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The bulls and bears are taking a big beating on Wall Street — by the dog sector. Bankers, money managers and traders mostly pooh-poohed the parade of pets who accompanied other employees to work last week, celebrating National Pet Week across America. The furry-companion celebration was begun by Pet Sitters International in 1999. The open-door policy of firms like pet-friendly Amazon, Ben & Jerry’s and New York’s Contently are ridiculed by some Street pros. But on any given day, as many as 6,000 dogs roam the Seattle-based headquarters at Amazon, a canine heaven which pampers the pets with dog parks, a doggie deck and special treats at the reception desk. While many Amazon employees may be pleased, some financial pros are aggravated by the growing popularity of pets at work. And Friday’s National Take Your Dog to Work Day was no doggone fun, they said. “It is the politically correct thing to do, and I do not support the idea,” said Dan Shaffer, CEO of Shaffer Asset Management. “It has gone too far.” Pets in the office could boost company culture, admits Jill Fopiano, CEO of O’Brien Wealth Partners. But she said it’s only fair to acknowledge that not everybody loves Fido. “Perhaps a compromise of designated ‘take your dog to work days,’ coupled with the flexibility for those with allergies or phobias to work offsite, is a good solution,” Fopiano said. Still, the pet craze is big business. Sales of pet food — which rose 30 percent per US household between 2006 and 2010 — are forecast to soar to $31.68 billion this year, up from about $30.32 billion in 2018. Many traders and advisers are bullish on pet food products and stocks. But pets on the trading floor and in the corner office are like a red rag to a bull, they say. Some say dogs on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange, for example, would be more disruptive than an algorithm run amok in high-speed trading. “In addition, the pets themselves may experience stress or confusion in the unfamiliar environment of an office or workplace,” said Karen Elliot of law firm Eckert Seamans.

Q: Mobile data turns itself on again and again; could be caused by WhatsApp My mobile data keeps turning on by itself and uses my data traffic. I think this is because of WhatsApp, but I'm not sure. Is there any other possible reason aside from WhatsApp? How should I stop it from happening? Phone: Samsung GT9100i Android Version: 4.2.1 A: What other apps related to mobile data are you using? Is there any battery saver app that are using? they can turn your data on or off automatically. Whatsapp doesn't have the permission to enable mobile data. So it must be some other app. still you can use 3G WatchDog to check if whatsapp is the culprit.

Although some of the methods of joining aluminum bodies of automobiles is spot welding, riveting, etc., there is several problems such that it requires complicate piping structures on a robot (for example, supply and ground of electricity, supply and drain of water, and supply and drain of oil), and causes an undesirable working environment with large noises and electrical sparks, etc. To solve such a problem, there is proposed a spot welding apparatus for example, in German Patent Application Laid-Open DE 197 31 638, International Publications WO 98/04381, WO 01/28732, and WO 01/036144, which carries out a friction stir welding of two over-wrapped work pieces by pressing a high-speed rotating tool against one outer surface of the work pieces. FIG. 7 is a view showing a configuration of a spot welding gun 1, which is a conventional friction stir welding apparatus, utilizing the technologies of the above disclosures. This spot welding gun 1 comprises a rotating tool 3 having a pin 2 at a tip end thereof, and presses the rotating tool 3 against one of work pieces (not shown) while rotating the rotating tool 3 at high speed, and then softens and stirs a joining part of the work pieces with the pin 2 with the frictional heat by rotation, and thus joins the work pieces together. The spot welding gun 1 also comprises a rotational movement drive source 4 for rotating the rotating tool 3 generally oriented downward about an axis-of-rotation L thereof at a high-speed, and a linear movement drive source 5 for linearly moving the rotating tool 3 along the axis-of-rotation L. The rotating tool 3 is fixed to the lower end of a rotational shaft 7 being rotated about the axis-of-rotation L by the rotational movement drive source 4. This rotating tool 3 is limited its linear movement along the axis-of-rotation L, and is held by a header 10 so as to be rotatable about the axis-of-rotation L. Moreover, a pressurizing shaft 6 is provided so as to surround the rotational shaft 7 and the header 10 is fixed to the lower end of this pressurizing shaft 6. An outer peripheral of the pressurizing shaft 6 is formed to be an outer threaded portion onto which a nut member 11 is threadedly engaged. These are implemented by for example, a ball-screw mechanism. As the nut member 11 is rotated by the linear movement drive source 5, the pressurizing shaft 6 moves upward or downward along the axis-of-rotation L. Since the rotating tool 3 is rotatably supported through the header 10 at the lower end of the pressurizing shaft 6, the rotation of the rotational shaft 7 by the rotational movement drive source 4 causes a high-speed rotation of the rotating tool 3 as well as the linear movement. The above mechanism is attached to the main frame 14. To the main frame 14, a gun arm 12 is fixed extending downward from to the main frame 14. The lower portion of the gun arm 12 is bent and a receiving portion 13 which opposes the rotating tool 3 is provided at a tip end of the lower portion. With this configuration, by moving the rotating tool 3 downward while rotating it at a time of welding, work pieces are pinched between the receiving portion 13 and the rotating tool 3 to be applied a pressure force and therefore spot welding is carried out. However, the pressurizing shaft 6 which surrounds the rotational shaft 7 is supported by the main frame 14 through the nut member 11. When the header 10 is pulled up to the uppermost position, since an immediate upper part of the header 10 is supported by the main frame 14, the shaft is stably supported. However, when the pressurizing shaft 6 is lowered, it will be difficult to stably support the rotating tool 3 with high-speed rotation since a distance between the supporting position of the pressurizing shaft 6 and the headers 10 becomes large. Meanwhile, at the time of welding, the work pieces will be pressurized while the distance of the supporting position and the rotating tool 3 becomes large. However, since a pressure force is only transmitted through the hollow pressurizing shaft 6, it is difficult to stably transmit the pressure force with the thin pressurizing shaft. Therefore, in order to ensure stably lowering of the rotating shaft at high rotational speed and positively applying a pressure, it is only necessary to choose a larger diameter for the pressurizing shaft 6. However, using of the larger diameter for the pressurizing shaft 6 will result in a larger ball screw mechanism, pulley, etc., and thus a new problem will arise that the size of the whole apparatus becomes larger.

/* -*- Mode: js; js-indent-level: 2; -*- */ /* * Copyright 2011 Mozilla Foundation and contributors * Licensed under the New BSD license. See LICENSE or: * http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause * * Based on the Base 64 VLQ implementation in Closure Compiler: * https://code.google.com/p/closure-compiler/source/browse/trunk/src/com/google/debugging/sourcemap/Base64VLQ.java * * Copyright 2011 The Closure Compiler Authors. All rights reserved. * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are * met: * * * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following * disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided * with the distribution. * * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived * from this software without specific prior written permission. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. */ if (typeof define !== 'function') { var define = require('amdefine')(module, require); } define(function (require, exports, module) { var base64 = require('./base64'); // A single base 64 digit can contain 6 bits of data. For the base 64 variable // length quantities we use in the source map spec, the first bit is the sign, // the next four bits are the actual value, and the 6th bit is the // continuation bit. The continuation bit tells us whether there are more // digits in this value following this digit. // // Continuation // | Sign // | | // V V // 101011 var VLQ_BASE_SHIFT = 5; // binary: 100000 var VLQ_BASE = 1 << VLQ_BASE_SHIFT; // binary: 011111 var VLQ_BASE_MASK = VLQ_BASE - 1; // binary: 100000 var VLQ_CONTINUATION_BIT = VLQ_BASE; /** * Converts from a two-complement value to a value where the sign bit is * placed in the least significant bit. For example, as decimals: * 1 becomes 2 (10 binary), -1 becomes 3 (11 binary) * 2 becomes 4 (100 binary), -2 becomes 5 (101 binary) */ function toVLQSigned(aValue) { return aValue < 0 ? ((-aValue) << 1) + 1 : (aValue << 1) + 0; } /** * Converts to a two-complement value from a value where the sign bit is * placed in the least significant bit. For example, as decimals: * 2 (10 binary) becomes 1, 3 (11 binary) becomes -1 * 4 (100 binary) becomes 2, 5 (101 binary) becomes -2 */ function fromVLQSigned(aValue) { var isNegative = (aValue & 1) === 1; var shifted = aValue >> 1; return isNegative ? -shifted : shifted; } /** * Returns the base 64 VLQ encoded value. */ exports.encode = function base64VLQ_encode(aValue) { var encoded = ""; var digit; var vlq = toVLQSigned(aValue); do { digit = vlq & VLQ_BASE_MASK; vlq >>>= VLQ_BASE_SHIFT; if (vlq > 0) { // There are still more digits in this value, so we must make sure the // continuation bit is marked. digit |= VLQ_CONTINUATION_BIT; } encoded += base64.encode(digit); } while (vlq > 0); return encoded; }; /** * Decodes the next base 64 VLQ value from the given string and returns the * value and the rest of the string via the out parameter. */ exports.decode = function base64VLQ_decode(aStr, aOutParam) { var i = 0; var strLen = aStr.length; var result = 0; var shift = 0; var continuation, digit; do { if (i >= strLen) { throw new Error("Expected more digits in base 64 VLQ value."); } digit = base64.decode(aStr.charAt(i++)); continuation = !!(digit & VLQ_CONTINUATION_BIT); digit &= VLQ_BASE_MASK; result = result + (digit << shift); shift += VLQ_BASE_SHIFT; } while (continuation); aOutParam.value = fromVLQSigned(result); aOutParam.rest = aStr.slice(i); }; });

​Stretch Mark Solutions: What Can Be Done Safely? Find Out! by 30Seconds Beauty Women of all ages regardless of height, weight or parental status are susceptible to stretch marks. Dr. Kirk Brandow, founder and director of the Brandow Clinic for Cosmetic Surgery who has appeared on national programs such as Good Morning America and 20/20, shares the real deal on stretch mark solution options. Topical Creams and Preventative Foods – “There are a variety of topical treatments, the ones with cocoa butter are the trend, but they won’t do much if anything to improve severe stretch marks. These creams and oils perform better when used as preventive measures because fully developed stretch marks are rarely skin deep,” explains Dr. Brandow. Eating foods rich in vitamin C can help prevent stretch marks from the inside out. Adding things like red peppers, parsley, broccoli, kale, brussels sprouts are good bets. Lasers – Kim Kardashian announced that she would undergo laser treatments to get rid of her stretch marks. The Coolbeam laser, which is the one Kim is going with, requires up to five treatments at around $5,000 per treatment. Lasers are known for high level of safety and efficacy and most patients come away very pleased with the result.“Lasers are far less invasive than a tummy tuck ... Lasers do have some risk in that they can burn the skin or cause tissue damage. Therefore, it’s very important to choose a doctor who knows what they are doing,” says Dr. Brandow. Platelet Rich Plasma With Micro-needling – “Micro-needling with PRP is a combination that offers a fast, in office option, with excellent results and is less costly than lasers,” explains Dr. Brandow. Learn more about micro-needling here. The Tummy Tuck – This is the gold standard offering the best results. "It’s is the only option for complete and permanent stretch mark removal. Recovery time can be up to six weeks and again it is critical that one chooses a reputable doctor. A botched tummy tuck can lead to off-centered belly buttons, long thick scars, and dangerous infections,” warns Dr. Brandow. 30Second Mobile, Inc. is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites.

/* Soot - a J*va Optimization Framework * Copyright (C) 1997-1999 Raja Vallee-Rai * * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. * * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU * Lesser General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public * License along with this library; if not, write to the * Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, * Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */ /* * Modified by the Sable Research Group and others 1997-1999. * See the 'credits' file distributed with Soot for the complete list of * contributors. (Soot is distributed at http://www.sable.mcgill.ca/soot) */ package soot.jimple; import soot.*; import soot.util.*; public interface CastExpr extends Expr { public Value getOp(); public void setOp(Value op); public ValueBox getOpBox(); public Type getCastType(); public void setCastType(Type castType); public Type getType(); public void apply(Switch sw); }

Looking at the hard copy of my recent publication, I can’t hep but marvel at how clean it looks and feels. Each sentence is as crisp as the months long editorial process could make it and each section offers a critical addition to the simple narrative: Crows gather around their dead to learn about danger. As any of us in field biology know, however, the austere, concise nature of our publications make every effort not to betray the dirty, messy, sometimes chaotic process that defines the research experience. Equipment breaks, ideas don’t work, field sites get destroyed, animals refuse to cooperate, money runs out, these are all par for the course for any field biologist, and any “field” is going to come with its own hazards. My field, of course, was the city of Seattle. By now, most readers are familiar with the look of our experimental set-up; a masked person with a “UW research” sign holding a dead crow. We could have made the sign the size of a billboard and it still couldn’t have eliminated the sense of shock those latex masks instilled in people. So you can maybe imagine how conducting those experiments in the heart of downtown, in people’s parks and neighborhoods, went over. But you don’t have to. A few months ago an excellent new popular science publication, Biosphere Magazine, approached me about doing a story detailing my experience as an urban field biologist. Today, with their permission, I’m posting the story in its entirety. I hope it gives you some insight into the research process, but I also hope it encourages you to check out this delightful new publication. I have no doubt it will feed your hunger for science. Enjoy! Like this: Related 4 responses to “Science in Seattle” thanks, and other anecdotal cyber cheese puffs: – 1) from a cluttered non-science desk with an Internet connection in Florida, my browsing head linking to -) the NY Times story in the Seattle Times 10-6, -) a google search, -) and your blog and this story in (and turn-on to) “Biosphere” — thanks for that, and thanks for writing stuff that’s interesting to read – 2) to PA1 (personal anecdote 1), fun and games; from ’81-’85 my wife, black Lab and I lived a couple miles north of the U, and would often walk down 20th St. to Ravenna Park on Sunday mornings; often we’d see usually 2, sometimes 3, crows sitting on the wires than ran over the sidewalk from utility poles to houses; the first time the “poop bombing” happened, the crows were silent as usual until we passed under the wires, then started cawing loudly; we turned and looked back and saw a fresh white poop on the sidewalk that had just missed us; a few walks later, in the same place, we saw two crows looking north in our direction and we stepped across the parking strip and around the utility pole, as the crows watched us and remained silent; we did this on our walks each each time we saw crows on the wires over the sidewalk, except for another time when we were lost in conversation and didn’t notice the silent crows sitting overhead, until they started cawing loudly, we looked up and back and saw the poop on the Lab’s back just above the base of her tail, which I wiped off with a handkerchief; after that we made a point of not walking under crows sitting on the wires over the sidewalk on that 12-15 block stretch of 20th St.; maybe this wasn’t crow fun and games, but we were always suspicious since a) they never cawed at two people and a dog as we approached, b) never cawed when we simply stepped off the sidewalk and around the utility pole and wires they sat on, but c) cawed loudly only after they had pooped as we passed underneath – 3) to PA2, fun and games with other birds; if you equate “smart” with “creative fun,” then an unexpectedly smart bird here in Florida is the wood stork; I can’t find a photo link to put here that really shows this, and have only seen it happen 3 times in the 15 years we’ve lived here, but soaring wood storks are a sight amazing because on the ground they are as doofus looking as a bird could be, dirty and stained by the sulfurous and muddy water of the swales, ditches and canals they feed from, with eyesight evolved for that close-to-ground grocery shopping; and they fly from place to place in straight lines just above the treetops; but, sometimes if you’re lucky, you can see them several hundred feet up and wheeling (soaring in wide circles) as they ride the thermal updrafts ahead of approaching thunderstorms, and make any black or turkey vultures nearby look like flight wannabes; once I saw just two wood storks wheeling in circles in opposite directions, and coming together close enough to touch wingtips but just missing, again and again as they slowly drifted off with the thermals; it was an inspiring thing to see, like the Attenborough ref below – 4) to PA3; sometime after seeing David Attenborough’s “Bowerbirds: The Art of Seduction” BBC 2000 (http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xsynmo_bowerbirds-the-art-of-seduction-by-david-attenborough_shortfilms) with the part on the Vogelkop bowerbird at 27:00, I found a link on the web that I can’t find now of a transcript of Attenborough giving a speech (I think it might have been at the Explorers Club in NY?); anyway, in the speech he was talking about documentary field work, and he told a story of filming the sequence on the Vogelkop bowerbirds in Western New Guinea; night came and he was waiting alone in the blind for the male bowerbird to return, with the rest of the crew waiting down a hillside and listening through the mic clipped to his shirt; dawn came and the bowerbird returned; Attenborough wanted to alert the crew down the hillside but was afraid whispering might scare the bird off, but the crew did not need to be told the bird was back because the person listening on the headphones could hear Attenborough’s heart suddenly begin to pound in his chest – 5) so that’s what I see when I read what you write, and thank you for the third and last time; over-and-out from the geezer fantasy theme-park ride called Florida zombiedisco101, thank you for you kind words and anecdotes. 1) My adviser likes to tell the story of a women who had been feeding magpies before her husband, who was wary of the birds for cultural reasons, decided to try and scare them off with some shots from a BB gun. From then on the magpies greeted him every morning by white washing his and only his car. Even if the couple switched the car’s locations in the driveway they knew the correct vehicle to vandalize. 2) I just recently visited Florida and can attest to your interpretation that wood storks are something of a joke on the ground but are quite a vision when seen soaring high above. 3) I actually spent 3 months in Australia researching satin bowerbirds before coming to grad school so they have fond memories for me. And any comparison to Sir David Attenborough is any science communicator’s dream so that you for that as well 🙂 Cheers thank you I teach Zoology here in Seattle. A couple of years ago, one of my students did a senior project at UW on crow funerals. I hope your paths may have crossed. I read your postings with interest and amusement. More important they give me information to convert my crow-hating wife to a more positive position.

Munster Koach The Munster Koach is the family car that was used in the television series, The Munsters. The show's producers contracted George Barris to provide the Koach. Barris paid show car designer Tom Daniel $200 to design the car, and had it built at Barris Kustoms, first by Tex Smith, but finished by Dick Dean, his shop foreman at the time. The Munster Koach appeared in over twenty episodes throughout the series' two-year run, and was also seen in Munster, Go Home! using different wheels. Tom Daniel's original drawing of the Munster Koach had it supercharged with a hood scoop and thin, round disc lights. Barris chose the ten-carburetor setup with the ten air horns and lantern lights. Specifications Only one Koach was made for the television series and feature film. It was made from three Ford Model T bodies and 18 feet long. The 133-inch frame was made by hand, as were the brass radiator and fenders. It has blood red interior and black pearl paint. It took 500 hours to hand-form the ornate rolled steel scrollwork. The front end had a dropped axle, split radius rods and T springs. Its design featured a custom hearse body. AMT produced a plastic model kit of the car during the series run. It has been reissued several times since. Johnny Lightning has also produced a 1/64th scale die-cast model of the car. An unauthorized reproduction Koach was built on speculation and presented to Barris, but he declined to buy it. Tubbs Johnson, Barris' paint man, purchased the unauthorized Koach and later sold it to Jay Orhbach. Barris auctioned the original Munster Koach in 1982 with oversized gas lights and different tires and wheels. In 1984, Barris wanted a Munster Koach for the Hollywood Christmas Parade. He had Dick Dean build a second authorized Munster Koach. Dick Dean's son, Keith Dean, helped build it. This Koach was restored in the summer of 2011 with new black pearl paint, pie crust cheater slicks, new brass lantern lights, torque thrust mag wheels, smaller skull radiator cap, and had the dummy crank lever removed and sealed. They did not have Bobby Barr Headers, and there is a wide opening where those headers were located on the original. There were five walnut blocks between the spokes of the mag wheels in rear. The rear slicks were Firestone eleven-inch pie crust slicks. The Astro mag wheels were painted blood red just on the outside of the five spokes. There was no skull radiator cap on the original Munster Koach in the 1960s. Only later did the Munster Koach get a skull cap. Both reproduction cars have been restored, but the original has not. Series star Fred Gwynne never sat in the seat to drive the Munster Koach. Instead, he sat on the floor on the ermine-fur rugs. During the time of the television series there was a song released as a single by Decca, called "Here Comes the Munster Koach". Engine The engine was a 289 cubic-inch Ford V8 originally configured for installation in a 1964 1/2 Mustang, it was built with Jahns high compression pistons, 10 chrome plated Carter WA-1 carburetors, an Isky cam, and had a set of Bobby Barr racing headers. It had a three-speed toploader manual transmission. See also DRAG-U-LA Batmobile References Sources Munster Koach Category:Fictional cars Category:Individual cars Category:The Munsters

Where the facts have no argument Main menu Sub menu Murder Warrant Issued for Son of Congressional Aide Found Stabbed to Death in Oak Lawn January 14, 2017 A murder warrant has been issued for the son of a congressional aide who was found stabbed to death in her Oak Lawn home Tuesday. Court records show a Cook County murder warrant was issued Thursday for Steven Chmela, 27. Chmela was arrested Tuesday and is currently being held in the Milwaukee County Jail, records show. It was not known Friday night why Chmela was taken into custody in Wisconsin. Marianne Viverito, 55, worked as an aide to U.S. Rep. Dan Lipinski (3rd). She was found dead in the basement of a home in the 5100 block of West 105th Place about 3:15 a.m. Tuesday, according to Oak Lawn police and the Cook County medical examiner’s office. She was pronounced dead at the scene. According to her obituary, Chmela was one Viverito’s two sons. An autopsy Wednesday showed she died of multiple stab and incise wounds, and her death was ruled a homicide. Viverito was the daughter of former state senator and current Stickney Township supervisor Lou Viverito, who told WBBM 780-AM that his 27-year-old grandson was the suspect in her death. At a court hearing in Milwaukee Friday, Chmela’s attorney said: “There is reason to believe the defendant is not competent to proceed,” records show. Chmela is scheduled to undergo a doctor’s evaluation and his next court date is set for Jan. 27.

Schedule for next 7 Days Monday 9:00 AM - 8:00 PM Tuesday 9:00 AM - 8:00 PM Wednesday 9:00 AM - 8:00 PM Thursday 9:00 AM - 8:00 PM Friday 9:00 AM - 8:00 PM Saturday 9:00 AM - 8:00 PM Sunday 9:00 AM - 8:00 PM Hours of operation may vary and are subject to change without notice. Currency availability may vary by location and maximum payout limits may apply. Please contact the specific agent location for more information.

package manta import ( "testing" "fmt" "time" "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/backend" "github.com/hashicorp/terraform/states/remote" ) func TestRemoteClient_impl(t *testing.T) { var _ remote.Client = new(RemoteClient) var _ remote.ClientLocker = new(RemoteClient) } func TestRemoteClient(t *testing.T) { testACC(t) directory := fmt.Sprintf("terraform-remote-manta-test-%x", time.Now().Unix()) keyName := "testState" b := backend.TestBackendConfig(t, New(), backend.TestWrapConfig(map[string]interface{}{ "path": directory, "object_name": keyName, })).(*Backend) createMantaFolder(t, b.storageClient, directory) defer deleteMantaFolder(t, b.storageClient, directory) state, err := b.StateMgr(backend.DefaultStateName) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } remote.TestClient(t, state.(*remote.State).Client) } func TestRemoteClientLocks(t *testing.T) { testACC(t) directory := fmt.Sprintf("terraform-remote-manta-test-%x", time.Now().Unix()) keyName := "testState" b1 := backend.TestBackendConfig(t, New(), backend.TestWrapConfig(map[string]interface{}{ "path": directory, "object_name": keyName, })).(*Backend) b2 := backend.TestBackendConfig(t, New(), backend.TestWrapConfig(map[string]interface{}{ "path": directory, "object_name": keyName, })).(*Backend) createMantaFolder(t, b1.storageClient, directory) defer deleteMantaFolder(t, b1.storageClient, directory) s1, err := b1.StateMgr(backend.DefaultStateName) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } s2, err := b2.StateMgr(backend.DefaultStateName) if err != nil { t.Fatal(err) } remote.TestRemoteLocks(t, s1.(*remote.State).Client, s2.(*remote.State).Client) }

