protesting style." An alliance of six British religious groups (the Methodist Church of Great Britain, Baptist Union of Great Britain, United Reformed Church, Evangelical Alliance UK, Faithworks, and Bible Society-funded thinktank Theos) made a joint statement on February 19, 2009, in support of the government's entry ban for members of WBC. They condemned the activities of WBC, stating: > > We do not share their hatred of lesbian and gay people. We believe that God loves all, irrespective of sexual orientation, and we unreservedly stand against their message of hate toward those communities. Neither the style nor substance of their preaching expresses the historic, orthodox Christian faith. And we ask that the members of Westboro Baptist Church refrain from stirring up any more homophobic hatred in the UK or elsewhere. > > > Evangelist pastor Jerry Falwell Sr. referred to Fred Phelps as "a first-class nut". WBC picketed Falwell's funeral service on May 22, 2007. In 2013, Christian rock band Five Iron Frenzy recorded a song titled "God Hates Flags" condemning the actions of the Westboro Baptist Church and similar organizations, including such lyrics as "If God is love you got it wrong waving all your placards and flags". ### Other criticisms A number of critics have alleged that the actions of WBC are merely a ploy to receive publicity, and argue that ignoring it completely would be more effective than counter-protests. Political commentator Bill O'Reilly frequently criticizes WBC, and has called them "evil and despicable". During *Snyder v. Phelps*, he offered to pay the entire amount of Albert Snyder's legal costs. Documentary filmmaker Michael Moore has also criticized WBC. In response to WBC's protests after the Sandy Hook shooting, Rapper Mac Lethal criticized the group in a video entitled "Beatbox + iPhone + Guitar + Fast Rap = Win". Former members -------------- Since 2004, over 20 members of WBC, mostly family members, have left the organization and the Phelps family. Several of them have accused WBC of brainwashing. Mark Phelps, estranged son of WBC's founder, Fred Phelps, left the organization in 1973 and began "formal healing therapy in 1988 and worked toward healing and restoration, overcoming the horrible pain and fear from the 19 years of living with" his father. Mark was re-baptized in a local church in 1994 and stated: "If I had to take my family to court and convict them of being followers of Christ, I am not sure where I would find the evidence." Libby Phelps-Alvarez, a granddaughter of the late Fred Phelps and daughter of Fred Phelps Jr. left WBC in 2009.[] In 2017, she released a book entitled *Girl on a Wire: Walking the Line Between Faith and Freedom*. The book documents her years in WBC and what lead up to her decision to leave and eventual departure. Phelps-Alvarez is now an advocate for gay equality. Zach Phelps-Roper is the grandson of Fred Phelps and the fourth sibling of the Phelps-Roper family to leave WBC (besides Megan and Grace mentioned below, brothers Joshua and Noah have also left). After attempting to leave the organization five times previously, he finally left in 2014 after his views began to change. He now preaches about a life of empathy and unconditional love. Danielle Phelps, granddaughter of Fred Phelps, left the church in 2014 shortly after her grandfather's death. She is openly gay and joined the US Marine Corps after leaving the church. In an interview with Harry Robinson on the *All Out Attack Podcast*, Danielle revealed that Steve Drain, father of Lauren Drain and one of the elders of the church after Fred Phelps's death, and the rest of his family, had reportedly been excommunicated from the church. ### Nathan Phelps Main article: Nathan Phelps Nathan Phelps became a vocal LGBT rights and atheist activist. Nathan Phelps is another estranged son of Fred. He left Westboro on his 18th birthday in 1976. He has stated that he never had a relationship with his abusive father when he was growing up, and that WBC is an organization for his father to "vent his rage and anger." He has also stated that, in addition to hurting others, his father used to physically abuse his wife and children by beating them with his fists and with the handle of a mattock to the point of bleeding. Phelps's brother Mark has supported and repeated Nathan's claims of physical abuse by their father. In March 2014, Nathan posted on Facebook that his father was in a hospice in Topeka and was near death, and that Fred was excommunicated from WBC in August 2013, for unclear reasons. These assertions were later reaffirmed by Mark Phelps. Nathan had previously predicted the organization may fall into leadership and theological crises when Fred died, because he had been the binding figure and because their beliefs hold that they are immortal, which would be disproved with the death of a member. WBC spokesperson Steve Drain denied Fred Sr. was on the verge of death and refused to confirm the reported excommunication. Fred Sr. died three days later. ### Megan Phelps-Roper Main article: Megan Phelps-Roper Megan Phelps-Roper, a grandchild of Fred Phelps, left WBC in 2012 together with her sister Grace, and explained her reasons and experiences in a TED talk. In 2015, Sam Harris published an interview with her. She has written a book entitled *Unfollow: A Journey from Hatred to Hope, leaving the Westboro Baptist Church.* She has been making a film about her experiences and notes that four of her siblings have also left WBC. ### Lauren Drain Main article: Lauren Drain Lauren Drain, another former member of WBC who was excommunicated in 2008, released an autobiography titled *Banished* in March 2013. She characterizes children, like herself, as being brainwashed into their belief system and describes consequences of questioning their belief system, such as her banishment. Media coverage -------------- Members of the Church on the set of *The Howard Stern Show* in 2004 In 2001, Sundance Channel aired the film *A Union in Wait*, a documentary about same-sex marriage directed by Ryan Butler. Phelps and members of WBC appeared in the film after Phelps picketed Wake Forest Baptist Church at Wake Forest University over a proposed same-sex union ceremony. In 2005, the British satellite company British Sky Broadcasting produced an investigative piece using hidden cameras, which included footage of two of Phelps's granddaughters, Libby and Jael. In the testimonial, Libby and Jael explain that they hope and pray that no one outside of Westboro becomes "elect", because they want everyone else in the world to die horribly and burn in Hell, and that even if they did not believe their actions were dictated by God, they would still do and enjoy them anyway. On April 1, 2007, British television channel BBC Two broadcast Louis Theroux's *The Most Hated Family in America*. Theroux has presented a number of documentaries about unusual or unconventional people and groups in the UK, the US and elsewhere. In the documentary, Theroux questioned Shirley Phelps-Roper as to whether she had considered if Westboro's protests were more likely to "put people *off* the Word of Jesus Christ and the Bible". In response, she said, "*You* think our job is to win souls to Christ. All we do, by getting in their face and putting these signs in front of them and these plain words, is make what's already in their heart come out of their mouth." Later in the documentary, Phelps-Roper agreed the $200,000 WBC annually spent to fly to funerals to protest was money spent to spread "God's hate". While being filmed by Theroux, it picketed a local appliance store because the store sold Swedish vacuum cleaners, which the group viewed as being supportive of gay people because of Swedish prosecution of Åke Green, a pastor critical of homosexuality. The website godhatesfags.com was prominently featured in *The Jeremy Kyle Show*, a talk show aired on the ITV network in the United Kingdom on June 5, 2007. Shirley Phelps-Roper and her daughters had been invited to express their beliefs live via satellite. On the show, Kyle criticized the Phelpses for their beliefs and referred to the Phelps children as "completely and utterly brainwashed", and to Phelps-Roper herself as "deranged". In the June 21, 2007, Channel 4 documentary *Keith Allen Will Burn in Hell*, starring Keith Allen, on which Phelps-Roper and some of her children agreed to appear, Phelps-Roper admitted on camera that her oldest son, Samuel, was born out of wedlock. Allen declared Phelps-Roper's vocal condemnation of strangers having sexual congress outside of marriage to be hypocritical as she was guilty of the same thing. Louis Theroux made a follow-up to his first documentary which was broadcast in the UK on April 3, 2011, *America's Most Hated Family in Crisis*. Theroux reported that Westboro was in a state of "crisis" and documented the departure of several young members. Since then, two more prominent members have left WBC. Louis returned for a third documentary, *Surviving America's Most Hated Family*, in 2019. Gallery ------- * A WBC member and child protesting homosexuality at the Trinity Episcopal Church in Tulsa, OklahomaA WBC member and child protesting homosexuality at the Trinity Episcopal Church in Tulsa, Oklahoma * A protest against Jews, held by Westboro Baptist ChurchA protest against Jews, held by Westboro Baptist Church * Sign outside the Church thanking God for the COVID-19 pandemicSign outside the Church thanking God for the COVID-19 pandemic
"Santa Maria del Monte" redirects here. For other uses, see St. Mary of the Mountain. The **Abbey of Santa Maria del Monte** (St. Mary of the Mountain) is a Benedictine monastery in Cesena, Italy. This imposing building stands on the *Colle Spaziano* (*Spaziano Hill*). History ------- The abbey was founded about the year 1001 and completed by 1026, in connection with a small church which housed the remains of St. Mauro, a Benedictine monk who had been the Bishop of Cesena in the first half of the 10th century, and who had the custom of climbing the hill on which the abbey stands in order to pray. His *vita* was written by the Camaldolese monk and cardinal, Peter Damian. The abbey was confirmed in 1059 by a papal bull of Pope Nicholas II. The abbey benefited greatly when it received the Emperor Frederic Barbarossa as a guest in 1177. The emperor gave the abbey his protection and bestowed a large grant of land to the community. In 1356, however, the ruler of Forlì, Francesco II Ordelaffi, seized the monastery and used it as a barracks for his troops. The monks fled for over a year. Upon their return, they found the abbey in ruins. The reconstruction lasted for over a century. Between 1536 and 1548, the abbey church assumed its present-day appearance on the basis of a design by Domenico Gravini of Brisighella, who used an original design by Bramante. As the centre of the artistic life of Cesena, the Basilica del Monte also benefited from the work of major artists in the region: Scipione Sacco, Girolamo Longhi and Francesco Masini. Important works are also attributable to Francesco Morandi, known as the *Terribilia*, to whom built the dome (decorated by Francesco Masini between 1568 and 1571) and original stone staircase, and to Alessandro Corsi who in 1588 was the creator of the monumental well of the Great Cloister. The church also houses a wooden choir completed in 1575 by Giuseppe d’Alberto di Scalva. Frescos of Dome of Abbey of St Maria del Monte. A series of unlucky events led to a crisis for the abbey in the 1600s, which was aggravated by the earthquake of 1768, which destroyed the dome of the basilica. The dome was reconstructed by Pietro Carlo Borboni and decorated by Giuseppe Milani between 1773 and 1774. The abbey was suppressed in 1796 during the occupation of Italy by the French Revolutionary Army, under Napoleon Bonaparte. The monks were expelled and the contents of the abbey were sold off. The basilica was transferred to the care of the Conventual Franciscans until they too were suppressed in 1810, at which time it was administered by secular clergy. After the restoration of Italian rule, the abbey grounds were returned in 1814 by their current owner, Count Semprini, to Pope Pius VII, who was a native of the city. The pope re-established the abbey in 1819 and made it a part of the Congregation of Santa Giustina, part of a reform movement of monastic life which was headquartered in the Abbey of Santa Giustina in Padua. One notable member of the community in this period was a young man who was received into the Order in 1827 under the name of Pietro Casaretto. He was to go on and establish a major reform of the congregation, which now extends to almost every continent in the world. The abbey was again suppressed in 1866. The monks were not able to return to resume their lives until 1874. Ex-voto ------- The abbey is also known for housing one of Europe's richest collection of ex-votos (votive tables that date back more than five centuries) During a visit in 1986, Pope John Paul II followed this custom and left one of his own. The abbey is also known for a workshop for antique book restoration that continues to operate today. Sources ------- Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abbazia di Santa Maria del Monte. * (in Italian) Galleria di alcuni dipinti votivi dell'Abbazia * (in Italian) Galleria di alcune opera d'arte presenti nell'Abbazia * (in Italian) Abbazia di Santa Maria del Monte | Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata | | --- | | International | * VIAF | | National | * Germany |
Italian fashion designer **Nanni Strada** is a Milan based fashion and textile designer who has produced collections for Dolomite, Ermenegildo Zegna, Fiorucci, La Perla, Max Mara, Nordica, and Visconti di Modrone among others. Strada produced the first plastic sandals and injected-molded footwear for Fiorucci in 1966. History ------- In 1973, Nanni Strada made a film with Clino Castelli titled "The Cloak and the Skin", which combined documentation of two of her most well known projects to illustrate two fundamental different approaches to clothing's function and manufacture. Strada's "Cloak" is made of layers of quilted cloth cut along straight lines, the seams being simply placed edge-to-edge and overstitched. The design of the "Cloak" is determined by the structure of its single-piece construction. The "Skin" was the first complete one-piece body stocking produced in a single manufacturing operation. The film analyzed the application of the Pantysol method in the manufacturing of the "Skin", illustrating how the fabrication of an H-shaped tubular structure in which the cut of the neckline corresponds to the crotch of the tights. In 1999, Nanni Strada inaugurated the first laboratory of fashion design at the School of Design of the Politecnico di Milano, Milan. Her ‘anti-academic’ classes were collected in the book "Lectures. Fashion‐Design and Project Culture", published by Lupetti in 2013. Exhibitions ----------- The 2008 Somerset House exhibition of "Skin and Bones" curated Strada's work alongside figures such as Junya Watanabe, Shigeru Ban, Bernard Tschumi, Zaha Hadid, and Peter Eisenman. Nanni Strada's work has been exhibited in major museums around the world including the Cooper Hewitt Museum in New York (1976), the Musée de la Mode de la Ville de Paris (2000), the MOCA - Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles (2006–2007), the National Art Center in Tokyo (2007), the Mori Arts Museum in Tokyo (2007), Somerset House in London (2008), the NAMOC - National Art Museum of China in Beijing (2008), the National Museum of Science and Technology in Milan (2011), the State Historical Museum in Moscow (2011–2012). Awards and recognition ---------------------- Nanni Strada received a Compasso d'Oro in 1979, and a Lifetime Achievement Compasso d'Oro in 2018.