9 = 3*s + 352. Calculate the common denominator of 5/20 + (-11)/(-1) and l/(-22)*(-6)/12. 44 Let t be (3 - (-50)/(-15))*0/2. What is the common denominator of (-3)/(-9) - (543/(-342) + t) and 23/8? 152 Let m be 1 + (-7812)/(-15) + -1. Let r = -36711/70 + m. What is the common denominator of 17/10 and r? 70 Suppose 2*s + 3*x = 27, -2*s + 2*x = 4 - 6. What is the smallest common multiple of 33 and s? 66 Let a be (2 - 2) + (-8)/2. Let y(p) = 5*p**2 + 4*p + 2. Let i be y(a). What is the common denominator of (-228)/i + (-2)/(-1) and 99/10? 110 Let n(c) = -c**2 + 12*c - 32. Let q(r) = -r**2 + 13*r - 32. Let a(p) = -2*n(p) + 3*q(p). What is the smallest common multiple of 14 and a(12)? 28 Let l = -18231/5 - -3658. Calculate the common denominator of ((-1464)/(-108) + -10)*-2 and l. 45 Let q(z) = -z - 9. Let d be q(-9). Suppose d = -4*a + 6*a - 10. What is the least common multiple of 11 and a? 55 Suppose 0 = -j + 2*b + 2, -2*j - 2*b + 4 = 3*b. Let g be (1/(-18))/(j/116222). Let y = g + 3224. What is the common denominator of y and 145/12? 36 Let p = 1922 + -1904. What is the least common multiple of p and 118? 1062 Let p = -4209832/7023081 + -602/5809. Let j = 14/47 - 1255/4371. Let i = p + j. Calculate the common denominator of -27/2 and i. 26 Let d = -1/1610181 - -120375521389/16101810. Let o = d - 7470. What is the common denominator of ((-2)/(-4))/(3/3) and o? 10 What is the common denominator of -17/162 and 20/(-18) + 9800/2772? 1782 Let h = 1/122 - -1523/244. What is the common denominator of 25/9 and h? 36 Let k be -68794*((-10)/48)/1. Suppose -l + 2*l = 3*h - 43019, 5*l = 20. Let w = h - k. Find the common denominator of w and 15/16. 48 Let u = 5 - 0. Suppose 5*j = 5*o - 4 - 21, 0 = u*o - j - 25. Suppose q = 3*c - 33 - 14, -o*c - 3*q + 83 = 0. What is the lowest common multiple of c and 14? 112 Suppose 3 = -3*i + 12. Let v(y) = 5*y**2 - 9*y + 2. Calculate the smallest common multiple of v(i) and 20. 20 Suppose 3*g = -4*j + 38, 2*g + 15 - 2 = 5*j. Let a = g + -16. What is the common denominator of (8/4)/(a/52) and -22/7? 35 Let s(m) = 6*m**3 - 3*m**2 - 4*m + 8. Calculate the least common multiple of 6 and s(2). 36 Calculate the least common multiple of ((-8348)/(-56) - 2) + (-2)/28 and 10. 1470 Let s(w) = -w**3 + w**2 - 1. Let a be s(-2). Let l be 1/2*(a + -9). What is the lowest common multiple of -3*(l + -2) + 3 and 22? 66 What is the common denominator of -17/99 and 2896/1872 - (-3 - -5)? 1287 Suppose -4 = -4*z, -11 = -3*g + 2*z + 14. What is the smallest common multiple of g and ((-5)/(-15))/((-5)/(-225))? 45 Suppose 5*b + 3625 = -3*w + 2*w, -3585 = w - 3*b. Let x = -57627/16 - w. What is the common denominator of x and 73/40? 80 Suppose -5*w = 2*q + 1, -2*w = -2*q + 2*w + 26. Suppose q*c = 8 + 6. Calculate the least common multiple of 2 and c. 2 Suppose -6*o = 35 + 1. Find the common denominator of 1/o*3 + (-243)/(-78) and 41/3. 39 Let w(i) = i**3 - 3*i**2 - 4*i + 5. Let a be w(4). Suppose -c - 21 = a*x, 51 = -2*c - c - 3*x. What is the common denominator of 18 and (-18)/(-88) - (-12)/c? 11 What is the common denominator of (-7)/(-2) - (-2 - (-77)/44) and -67/40? 40 Let j(r) = -r**3 - 10*r**2 - 14*r + 18. Let z be j(-8). Suppose -5*q = -z*c + 94, -5*c - 6*q = -2*q - 268. Calculate the smallest common multiple of c and 4. 52 Let u = 1/1980 + -50491/1980. Find the common denominator of u and 6/(4/(-28) + (-44)/(-28)). 10 Calculate the smallest common multiple of 9 and (5 + 16)/((-3)/(-1)). 63 Let b(k) = -8*k - 6 + 5 + 7 - 15*k. Let y(g) = 8*g - 2. Let a(r) = 3*b(r) + 8*y(r). Calculate the least common multiple of 16 and a(-4). 176 Let m = 2/1293 + -1403/71115. Let l = m + 279/220. What is the common denominator of -113/20 and l? 20 Suppose -2*o = -229 - 3. Suppose 0 = t - 4*j + o, -2*j = 5*t + 147 + 323. What is the lowest common multiple of 3/(-2)*t/18 and 10? 40 Let r = 2 + -1. Let l be (6/(-5))/(27/270). Calculate the least common multiple of r*-3*4/l and 8. 8 Let k(t) = t**2 + 9*t + 11. Let n(a) = -a**2 - 15*a - 49. What is the least common multiple of k(-9) and n(-9)? 55 Suppose 7*h - 106 - 55 = 0. What is the least common multiple of h and 5? 115 Let v = 60637/42 + -4322/3. Suppose -2*y + 5*y = 0. Find the common denominator of v and ((-249)/36 + y)/(-1). 84 Suppose -2*m + 4*b - 47 = -m, 0 = 4*m - 2*b + 118. Let n = -21 - m. Suppose -42 = 3*p - n*p. What is the smallest common multiple of 8 and p? 56 Suppose -5*i = 3 + 7. Let x be (-17681)/6 + i/6. Let s = x - -2958. Calculate the common denominator of 13/7 and s. 42 Let l = 755275/294 - 2569. Find the common denominator of l and -61/6. 294 Let p = 32 - -12. Let q = -15171/20 + 758. What is the common denominator of 7/(-6)*36/p and q? 220 Let j = -25 - -28. Suppose 2*t = j*t - 6. Suppose 5 = 3*g - p, g + p - t = -3. What is the lowest common multiple of 6 and g? 6 Let g be (2 - 2)/(-4 - -2). Let a(n) = 5*n + 10. What is the least common multiple of a(2) and g + 30/3 - 0? 20 Let m be (-1)/(-5) - (-10)/(-50). Suppose -3*c - 2*s + m = 98, -c = -3*s + 40. Calculate the common denominator of -77/6 and c. 6 Let q = 1920 + -1848. What is the least common multiple of 232 and q? 2088 Let d = -1739/196 - 1/392. Calculate the common denominator of (-9)/((-90)/(-47)) + 5 and d. 40 Calculate the smallest common multiple of (14 + (-10)/5)/(-5 + 7) and 6. 6 Let t = 805 + -424. Suppose 2*k - t = k. Calculate the common denominator of 3/8 and k/72 + (-2)/(-6). 8 Let l = -1361 - -4383787/3221. Let c = -441169/57978 - l. Find the common denominator of 53/6 and c. 18 Suppose 2*n = 5*q - 33 - 51, -3*q = 0. Let l = 5 + n. Calculate the common denominator of (22/(-9))/((-2)/3) and l. 3 Suppose 19*i + 416 - 7484 = 0. What is the smallest common multiple of i and 248? 744 Suppose 4 = -p, 0 = -n - 4*n - 2*p + 27. What is the smallest common multiple of 42 and n? 42 Let k = -37 + 37. Suppose k = 5*j - 7*j + 68. What is the smallest common multiple of 10 and j? 170 Let n be 2 + (-106)/1 + 1 + 2. Let q = -63 - n. Calculate the smallest common multiple of q and 10. 190 Suppose -t + 201 + 152 = 0. Let m = -196/1347 + -3304166/9429. Let h = t + m. What is the common denominator of h and -9? 7 Suppose -235 - 73 = -4*h. What is the common denominator of -101/22 and (-146)/868 + 44/h? 682 Let m(t) = t**3 - 6*t**2 + 4*t + 5. Let j be m(5). Suppose -5*l + 3*l + 1650 = j. Let f = -11505/14 + l. Find the common denominator of -16/3 and f. 42 Let g = 28/435 + -13801/140070. Calculate the common denominator of g and -29/140. 3220 Suppose 21*m = -26*m + 1316. Calculate the smallest common multiple of m and 8. 56 Let h be (-1)/((-2)/(-21))*-2. Suppose 43 - h = 2*b. Suppose 0 = -4*w, 5*w - w - 20 = -2*n. What is the least common multiple of b and n? 110 Let w = -58000 - -5219921/90. Find the common denominator of 23/99 and w. 990 Let k(t) = -t + 10 + 2*t + 0*t + 12. What is the lowest common multiple of 3 and k(-12)? 30 Find the common denominator of (-2)/(-120) + 15/(-9) and 2 - (100/16)/(-1). 20 Suppose 2*s = -y + 3, 0*y - 8 = -3*s + 2*y. Suppose -40 = -s*r - 8*r. Calculate the smallest common multiple of r and 28. 28 Let o = -41 - -37. What is the common denominator of 21/2 and 30*(-2 - 13/o)? 2 Let t = 56 + -246. Calculate the common denominator of (-15)/50*t/72 and 58/15. 120 Let k = 20941/9 + -2325. Find the common denominator of k and (33/(-5))/(84/15). 252 Let c = 204 + -184. Calculate the lowest common multiple of 864 and c. 4320 Let l(u) = u**2 - 10*u - 551. What is the lowest common multiple of l(-21) and 184/10 + 2/(-5)? 900 Let q = -2879 + 11601/4. Suppose -3*o + 129 = -0*o - 3*a, -5*o = 4*a - 224. Let t = 5 - o. Find the common denominator of q and t. 4 Let i(u) = u - 3. Suppose -2*f = -v - 12, 2*v = -f - 2 + 3. What is the least common multiple of i(f) and 24? 24 Suppose -5*v = -0*v - 15. Let p = -8371/16 + 517. What is the common denominator of p and (-47 - v)*(-9)/(-84)? 112 Let a(u) = -u**3 - 8*u**2 - 12*u - 6. Let i be a(-8). Suppose 2*g = -5*v + i, 71 + 31 = 2*g - v. What is the least common multiple of 22 and g? 550 Suppose 4 + 5 = 3*l. Suppose 3*o = -0*k - 2*k - 1, 0 = 4*k + 20. Suppose -o*u - 28 = -4*n - 4*u, n + u - 7 = 0. What is the least common multiple of l and n? 21 Let z(h) = 14*h**2 - 3*h +

Bio & Medicine US sales of Celltrion’s Inflectra triples in Q1 PUBLISHED :May 02, 2018 - 16:01 UPDATED :May 02, 2018 - 16:04 [THE INVESTOR] Inflectra, Celltrion’s version of Johnson & Johnson’s Remicade, posted robust US sales growth in the first quarter, according to its distribution partner Pfizer’s financial report on May 1. Revenue of the biosimilar -- known as Remsima in Europe and Asia -- more than tripled to US$55 million in the first three months from US$17 million in the same period last year. “We saw operational growth in biosimilars, mainly driven by Inflectra in developed European nations as well as certain channels in the US,” Pfizer CFO Frank A. D’Amelio said during a conference call on the company’s first-quarter earnings. Pfizer began selling Celltrion’s copycat version referencing J&J’s rheumatoid arthritis drug in the US from November 2016. Despite the spike in sales, Inflectra’s US market penetration remains insignificant as J&J’s original drug continues to dominate, generating US$916 million in the first quarter. “The biosimilar penetration, particlularly that of Inflectra, is 56 percent in Europe. In the US, our share is 6 percent, so there is something wrong with that,” Pfizer COO Albert Bourla said in a response to a question on the company’s stance on FDA’s recent move to stimulate biosimilar uptake and development. “We are very encouraged by the words of Food and Drug Administration and the Trump administration. We can just wait now to translate these words into tangible actions that can reverse the situation,” he said. In Europe, Inflectra has overtaken Remicade as of end-2017 in three years since its launch, based on data from health care information provider IQVIA.

A Model Linking Sickle Cell Hemoglobinopathies and SMARCB1 Loss in Renal Medullary Carcinoma. Renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) is a highly aggressive malignancy that predominantly afflicts young adults and adolescents with sickle hemoglobinopathies. It is characterized by complete loss of expression of the chromatin remodeler and tumor suppressor SMARCB1 Despite therapy, the outcomes of patients with RMC remain very poor, highlighting the need to understand the etiology of this cancer, and develop new diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies. A key knowledge gap in RMC biology is why sickle hemoglobinopathies predispose to the development of this cancer. We propose a model wherein the extreme conditions of hypoxia and hypertonicity of the renal medulla, combined with regional ischemia induced by red blood cell sickling, activate DNA repair mechanisms to drive deletions and translocations in SMARCB1, which is localized in a fragile region of chromosome 22. This mechanism would explain the linkage between RMC and sickle hemoglobinopathies, as well as the age dependence and predilection of RMC toward the right kidney.Significance: This perspective proposes an integrated and testable model of renal medullary carcinoma pathogenesis. Insights provided by this model can additionally inform other malignancies arising from the renal medulla and/or associated with loss of the SMARCB1 tumor suppressor gene. Clin Cancer Res; 24(9); 2044-9. ©2018 AACR.

David E. Johnston David E Johnston is a classical archaeologist and former lecturer at the University of Southampton. His excavations have included the Sparsholt Roman Villa, and he has authored numerous books and research papers on Roman archaeology, art and mosaics from the 1960s to the 2010s. His works include Roman Villas, Discovering Roman Britain, An Illustrated History of Roman Roads in Britain, and The Sparsholt Roman Villa. References Category:Living people Category:British archaeologists Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Place of birth missing (living people) Category:Academics of the University of Southampton

SEARCH full disclosure: I occasionally use affiliate links in select posts which means I will make a very small commission if you, the reader, make a purchase after clicking said links. I'm just chasing my big dream of being Simon's sugar mother and I hope you don't mind. Thank you kindly. welcome! Amazon Favorites Search This Blog Subscribe by email how we met birth novellas our favorite toys tried & true baby gifts recent favorites JavaScript is currently disabled in this browser. Reactivate it to view this content. b-book it real good JavaScript is currently disabled in this browser. Reactivate it to view this content. Instagram fyi! Occasionally I use affiliate links on this here blog which means that if you click on one of said links and make a purchase, I will receive a very small percentage of the purchase price. This does not cost you any extra lettuce and I appreciate your readership and continued support SO much. Thank you! 05 July 2012 After Simon came home from work, saw the few lone items I had purchased at the grocery store: Twizzlers, fruity drinks, and Rainbow Goldfish "for the kids", he declared that, "12-year-old Grace must've gone shopping today." He then saw how alarmingly fast I was devouring the Twizzlers "so that Julia wouldn't see" and generously offered to take the kids on a walk so that I might do nothing in the warmth of blessed silence for a few minutes. When I went to get a fifth helping of dessert, I found this in place of the Twizzler bag ... I really love this. I mean, I don't looove this, but I giggled uncontrollably for a few minutes. My husband played the role of "Food Nazi" for a while yesterday so my upset stomach wouldn't backslide. All I wanted was a dang potato chip on the 4th of July... Nope, crackers. "Have you NEVER been sick? Do you not know that fruit salad and potato chips won't help?" Darn these men and their common sense. hahaha! We both could have used that last night. Mike and I ate so much sour rope that we stayed up late snickering in bed like two little girls at a sleepover. I think we literally both fell asleep talking. Oh.my.goodness! I just laughed out loud! My husband just left today for 10 days for the military and our upstairs airconditioning seems to be on the fritz. Of course, the first day he leaves. Never fails. I needed a good, genuine laugh! Thanks!!! Twizzlers are waaaay better than Red Vines. The only reason I tried Red Vines was because of that SNL Jimmy Fallon skit about the Chronic-What!-cles of Nar-nee-a.It looks like Simon wrote you a prescription. I must go self-medicate with sugar now. Even tho I read this four days, I find this post ever so deep and meaningful. As it is my life exactly. Usually I'm embarrassed when I eat a whole bag of Twizzlers, because I think it is so utterly immature and beneath me. But I guess I'm not the only one.

Fell admits tough Games task 02 May 2012 / 14:24 Olympic silver medallist Heather Fell rates herself as an outsider to make the Great Britain modern pentathlon team for the London Games. The 29-year-old maintained Britain's record of having won at least one medal at every Olympics since the women's competition was introduced in 2000 when she finished as runner-up to Germany's Lena Schoneborn in Beijing four years ago. But the competition for the two places available in London is among the toughest in any sport, with six women beginning the year with realistic expectations of qualification. That has been reduced to four with the confirmation on Tuesday that Fell, Mhairi Spence, Samantha Murray and Freyja Prentice will make up the team for next week's World Championships in Rome, ending the Olympic hopes of Katy Livingston, who was seventh in Beijing, and Katy Burke. Fell sits ninth in the world rankings, second only to fifth-placed Spence in British terms, but Spence and Murray have both won World Cup medals this season while Prentice is the only British woman to have already met the Olympic selection criteria courtesy of her top-eight finish at the European Championships last year. Fell told Press Association Sport: "I would put myself as the fourth member of the World Championship team. "From the way the year has gone I feel like I've crept in there but you've got to be in it to win it and I'm there. I think we're all starting again with a fresh slate so hopefully I can move myself up in the rankings." Fell can draw on memories of the same process ahead of the Beijing Games, when she also had to contend with the loss of her funding following injury problems. She said: "I remember back in 2007 when I qualified I never once thought for one minute that I'd be going because there were so many hurdles in front of me. Now we're only a few months away and it still feels the same as it did then. "I can't envisage that far ahead but I'm one step closer by having the chance to compete at the World Championships and I know I've got the World Cup Final as well so I've just got to focus on those two competitions and hope I can do enough."

Q: jQuery selector output differs between browser console and PhantomJS Why am I getting different results for the same jQuery selector? Website: http://www.cleartrip.com/flights/results?from=BOM&to=DEL&depart_date=03/12/2014&return_date=12/12/2014&adults=1&childs=0&infants=0&class=Economy&airline=&carrier=&intl=n&page=loaded node.js / phantomjs-node(bridge) code: phantom.create(function(ph){ ph.createPage(function(page){ page.open("http://www.cleartrip.com/flights/results?from=BOM&to=DEL&depart_date=03/12/2014&return_date=12/12/2014&adults=1&childs=0&infants=0&class=Economy&airline=&carrier=&intl=n&page=loaded",function(){ setTimeout(function(){ page.evaluate(function(){ var flight= []; $('table.resultUnitMini tbody tr:nth-child(2) td span span').each(function(){ flight.push($(this).html()); }); return { x: flight }; },function(result){ console.log(result.x); }); },15000); }); }); }); This is the output in the browser console: var flight = []; undefined $('table.resultUnitMini tbody tr:nth-child(2) td span span').each(function(){ flight.push($(this).html()); }); flight ["G8-345", "9W-305", "AI-677", "AI-666", "AI-605", "AI-101", "G8-337", "6E-168", "6E-176", "6E-172", "6E-174", "6E-186", "6E-182", "G8-343", "6E-198", "G8-319", "G8-339", "G8-341", "6E-194", "6E-196", "6E-192", "AI-633", "AI-633", "AI-864", "AI-660", "AI-658", "G8-329", "9W-390", "9W-351", "G8-327", "6E-188", "G8-334", "6E-183", "6E-179", "AI-349", "AI-634", "AI-634", "AI-636", "AI-636", "6E-171", "SG-131", "G8-330", "6E-167", "SG-109", "G8-332", "G8-336", "6E-189", "6E-169", "G8-340", "SG-458", "G8-342", "SG-125", "G8-344", "6E-181", "6E-175", "6E-191", "6E-187", "AI-657", "AI-665", "AI-887", "AI-865", "6E-905", "AI-102"] The output in terminal is : [ 'G8-345', '9W-305', 'AI-633', 'AI-633', 'G8-334', '6E-183', 'AI-634', 'AI-634', '6E-171' ] A: The :nth-child CSS selector seems broken in PhantomJS (1.x). For your page, you don't need it. Simply remove it. $('table.resultUnitMini tbody tr td span span').each(function(){ flight.push($(this).html()); }); When you have a problem like this and you need :nth-child and similar, then either use some tricks like table tr + tr td span span for the second tr or use XPath, because it doesn't seem to be broken: var iterator = document.evaluate("//table[contains(@class,'resultUnitMini')]//tr[2]//td//span//span", document, null, XPathResult.UNORDERED_NODE_ITERATOR_TYPE, null), element = iterator.iterateNext(); while(element){ // do something with element here element = iterator.iterateNext(); }

Morrissey has fractured his index finger after being attacked by a dog. As he squabbles with fans and searches for a new label, the noted vegetarian was apparently confronted by a canine critic – sending the singer to hospital. Thankfully, the incident will not interrupt his tour. Here's what we know: some time since his appearance at last week's Hop Farm festival, Morrissey was attacked by a dog. It happened in England, according to his preferred online mouthpiece, True to You. "Morrissey has attended hospital in Malmo (Sweden) where x-rays reveal a fractured index finger on his right hand," according to the site. "The cracked bone is at the tip of the finger. The injury will not affect upcoming shows." Unfortunately, the brief report raises almost as many questions as it does answers. What, er, happened? Was it Morrissey's dog or someone else's? Which hand did he hurt? Why didn't he go straight to a doctor in the UK? And if he had to wait, then why didn't he go to a Danish hospital? His gig last night was in Copenhagen, 25km from Malmo, and his tour doesn't roll into Sweden until Thursday. While most of Morrissey's fans were suitably worried about their hero, his enemies at Morrissey-solo.com wallowed in schadenfreude. "Any truth in the rumour that the dog then spat him out complaining that he was old, stale, tasteless and way past his use-by date?" wrote one, er, "fan". Another snarked at the misfortune of the notorious animal rights activist. "Don't animals realise everything [Morrissey] has done for them? The ungrateful bastards." Despite Morrissey's bit of bad news, there have been some happy tidings too. Tickets for his 8 August gig at the London Palladium reportedly sold out in five minutes. However, tickets are still available for the singer's 7 August concert at the O2 Academy in Brixton.

Understanding Colors Mixing colors and knowing to use primary colors is very important. This is why using a color wheel could be beneficial. The picture below shows the different colors produced using primary colors. It consists of multiple colors and […] Art… a naturally gifted talent which is as easy as taking a brush in your hand and moving it around on a piece of paper. It just requires effort and the willingness to make something new and creative. It is […]

Q: CSProj Conditionals for different DLLs triggered by build configurations I'm attempting to modify my .csproj files to handle some native and (managed) wrapper assemblies based upon the targeted build configuration (specifically $(Platform)). A specific example (though not the only one) is I'm using Oracle.DataAccess which comes mutually exclusively targeting 32-bit or 64-bit, but not both. Additionally, it has dependencies on 32-bit and 64-bit (respectively) native DLLs. This example creates a problem for me. The reason I want this triggered based on the build configuration is because we are frequently having to switch back and forth for a variety of reasons. Problem: I include the native DLLs by having them in a project's root directory (as a linked file pointing to a lib folder), flagging them as Content with AlwaysCopy set. This results in them being copied to my bin folder as desired. I attempted to do this by having two ItemGroup blocks with Condition="'$(Platform)' == 'x86'" (and x64) but this seems to not work as I get build errors saying "The file ..\packages\OracleClient\64BitNativeDrivers\xxx.dll' could not be added to the project. There is already a file of the same name in this folder.", even after a very thorough cleaning of the solution's artifacts. Code snippet: <ItemGroup Condition="'$(Platform)' == 'x86'"> <Content Include="..\packages\OracleClient\32BitNativeDrivers\oci.dll"> <Link>oci.dll</Link> <CopyToOutputDirectory>Always</CopyToOutputDirectory> </Content> <Content Include="..\packages\OracleClient\32BitNativeDrivers\oraociicus11.dll"> <Link>oraociicus11.dll</Link> <CopyToOutputDirectory>Always</CopyToOutputDirectory> </Content> <Content Include="..\packages\OracleClient\32BitNativeDrivers\OraOps11w.dll"> <Link>OraOps11w.dll</Link> <CopyToOutputDirectory>Always</CopyToOutputDirectory> </Content> </ItemGroup> <ItemGroup Condition="'$(Platform)' == 'x64'"> <Content Include="..\packages\OracleClient\64BitNativeDrivers\oci.dll"> <Link>oci.dll</Link> <CopyToOutputDirectory>Always</CopyToOutputDirectory> </Content> <Content Include="..\packages\OracleClient\64BitNativeDrivers\oraociicus11.dll"> <Link>oraociicus11.dll</Link> <CopyToOutputDirectory>Always</CopyToOutputDirectory> </Content> <Content Include="..\packages\OracleClient\64BitNativeDrivers\OraOps11w.dll"> <Link>OraOps11w.dll</Link> <CopyToOutputDirectory>Always</CopyToOutputDirectory> </Content> </ItemGroup> I've tried playing around with a few possibilities here but it seems I'm misunderstanding how to do this properly and I could really use some help. Thanks!! A: Did you try putting the filter Condition="'$(Platform)' == 'x86'" on the <Content> tag ?

Notify me when it's back in stock Details The Benson Stretch Pant by Tarocash. The Benson collection is sharp, timeless and will have you suited up for your next boardroom meeting, best mate's wedding, or a big day at the races. Style these pants with a dress shirt and printed tie. SKU: 173DB15.BLK Features Our Model is wearing a size 34, he is 6'0" (183 cm) tall, 82kg, with a 41" (104 cm) chest and a 34" (86 cm) waist.

Our Phonics Class And An Announcement by The European Commission The European Commission has announced an agreement whereby English will be the official language of the EU, rather than German, which was the other contender. Her Majesty’s Government conceded that English spelling had room for improvement and has therefore accepted a five-year phasing in of “Euro-English”. In the first year, “s” will replace the soft “c”. Sertainly, this will make sivil servants jump for joy. The hard “c” will be dropped in favour of the “k”, Which should klear up some konfusion and allow one key less on keyboards. There will be growing publik enthusiasm in the sekond year, when the troublesome “ph” will be replaced with “f”, making words like “fotograf” 20% shorter. In the third year, publik akseptanse of the new spelling kan be expekted to reach the stage where more komplikated changes are possible. Governments will enkourage the removal of double letters which have always ben a deterent to akurate speling. Also, al wil agre that the horible mes of the silent “e” is disgrasful. By the fourth yer, peopl wil be reseptiv to steps such as replasing “th” with “z” and “w” with “v”. At Skyline Futuristic Eco West African Academy (Kindergarten and Primary School), we understand and appreciate the inconsistencies of the English language which was used in the above comic write up as a basis for gradually edging out the English Language in favour of the German language as the official language used in the European Union. These inconsistencies have made learning pronunciations, word/sentence structures, and spelling inconspicuously frustrating for many Children across the World. For example: If the plural of tooth is teeth, shouldn’t the plural of booth be beeth? One goose, two geese. So—one moose, two meese? One mouse, two mice, means one house, two hice? And one index, two indices? If you have more than one ibex, why don’t you have ibices? Doesn’t it seem crazy that you can make amends but you can’t make just a single amend? If you throw out some odds and ends, but keep one item, is it an odd or an end? Which one is right to have left? If teachers have taught, why haven’t preachers praught? If a vegetarian eats vegetables, then what does a humanitarian eat? Sometimes I think all the English speakers should be committed to an asylum for the verbally insane. In what kind of language do people recite at a play and play at a recital? Must we ship by transport and transport by ship? Who else has noses that run and feet that smell?” You have to marvel at the unique “lunacy” of a language in which your house can burn up while it’s burning down, forms are filled out by being filled in, and an alarm that’s gone off is still going on.” (The above is an excerpt from a borrowed publication by Dr. Albrecht Classen of the University of Arizona – wherein some of the inconsistencies of the English language was outlined) While there is no needed consensual modification of the English language to make it more logical and consistent in the horizon, it does not mean we cannot develop methods to make learning the English language more pleasurable as a way to make up for the discreet frustrations Children face when learning English. And because Children mostly find it hard to articulate their frustrations, they just do the best they can to memorise what is being taught without putting their minds to it due to an inherent lack of logical and sustainable patterns; that is to say that they are inadvertently taught to think less because if they actually think about it; a stalemate might emerge. At Skyline Futuristic Eco West African Academy, we have developed methods of teaching “The English Language” wherein the negative effects of these inconsistencies are somewhat contained through the creation of engaging digitised English and Phonics classes where Kids thoroughly learn the usage and distinctions between letter sounds and letter names. If they enjoy the classes, they will not mind whatever flaws that are present therein. Looking for the best(top) school in Enugu State, Nigeria? Look no further, Skyline is here!