Former colony in Sri Lanka (1640–1796) "Zeylan" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Zeylan, Iran. **Dutch Ceylon** (Sinhala: ලන්දේසි ලංකාව; Tamil: ஒல்லாந்த இலங்கை) was a governorate established in present-day Sri Lanka by the Dutch East India Company. Although the Dutch managed to capture most of the coastal areas in Sri Lanka, they were never able to control the Kingdom of Kandy located in the interior of the island. Dutch Ceylon existed from 1640 until 1796. In the early 17th century, Sri Lanka was partly ruled by the Portuguese and partly by Sri Lankan (primarily of Sinhalese origin) kingdoms, who were constantly battling the Portuguese. Although the Portuguese were not winning the war, their rule was oppressive to the people of those areas controlled by them. While the Portuguese were engaged in a long war of independence from Spanish rule, the Sinhalese king (the king of Kandy) invited the Dutch to help defeat the Portuguese. The Dutch interest in Ceylon was to have a united battle front against the Iberians at that time. History ------- ### Background #### The Portuguese The Dutch were invited by the Sinhalese to help fight the Portuguese. They signed the Kandyan Treaty of 1638 with Rajasinghe II and soon embarked on a war against their common enemy. As such the Dutch were appointed as a protector of the country. Meanwhile, however, Rajasinghe II approached the French and offered them the Trincomalee fort as a check against Dutch power. The Dutch captured Trincomalee from the French and controlled all the maritime provinces of the island. Rajasinghe and the Dutch were both playing a double game trying to outwit each other, and the treaty of 1638 was never implemented. The Dutch ruled all the Tamil provinces and brought Tanjore Tamil slaves to work in the cinnamon gardens in the Western Province and tobacco farms in Jaffna. The capital of Dutch Coromandel was in Pulicat and they brought needed manpower from Dutch India. > *SENARAT had divided his kingdom between his own son Rajasinha, to whom were allotted the `Five Countries above the mountains,' practically the modem Kandy District, with the title of king, and the other sons of Dona Catharina, Kumarasinha and Vijayapala, who obtained Uva and Matale respectively. Kumarasinha was poisoned by Rajasinha before Senarat's death, which took place in 1635, and the youngest prince became the sole king as Rajasinha II. (1635–1687). The treaty of 1634 was not very strictly observed, and the new sovereign speedily called in the assistance of the Dutch in 1636, offering them a fort at Kottiyar or Batticaloa and guaranteeing the expenses of the fleet. The authorities of the East India Company at Batavia, who already had their eyes on the Lanka cinnamon trade, seized the opportunity and instructed their Admiral, Adam Westerwold, who was setting out to blockade Goa, to call at Lanka on his return voyage. Meanwhile, envoys were sent to Rajasinha, at whose court they arrived in 1637. After some negotiations, they in company with three Sinhala went on to join Westerwold off Goa and were witnesses of an action between the Dutch and Portuguese fleets, in which the latter was worsted on January 4, 1638. The Admiral then decided to send in advance of himself the Vice-Commandeur Coster with a small squadron, which arrived at Trincomalee on April 3*. > > #### The Dutch and Portuguese Portuguese rule was always in the maritime provinces and the people whom they converted were the coastal peoples. They were the backbone of their power. Many of the princes they converted had either died or were no longer Catholic. The rest of Ceylon remained in the Buddhist majority and Hindu religions. The Dutch were used by the Sinhalese king to take revenge on the Portuguese who wanted to expand their rule. The coming of the Dutch ensured that the Portuguese had two enemies to deal with so finally the Portuguese were forced to sign a treaty with the Dutch and come to terms with their enemies.[*when?*] Finally, the Portuguese left Ceylon.[*when?*] Portugal was at war with its ruler, the King of Spain. Once Portugal obtained its freedom from Spain in 1640, the Netherlands settled for peace with Portugal. Then they divided the occupied areas of Ceylon amicably under a treaty signed in Goa. Slowly, the Dutch became the rulers of coastal and outer areas of Ceylon and Indonesia, and the Portuguese were left with smaller pieces of territory than those of the Dutch and the English. #### Dutch–Portuguese War Main article: Dutch-Portuguese War In the east, Portugal held territories not only in Ceylon but in India, in the Persian Gulf, and what is now Indonesia, then referred to as the East Indies. From 1580 to 1640, the throne of Portugal was held by the Habsburg kings of Spain resulting in the biggest colonial empire until then (see Iberian Union). In 1583 Philip I of Portugal, II of Spain, sent his combined Iberian fleet to clear the French traders from the Azores, decisively hanging his prisoners-of-war from the yardarms and contributing to the "Black Legend". The Azores were the last part of Portugal to resist Philip's reign. The Netherlands meanwhile were in open revolt against their Habsburg overlord and declared themselves a Republic in 1581. Prior to 1580 Dutch merchants had procured colonial produce mostly from Lisbon, but the Iberian Union cut off this supply. Survival of the fledgling republic depended on their going into the colonial business themselves. With two global empires to rule, and with the growing colonial competition with the Dutch, English and French, the Habsburg kings neglected the protection of some of the Portuguese possessions around the world. In this period Portugal lost a great number of lands to the new colonial rivals. A map of the lands of the Habsburg kings in the period of personal union of Portugal (blue) and Spain (red/pink) (1580–1640) During the Twelve Years' Truce (1609–21) the Dutch made their navy a priority in order to devastate Spanish maritime trade — upon which much of Spain's economy depended — after the resumption of war. In 1627, the Castilian economy collapsed. Even with a number of victories, Spanish resources were now fully stretched across Europe and also at sea protecting their vital shipping against the greatly improved Dutch fleet. Spain's enemies, such as the Netherlands and England, coveted its overseas wealth, and in many cases found it easier to attack poorly-defended Portuguese outposts than Spanish ones. The Spanish were simply no longer able to cope with naval threats. In the Dutch–Portuguese War that followed many erstwhile Portuguese possession fell into Dutch hands. Between 1638 and 1640 the Netherlands even came to control part of Brazil's northeast region, with their capital in Recife. The Portuguese won a significant victory in the Second Battle of Guararapes in 1649. By 1654, the Netherlands had surrendered and returned control of all Brazilian land to the Portuguese. Although Dutch Brazil was conquered, during the course of the 17th century the Dutch were able to occupy Ceylon, the Cape of Good Hope, and the East Indies, and to take over the trade with Japan at Nagasaki. Portugal's Asiatic territories were reduced to bases at Portuguese Macau, Portuguese Timor and Portuguese India. ### Admiral van Spilbergen Vimaladharmasurya I receiving Joris van Spilbergen, 1603 In the year 1602, on 2 May, the Dutch Admiral Joris van Spilbergen arrived in Ceylon with three ships from the Dutch port of Veere after a 12-month voyage. Visiting Kandy, the seat of King Vimaladharmasuriya I, Spilbergen and the king developed cordial relations. The king's admiration for his new-found friend was so deep that he began to learn the Dutch language saying ‘Kandy is now Flanders’. They discussed future relations, focussing on possible Dutch military assistance to expel the Portuguese from the coastal areas as well as the trade in cinnamon and pepper. As a token of his friendship, the Dutch Admiral left in the King's service two versatile and skilled musicians: Erasmus Matsberger and Hans Rempel. ### Second fleet and the massacre at Batticaloa Beach Shortly after the successful visit of van Spilbergen, a second Dutch fleet under the command of Sebalt de Weert arrived on the island. De Weert was a very skilful commander who discovered the Falkland Islands during the attempt by Dutch Admirals Cordes and Mahu to find an alternative route to the East Indies through Cape Horn in 1598. After an initial agreement with the king of Kandy, he returned in 1603 to Batticaloa with a fleet of six ships to take part in a joint effort to oust the Portuguese from the island. During his stay, he took four passing Portuguese ships but released the Portuguese crews who had surrendered to the Dutch on the promise of a quarter. The king was very angered by this action and after a perceived insult to his wife, he ordered his men to kill de Weert and 50 of his unarmed compatriots. ### First victory at Batticaloa The Batticaloa fort, around 1665 The Dutch storm the fort of Galle in 1640. After this unhappy event, the Dutch concentrated on organising their trade with the East Indian spice islands. It took more than three decades before the Dutch again undertook action to expel the Portuguese who had arrived some 150 years earlier and were firmly established on the island. After many bloody wars with the Portuguese, King Rajasingha II became convinced that lasting peace with the Portuguese was not possible and he invited the Dutch to force them off the island. At that time the Dutch were still at war with Portugal, which was in a personal union with Spain. The Dutch Council of the Indies in Batavia (Dutch East India) complied with this request and in 1637 sent four ships to the island under Captain Jan Thijssen Payart who signed a treaty with the king. On 4 January 1638 a decisive sea engagement took place off the coast of Goa between Portuguese and Dutch naval forces. The Portuguese fleet was decimated in this battle and the victorious Dutch Admiral Adam Westerwolt (1580–1639) decided to attack the Portuguese fort at Batticaloa on Ceylon with a fleet of five ships and 800 men. In coalition with strong Singhalese forces, he conquered the fort on 18 May 1638. Five days later, following this victorious conquest, Westerwolt in the name of the States General, Prince Frederik Hendrik and the Dutch East India Company agreed to a new treaty with King Rajasingha in his palace in Batticaloa. The treaty was a landmark and set the tone for future relations between the Kandyan Kings and the Dutch. Under the treaty the Dutch were to have a monopoly over all trades except elephants. The forts captured from the Portuguese would be garrisoned by the Dutch or demolished, as the king thought fit. The crucial clause ‘as the king thought fit’ was however only included in the Sinhala and not in the Dutch text of the treaty. This later gave rise to much disagreement between the two parties. The same goes for the clause stating that the king would pay any expenses incurred by the Dutch in the war effort against the Portuguese. Slowly but surely, the Dutch land and naval forces continued to oust the Portuguese from parts of Ceylon. In February 1640, the Portuguese fort of Negombo, a short distance north of Colombo was captured by Philip Lucasz. Following his sudden death, the command was devolved to the capable Willem Jacobsz Coster who earlier fought under Admiral Westerwolt on the east coast. Against overwhelming odds he besieged the strong fort at Galle. After storming the city on 13 March 1640, he became master of it within a few hours. For the next 18 years, Galle would remain the centre of Dutch power in Ceylon. ### Dutch Ceylon (1664–1795) The Dutch retained the areas they had captured as compensation for the cost of war and gradually extended their land. * Galle fort as seen from the bazaar, between 1640 and 1672 Galle fort as seen from the bazaar, between 1640 and 1672 * 1681 map of Dutch Ceylon and the Kingdom of Kandy (North is on the left).1681 map of Dutch Ceylon and the Kingdom of Kandy (North is on the left). * By 1688 the Dutch controlled the regions outlined in green and magenta.By 1688 the Dutch controlled the regions outlined in green and magenta. * Dutch Colombo, based on an engraving of circa 1680Dutch Colombo, based on an engraving of circa 1680 * View of the port of Galle in Ceylon in 1754.View of the port of Galle in Ceylon in 1754. ### British takeover See also: Invasion of Ceylon (1795) The period of Dutch rule over Ceylon would soon come to an end due to changing events in Europe. In 1792, the French Revolutionary Wars broke out between Republican France and a coalition of European nations, which included the Dutch Republic. In 1794, a French invasion force conquered the Dutch Republic, and Prince William V, the Dutch *stadtholder* fled into exile with his family to Great Britain in order to escape the French. The previous regime was replaced by the French-installed Batavian Republic, which served as a *de facto* French protectorate. This led to confusion throughout the Dutch colonial empire between which regime to support, that of the deposed *statholder* in Britain or the Batavian Republic. A few years prior, Governor Falck had died in 1785 after a short illness. He was succeeded by Willem Jacob van de Graaf, an aggressive Dutch expansionist who attempted to extend the colonial borders well beyond established limits. In 1792, van de Graaf was readying the colony for a war with the Kingdom of Kandy. However, the Dutch East India Company administration in Batavia realised the difficulties such a war would pose given events in Europe and ordered van de Graaf to abandon his war plans. In protest, van de Graaf resigned from his position as Governor and was succeeded by Johan van Angelbeek, who would serve as the last Dutch Governor of Ceylon. In 1795, Prince William V issued in February 1795 orders to Johan van Angelbeek to put his forces, forts and warships under British protection. He should consider the British troops ‘… belonging to a power that is in friendship and alliance with their High Mightinesses (the Governors of the VOC), and who come to prevent the Colony from being invaded by the French’. After the war, the British government promised to restore the colony to the Dutch. Van Angelbeek first accepted Prince William's letter and agreed with the British presence on the island. Later, however, van Angelbeek and his Political Council took the fateful decision that the Batavian Republic was considered the sovereign of the colonies and their troops should be ordered to resist any British presence on the island. But the Dutch Governor did not realise that British intrigues had already undermined his military capabilities. The defence of Dutch Ceylon was undertaken mainly by European mercenaries, in particular, the De Meuron Regiment: 1,000 men strong and for two-thirds consisting of Swiss soldiers. On 30 March 1795, the British official Hugh Cleghorn signed a contract with the proprietor of the Regiment, Count Charles-Daniel de Meuron to transfer his regiment into British service for the sum of £6,000. After a token resistance, van Angelbeek gave up. Many Dutch officers and soldiers felt betrayed by their own Governor and at the end of the siege of Colombo turned their heavy guns on the Governor's palace. On 14 February 1796, the Dutch forces surrendered with minimal bloodshed. Pierre Frédéric de Meuron, brother of Count Charles-Daniel, changed his blue Dutch uniform for a red British one and became Military Governor of Ceylon in September 1797 until he was relieved by Frederick North, the first British Governor. Administration -------------- Main article: List of Governors of Dutch CeylonDutch Ceylon was administered by a Governor appointed by the Governor General of the Dutch East Indies. Legacy ------ ### Dutch diaspora Main article: Burgher people Many of the Dutch Burghers migrated to Australia after British rule ended in 1948 to take advantage of the White Australia policy due to their European descent. ### Placenames The islands of the Palk Strait were renamed during Dutch rule in the Dutch language as Kayts, Delft and other cities of the Netherlands. The Dutch priest Philippus Baldeus has written a great historical record similar to Mahavamsa on the Jaffna people and their culture and it was immediately published in Dutch and German with several beautiful pictures. At the Point Pedro Market Square, a granite stone inscription still marks the place where Rev. Baldeus preached to the Tamils under a big tamarind tree. This tamarind tree was uprooted during the cyclone of 1964. ### Language When the Dutch arrived in Ceylon, Portuguese was a recognized language in the occupied areas of the island. It was, however, a Portuguese creole due to its relationship with the native languages. Although this language is no longer spoken there are Dutch influences found in the Sinhala and Tamil languages. There is also a portion of the Sri Lankan population with Dutch surnames, often people of mixed Dutch and Sri Lankan heritage, who are known as *Burghers*. ### Caste-based slavery In the 1700s, the Dutch sanctioned caste-based slavery in Jaffna Sri Lanka. Although this was abolished by the British (Ordinance 20 of 1844) the discrimination still continues in the north despite the legislation introduced in the 1950s and in the 1970s (Prevention of Social Disabilities Act, No. 21 of 1957, 18 of 1971) by the Sri Lankan Government to prohibit caste-based discrimination. ### Dutch language policy During the 140 years of Dutch control, they pursued an active policy of trying to make Dutch the principal language on the island. This included setting up schools to teach Dutch to local people, although these often suffered from a lack of qualified teachers. However, the Dutch language policy by and large failed. One reason for this was that Portuguese had already become a language of wider communication (LWC) in Ceylon prior to 1656. ### Dutch loanwords in Sinhala and Tamil When the Dutch language was introduced it also mingled with indigenous and Portuguese influences. Nevertheless, there are many Dutch loanwords in the two official languages of Ceylon, Sinhala and Tamil. Nicoline van der Sijs reckons that there are some 230 Dutch loanwords in Sinhala. Many of these are in the fields of warfare, trade and agriculture. For example, the Sinhala word for 'potato', අර්තාපල් pronounced *artapal*,' hospital ' (ඉස්පිරිතාලෙ), ඉස්කුරුප්පුව and ඉස්තෝප්පුව comes from the Dutch. In the modern Sri Lankan Tamil language, there are reckoned to be about 50 Dutch loanwords.
Dam in Shropshire **Chelmarsh Reservoir** is a water supply reservoir located in the village of Chelmarsh, Shropshire. The reservoir is operated by South Staffordshire Water and was created in 1963 to augment the supply of water in a large area of South Staffordshire and the Black Country. The main source of water to the reservoir is from abstraction from the River Severn. The reservoir is the main source of supply for Sedgley beacon service reservoir that feeds potable water to some parts of Wolverhampton. Chelmarsh Reservoir attracts many species of wild birds. Hydrology --------- The site chosen for the reservoir was the valley of Chelmarsh Brook on the west bank of the Severn, about ¾ mile from Hampton Loade Ferry. Previously the site had been the location of a small dam which created Park Pond and served as an ornamental lake for Chelmarsh Hall. Recreational ------------ The reservoir is home to a sailing club (www.chelmarshsailing.org.uk) whose refurbished facilities were opened by the Princess Anne in 2004. Chelmarsh Sailing club encourages people of all ages to learn to sail, it has an expanding fleet of modern sailing boats which are suitable for people of all ages and abilities. It has arguably the best sailing facilities within 50 miles range.
Historical street in Bydgoszcz, Poland **Grodzka Street** is a historical street in Old Town of Bydgoszcz, Poland. The street is located in the northern part of the Old Town: it stretches along Brda River waterfront, following an east-west axis. The street starts at the intersection with Bernardyńska street and ends at Tadeusz Malczewski street's crossing. Its length is approximately 430 m. The Grodzka Street was laid out in mid-14th century, when Bydgoszcz became a charter city. Grodzka Street buildings vary greatly one from the other, beginning with the three historic granaries from late 18th century, to the all-glass similar-shape modern mBank in Bydgoszcz, which became an icon of Polish architecture. History ------- The Grodzka Street changed names numerous times in its history. It was known from 16th century to 1750 as "Platea balnealis" (German: *Badegasse*,Polish: *Łazienna*) for the western part, "Platea castriensis" for the eastern part. During the 19th century, it was called successively Mühlenstraße (1800–1816), then Alte Mühlenstraße (1840–1861) and Schloßstraße for eastern part of the street (1800–1900). Lastly, in the 20th century, its name was Burgstraße (1901–1920, 1939–1945) and Ulica Grodzka (1920–1939, since 1945). ### Early history In its eastern part, the street runs through Bydgoszcz oldest settlement, which included Bydgoszcz's early medieval castle from the castellany era and the 14th century castle of Casimir the Great. The area has been the focus of numerous archaeological excavations, which has intensified since the 1990s, providing a huge amount of information on various aspects of settlement and development of Bydgoszcz. Mock-up of the old castle laid at its very location in Grodzka street The first settlement of Bydgoszcz built between 11th and 12th centuries had its footprint in the area of Grodzka Street, between Przy Zamczysku and Bernardyńska streets. First comprehensive archaeological searches conducted in the 1990s led to the discovery of large-scale relics related to the first footprint of Bydgoszcz settlement, with its castle built on an island formed Brda river meanders. It consisted of a fortified area, with log cabin-type housing and utility buildings. In the southern part of this island has been unveiled wooden structures attributed to a harbor on the river. The fortification system has been dated by dendrochronology from 1037 to 1038. Subsequent excavations have been taken in 2007 in connection with the construction of a Holiday Inn hotel at the confluence of Grodzka and Bernardyńska streets. Findings have complemented previous searches regarding former castle, unveiling among other things, wooden relics of log cabin buildings. Those documents and elements of the early medieval castle are now presented the elements in the district archeological museum in the White Granary on Mill Island. Archaeological work was also conducted in the middle of the street, at the intersection of Grodzka and Podwale streets. It has unveiled wooden joists piles set on a NE-SW track, interpreted as remnants of a wood surface of today's Kreta street. On the other hand, at the crossing with Mostowa street have been discovered several building layers made of wood and brick. Those edifices are dated back to the second half of the 14th century, for the timber-framed buildings and to the 15th–19th century for brick buildings. Searches also excavated thousands of objects from daily life. In 2014, another study has unveiled a wooden road from the 16th century, preserved in a pretty good state. ### From 14th to 18th century View of Grodzka street eastward Until 1772 Grodzka Street was the main axis that spread along the northern edge of the city. Starting at St Martin and St Nicholas cathedral where were laid the city walls, it led to the Old Castle in the east. In 15th and 16th centuries, on the western end of the street was built a bridge connecting to Mill Island in Bydgoszcz, located at Farna weir: it has been demolished since. With time, southern side of the street developed estate houses, while northern side areas were used for business (granaries and waterfront harbour). In the western end of the street, around the cathedral, there was a municipal cemetery till the end of the 18th century. #### Public baths The western part of Grodzka street was called "Łazienna" from polish word for *city bath*, then located in the area. On June 21, 1549, Andrzej Kościelecki, Bydgoszcz Starosta and governor of Poznan, came to terms with the City Council to have public baths built. It was created on Brda river waterfront, but in the absence of reliable sources, the exact location of the property is not known. In 1573, the governor and mayor of Bydgoszcz, Jan Kościelecki, asked the City Council to renovate the devastated public baths, for hygienic purposes. Another mention in the documents dates back to 1717: minor bathing activity was still performed at this time. #### Grodzka Gate Map of Bydgoszcz by Gretha in 1774 Until 1772, eastern end of today's Grodzka street was called named "Zamkowej" (polish for *Castle*), referring to the neighboring town castle to where the street led. Between the city itself and the castle stood a fence or defensive wall, which was pierced at the end of the street by the Grodzka Gate. It had no military importance but was the only connection between the city and the castle. No remains of the door have been ever found during archaeological excavations, but written sources proved its existence. Behind the gate was a bridge over the castle moat. On the basis of several historical plans (Dahlberg (1657), Gretha (1774), Steermanna (1789), Lindner (1800)) studies have estimated the location of this gate in the area of the intersection of Grodzka and Podwale Streets: between the current Lloyd's Palace and Seminary building (at Nr.16 of Grodzka Street). The Grodzka Gate, along with the city castle were destroyed during Swedish invasions in the 17th century, and never rebuilt. ### Prussian period Old town Bydgoszcz in 1876 Buildings Jackman and Frederic in Bydgoszcz 1903 On a detailed plan of the city, prepared by the Prussian geometer Gretha in 1774, plots along the street are partially occupied by current buildings. In the western part, the street ran along the municipal cemetery to the bridge connecting Mill Island in Bydgoszcz. On the eastern side, the watered castle moat is still standing. Between the castle and the Brda river stands the cane sugar refinery building (now PZU building). On the map of Lindner from 1800 are clearly visible the new buildings erected during 25 years: the municipal granaries on the river waterfront and the fish Market, established along a dirt road meandering around the ruins of the castle. From 1834 on, a continuous frontages of houses and granaries were visible in the western part of Grodzka street, but, since the mid-19th century, the bridge extending the street to Mill Island has been demolished, and Grodzka ends with a connection to Tadeusz Malczewski Street. The only difference between 1876's and today's layout is the extension of Grodzka street to the east, linking to Bernardyńska street. In the second half of the 19th century, new buildings have been erected in the street: the Seminary Building (1858), and the Lloyd's Palace (1884), both placed on the plot of the dried moat castle. The most representative buildings, now gone, were standing at the intersection with Mostowa street: the *House Jachmann* (1838) with its cafe *Bristol* onto the Brda river, and the *House Fryderyk* (1902) comprising a restaurant *Piwnica Fryderykowska*, a department store and suites, design by builder Joseph Święcicki. St. Andrew Bobola Church In the early 20th century, on the site of the former castle was built an evangelical temple, which after World War II became the Jesuit's church of St. Andrew Bobola. ### Demolitions during the Nazi occupation In 1940, on Hitler's orders, the Nazi occupation authorities demolished buildings and granaries nearby Mostowa street (in particular houses *Jachmann* and *Fryderyk*). ### Post-World War II period In 1960, two half-timbered granaries located on the fish market burned down. In 1973, a square with a fountain has been built nearby Mostowa street where the houses demolished in 1940 stood. The northernmost part of Grodzka street has been rebuilt in 2006–2007, works being completed in 2015 including: the Grodzka street section from Mostowa St. to Podwale St. (repaved), the bridge, entirely restored, and Jatki street, between old market square and Grodzka, renovated. After 1990, new distinctive modern buildings appeared in the street including: mBank seat in Bydgoszcz, recognizable by its glass granary architecture has been erected in 1996–1998, and the three star Holiday Inn hotel, built in 2008–2010 at the eastern end of the street. The modernization of the street pavement was included in the Revitalization Plan of Bydgoszcz. Panorama of Grodzka St. buildings from opposite Brda river bank Main places and buildings ------------------------- **The Culture institute – Catholic house**, at 1 Registered on **Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List** Nr.702040, Reg.A/1266, (January 31, 2006). The building was constructed in 1927–1928 to accommodate the growing number of the Polish Catholic community in Bydgoszcz after the city rejoined Poland in 1920. Pastor Tadeusz Skarbek-Malczewski wanted to improve dramatically the modest original rectory housing at Focha Street 11 and thus planned to build a house designed for meetings and educational activities for Catholics in Bydgoszcz. The plot selected at Grodzka 1 was owned by the church and the architect selected was Stefan Cybichowski from Poznan, builder of many monasteries in Wielkopolska and Pomerania. The construction was financed from social contributions and with the help of local authorities. The consecration of the Catholic House by Tadeusz Skarbek-Malczewski happened on March 11, 1927. The ground floor housed a reading room and a hall room for 240 seats, while upstairs were a room hall with 60 seats and the manager apartment. The House held parish meetings, meetings with children and youth, performances of religious content by amateur theaters and youth teams, and various religious events. In December 1939, when Nazi forces took the city, collections were moved to the Municipal Museum building on Mill Island, leaving the edifice at the care of curator Kazimierz Borucki. The edifice has not been impacted by 1940s destruction of waterfront buildings nearby Mostowa street (Houses "Jachman" and "Fryderyk"). After World War II, the building has been used for meetings of Catholic associations and ministries activities. In 1964, the eastern part has been rebuilt and in 1989, a monument to Leon Barciszewski (Bydgosdzcz Mayor) has been unveiled in the nearby square – it has been moved to Długa street in 2008. In the years 1982–2000 the building housed classrooms of the Primate Institute of Christian Culture. Since the erection in 2004 of Bydgoszcz Diocese, the manager of the building is the diocesan curia. In 2007 renovations have carried out with subsidies from the city. After granting Bydgoszcz with EU funds under the Regional Operational Programme of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, the edifice has been completely renovated and transformed into a "Institute of Culture – Polish House", dedicated to culture, business and society. The property houses the conference center of the diocese, and it is planned to open a Museum of the Diocese of Bydgoszcz. Official inauguration of the Polish House has happened on May 24, 2012, in the presence of Bydgoszcz bishop Jan Tyrawa and Bydgoszcz Mayor Rafał Bruski * Main facadeMain facade * View from across the Brda riverView from across the Brda river **Building at 7 Mostowa street**, corner with Grodzka street, 1850–1900 Eclecticism. This tenement has been recently renovated. * Building on Grodzka 6 Street at MostowaBuilding on Grodzka 6 Street at Mostowa **Dutch Granary**, at 7 Registered on **Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List**, Nr.601338, Reg.A/1122, (January 25, 1960 & May 12, 1993. 1794–1797: Wattle and daub. This granary has been built before 1793. It is a one-storey structure with a round-gable roof style which gave its name "Dutch granary". After a thorough renovation of the Dutch granary carried out from 1993 to 2002, municipal authorities have dedicated it for the Regional Museum *Leon Wyczółkowski*. Since April 2002, it houses the Museum of Bydgoszcz, featuring a permanent exhibition about the history of the city, as well as a Tourist Information point. * Dutch Granary at Grodzka 7 StreetDutch Granary at Grodzka 7 Street **Building at Nr.8**, corner with Mostowa street. Neo-Eclecticism. This edifice tenement has been built in 2007 following the Eclecticist style, by local Polish patisserie company "Cukiernia Sowa". It houses now one of its restaurants. * Renovated building at Grodzka 8 StreetRenovated building at Grodzka 8 Street **Grain Granaries**, at 9/11. Registered on **Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List**, Nr.601339 & 601340, Reg.A/1123 & A/1124, (May 12, 1993). 1793–1800: Wattle and daub. These buildings have been built by Samuel Gotlieb Engelmann, a merchant, as a complex of five granaries, and worked for over 150 years. In February 1960, a great fire destroyed two other adjacent granaries close to the Fish Market (at Nr.13 and 15). From this date on, the municipal authorities have re-allocated granaries for the needs of the District Museum "Leon Wyczółkowski". Between 1998 and 2006, a general overhaul have been carried out. These are half-timbered buildings, characterized by their wooden frame filled with bricks and their de l'Orme roof. The four-storey granary at Grodzka 9 has been rebuilt in the third quarter of the 19th century. The granary at Grodzka 11 has only three storey. * View of the 5 Granaries in 1905View of the 5 Granaries in 1905 * View of the 3 granariesView of the 3 granaries * View from Grodzka streetView from Grodzka street **Building at 12** Eclecticism First quarter of the 19th century This tenement housed a German restaurant "Alt Bromberg", called then "Stara Bydgoszcz" during interwar period. The building has been purchased by local entrepreneur *Adam Sowa* to be a piece of a new hotel ensemble to open in 2019. For this purpose, the edifice at Nr.12 has been thoroughly restored * Advertising for restaurant "Stara Bydgoszcz" ca 1926Advertising for restaurant "Stara Bydgoszcz" ca 1926 * View of the frontage onto Jatki street View of the frontage onto Jatki street * Eastern frontageEastern frontage * Building renovated in mid-2018Building renovated in mid-2018 **Bydgoszcz Chamber theatre** at 14/16 Registered on **Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List**, Nr.601341, Reg.A/887 (June 21, 1993). The chamber theatre, built in 1875–1876 and rebuilt in 1897 by Karl Bergner in the style of Eclecticism, has initially housed a restaurant with a bowling alley and a garden, one of the several dining and entertainment complexes operating in Bromberg at this time. The facility gained popularity after its acquisition by Jacob Wichert, who expanded it. In 1897, architect Karl Bergner designed a banquet hall for 600 people, with Neo-Baroque and Eclecticism designs. Karl Bergner was famous for its realizations in several buildings of Bromberg, like Max Zweininger house or House at Focha Street 4. Interiors were lavishly decorated, the complex after expansion comprised a wine bar, a beer-house, a summer garden, a restaurant "Stara Bydgoszcz" ("Old Bydgoszcz"), and in the main hall were held numerous balls, concerts, theatre performances, and cabaret shows. The activity went on until the end of World War II. In 1947–1949, the place has been adapted for theatrical stage performances, in replacement of the demolished Municipal Theatre, and after a 1945–1947 period where performances were held at Gdanska St.66–68. Theatrical activity was then using a small stage set up in the banquet hall. After completion in October 1949 of the Polish Theatre in Bydgoszcz, performances left Grodzka street. After 1956 Gomułka's thaw, the Polish Theatre in Adam Mickiewicz Alley turned to more spontaneous performances and began to look for other premises: attention was then drawn to an abandoned building at Grodzka Street 14–16, and a second theater scene started there. A thorough overhaul of the edifice was then carried out by artist Stanislaw Lejkowski, both outside and inside, with a 300 seats hall, a foyer and breakfast area. The new facility was called Chamber Theatre. Its program included plays from Jan Potocki, Henry Becque, Keith Waterhouse, Oscar Wilde, Jerzy Jurandot, Alfred Hennequin and many more. Chamber theatre scene was the place for experiments of new, high-profile and avant-garde plays adapting literary Polish and foreign works. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s more than 130 plays from a diversified repertoire were put on stage. In 1988, unable to meet fire regulations, the building lost its activity which has moved to the Polish Theatre in Bydgoszcz. An entire re-building of the facility happened scheduled in 2020-2021. The new theatre features, among others, a multifunction amphitheatre with 187 seats, workshop and meetings rooms, so as to support artistic and social development. * Main hall in 1910 Main hall in 1910 * Renovated building viewed from the Brda riverRenovated building viewed from the Brda river * By NightBy Night **Fish Market** is located between Grodzka Street and Brda river waterfront in the Old Town. On opposite Brda river bank is located the neo-Gothic main Post Office building. A water tram stop is located at Fish Market. Fish Market was set in the Middle Ages, and worked till 1946. It was the traditional place for trading fish, directly on galleys and boats, and then on barges and steamers. In the 19th century, it was a central place for business, and in neighboring granaries were stored fish and herring transiting from Gdańsk using Brda waterway. Permanent market stalls were open from dawn to dusk. In 1906, fish trading was transferred to the municipal market hall in Podwale Street, but the fish market still sold salted herring in barrels and pottery. * View ca 1916View ca 1916 * Main post office frontage viewed from fish market Main post office frontage viewed from fish market * View from the bridge over Brda riverView from the bridge over Brda river * View from opposite side of Brda river View from opposite side of Brda river **Lloyd Palace**, at 17 Registered on **Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List**: Nr.601342, Reg.A/1125 (October 12, 1995). Built in the style of Dutch Mannerism in 1885-1886, it was commissioned by Otto Liedtke. He was the co-founder with Heinrich Dietz, in 1873, of one of the major shipping companies in East-Prussia, *Lloyd*, with local branch in Königsberg, Elbing and Dantzig. It was the most representative building of an entire complex, including among others, a house, a coach house and storage rooms. The designer was master builder Waldemar Jenisch, gave the building its Mannerism style. At the turn of the 20th century, the *Lloyd of Bydgoszcz* operated about 3000 rafters on the Bydgoszcz Canal. Until 1908, the palace has served as living quarters for the owner and his family. Later, when the property was sold to Inland Waterways shipping company "Bromberger Schleppschifffahrt Aktien Gesellschaft", a reconstruction of the building was carried out to fit it for administration and office purposes. In 1920, when Bydgoszcz rejoined the Polish territory, the German shipping company was renamed "Lloyd Bydgoszcz" and his seat remained in the adorned palace. "Lloyd" company was then one of the largest shipping companies in the country. Its network included: the Regional branches in Gdańsk, Warsaw, Wloclawek; a brick factory, a saw mill and a distillery in Bydgoszcz area; as well as shipyard on Brda river, and a trans-shipment port in Bydgoszcz vicinity. After World War II, the building was still owned by the shipping company, which took the name of "Żegluga Bydgoska" (Bydgoszcz Inland Waterways Shipping company). The basement housed the archives, storage rooms and a boiler room. On the ground floor were directors office, accounting and numerous departments of the company. In the attic were another office and the telephone exchange. In 1974, the edifice has been renovated: inside the palace a Mariner House was built and the other buildings demolished to give place to the waterfront facility (which was not built due to economic difficulties). The property was sold in 1995 to BRE Bank, which realized a thorough renovation of the palace, with reconstruction of architectural details (cornices, pediments, pinnacles, obelisks, spire with weather vane). At the very place of the old ancillary facilities, BRE Bank has ordered in 1997–1998 to architect