<?php namespace Omeka\Api\Adapter; use Doctrine\ORM\QueryBuilder; use Omeka\Api\Request; use Omeka\Entity\EntityInterface; use Omeka\Stdlib\ErrorStore; class JobAdapter extends AbstractEntityAdapter { protected $sortFields = [ 'id' => 'id', 'status' => 'status', 'class' => 'class', 'started' => 'started', 'ended' => 'ended', ]; public function getResourceName() { return 'jobs'; } public function getRepresentationClass() { return \Omeka\Api\Representation\JobRepresentation::class; } public function getEntityClass() { return \Omeka\Entity\Job::class; } public function hydrate(Request $request, EntityInterface $entity, ErrorStore $errorStore ) { } public function sortQuery(QueryBuilder $qb, array $query) { if (is_string($query['sort_by'])) { if ('owner_email' == $query['sort_by']) { $ownerAlias = $this->createAlias(); $qb->leftJoin('omeka_root.owner', $ownerAlias) ->addOrderBy("$ownerAlias.email", $query['sort_order']); } else { parent::sortQuery($qb, $query); } } } public function buildQuery(QueryBuilder $qb, array $query) { if (isset($query['class'])) { $qb->andWhere($qb->expr()->eq( 'omeka_root.class', $this->createNamedParameter($qb, $query['class'])) ); } if (isset($query['status'])) { $qb->andWhere($qb->expr()->eq( 'omeka_root.status', $this->createNamedParameter($qb, $query['status'])) ); } } }

Q: Why isn't /usr/local/bin/ checked in check_flexlm.pl ? Source included Eventhough I have /usr/local/bin/lmstat the below script always fails with Cannot find "lmstat". Can anyone see why that is the case? use strict; use Getopt::Long; use vars qw($opt_V $opt_h $opt_F $opt_t $verbose $PROGNAME); use FindBin; use lib "$FindBin::Bin"; use lib '/usr/lib64/nagios/plugins'; use utils qw(%ERRORS &print_revision &support &usage); $PROGNAME="check_flexlm"; sub print_help (); sub print_usage (); $ENV{'PATH'}='/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin'; $ENV{'BASH_ENV'}=''; $ENV{'ENV'}=''; Getopt::Long::Configure('bundling'); GetOptions ("V" => \$opt_V, "version" => \$opt_V, "h" => \$opt_h, "help" => \$opt_h, "v" => \$verbose, "verbose" => \$verbose, "F=s" => \$opt_F, "filename=s" => \$opt_F, "t=i" => \$opt_t, "timeout=i" => \$opt_t); if ($opt_V) { print_revision($PROGNAME,'2.2.1'); exit $ERRORS{'OK'}; } unless (defined $opt_t) { $opt_t = $utils::TIMEOUT ; # default timeout } if ($opt_h) {print_help(); exit $ERRORS{'OK'};} unless (defined $opt_F) { $opt_F = $ENV{'LM_LICENSE_FILE'}; unless (defined $opt_F) { print "Missing license.dat file\n"; print_usage(); exit $ERRORS{'UNKNOWN'}; } } # Just in case of problems, let's not hang Nagios $SIG{'ALRM'} = sub { print "Timeout: No Answer from Client\n"; exit $ERRORS{'UNKNOWN'}; }; alarm($opt_t); my $lmstat = $utils::PATH_TO_LMSTAT ; unless (-x $lmstat ) { print "Cannot find \"lmstat\"\n"; exit $ERRORS{'UNKNOWN'}; } A: Never assume you know what something is. Try printing the path to verify it is what you think it is: unless (-x $utils::PATH_TO_LMSTAT ) { print qq/Cannot find "lmstat" at <$utils::PATH_TO_LMSTAT>\n/; exit $ERRORS{'UNKNOWN'}; } If $utils::PATH_TO_LMSTAT is a relative path (such as lmstat by itself) the -x is looking in the current directory. If it's a full path, maybe you have the string wrong. Note that your options handling can be a bit less unwieldy since you can specify multiple names for options in the same key: GetOptions( "V|version" => \$opt_V, "h|help" => \$opt_h, "v|verbose" => \$verbose, "F|filename=s" => \$opt_F, "t|timeout=i" => \$opt_t, ); The "Secure Programming Techniques" chapter of Mastering Perl discusses many of the headaches of programs that call external programs.

/* eslint-disable */ require('eventsource-polyfill') var hotClient = require('webpack-hot-middleware/client?noInfo=true&reload=true') hotClient.subscribe(function (event) { if (event.action === 'reload') { window.location.reload() } })

State Sen. John Keenan introduced a bill into the senate that would ban all flavored nicotine products, including mint and menthol. Photo by Stephanie Purifoy / Beacon Staff Over 150 cancer patients, volunteers, and lawmakers rallied in the Massachusetts State House on March 28 to lobby for multiple anti-tobacco bills going through the legislative process in the state government. American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network, or ACS CAN, organized the rally to support legislation that bans flavored tobacco and vape products in Massachusetts retail stores, and a bill that raises taxes on the same products. Sen. John Keenan, D-Norfolk and Plymouth, sponsored the proposal banning the sale of flavored tobacco and vape products and said he filed the bill with the public health committee where it still needs reviewal. The ban would prohibit the sale of flavors such as mint, menthol, and mango. In an interview with the Beacon, the senator said he proposed the measure after hearing alarming stories about children getting addicted to nicotine through vape products. “Kids are being sold this product with the idea that it tastes like candy or mint and they have no idea how much nicotine [is] in these products,” Keenan said. “They get a false sense that they’re not dangerous. It’s not smoking, so how bad can it be?” We choose information accessibility News and the truth are under constant attack in our current moment, just when they are needed the most. The Beacon’s quality, fact-based accounting of historic events has never mattered more, and our editorial independence is of paramount importance. We believe journalism is a public good that should be available to all regardless of one’s ability to pay for it. But we can not continue to do this without you. Every little bit, whether big or small, helps fund our vital work — now and in the future. Support The Beacon Keenan said he partnered with ACS CAN to work on the legislation because he wished lawmakers made nicotine addiction a bigger priority for his generation. “We have an obligation to our kids,” he said in his speech at the rally. “It’s time we say to the big tobacco industry, the nicotine industry, ‘You are not going to take another generation. We are going to fight you every step of the way.’” The tax legislation would increase the cigarette tax by $1, the cigar tax by 40 percent, and create a 70 percent tax on vape paraphernalia, Marc Hymovitz, director of government relations for ACS CAN in Massachusetts, said in an interview with the Beacon. “There are decades of evidence to show that one of the most effective ways to get folks to quit using tobacco and prevent kids from starting is to increase the price,” he said. Raising the price of tobacco products along with other prevention strategies—like media campaigns and school programs—can cut underage smoking in half in six years, according to the Surgeon General’s website. Vice President and Dean of Campus Life James Hoppe said the college can only estimate how many students smoke and vape from previously conducted surveys. The American College Health Survey in 2015 found that 11 percent of students at Emerson smoked in the past 30 days while the Healthy Minds study in 2019 found that 15 percent of students at the college smoked in the past 30 days. Hoppe said the college did not have any concrete numbers of students who vape but the Center for Health and Wellness estimates that 20 percent of the students they treat vape regularly. He said he has heard some concern from students about smokers standing outside of college buildings. “The debate was so very mixed,” Hoppe said in an interview. “Some had a big problem with smokers standing right outside [the Walker Building] and others said it was their right to choose to smoke. So, I don’t think a resolution was ever reached.” The college does not allow students to smoke in any campus buildings but sidewalks are owned by the City of Boston, which is why students frequently smoke there. Sophomore Sean Cuddihy, 20, said he thinks students at Emerson smoke and vape more than students at other colleges but the government should not restrict what consumers can or cannot buy. “I don’t think it’s fair to ban stuff that people want to do,” Cuddihy said in an interview. “I think there should be more regulation on who can buy and sell things like that. I think the problem is that the people who are selling these products don’t really care who they’re selling them to.” In Massachusetts, 140 cities and towns—including Boston—already regulate or ban flavored tobacco products, according to Tobacco Free Mass. Boston’s regulations ban flavored products other than menthol in every store except dedicated smoking shops. Keenan said it made more sense to make the flavor ban a state law because it would close the gaps of any townships that refused to take action. Stewart said the bill banning flavored nicotine products is one of the first of its kind in the nation and might help other states pass similar laws. “Everyone’s kind of playing chicken here. No one wants to be the first one but once one state does it, then it’s possible to study it, see what the effects are,” she said. “Massachusetts has been a leader in this area, and I would love to see us continue that.” Bridgewater resident Patti Morris, 50, has 29 family members who have been diagnosed with cancer. Doctors diagnosed her mother, brother, step-mother, and step-sister with cancer from tobacco use. Morris’ brother is the only one still alive. Morris said in an interview with the Beacon that she joined ACS CAN in 2004 and helps them lobby for anti-tobacco and nicotine bills. “I tried to explain to my eight-year-old grandson why Juuls were so bad and his response was, ‘It has to be good for me because it smells good,’” she said in her speech at the rally. Morris said the marketing and branding techniques used by tobacco and vape companies appall her, and said she thought it was important to share her story with lawmakers. “I love being able to share my story,” she said. “It’s so important because I have lost far too many family members and friends that now don’t have a voice. So I have to use mine to make sure it doesn’t happen to anyone else.” Chris Van Buskirk contributed reporting to this article.

Inclusion of patients with brain metastases in phase I trials: an unmet need. Patients with brain metastases are increasing in number; however, these patients are often excluded in phase I/II trials due to perceived poor prognosis, risk of hemorrhage, inefficient drug delivery, and confounding toxicities. Tsimberidou and colleagues demonstrate that selected patients can be appropriately enrolled in phase I trials and have outcomes representative of the general cancer population.

Sprint International Sprint International may refer to: Sprint Corporation, telecommunications company The International (golf), golf tournament

North Grove School The North Grove School is a historic one-room schoolhouse located at 26475 Brickville Road northwest of Sycamore, Illinois. Swedish immigrants built the school in 1878; while it was originally a Lutheran school, it became part of the DeKalb County public school system two years later. The school served area students in the first through eighth grades until 1952, when it closed during a wave of school consolidations. After its closure, the school building was briefly used by the local Community Club. It is the only one-room schoolhouse in DeKalb County that is at its original site and has not been significantly altered. The school was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 15, 2012. A modern elementary school in Sycamore, which opened in 2010, is named for the school. References Category:School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois Category:One-room schoolhouses in Illinois Category:School buildings completed in 1878 Category:National Register of Historic Places in DeKalb County, Illinois Category:Sycamore, Illinois