Andrzej Bulanda two modern glass-steel-and-clinker-brick buildings, known as "new granaries". The *Lloyd palace*, with its Dutch Mannerism style, presents similarities with two other buildings in Bydgoszcz: the building at 9 Kołłątaja Street (former shelter for blind people) and the Eastern Railway Headquarters building at 63 Dworcowa Street. * View from Grodzka Street View from Grodzka Street * View from the Brda river View from the Brda river * Frontage by nightFrontage by night **High Seminary of Bydgoszcz Diocese**, at 18 Registered on **Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List**: Nr.601343, Reg.A/810 (September 30, 1992) Erected in 1858 in the style of neo-Gothic, the red brick-laid part of the current building has been built on the very site of the former moat castle which in ruins in the 18th century, in the building of the former Carmelite monastery. The building was erected as a *Realschule*, established May 23, 1851, as Bromberg school of higher rank, accepting children of officials and officers. Initially, school classes were held in rented buildings at the crossing of Długa and Poznanska streets. By the 1853 spring, the school started all six grades of elementary school, and it promoted its first graduates on March 30, 1855. The new building located at Grodzka street has been opened on October 11, 1858. The Stadtische Realschule operated in this building till the end of the Prussian occupation in 1920. The school was managed by the city which kept up relatively high tuition fees. In 1859, after the introduction of new regulations for royal schools, Bromberg "realschule" became a real school degree, under the supervision of the Provincial College School in Poznan. A special tribute to the school was put by foundation funds established on June 4, 1869, by a Bydgoszcz mayor, Karl von foller. With foundation's support, poorer students could attend the realschule. The school was equipped with: the teaching library, lending books to students who could not afford to purchase them, the (well-equipped) physics and chemistry offices and laboratories as well as the collection of zoological and botanical preparations, various anatomical models and a collection of fossils and minerals. The first headmaster (1851–1886) was Gustav Gerber. In 1876, on the 25th anniversary of the school, he was promoted to the dignity of Bydgoszcz Honorary Citizen. In 1890, the school has been taken over by the Prussian State as a "Royal Grammar School". In the years 1906–1908 a two-storey block building was added to the east. It delimited the corner of the newly laid Przy Zamczysku street that followed the Old Castle demarcation. From 1918 to 1939, the building has housed the "State High School of Humanities", one of the three state-owned middle schools for boys in the city, one of the other being the High School Nr.1. To the difference of High School Nr.1 on Plac Wolnosci which focused on classical languages courses (Greek and Latin, *Humanities school* emphasized studies of science (Mathematics and Physics) and French. In 1925–1926, the National Humanities High School had up to 600 students. The specificity of this school was its national and religious tolerance: among the students were Poles, Jews and even Germans, so various religious instructions were provided (Roman Catholic and Evangelical and Jewish). In 1937, the school received the patron name of marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły. From 1938, its official full name was: *Second State High School and Gymnasium "Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły"*. After the end of World War II, the building has housed several schools. In the 1950s and 1960s there were: the general education elementary, the Middle School and High School *Maria Sklodowska-Curie*, as well as a vocational school of technical and metal construction. In 1968, the edifice has been transferred to the *High School of Engineering*, founded in 1951. In 1974 the *Higher School of Engineering* merged with the local branch of the University of Life Sciences in Poznań and changed its name to *University of Technology and Agriculture*, and 2006 to *Jan & Jędrzej Śniadecki University of Technology and Life Sciences*. In 1992, departments of the University started to move from the historical building at Grodzka street to a new facility in Fordon district. All departments completed the movement in 2007. The same year, the High Seminary of Bydgoszcz Diocese *Michał Kozal* set up in 2004, moved into the building: this seminary is a local section of Poznan's Theology Department of Adam Mickiewicz University. This faculty gives courses on Pastoral theology, with specialization in Holy orders. The brick-laid building makes reference to the neo-Gothic style, then the Prussian official style: it has been plastered later following Neo-Baroque references. The old edifice is symmetrical, with two avant-corps along its axis, with a low-hip roof. On the avant-corps front, the basement door openings are in the form of a triple arcade. The avant-corps onto Grodzka Street is topped with an attic style parapet and pinnacles. The recent building has a pseudo-tented roofed turret in a corner. In the years 2006– 2008, the whole building has been refurbished. * The building with Lloyd palace and the "new granaries"The building with Lloyd palace and the "new granaries" * View from Grodzka Street View from Grodzka Street * Front facade with its avant-corps Front facade with its avant-corps **New Granaries** at 19/21 Built in 1995–1998 by Andrzej Bulanda and Vladimir Mucha. The two modern architecture type buildings have built by award-winning designers of an architectural competition, project architects Andrzej Bulanda and Vladimir Mucha from Warsaw. Their shape and style refer to the neighbouring historic granaries on the waterfront, allowing them to blend with the environment. Today, buildings house a branch of mBank (ex BRE Bank). The edifices have received many awards, as *icon of modern architecture*, among others: * *Grand prize* as the most beautiful public building built in the 1990s in Poland in the contest organized by the magazine "Murator"; * SARP 2000 award, from the Association of Polish Architects; * State Award for outstanding creative achievements in the field of architecture and construction in 2000; * *Platinum Drill* for the contractor – the company Budopol SA from Bydgoszcz granted by Bosch; * The international DIFA Award 2004 together with the nomination Mies van de Rohe in 2001. * View from opposite bank of Brda riverView from opposite bank of Brda river * The 2 buildingsThe 2 buildings * View from Grodzka Street View from Grodzka Street * View by nightView by night **Plac Solny** (Salt Market) is located along the Brda river, between Grodzka street and Przy Zamczysku street. It is bordered by PZU building on the east and the *new granaries* on the west. The square lies on the edge of the old city castle moat. At the beginning of the 19th century, on the plot of today's square were erected cane sugar refineries, partly re-using material from the ruins of the nearby castle. Those refineries were still standing in 1876. Around 1900, with their destruction, the area has been used as a wharf for freight barges following the Oder-Vistula waterway. It is currently used as a parking lot and occasionally as a place to conduct outdoor events. * View from the square westwardView from the square westward * View from the square eastward View from the square eastward * View by nightView by night * The square ca 1910The square ca 1910 **PZU building**, at 25 Registered on **Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list**, Nr.601344, Reg.A/892 (November 20, 1992). Erected at the end of the 18th century, the building was located at the very place of the moat of the old city castle. The purpose of the building was to host the "Sugar cane refinery" then newly transferred in 1774 from Berlin to Bydgoszcz. The edifice was part of a series of factories built on the old Salt Square: this one was the largest, used for administrative and residential purposes, but also as a warehouse. The sugar cane refinery was the largest company in Bydgoszcz at the beginning of the 19th century: raw cane was supplied by water from Gdańsk using Brda river's waterway. The owners of the company, were the Schickler brothers from Berlin, who were also part of the consortium managing Mill Island facilities in 1825. Later the company was taken over by *Splittgerber und Daum*, one of the oldest Berlin bank. In addition to sugar production, the company also produced clothes for exportation to US (Black Americans market). In 1807, annual sugar production reached 250 tonnes, the company being 20 people strong. In 1818, the sugar production activity stopped and the building was used as storage and selling place for the imported sugar from Berlin refineries. After 1834, buildings refineries complex was sold out. The administrative building (the only one preserved) was sold in 1855 to city counselor Knopf, who rented it to tenants, hence the four different entries that still exists, associated with various postal addresses. In 1895, the building became the property of the city: it was decided to renovate the interiors to house, among others: * a *school* area (in particular an agricultural school); * a municipal pawnshop; * a cadastral office (from 1901); * an industrial office (from 1910); * a municipal measurements office. After 1920, the building belonged to the Polish city of Bydgoszcz, which developed departments inside: * Labour Market Service; * Court and Merchant Commission Secretariats; * Unemployment Fund's Management Board; * City Police Office; * Office of Security and Public Order. In 1936–1939 the building also housed the Municipal Department of Population Records and Statistics and the Airborne and Antigas Defence League secretariat. During the German occupation, the Nazi labor office was laid in there. A shelter against air raids had been set up in the cellars. After World War II it was allocated for the needs of the Civil Registration Office. In 1977, PZU (National Insurance) Group bought it and rebuilt it in 1981 to the current outshape, mending the repeated devastations undergone so far. The edifice is built in the style of neo-classicism from the late 18th century. It has decorative cornices and subtle articulation of the walls. It has a pedimented roof and an annex part built from the second half of the 19th century on its eastern side. Foundations studies reveal that part of materials used for the construction came from the then neighbouring ruins of the old castle. In 1995, the building underwent a major renovation. In the square located between the PZU building and Bernardyński bridge on the east stands the *Jubilee oak*: this tree has been planted on April 23, 1997 to celebrate the 650th anniversary of the creation of Bydgoszcz city. * View from opposite river bankView from opposite river bank * View from Plac SolnyView from Plac Solny * By night By night **House at 32**, built in 1895–1896. The parapet bears a trumpet, the international mail symbol, evidence that it was once the seat of the Prussian postal administration. * Detail of the parapet Detail of the parapet **Holiday Inn building**, at 36 Built in 2010; this 4-star hotel with 138 rooms has been built at the eastern tip of Grodzka street. * Bird eye view Bird eye view * Main entryMain entry * View from opposite river bankView from opposite river bank Bibliography ------------ * (in Polish) Derenda, Jerzy (2006). *Piękna stara Bydgoszcz. Tom I z serii: Bydgoszcz miasto na Kujawach*. Bydgoszcz: Towarzystwo Miłośników Miasta Bydgoszczy. ISBN 9788391617809. * (in Polish) Umiński, Janusz (1996). *Bydgoszcz. Przewodnik*. Bydgoszcz: Regionalny Oddział PTTK "Szlak Brdy". | * v * t * e Streets and squares in Bydgoszcz | | --- | | Stare miasto district (transl. Old town) | * Czartoryskiego street * Długa street * Farna street * Grodzka street * Jezuicka street * Podwale street * Przyrzecze street * Stary Port street | Bydgoszcz coat of arms | | Śródmieście district (transl. Downtown) | * Cieszkowskiego street * Dworcowa street * Focha street * Gdańska street * Gimnazjalna, Libelta and Szwalbego streets * Jagiellońska street * Kołłątaja street * Konarskiego street * Kopernika street * Kordeckiego street * Zygmunt Krasiński street * Kwiatowa street * Marcinkowskiego street * Markwarta street * Adam Mickiewicz avenue * Obrońców Bydgoszczy street * Ossoliński avenue * Piotrowskiego street * Pomorska street * Mikołaja Reja street * Sielanka street * Sienkiewicza street * Piotra Skargi street * Słowackiego street * Staszica and Paderewskiego streets * Jan and Jędrzej Śniadecki street * Świętego Floriana street * Swiętej Trojcy street * Świętojańska street * 3 Maja street * Doktora Emila Warmińskiego street | | Wilczak district (transl. Wolfdog) | * Nakielska street * Seminaryjna street | | Wzgórze Wolności district (transl. Freedom hill) | * Bernardyńska street | | Bocianowo district | * 20 Stycznia 1920 street * Bocianowo Street * Chocimska street * Chodkiewicza street * Chrobrego street * Gdańska street * Kościuszki street * Adam Mickiewicz avenue * Paderewskiego street * Pomorska street * Sienkiewicza street * Świętojańska street * Zamoyskiego street | | Okole district | * Garbary street * Królowej Jadwigi street * Grunwaldzka street | | Skrzetusko district | * Chopina street * Krakowska street | | Szwederowo district | * Szwederowo district | | Bielawy district | * Chodkiewicza street | | Babia Wieś district | * Babia Wieś street * Bernardyńska street * Toruńska street | | Main squares | * Stary Rynek * Plac Wolności * Kościelecki square * Piastowski square * Theatre square * Wool Market square * Józef Weyssenhoff square * Nowy Rynek | 53°07′20″N 18°00′12″E / 53.1223°N 18.0034°E / 53.1223; 18.0034
Village in Ohio, United States **Verona** is a village in Montgomery and Preble counties in the U.S. state of Ohio. The population was 403 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area. Geography --------- Verona is located at 39°54′12″N 84°29′17″W / 39.90333°N 84.48806°W / 39.90333; -84.48806 (39.903451, -84.488175). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.47 square miles (1.22 km2), of which 0.46 square miles (1.19 km2) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.03 km2) is water. Demographics ------------ Historical population| Census | Pop. | Note | %± | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1880 | 221 | | — | | 1920 | 317 | | — | | 1930 | 310 | | −2.2% | | 1940 | 346 | | 11.6% | | 1950 | 426 | | 23.1% | | 1960 | 527 | | 23.7% | | 1970 | 593 | | 12.5% | | 1980 | 571 | | −3.7% | | 1990 | 472 | | −17.3% | | 2000 | 430 | | −8.9% | | 2010 | 494 | | 14.9% | | 2020 | 403 | | −18.4% | | U.S. Decennial Census | ### 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 494 people, 180 households, and 124 families living in the village. The population density was 1,073.9 inhabitants per square mile (414.6/km2). There were 199 housing units at an average density of 432.6 per square mile (167.0/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.6% White and 1.4% from two or more races. There were 180 households, of which 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.1% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.1% were non-families. 26.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.23. The median age in the village was 37.3 years. 25.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.8% were from 25 to 44; 24.3% were from 45 to 64; and 12.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50.4% male and 49.6% female. ### 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 430 people, 158 households, and 112 families living in the village. The population density was 2,529.1 inhabitants per square mile (976.5/km2). There were 166 housing units at an average density of 976.4 per square mile (377.0/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 99.77% White, and 0.23% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.93% of the population. There were 158 households, out of which 38.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.7% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.5% were non-families. 24.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.26. In the village, the population was spread out, with 31.2% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 8.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 101.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.0 males. The median income for a household in the village was $34,107, and the median income for a family was $38,750. Males had a median income of $33,333 versus $24,219 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,468. About 5.6% of families and 8.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.3% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
James L. Wilmeth **James L. Wilmeth** (1870–1959) was an official in the United States Department of the Treasury who was Director of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing from 1917 to 1922. Biography --------- Wilmeth was born in Chewallah, Tennessee in 1870 and raised in Tennessee and Arkansas. He attended college in Arkansas and then spent several years working as a teacher. In 1895, Wilmeth joined the United States Department of the Treasury in Washington, D.C. While working at the Treasury, he earned an LL.B. from the National University School of Law. After earning this degree, he worked as a law clerk in the Office of the Comptroller of the Treasury. He became Chief Clerk of the Treasury in 1910. He later worked for the Treasury in Europe as Custodian of Gold. In 1917, Wilmeth became Director of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. He was also mayor of Takoma Park, Maryland from 1920 to 1923. In 1922, in a surprise move, President of the United States Warren G. Harding issued an executive order dismissing Wilmeth and 28 other top officials in the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. They were suspected of improper duplication of bonds. Wilmeth was later completely exonerated of all charges, and in 1924, he was offered the opportunity to return to the post of Director of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing but Wilmeth refused. After leaving government service, Wilmeth worked in an insurance firm. Wilmeth retired to Philadelphia, where he died in 1959.
American politician For other people named Lewis Morris, see Lewis Morris (disambiguation). **Lewis Richard Morris** (November 2, 1760 – December 29, 1825) was an American lawyer and politician. He served as a United States representative from Vermont. Early life ---------- Morris was born in Scarsdale in the Province of New York to Sarah Ludlow (1730–1791) and Richard Morris (1730–1810), Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court from 1779 to 1790. Morris attended the common schools. While in his teens, Morris served as an aide to General Philip Schuyler and then to General George Clinton (vice president) during the American Revolutionary War. Morris was a nephew of Gouverneur Morris and Lewis Morris. Career ------ In 1786, Morris moved to Springfield in the Vermont Republic and established himself as a businessman, landowner and politician. He served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs from 1781 to 1783. He was a member of the Springfield meeting-house committee in 1785 and was tax collector in 1786 and 1787. He served as a selectman on the town council in 1788, and as town treasurer from 1790 to 1794. Morris was Windsor County court clerk from 1789 to 1796. He served as judge of the Windsor County court until 1801. Morris was clerk of the Vermont House of Representatives in 1790 and 1791, and was a member of the convention to ratify the United States Constitution. He was secretary of the constitutional convention in Windsor in 1793. Morris attended the Vermont ratifying convention in Bennington, Vermont, where he voted in support of the Constitution. On March 4, 1791, President George Washington appointed him the first U.S. Marshal of the District of Vermont. He served as Marshal until 1794 and was succeeded by his deputy, Jabez G. Fitch. Morris was a brigadier general in the State militia in 1793 and major general of the First Division from 1795 to 1817. He was a member of the Vermont House of Representatives from 1795 to 1797 and 1803 to 1808, and served as speaker. He was elected as a Federalist to the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Congresses, holding office from May 22, 1797, to March 3, 1803. Personal life ------------- Morris married Mary Dwight, daughter of Timothy and Mary Edwards Dwight, Hulda Theodosia Olcott, who died soon after their marriage and Ellen Hunt, daughter of Jonathan Hunt. Morris died on December 29, 1825, in Springfield, Vermont, and is interred at Forest Hill Cemetery in Charlestown, New Hampshire.