--- abstract: 'We perform an asymptotic analysis of general particle systems arising in collective behavior in the limit of large self-propulsion and friction forces. These asymptotics impose a fixed speed in the limit, and thus a reduction of the dynamics to a sphere in the velocity variables. The limit models are obtained by averaging with respect to the fast dynamics. We can include all typical effects in the applications: short-range repulsion, long-range attraction, and alignment. For instance, we can rigorously show that the Cucker-Smale model is reduced to the Vicsek model without noise in this asymptotic limit. Finally, a formal expansion based on the reduced dynamics allows us to treat the case of diffusion. This technique follows closely the gyroaverage method used when studying the magnetic confinement of charged particles. The main new mathematical difficulty is to deal with measure solutions in this expansion procedure.' author: - 'Mihai Bostan [^1] , J. A. Carrillo [^2]' date: ' ()' title: 'Asymptotic Fixed-Speed Reduced Dynamics for Kinetic Equations in Swarming' --- #### Keywords: Vlasov-like equations, Measure solutions, Swarming, Cucker-Smale model, Vicsek model, Laplace-Beltrami operator. #### AMS classification: 92D50, 82C40, 92C10. Introduction {#Intro} ============ This paper is devoted to continuum models for the dynamics of systems involving living organisms such as flocks of birds, school of fish, swarms of insects, myxobacteria... The individuals of these groups are able to organize in the absence of a leader, even when starting from disordered configurations [@ParEde99]. Several minimal models describing such self-organizing phenomenon have been derived [@VicCziBenCohSho95; @GreCha04; @CouKraFraLev05]. Most of these models include three basic effects: short-range repulsion, long-range attraction, and reorientation or alignment, in various ways, see [@HW] and particular applications to birds [@HCH09] and fish [@BTTYB; @BEBSVPSS]. We first focus on populations of individuals driven by self-propelling forces and pairwise attractive and repulsive interaction [@LevRapCoh00; @DorChuBerCha06]. We consider self-propelled particles with Rayleigh friction [@ChuHuaDorBer07; @ChuDorMarBerCha07; @CarDorPan09; @UAB25], leading to the Vlasov equation in $d=2,3$ dimensions: $$\label{Equ1} \partial _t { f ^\varepsilon}+ v \cdot \nabla _x { f ^\varepsilon}+ a ^{ \varepsilon}(t,x) \cdot \nabla _v { f ^\varepsilon}+ \frac{1}{{ \varepsilon}} { \mathrm{div}_v}\{{ f ^\varepsilon}{ (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\}= 0,\;\;(t,x,v) \in {{{\bf}R}}_+ \times {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d$$ where ${ f ^\varepsilon}= { f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v) \geq 0$ represents the particle density in the phase space $(x,v) \in {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d$ at any time $t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+$, $a ^{ \varepsilon}$ stands for the acceleration $$a^{ \varepsilon}(t,\cdot) = - \nabla _x U \star \rho ^{ \varepsilon}(t, \cdot ),\;\;\rho ^{ \varepsilon}(t, \cdot ) = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d} \!{ f ^\varepsilon}(t, \cdot, v)\;\mathrm{d}v }\, ,$$ and $U$ is the pairwise interaction potential modelling the repelling and attractive effects. Here, the propulsion and friction forces coefficients $\alpha ^{ \varepsilon}= \frac{\alpha}{{ \varepsilon}}>0$, $\beta ^{ \varepsilon}= \frac{\beta}{{ \varepsilon}} >0$ are scaled in such a way that for ${ \varepsilon}\to 0$ particles will tend to move with asymptotic speed $\sqrt{\tfrac{\alpha}\beta}$. These models have been shown to produce complicated dynamics and patterns such as mills, double mills, flocks and clumps, see [@DorChuBerCha06]. Assuming that all individuals move with constant speed also leads to spatial aggregation, patterns, and collective motion [@CziStaVic97; @EbeErd03]. Another source of models arises from introducing alignment at the modelling stage. A popular choice in the last years to include this effect is the Cucker-Smale reorientation procedure [@CS2]. Each individual in the group adjust their relative velocity by averaging with all the others. This velocity averaging is weighted in such a way that closer individuals in space have more influence than further ones. The continuum kinetic version of them leads to Vlasov-like models of the form in which the acceleration is of the form $$a^{ \varepsilon}(t,\cdot) = - H \star f^{ \varepsilon}(t, \cdot )\, ,$$ where $\star$ stands for the $(x,v)$-convolution, abusing a bit on the notation, with the nonnegative interaction kernel $H:{{{\bf}R}}^{2d}\longrightarrow {{{\bf}R}}^d$. In the original Cucker-Smale work, the interaction is modelled by $H(x,v)=h(x)v$, with the weight function $h$ being a decreasing radial nonnegative function. We refer to the extensive literature in this model for further details [@HT08; @HL08; @CFRT10; @review; @MT11]. In this work, we will consider the Vlasov equation where the acceleration includes the three basic effects discussed above, and then takes the form: $$\label{accel} a^{ \varepsilon}(t,\cdot) = - \nabla _x U \star \rho ^{ \varepsilon}(t, \cdot ) - H \star f^{ \varepsilon}(t, \cdot )\, .$$ We will assume that the interaction potential $U\in C^2_b({{{\bf}R}}^d)$, $U$ bounded continuous with bounded continuous derivatives up to second order, and $H(x,v)=h(x)v$ with $h\in C^1_b({{{\bf}R}}^d)$ and nonnegative. Under these assumptions the model - can be rigorously derived as a mean-field limit [@Neu77; @BraHep77; @Dob79; @CCR10; @BCC11] from the particle systems introduced in [@DorChuBerCha06; @CS2]. We will first study in detail the linear problem, assuming that the acceleration $a = a(t,x)$ is a given global-in-time bounded smooth field. We investigate the regime ${ \varepsilon}\searrow 0$, that is the case when the propulsion and friction forces dominate the potential interaction between particles. At least formally we have $$\label{EquAnsatz} { f ^\varepsilon}= f + { \varepsilon}{ f ^{(1)}}+ { \varepsilon}^2 f ^{(2)} + ...$$ where $$\label{Equ2} { \mathrm{div}_v}\{f { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\} = 0$$ $$\label{Equ3} \partial _t f + { \mathrm{div}_x}(fv) + { \mathrm{div}_v}(f a(t,x)) + { \mathrm{div}_v}\{{ f ^{(1)}}{ (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\} = 0\,,$$ up to first order. Therefore, to characterize the zeroth order term in the expansion we need naturally to work with solutions whose support lies on the sphere of radius $r := \sqrt{\alpha/\beta}$ denoted by $r{ {\bf}{S}}$ with ${ {\bf}{S}}= \{v\in {{{\bf}R}}^d : |v| = 1\}$. In turn, we need to work with measure solutions to which makes natural to set as functional space the set of nonnegative bounded Radon measures on ${{{\bf}R}}^d\times{{{\bf}R}}^d$ denoted by ${\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d\times{{{\bf}R}}^d)$. We will be looking at solutions to which are typically continuous curves in the space ${\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d\times{{{\bf}R}}^d)$ with a suitable notion of continuity to be discussed later on. We will denote by ${ f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)\, \mathrm{d}(x,v)$ the integration against the measure solution ${ f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)$ of at time $t$. For the sake of clarity, this is done independently of being the measure ${ f ^\varepsilon}(t)$ absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue or not, i.e., having a $L^1({{{\bf}R}}^d\times{{{\bf}R}}^d)$ density or not. \[Kernel\] Assume that $(1+|v|^2)F \in {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d)$. Then $F$ is a solution to if and only if ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}F \subset \{0\} \cup r { {\bf}{S}}$. The condition appears as a constraint, satisfied at any time $t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+$. The time evolution of the dominant term $f$ in the Ansatz will come by eliminating the multiplier ${ f ^{(1)}}$ in , provided that $f$ verifies the constraint . In other words we are allowed to use those test functions $\psi (x,v)$ which remove the contribution of the term ${ \mathrm{div}_v}\{ { f ^{(1)}}{ (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\}$ [*i.e.,*]{} $${ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v \psi \;{ f ^{(1)}}(t,x,v)\, \mathrm{d}(x,v) } = 0.$$ Therefore we need to investigate the invariants of the field ${ (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v$. The admissible test functions are mainly those depending on $x$ and $v/|v|, v \neq 0$. The characteristic flow $(s,v) \to {\cal V}(s;v)$ associated to $\tfrac1{ \varepsilon}{ (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v$ $$\frac{\mathrm{d}{\cal V}}{\mathrm{d}s} = \frac1{ \varepsilon}{ (\alpha - \beta \left |{\cal V}(s;v)\right |^2) {\cal V}(s;v)},\;\;{\cal V}(0;v) = v$$ will play a crucial role in our study. It will be analyzed in detail in Section \[LimMod\]. Notice that the elements of ${ \{0\} \cup r { {\bf}{S}}}$ are the equilibria of ${ (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v $. It is easily seen that the jacobian of this field $$\partial _v \{ { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\} = (\alpha - \beta |v|^2 ) I - 2 \beta v \otimes v$$ is negative on $r{ {\bf}{S}}$, saying that $r{ {\bf}{S}}$ are stable equilibria. The point $0$ is unstable, $\partial _v \{ { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\} |_{v = 0}=\alpha I$. When ${ \varepsilon}\searrow 0$ the solutions $({ f ^\varepsilon})_{ \varepsilon}$ concentrate on ${ {{{\bf}R}}^d \times ( \{0\} \cup r { {\bf}{S}})}$, leading to a limit curve of measures even if $({ f ^\varepsilon})_{ \varepsilon}$ were smooth solutions. We can characterize the limit curve as solution of certain PDE whenever our initial measure does not charge the unstable point $0$. \[MainResult\] Assume that $a \in { L^\infty ( {{{\bf}R}}_+ ; W^{1,\infty}({{{\bf}R}}^d ))}{}$, $(1 + |v|^2) { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\in { {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$, ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\subset \{(x,v) :|v|\geq r_0>0\}$. Then $({ f ^\varepsilon})_{ \varepsilon}$ converges weakly $\star$ in ${ L^\infty ({{{\bf}R}}_+ ; {\cal M}_b ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d))}{}$ towards the solution of the problem $$\label{Equ22} \partial _t f + { \mathrm{div}_x}(fv) + { \mathrm{div}_v}\left \{f { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }a \right \} = 0$$ $$\label{Equ23} { \mathrm{div}_v}\{f { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\} = 0$$ with initial data $f(0) = { \left \langle { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\right \rangle }$ defined by $${ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi (x,v) { \left \langle { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\right \rangle }(x,v)\, \mathrm{d}(x,v)} = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi \left (x, r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}(x,v)\, \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\,,$$ for all $\psi \in { C^0_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}$. In the rest, we will refer to ${ \left \langle { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\right \rangle }$ as the projected measure on the sphere of radius $r$ corresponding to ${ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}$. Let us point out that the previous result can be equivalently written in spherical coordinates by saying that $f(t,x,\omega)$ is the measure solution to the evolution equation on $(x,\omega)\in{{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}$ given by $$\partial _t f + { \mathrm{div}_x}(f\omega) + { \mathrm{div}_\omega}\left \{f { \left ( I - \frac1{r^2}({\omega \otimes \omega}) \right ) }a \right \} = 0 \,.$$ These results for the linear problem, when $a(t,x,v)$ is given, can be generalized to the nonlinear counterparts where $a(t,x)$ is given by . The main result of this work is (see Section \[MeaSol\] for the definition of ${ { {\cal P}}_1}$): \[MainResult2\] Assume that $U\in C^2_b({{{\bf}R}}^d)$, $H(x,v)=h(x)v$ with $h\in C^1_b({{{\bf}R}}^d)$ nonnegative, ${ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\in { {\cal P}_1 ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$, ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\subset \{(x,v) :|x| \leq L_0, r_0\leq |v| \leq R_0\}$ with $0<r_0<r<R_0<\infty$. Then for all $\delta>0$, the sequence $({ f ^\varepsilon})_{ \varepsilon}$ converges in $C([\delta,\infty);{ {\cal P}_1 ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)})$ towards the measure solution $f(t,x,\omega)$ on $(x,\omega)\in{{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}$ of the problem $$\label{Equ22n} \partial _t f + { \mathrm{div}_x}(f\omega) - { \mathrm{div}_\omega}\left \{f { \left ( I - \frac1{r^2}({\omega \otimes \omega}) \right ) }\left(\nabla_x U\star \rho + H\star f \right) \right \} = 0$$ with initial data $f(0) = { \left \langle { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\right \rangle }$. Moreover, if the initial data ${ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}$ is already compactly supported on $B_{L_0} \times r { {\bf}{S}}$, then the convergence holds in ${ C ({{{\bf}R}}_+ ; {\cal P}_1 ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d))}$. Let us mention that the evolution problem on ${{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}$ was also proposed in the literature as the continuum version [@DM08] of the Vicsek model [@VicCziBenCohSho95; @CouKraFraLev02] without diffusion for the particular choice $U=0$ and $H(x,v)=h(x) v$ with $h(x)$ some local averaging kernel. The original model in [@VicCziBenCohSho95; @CouKraFraLev02] also includes noise at the particle level and was derived as the mean filed limit of some stochastic particle systems in [@BCC12]. In fact, previous particle systems have also been studied with noise in [@BCC11] for the mean-field limit, in [@HLL09] for studying some properties of the Cucker-Smale model with noise, and in [@DFL10; @FL11] for analyzing the phase transition in the Vicsek model. In the case of noise, getting accurate control on the particle paths of the solutions is a complicated issue and thus, we are not able to show the corresponding rigorous results to Theorems \[MainResult\] and \[MainResult2\]. Nevertheless, we will present a simplified formalism, which allows us to handle more complicated problems to formally get the expected limit equations. This approach was borrowed from the framework of the magnetic confinement, where leading order charged particle densities have to be computed after smoothing out the fluctuations which correspond to the fast motion of particles around the magnetic lines [@BosAsyAna; @BosTraEquSin; @BosGuiCen3D; @BosNeg09]. We apply this method to the following (linear or nonlinear) problem $$\label{Equ31} \partial _t { f ^\varepsilon}+ { \mathrm{div}_x}\{{ f ^\varepsilon}v\} + { \mathrm{div}_v}\{ { f ^\varepsilon}a\} + \frac{1}{{ \varepsilon}} { \mathrm{div}_v}\{ { f ^\varepsilon}{ (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\} = \Delta _v { f ^\varepsilon}$$ with initial data ${ f ^\varepsilon}(0) = { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}$ where the acceleration $a \in { L^\infty ( {{{\bf}R}}_+ ; W^{1,\infty}({{{\bf}R}}^d ))}{}$ and ${ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\in { {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$. By applying the projection operator ${ \left \langle \cdot \right \rangle }$ to , we will show that the limiting equation for the evolution of $f(t,x,\omega)$ on $(x,\omega)\in{{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}$ is given by $$\label{Equ22Diff} \partial _t f + { \mathrm{div}_x}(f\omega) + { \mathrm{div}_\omega}\left \{f { \left ( I - \frac1{r^2}({\omega \otimes \omega}) \right ) }a \right \} = \Delta_\omega f$$ where $\Delta_\omega$ is the Laplace-Beltrami operator on $r { {\bf}{S}}$. Our paper is organized as follows. In Section \[MeaSol\] we investigate the stability of the characteristic flows associated to the perturbed fields $v \cdot \nabla _x + a \cdot \nabla _v + \frac{1}{{ \varepsilon}} { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v $. The first limit result for the linear problem (cf. Theorem \[MainResult\]) is derived rigorously in Section \[LimMod\]. Section \[NLimMod\] is devoted to the proof of the main Theorem \[MainResult2\]. The new formalism to deal with the treatment of diffusion models is presented in Section \[DiffMod\]. The computations to show that these models correspond to the Vicsek models, written in spherical coordinates, are presented in the Appendix \[A\]. Measure solutions {#MeaSol} ================= Preliminaries on mass transportation metrics and notations {#prelim} ---------------------------------------------------------- We recall some notations and result about mass transportation distances that we will use in the sequel. For more details the reader can refer to [@Vi1; @CT]. We denote by ${ { {\cal P}}_1}({{{\bf}R}}^d)$ the space of probability measures on ${{{\bf}R}}^d$ with finite first moment. We introduce the so-called *Monge-Kantorovich-Rubinstein distance* in ${ { {\cal P}}_1}({{{\bf}R}}^d)$ defined by $$W_1(f,g) = \sup \left \{ \left |\int_{{{{\bf}R}}^d} \varphi(u) (f(u)-g(u))\, \mathrm{d} u \right |, \varphi \in \lip({{{\bf}R}}^d), \lip(\varphi)\leq 1 \right \} $$ where $\lip({{{\bf}R}}^d)$ denotes the set of Lipschitz functions on ${{{\bf}R}}^d$ and $\lip(\varphi)$ the Lipschitz constant of a function $\varphi$. Denoting by $\Lambda$ the set of transference plans between the measures $f$ and $g$, i.e., probability measures in the product space ${{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d$ with first and second marginals $f$ and $g$ respectively $$f(y) = \int_{{{{\bf}R}}^d} \pi (y,z)\,\mathrm{d}z,\;\;g(z) = \int_{{{{\bf}R}}^d} \pi (y,z)\,\mathrm{d}y$$ then we have $$W_1(f, g) = \inf_{\pi\in\Lambda} \left\{ \int_{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d} \vert y - z \vert \, \pi(y, z)\,\mathrm{d}(y,z) \right\}$$ by Kantorovich duality. ${ { {\cal P}}_1}({{{\bf}R}}^d)$ endowed with this distance is a complete metric space. Its properties are summarized below, see[@Vi1]. \[w2properties\] The following properties of the distance $W_1$ hold: 1. [**Optimal transference plan:**]{} The infimum in the definition of the distance $W_1$ is achieved. Any joint probability measure $\pi_o$ satisfying: $$W_1(f, g) = \int_{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d} \vert y - z \vert \, \mathrm{d}\pi_o(y, z)$$ is called an optimal transference plan and it is generically non unique for the $W_1$-distance. 2. [**Convergence of measures:**]{} Given $\{f_k\}_{k\ge 1}$ and $f$ in ${ { {\cal P}}_1}({{{\bf}R}}^d)$, the following two assertions are equivalent: - $W_1(f_k, f)$ tends to $0$ as $k$ goes to infinity. - $f_k$ tends to $f$ weakly $\star$ as measures as $k$ goes to infinity and $$\sup_{k\ge 1} \int_{\vert v \vert > R} \vert v \vert \, f_k(v) \, \mathrm{d}v \to 0 \, \mbox{ as } \, R \to +\infty.$$ Let us point out that if the sequence of measures is supported on a common compact set, then the convergence in $W_1$-sense is equivalent to standard weak-$\star$ convergence for bounded Radon measures. Finally, let us remark that all the models considered in this paper preserve the total mass. After normalization we can consider only solutions with total mass $1$ and therefore use the Monge-Kantorovich-Rubinstein distance in ${ { {\cal P}}_1}({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)$. From now on we assume that the initial conditions has total mass $1$. Estimates on Characteristics ---------------------------- In this section we investigate the linear Vlasov problem $$\label{Equ10} \partial _t { f ^\varepsilon}+ { \mathrm{div}_x}\{{ f ^\varepsilon}v\} + { \mathrm{div}_v}\{ { f ^\varepsilon}a\} + \frac{1}{{ \varepsilon}} { \mathrm{div}_v}\{ { f ^\varepsilon}{ (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\} = 0,\;\;(t,x,v) \in {{{\bf}R}}_+ \times {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d$$ $$\label{Equ11} { f ^\varepsilon}(0) = { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}$$ where $a \in { L^\infty ( {{{\bf}R}}_+ ; W^{1,\infty}({{{\bf}R}}^d ))}{}$ and ${ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\in { {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$. \[DefMeaSol\] Assume that $a \in { L^\infty ( {{{\bf}R}}_+ ; W^{1,\infty}({{{\bf}R}}^d ))}{}$ and ${ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\in { {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$. We say that ${ f ^\varepsilon}\in { L^\infty ({{{\bf}R}}_+ ; {\cal M}_b ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d))}{}$ is a measure solution of - if for any test function $\varphi \in { C^1_c ({{{\bf}R}}_+ \times {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ we have $$\begin{aligned} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \!\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\!\!\!\!\{\partial _t + v \cdot \nabla _x + a \cdot \nabla _v + \frac{1}{{ \varepsilon}} { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot & \nabla _v \}\varphi { f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)\, \mathrm{d}(x,v)\;\mathrm{d}t} \\ &+ { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \varphi (0,x,v) { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}(x,v) \, \mathrm{d}(x,v) } = 0.\end{aligned}$$ We introduce the characteristics of the field $v\cdot \nabla _x + a \cdot \nabla _v + \frac{1}{{ \varepsilon}} { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v $ $$\frac{\mathrm{d}{ X ^\varepsilon }}{\mathrm{d}s} = { V ^\varepsilon }(s),\;\;\frac{\mathrm{d}{ V ^\varepsilon }}{\mathrm{d}s} = a(s, { X ^\varepsilon }(s)) + \frac{1}{{ \varepsilon}} { (\alpha - \beta \left |{ V ^\varepsilon }(s)\right |^2) { V ^\varepsilon }(s)}$$ $${ X ^\varepsilon }(s=0) = x,\;\;{ V ^\varepsilon }(s = 0) = v.$$ We will prove that $({ X ^\varepsilon }, { V ^\varepsilon })$ are well defined for any $(s,x,v) \in {{{\bf}R}}_+ \times {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d$. Indeed, on any interval $[0,T]$ on which $({ X ^\varepsilon }, { V ^\varepsilon })$ is well defined we get a bound $$\sup _{s \in [0,T]} \{|{ X ^\varepsilon }(s) | + |{ V ^\varepsilon }(s) | \} < +\infty$$ implying that the characteristics are global in positive time. For that we write $$\label{charnew} \frac12\frac{\mathrm{d}|{ V ^\varepsilon }|^2}{\mathrm{d}s} = a(s, { X ^\varepsilon }(s))\cdot { V ^\varepsilon }(s) + \frac{1}{{ \varepsilon}} ( \alpha - \beta |{ V ^\varepsilon }(s) |^2) |{ V ^\varepsilon }(s)|^2.$$ and then, we get the differential inequality $$\frac{\mathrm{d}|{ V ^\varepsilon }|^2}{\mathrm{d}s} \leq 2\|a\|_{{ L^\infty}} |{ V ^\varepsilon }(s)| + \frac{2}{{ \varepsilon}} ( \alpha - \beta |{ V ^\varepsilon }(s) |^2) |{ V ^\varepsilon }(s)|^2$$ for all $s\in [0,T]$, so that $$\sup _{s \in [0,T]} |{ V ^\varepsilon }(s) | < +\infty,\;\;\sup _{s\in [0,T]} |{ X ^\varepsilon }(s) | \leq |x| + T \sup _{s\in [0,T]} |{ V ^\varepsilon }(s) | < +\infty.$$ Once constructed the characteristics, it is easily seen how to obtain a measure solution for the Vlasov problem -. It reduces to push forward the initial measure along the characteristics, see [@CCR10] for instance. For any $t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+$ we denote by ${ f ^\varepsilon}(t)$ the measure given by $$\label{EquDefMea} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi (x,v) { f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi(({ X ^\varepsilon }, { V ^\varepsilon })(t;0,x,v)){ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}\,,$$ for all $\psi \in { C^0_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}$. Then the application $t \to { f ^\varepsilon}(t)$, denoted ${ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\#({ X ^\varepsilon }, { V ^\varepsilon })(t;0,\cdot,\cdot)$ is the unique measure solution of , , belongs to ${ C ({{{\bf}R}}_+ ; {\cal M}_b ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d))}$ and satisfies $${ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! { f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}, t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+.$$ The arguments are straightforward and are left to the reader. We only justify that ${ f ^\varepsilon}\in { C ({{{\bf}R}}_+ ; {\cal M}_b ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d))}$ meaning that for any $\psi \in { C^0_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ the application $t \to { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \,\,\psi(x,v) { f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}$ is continuous. Choose $\psi\in { C^0_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$. Then, for any $0 \leq t_1 < t_2$ we have $$\begin{aligned} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi(x,v) { f ^\varepsilon}(t_2,x,v) &\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} - { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi(x,v) { f ^\varepsilon}(t_1,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} \\ &= { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \left[\psi (({ X ^\varepsilon }, { V ^\varepsilon })(t_2;t_1, x, v)) - \psi (x,v)\right]{ f ^\varepsilon}(t_1,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}.\end{aligned}$$ Taking into account that $({ X ^\varepsilon }, { V ^\varepsilon })$ are locally bounded (in time, position, velocity) it is easily seen that for any compact set $K \subset {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d$ there is a constant $C(K)$ such that $$|{ X ^\varepsilon }(t_2; t_1, x, v) - x| + |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t_2; t_1, x, v) - v| \leq |t_2 - t_1 | C(K),\;\;(x,v) \in K.$$ Our conclusion follows easily using the uniform continuity of $\psi$ and that $\|{ f ^\varepsilon}(t_1) \|_{{\cal M}_b} = \|{ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\|_{{\cal M}_b}$. Notice also that the equality holds true for any bounded continuous function $\psi$. We intend to study the behavior of $({ f ^\varepsilon})_{ \varepsilon}$ when ${ \varepsilon}$ becomes small. This will require a more detailed analysis of the characteristic flows $({ X ^\varepsilon }, { V ^\varepsilon })$. The behavior of these characteristics depends on the roots of functions like $A + \frac{1}{{ \varepsilon}} (\alpha - \beta \rho ^2 ) \rho$, with $\rho \in {{{\bf}R}}_+$, $A \in {{{\bf}R}}$. \[NegA\] Assume that $A < 0$ and $ 0 < { \varepsilon}< 2\alpha r /(|A| 3 \sqrt{3})$. Then the equation ${ \lambda ^\varepsilon}(\rho) := { \varepsilon}A + (\alpha - \beta \rho ^2 ) \rho = 0$ has two zeros on ${{{\bf}R}}_+$, denoted ${ \rho ^\varepsilon _1}(A), { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(A)$, satisfying $$0 < { \rho ^\varepsilon _1}< \frac{r}{\sqrt{3}} < { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}< r$$ and $${ \lim _{\varepsilon \searrow 0}}\frac{{ \rho ^\varepsilon _1}}{{ \varepsilon}} = \frac{|A|}{\alpha},\;\;\;\;\;\;{ \lim _{\varepsilon \searrow 0}}\frac{r - { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}}{{ \varepsilon}} = \frac{|A|}{2\alpha}$$ where $r = \sqrt{\alpha/\beta}$. It is easily seen that the function ${ \lambda ^\varepsilon}$ increases on $[0,r/\sqrt{3}]$ and decreases on $[r/\sqrt{3}, +\infty[$ with change of sign on $[0,r/\sqrt{3}]$ and $[r/\sqrt{3}, r]$. We can prove that $({ \rho ^\varepsilon _1})_{ \varepsilon}, ({ \rho ^\varepsilon _2})_{ \varepsilon}$ are monotone with respect to ${ \varepsilon}>0$. Take $0 < { \varepsilon}< { \overline{\varepsilon}}< 2\alpha r /(|A| 3 \sqrt{3})$ and observe that ${ \lambda ^\varepsilon}> \lambda ^{{ \overline{\varepsilon}}}$. In particular we have $$\lambda ^{{ \overline{\varepsilon}}} ({ \rho ^\varepsilon _1}) < { \lambda ^\varepsilon}({ \rho ^\varepsilon _1}) = 0 = \lambda ^{{ \overline{\varepsilon}}} (\rho _1 ^{{ \overline{\varepsilon}}})$$ implying ${ \rho ^\varepsilon _1}< \rho _1 ^{{ \overline{\varepsilon}}}$, since $\lambda ^{{ \overline{\varepsilon}}}$ is strictly increasing on $[0, r/\sqrt{3}]$. Similarly we have $$\lambda ^{{ \overline{\varepsilon}}} ({ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}) < { \lambda ^\varepsilon}({ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}) = 0 < \lambda ^{{ \overline{\varepsilon}}} (\rho _2 ^{{ \overline{\varepsilon}}})$$ and thus ${ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}> \rho _2 ^{{ \overline{\varepsilon}}}$, since $\lambda ^{{ \overline{\varepsilon}}}$ is strictly decreasing on $[r/\sqrt{3}, r]$. Passing to the limit in ${ \lambda ^\varepsilon}(\rho _k ^{ \varepsilon}) = 0, k \in \{1,2\}$ it follows easily that $${ \lim _{\varepsilon \searrow 0}}{ \rho ^\varepsilon _1}= 0,\;\;{ \lim _{\varepsilon \searrow 0}}{ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}= r.$$ Moreover we can write $$\alpha = \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}\rho }\{(\alpha - \beta \rho ^2 ) \rho \} |_{\rho = 0} = { \lim _{\varepsilon \searrow 0}}\frac{[\alpha - \beta ({ \rho ^\varepsilon _1})^2]{ \rho ^\varepsilon _1}}{{ \rho ^\varepsilon _1}} = - { \lim _{\varepsilon \searrow 0}}\frac{{ \varepsilon}A}{{ \rho ^\varepsilon _1}} \nonumber$$ and $$-2 \alpha = \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}\rho }\{(\alpha - \beta \rho ^2 ) \rho \} |_{\rho = r} = { \lim _{\varepsilon \searrow 0}}\frac{[\alpha - \beta ({ \rho ^\varepsilon _2})^2]{ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}}{{ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}- r} = - { \lim _{\varepsilon \searrow 0}}\frac{{ \varepsilon}A}{{ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}- r} \nonumber$$ saying that $${ \lim _{\varepsilon \searrow 0}}\frac{{ \rho ^\varepsilon _1}}{{ \varepsilon}} = \frac{|A|}{\alpha},\;\;{ \lim _{\varepsilon \searrow 0}}\frac{r - { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}}{{ \varepsilon}} = \frac{|A|}{2\alpha}.$$ The case $A>0$ can be treated is a similar way and we obtain \[PosA\] Assume that $A > 0$ and $ { \varepsilon}>0$. Then the equation ${ \lambda ^\varepsilon}(\rho) := { \varepsilon}A + (\alpha - \beta \rho ^2 ) \rho = 0$ has one zero on ${{{\bf}R}}_+$, denoted ${ \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(A)$, satisfying $${ \rho ^\varepsilon _3}>r,\;\;{ \lim _{\varepsilon \searrow 0}}\frac{{ \rho ^\varepsilon _3}- r}{{ \varepsilon}} = \frac{|A|}{2\alpha}.$$ Using the sign of the function $\rho \to { \varepsilon}\|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}} + (\alpha - \beta \rho ^2 ) \rho$ we obtain the following bound for the kinetic energy. \[KinBou\] Assume that $a \in { L^\infty ( {{{\bf}R}}_+ ; W^{1,\infty}({{{\bf}R}}^d ))}{}$, $(1 + |v|^2) { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\in { {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ and let us denote by ${ f ^\varepsilon}$ the unique measure solution of , . Then we have $$\left \|{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \,|v|^2 { f ^\varepsilon}(\cdot,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}\right \|_{{ L^\infty}({{{\bf}R}}_+)} \leq { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! [({ \rho ^\varepsilon _3})^2 + |v|^2] { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}.$$ We know that $$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t} |{ V ^\varepsilon }|^2 \leq 2\|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}} |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)|+ \frac{2}{{ \varepsilon}} (\alpha - \beta |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t) |^2 ) |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)|^2=\frac{2}{{ \varepsilon}}|{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)|{ \lambda ^\varepsilon}(|{ V ^\varepsilon }(\overline{t})| ),\;\;t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+.$$ By comparison with the solutions of the autonomous differential equation associated to the righthand side, we easily deduce that $$|{ V ^\varepsilon }(t;0,x,v)| \leq \max \{ |v|, { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(\|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}})\}\,,$$ for any $T \in {{{\bf}R}}_+, (x,v) \in {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d$. This yields the following bound for the kinetic energy $$\begin{aligned} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! |v|^2{ f ^\varepsilon}(T,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} &= { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! |{ V ^\varepsilon }(T;0,x,v)|^2 { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} \\ &\leq { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! [({ \rho ^\varepsilon _3})^2 + |v|^2] { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}.\end{aligned}$$ The object of the next result is to establish the stability of ${ V ^\varepsilon }$ around $|v| = r$. We will show that the characteristics starting at points with velocities inside an annulus of length proportional to ${ \varepsilon}$ around the sphere $r{ {\bf}{S}}$ get trapped there for all positive times for small ${ \varepsilon}$. \[RStab\] Assume that ${ \varepsilon}\|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}} < 2\alpha r /(3\sqrt{3})$ and that ${ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-\|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}}) \leq |v| \leq { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(\|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}})$. Then, for any $(t,x) \in {{{\bf}R}}_+ \times {{{\bf}R}}^d$ we have $${ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-\|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}}) \leq |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t;0,x,v)| \leq { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(\|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}}).$$ As in previous proof, we know that $$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t} |{ V ^\varepsilon }|^2 \leq \frac{2}{{ \varepsilon}}|{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)|{ \lambda ^\varepsilon}(|{ V ^\varepsilon }(\overline{t})| ),\;\;t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+\,.$$ By comparison with the constant solution ${ \rho ^\varepsilon _3}$ to the autonomous differential equation associated to the righthand side, we get that $\sup _{t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+} |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t;0,x,v)| \leq { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}$. Assume now that there is $T>0$ such that $|{ V ^\varepsilon }(T) | < { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}$ and we are done if we find a contradiction. Since $|{ V ^\varepsilon }(0) |= |v| \geq { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}$, we can assume that $\min _{t \in [0,T]} |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t) | > { \rho ^\varepsilon _1}>0$ by time continuity. Take now ${ \overline{t}}\in [0,T]$ a minimum point of $t \to |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)|$ on $[0,T]$. Obviously ${ \overline{t}}>0$ since $$|{ V ^\varepsilon }({ \overline{t}}) | \leq |{ V ^\varepsilon }(T)| < { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}\leq |v| = |{ V ^\varepsilon }(0)|.$$ By estimating from below in and using that ${ \overline{t}}$ is a minimum point of $t \to |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)|>0$ on $[0,T]$, we obtain $$0 \geq \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t} |{ V ^\varepsilon }({ \overline{t}})| \geq - \|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}} + \frac{(\alpha - \beta |{ V ^\varepsilon }({ \overline{t}})|^2)|{ V ^\varepsilon }({ \overline{t}})| }{{ \varepsilon}} =\frac{{ \lambda ^\varepsilon}( |{ V ^\varepsilon }({ \overline{t}})| )}{{ \varepsilon}}.$$ But the function ${ \lambda ^\varepsilon}$ has negative sign on $[0,{ \rho ^\varepsilon _1}] \cup [{ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}, +\infty[$. Since we know that $\min _{t \in [0,T]} |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)| > { \rho ^\varepsilon _1}$, it remains that $$\min _{t \in [0,T]} |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)| = |{ V ^\varepsilon }({ \overline{t}})| \geq { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}$$ which contradicts the assumption $|{ V ^\varepsilon }(T)| < { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}$. Let us see now what happens when the initial velocity is outside $[{ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-\|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}}), { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(\|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}})]$. In particular we prove that if initially $v \neq 0$, then ${ V ^\varepsilon }(t), t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+$ remains away from $0$. We actually show that the characteristics starting away from zero speed but inside the sphere $r{ {\bf}{S}}$ will increase their speed with respect to its initial value while those starting with a speed outside the sphere $r{ {\bf}{S}}$ will decrease their speed with respect to its initial value, all for sufficiently small ${ \varepsilon}$. \[ZeroStab\] Consider ${ \varepsilon}>0$ such that ${ \varepsilon}\|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}} < 2\alpha r /(3\sqrt{3})$.\ 1. Assume that ${ \rho ^\varepsilon _1}(- \|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}}) < |v| < { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(- \|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}})$. Then for any $(t,x) \in {{{\bf}R}}_+ ^\star \times {{{\bf}R}}^d$ we have $${ \rho ^\varepsilon _1}(- \|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}}) < |v| < |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t;0,x,v)|\leq{ \rho ^\varepsilon _3}( \|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}}).$$ 2. Assume that ${ \rho ^\varepsilon _3}( \|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}}) < |v|$. Then for any $(t,x) \in {{{\bf}R}}_+ ^\star \times {{{\bf}R}}^d$ we have $${ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(- \|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}}) \leq |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t;0,x,v) | < |v|.$$ 1\. Notice that if $|{ V ^\varepsilon }(T;0,x,v)| = { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}$ for some $T>0$, then we deduce by Proposition \[RStab\] that ${ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}\leq |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t) | \leq { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}$ for any $t >T$ and thus $|{ V ^\varepsilon }(t;0,x,v) | \geq { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}> |v|, t \geq T$. It remains to establish our statement for intervals $[0,T]$ such that $|{ V ^\varepsilon }(t) | < { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}$ for any $t \in [0,T]$. We are done if we prove that $t \to |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)|$ is strictly increasing on $[0,T]$. For any $\tau \in ]0,T]$ let us denote by ${ \overline{t}}$ a maximum point of $t \to |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)|>0$ on $[0,\tau]$. If ${ \overline{t}}\in [0,\tau[$ we have $\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t} |{ V ^\varepsilon }({ \overline{t}})| \leq 0$ and thus $$0 \geq \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t} |{ V ^\varepsilon }({ \overline{t}})|\geq - \|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}} + \frac{(\alpha - \beta |{ V ^\varepsilon }({ \overline{t}})|^2)|{ V ^\varepsilon }({ \overline{t}})| }{{ \varepsilon}} =\frac{{ \lambda ^\varepsilon}( |{ V ^\varepsilon }({ \overline{t}})| )}{{ \varepsilon}}.$$ By construction $|{ V ^\varepsilon }({ \overline{t}})| < { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}$ and moreover, $$|{ V ^\varepsilon }({ \overline{t}})| = \max _{[0,\tau]} |{ V ^\varepsilon }| \geq |v| > { \rho ^\varepsilon _1}\,,$$ and thus, ${ \lambda ^\varepsilon}( |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)| )>0$ for all $t\in [0,T]$. Consequently, we infer that $t \to |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)|$ is strictly increasing on $[0,T]$ since $$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t} |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)|\geq - \|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}} + \frac{(\alpha - \beta |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)|^2)|{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)| }{{ \varepsilon}} =\frac{{ \lambda ^\varepsilon}( |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)| )}{{ \varepsilon}} >0\,.$$ Therefore we have ${ \overline{t}}= \tau$ saying that $|{ V ^\varepsilon }(\tau)| \geq |v|$ for any $\tau \in [0,T]$. 2\. As before, it is sufficient to work on intervals $[0,T]$ such that $|{ V ^\varepsilon }(t) | > { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(\|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}})$ for any $t \in [0,T]$. We are done if we prove that $t \to |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)|$ is strictly decreasing on $[0,T]$. We have for any $t \in [0,T]$ $$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t} |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)|\leq \|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}} + \frac{(\alpha - \beta |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)|^2)|{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)| }{{ \varepsilon}} =\frac{{ \lambda ^\varepsilon}( |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)| )}{{ \varepsilon}} <0$$ where for the last inequality we have used $|{ V ^\varepsilon }(t) | > { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}, t \in [0,T]$. The limit model {#LimMod} =============== We investigate now the stability of the family $({ f ^\varepsilon})_{ \varepsilon}$ when ${ \varepsilon}$ becomes small. After extraction of a sequence $({ \varepsilon}_k)_k$ converging to $0$ we can assume that $({ f ^{\varepsilon _k}})_k$ converges weakly $\star$ in $L^\infty({{{\bf}R}}_+;{\cal M}_b ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d))$, meaning that $${ \lim _{k \to +\infty }}{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \!\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\!\!\!\!\varphi (t,x,v) { f ^{\varepsilon _k}}(t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\;\mathrm{d}t} = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \!\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\!\!\!\!\varphi (t,x,v) f (t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\;\mathrm{d}t}$$ for any $\varphi \in { L^1({{{\bf}R}}_+; C^0 _c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d))}{}$. Using the weak formulation of - with test functions $\eta (t) \varphi (x,v)$, $\eta \in C^1 _c ({{{\bf}R}}_+)$, $\varphi \in C^1 _c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)$ one gets $$\begin{aligned} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \!\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\!\!\!\!\{\eta ^{\;\prime} (t) \varphi + \eta (t) v \cdot \nabla _x \varphi + \eta (t) a \cdot \nabla _v \varphi \}{ f ^{\varepsilon _k}}(t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}&\;\mathrm{d}t}\\ + \frac{1}{{ \varepsilon}_k} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \!\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\!\!\!\!\eta (t) { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v \varphi { f ^{\varepsilon _k}}(t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}&\;\mathrm{d}t} \\ = -{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \eta (0) &\varphi (x,v) { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}.\end{aligned}$$ Multiplying by ${ \varepsilon}_k$ and passing to the limit for $k \to +\infty$ yields $${ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \!\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\!\!\!\!\eta (t) { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v \varphi f (t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\;\mathrm{d}t} = 0$$ and therefore one gets for any $t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+$ and $\varphi \in { C^1_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ $${ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v \varphi f (t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} = 0.$$ Under the hypothesis $(1 + |v|^2) { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\in { {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ we deduce by Proposition \[KinBou\] that $( 1 + |v|^2) f(t) \in { {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ and therefore, applying the $(x,v)$ version of Proposition \[Kernel\] (whose proof is detailed in the sequel), we obtain $${ \mathrm{supp\;}}f(t) \subset {{{\bf}R}}^d \times ({ \{0\} \cup r { {\bf}{S}}}),\;\;t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+.$$ The proof of Proposition \[Kernel\] is based on the resolution of the adjoint problem $$- { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v \varphi = \psi (v),\;\;v \in {{{\bf}R}}^d$$ for any smooth righthand side $\psi$ with compact support in $^c({ \{0\} \cup r { {\bf}{S}}})$. (of Proposition \[Kernel\]) It is easily seen that for any $F \in { {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$, ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}F \subset { \{0\} \cup r { {\bf}{S}}}$ and any $\varphi \in { C^1_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ we have $${ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d} \!{ (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v \varphi (v) F(v)\,{ \mathrm{d}v}} = 0$$ saying that ${ \mathrm{div}_v}\{F { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\} = 0$. Assume now that ${ \mathrm{div}_v}\{F { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\} = 0$ for some $F \in { {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ and let us prove that ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}F \subset { \{0\} \cup r { {\bf}{S}}}$. We introduce the flow ${\cal V} = {\cal V}(s;v)$ given by $$\label{Equ4} \frac{\mathrm{d}{\cal V}}{\mathrm{d}s} = ( \alpha - \beta |{\cal V} (s;v) |^2 ) {\cal V } (s;v),\;\;{\cal V}(0;v) = v.$$ A direct computation shows that ${ \frac{v}{|v|}}$ are left invariant $${ (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v \left ( { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) = (\alpha - \beta |v|^2 ) { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }{ \frac{v}{|v|}}= 0$$ and therefore $${\cal V} (s;v) = |{\cal V}(s;v)| { \frac{v}{|v|}},\;\;v \neq 0.$$ Multiplying by ${\cal V}(s;v) / |{\cal V}(s;v)|$ yields $$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}s}|{\cal V}| = ( \alpha - \beta |{\cal V} (s;v) |^2 ) |{\cal V } (s;v)|$$ whose solution is given by $$|{\cal V}(s;v)| = |v| \frac{r e ^{\alpha s}}{\sqrt{|v|^2 ( e ^{2\alpha s} - 1) + r^2}}$$ Finally one gets $${\cal V}(s;v) = \frac{r e ^{\alpha s}}{\sqrt{|v|^2 ( e ^{2\alpha s} - 1) + r^2}}\;v,\;\;s \in ]S(v),+\infty[$$ with $S(v) = - \infty$ if $0 \leq |v| \leq r$ and $S(v) = \frac{1}{2\alpha} \ln \left ( 1 - \frac{r^2}{|v|^2} \right ) < 0$ if $|v| > r$. Notice that the characteristics ${\cal V} (\cdot;v)$ are well defined on ${{{\bf}R}}_+$ for any $v \in {{{\bf}R}}^d$ and we have $$\lim _ {s \to +\infty} {\cal V}(s;v) = r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\;\mbox{ if } v \neq 0,\;\;\lim _ {s \to +\infty} {\cal V}(s;v) =0\;\mbox{ if } v = 0$$ and $$\lim _{s \searrow S(v)} |{\cal V}(s)| = 0\mbox{ if }0 \leq |v| < r,\;\lim _{s \searrow S(v)} |{\cal V}(s)| =r\mbox{ if } |v| = r,\;\lim _{s \searrow S(v)} |{\cal V}(s)| =+\infty\;\mbox{ if } |v| >r.$$ Let us consider a $C^1$ function $\psi = \psi (v)$ with compact support in $^c ({ \{0\} \cup r { {\bf}{S}}})$. We intend to construct a bounded $C^1$ function $\varphi = \varphi (v)$ such that $$- { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v \varphi = \psi (v),\;\;v \in {{{\bf}R}}^d.$$ Obviously, if such a function exists, we may assume that $\varphi (0) = 0$. Motivated by the equality $$- \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}s} \{\varphi ({\cal V}(s;v)) \}= \psi ({\cal V}(s;v)),\;\;0 \leq |v| < r,\;\;- \infty < s \leq 0$$ and since we know that $\lim _{s \to - \infty} {\cal V} (s;v) = 0$ for any $0 \leq |v| < r$, we define $$\label{Equ7} \varphi (v) = - \int _{-\infty} ^ 0 \psi ( {\cal V}(\tau; v))\;\mathrm{d}\tau,\;\;0 \leq |v| < r.$$ Let us check that the function $\varphi$ in is well defined and is $C^1$ in $|v|<r$. The key point is that $\psi $ has compact support in $^c ({ \{0\} \cup r { {\bf}{S}}})$ and therefore there are $0 < r_1 < r_2 < r < r_3 < r_4 < +\infty$ such that $ { \mathrm{supp\;}}\psi \subset \{ v \in {{{\bf}R}}^d \;:\; r_1 \leq |v| \leq r_2 \} \cup \{ v \in {{{\bf}R}}^d \;:\; r_3 \leq |v| \leq r_4\}. $ It is easily seen that $\tau \to |{\cal V} (\tau; v)|$ is strictly increasing for any $0 < |v| < r$. Therefore, for any $|v| \leq r_1$ we have $ |{\cal V} (\tau; v) | \leq |{\cal V} (0; v) | = |v| \leq r_1,\;\;\tau \leq 0 $, implying that $$\varphi (v) = - \int _{-\infty} ^ 0 \psi ({\cal V}(\tau; v))\;\mathrm{d}\tau = 0,\;\;0 \leq |v| \leq r_1.$$ For any $v$ with $r_1 < |v| < r_2$ there are $\tau _1 < 0 < \tau _2$ such that $ |{\cal V}(\tau _1; v)| = r_1 < r_2 = |{\cal V}(\tau _2; v)|. $ The time interval between $\tau _1$ and $\tau _2$ comes easily by writing $$\frac{\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}\tau}|{\cal V}(\tau) |}{(\alpha - \beta |{\cal V}(\tau)|^2)|{\cal V}(\tau) |}= 1$$ implying that $$|\tau _2 | + |\tau _1 | = \tau _2 - \tau _1 = \int _{r_1} ^ {r_2} \frac{\mathrm{d}\rho}{(\alpha - \beta \rho ^2 ) \rho }.$$ From the equality $$\varphi (v) = - \int _{-\infty} ^{\tau _1} \psi ({\cal V}(\tau;v))\;\mathrm{d}\tau - \int _{\tau _1} ^0 \psi ({\cal V}(\tau;v))\;\mathrm{d}\tau = - \int _{\tau _1} ^0 \psi ({\cal V}(\tau;v))\;\mathrm{d}\tau\,,$$ we deduce that $$\label{Equ8} |\varphi (v) | \leq |\tau _1 | \; \|\psi \|_{C^0} \leq \int _{r_1} ^ {r_2} \frac{\mathrm{d}\rho}{(\alpha - \beta \rho ^2 ) \rho }\; \|\psi \|_{C^0}.$$ Assume now that $r_2 \leq |v| < r$. There is $\tau _2 \geq 0$ such that $v = {\cal V} ( \tau_2 ; r_2 { \frac{v}{|v|}})$ and therefore $$\begin{aligned} \varphi (v) & = - \int _{-\infty} ^ 0 \psi ({\cal V}(\tau;v))\;\mathrm{d}\tau = - \int _{-\infty} ^ 0 \psi ({\cal V}(\tau + \tau _2;r_2 { \frac{v}{|v|}}))\;\mathrm{d}\tau \\ & = - \int _{-\infty} ^ {-\tau _2} \psi ({\cal V}(\tau + \tau _2 ;r_2 { \frac{v}{|v|}}))\;\mathrm{d}\tau = - \int _{-\infty} ^ {0} \psi ({\cal V}(\tau ;r_2 { \frac{v}{|v|}}))\;\mathrm{d}\tau = \varphi \left ( r_2 { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right).\end{aligned}$$ In particular, the restriction of $\varphi$ on $r_2 \leq |v| < r$ satisfies the same bound as in $$|\varphi (v) | \leq \int _{r_1} ^ {r_2} \frac{\mathrm{d}\rho}{(\alpha - \beta \rho ^2 ) \rho }\; \|\psi \|_{C^0},\;\;r_2 \leq |v| < r.$$ It is easily seen that $\varphi $ is $C^1$ on $0 \leq |v| < r$. For that it is sufficient to consider $r_1 \leq |v| \leq r_2$. Notice that $$\frac{\partial {\cal V}}{\partial v} (\tau; v) = \frac{|{\cal V}(\tau;v)|}{|v|} \left ( I - \frac{{\cal V}(\tau;v) \otimes {\cal V}(\tau;v)}{r^2} ( 1 - e ^ {-2\alpha \tau } ) \right)$$ and therefore the gradient of $\varphi$ remains bounded on $r_1 \leq |v| \leq r_2$ $$\nabla _v \varphi (v) = - \int _{\tau _1} ^ 0 \frac{^ t \partial {\cal V}}{\partial v }(\tau; v) \nabla \psi ({\cal V}(\tau;v))\;\mathrm{d}\tau$$ since on the interval $\tau \in [\tau _1, 0]$ we have $|{\cal V}(\tau;v)| \in [r_1, |v|] \subset [r_1, r_2]$. Taking now as definition for $|v| = r$ $$\varphi (v) = \varphi \left ( r_2 { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right )\,,$$ we obtain a bounded $C^1$ function on $|v| \leq r$ satisfying $$- { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v \varphi = \psi (v),\;\;|\varphi (v) | \leq \int _{r_1} ^ {r_2} \frac{\mathrm{d}\rho}{(\alpha - \beta \rho ^2 ) \rho }\; \|\psi \|_{C^0},\;|v|\leq r.$$ We proceed similarly in order to extend the above function for $|v| > r$. We have for any $s>0$ $$- \varphi ({\cal V}(s;v)) + \varphi (v) = \int _0 ^s \psi ({\cal V}(\tau;v))\;\mathrm{d}\tau,\;\;|v|> r.$$ As $\lim _{s \to +\infty} {\cal V}(s;v) = r { \frac{v}{|v|}}$ we must take $$\varphi (v) = \lim _{s \to +\infty}\left \{\varphi ( {\cal V}(s;v)) + \int _0 ^s \psi ({\cal V}(\tau;v))\;\mathrm{d}\tau \right \} = \varphi \left (r{ \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) + \int _0 ^{+\infty} \psi ({\cal V}(\tau;v))\;\mathrm{d}\tau,\;\;|v| >r.\nonumber$$ Clearly, for any $|v| > r$ the function $\tau \to |{\cal V}(\tau;v)|$ is strictly decreasing. Therefore, for any $r < |v| \leq r_3$ we have $$\varphi (v) = \varphi \left (r{ \frac{v}{|v|}}\right )= \varphi \left (r_2{ \frac{v}{|v|}}\right )$$ since $|{\cal V}(\tau;v)|\leq |v| \leq r_3$ and $\psi ({\cal V}(\tau;v)) = 0$, $\tau \geq 0$. If $r_3 < |v| < r_4$ let us consider $\tau _4 < 0 < \tau _3$ such that $ |{\cal V}(\tau _3;v)| = r_3 < r_4 = |{\cal V}(\tau _4;v)|. $ The time interval between $\tau _4$ and $\tau _3$ is given by $$|\tau _3 | + |\tau _4 | = \tau _3 - \tau _4 = \int _{r_4} ^ {r_3} \frac{\mathrm{d}\rho}{(\alpha - \beta \rho ^2) \rho } < +\infty\,,$$ and therefore one gets for $r_3 < |v| < r_4$ $$\begin{aligned} |\varphi (v) | &\leq \left | \varphi \left ( r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) \right | + \left |\int _0 ^{\tau _3} \!\!\!\!\psi ({\cal V}(\tau;v))\;\mathrm{d}\tau \right | \nonumber \\ & \leq \left [ \int _{r_1} ^ {r_2} \frac{\mathrm{d}\rho}{(\alpha - \beta \rho ^2) \rho } + \int _{r_4} ^ {r_3} \frac{\mathrm{d}\rho}{(\alpha - \beta \rho ^2) \rho } \right ] \|\psi \|_{C^0}.\label{Equ9}\end{aligned}$$ Consider now $|v|\geq r_4$. There is $\tau _4 \geq 0$ such that $r_4 { \frac{v}{|v|}}= {\cal V} (\tau_4; v)$ implying that $$\begin{aligned} \varphi (v) & = \varphi \left ( r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) + \int _0 ^{+\infty} \psi ({\cal V} (\tau; v)) \;\mathrm{d}\tau = \varphi \left ( r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) + \int _{\tau _4} ^{+\infty} \psi ({\cal V} (\tau; v)) \;\mathrm{d}\tau \\ & = \varphi \left ( r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) + \int _0 ^{+\infty} \psi ({\cal V} (\tau; {\cal V}(\tau _4;v))) \;\mathrm{d}\tau = \varphi \left ( r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) + \int _0 ^{+\infty} \psi ({\cal V} (\tau; r_4 { \frac{v}{|v|}})) \;\mathrm{d}\tau \\ & = \varphi \left ( r_4 { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ).\end{aligned}$$ We deduce that the restriction of $\varphi $ on $\{v :|v| \geq r_4\}$ satisfies the same bound as in . Moreover the function $\varphi $ is $C^1$ on $\{v:|v|\geq r\}$, with bounded derivatives. Indeed, it is sufficient to consider only the case $r_3 \leq |v| \leq r_4$, observing that $$\begin{aligned} \nabla _v \varphi (v) = \frac{r_2}{|v|} { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }\nabla _v \varphi \left ( r_2 { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) + \int _0 ^{\tau _3} \frac{^t \partial {\cal V}}{\partial v }(\tau;v)\nabla \psi ({\cal V}(\tau;v)) \;\mathrm{d}\tau \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ $$|{\cal V} (\tau; v)| \in [r_3, |v| ] \subset [r_3, r_4],\;\tau \in [0,\tau_3],\;\;|\tau _3| + |\tau _4| = \int _{r_4} ^ {r_3} \frac{\mathrm{d}\rho}{(\alpha - \beta \rho ^2) \rho } < +\infty.$$ By construction we have $- { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v \varphi = \psi (v)$, $|v| >r$. Consider a $C^1$ decreasing function on ${{{\bf}R}}_+$ such that $\chi |_{[0,1]} = 1, \chi _{[2,+\infty[} = 0$. We know that $${ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d} \!{ (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v \left \{ \varphi (v) \chi \left ( \frac{|v|}{R} \right ) \right \}\,F(v)\,{ \mathrm{d}v}} = 0,\;\;R>0\,,$$ saying that $${ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d} \!\chi \left ( \frac{|v|}{R} \right ){ (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v \varphi \;F(v)\,{ \mathrm{d}v}} + { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d} \!(\alpha - \beta |v|^2) \varphi (v) \frac{|v|}{R} \chi ^{\;\prime} \left ( \frac{|v|}{R} \right ) \;F(v)\,{ \mathrm{d}v}} = 0.$$ Since $\varphi$ and $\psi = - { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v \varphi $ are bounded and $F$ has finite mass and kinetic energy, we can pass to the limit for $R \to +\infty$, using the dominated convergence theorem. We obtain for any $C^1$ function $\psi$, with compact support in $^c({ \{0\} \cup r { {\bf}{S}}})$ $${ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d} \!\psi (v) F(v)\,{ \mathrm{d}v}} = - { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d} \!{ (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v \varphi\, F(v)\,{ \mathrm{d}v}} = 0.$$ Actually the previous equality holds true for any continuous function $\psi$ with compact support in $^c({ \{0\} \cup r { {\bf}{S}}})$, since ${ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d} \!F(v)\,{ \mathrm{d}v}} < +\infty$, so that ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}F \subset { \{0\} \cup r { {\bf}{S}}}$. In order to obtain stability for $({ f ^{\varepsilon _k}})_k$ we need to avoid the unstable equilibrium $v = 0$. For that we assume that the initial support is away from zero speed: there is $r_0 >0$ (eventually small, let us say $r_0 < r$) such that $$\label{Equ20} { \mathrm{supp\;}}{ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\subset \{ (x,v)\in {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d \;:\;|v| \geq r_0\}.$$ \[UnifSupp\] Under the hypothesis we have for any ${ \varepsilon}>0$ small enough $${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ f ^\varepsilon}(t) \subset \{ (x,v)\in {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d \;:\;|v| \geq r_0\},\;\;t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+.$$ Take ${ \varepsilon}>0$ such that ${ \varepsilon}\|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}} < 2\alpha r /(3 \sqrt{3})$ and ${ \rho ^\varepsilon _1}(- \|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}}) < r_0$. For any continuous function $\psi = \psi (x,v)$ with compact support in ${{{\bf}R}}^d \times \{v\;:\; |v| < r_0\}$ we have $$\begin{aligned} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi(x,v) { f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} & = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi ({ X ^\varepsilon }(t;0,x,v), { V ^\varepsilon }(t;0,x,v)){ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} \\ & = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi ({ X ^\varepsilon }(t;0,x,v), { V ^\varepsilon }(t;0,x,v) ){\bf 1}_{\{|v| \geq r_0 \}}{ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}.\end{aligned}$$ But for any $|v| \geq r_0 > { \rho ^\varepsilon _1}$ we know by Proposition \[ZeroStab\] that $|{ V ^\varepsilon }(t;0,x,v)| > |v| \geq r_0$, implying that $\psi ({ X ^\varepsilon }(t), { V ^\varepsilon }(t)) = 0$. Therefore one gets $\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}{\psi(x,v) { f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} = 0$ saying that ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ f ^\varepsilon}(t) \subset \{ (x,v):|v| \geq r_0\}$. We are ready now to establish the model satisfied by the limit measure $f$. The idea is to use the weak formulation of , with test functions which are constant along the flow of ${ (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v$, in order to get rid of the term in $\frac{1}{{ \varepsilon}}$. These functions are those depending on $x$ and ${ \frac{v}{|v|}}$. Surely, the invariants ${ \frac{v}{|v|}}$ have no continuous extensions in $v = 0$, but we will see that we can use it, since our measures ${ f ^\varepsilon}$ vanish around $v = 0$. (of Theorem \[MainResult\]) We already know that $f$ satisfies . Actually, since ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ f ^\varepsilon}(t) \subset \{(x,v):|v|\geq r_0\}, t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+, { \varepsilon}>0$, we deduce that ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}f(t) \subset \{(x,v):|v| \geq r_0\}$ and finally ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}f(t) \subset {{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}, t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+$. We have to establish and find the initial data. Consider a $C^1$ decreasing function $\chi $ on ${{{\bf}R}}_+$ such that $\chi |_{[0,1]} = 1, \chi _{[2,+\infty[} = 0$. For any $\eta = \eta (t) \in C^1_c ({{{\bf}R}}_+)$, $\varphi = \varphi (x,v) \in { C^1_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ we construct the test function $$\theta (t,x,v) = \eta (t) \left [ 1 - \chi \left ( \frac{2|v|}{r_0}\right ) \right ] \varphi \left ( x, r{ \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ).$$ Notice that $\theta $ is $C^1$ and $\theta = 0$ for $|v| \leq \frac{r_0}{2}$. When applying the weak formulation of - with $\theta$, the term in $\frac{1}{{ \varepsilon}}$ vanishes. Indeed, we can write $$\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{{ \varepsilon}}{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \!\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\!\!\!\!\eta (t) & { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v \left \{\left [ 1 - \chi \left ( \frac{2|v|}{r_0}\right ) \right ]\varphi \left ( x, r{ \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) \right \}{ f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\;\mathrm{d}t} \nonumber \\ & = \frac{1}{{ \varepsilon}} \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \eta (t) \int _{|v|\geq r_0} { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v \left \{ \varphi \left ( x, r{ \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) \right \}{ f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\;\mathrm{d}t = 0.\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ For the term containing $\partial _t \theta$ we obtain the following limit when $k \to +\infty$ $$\begin{aligned} T_1 ^k := { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \!\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\!\!\!\!\partial _t \theta { f ^{\varepsilon _k}}(t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\;\mathrm{d}t} \to &{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \!\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\!\!\!\!\partial _t \theta f(t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\;\mathrm{d}t} \\ & = \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \eta ^{\;\prime} (t) \int _{|v|\geq r_0} \varphi \left ( x, r{ \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) f(t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\;\mathrm{d}t \\ & = \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \eta ^{\;\prime} (t) \int _{|v| = r} \varphi \left ( x, r{ \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) f(t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\;\mathrm{d}t \\ & = \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \eta ^{\;\prime} (t) \int _{|v| = r} \varphi \left ( x, v\right ) f(t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\;\mathrm{d}t \\ & = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \!\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\!\!\!\!\partial _t ( \eta \varphi )f(t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\;\mathrm{d}t}.\end{aligned}$$ Similarly, one gets $$\begin{aligned} T_2 ^k := { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \!\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\!\!\!\! v \cdot \nabla _x \theta { f ^{\varepsilon _k}}(t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\;\mathrm{d}t} \to & { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \!\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\!\!\!\!v \cdot \nabla _x \theta f (t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\;\mathrm{d}t} \\ & = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \!\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\!\!\!\!v \cdot \nabla _x ( \eta \varphi ) f(t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\;\mathrm{d}t}.\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ For the term containing $a \cdot \nabla _v \theta$ notice that on the set $|v| \geq r_0$ we have $$a \cdot \nabla _v \theta = \eta (t) a \cdot \nabla _v \left \{ \varphi \left ( x, r{ \frac{v}{|v|}}\right )\right \} = \eta (t) \frac{r}{|v|}a \cdot { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }(\nabla _v \varphi ) \left ( x, r{ \frac{v}{|v|}}\right )$$ and therefore we obtain $$\begin{aligned} T_3 ^k := { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \!\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\!\!\!\!& a \cdot \nabla _v \theta { f ^{\varepsilon _k}}(t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\;\mathrm{d}t} \to { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \!\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\!\!\!\!a \cdot \nabla _v \theta f (t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\;\mathrm{d}t} \nonumber \\ & = \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \eta (t) \int _{|v|\geq r_0} \frac{r}{|v|} { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }a \cdot (\nabla _v \varphi ) \left ( x, r{ \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) f(t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\;\mathrm{d}t \\ & = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \!\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\!\!\!\!\;\;\;{ \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }a \cdot \nabla _v (\eta \varphi ) f(t,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\;\mathrm{d}t}.\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ For treating the term involving the initial condition, we write $$\begin{aligned} T_4 : = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \theta (0,x,v) { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} &= { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \eta (0) \varphi \left ( x, r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} \\ &= { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \eta (0) \varphi (x,v) { \left \langle { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\right \rangle }(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}.\end{aligned}$$ Passing to the limit for $k \to +\infty$ in the weak formulation $T_1 ^ k + T_2 ^ k + T_3 ^ k + T_4 = 0$ yields the problem $$\partial _t f + { \mathrm{div}_x}\{f v \} + { \mathrm{div}_v}\left \{f { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }a \right \} = 0,\;\;f(0) = { \left \langle { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\right \rangle }$$ as desired. \[ConstraintPropagation\] The constraint is propagated by the evolution equation . This comes by the fact that the flow $(X,V)$ associated to the field $v \cdot \nabla _x + { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }a \cdot \nabla _v$ leaves invariant ${{{\bf}R}}^d \times r{ {\bf}{S}}$. Indeed, if $(X,V)$ solves $$\frac{\mathrm{d}X}{\mathrm{d}s} = V(s),\;\;\frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{d}s} = \left (I - \frac{V(s) \otimes V(s)}{|V(s)|^2} \right ) a(s, X(s))$$ $$X(s;0,x,v) = x,\;\;V(s;0,x,v) = v \neq 0$$ then $$\frac{1}{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}s}|V(s)|^2 = \left (I - \frac{V(s) \otimes V(s)}{|V(s)|^2} \right ) a(s, X(s)) \cdot V(s) = 0$$ saying that $|V(s;0,x,v)| = |v|$ for any $(s,x) \in {{{\bf}R}}_+ \times {{{\bf}R}}^d$. In particular, for any continuous function $\psi = \psi (x,v)$ with compact support in $^c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times r{ {\bf}{S}})$ we have $$\begin{aligned} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi(x,v) f(s,x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} & = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi (X(s;0,x,v), V(s;0,x,v)) { \left \langle { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\right \rangle }(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} \\ & = \int _{|v| = r} \psi (X(s;0,x,v), V(s;0,x,v)) { \left \langle { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\right \rangle }(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}= 0\end{aligned}$$ since ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ \left \langle { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\right \rangle } \subset {{{\bf}R}}^d \times r{ {\bf}{S}}$. Therefore for any $s \in {{{\bf}R}}_+$ we have ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}f(s) \subset {{{\bf}R}}^d \times r{ {\bf}{S}}$ implying that ${ \mathrm{div}_v}\{f(s){ (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\} = 0, s \in {{{\bf}R}}_+$. \[Uni\] By the uniqueness of the solution for with initial data ${ \left \langle { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\right \rangle }$, we deduce that all the family $({ f ^\varepsilon})_{ \varepsilon}$ converges weakly $\star$ in ${ L^\infty ({{{\bf}R}}_+ ; {\cal M}_b ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d))}{}$. The non linear problem {#NLimMod} ====================== Up to now we considered the stability of the linear problems - for a given smooth field $a = a(t,x) \in { L^\infty ( {{{\bf}R}}_+ ; W^{1,\infty}({{{\bf}R}}^d ))}{}$. We concentrate now on the non linear problem $$\label{Equ41} \partial _t { f ^\varepsilon}+ { \mathrm{div}_x}\{{ f ^\varepsilon}v\} + { \mathrm{div}_v}\{ { f ^\varepsilon}a^{ \varepsilon}\} + \frac{1}{{ \varepsilon}} \{ { f ^\varepsilon}{ (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\}= 0,\;\;(t,x,v) \in {{{\bf}R}}_+ \times {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d$$ with $a^{ \varepsilon}= - \nabla _x U \star \rho ^{ \varepsilon}- H \star { f ^\varepsilon}.$ The well posedness of the non linear equation comes by fixed point arguments in suitable spaces of measures, and it has been discussed in [@CCR10; @BCC12] in the measure solution framework. We summarize next the properties of the solutions $({ f ^\varepsilon})_{{ \varepsilon}>0}$. \[ExiUniNonLin\] Assume $h \in C^1_b ({{{\bf}R}}^d), U \in C^2 _b ({{{\bf}R}}^d)$ and $( 1 + |v|^2 ) { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\in { {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$. For all ${ \varepsilon}>0$, there is a unique solution $({ f ^\varepsilon}, a ^{ \varepsilon}) \in C({{{\bf}R}}_+;{ {\cal P}_1 ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}) \times { L^\infty ( {{{\bf}R}}_+ ; W^{1,\infty}({{{\bf}R}}^d ))}{}$ to $$\label{Equ43} \partial _t { f ^\varepsilon}+ { \mathrm{div}_x}\{{ f ^\varepsilon}v \} + { \mathrm{div}_v}\{{ f ^\varepsilon}{ a ^\varepsilon}\} + \frac{1}{{ \varepsilon}}{ \mathrm{div}_v}\{ { f ^\varepsilon}{ (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\} = 0,\;\;(t,x,v) \in {{{\bf}R}}_+ \times {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d$$ $$\label{Equ44} { a ^\varepsilon}= - \nabla _x U \star \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d} { f ^\varepsilon}\;{ \mathrm{d}}v - H \star { f ^\varepsilon},\;\;H(x,v) = h(x)v$$ with initial data ${ f ^\varepsilon}(0) = { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}$, satisfying the uniform bounds $$\sup _{{ \varepsilon}>0, t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! |v|^2 { f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}<+\infty$$ $$\sup _{{ \varepsilon}>0} \|{ a ^\varepsilon}\|_{L^\infty({{{\bf}R}}_+;L^\infty({{{\bf}R}}^d))} = :A <+\infty,\;\;\sup _{{ \varepsilon}>0} \|\nabla _x { a ^\varepsilon}\|_{L^\infty({{{\bf}R}}_+;L^\infty({{{\bf}R}}^d))} = :A_1 <+\infty.$$ Moreover, if the initial condition satisfies $${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\subset \{ (x,v) \in {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d \;:\;|x| \leq L_0, r_0 \leq |v| \leq R_0 \}$$ for some $L_0 >0, 0 < r_0 < r < R_0 < +\infty$, then for any ${ \varepsilon}>0$ small enough we have $${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ f ^\varepsilon}(t) \subset \{ (x,v) \in {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d \;:\;|x|\leq L_0 + t R_0, r_0 \leq |v| \leq R_0 \},\;\;t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+.$$ Here, we only justify the uniform bounds in ${ \varepsilon}$, the rest is a direct application of the results in [@CCR10; @BCC12]. The divergence form of guarantees the mass conservation $${ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \,{ f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \,{ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}(x,v)\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}},\;\;t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+.$$ Notice that the term $- { \mathrm{div}_v}\{ { f ^\varepsilon}H \star { f ^\varepsilon}\}$ balances the momentum $$\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^{2d}}{\!\! v { \mathrm{div}_v}\{ { f ^\varepsilon}H \star { f ^\varepsilon}\}\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} = \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^{4d}}{\!\! h(x-x^{\prime}) (v ^{\prime}-v) { f ^\varepsilon}(t, x^\prime, v^\prime){ f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)\;{ \mathrm{d}}(x^\prime, v^\prime)}{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}= 0$$ and decreases the kinetic energy $$\begin{aligned} \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^{2d}}{\!\!\!|v|^2 { \mathrm{div}_v}\{ { f ^\varepsilon}H \star { f ^\varepsilon}\}\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} &= 2\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^{4d}}{{\!\!\!\!h(x-x^{\prime}) (v ^{\prime}-v) \cdot v { f ^\varepsilon}(t, x^\prime, v^\prime){ f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)\;{ \mathrm{d}}(x^\prime, v^\prime)}{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} \\ & = - \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^{4d}}{{\!\!h(x-x^{\prime}) |v - v ^{\prime}|^2 { f ^\varepsilon}(t, x^\prime, v^\prime){ f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)\;{ \mathrm{d}}(x^\prime, v^\prime)}{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}.\end{aligned}$$ In particular, as $|v|^2 { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\in { {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$, then the kinetic energy $\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^{2d}}{|v|^2 { f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}$ remains bounded, uniformly in time $t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+$ and ${ \varepsilon}>0$. Indeed, using the continuity equation one gets $${ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! v \cdot (\nabla _x U \star \rho ^{ \varepsilon}) { f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} = \frac{1}{2}\frac{{ \mathrm{d}}}{{ \mathrm{d}}t} \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d}{(U \star \rho ^{ \varepsilon}(t))(x) \rho ^{ \varepsilon}(t,x)\;{ \mathrm{d}}x}$$ and after multiplying by $\frac{|v|^2}{2}$ together with , we obtain $$\begin{aligned} \frac{{ \mathrm{d}}}{{ \mathrm{d}}t} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! &\,\,\left (\frac{|v|^2}{2} +\frac{U \star \rho ^{ \varepsilon}}{2} \right ) { f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v) \;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} - \frac{1}{{ \varepsilon}}{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! (\alpha |v|^2 - \beta |v|^4) { f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v) \;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} \nonumber \\ & = - \frac{1}{2}\int_{{{{\bf}R}}^{4d }}h(x-x^{\prime}) |v - v ^{\prime}|^2 { f ^\varepsilon}(t, x^\prime, v^\prime){ f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)\;{ \mathrm{d}}(x^\prime, v^\prime){ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\leq 0\,.\label{energy}\end{aligned}$$ Consider now $t ^{ \varepsilon}$ a maximum point on $[0,T], T>0$, of the total energy $$W^{ \varepsilon}(t) = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \left (\frac{|v|^2}{2} + \frac{U \star \rho ^{ \varepsilon}}{2} \right ) { f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v) \;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}},\;\;t \in [0,T].$$ If $t^{ \varepsilon}= 0$ then it is easily seen that for any $t \in [0,T]$ $${ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \frac{|v|^2}{2} { f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v) \;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} \leq { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \frac{|v|^2}{2} { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}(x,v) \;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} + \|U \| _{{ L^\infty}} \left ( { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}\right ) ^2.$$ If $t ^{ \varepsilon}\in ]0,T]$ then $\frac{{ \mathrm{d}}}{{ \mathrm{d}}t} W ^{ \varepsilon}(t^{ \varepsilon}) \geq 0$ implying from by moment interpolation in $v$ that $$\sup _{{ \varepsilon}>0, T>0} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! (1 + |v|^4) { f ^\varepsilon}(t ^{ \varepsilon},x,v) \;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} <+\infty$$ and thus the inequality $W^{ \varepsilon}(t) \leq W ^{ \varepsilon}(t ^{ \varepsilon}), t \in [0,T]$ yields $$\begin{aligned} \sup _{{ \varepsilon}>0, t \in [0,T]} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \frac{|v|^2}{2} { f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v) \;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} \leq & \sup _{{ \varepsilon}>0, T>0} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \frac{|v|^2}{2} { f ^\varepsilon}(t ^{ \varepsilon},x,v) \;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} \\ & + \|U \|_{{ L^\infty}} \left ( { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}\right ) ^2 <+\infty.\end{aligned}$$ Therefore the kinetic energy remains bounded on $[0,T]$, uniformly with respect to ${ \varepsilon}>0$, and the bound does not depend on $T>0$. The uniform bounds for ${ a ^\varepsilon}$ come immediately by convolution with $\nabla _x U$ and $H$, thanks to the uniform estimate $$\sup _{{ \varepsilon}>0, t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! |v| { f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)} < +\infty.$$ We analyze the support of $({ f ^\varepsilon})_{{ \varepsilon}>0}$. Take ${ \varepsilon}>0$ small enough such that ${ \varepsilon}A < 2 \alpha r /(3\sqrt{3})$ and ${ \rho ^\varepsilon _1}(-A) < r_0,\; { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(A) < R_0$. By Proposition \[UnifSupp\] we already know that $${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ f ^\varepsilon}(t) \subset \{ (x,v) \in {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d \;:\;|v | \geq r_0\},\;\;t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+.$$ For any continuous function $\psi = \psi (x,v)$ with compact support in ${{{\bf}R}}^d \times \{ v\in {{{\bf}R}}^d\;:\;|v| > R_0\}$ we have $$\begin{aligned} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi(x,v) { f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v) \;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} & = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi ({ X ^\varepsilon }(t), { V ^\varepsilon }(t)) { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}(x,v) \;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} \\ & = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi ({ X ^\varepsilon }(t), { V ^\varepsilon }(t) ) { {\bf 1}_{\{r_0 \leq |v| \leq R_0\}}}{ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}(x,v) \;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}.\end{aligned}$$ We distinguish several cases:\ 1. If $r_0 \leq |v| < { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-A)$ we deduce by Proposition \[ZeroStab\] that $ |v| < |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t;0,x,v)| \leq { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(A) < R_0,\;\;t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+, { \varepsilon}>0. $ 2\. If ${ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-A) \leq |v| \leq { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(A)$ we obtain by Proposition \[RStab\] that $ { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-A) \leq |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t;0,x,v)| \leq { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(A) < R_0,\;\;t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+, { \varepsilon}>0. $ 3\. If ${ \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(A) < |v| \leq R_0$ one gets thanks to Proposition \[ZeroStab\] $ { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-A) \leq |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t;0,x,v) | < |v| \leq R_0. $ In all cases $({ X ^\varepsilon }, { V ^\varepsilon })(t;0,x,v)$ remains outside the support of $\psi$, implying that $${ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi (x,v) { f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} = 0.$$ Thus for any $t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+$ and ${ \varepsilon}>0$ small enough one gets $${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ f ^\varepsilon}(t) \subset \{ (x,v) \in {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d \;:\;r_0 \leq |v | \leq R_0\}.$$ Consider $\theta \in C^1 ({{{\bf}R}})$ non decreasing, verifying $\theta (u) = 0$ if $u \leq 0$, $\theta (u) >0$ if $u>0$. Applying the weak formulation of - with the test function $\theta (|x| - L_0 - t R_0)$ yields $$\begin{aligned} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \theta (|x| - L_0 -& t R_0) { f ^\varepsilon}(t,x,v)\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \theta (|x| - L_0 ){ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}(x,v)\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} \\ & + \int _0 ^t { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \theta ^{\prime}(|x| - L_0 - s R_0) \left ( v \cdot \frac{x}{|x|} - R_0\right ){ f ^\varepsilon}(s,x,v)\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} { \mathrm{d}}s \leq 0\end{aligned}$$ implying that ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ f ^\varepsilon}(t) \subset \{ (x,v) \in {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d :|x| \leq L_0 + t R_0\}, t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+$. The uniform bound for the total mass allows us to extract a sequence $({ \varepsilon}_k)_k \subset {{{\bf}R}}_+ ^\star$ convergent to $0$ such that $({ f ^{\varepsilon _k}})_k$ converges weakly $\star$ in ${ L^\infty ({{{\bf}R}}_+ ; {\cal M}_b ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d))}{}$. The treatment of the non linear term requires a little bit more, that is convergence in $C({{{\bf}R}}_+;{ {\cal P}_1 ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{})$ or at least in $C([\delta, +\infty[;{ {\cal P}_1 ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{})$ for any $\delta >0$. The key argument for establishing that is emphasized by the lemma \[TimeEstimate\] Consider ${ \varepsilon}>0$ small enough.\ 1. For any $(x,v)\in {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d$ with $r_0 \leq |v| < { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-A) - { \varepsilon}$, the first time $t^{ \varepsilon}_1 = t ^{ \varepsilon}_1 (x,v)$ such that $|{ V ^\varepsilon }(t^{ \varepsilon}_1;0,x,v) | = { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-A) - { \varepsilon}$ satisfies $$t ^{ \varepsilon}_1 \leq \frac{{ \varepsilon}}{2\beta r_0 ^2} \ln \left ( \frac{r - r_0 }{{ \varepsilon}} \right ).$$ 2. For any $(x,v)\in {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d$ with ${ \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(A) + { \varepsilon}< |v| \leq R_0$, the first time $t^{ \varepsilon}_2 = t ^{ \varepsilon}_2 (x,v)$ such that $|{ V ^\varepsilon }(t^{ \varepsilon}_2;0,x,v) | = { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(A) + { \varepsilon}$ satisfies $$t ^{ \varepsilon}_2 \leq \frac{{ \varepsilon}}{2\beta r ^2} \ln \left ( \frac{R_0 - r}{{ \varepsilon}} \right ).$$ 1\. During the time $[0,t ^{ \varepsilon}_1]$ the velocity modulus $|{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)|$ remains in $[r_0, { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-A) - { \varepsilon}] \subset [{ \rho ^\varepsilon _1}(-A), { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-A)]$ and we can write for any $t \in [0, t ^{ \varepsilon}_1]$ $$\frac{{ \varepsilon}\frac{{ \mathrm{d}}|{ V ^\varepsilon }|}{{ \mathrm{d}}t }}{- { \varepsilon}A + (\alpha - \beta |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t) |^2 ) \;|{ V ^\varepsilon }(t) |}\geq \frac{\frac{{ \mathrm{d}}|{ V ^\varepsilon }|}{{ \mathrm{d}}t }}{{ a ^\varepsilon}(t, { X ^\varepsilon }(t)) \cdot \frac{{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)}{|{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)|} + \frac{1}{{ \varepsilon}}(\alpha - \beta |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t) |^2 ) \;|{ V ^\varepsilon }(t) |} = 1$$ since $- { \varepsilon}A + (\alpha - \beta u^2)u$ is positive for $u \in [{ \rho ^\varepsilon _1}(-A), { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-A)]$. Integrating with respect to $t \in [0, t ^{ \varepsilon}_1]$ yields $$t ^{ \varepsilon}_1 (x,v) \leq { \varepsilon}\int _{|v|} ^{{ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-A) - { \varepsilon}} \frac{{ \mathrm{d}}u }{- { \varepsilon}A + (\alpha - \beta u ^2 ) u } \leq { \varepsilon}\int _{r_0} ^{{ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-A) - { \varepsilon}} \frac{{ \mathrm{d}}u }{- { \varepsilon}A + (\alpha - \beta u ^2 ) u }.$$ Recall that ${ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-A)$ is one of the roots of $u \to - { \varepsilon}A + (\alpha - \beta u ^2 ) u$ and therefore a direct computation lead to $$- { \varepsilon}A + (\alpha - \beta u ^2 ) u = \beta ({ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}- u ) [u ^2 + u { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}+ ({ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}) ^2 - r^2] \geq 2 \beta r_0 ^2 ( { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}- u), \;\;u \in [r_0, { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}],\;{ \varepsilon}\;\mbox{small enough }$$ implying that $$t ^{ \varepsilon}_1 (x,v) \leq \frac{{ \varepsilon}}{2\beta r_0 ^2} \int _{r_0} ^{{ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}- { \varepsilon}} \frac{{ \mathrm{d}}u }{ { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}- u} = \frac{{ \varepsilon}}{2\beta r_0 ^2}\ln \left (\frac{{ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}- r_0}{{ \varepsilon}} \right ) \leq \frac{{ \varepsilon}}{2\beta r_0 ^2}\ln \left (\frac{r - r_0}{{ \varepsilon}} \right ).$$ 2. During the time $[0,t ^{ \varepsilon}_2]$ the velocity modulus $|{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)|$ remains in $[{ \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(A) + { \varepsilon}, R_0] \subset [{ \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(A), +\infty[$ and we can write for any $t \in [0, t ^{ \varepsilon}_2]$ $$\frac{{ \varepsilon}\frac{{ \mathrm{d}}|{ V ^\varepsilon }|}{{ \mathrm{d}}t }}{ { \varepsilon}A + (\alpha - \beta |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t) |^2 ) \;|{ V ^\varepsilon }(t) |}\geq \frac{\frac{{ \mathrm{d}}|{ V ^\varepsilon }|}{{ \mathrm{d}}t }}{{ a ^\varepsilon}(t, { X ^\varepsilon }(t)) \cdot \frac{{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)}{|{ V ^\varepsilon }(t)|} + \frac{1}{{ \varepsilon}}(\alpha - \beta |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t) |^2 ) \;|{ V ^\varepsilon }(t) |} = 1$$ since $ { \varepsilon}A + (\alpha - \beta u^2)u$ is negative for $u \in [{ \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(A), +\infty[$. Integrating with respect to $t \in [0, t ^{ \varepsilon}_2]$ yields $$t ^{ \varepsilon}_2 (x,v) \leq { \varepsilon}\int _{|v|} ^{{ \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(A) + { \varepsilon}} \frac{{ \mathrm{d}}u }{ { \varepsilon}A + (\alpha - \beta u ^2 ) u } \leq { \varepsilon}\int _{R_0} ^{{ \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(A) + { \varepsilon}} \frac{{ \mathrm{d}}u }{ { \varepsilon}A + (\alpha - \beta u ^2 ) u }.$$ By direct computation we obtain $${ \varepsilon}A + (\alpha - \beta u ^2 ) u = - \beta (u - { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}) [u ^2 + u { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}+ ({ \rho ^\varepsilon _3}) ^2 - r^2] \leq -2 \beta r ^2 ( u - { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}), \;\;u \geq { \rho ^\varepsilon _3},\;{ \varepsilon}\;\mbox{small enough }$$ implying that $$t ^{ \varepsilon}_2 (x,v) \leq \frac{{ \varepsilon}}{2\beta r ^2} \int _{{ \rho ^\varepsilon _3}+ { \varepsilon}} ^{R_0} \frac{{ \mathrm{d}}u }{ u - { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}} = \frac{{ \varepsilon}}{2\beta r ^2}\ln \left (\frac{R _0 - { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}}{{ \varepsilon}} \right ) \leq \frac{{ \varepsilon}}{2\beta r ^2}\ln \left (\frac{R_0 - r}{{ \varepsilon}} \right ).$$ We intend to apply Arzela-Ascoli theorem in $C({{{\bf}R}}_+;{ { {\cal P}}_1}({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d))$ in order to extract a convergent sequence $({ f ^{\varepsilon _k}})_k$ with ${ \lim _{k \to +\infty }}{ \varepsilon}_k = 0$. We need to establish the uniform equicontinuity of the family $({ f ^\varepsilon})_{{ \varepsilon}>0}$. The argument below is essentially similar to arguments in [@CCR10]. \[UnifEquiCont\] 1. If the initial data is well prepared [*i.e.,*]{} ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\subset \{ (x,v) \in {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d\;:\;|x|\leq L_0, |v| = r\}$ then there is a constant $C$ (not depending on $t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+, { \varepsilon}>0$) such that $$W_1 ({ f ^\varepsilon}(t), { f ^\varepsilon}(s)) \leq C | t - s|,\;\;t, s \in {{{\bf}R}}_+, { \varepsilon}>0.$$ 2. If ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\subset \{ (x,v) \in {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d\;:\;|x|\leq L_0, r_0 \leq |v| \leq R_0\}$ then there is a constant $C$ (not depending on $t \in {{{\bf}R}}_+, { \varepsilon}>0$) such that for any $\delta >0$ we can find ${ \varepsilon}_\delta$ satisfying $$W_1 ({ f ^\varepsilon}(t), { f ^\varepsilon}(s)) \leq C |t - s|,\;\; t,s \geq \delta,\;\;0 < { \varepsilon}< { \varepsilon}_\delta.$$ 1\. Consider $\varphi = \varphi (x,v)$ a Lipschitz function on ${{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d$ with $\lip (\varphi ) \leq 1$. For any $t, s \in {{{\bf}R}}_+, { \varepsilon}>0$ we have $$\begin{aligned} \left | { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \!\!\!\varphi ( { f ^\varepsilon}(t) - { f ^\varepsilon}(s)){ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}\right | &= \left | { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \!\!\!\{ \varphi ({ X ^\varepsilon }(t), { V ^\varepsilon }(t)) - \varphi ({ X ^\varepsilon }(s), { V ^\varepsilon }(s))\}{ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}(x,v){ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}\right | \\ & \leq { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \{ |{ X ^\varepsilon }(t) - { X ^\varepsilon }(s)| + |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t) - { V ^\varepsilon }(s)|\} { {\bf 1}_{\{|v| = r\}}} { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}.\end{aligned}$$ Thanks to Proposition \[RStab\] we have for any $(\tau, x, v) \in {{{\bf}R}}_+ \times {{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}$ $$\frac{{ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-A) - r}{{ \varepsilon}} \leq \frac{|{ V ^\varepsilon }(\tau;0,x,v)| - r}{{ \varepsilon}} \leq \frac{{ \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(A) - r}{{ \varepsilon}}$$ and it is easily seen, integrating the system of characteristics between $s$ and $t$, that $$|{ X ^\varepsilon }(t;0,x,v) - { X ^\varepsilon }(s;0,x,v) | = \left | \int _s ^ t { V ^\varepsilon }(\tau;0,x,v) \;\mathrm{d}\tau\right | \leq R_0 |t-s|$$ and $$\begin{aligned} \left | { V ^\varepsilon }(t;0,x,v) - { V ^\varepsilon }(s;0,x,v) \right | & \leq \left | \int _s ^t \left \{ |a^{ \varepsilon}(\tau, { X ^\varepsilon }(\tau))| + \frac{|\alpha - \beta |{ V ^\varepsilon }(\tau) | ^2 | \;|{ V ^\varepsilon }(\tau) |}{{ \varepsilon}} \right \}{ \mathrm{d}}\tau \right |\nonumber \\ & \leq |t -s | \left \{ A + \beta ( r + R_0) R_0 \max \left ( \frac{{ \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(A) - r}{{ \varepsilon}}, \frac{r - { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-A) }{{ \varepsilon}} \right ) \right \}.\end{aligned}$$ Our conclusion comes immediately by Propositions \[NegA\], \[PosA\].\ 2. Consider $\delta >0$ and ${ \varepsilon}_\delta $ small enough such that $\frac{{ \varepsilon}}{2\beta r_0 ^2} \ln \left ( \frac{r - r_0}{{ \varepsilon}} \right ) < \delta$, $\frac{{ \varepsilon}}{2\beta r ^2} \ln \left ( \frac{R_0 - r}{{ \varepsilon}} \right ) < \delta$ for $0 < { \varepsilon}< { \varepsilon}_\delta$. For any Lipschitz function $\varphi $ with $\lip (\varphi ) \leq 1$ and any $t, s \geq \delta$ we have $$\left | { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \!\!\!\!\varphi ( { f ^\varepsilon}(t) - { f ^\varepsilon}(s) ) \;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}\right | \leq \!\!{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \{|{ X ^\varepsilon }(t) - { X ^\varepsilon }(s) | + |{ V ^\varepsilon }(t) - { V ^\varepsilon }(s)| \} { {\bf 1}_{\{r_0 \leq |v| \leq R_0\}}} { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}.$$ For any $(\tau, x) \in {{{\bf}R}}_+ \times {{{\bf}R}}^d$, ${ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-A) - { \varepsilon}\leq |v| \leq { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(A) + { \varepsilon}$ we have by Propositions \[RStab\], \[ZeroStab\] $${ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-A) - { \varepsilon}\leq |{ V ^\varepsilon }(\tau;0,x,v) | \leq { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(A) + { \varepsilon}.$$ The same conclusion holds true for any $\tau \geq \delta$, $x \in {{{\bf}R}}^d$ and $|v| \in [r_0, { \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-A) - { \varepsilon}[ \cup ]{ \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(A) + { \varepsilon}, R_0]$, thanks to Lemma \[TimeEstimate\], since $\delta > \max \{ t^{ \varepsilon}_1 (x,v), t^{ \varepsilon}_2 (x,v)\}$ (after a time $\delta$, the velocity modulus $|{ V ^\varepsilon }(\tau;0,x,v)|$ is already in the set $\{w\;:\;{ \rho ^\varepsilon _2}(-A) - { \varepsilon}< |w| < { \rho ^\varepsilon _3}(A) + { \varepsilon}\}$). Our statement follows as before, integrating the system of characteristics between $s$ and $t$. Applying Arzela-Ascoli theorem, we deduce that there is a sequence $({ \varepsilon}_k)_k \subset {{{\bf}R}}_+ ^\star$, convergent to $0$ such that $${ \lim _{k \to +\infty }}W_1 ({ f ^{\varepsilon _k}}(t), f(t)) = 0 \mbox{ uniformly for } t \in [0,T],\;\; T>0$$ for some $f \in C({{{\bf}R}}_+;{ { {\cal P}}_1}({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d))$ if ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\subset \{(x,v)\in {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d\;:\;|x| \leq L_0,|v| = r\}$ and $${ \lim _{k \to +\infty }}W_1 ({ f ^{\varepsilon _k}}(t), f(t)) = 0 \mbox{ uniformly for } t \in [\delta ,T],\;\; T>\delta >0$$ for some $f \in C({{{\bf}R}}_+ ^\star;{ { {\cal P}}_1}({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d))$ if ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\subset \{(x,v)\in {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d\;:\;|x|\leq L_0, r_0 \leq |v| \leq R_0\}$. It is easily seen that if the initial condition is well prepared then there is a constant $C$ cf. Proposition \[UnifEquiCont\] such that $ W_1 (f(t), f(s)) \leq C |t -s |,\;\;t, s \in {{{\bf}R}}_+. $ The same is true for not prepared initial conditions ${ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}$. Take $\delta >0$ and ${ \varepsilon}_\delta$ as in Proposition \[UnifEquiCont\]. For any $0 < { \varepsilon}< { \varepsilon}_\delta$ we have $ W_1 ({ f ^\varepsilon}(t), { f ^\varepsilon}(s)) \leq C |t -s |,\;\;t, s \geq \delta. $ For $k$ large enough we have ${ \varepsilon}_k < { \varepsilon}_\delta$ and therefore $ W_1 ({ f ^{\varepsilon _k}}(t), { f ^{\varepsilon _k}}(s)) \leq C |t -s |,\;\;t, s \geq \delta. $ Passing to the limit as $k$ goes to infinity yields $ W_1 (f(t), f(s)) \leq C |t -s |,\;\;t, s \geq \delta. $ Since the constant $C$ does not depend on $\delta$ one gets $$W_1 (f(t), f(s)) \leq C |t -s |,\;\;t, s >0.$$ In particular we deduce that $f$ has a limit as $t$ goes to $0$ since $( { { {\cal P}}_1}({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d), W_1)$ is a complete metric space and therefore we can extend $f$ by continuity at $t = 0$. The extended function, still denoted by $f$, belongs to $C({{{\bf}R}}_+;{ { {\cal P}}_1}({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d))$ and satisfies $$W_1 (f(t), f(s)) \leq C |t -s |,\;\;t, s \in {{{\bf}R}}_+.$$ The above convergence allows us to handle the non linear terms. We use the following standard argument [@Dob79; @CCR10]. \[NonLinTerm\] Consider $f,g \in { { {\cal P}}_1}({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)$ compactly supported $ { \mathrm{supp\;}}f \cup { \mathrm{supp\;}}g \subset \{ (x,v) \in {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d \;:\;|x|\leq L, |v| \leq R\}$, and let us consider $$a_f = - \nabla _x U \star \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d} f \;{ \mathrm{d}}v - H \star f,\;\;a_g = - \nabla _x U \star \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d} g \;{ \mathrm{d}}v - H \star g.$$ Then we have $$\|a_f - a_g \|_{L^\infty ( {{{\bf}R}}^3 \times B_R)} \leq \left \{\|\nabla _x ^2 U \|_{{ L^\infty}} + \left (\|h \|^2 _{{ L^\infty}} + 4 R ^2 \|\nabla _x h \| ^2 _{{ L^\infty}} \right ) ^{1/2} \right \}W_1 (f,g)$$ where $B_R$ stands for the closed ball in ${{{\bf}R}}^d$ of center $0$ and radius $R$. Take $\pi $ to be a optimal transportation plan between $f$ and $g$. Then for any $x \in {{{\bf}R}}^d$ we have, using the marginals of $\pi$ $$\begin{aligned} | (\nabla _x U \star f) (x) - (\nabla _x U \star g) (x) | &= \left | { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \nabla _x U ( x - x^\prime) \{ f({ x^{\prime}}, { v^{\prime}}) - g({ x^{\prime}}, { v^{\prime}})\}\;{ \mathrm{d}(x^\prime,v^\prime)}} \right | \\ & = \left | { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! [\nabla _x U (x - { x^{\prime}}) - \nabla _x U (x - { x^{\prime \prime}})]{ \mathrm{d}}\pi ({ x^{\prime}}, { v^{\prime}}, { x^{\prime \prime}}, { v^{\prime \prime}})}} \right | \\ & \leq \|\nabla _x ^2 U \|_{{ L^\infty}{}} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! |{ x^{\prime}}- { x^{\prime \prime}}| \;{ \mathrm{d}}\pi ({ x^{\prime}}, { v^{\prime}}, { x^{\prime \prime}}, { v^{\prime \prime}})}} \\ & \leq \|\nabla _x ^2 U \|_{{ L^\infty}{}} W_1 (f,g).\end{aligned}$$ The estimate for $H \star f - H \star g$ follows similarly observing that on the support of $\pi$, which is included in $\{({ x^{\prime}}, { v^{\prime}}, { x^{\prime \prime}}, { v^{\prime \prime}})\in {{{\bf}R}}^{4d}\;:\; |{ v^{\prime}}|\leq R, |{ v^{\prime \prime}}| \leq R\}$ we have $$\begin{aligned} |h(x- { x^{\prime}}) (v- { v^{\prime}}) - h(x- { x^{\prime \prime}}) & (v- { v^{\prime \prime}})| \\ & \leq |h(x- { x^{\prime}})( { v^{\prime \prime}}- { v^{\prime}})| + |h(x- { x^{\prime}})- h(x- { x^{\prime \prime}})| \;|v - { v^{\prime \prime}}| \\ & \leq \left ( \|h \|^2 _{{ L^\infty}} + 4 R ^2 \|\nabla _x h \| ^2 _{{ L^\infty}} \right ) ^{1/2} \left ( |{ x^{\prime}}- { x^{\prime \prime}}| ^2 + |{ v^{\prime}}- { v^{\prime \prime}}|^2 \right ) ^{1/2}.\end{aligned}$$ We are ready now to prove Theorem \[MainResult2\]. (of Theorem \[MainResult2\]) The arguments are the same as those in the proof of Theorem \[MainResult\] except for the treatment of the non linear terms. We only concentrate on it. Consider $({ f ^{\varepsilon _k}})_k$ with ${ \lim _{k \to +\infty }}{ \varepsilon}_k = 0$ such that ${ \lim _{k \to +\infty }}W_1 ({ f ^{\varepsilon _k}}(t), f(t)) = 0$ uniformly for $t \in [0,T], T>0$ if ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\subset \{ (x,v) \;:\;|x|\leq L_0, |v| = r\}$ and ${ \lim _{k \to +\infty }}W_1 ({ f ^{\varepsilon _k}}(t), f(t)) = 0$ uniformly for $t \in [\delta,T], T>\delta >0$ if ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\subset \{ (x,v) \;:\;|x|\leq L_0, r_0 \leq |v| \leq R_0\}$ for some function $f \in C({{{\bf}R}}_+;{ { {\cal P}}_1}({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d))$. Thanks to Proposition \[Kernel\] we deduce (for both prepared or not initial data) that $${ \mathrm{supp\;}}f(t) \subset \{ (x,v)\in {{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d \;:\;|v| = r\},\;\;t>0.$$ The previous statement holds also true at $t = 0$, by the continuity of $f$. The time evolution for the limit $f$ comes by using the particular test functions $$\theta (t,x,v) = \eta (t) \left [ 1 - \chi \left ( \frac{2|v|}{r_0}\right ) \right ] \varphi \left ( x, r{ \frac{v}{|v|}}\right )$$ with $\eta \in C^1_c ({{{\bf}R}}_+)$, $\varphi \in { C^1_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$. From now on we consider only the not prepared initial data case (the other case is simpler). We recall the notation ${ a ^\varepsilon}= - \nabla _x U \star \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d} { f ^\varepsilon}\;{ \mathrm{d}}v - H \star { f ^\varepsilon}$ and we introduce $a = - \nabla _x U \star \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d} f \;{ \mathrm{d}}v - H \star f$. Since $f$ satisfies the same bounds as $({ f ^\varepsilon})_{ \varepsilon}$, we deduce that $\|a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}} \leq A, \|\nabla _x a\|_{{ L^\infty}{}} \leq A_1$. For any $\delta >0$ we can write $$\begin{aligned} \label{EquBil} &\left |{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \!\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\!\!\!\!\left \{ { a ^{\varepsilon _k}}\cdot \nabla _v \theta \;{ f ^{\varepsilon _k}}- a \cdot \nabla _v \theta \;f\right \}{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\!\!\;\mathrm{d}t} \right | \leq \left |\int _0 ^\delta { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! { a ^{\varepsilon _k}}\cdot \nabla _v \theta { f ^{\varepsilon _k}}\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}{ \mathrm{d}}t } \right | \nonumber \\ &\qquad + \left |\int _0 ^\delta { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! a \cdot \nabla _v \theta \;f \;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}{ \mathrm{d}}t} \right | + \left | \int _\delta ^{+\infty} \!\!{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \left \{ { a ^{\varepsilon _k}}\cdot \nabla _v \theta \;{ f ^{\varepsilon _k}}- a \cdot \nabla _v \theta \;f \right \}\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}{ \mathrm{d}}t} \right | \nonumber \\ \leq &\, 2 A \delta \|\nabla _v \theta \|_{C^0} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} + \left | \int _\delta ^{+\infty}\!\! { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! ({ a ^{\varepsilon _k}}- a) \cdot \nabla _v \theta \;{ {\bf 1}_{\{|v|\leq R_0\}}}{ f ^{\varepsilon _k}}\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}{ \mathrm{d}}t \right | \nonumber \\ & + \left | \int _\delta ^{+\infty}\!\! { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! a \cdot \nabla _v \theta \;({ f ^{\varepsilon _k}}- f)\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}{ \mathrm{d}}t \right |.\end{aligned}$$ We keep $\delta >0$ fixed and we pass to the limit when $k$ goes to infinity. Lemma \[NonLinTerm\] implies that the second term in the last right hand side can be estimated as $$\|{ a ^{\varepsilon _k}}- a \|_{{ L^\infty}({{{\bf}R}}^d \times B_{R_0})} = \| a_{{ f ^{\varepsilon _k}}} - a_f \|_{{ L^\infty}({{{\bf}R}}^d \times B_{R_0})} \leq C(R_0) W_1 ({ f ^{\varepsilon _k}}(t), f(t)) \to 0 \;\mbox{ when } k \to +\infty$$ uniformly for $t \in [\delta, T]$, implying, for $T$ large enough $$\left | \int _\delta ^{+\infty}\!\! \int _{|v| \leq R_0}{ ({ a ^{\varepsilon _k}}- a) \cdot \nabla _v \theta { f ^{\varepsilon _k}}\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}{ \mathrm{d}}t \right | \leq C(R_0)\| \theta \|_{C^1} \int _\delta ^T W_1 ({ f ^{\varepsilon _k}}(t), f(t))\;{ \mathrm{d}}t \to 0$$ when $k$ goes to infinity. For the third term in the right hand side of we use the weak $\star$ convergence ${ \lim _{k \to +\infty }}{ f ^{\varepsilon _k}}(t) = f(t)$ in ${ {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ for any $t\geq \delta$, cf. Proposition \[w2properties\] $${ \lim _{k \to +\infty }}{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! a \cdot \nabla _v \theta ({ f ^{\varepsilon _k}}(t)- f(t)) \;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} = 0,\;\;t\geq \delta$$ and we conclude by the Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem $${ \lim _{k \to +\infty }}\int _\delta ^{+\infty} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! a \cdot \nabla _v \theta ({ f ^{\varepsilon _k}}(t,x,v) - f(t,x,v) )\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}{ \mathrm{d}}t = 0\,.$$ Passing to the limit in when $k$ goes to infinity, we obtain $$\limsup _{k \to +\infty} \left |{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \!\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\!\!\!\!\left \{ { a ^{\varepsilon _k}}\cdot \nabla _v \theta { f ^{\varepsilon _k}}- a \cdot \nabla _v \theta f\right \}\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\!\!\;\mathrm{d}t} \right | \leq 2 A \delta \|\nabla _v \theta \|_{C^0} \,.$$ Sending $\delta$ to $0$ we obtain that $${ \lim _{k \to +\infty }}{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \!\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\!\!\!\! { a ^{\varepsilon _k}}\cdot \nabla _v \theta \; { f ^{\varepsilon _k}}\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\!\!\;\mathrm{d}t} = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \!\int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\!\!\!\! a \cdot \nabla _v \theta \; f\;{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\!\!\;\mathrm{d}t}\,.$$ Diffusion models {#DiffMod} ================ We intend to introduce a formalism which will allow us to investigate in a simpler manner the asymptotic behavior of and . This method comes from gyrokinetic models in plasma physics: when studying the magnetic confinement we are looking for averaged models with respect to the fast motion of particles around the magnetic lines. The analysis relies on the notion of gyro-average operator [@BosTraEquSin], which is a projection onto the space of slow time depending functions. In other words, projecting means smoothing out the fluctuations with respect to the fast time variable, corresponding to the high cyclotronic frequency. This projection appears like a gyro-average operator. Here the arguments are developed at a formal level. We first introduce rigorously the projected measure on the sphere $r{ {\bf}{S}}$ for general measures. Let $f \in { {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ be a non negative bounded measure on ${{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d$. We denote by ${ \left \langle f \right \rangle }$ the measure corresponding to the linear application $$\psi \to { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi(x,v)\,{ {\bf 1}_{v = 0}} f(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} + { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi\left ( x , r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) { {\bf 1}_{v \neq 0}} f(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}\,,$$ for all $\psi \in { C^0_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}$, [*i.e.,*]{} $${ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi(x,v) { \left \langle f \right \rangle }(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} = \int _{v = 0} \psi(x,v) f(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}+ \int _{v \neq 0} \psi \left ( x , r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) f(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\,,$$ for all $\psi \in { C^0_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}$. Observe that ${ \left \langle f \right \rangle }$ is a non negative bounded measure, $${ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \;\;{ \left \langle f \right \rangle }(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \;\;f(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}},$$ with ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ \left \langle f \right \rangle } \subset {{{\bf}R}}^d \times ({ \{0\} \cup r { {\bf}{S}}})$. We have the following characterization. \[VarChar\] Assume that $f$ is a non negative bounded measure on ${{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d$. Then ${ \left \langle f \right \rangle }$ is the unique measure $F$ satisfying ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}F \subset {{{\bf}R}}^d \times ({ \{0\} \cup r { {\bf}{S}}})$, $$\int _{v\neq 0} \psi \left ( x , r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right )F(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}= \int _{v \neq 0}\psi \left ( x , r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right )f(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)},\;\;\psi \in { C^0_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$$ and $F = f$ on ${{{\bf}R}}^d \times \{0\}$. The measure ${ \left \langle f \right \rangle }$ defined before satisfies the above characterization. Indeed, ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ \left \langle f \right \rangle } \subset {{{\bf}R}}^d \times ({ \{0\} \cup r { {\bf}{S}}})$. Taking now $\psi (x,v) = \varphi (x) \chi (|v|/\delta)$ with $\varphi \in C^0 _c ({{{\bf}R}}^d)$ and $\delta >0$ one gets $$\begin{aligned} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \varphi (x) \chi \left ( \frac{|v|}{\delta} \right ) { \left \langle f \right \rangle }(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} = &\,\int _{v = 0} \varphi (x) f(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\\ &+ \int _{v \neq 0} \varphi (x) \chi \left ( \frac{|v|}{\delta} \right ) f(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}.\end{aligned}$$ Passing to the limit for $\delta \searrow 0$ yields $$\int _{v = 0} \varphi (x) { \left \langle f \right \rangle }(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}= \int _{v = 0} \varphi (x) f(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)},\;\;\varphi \in { C^0_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$$ meaning that ${ \left \langle f \right \rangle } = f$ on ${{{\bf}R}}^d \times \{0\}$. Therefore one gets for any $\psi \in { C^0_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ $$\begin{aligned} \int_{v \neq 0} \psi \left ( x , r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ){ \left \langle f \right \rangle }(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}& = \int_{|v| = r} \psi ( x , v ){ \left \langle f \right \rangle }(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\\ & = \int _{v \neq 0} \psi (x,v) { \left \langle f \right \rangle }(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\\ & = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi { \left \langle f \right \rangle }}(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}- \int _{v = 0}\psi { \left \langle f \right \rangle }(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\\ & = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi { \left \langle f \right \rangle }}(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}- \int _{v = 0}\psi f(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\\ & = \int _{v \neq 0} \psi \left ( x , r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) f(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}.\end{aligned}$$ Conversely, let us check that the above characterization exactly defines the measure ${ \left \langle f \right \rangle }$. For any $\psi \in { C^0_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ we have $$\begin{aligned} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi (x,v) F(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} & = \int _{v = 0} \psi F(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}+ \int _{v \neq 0} \psi F(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\\ & = \int _{v = 0} \psi (x,v) f(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}+ \int _{v \neq 0} \psi \left ( x, r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) F(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\\ & = \int _{v = 0} \psi (x,v) f(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}+ \int _{v \neq 0} \psi \left ( x, r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right )f(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}\end{aligned}$$ saying that $F = { \left \langle f \right \rangle }$. By Proposition \[VarChar\] it is clear that ${ \left \langle \cdot \right \rangle }$ leaves invariant the measures with support in ${{{\bf}R}}^d \cup ({ \{0\} \cup r { {\bf}{S}}})$. Consider $f \in { {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$. We say that ${ \mathrm{div}_v}\{f { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\} \in {\cal M}_b ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)$ if and only if there is a constant $C>0$ such that $${ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v \psi f(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} \leq C \|\psi \|_{{ L^\infty}{}},\;\;\psi \in { C^1_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}.$$ In this case there is a bounded measure $\mu$ such that $$- { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\cdot \nabla _v \psi f(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi \mu },\;\;\psi \in { C^1_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}.$$ By definition we take ${ \mathrm{div}_v}\{f { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\} = \mu$. The main motivation for the construction of the projection ${ \left \langle \cdot \right \rangle }$ is the following result. \[ZeroAve\] For any $f \in { {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ such that $ { \mathrm{div}_v}\{f { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\}\in {\cal M}_b ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)$ we have ${ \left \langle { \mathrm{div}_v}\{f { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\} \right \rangle } = 0$. Let us take ${ \mathrm{div}_v}\{f { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\} = \mu$. We will check that the zero measure $0$ satisfies the characterization of ${ \left \langle \mu \right \rangle }$ in Proposition \[VarChar\]. Clearly ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}0 = \emptyset \subset {{{\bf}R}}^d \times ({ \{0\} \cup r { {\bf}{S}}})$. For any $\varphi (x) \in { C^0_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ we have $$\begin{aligned} \int _{v = 0} \varphi (x) \mu(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}& = { \lim _{\delta \searrow 0}}{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \varphi (x) \chi \left ( \frac{|v|}{\delta} \right ) \mu(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} \\ & = - { \lim _{\delta \searrow 0}}{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \varphi (x) \chi ^{\;\prime} \left ( \frac{|v|}{\delta} \right )\frac{|v|}{\delta} ( \alpha - \beta |v|^2) f(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}}= 0\end{aligned}$$ by dominated convergence, since $$\left | \chi ^{\;\prime} \left ( \frac{|v|}{\delta} \right )\frac{|v|}{\delta} ( \alpha - \beta |v|^2) \right |\leq \alpha \sup _{u \geq 0} |\chi ^{\;\prime} (u) u | + \beta \delta ^2 \sup _{u \geq 0} |\chi ^{\;\prime} (u) u ^3|.$$ Therefore we deduce that ${ \mathrm{div}_v}\{f { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\} = 0$ on ${{{\bf}R}}^d \times \{0\}$. Consider now $\psi \in { C^1_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ and lets us compute $$\begin{aligned} \int _{v \neq 0} \psi \left (x,r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) & \mu(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}= { \lim _{\delta \searrow 0}}{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi \left (x,r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) \left ( 1 - \chi \left ( \frac{|v|}{\delta} \right ) \right ) \mu(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} \\ & = { \lim _{\delta \searrow 0}}{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi \left (x,r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) \chi ^{\;\prime}\left ( \frac{|v|}{\delta} \right ) \frac{|v|}{\delta} (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) f(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}} = 0\end{aligned}$$ since $v \cdot \nabla _v \{ \psi (x, r { \frac{v}{|v|}})\} = 0$. By density, the same conclusion holds true for any $\psi \in { C^0_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ and thus ${ \left \langle { \mathrm{div}_v}\{f { (\alpha - \beta |v|^2) v}\} \right \rangle } = 0$. \[SimplerAve\] When $f \in { {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ does not charge ${{{\bf}R}}^d \times \{0\}$, ${ \left \langle f \right \rangle }$ is given by $${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ \left \langle f \right \rangle } \subset {{{\bf}R}}^d \times r{ {\bf}{S}},\;\;\int _{v \neq 0} \psi \left ( x, r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) { \left \langle f \right \rangle } = \int _{v \neq 0} \psi \left ( x, r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) f,\;\;\psi \in { C^0_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$$ or equivalently $$\label{Equ34} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi { \left \langle f \right \rangle } } = \int _{v \neq 0} \psi \left ( x, r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) f,\;\;\psi \in { C^0_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}.$$ Using Proposition \[ZeroAve\] we can obtain, at least formally, the limit model satisfied by $f = { \lim _{\varepsilon \searrow 0}}{ f ^\varepsilon}$. By we know that ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}f \subset {{{\bf}R}}^d \times ({ \{0\} \cup r { {\bf}{S}}})$. The time evolution of $f$ comes by eliminating ${ f ^{(1)}}$ in . For that it is sufficient to project on the subspace of the measures satisfying the constraint , [*i.e.,*]{} to apply ${ \left \langle \cdot \right \rangle }$. $$\label{Equ35} { \left \langle \partial _t f \right \rangle } + { \left \langle { \mathrm{div}_x}\{f v\} \right \rangle } + { \left \langle { \mathrm{div}_v}\{ f a \} \right \rangle } = 0.$$ It is easily seen that ${ \left \langle \partial _t f \right \rangle } = \partial _t { \left \langle f \right \rangle } = \partial _t f $ since ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}f \subset {{{\bf}R}}^d \times ({ \{0\} \cup r { {\bf}{S}}})$ and therefore ${ \left \langle f \right \rangle } = f$. We need to compute the last two terms in . We show that \[TransportAve\] Assume that $a = a(x)$ is a bounded continuous field. Then we have the following equalities $${ \left \langle { \mathrm{div}_x}\{f v \} \right \rangle } = { \mathrm{div}_x}\{f v \}\;\;\mbox{ if } \;{ \mathrm{supp\;}}f \subset {{{\bf}R}}^d \times ({ \{0\} \cup r { {\bf}{S}}})$$ $${ \left \langle { \mathrm{div}_v}\{ f a \} \right \rangle } = { \mathrm{div}_v}\left \{ f { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }a \right \} \;\;\mbox{ if } \;{ \mathrm{supp\;}}f \subset {{{\bf}R}}^d \times r{ {\bf}{S}}.$$ As a consequence, yields the transport equation obtained rigorously in Theorems [\[MainResult\]]{} and [\[MainResult2\]]{}. For any $\psi \in { C^1_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ we have $$\begin{aligned} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi & { \left \langle { \mathrm{div}_x}\{f v \} \right \rangle }} = \int _{v = 0} \psi { \mathrm{div}_x}\{f v \} + \int _{v \neq 0} { \psi \left ( x, r \frac{v}{|v|}\right )}{ \mathrm{div}_x}\{f v \}\\ & = { \lim _{\delta \searrow 0}}{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi { \chi \left ( \frac{|v|}{\delta}\right)}{ \mathrm{div}_x}\{f v \}} + { \lim _{\delta \searrow 0}}{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! { \psi \left ( x, r \frac{v}{|v|}\right )}\left ( 1 - { \chi \left ( \frac{|v|}{\delta}\right)}\right ) { \mathrm{div}_x}\{f v \}} \\ & = - { \lim _{\delta \searrow 0}}{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! v \cdot \nabla _x \psi { \chi \left ( \frac{|v|}{\delta}\right)}f} - { \lim _{\delta \searrow 0}}{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! v \cdot \nabla _x { \psi \left ( x, r \frac{v}{|v|}\right )}\left ( 1 - { \chi \left ( \frac{|v|}{\delta}\right)}\right ) f} \\ & = - \int _{v = 0} v \cdot \nabla _x \psi f - \int _{v \neq 0} v \cdot \nabla _x { \psi \left ( x, r \frac{v}{|v|}\right )}f \\ & = - { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! v \cdot \nabla _x \psi f } = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi { \mathrm{div}_x}\{f v \}}\end{aligned}$$ saying that ${ \left \langle { \mathrm{div}_x}\{f v \} \right \rangle } = { \mathrm{div}_x}\{f v \}$. Assume now that ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}f \subset {{{\bf}R}}^d \times r{ {\bf}{S}}$. It is easily seen that ${ \mathrm{div}_v}(fa)$ does not charge ${{{\bf}R}}^d \times \{0\}$. Indeed, for any $\psi \in { C^0_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ we have by dominated convergence $$\begin{aligned} \int _{v = 0} \psi { \mathrm{div}_v}(fa) & = { \lim _{\delta \searrow 0}}{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi { \chi \left ( \frac{|v|}{\delta}\right)}{ \mathrm{div}_v}(fa)} \\ & = - { \lim _{\delta \searrow 0}}{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! a \cdot \nabla _v \psi { \chi \left ( \frac{|v|}{\delta}\right)}f} - { \lim _{\delta \searrow 0}}{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! a \cdot \frac{v}{|v|} \frac{1}{\delta} { \chi ^{\;\prime}\left ( \frac{|v|}{\delta}\right)}\psi f } = 0.\end{aligned}$$ Therefore we can use $$\begin{aligned} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi { \left \langle { \mathrm{div}_v}(fa) \right \rangle }} & = \int _{v \neq 0} { \psi \left ( x, r \frac{v}{|v|}\right )}{ \mathrm{div}_v}(fa) \\ & = { \lim _{\delta \searrow 0}}{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \left ( 1 - { \chi \left ( \frac{|v|}{\delta}\right)}\right ) { \psi \left ( x, r \frac{v}{|v|}\right )}{ \mathrm{div}_v}(fa) }\\ & = - { \lim _{\delta \searrow 0}}{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \left ( 1 - { \chi \left ( \frac{|v|}{\delta}\right)}\right ) \frac{r}{|v|} { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }a \cdot (\nabla _v \psi ) \left ( x, r{ \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) f } \\ & \quad + { \lim _{\delta \searrow 0}}{ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \;\;\frac{1}{\delta} { \chi ^{\;\prime}\left ( \frac{|v|}{\delta}\right)}\frac{v}{|v|} \cdot a { \psi \left ( x, r \frac{v}{|v|}\right )}f } \\ & = - \int _{v \neq 0} { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }a \cdot \nabla _v \psi f = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi \;{ \mathrm{div}_v}\left \{f { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }a \right \}}.\end{aligned}$$ We investigate now the limit when ${ \varepsilon}\searrow 0$ of the diffusion model . We are done if we compute ${ \left \langle \Delta _v f \right \rangle }$ for a non negative bounded measure with support contained in ${{{\bf}R}}^d \times r{ {\bf}{S}}$. As before we can check that $\Delta _v f$ does not charge ${{{\bf}R}}^d \times \{0\}$ and therefore, thanks to , we obtain after some computations $$\label{Equ37} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi { \left \langle \Delta _v f \right \rangle }} = \int _{v \neq 0} { \psi \left ( x, r \frac{v}{|v|}\right )}\Delta _v f = \int _{v \neq 0} \Delta _v \left \{ { \psi \left ( x, r \frac{v}{|v|}\right )}\right \}f,\;\;\psi \in { C^2_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}.$$ \[ZeroHom\] For any function $\varphi \in C^2 ({{{\bf}R}}^d \setminus \{0\})$ and any $r >0$ we have $$\Delta _v \left \{ \varphi \left ( r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) \right \} = \left ( \frac{r}{|v|}\right ) ^2 { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }: \partial ^2 _v \varphi \left ( r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) - 2 \frac{r}{|v|} \frac{v \cdot \nabla _v \varphi \left ( r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ) }{|v|^2},\;\;v \neq 0.$$ Combining , Lemma \[ZeroHom\] and the fact that ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}f \subset {{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}$ we obtain $$\begin{aligned} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi (x,v) { \left \langle \Delta _v f \right \rangle } } & = \int _{v \neq 0} \left [ { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }: \partial _v ^2 \psi (x,v) - 2 \frac{v \cdot \nabla _v \psi (x,v)}{|v|^2} \right]f \nonumber \\ & = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d}\!\!\! \psi (x,v) { \mathrm{div}_v}\left \{ { \mathrm{div}_v}\left [ f { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }\right ] + 2 f \frac{v}{|v|^2} \right \}}. \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ We deduce the formula $${ \left \langle \Delta _v f \right \rangle } = { \mathrm{div}_v}\left \{ { \mathrm{div}_v}\left [ f { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }\right ] + 2 f \frac{v}{|v|^2} \right \}$$ for any $f$ satisfying ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}f \subset {{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}$ and the limit of the Vicsek model when ${ \varepsilon}\searrow 0$ becomes $$\label{equnew} \partial _t f + { \mathrm{div}_x}(fv) + { \mathrm{div}_v}\left \{ f { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }a \right \} = { \mathrm{div}_v}\left \{ { \mathrm{div}_v}\left [ f { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }\right ] + 2 f \frac{v}{|v|^2} \right \}$$ with the initial condition $f(0) = { \left \langle { f ^{\mathrm{in}}}\right \rangle }$, as stated in . Spherical coordinates and the Laplace-Beltrami operator {#A} ======================================================= In this appendix, we show the computations to relate the equations written in original variables $(x,v)$ to the equations in spherical coordinates $(x,\omega)$. Our limit densities have their support contained in ${{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}$ and thus reduce to measures on ${{{\bf}R}}^d \times r{ {\bf}{S}}$. For example, let us consider the measure on ${{{\bf}R}}^d \times r{ {\bf}{S}}$ still denoted by $f$, given by $${ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}}\!\!\! \psi (x, \omega) f(x,\omega)\,\mathrm{d}(x,\omega)} = \int _{v \neq 0} { \psi \left ( x, r \frac{v}{|v|}\right )}{} f(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}$$ for any function $\psi \in { C^0 _c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}})}{}$. In particular, to any $f \in { {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$ not charging ${{{\bf}R}}^d \times \{0\}$ it corresponds ${ \left \langle f \right \rangle } \in { {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$, with ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}{ \left \langle f \right \rangle } \subset {{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}$, whose characterization is $${ \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}}\!\!\! \psi (x, \omega){ \left \langle f \right \rangle }(x,\omega)\,\mathrm{d}(x,\omega)} = \int _{v \neq 0}{ \psi \left ( x, r \frac{v}{|v|}\right )}f(x,v)\,{ \mathrm{d}(x,v)}.$$ We intend to write the previous limit models (in Theorems \[MainResult\], \[MainResult2\], and ) in spherical coordinates. \[SpherCoord\] Assume that $f \in { {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times {{{\bf}R}}^d)}{}$, ${ \mathrm{supp\;}}f \subset {{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}$ and let us denote by $F \in { {\cal M}_b ^+ ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}})}$ its corresponding measure on ${{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}$. Therefore we have $${ \left \langle { \mathrm{div}_x}(fv) \right \rangle } = { \mathrm{div}_x}(F \omega),\;\;{ \left \langle { \mathrm{div}_v}(fa) \right \rangle } = { \mathrm{div}_\omega}\left \{F { \left ( I - \frac1{r^2}({\omega \otimes \omega}) \right ) }a \right \},\;\;{ \left \langle \Delta _v f \right \rangle } = \Delta _\omega F.$$ Thanks to Proposition \[TransportAve\] we have for any $\psi \in { C^1 _c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}})}{}$ $$\begin{aligned} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}}\!\!\! \psi (x, \omega) { \left \langle { \mathrm{div}_x}(fv) \right \rangle }} & = \int _{v \neq 0} { \psi \left ( x, r \frac{v}{|v|}\right )}{ \mathrm{div}_x}(fv) = - \int _{v\neq 0} v \cdot \nabla _x { \psi \left ( x, r \frac{v}{|v|}\right )}f\\ & = - \int _{v \neq 0} r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\cdot \nabla _x { \psi \left ( x, r \frac{v}{|v|}\right )}f = - { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}}\!\!\! \omega \cdot \nabla _x \psi (x, \omega) F}\end{aligned}$$ and thus ${ \left \langle { \mathrm{div}_x}(fv) \right \rangle } = { \mathrm{div}_x}(F \omega)$. Similarly we can write $$\begin{aligned} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}}\!\!\! \psi (x, \omega) { \left \langle { \mathrm{div}_v}(fa) \right \rangle }} & = \int _{v \neq 0} { \psi \left ( x, r \frac{v}{|v|}\right )}{ \left \langle { \mathrm{div}_v}(fa) \right \rangle }(\mathrm{d}(x,v)) \nonumber \\ & = \int _{v \neq 0} { \psi \left ( x, r \frac{v}{|v|}\right )}{ \mathrm{div}_v}\left \{f { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }a\right \} \nonumber \\ & = - \int _{v \neq 0} \frac{r}{|v|}{ \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }a \cdot { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }\nabla _v{ \psi \left ( x, r \frac{v}{|v|}\right )}f \nonumber \\ & = - \int _{v \neq 0} { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }a \cdot { \left ( I - \frac{v \otimes v}{|v|^2} \right ) }\nabla _v { \psi \left ( x, r \frac{v}{|v|}\right )}f \nonumber \\ & = - { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}}\!\!\! { \left ( I - \frac1{r^2}({\omega \otimes \omega}) \right ) }a \cdot { \left ( I - \frac1{r^2}({\omega \otimes \omega}) \right ) }\nabla _v \psi (x, \omega) F}\nonumber \\ & = - { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}}\!\!\! { \left ( I - \frac1{r^2}({\omega \otimes \omega}) \right ) }a \cdot \nabla _\omega \psi (x, \omega) F}\nonumber \\ & = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}}\!\!\! \psi (x, \omega) { \mathrm{div}_\omega}\left \{ F{ \left ( I - \frac1{r^2}({\omega \otimes \omega}) \right ) }a\right \}}\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ and therefore $${ \left \langle { \mathrm{div}_v}(fa) \right \rangle } = { \mathrm{div}_\omega}\left \{F { \left ( I - \frac1{r^2}({\omega \otimes \omega}) \right ) }a \right \}.$$ Here ${ \mathrm{div}_\omega}$ stands for the divergence along $r{ {\bf}{S}}$ (notice that ${ \left ( I - \frac1{r^2}({\omega \otimes \omega}) \right ) }a$ is a tangent field of $r{ {\bf}{S}}$) and $\nabla _\omega = { \left ( I - \frac1{r^2}({\omega \otimes \omega}) \right ) }\nabla _v$ is the gradient along $r{ {\bf}{S}}$. For the last assertion we appeal to the following well known result asserting that the Laplace-Beltrami operator coincides with the Laplacian of the degree zero homogeneous extension, see also [@BCC12]. \[LaplaceBeltrami\] Consider $\varphi = \varphi (\omega)$ a $C^2$ function on $r{ {\bf}{S}}$ and we denote by $\Phi = \Phi (v)$ its degree zero homogeneous extension on ${{{\bf}R}}^d \setminus \{0\}$ $$\Phi (v) = \varphi \left ( r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right ),\;\;v \neq 0.$$ Therefore we have for any $\omega \in r { {\bf}{S}}$ $$\Delta _\omega \varphi (\omega) = \Delta _v \Phi (\omega).$$ Let us come back to the proof of Proposition \[SpherCoord\]. For any $\psi \in C^2_c ({{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}})$ we introduce its degree zero homogeneous extension $\Psi (x,v) = { \psi \left ( x, r \frac{v}{|v|}\right )}$. Thanks to Proposition \[LaplaceBeltrami\] we can write $$\begin{aligned} { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}}\!\!\! \psi (x,\omega) { \left \langle \Delta _v f \right \rangle } }& = \int _{v \neq 0} { \psi \left ( x, r \frac{v}{|v|}\right )}{ \left \langle \Delta _v f \right \rangle } \nonumber = \int _{v \neq 0} \Psi (x,v) \Delta _v f = \int _{v \neq 0} \Delta _v \Psi f \\ & = \int _{|v| = r} \Delta _\omega \psi (x,v) f = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}}\!\!\! \Delta _\omega \psi (x,\omega) F} = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d \times r { {\bf}{S}}}\!\!\! \psi (x,\omega) \Delta _\omega F}\end{aligned}$$ meaning that ${ \left \langle \Delta _v f \right \rangle } = \Delta _\omega F$. For the sake of completeness, we finally write the equations in spherical coordinates in ${{{\bf}R}}^3$. We introduce the spherical coordinates $\omega = r (\cos \theta \cos \varphi, \cos \theta \sin \varphi, \sin \theta)$ with the angle variables $(\theta, \varphi ) \in ]-\pi/2, \pi/2[ \times [0,2\pi [$, and the orthogonal basis of the tangent space to $r{ {\bf}{S}}$ $$e_\theta = (- \sin \theta \cos \varphi, - \sin \theta \sin \varphi, \cos \theta),\;\;e_\varphi = (- \cos \theta \sin \varphi, \cos \theta \cos \varphi, 0)$$ with $|e_\theta| = 1,\;|e_\varphi| = \cos \theta$. For any smooth function $u$ on $r{ {\bf}{S}}$ we have $$\nabla _\omega u = (\nabla _\omega u \cdot e_\theta) e_\theta + (\nabla _\omega u \cdot e _\varphi ) \frac{e_\varphi}{\cos ^2 \theta} = \frac{1}{r} \partial _\theta u \;e _\theta + \frac{1}{r\cos ^2 \theta} \partial _\varphi u \;e _\varphi$$ and for any smooth tangent field $\xi = \xi _\theta e _\theta + \xi _\varphi e _\varphi $ we have $${ \mathrm{div}_\omega}\xi = \frac{1}{r} \left \{\frac{1}{\cos \theta} \partial _\theta (\xi _\theta \cos \theta) + \partial _\varphi \xi _\varphi \right \}.$$ The coordinates of the tangent field $\xi := F { \left ( I - \frac1{r^2}({\omega \otimes \omega}) \right ) }a$ are $ \xi _\theta = \xi \cdot e _\theta = F a_\theta,\;\;\xi _\varphi = \frac{\xi \cdot e _\varphi }{\cos ^2 \theta } = F a_\varphi $ and we obtain $${ \left \langle { \mathrm{div}_v}(fa) \right \rangle } = { \mathrm{div}_\omega}\left \{ F { \left ( I - \frac1{r^2}({\omega \otimes \omega}) \right ) }a \right \} = \frac{1}{r} \left \{ \frac{1}{\cos \theta} \partial _\theta (F a_\theta \cos \theta) + \partial _\varphi ( F a_\varphi ) \right \}.$$ The spherical Laplacian is given by $$\begin{aligned} \Delta _\omega F & = { \mathrm{div}_\omega}(\nabla _\omega F) = \frac{1}{r} \left \{\frac{1}{\cos \theta} \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta} \left ( \frac{\cos \theta}{r} \partial _\theta F\right ) + \frac{\partial}{\partial \varphi } \left ( \frac{1}{r \cos ^2 \theta} \partial _\varphi F \right ) \right \}\\ & = \frac{1}{r^2}\left \{ \frac{1}{\cos \theta} \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta} ( \cos \theta \;\partial _\theta F ) + \frac{1}{\cos ^2 \theta} \;\partial ^2 _\varphi F \right \}.\end{aligned}$$ The limit transport equation obtained in for ${{{\bf}R}}^3$ is $$\partial _t F + \omega \cdot \nabla _x F + \frac{1}{r} \left \{\frac{\partial _\theta (F a_\theta \cos \theta )}{\cos \theta} + \partial _\varphi ( F a _\varphi ) \right \} = \frac{1}{r^2} \left \{\frac{1}{\cos \theta} \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta} ( \cos \theta \;\partial _\theta F ) + \frac{1}{\cos ^2 \theta} \;\partial ^2 _\varphi F \right \}.$$ We recall here the proof of Proposition \[LaplaceBeltrami\]. It is a consequence of a more general result. \[MoreGenRes\] Let us consider a function $\varphi = \varphi (v) \in C^2 ({{{\bf}R}}^d)$, $d \geq 2$ which writes in polar coordinates $ \varphi (v) = { \tilde{\varphi}}(\rho, \sigma),\;\;\rho = |v| >0,\;\;\sigma = { \frac{v}{|v|}}\in { {\bf}{S}}. $ Therefore for any $v \neq 0$ we have $$\Delta _v \varphi (v) = \frac{1}{\rho ^{N-1}} \frac{\partial}{\partial \rho} ( \rho ^{N-1} \partial _\rho { \tilde{\varphi}}) + \frac{1}{\rho ^2 } \Delta _\sigma { \tilde{\varphi}}(\rho, \sigma),\;\;\rho = |v| >0,\;\;\sigma = { \frac{v}{|v|}}.$$ Consider a smooth function $\psi = \psi (v) \in C^2$ with compact support in ${{{\bf}R}}^N \setminus \{0\}$, which writes in polar coordinates $ \psi (v) = { \tilde{\psi}}(\rho, \sigma),\;\;\rho = |v| >0,\;\;\sigma = { \frac{v}{|v|}}\in { {\bf}{S}}. $ We have $$\frac{\partial { \tilde{\varphi}}}{\partial \rho } = \nabla _v \varphi \cdot \sigma,\;\;\nabla _v \varphi = (\nabla _v \varphi \cdot \sigma ) \sigma + (I - \sigma \otimes \sigma) \nabla _v \varphi = \frac{\partial { \tilde{\varphi}}}{\partial \rho }\;\sigma + \nabla _{\omega = \rho \sigma} { \tilde{\varphi}}$$ and $$\frac{\partial { \tilde{\psi}}}{\partial \rho } = \nabla _v \psi \cdot \sigma,\;\;\nabla _v \psi = (\nabla _v \psi \cdot \sigma ) \sigma + (I - \sigma \otimes \sigma) \nabla _v \psi = \frac{\partial { \tilde{\psi}}}{\partial \rho }\;\sigma + \nabla _{\omega = \rho \sigma} { \tilde{\psi}}.$$ Integrating by parts yields $$\begin{aligned} - { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d} \!\Delta _v \varphi \;\psi (v) \;\mathrm{d}v} & = { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d} \!\nabla _v \varphi \cdot \nabla _v \psi \;\mathrm{d}v} = \int_{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \int _{S^{N-1}} \left \{ \frac{\partial { \tilde{\varphi}}}{\partial \rho} \frac{\partial { \tilde{\psi}}}{\partial \rho} + \frac{1}{\rho ^2} \nabla _\sigma { \tilde{\varphi}}\cdot \nabla _\sigma { \tilde{\psi}}\right \} \;\mathrm{d}\sigma \rho ^{N-1} \;\mathrm{d}\rho \nonumber \\ & = - \int _{S^{N-1}} \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} { \tilde{\psi}}\frac{\partial}{\partial \rho } \left ( \rho ^{N-1} \frac{\partial { \tilde{\varphi}}}{\partial \rho} \right ) \;\mathrm{d}\rho\;\mathrm{d}\sigma - \int _{{{{\bf}R}}_+} \frac{\rho ^{N-1}}{\rho ^2} \int _{S^{N-1}} { \tilde{\psi}}\;\Delta _\sigma { \tilde{\varphi}}\;\mathrm{d}\sigma \;\mathrm{d}\rho \nonumber \\ & = - { \int _{{{{\bf}R}}^d} \!\psi (v) \left \{ \frac{1}{\rho ^{N-1}} \frac{\partial}{\partial \rho} ( \rho ^{N-1} \partial _\rho { \tilde{\varphi}}) + \frac{1}{\rho ^2 } \Delta _\sigma { \tilde{\varphi}}\right \} \;\mathrm{d}v}\end{aligned}$$ and therefore $$\Delta _v \varphi (v) = \frac{1}{\rho ^{N-1}} \frac{\partial}{\partial \rho} ( \rho ^{N-1} \partial _\rho { \tilde{\varphi}}) + \frac{1}{\rho ^2 } \Delta _\sigma { \tilde{\varphi}}(\rho, \sigma),\;\;\rho = |v| >0,\;\;\sigma = { \frac{v}{|v|}}.$$ (of Proposition \[LaplaceBeltrami\]) The degree zero homogeneous extension $\Phi (v) = \varphi \left ( r { \frac{v}{|v|}}\right )$ does not depend on the polar radius $\Phi (v) = \tilde{\Phi} (\sigma) = \varphi (\omega = r \sigma),\;\;\sigma = { \frac{v}{|v|}}.$ Thanks to Proposition \[MoreGenRes\], we deduce $ \Delta _v \Phi = \frac{1}{\rho ^2} \Delta _\sigma \tilde{\Phi} = \frac{r^2}{\rho ^2} \Delta _\omega \varphi . $ Taking $\rho = r $, which means $v = r \sigma = \omega$ we obtain $ \Delta _v \Phi (\omega) = \Delta _\omega \varphi (\omega),\;\;\omega \in r { {\bf}{S}}. $ Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered} --------------- JAC was supported by projects MTM2011-27739-C04-02 and 2009-SGR-345 from Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca-Generalitat de Catalunya. 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The "big announcement" from Ford Motor Co. F, -0.68% that President Donald Trump tweeted about earlier Tuesday, highlighting "JOBS! JOBS! JOBS!," was Ford saying it would "create or retain" 130 jobs as it expands capacity at the Romeo Engine Plant in Michigan. That was part of Ford's plan to invest a total of $1.2 billion in three Michigan plants: $850 million to retool Michigan Assembly Plant to build Ford Ranger vehicles, starting at the end of 2018, and to build Ford Bronco vehicles in 2020; $150 million to expand capacity for engine components for several vehicles at Romeo Engine Plant; and $200 million to support a previously announced data center it was building. In January, Ford said it was spending $700 million and adding 700 new jobs at its Flat Rock Assembly Plant. Ford's announcement Tuesday come less than a week after the automaker provided a first-quarter profit outlook that was below expectations, and less than two weeks after announcing a $642 million investment in a German plant that makes Ford Focus vehicles. The stock rose 0.8% in morning trade, after tumbling 9.8% over the previous seven sessions. The stock has now lost 4.9% year to date, while the S&P 500 SPX, -1.11% has gained 4.6%.