Icelandic folk horror film ***Lamb*** (Icelandic: *Dýrið*, lit. 'The animal') is a 2021 folk horror film directed by Valdimar Jóhannsson, who also co-wrote the screenplay with Sjón. The film's plot is about the birth of a human/sheep hybrid of mysterious origin and the couple who adopts the child as their own. An international co-production between Iceland, Sweden, and Poland, the film stars Noomi Rapace, and marks Valdimar's feature-length directorial debut. Rapace and Béla Tarr were executive producers. After premiering at the 2021 Cannes Film Festival, the film was released in Iceland on 24 September 2021. It was selected as the Icelandic entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 94th Academy Awards. Plot ---- In Iceland, a herd of horses is spooked by an unknown, loudly-breathing entity that makes its way to a barn. Later, farmer María and her husband Ingvar are shocked when one of their pregnant sheep gives birth to a human/sheep hybrid with a mostly human body and a lamb's head and right arm. María and Ingvar take the hybrid infant in as their own and grow to love her as their own child, naming her Ada after María's deceased daughter. The ewe that is Ada's biological mother misses her child and becomes a nuisance, attempting to contact Ada constantly and loitering outside the couple's home. Shortly after an incident where Ada goes missing and is later found next to the ewe, María shoots the ewe and buries her body in a shallow, unmarked grave. Unbeknownst to her, Ingvar's roving brother Pétur, who arrives at the farmhouse shortly before the killing, witnesses the incident before sleeping in the barn. Pétur, who makes sexual advances towards María, is very disturbed by Ada and maintains the belief that "it's an animal, not a child". Ingvar claims the whole situation has given them happiness. Increasingly angered and disturbed by María and Ingvar's attachment to Ada, Pétur takes her on an early morning walk while everyone is asleep with the intention of shooting her. After having a tearful change of heart, however, he is later seen soundly sleeping with Ada and soon becomes an uncle to her. One evening, while María, Pétur, and Ingvar are having a drunken party, Ada witnesses the unknown entity from before near the barn. The entity then proceeds to kill the family's dog before taking the family's gun. After the party, a drunk Ingvar goes to bed. Pétur makes sexual advances towards María once again. When she rejects his advances, Pétur reveals that he witnessed María killing Ada's sheep mother, trying to blackmail María into having sex with him by threatening to reveal this to Ada. María pretends to be seduced by Pétur in order to lock him in a storage room. The next morning, Maria unlocks the storage room and drives him to the bus stop, sending him away, insisting she is committed to a new start with her family. After waking up to find María and Pétur missing, Ingvar takes Ada to fix the broken tractor left halfway to the lake, the attempt proven unsuccessful. On their way back home, the entity, revealed to be a ram/man hybrid and Ada's biological father, emerges and shoots Ingvar in the neck, before taking a tearful Ada with him and walking away into the wilderness. María returns home and finds that Ingvar and Ada are missing. She searches for the two and discovers Ingvar before he dies, and despairs at the loss of her husband and new child. María searches the wilderness in vain, before closing her tear-filled eyes. Cast ---- * Noomi Rapace as María * Hilmir Snær Guðnason as Ingvar * Björn Hlynur Haraldsson as Pétur * Ingvar Eggert Sigurðsson as man on television * Lára Björk Hall as the voice of Ada Production ---------- In February 2019, Noomi Rapace and Hilmir Snær Guðnason had joined the cast of the film, with Valdimar Jóhannsson directing from a screenplay he wrote alongside Sjón. Release ------- In June 2020, the film was sold across Europe in the New Europe Film Sales agency. The film was picked up by distributors in Czech Republic (Artcam), France (The Jokers), Switzerland (Filmcoopi), Slovakia (ASFK), Germany (Koch Films), Poland (Gutek Film), Benelux (The Searchers), Hungary (Vertigo), Austria (Filmladen), Denmark (Camera Film), Lithuania (Scanorama), former Yugoslavia (Five Stars/Demiurg), Estonia (Must Käsi) and Latvia (Kino Bize) with MUBI acquiring the distribution rights for Latin America (excluding Mexico), Turkey, India, the UK and Ireland. In July 2021, A24 acquired North American distribution rights to the film. The film had its world premiere on 13 July 2021 as part of the official selection at the 2021 Cannes Film Festival in the *Un Certain Regard* section. It was released in the United States on 8 October 2021.[] The film also had a special screening of BFI London Film Festival on 15 October 2021 Reception --------- ### Box office In the United States and Canada, *Lamb* was released alongside *No Time to Die* and earned $1 million from 583 theaters, finishing seventh and marking the best-ever opening weekend for an Icelandic film in the U.S. ### Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 86% of 189 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The website's consensus reads: "Darkly imaginative and brought to life by a pair of striking central performances, *Lamb* shears expectations with its singularly wooly chills." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 68 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. David Fear of *Rolling Stone* described the film as "the odd, unsettling, soon-to-be-your-cult-movie-of-choice straight outta Iceland", and wrote: "It's the sweetest, most touching waking nightmare you've ever experienced." Jeannette Catsoulis of *The New York Times* called the film an "atmospheric debut feature", and added that it "plays like a folk tale and thrums like a horror movie." She wrote: "Slow-moving and inarguably nutty, *Lamb* nevertheless wields its atavistic power with the straightest of faces". Michael O'Sullivan of *The Washington Post* also described the film as a "haunting, atmospheric feature debut", and wrote: "Johannsson has a way of imbuing everything — animate and inanimate, even an empty doorway — with a kind of living, breathing spirit." He gave the film a score of 3/4 stars. Katie Walsh of the *Los Angeles Times* wrote, "Ominous mountains look down upon the pastoral arena where this fantastical yet meditative rural drama plays out; it's a modern folk tale about the strange realities of life and death that such a closeness to nature affords." Joe Morgenstern of *The Wall Street Journal* described the film as "a shaggy lamb story expertly told." Kevin Maher of *The Times* gave the film 4/5 stars, writing, "The director, Valdimar Johannsson, treats the admittedly ridiculous material with a convincing, deadpan seriousness and is supported at every step by his star performer on impeccable form." Richard Brody of *The New Yorker* was more critical of the film, saying that it "preens and strains to be admired even as it reduces its characters to pieces on a game board and its actors to puppets." Barry Hertz of *The Globe and Mail* criticized the film's ending as being "like a parody of an A24 horror movie", and wrote, "I won't make the obvious joke and say it's baaad. But its sheep thrills are mutton to write home about, either." Alison Willmore of *Vulture* wrote, "By the time the final act rolls around, *Lamb* approaches the idea that there's a price that must be paid with a shrugging diffidence rather than impending doom. It's such an underwhelming conclusion to a film with such a compelling start."
The **Misri legend** is an origin myth common to a number of East African communities. In it, it is usually claimed that the community originated in a land called Misri located in the North of African continent. This land is in many accounts identified or associated with Egypt and sometimes an association with one of the lost tribes of Israel is implied and occasionally directly stated.[] Prevalence ---------- Dr Ochieng (1972) noted the legend among the Kisii people who claim that before they migrated to Mt Elgon, they lived in a country called 'Misri' that was located north of Mt Elgon. In the legend, the Kisii traveled south in the company of the Kuria, the Maragoli, Bukusu, and Meru. The Maragoli in turn claim that while they were at Misri, they lived with Arabs, the Kikuyu, Meru, Embu, Baganda, Basoga as well as the other Luhya subtribes. Dr Ochieng notes that the Misri legend had also been recorded among the other Luhya subtribes as well as the Haya, Alur, Kipsigis and the Marakwet. Origins ------- The concept of a 'migration' of a people south into Africa from Egypt originated in the mid-19th century with the development of the Hamitic hypothesis whose origins go further back to the development of the Hamitic race theory.[] Of particular note in the development of the hypothesis was the examination of thousands of human skulls by Samuel George Morton who argued on this basis that the differences between the races were too broad to have stemmed from a single common ancestor but were instead consistent with separate racial origins. In his *Crania Aegyptiaca* (1844), Morton analyzed over a hundred intact crania gathered from the Nile Valley and concluded that the ancient Egyptians were racially akin to Europeans. His conclusions would establish the foundation for the American School of anthropology and would also influence proponents of polygenism. ### Hamitic hypothesis The British explorer John Hanning Speke popularized the ancient Hamitic peregrinations in his publications on his search for the source of the Nile River. Speke believed that his explorations uncovered the link between "civilized" North Africa and "primitive" central Africa. Describing the Ugandan Kingdom of Buganda, he argued that its "barbaric civilization" had arisen from a nomadic pastoralist race who had migrated from the north and was related to the Hamitic Oromo (Galla) of Ethiopia. In his *Theory of Conquest of Inferior by Superior Races* (1863), Speke would also attempt to outline how the Empire of Kitara in the African Great Lakes region may have been established by a Hamitic founding dynasty. In his influential *The Mediterranean Race* (1901), the anthropologist Giuseppe Sergi argued that the Mediterranean race had likely originated from a common ancestral stock that evolved in the Sahara region in Africa, and which later spread from there to populate North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and the circum-Mediterranean region. According to Sergi, the Hamites themselves constituted a Mediterranean variety, and one situated close to the cradle of the stock. He added that the Mediterranean race "in its external characters is a brown human variety, neither white nor negroid, but pure in its elements, that is to say not a product of the mixture of Whites with Negroes or negroid peoples." A Maasai, labelled a "mixed Nilotic Hamite" in Augustus Henry Keane's *Man, Past and Present* (1899). Writers such as Keane and C.G. Seligman believed that ethnic groups such as the Maasai and the Tutsi, traditionally considered Negro, were of partly Hamitic descent. Seligman used the term "Hamiticised Negro". He largely based this on their cattle-raising culture and comparatively narrower facial features than those of other neighboring Great Lakes tribes. Sergi explained this taxonomy as inspired by an understanding of "the morphology of the skull as revealing those internal physical characters of human stocks which remain constant through long ages and at far remote spots[...] As a zoologist can recognise the character of an animal species or variety belonging to any region of the globe or any period of time, so also should an anthropologist if he follows the same method of investigating the morphological characters of the skull[...] This method has guided me in my investigations into the present problem and has given me unexpected results which were often afterwards confirmed by archaeology or history." The Hamitic hypothesis reached its apogee in the work of C. G. Seligman, who argued in his book *The Races of Africa* (1930) that: > Apart from relatively late Semitic influence... the civilizations of Africa are the civilizations of the Hamites, its history is the record of these peoples and of their interaction with the two other African stocks, the Negro and the Bushmen, whether this influence was exerted by highly civilized Egyptians or by such wider pastoralists as are represented at the present day by the Beja and Somali... The incoming Hamites were pastoral 'Europeans' – arriving wave after wave – better armed as well as quicker witted than the dark agricultural Negroes." > > Seligman asserted that the Negro race was essentially static and agricultural, and that the wandering Hamitic "pastoral Caucasians" had introduced most of the advanced features found in central African cultures, including metal working, irrigation and complex social structures. Despite criticism, Seligman kept his thesis unchanged in the 1939 second edition of the book. ### Hamiticised Negroes Seligman and other early scholars believed that, in the African Great Lakes and parts of Central Africa, invading Hamites from North Africa and the Horn of Africa had mixed with local Negro women to produce several hybrid "Hamiticised Negro" populations. The Hamiticised Negroes were divided into three groups according to language and degree of Hamitic influence: the Negro-Hamites (later Nilo-Hamities) or Half-Hamites (such as the Maasai, Nandi and Turkana), the Nilotes (such as the Shilluk and Nuer), and the Bantus (such as the Hima and Tutsi). Seligman would explain this Hamitic influence through both demic diffusion and cultural transmission: > At first the Hamites, or at least their aristocracy, would endeavour to marry Hamitic women, but it cannot have been long before a series of peoples combining Negro and Hamitic blood arose; these, superior to the pure Negro, would be regarded as inferior to the next incoming wave of Hamites and be pushed further inland to play the part of an incoming aristocracy vis-a-vis the Negroes on whom they impinged... The end result of one series of such combinations is to be seen in the Masai [sic], the other in the Baganda, while an even more striking result is offered by the symbiosis of the Bahima of Ankole and the Bahiru [sic]. > > Historiography -------------- ### Early accounts The Misri legend is evident in the earliest accounts of various East African peoples.[*clarification needed*] Merker's (1904) account on the Maasai, later quoted in Hollis' (1905) work on the Nandi states "that the Masai (and presumably with them the Nandi, Turkana &c.) are the remains of a Semitic race which has wandered southwards from Arabia and been mingled with African elements." In this instance, the origin of some clans in Mt Elgon gives the 'northern origin' theory credence. [*clarification needed*] Though lacking direct reference to Misri, Kenyatta (1938) gives an illustrative account of how Christian beliefs came to be localized during the 1920s. The fusion of old traditions and the new belief system resulted in the Watu wa Mungu view that they were the "chosen people of God", referred to by the old name but seen as the God of the Bible, and thus "they proclaim that they belong to the lost tribes of Israel." ### Post-colonial accounts Of the post-colonial accounts on the Misri legend, Dr Ochieng's (1972) was perhaps the most influential. In his analysis he details the prevalence as indicated above but also makes a subtle and notable observation. Of the Ganda, the Soga and the Gwe he states that "the traditions of these people do not specifically mention Misri but their migrations from the Elgon population and beyond would lend strong support to their earlier association with travelers from the mythical 'Misri'" implying that any community with a tradition of origin pointing to Mt Elgon originates in 'Misri'. It is notable that he terms it the "mythical Misri" for by the time of his account the word Misri was prevalent in the lexicon of many of these communities. In regard to this he observes "The first point to take into account is that Misri as referred to in these traditions, denotes a specific territory to the north of Mount Elgon; it is not simply a direction. If it were a direction it is most unlikely that **both the Bantu-speaking groups and the Rift Valley Nilotes would use the same term for it**." In stating this he does not explain how Mt Elgon, a more recent 'stop-over', came to have different names among all these communities. In his analysis of the legend, he does note that some East African historians, notably G. A. Anyona and Gideon Were had flatly rejected the claims as "legends smuggled into African traditions, by Christian elders, from the Old Testament. Other historians e.g B.E Kipkorir were somewhat ambivalent about the claims while others such as J.B Osogo and Cardale Luck accepted the traditions and "in fact, go to the extent of trying to prove that some of these East African groups, who claim to have come from 'Misri', actually did come from Egypt. In Dr Ochieng's analysis "the explanation that these traditions have been influenced by the Bible...is too simple to be swallowed uncritically" primarily because of prevalence and as "there is no reason why the various African societies who profess these traditions should not have acquired them independently of the Bible". He also questions why is "'Misri'(Egypt) agreed on as the homelands of these groups?" in light of the fact that both the Old and New Testaments mention other places in Africa-for example Cush, Ethiopia and Punt. His conclusion would hark back to Seligman's position as laid out almost forty years earlier, the most significant departure from Seligman's position being that the primary bearers of the tradition were in his account Bantu communities; > It may well be that these people were non-Bantu and non-Nilotic originally, and that they were Bantuised or Nilotised, as they entered East Africa...and in light of our profound ignorance of the early movements of the East African peoples, there is no reason why we should reject wholesale the possibility that some Egyptian and Jewish blood entered the veins of the early Logoli, Gusii, Bukusu, Tachoni and such tribes as claim origin from 'Misri' > > Contemporary interpretations ---------------------------- Generally, the concept of Hamitic languages and the notion of a definable "Hamite" racial and linguistic entity has been discredited. In 1974, writing about the African Great Lakes region, Christopher Ehret described the Hamitic hypothesis as the view that "almost everything more un-'primitive', sophisticated or more elaborate in East Africa [was] brought by culturally and politically dominant Hamites, immigrants from the North into East Africa, who were at least part Caucasoid in physical ancestry". He called this a "monothematic" model, which was "romantic, but unlikely" and "[had] been all but discarded, and rightly so". He further argued that there were a "multiplicity and variety" of contacts and influences passing between various peoples in Africa over time, something that he suggested the "one-directional" Hamitic model obscured. The localized adaptations in the form of the Misri legend are still very much alive in East Africa, however. Dr Kipkoech araap Sambu in his account (2015) of the Kalenjin Peoples Oral Tradition of Ancient Egyptian Origin makes reference to the Misri legend. He notes that "generation after generation of the elder's of the Kalenjin-speaking people have passed on to the youth the tradition that their ancestors of antiquity migrated to East Africa from Misri". His synthesis of the tradition essentially traces the build-up of the myth among the Kalenjin. He notes that Sang (2000) in his oral fieldwork among the Kipsigis found that "...the majority maintain that we came from Misri (Egypt) or Southern Sudan, all these being desert lands". He points to Chesaina's (1991) fieldwork all over Kalenjinland where she encountered the myth time and again in a popular narrative which states that "...the Kalenjin originated from a country in the north of Kenya known as "Emetab Burgei", which means the hot country. It is speculated that this country was either Sudan or Egypt". He notes that it was indeed evident in Hollis' work on the Nandi and on this basis dates the tradition to the pre-Christian eras. Much as he applies the Misri label to it, the relevant section quoted is Hollis' observation that; > The ancestors of the main body of what constitutes the so called Nandi-Lumbwa group, came beyond doubt, from the north. There is a distinct tradition to this effect, and it seems probable that the tribes allied to the Nandi who live on or near Mount Elgon...are only section of the migrants, the remainder having pushed on to the south and east, and settled in Nandi, Lumbwa, Buret, Sotik, Elgeyo and Kamasia > >