Multipath interference (MPI) in an optical link occurs when an optical signal can take more than one path to reach the same place. This can occur as a result of branching and recombining topologies, or as a result of reflective elements present in the link causing cavity effects. Such effects may occur as follows: After one partial reflection in a link, a delayed version of the original signal is created, travelling in the opposite direction to the original signal. If the reflected signal is again partially reflected, a delayed version of the original signal is created which travels in the same direction as the original. It may cause interference with the original signal which can be constructive or destructive, according to the relative phase. The relative phase will depend the frequency of the signal and on the delay, which is in turn dependent on the difference in path lengths, i.e. the distance D between the reflective features. The magnitude of the interfering signal will depend on the degree of reflection at each feature, on the gain or loss between reflections, the optical distance D, and the signal frequency. For a branching topology, path length difference, signal frequency, and path gains will characterise the MPI. Reflections may be caused by connections, taps, optical amplifiers or isolators for example. Small amounts of reflection can cause significant interference particularly in systems containing optical amplifiers, which have gain between the reflections. This means the unwanted reflections will be amplified twice for each round-trip. Isolators are used to limit the round-trip gain, operating with a high loss in a reverse direction. However, the loss will be in the same order as the gain of the amplifier, thus the effect is only mitigated but not eliminated. MPI may vary with time as components degrade or are replaced, or as paths are switched. Current methods for measuring MPI or parameters relating to MPI can be divided into three categories. Firstly, laboratory instruments for determining MPI effects of individual components or units will insert precise sinusoid test waveforms and include high frequency spectrum analysers for determining resultant outputs. They are not suitable for incorporation into transmission systems or for testing. They are expensive, unsuitable for field use, and incapable of operating with existing transmission sources which cannot generate pure waveforms, or be easily provided with branches to receive pure waveforms. Secondly, methods for assessing bit error rates (BER) or signal to noise ratios (SNR) of optical transmission systems are known. They may assess the output eye, and in some circumstances, MPI may cause up to around half the noise or errors that are detected. However, it is impossible to separate MPI from optical noise in such systems. Thus although they can perform tests under realistic operating conditions, with data traffic present, they cannot be used to derive amounts of MPI or locate sources of MPI. Thirdly, methods of locating the cause of optical reflections are known. One example is an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR). It is a dedicated instrument for locating reflections. It is bulky, costly, and cannot work through optical amplifiers, or while there is traffic present at the same wavelength. Another example is known from PCT/GB95/01918 in which the function of an OTDR is incorporated in an optical element, by using the data signal as a stimulus for locating causes of reflections. The delay can be measured and thus the distance to reflective features can be calculated. This can help to locate reflective features, which is of great assistance in fault finding during commissioning. However, such techniques can only measure reflections from points downstream of the measurement point. Furthermore, the MPI which might arise downstream of reflective features depends further on the amount of any second reflection of the reflected signal, and on any gain encountered by the twice reflected signal. These cannot be measured, and so the amount of MPI remains unknown. Furthermore, OTDR techniques cannot achieve good resolution at large distances, thus it may be difficult to distinguish closely neighbouring reflection sources. Furthermore, if there are isolators in the path, as are usually provided in optical amplifier units, then measurements of reflections may be completely unrepresentative of MPI. Accordingly, existing methods give no suggestion as to how to determine an amount of MPI in a link when data traffic is present. They give no suggestion as to how to determine characteristics of MPI from a measurement point downstream of sources of MPI, and no suggestion of how to derive a signature of MPI from an optical signal, or how to assess the characteristics causing the MPI.

1887 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles Richard Sears won his 7th consecutive title by beating Henry Slocum in the challenge round 6–1, 6–3, 6–2, to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1887 U.S. National Championships. Draw Challenge Round Finals Earlier Rounds Section 1 Section 2 References U.S. National Championships - Men's Singles Category:U.S. National Championships (tennis) by year – Men's Singles

Protective effect of hypoxia on bisphosphonate‑related bone cell damage. Bisphosphonates (BPs) are widely used for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. However, there have been numerous reports of side effects of BPs, including osteonecrosis of the jaw. In the present study, we investigated whether hypoxia inhibits BP-induced apoptosis, and examined the mechanisms of this inhibition. The cell viability of the MG 63 human osteoblast-like cell line treated with the nitrogen-containing (N)-BPs alendronate, risedronate and zoledronate was investigated, and hypoxia was assessed by crystal violet staining and the MTT assay, and by observing cell morphology. The effect of N-BPs and hypoxia on apoptotic cell signaling was evaluated using Western blotting, immunocytochemistry and the TUNEL assay. The results of crystal violet staining and the MTT and TUNEL assays showed that the N-BPs inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in MG 63 cells. Hypoxia significantly prevented N-BP-induced MG 63 cell apoptosis, and also attenuated BP-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation and BCL-xL reduction. Hypoxia prevented BP-induced cell damage by blocking JNK phosphorylation and by regulating the BCL-xL protein. Thus, hypoxia or hypoxia-related genes, including hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, may be a potential therapy for BP-related side effects such as osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Philophobia (album) Philophobia is the second studio album by Scottish indie rock band Arab Strap. It was released on 20 April 1998 on Chemikal Underground. Philophobia peaked at number 37 on the UK Albums Chart, as well as number 3 on the UK Independent Albums Chart. The 2010 reissue edition of the album comes with an additional bonus disc. Critical reception NME named Philophobia the 17th best album of 1998. In 2012, Fact placed the album at number 91 on its "100 Best Albums of the 1990s" list. Track listing Personnel Credits for Philophobia adapted from album liner notes. Arab Strap Malcolm Middleton Aidan Moffat Additional musicians Alan Barr – cello (1) Chris Geddes – Wurlitzer electric piano (1), Hammond organ (2) Stuart Murdoch – piano (2) Sarah Martin – violin (2) Gary Miller – bass guitar (2) David Gow – drums (2), organ (5) Alan Wylie – trumpet (7) Adele Bethel – lyrics (10), vocals (10) Cora Bissett – cello (12) Production Geoff Allan – recording (1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 13), engineering (1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 13), production Paul Savage – recording (4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12), engineering (4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12), production Artwork and design Adam Piggot – graphics Marianne Greated – painting Charts References External links Category:1998 albums Category:Arab Strap (band) albums Category:Chemikal Underground albums Category:Matador Records albums