Roberta Mazza is a Papyrologist and Associate Professor at the Department of Cultural Heritage at the University of Bologna. Education --------- Mazza received her PhD from the University of Bologna. Research and career ------------------- Roberta Mazza is an expert on late antiquity and early Christianity, especially in Egypt. She co-curated an exhibition of papyri, portraits and Egyptian contemporary art at the John Rylands Library in 2012 and she has published papyri from the John Rylands collection. Her most recent book, *Stolen Fragments: Black Markets, Bad Faith, and the Illicit Trade in Ancient Artefacts*, was published in 2024 by Redwood Press and Stanford University Press. The book examines the purchase of a fragment of papyrus dating to the second century CE containing lines from Paul's Letter to the Romans by Steve Green, the billionaire owner of the craft chain Hobby Lobby. The fragment derived from the holdings of Oxford University and had been sold without the consent of the owners. 1. ↑ "The Future of the Past - Papyrology & Ancient Texts". *sites.google.com*. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
Minor league baseball team The **Snow Hill Billies** was a minor league baseball team based in Snow Hill, North Carolina. From 1937 to 1940, the Snow Hill Billies played exclusively as members of the Coastal Plain League, winning the 1937 league championship. The Billies played home minor league games at Snow Hill Park. History ------- The Snow Hill "Billies" moniker was first used by a semi–pro team that played in a league named the Coastal Plain League prior to minor league play. Bob Bowman was noted to have played for the 1934 team. Minor league baseball began in Snow Hill, North Carolina in 1937. The 1937 Snow Hill Billies, became charter members of the eight–team Class D level Coastal Plain League. Williamston joined the Ayden Aces, Goldsboro Goldbugs, Greenville Greenies, Kinston Eagles, New Bern Bears, Tarboro Combs and Williamston Martins in playing the first season of Class D level baseball for the league. The league began play on May 6, 1937. In their first season of Coastal Plain League play, the Snow Hill Billies won the Coastal Plain League championship, playing the season under manager D.C. "Peahead" Walker. Walker would manage the team for three seasons.</ref> Snow Hill placed first in the 1937 regular season, as the Billies ended the season with a record of 62–36 in the eight–team Coastal Plain League. The Billies finished 6.0 games ahead of the second place Williamston Martins in the final standings to qualify for the four–team playoffs. In the first round of the playoffs, Snow Hill defeated New Bern 3 games to 1. In the Finals, Snow Hill defeated the Tarboro Combs 4 games to 1 to win the Coastal Plain League championship. Joe Bistroff of Snow Hill led the league with 24 home runs.</ref> Snow Hill manager D.C. "Peahead" Walker was also serving as the Elon College and then the Wake Forest University football coach during the three seasons he managed the team. Continuing minor league play, the 1938 Snow Hill Billies placed third in the eight–team Coastal Plain League standings and reached the playoff finals. Playing under returning manager D.C. Walker, the Billies finished the 1938 season with a record of 61–49 in Coastal Plain League play. In a close race, Snow Hill finished 1.0 game behind the first place New Bern Bears and 0.5 game behind the second place Tarboro Serpents in the final standings. In the playoffs, Snow Hill defeated Tarboro 4 games to 2 in the first round. In the Finals the New Bern Bears defeated Snow Hill 4 games to 0. The Snow Hill Billies continued play in the 1939 Coastal Plain League, placing seventh. In the regular season, the Billies ended the regular season with a record of 56–64, playing under manager D.C. Walker, finishing 17.0 games behind the first place Greenville Greenies. Snow Hill did not qualify for the playoffs, won by the Williamston Martins. Joe Bistroff of Snow Hill led the league with both 32 home runs and 108 RBI. Before the 1940 season, Snow Hill Billies owner Josiah Exum reportedly informed local residents that the franchise was losing money. Exum felt that the installation of lights at Snow Hill Park could help the franchise survive financially. The Snow Hill population of 900 at the time was an attendance factor. A fund-raising drive ensued, and lights were purchased and installed, with Exum informing residents on April 2, 1940, that the team would play in the upcoming season. In their final season of play, the 1940 Snow Hill Billies placed fifth in the Coastal Carolina League. Snow Hill ended the season of eight–team league with a record of 62–64, playing under manager Dwight Wall. Snow Hill finished 15.0 games behind the first place Wilson Tobs in the final league standings. The Snow Hill franchise folded following the 1940 season, replaced by the Rocky Mount Leafs in the 1941 league play. After the 1940 season, it was reported that the Hill Billies franchise owner sold the newly installed Snow Hill Park lighting system to Elon College. In March 1941, the team franchise roster and the team bus were sold to investors in Rocky Mount, North Carolina for $2,100. Snow Hill, North Carolina has not hosted another minor league team. The ballpark ------------ The Snow Hill Billies teams reportedly played home minor league games at **Snow Hill Park**. It was noted the ballpark was located on Mill Street, beside Contention Creek and was prone to flooding. (2019) Snow Hill, North Carolina Timeline -------- | Year(s) | # Yrs. | Team | Level | League | Ballpark | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1937–1940 | 4 | Snow Hill Billies | Class D | Coastal Plain League | Snow Hill Park | | Year–by–year records -------------------- | Year | Record | Finish | Manager | Playoffs/Notes | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1937 | 62–36 | 1st | D.C. "Peahead" Walker | **League Champions** | | 1938 | 61–49 | 3rd | Peahead Walker | Lost league finals | | 1939 | 56–64 | 7th | Peahead Walker | Did not qualify | | 1940 | 62–64 | 5th | Dwight Wall | Did not qualify | | Notable alumni -------------- * Bob Bowman (1934) * Charlie Frye (1939) * Al Gettel (1938) * John Hyder (1937) * Aaron Robinson (1937) MLB All-Star * Vince Ventura (1937) * D.C. "Peahead" Walker (1937–1939, MGR) ### See also Snow Hill Billies players
Intentional movement of water over large distances This article is about the transportation of water. For transport of people or goods using water-based vehicles, see Maritime transport. **Water transportation** is the international movement of water over large distances. Methods of transportation fall into three categories: * Aqueducts, which include pipelines, canals, tunnels and bridges * Container shipment, which includes transport by tank truck, tank car, and tank ship. * Towing, where a tugboat is used to pull an iceberg or a large water bag along behind it. Due to its weight, the transportation of water is very energy-intensive. Unless it has the assistance of gravity, a canal or long-distance pipeline will need pumping stations at regular intervals. In this regard, the lower friction levels of the canal make it a more economical solution than the pipeline. Water transportation is also very common in rivers and oceans. Major water transportation projects ----------------------------------- The Grand Canal of China, completed in the 7th century AD and measuring 1,794 kilometres (1,115 mi). The California Aqueduct, near Sacramento, is 715 km (444 mi) long. The Great Manmade River is a vast underground network of pipes 1,600 km (990 mi) in the Sahara desert, transporting water from an immense aquifer to the largest cities in the region. The Keita Integrated Development Project used specially created plows called the donaldo and Scarabeo to build water catchments. In these catchments, trees were planted which grow on the water flowing through the ditches. The Kimberley Water Source Project is currently under way in Australia to determine the best method of transporting water from the Fitzroy River to the city of Perth. Options being considered include a 3,700-kilometre canal, a pipeline of at least 1,800 kilometres, tankers of 300,000 to 500,000 tonnes, and water bags each carrying between 0.5 and 1.5 gigalitres. The Goldfields Pipeline built in Western Australia in 1903 was the longest pipeline of its day, at 597 kilometres. It supplies water from Perth to the gold mining centre of Kalgoorlie. Manual water transportation --------------------------- Sakka of Mecca, 1779 Historically water was transported by hand in dry countries, by traditional waterers such as the Sakkas of Arabia and Bhishti of India. Africa is another area where water is often transported by hand, especially in rural areas.
The **Lyonheart K** is a proposed British-built grand tourer based on Jaguar XK running gear. It was planned to be unveiled at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show as a development of the 2011 concept **Vizualtech Growler E** and is a reinterpretation of the Jaguar E-Type. The unveiling of the K was delayed and was not shown at the scheduled 2014 Geneva Motor Show following plans to change the platform and engine to the newer Jaguar F-Type. Sales were scheduled to commence in 2015. The K was to be manufactured in Coventry by the newly created Lyonheart Cars company, owned by Swiss-based Classic Factory. Up until late 2015 there was no evidence that the company had built either a prototype or any other touchable or viewable artefact. This design exists solely as computer-generated 3D images, and as of 2020, the official website is no longer live. Lyonheart Cars Ltd was dissolved in February 2017. Specifications -------------- The Lyonheart K was specified to have had a kerb weight of 1,575 kg (3,472 lb), be 4,749 mm (187.0 in) long, 1,893 mm (74.5 in) wide, and 1,289 mm (50.7 in) high, and would have had a wheelbase of 2,752 mm (108.3 in). It was intended to use the 5.0 L supercharged V8 from the Jaguar XK. It was claimed that it would be able to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (96.6 km/h) in less than 4 seconds and have a top speed close to 190 mph (305.8 km/h). The engine was to be tuned by Cosworth and produce 567 bhp (423 kW; 575 PS) and 516 lb⋅ft (700 N⋅m) of torque.
The **Sommerfeld parameter** *η*, named after Arnold Sommerfeld, is a dimensionless quantity used in nuclear astrophysics in the calculation of reaction rates between two nuclei and also appears in the definition of the astrophysical S-factor. It is defined as {\displaystyle \eta ={\frac {Z\_{1}Z\_{2}e^{2}}{4\pi \epsilon \_{0}\hbar v}}=\alpha Z\_{1}Z\_{2}{\sqrt {\frac {\mu c^{2}}{2E}}}}, where *e* is the elementary charge, *Z*1 and *Z*2 are the atomic numbers of two interacting nuclides, *v* is the magnitude of the relative incident velocity in the center-of-mass frame, *α* is the unitless fine-structure constant, *c* is the speed of light, and *μ* is the reduced mass of the two nuclides of interest. One of its best-known applications is in the exponent of the Gamow factor *P* (also known as the penetrability factor), P=\exp(-2\pi \eta ), which is the probability of an s-wave nuclide to penetrate the Coulomb barrier, according to the WKB approximation. This factor is particularly helpful in characterizing the nuclear contribution to low-energy nucleon-scattering cross-sections - namely, through the astrophysical S-factor. One of the first articles in which the Sommerfeld parameter appeared was published in 1967.
The **St. John’s Court House** is located on Water Street and Duckworth Street in St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador. Constructed in 1901–04, the building is a National Historic Site of Canada. Sources differ with regard to its architect; it was designed either by William Tuff Whiteway or by William H. Greene. History ------- Duckworth street facade of the Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador, entrance to the Trial Division Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador, south facade The first building on the site opened in September 1730 as a combined courthouse and jail. A larger facility that was constructed in 1831 burned down in the 1840s. A third courthouse was constructed starting in 1847, but it was destroyed by the Great Fire of 1892. Temporary courthouses included the Colonial Building from 1892 to 1894 and a wooden purpose-built courthouse (later the Star of the Sea Hall, which was eventually demolished and replaced by the Star of the Sea apartment building) from 1894 until the current building was ready in 1904. The cornerstone was laid on October 24, 1901 by the Duke of York, who later reigned as King George V. Prior to completion of the Confederation Building in 1960, the Courthouse was also occupied by various offices of the provincial government, including the Prime Minister/Premier, the Colonial Secretary, and Cabinet. The Courthouse formerly housed the Registry of Deeds, Companies and Securities, but was also relocated to the Confederation Building in 1960. The Courthouse formerly housed the St. John’s Department of Public Works. The building was designated a National Historic Site on January 15, 1981, and is recognized by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada. The Courthouse has undergone various projects to maintain its historic and architectural significance, including in 1989.
Pastoral lease in Western Australia Yundamindera Station is located in Western AustraliaYundamindera StationYundamindera Stationclass=notpageimage| Location in Western Australia **Yundamindera Station** is a pastoral lease and sheep station located about 180 kilometres (112 mi) north of Kalgoorlie in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia. It is situated next to the Mount Remarkable sheep station and Mount Celia Station. Dr Laver leased the 600,000-acre (242,811 ha) station in 1904 and was struck by the similarity of the area to the Barkly Tableland in Queensland. It was the first pastoral pursuit that was established in the area. The area received 10 inches (254 mm) of rain in 1910, which is well above average, 4 inches (102 mm) of the fall coming in January. This resulted in excellent feed and herbage being available to cattle which thrived in the conditions. In 1923 Laver sold the leasehold to Mr T. H. Pearse of Gums Station near Burra, South Australia. At the time the station was stocked with approximately 1,400 head of cattle. Pearse also took up the lease of neighbouring Mount Celia Station to have a total holding of about 1,000,000 acres (404,686 ha). Pearse then stocked the station with sheep imported from South Australia, which thrived in the area, resulting in heavy lambing in 1924. Within a year of fencing the property, over 100 dingoes were killed within the fences, mostly by poisoning. Kangaroos continued to be a problem with the destruction of fences but rabbits were not being reported as a big pest. Two Aboriginal prospectors tried their luck in an abandoned 9-foot (3 m) shaft located just within the station's gates in 1933. The pair found a formation about 3 feet (1 m) in length and bearing over 1 ounce (28 g) to the ton of gold. The station stockmen often had lunch at the bottom of the shaft to escape the heat of the day. In 1934 the station secured an additional 101 merino rams bred at the Koonoona stud out of Kooringa. The area around the station received very heavy rainfall in February 1942 when 490 points or 4.9 inches (124 mm) of rain fell over the course of a week. A plague of mice swept over the area in 1943 and neighbouring stations reporting that it was a full-time job keeping the wells clear, with many being covered in 6 inches (15 cm) of dead and dying mice. In 1950 the station held about 11,500 sheep and produced a yield of 328 bales of wool. The station received poor rains in 1952, about half the yearly average of 460 points compared with 887 points. Over 600 sheep were taken from the station in 1953 and trucked to Cashmere Downs Station, whose manager Mr J Bradshaw was in the process of restocking. Yundamindera is currently owned by Minara Resources, along with three other nearby properties: Glenorn, Nambi and Minara Stations. In 2017 Glenorn and Nambi were running approximately 4000 head of cattle; Yundamindera and Minara are both running approximately 2500 head of cattle. By 2018 all four stations were successfully running herds of cattle.
German philosopher and Protestant theologian **Albert Schwegler** (10 February 1819 – 5 January 1857) was a German philosopher and Protestant theologian. Biography --------- Schwegler was born at Michelbach in Württemberg, the son of a country pastor. He entered the University of Tübingen in 1836, and was one of the earliest pupils of F. C. Baur, under whose influence he devoted himself to church history. His first work was *Der Montanismus und die christliche Kirche des Zweiten Jahrhunderts* (1841), in which he pointed out for the first time that Montanism was much more than an isolated outbreak of eccentric fanaticism in the early church, though he himself introduced fresh misconceptions by connecting it with Ebionitism as he conceived the latter. This work, with other essays, brought him into conflict with the authorities of the church, in consequence of which he gave up theology as his professional study and chose that of philosophy. In 1843 he founded the *Jahrbücher der Gegenwart*, and became *privatdozent* of philosophy and classical philology at Tübingen University. In 1848 he was made an associate professor of Roman literature and archaeology, and soon afterwards a full professor of history. He died in Tübingen. Work ---- His principal theological work was *Das nachapostolische Zeitalter in den Hauptmomenten seiner Entwicklung* (*The Post-Apostolic Age in the Principal Moments of its Development*) (2 volumes, 1846). It was this book which first put before the world, with Schwegler's characteristic boldness and clearness, the results of the critical labours of the earlier representatives of the new Tübingen school in relation to the first development of Christianity. Schwegler published also an edition of the *Clementine Homilies* (1847), and of Eusebius's *Ecclesiastical History* (1852). His work on the history of philosophy includes his excellent *Geschichte der Philosophie im Umriß* (*History of Philosophy in Epitome*, 1846–1847, 14th ed. 1887; 1st edition of English translation by James Hutchison Stirling titled *Handbook of the History of Philosophy*, 1867; 5th edition of English translation by Julius Hawley Seelye titled *History of Philosophy in Epitome*, 1877), his *Übersetzung und Erläuterung der aristotelischen Metaphysik* (4 volumes, 1847–48), and a posthumous *Geschichte der griechischen Philosophie* (*History of Greek Philosophy*; 1859). In history he began a *Römische Geschichte* (vols. i.–iii. 1853–58, 2nd edition 1867–72), which he brought down only to the laws of Licinius.
Intelligence and awareness in elephants **Elephant cognition** is animal cognition as present in elephants. Most contemporary ethologists view the elephant as one of the world's most intelligent animals. With a mass of just over 5 kg (11 lb), an elephant's brain has more mass than that of any other land animal, and although the largest whales have body masses twenty times those of a typical elephant, a whale's brain is barely twice the mass of an elephant's brain. In addition, elephants have around 257 billion neurons. Elephant brains are similar to humans and many other mammals in terms of general connectivity and functional areas, with several unique structural differences. Although initially estimated to have as many neurons as a human brain, the elephant's brain has about three times the amount of neurons as a human brain. However, the elephant's cerebral cortex has about one-third of the number of neurons as a human's cerebral cortex. Elephants manifest a wide variety of behaviors, including those associated with grief, learning, mimicry, play, altruism, use of tools, compassion, cooperation, self-awareness, memory, and communication. Further evidence suggests elephants may understand pointing: the ability to nonverbally communicate an object by extending a finger, or equivalent. It is thought they are equal with cetaceans and primates in this regard. Due to such claims of high intelligence and due to strong family ties of elephants, some researchers argue it is morally wrong for humans to cull them. Aristotle described the elephant as "the animal that surpasses all others in wit and mind." Structure of the brain ---------------------- ### Cerebral cortex The elephant (both Asian and African) has a very large and highly complex neocortex, a trait also shared by humans, apes and certain dolphin species. Asian elephants have the greatest volume of cerebral cortex available for cognitive processing of all existing land animals. It exceeds that of any primate species, with one study suggesting elephants be placed in the category of great apes in terms of cognitive abilities for tool use and tool making. The elephant brain exhibits a gyral pattern more complex and with more numerous convolutions, or brain folds, than that of humans, other primates, or carnivores, but less complex than that of cetaceans. Elephants are believed to rank equal with dolphins in terms of problem-solving abilities, and many scientists tend to rank elephant intelligence at the same level as cetaceans; a 2011 article published by ABC Science suggests that, "elephants [are as] smart as chimps, [and] dolphins". ### Other areas of the brain Elephants also have a very large and highly convoluted hippocampus, a brain structure in the limbic system that is much bigger than that of any human, primate or cetacean. The hippocampus of an elephant takes up about 0.7% of the central structures of the brain, comparable to 0.5% for humans and with 0.1% in Risso's dolphins and 0.05% in bottlenose dolphins. The hippocampus is linked to emotion through the processing of certain types of memory, especially spatial. This is thought to be possibly why elephants suffer from psychological flashbacks and the equivalent of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The encephalization quotient (EQ) (the size of the brain relative to body size) of elephants ranges from 1.13 to 2.36. The average EQ is 2.14 for Asian elephants, and 1.67 for African, with the overall average being 1.88. In comparison to other animals, the La Plata dolphin has an EQ of 1.67; the Ganges river dolphin of 1.55; the orca of 2.57; the bottlenose dolphin of 4.14; and the tucuxi dolphin of 4.56; chimpanzees at 2.49; dogs at 1.17, cats at 1.00; and mice at 0.50. Humans have an EQ of 7.44. ### Brain size at birth relative to adult brain size Comparing brain size at birth to the size of a fully developed adult's brain is one way to estimate how much an animal relies on learning as opposed to instinct. The majority of mammals are born with a brain close to 90% of the adult weight, while humans are born with 28%, bottlenose dolphins with 42.5%, chimpanzees with 54%, and elephants with 35%. This may indicate that elephants require the second highest amount of learning while developing (next to humans), and that their behavior is less instinctual than taught. This is further supported by the elephant's long juvenile period and large temporal lobes, which are associated in the storage of memories. ### Spindle neurons Spindle cells appear to play a central role in the development of intelligent behavior. As well as in humans and the rest of the great apes, spindle neurons are also found in the brains of both Asian and African elephants, as well as humpback whales, fin whales, killer whales, sperm whales, bottlenose dolphins, Risso's dolphins, and beluga whales. The remarkable similarity between the elephant brain and the human brain supports the thesis of convergent evolution. Elephant society ---------------- The elephant has one of the most closely knit societies of any living species. Elephant families can only be separated by death or capture. Cynthia Moss, an ethologist specialising in elephants, recalls an event involving a family of African elephants: Two members of the family were shot by poachers, who were subsequently chased off by the remaining elephants. Although one of the elephants died, the other, named Tina, remained standing, but with knees beginning to give way. Two family members, Trista and Teresia (Tina's mother), walked to both sides of Tina and leaned in to hold her up. Eventually, Tina grew so weak, she fell to the ground and died. However, Trista and Teresia did not give up but continually tried to lift her. They managed to get Tina into a sitting position, but her body was lifeless and fell to the ground again. As the other elephant family members became more intensely involved in the aid, they tried to put grass into Tina's mouth. Teresia then put her tusks beneath Tina's head and front quarters and proceeded to lift her. As she did so, her right tusk broke completely off, right up to the lip and nerve cavity. The elephants gave up trying to lift Tina but did not leave her; instead, they began to bury her in a shallow grave and throw leaves over her body. They stood over Tina for the night and then began to leave in the morning. The last to leave was Teresia. Because elephants are so closely knit and highly matriarchal, a family can be devastated by the death of another (especially a matriarch), and some groups never recover their organization. Cynthia Moss has observed a mother, after the death of her calf, walk sluggishly at the back of a family for many days. Edward Topsell stated in his publication *The History of Four-Footed Beasts* in 1607, "There is no creature among all the Beasts of the world which hath so great and ample demonstration of the power and wisdom of almighty God as the elephant." Elephants are believed to be on par with chimpanzees with regard to their cooperative skills. Elephant altruism ----------------- Elephants are thought to be highly altruistic animals that even aid other species, including humans, in distress. In India, an elephant was helping locals lift logs by following a truck and placing the logs in pre-dug holes upon instruction from the mahout (elephant trainer). At a certain hole, the elephant refused to lower the log. The mahout came to investigate the hold-up and noticed a dog sleeping in the hole. The elephant only lowered the log when the dog was gone. When an elephant is hurt, other elephants (even if they are unrelated) aid them. Moss has often seen elephants going out of their way to avoid hurting or killing a human, even when it was difficult for them (such as having to walk backwards to avoid a person). Joyce Poole documented an encounter told to her by Colin Francombe on Kuki Gallman's Laikipia Ranch. A ranch herder was walking alongside camels when he came across a family of elephants. The matriarch charged at him and knocked him over with her trunk, breaking one of his legs. In the evening, when he did not return, a search party was sent in a truck to find him. When the party discovered him, he was being guarded by an elephant. The animal charged the truck, so they shot over her and scared her away. The herdsman later told them that when he could not stand up, the elephant used her trunk to lift him under the shade of a tree. She guarded him for the day and would gently touch him with her trunk. Self-medication --------------- Further information: Zoopharmacognosy Elephants in Africa self-medicate by chewing on the leaves of a tree from the family Boraginaceae, which induces labour. Kenyans also use this tree for the same purpose. Death ritual ------------ Scientists often debate the extent to which elephants feel emotion. Elephants have been one of few species of mammals other than *Homo sapiens sapiens* and Neanderthals known to have or have had any recognizable ritual around death. Elephants show a keen interest in the bones of their own kind (even unrelated elephants that have died long ago). They are often seen gently investigating the bones with their trunks and feet while remaining very quiet. Sometimes elephants that are completely unrelated to the deceased still visit their graves. Elephant researcher Martin Meredith recalls in his book an occurrence of a typical elephant death ritual as witnessed by Anthony Hall-Martin, a South African biologist who had studied elephants in Addo, South Africa, for over eight years. The entire family of a dead matriarch, including her young calf, were all gently touching her body with their trunks, trying to lift her. The elephant herd were all rumbling loudly. The calf was observed to be weeping and made sounds that sounded like a scream, but then the entire herd fell silent. They then began to throw leaves and dirt over the body and broke off tree branches to cover her. They spent the next two days quietly standing over her body. They sometimes left to get water or food, but they would always return. Occurrences of elephants' behaving this way around human beings are common throughout Africa. On many occasions, they have buried dead or sleeping humans or aided them when they were hurt. Meredith also recalls an event told to him by George Adamson, a Kenyan game warden, regarding an old Turkana woman who fell asleep under a tree after losing her way home. When she woke up, there was an elephant standing over her, gently touching her. She kept very still because she was very frightened. As other elephants arrived, they began to scream loudly and buried her under branches. She was found the next morning by the local herdsmen, unharmed. George Adamson also recalls when he shot a bull elephant from a herd that kept breaking into the government gardens of northern Kenya. George gave the elephant's meat to local Turkana tribesmen and then dragged the rest of the carcass half a mile (800 m) away. That night, the other elephants found the body and took the shoulder blade and leg bone and returned the bones to the exact spot the elephant was killed. Play ---- Poole has observed wild African elephants at play on many occasions. They apparently do things for their own and others' entertainment. Elephants have been seen sucking up water, holding their trunk high in the air, and then spraying the water like a fountain. Mimicry ------- Recent studies have shown that elephants can also mimic sounds they hear. The discovery was found when Mlaika, an orphaned elephant, would copy the sound of trucks passing by. So far, the only other animals that are thought to mimic sounds are whales, dolphins, bats, primates and birds. Calimero, an African elephant who was 23 years old, also exhibited a unique form of mimicry. He was in a Swiss zoo with some Asian elephants. Asian elephants use chirps that are different from African elephants' deep rumbling noises. Calimero also began to chirp and not make the deep calls that his species normally would. Kosik, an Indian elephant at Everland Amusement Park, South Korea can imitate up to five Korean words, including *sit*, *no*, *yes* and *lie down*. Kosik produces these human-like sounds by putting his trunk in his mouth and then shaking it while breathing out, similar to how people whistle with their fingers. Ecologist Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell conducted research in 1997 which concluded that elephants create low-frequency vibrations (seismic signals) through their trunks and feet to communicate across long distances. Elephants use contact calls to stay in touch with one another when they are out of one another's sight. In 2004, Joseph Soltis conducted a study to understand the low-frequency vocalization elephants used to communicate across short-distances. The research found that closely allied female elephants were more likely to produce 'rumbles' to other members at twice the rate of those who had lesser integrated members. Female elephants are able to remember and distinguish the contact calls of female family and bond group members from those of females outside of their extended family network. They can also distinguish between the calls of family units depending upon how frequently they came across them. Poole, who is part of the Amboseli Elephant Research Project in Kenya, has demonstrated vocal learning and imitation in elephants of sounds made by each other and in the environment. She is beginning to research whether sounds made by elephants have dialects, a trait that is rare in the animal kingdom. Tool use -------- Further information: Tool use by animals § Elephants Elephants show a remarkable ability to use tools, using their trunks like arms. Elephants have been observed digging holes to drink water and then ripping bark from a tree, chewing it into the shape of a ball, filling in the hole and covering over it with sand to avoid evaporation, then later going back to drink from the same spot. They also often use branches to swat flies or scratch themselves. Asian elephants have also been known to drop large rocks onto an electric fence to break the fence or to cut off the electricity. Asian elephants in India have been known to break electric fences using logs and clear the surrounding wires using their tusks to provide a safe passageway. Art and music ------------- An elephant painting Like several other species that are able to produce abstract art, elephants, using their trunks to hold brushes, create paintings which some have compared to the work of abstract expressionists. Elephant art is now commonly featured at zoos, and is shown in museums and galleries around the world. Ruby at the Phoenix Zoo is considered the original elephant art star, and her paintings have sold for as much as $25,000. Ruby chose her own colors and was said to have a keen sense of which color she wished to use. The Asian Elephant Art & Conservation Project, an "elephant art academy" in New York, teaches elephants retired from the logging industry to paint. For paintings that resemble identifiable objects, teachers give the elephants guidance. An example of this was shown in the TV program *Extraordinary Animals*, in which elephants at a camp in Thailand were able to draw portraits with flowers. Although the images were drawn by the elephants, there was always a trainer assisting and guiding the movement. A popular video showing an elephant painting a picture of another elephant became widespread on Internet news and video websites. The website Snopes.com, which specializes in debunking urban legends, lists the video as "partly true", in that the elephant produced the brush strokes, but notes that the similarity of the produced paintings is indicative of a learned sequence of strokes rather than a creative effort on the part of the elephant. It was noted by ancient Romans and Asian elephant handlers (mahouts) that elephants can distinguish melodies. Performing circus elephants commonly follow musical cues, and Adam Forepaugh and Barnum & Bailey circuses even featured "elephant bands". German evolutionary biologist Bernhard Rensch studied an elephant's ability to distinguish music, and in 1957 published the results in *Scientific American*. Rensch's test elephant could distinguish 12 tones in the music scale and could remember simple melodies. Even though played on varying instruments and at different pitches, timbres and meters, she recognized the tones a year and a half later. These results have been backed up by the Human-Elephant Learning Project which studies elephant intelligence. An elephant named Shanthi at the National Zoo in Washington D.C. displayed the ability to play the harmonica and various horn instruments. She reportedly always ended her songs with a crescendo. Recording group Thai Elephant Orchestra is an ensemble of elephants who improvise music on specially made instruments with minimal interaction from their handlers. The orchestra was co-founded by pachyderm expert Richard Lair, who works at the Thai Elephant Conservation Center in Lampang, and David Sulzer (artist name, Dave Soldier) who studies the role of dopaminergic synapses in memory consolidation, learning, and behavior at Columbia University. According to neurobiologist Aniruddh Patel, the orchestra's star drummer named Pratidah, exhibits musicality, stating: "Either when drumming alone or with the orchestra, Pratidah was remarkably steady". He also noted that she developed a swing-type rhythm pattern when playing with other elephants. Problem-solving ability ----------------------- Elephant stacking blocks to allow it to reach food Elephants are able to spend substantial time working on problems. They are able to change their behavior radically to face new challenges, a hallmark of complex intelligence. ### Problem-solving experiments A 2010 experiment revealed that in order to reach food, "elephants can learn to coordinate with a partner in a task requiring two individuals to simultaneously pull two ends of the same rope to obtain a reward", putting them on an equal footing with chimpanzees in terms of their level of cooperative skills. A study by Dr. Naoko Irie of Tokyo University has shown that elephants demonstrate skills at arithmetic. The experiment "consist[ed] of dropping varying numbers of apples into two buckets in front of the [Ueno Zoo] elephants and then recording how often they could correctly choose the bucket holding the most fruit." When more than one apple was being dropped into the bucket, this meant that the elephants had to "keep running totals in their heads to keep track of the count." The results showed that "Seventy-four percent of the time, the animals correctly picked the fullest bucket. An African elephant named Ashya scored the highest with an amazing eighty-seven percent … Humans in this same contest managed a success rate of just sixty-seven percent." The study was also filmed to ensure its accuracy. A study on Discovery News found that elephants, during an intelligence test employing food rewards, had found shortcuts that not even the experiment's researchers had thought of. ### Adaptive behavior in captivity In the 1970s, at Marine World Africa, USA, there lived an Asian elephant named Bandula. Bandula worked out how to break open or unlock several of the pieces of equipment used to keep the shackles on her feet secure. The most complex device was a Brummel hook, a device that closes when two opposite points are slid together. Bandula used to fiddle with the hook until it slid apart when it was aligned. Once she had freed herself, she would help the other elephants escape. In Bandula's case and certainly with other captive elephants, there was an element of deception involved during the escapes, such as the animals looking around making sure no one was watching. In another case, a female elephant worked out how she could unscrew iron rods with an eye hole that was an inch (2.5 cm) thick. She used her trunk to create leverage and then untwisted the bolt. Ruby, an Asian elephant at Phoenix Zoo would often eavesdrop on conversations keepers would have talking about her. When she heard the word *paint*, she became very excitable. The colors she favored were green, yellow, blue and red. Once, a fire truck came and parked outside her enclosure where a man had just had a heart attack. The lights on the truck were flashing red, white and yellow. When Ruby painted later on in the day, she chose those colors. She also showed a preference for colors that the keepers wore. Harry Peachey, an elephant trainer, developed a cooperative relationship with an elephant named Koko. Koko would help the keepers out, "prompting" them to encourage him with various commands and words that Koko would learn. Peachey stated that elephants are almost predisposed to cooperate and work with humans as long as they are treated with respect and sensitivity. Koko worked out when his keepers needed a bit of "elephant help" when they were transferring the females of the group to another zoo. When the keepers wanted to transfer a female, they would usually say her name, followed by the word *transfer* (e.g. "Connie transfer"). Koko soon figured out what this meant. If the keepers asked an elephant to transfer and it did not budge, they would say, "Koko, give me a hand." When he heard this, Koko would help. After 27 years of working with elephants, Peachey firmly believes that they can understand the semantics and syntax of some of the words they hear. This is something thought to be very rare in the animal kingdom. According to one source, elephants can figure out how to retrieve distant objects that they cannot otherwise reach by using a stick. ### Adaptive behavior in the wild In the wild, elephants display clever methods of finding resources. Elephants have keen memories, and when evaluating foraging locations, respond more strongly to long‐term patterns of productivity than to immediate forage conditions. In times of scarcity, they return to areas which have been reliable over many years rather than the last sites visited. They also favor travelling on dirt roads in the dry season, as easy walking terrain to conserve energy. Although it is common for herbivores to find salt licks or to ingest inorganic matter for sodium, elephants in the Mount Elgon National Park, Kenya, have learned to venture deep into Kitum Cave to utilize its minerals in what has been described as 'quarrying' and 'salt mining'. Although the elephants clearly do not understand that they require salt in their diet, they show interest only in the cation-rich zeolite, tusking it into smaller edible fragments. This activity is performed in groups, and years of tusk marks indicate the knowledge of the cave has been passed down over generations. Poaching has caused the elephants to alter their behavior and avoid the more widely known caves. Applying the string-drawing task to elephants --------------------------------------------- In 1956, W. H. Thorpe explained: > The ability to pull up food which is suspended by a thread, the pulled in loop being held by the foot while the bird reaches with its beak for the next pull, is doubtfully inborn and it has been subject to many experiments. The act appears at first sight to be a real and sudden solution of the problem from the start, and thus to qualify for inclusion under 'insight learning.' Successful performance in this task has been documented in well over ten bird species. > > More recently, Bernd Heinrich and Thomas Bugnyar concluded that ravens' "behaviour in accessing meat on a string is not only a product of rapid learning but may involve some understanding of cause–effect relation between string, food and certain body parts." String-pulling behavior has been likewise studied in seven Asian elephants by presenting them with a retractable (bungee) cord. In this setup, the cord is tied to a heavy log a few meters away from the elephant. A sugarcane (a favorite elephant treat) is attached to the cord, and can only be retrieved by repeated, coordinated, action of the trunk and another body part. The results were clearcut: > All seven logging elephants fully mastered the string-drawing sequence within 1–3 experimental sessions. In all cases of retractable rope pulling, the sequence involved pulling by the trunk, and then securing the rope by either foot or mouth. After 2–6 coordinated pulls, while still holding the rope with either mouth or foot, the elephants disengaged the sugarcane from the rope while still using mouth or forefoot as an anchor, and then consumed the sugarcane. All elephants seemed to be flexible about the use of anchor, interchangeably using mouth, foreleg, or both. > > Self-awareness -------------- Elephants have joined a small group of animals, including great apes, bottlenose dolphins and Eurasian magpies, that exhibit self-awareness. The study was conducted with the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) using elephants at the Bronx Zoo in New York. Although many animals respond to a mirror, very few show any evidence that they recognize it is in fact themselves in the mirror reflection. The Asian elephants in the study also displayed this type of behavior when standing in front of a 2.5-by-2.5-metre (8.2 ft × 8.2 ft) mirror – they inspected the mirror and brought food close to the mirror for consumption. Evidence of elephant self-awareness was shown when the elephant Happy repeatedly touched a painted *X* on her head with her trunk, a mark which could only be seen in the mirror. Happy ignored another mark made with colorless paint that was also on her forehead to ensure she was not merely reacting to a smell or feeling. Frans De Waal, who ran the study, stated, "These parallels between humans and elephants suggest a convergent cognitive evolution possibly related to complex society and cooperation." ### Self-awareness and culling There has been considerable debate over the issue of culling African elephants in South Africa's Kruger National Park as a means of controlling the population. Some scientists and environmentalists argue that it is "unnecessary and inhumane" to cull them since "elephants resemble humans in a number of ways, not least by having massive brains, social bonds that appear to be empathetic, long gestations, high intelligence, offspring that require an extended period of dependent care, and long life spans." A South African animal rights group asked in a statement anticipating the announcement, "How much like us do elephants have to be before killing them becomes murder?" Others argue that culling is necessary when biodiversity is threatened. However, the protection of biodiversity argument has been questioned by some animal rights advocates who argue that the animal which most greatly threatens and damages biodiversity is humanity, so if we are not willing to cull our own species we cannot morally justify culling another. Arguments against intelligence ------------------------------ This section summarizes experiments that cannot be readily reconciled with the view that elephants are highly intelligent. These experiments, in turn, rely on pioneering early work with dogs and cats. ### Discrimination tasks Edward Thorndike argued that his cats and dogs escaped puzzle boxes through a mindless process of trial and error. Because understanding something as simple as pulling a loop to open a door must occur rapidly or not at all, it should have induced, at some point during the repeated introductions of his animals into the box, a sudden reduction in escape time. The actual, gradual, slope of the time-curve that he did observe suggested to him that his subjects failed to understand the cause-effect relationships between their actions and escape. In 1957, researchers reported that a young Asian elephant needed 330 trials, over a period of several days, to consistently choose the reinforced response in her first discrimination task. In an experiment which employed another sense modality, an 8-year-old took 7.5 months to distinguish 12 tones. Similarly, in discrimination experiments with Asian elephants in the logging camps of Myanmar, only 13 Burmese elephants mastered black/white or large/small visual discrimination tasks, while 7 elephants failed to master the task. Like Thorndike's cats and dogs, the 13 elephants that did master a black/white or large/small discrimination task did so gradually, over several sessions. The slope of the time-curve again suggested the elephants failed to understand the cause-effect relationships between lid removal and food retrieval. The pre-training that preceded these Myanmar discrimination experiments involved learning to remove a lid from a bucket or to displace a box to uncover a hole in the ground. On average, the 20 elephants required 3.4 sessions to master the pre-training task. ### Possible absence of causal reasoning Thorndike's dogs and cats learned to escape a box by, for instance, pulling a loop attached to a string that opened the box. On subsequent introductions to an open box when string-pulling no longer served a purpose, the animal continued to pull a string before getting out of the box. Thorndike concluded that the animal solved the task mechanically, without understanding the causal link between string-pulling and escaping. A conceptually similar experiment involved pre-training four logging Asian elephants to remove food from a cover-less bucket by inserting their trunk into the bucket. Next, a treat was placed at the bottom of a bucket and, at the same time, the bucket was covered with a lid. The elephants were then trained to obtain the treat by removing the lid. Once this behavioral sequence was established, a treat was placed inside the bucket and, at the same time, the lid was placed on the ground alongside the bucket, so that the lid no longer obstructed access to the food. As in the Thorndike case, if the elephants understand the nature of the task, they should ignore the lid on the ground and retrieve the reward directly, as they used to do in pre-training sessions before the lid was introduced. But if they fail to understand the causal link between lid removal and food retrieval, they might continue to remove the lid before retrieving the food. The observations supported Thorndike's mechanical learning hypothesis.
Unsolved problem in mathematics Not to be confused with the conjecture by Charles M. Newman about the de Bruijn–Newman constant. Unsolved problem in mathematics: Given arbitrary m, r, are there infinitely values of n such that the partition function at n is congruent to r mod m? (more unsolved problems in mathematics) In mathematics, specifically in number theory, **Newman's conjecture** is a conjecture about the behavior of the partition function modulo any integer. Specifically, it states that for any integers m and r such that {\displaystyle 0\leq r\leq m-1}, the value of the partition function p(n) satisfies the congruence {\displaystyle p(n)\equiv r{\pmod {m}}} for infinitely many non-negative integers n. It was formulated by mathematician Morris Newman in 1960. It is unsolved as of 2020. History ------- Oddmund Kolberg was probably the first to prove a related result, namely that the partition function takes both even and odd values infinitely often. The proof employed was of elementary nature and easily accessible, and was proposed as an exercise by Newman in the American Mathematical Monthly. 1 year later, in 1960, Newman proposed the conjecture and proved the cases m=5 and 13 in his original paper, and m=65 two years later. Ken Ono, an American mathematician, made further advances by exhibiting sufficient conditions for the conjecture to hold for prime m. He first showed that Newman's conjecture holds for prime m if for each r between 0 and m-1, there exists a nonnegative integer n such that the following holds: * {\displaystyle 24\mid mn+1} * {\displaystyle p\left({\frac {mn+1}{24}}\right)\equiv r{\pmod {m}}} He used the result, together with a computer program, to prove the conjecture for all primes less than 1000 (except 3). Ahlgren expanded on his result to show that Ono's condition is, in fact, true for all composite numbers coprime to 6. Three years later, Ono showed that for every prime m greater than 3, one of the following must hold: * Newman's conjecture holds for m, or * {\displaystyle m\mid p(mn+k)} for all nonnegative integers n, and {\displaystyle 1\leq k<24,24k\equiv 1{\pmod {m}}}. Using computer technology, he proved the theorem for all primes less than 200,000 (except 3). Afterwards, Ahlgren and Boylan used Ono's criterion to extend Newman's conjecture to all primes except possibly 3. 2 years afterwards, they extended their result to all prime powers except powers of 2 or 3. Partial progress and solved cases --------------------------------- The weaker statement that **Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/en.wikipedia.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle p(n)\equiv 0 \pmod{m}}** has at least 1 solution has been proved for all m. It was formerly known as the Erdős–Ivić conjecture, named after mathematicians Paul Erdős and Aleksandar Ivić [de; pt]. It was settled by Ken Ono.
Aspect of criminal justice Sing Sing correctional facility was where the execution chamber for New York was located prior to the 1972 abolition. **Capital punishment** was outlawed in the **State of New York** after the New York Court of Appeals, the highest court in the state, declared in 2004 that as currently practiced it was not allowed under the state's constitution. However certain crimes occurring in the state that fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government are subject to the federal death penalty. In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in *Furman v. Georgia* declared existing capital punishment statutes unconstitutional, abolishing the practice of capital punishment in the United States. In 1976, the same court's ruling in *Gregg v. Georgia* allowed states to reinstate the death penalty. In 1995, Governor George Pataki signed a new statute into law which returned the death penalty in New York by authorizing lethal injection for execution. Prior to *Furman v. Georgia*, New York was the first state to adopt the electric chair as a method of execution, which replaced hanging. The last New York execution during that time had occurred in 1963, when Eddie Lee Mays was electrocuted at Sing Sing prison. There were no executions in New York after the reinstatement of the death penalty before it was abolished again on June 24, 2004, when the state's highest court ruled in *People v. LaValle* that the state's death penalty statute violated the state constitution. New York has had no valid statute relating to capital punishment since then. Subsequent legislative attempts at fixing or replacing the statute have failed, and in July 2008 Governor David Paterson issued an executive order disestablishing New York's death row. Legislative efforts to amend the statute have failed, and death sentences are no longer sought at the state level. Colonial period and statehood ----------------------------- See also: Capital punishment in the United Kingdom During various periods from the 1600s onward, New York law prescribed the death penalty for crimes such as sodomy, adultery, counterfeiting, perjury, and attempted rape or murder by slaves. In 1796, New York abolished the death penalty for crimes other than murder and treason, but arson was made a capital crime in 1808. Temporary abolition ------------------- In 1860, the New York Legislature passed a bill which effectively, though unintentionally, abolished capital punishment in the state, by repealing hanging as a method of execution without prescribing an alternative method. The bill was signed by Governor Edwin D. Morgan in April 1860. The New York Court of Appeals ruled the statute unconstitutional, in part, as an *ex post facto* law. Governor Morgan signed legislation to restore capital punishment in 1861, and again in 1862 to fully repeal the earlier statute. Introduction of the electric chair ---------------------------------- Further information: Electric chair William Kemmler was the first individual to be executed by electric chair, on August 6, 1890. In 1886, newly elected New York State governor David B. Hill set up a three-member "New York Commission" to determine a new, more humane system of execution to replace hanging. The commission included the human rights advocate and reformer Elbridge Thomas Gerry, New York lawyer and politician Matthew Hale, and Buffalo dentist and experimenter Alfred P. Southwick. Southwick had been developing an idea since the early 1880s of using electric current as a means of capital punishment after hearing about how relatively painlessly and quickly a drunken man died due to grabbing the energized parts on a generator. Southwick had published this proposal first in 1882 and, being a dentist accustomed to performing procedures on subjects in chairs, used the form of a chair in his designs, which became known as the "electric chair". The commission reviewed ancient and modern forms of execution including lethal injection but finally settled on electrocution in 1888. A bill making electrocution New York State's form of execution passed the legislature and was signed by Governor Hill on June 4, 1888, set to go into effect on January 1, 1889. The first individual to be executed in the electric chair was William Kemmler, on August 6, 1890. Current was passed through Kemmler for 17 seconds and he was declared dead, but witnesses noticed he was still breathing, and the current was turned back on. From start to finish, the execution took eight minutes. During the execution, blood vessels under the skin ruptured and bled, and some witness reported that Kemmler's body caught on fire. Statistics ---------- Main article: List of people executed in New York From 1890 to 1963, 695 people were executed in New York. The first was William Kemmler on August 6, 1890, and the last was Eddie Lee Mays on August 15, 1963. Kemmler was the first person in the world known to be executed in an electric chair. Except for four individuals, all of the people executed during this period were convicted of murder. The four exceptions were Joseph Sacoda and Demetrius Gula, who were convicted of kidnapping and executed January 11, 1940, and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, who were convicted of espionage and executed June 19, 1953 in Sing Sing by the federal government, not the state of New York. Famous cases ------------ In 1901, Leon Czolgosz was electrocuted for the assassination of U.S. President William McKinley. Ruth Snyder was one of the very few women executed at Sing Sing. She was put to death in the electric chair in 1928 for the murder of her husband. Infamously, a photographer from the *Chicago Tribune* smuggled a small camera into the execution chamber and snapped a picture of Snyder after the executioner pulled the switch; it was the first known photograph of an electric chair execution, and it remains one of the only known photographs of such. A lesser known but contemporaneously notorious case dates to January 1936, when serial killer Albert Fish was put to death for the cannibal murder of 10-year-old Grace Budd. He was confirmed to have committed at least three murders, but he is suspected of being involved in nine and, prior to his execution, he claimed to have murdered over 100 people. At age 65, Fish was one of the oldest people ever executed at Sing Sing, tied with Michael Rossi, a 65-year-old man who was executed in Sing Sing's electric chair on June 29, 1922. The oldest person to be executed in any New York electric chair was Charles Bonier, who was 75 when he died in Auburn's electric chair on July 31, 1907. Other notable cases are those of seven members of Mafia hit squad Murder, Inc. between 1941 and 1944, including Louis "Lepke" Buchalter, the only mob boss to ever receive the death penalty after being convicted of murder, and some of his associates, including Emanuel "Mendy" Weiss and Louis Capone, who were executed on March 4, 1944, the same night as Buchalter. Another notable case was that of the "Lonely Hearts Killers" Raymond Fernandez and Martha Beck, who were convicted of three murders but are believed to have killed as many as 20 women between 1947 and 1949. They were executed together on March 8, 1951. Arguably the most famous execution in state history (although occurring under federal, and not under New York state law) occurred in June 1953, when Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were put to death at Sing Sing after their conviction on federal espionage charges for passing secrets of the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. The Rosenbergs were the only American civilians to be executed for espionage-related activity during the Cold War. Ethel’s conviction and severely botched execution remains controversial as David Greenglass, Ethel’s brother and a key witness for the prosecution, later admitted to giving perjured testimony against Ethel to shield his wife from criminal liability. In 2015, eleven members of the New York City Council declared that "the government wrongfully executed Ethel Rosenberg," and Manhattan Borough President Gale Brewer officially recognized "the injustice suffered by Ethel Rosenberg and her family" and designated September 28 as the "Ethel Rosenberg Day of Justice in the Borough of Manhattan." Restrictions ------------ In 1965, Governor Nelson Rockefeller, a liberal Republican who supported capital punishment, signed legislation which abolished the death penalty except for cases involving the murder of a police officer. *Furman v. Georgia* ------------------- In the July 1972 decision in *Furman v. Georgia*, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the existing death penalty procedures across the United States. The moratorium lasted until 1976 when the Court ruled in *Gregg v. Georgia* that states could resume capital punishment under reworked statutes. Grasso extradition and execution -------------------------------- On January 11, 1995, convicted killer Thomas J. Grasso, who had been sentenced to death by Oklahoma but was serving a sentence of 20 years to life in New York, was extradited from New York to Oklahoma to face execution. Grasso was transported to Buffalo Niagara International Airport and flown to Oklahoma. He was executed on March 20, 1995. Efforts to reinstate the death penalty -------------------------------------- Following the ruling of *Gregg v. Georgia*, New York was one of the few states that did not immediately return the death penalty following the ruling. There was legislation to return the death penalty as a sanction that passed the Assembly and Senate, but was vetoed by Democratic Governors Hugh Carey and Mario Cuomo. In the late 1980s, Donald Trump designed an ad calling to bring back the death penalty in New York against the Central Park Five, four black men and one Hispanic male, who were coerced into making false confessions and were wrongly convicted of the rape and attempted murder of a white female jogger in Central Park in 1989. Capital punishment was reinstated in New York in 1995 when Republican Governor George Pataki signed a new statute into law, which provided for execution by lethal injection. However, there were no executions before capital punishment was abolished in 2004, when the New York Court of Appeals declared the death penalty to be inadmissible under the constitution of New York. In 1998, New York State allowed defendants who are guilty of murder that carries a sanction of death to plead guilty in a plea bargain to receive life without parole and avoid the death penalty which could only be imposed after a criminal trial. Critics of this law argue it violates the defendant's fifth amendment right against self-incrimination. In 2001, the New York Court of Appeals declared the law unconstitutional, citing that defendants could be coerced by law enforcement into pleading guilty for a murder they did not commit. On June 24, 2004, the New York Court of Appeals, the state's highest court, held 4–3 in *People v. LaValle* that the state's death penalty statute violated the New York Constitution. Governor Pataki criticized the ruling and promised a quick legislative fix. Between December 2004 and February 2005, public hearings were held in Manhattan and Albany. New York Law School Professor and death penalty advocate Robert Blecker advocated strongly in favor of reinstatement, while Manhattan District Attorney Robert M. Morgenthau strongly opposed reinstatement. In 2005, Assembly Republicans introduced legislation to revive the death penalty which failed to pass. In 2007, the New York Court of Appeals heard arguments in *People v. John Taylor*, and, in rejecting the arguments of the Queens District Attorney, commuted the sentence to life without parole, leaving New York with an empty death row. As of 2007, there have been no efforts to restore the death penalty. Political significance in Manhattan District Attorney elections --------------------------------------------------------------- In the 2005 Democratic primary for Manhattan District Attorney, incumbent Robert Morgenthau's successful campaign produced television advertisements criticizing opponent Leslie Crocker Snyder, a prosecutor who had stated in her autobiography that in one case, she would have been willing to give a lethal injection to a defendant herself, saying Snyder was "Wrong on the Death Penalty, Wrong for Manhattan". *The New York Times* endorsed Snyder but expressed concern about her support for the death penalty. For the duration of Morgenthau's tenure as Manhattan District Attorney, he never once sought the death penalty in the period it was legal in New York. In the 2009 Democratic primary in which Morgenthau did not run, Snyder ran for District Attorney again, against Cyrus Vance Jr. (who would win) and Richard Aborn. Both opponents strongly opposed the death penalty, and criticized Snyder for her previous comments. Snyder accused Vance and Aborn of taking her comments out of context, and stated that her position on the death penalty had changed due to learning about wrongful convictions. Aborn said he would oppose attempts to restore it, and would "lead the effort against any attempt to revive it". Legislative efforts to reinstate the death penalty -------------------------------------------------- In 2005, supporters of the death penalty in the New York Legislature passed a bill restoring New York's death penalty in the Republican-controlled State Senate, but the legislation was voted down by a legislative committee in the Democratic-controlled New York Assembly, and was not enacted into law. In 2008, the State Senate again passed legislation that would have established the death penalty for the murder of law enforcement officers, but the Assembly did not act on the legislation.[] Death row disestablished ------------------------ In July 2008, Governor David Paterson issued an executive order requiring the disestablishment of death row and the closure of the state's execution chamber at Green Haven Correctional Facility. Statute repeal effort --------------------- Even though the current death penalty statute was ruled unconstitutional and left null and unenforceable by the New York State Court of Appeals in 2004, the death penalty statute was never fully repealed from New York State law. On August 2, 2018, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced that he was advancing legislation to remove the death penalty statute from New York State law. Further reading --------------- * Philip English Mackey (1982). *Hanging in the Balance: The Anti-Capital Punishment Movement in New York State, 1776–1861*. New York: Garland.