Conversation Piece, May 14, 2017 A weekly series. All you other Annes are just imitating. Some have said the CBC’s new Anne of Green Gables reboot emotionally and aesthetically betrays the 1985 original by replacing its sanitized, though luminous sincerity with jarring grit and intensely mean scenes of rural life. For Vanity Fair, eight writers make their case for why Kevin Sullivan’s Anne, played with charm by Megan Follows, is the only Anne they need. Read more, here. The golden age of rail. Japan’s shinkansen and commuter trains are famously efficient—but comfortable? Less so (employees known as “pushers” notably ensure each car is as packed as possible). So the new Shiki-Shima luxury cruise train certainly stands out as something different—more like a swish, futuristic train hotel on which people can languorously cruise the countryside in the highest of style. Check it out, here. Photos of mom. The New York Times’s Edan Lepucki muses on the experience of finding vintage photographs of our own mothers. “For daughters, these old photos of our mothers feel like both a chasm and a bridge,” she writes. “The woman in the picture is someone other than the woman we know. She is also exactly the person in the photo—still, right now.” In honour of Mother’s Day, take a moment of reflection, here. Fun fact. The amount China spends on eating out is equivalent to the entire GDP of Sweden. As Quartz reports, China’s 1.37 billion population spent half a trillion dollars eating out at restaurants in 2016—22 per cent of that going towards the country’s favourite dish: hot pot. The total amount China spent eating out last year is so massive it’s actually greater than the gross domestic product of a number of countries, including developed ones such as Sweden and Norway, according to the most recent figures from the World Bank. See the data, here.

Donald Trump attempting to convey false modesty is ridiculous enough in and of itself. But doing so in regard to his inept handling of a massive natural disaster, and ignoring the loss of human life in the process, is exceedingly crass, even for Trump. Donald Trump tried it, but he cannot convince people that there is ever a time when he doesn't want praise. And a transparent attempt at false modesty and a put-on humble nature won't help — particularly when it comes in the midst of a still roiling natural disaster for which it took him days to formulate something even close to a proper response. So when he visited Corpus Christi, Texas, Tuesday to be briefed on the current state of the storm and the relief and recovery efforts, it would have been a golden opportunity to show that he can, in fact, respond to something this serious like a human being ought to do. Alas, he failed. In his brief remarks alongside his wife, Melania, as well as several members of his cabinet, numerous Texas state officials, and representatives from various relief organizations, Trump failed to make any mention whatsoever of the now 14 victims who have died. What he did make clear was that he is incapable of even pretending to be modest. He noted to Texas Gov. Greg Abbott how "great" his people had been, and that "we want to do it better than ever before." "We want to be looked at in five years, in ten years from now, as 'This is the way to do it,'" he continued. But despite the blatantly congratulatory tone, Trump declared, "We won't say 'congratulations.' We don't want to do that. We don't want to congratulate, we'll congratulate each other when it's all finished." Pres. Trump: "We won't say congratulations. We don't want to do that...we'll congratulate each other when it's all finished." pic.twitter.com/SjrILiD1iA — ABC News Politics (@ABCPolitics) August 29, 2017 Or perhaps, you could not worry about ever being "congratulated" for doing the job you ostensibly wanted to do, and instead focus on the families of the 14 victims and the thousands of others who have lost everything they own. Maybe that's asking too much of Trump, who is preoccupied with being jealous that FEMA administrator Brock Long has "become very famous on television" during the hurricane. Trump's handling of the hurricane has been a bizarre embarrassment from the start. He began his weekend of ineptness by flippantly wishing "good luck" to Texans awaiting Hurricane Harvey's landfall. He then proceeded to flail around on Twitter, babbling about a book by a violent extremist, the November election, and NAFTA. His tweets about the hurricane treated it like it was a new Michael Bay movie, and noticeably lacked any urging to his followers to donate time, money, or goods to relief efforts. And he even used the storm to hawk his merchandise. Now, even as he visits the victims of the hurricane, he cannot help himself. Despite his behavior, the pro-Trump Breitbart repugnantly labeled him the "winner" of the hurricane. But by ignoring victims, praising himself, and doing literally the bare minimum, Trump showed the world once again that he's nothing but a loser. SaveSaveSaveSave SaveSave SaveSave

Q: Exclude parent object on binary serialization in C# I have a question about binary serialization in C# I need to be able to deep clone objects of class B (along with all it's subobjects in the graph of course). I'd like to implement this by using binary serialization. The discussion if that's the best method is irrelevant in the context of this question. Say I have this class structure: public class A { private B objB; } [Serializable] public class B : ICloneable { private C objC1; private C objC2; public object Clone() { B clone = Helper.Clone<B>(this); return (B)clone; } } [Serializable] public class C { int a; int b; } The helper class for deep cloning with binary serialization (I got this method code from somewhere on the net, don't really remember where TBH, but it looks alright) public static class Helper { public static T Clone<T>(T OriginalObject) { using (Stream objectStream = new MemoryStream()) { IFormatter formatter = new BinaryFormatter(); formatter.Serialize(objectStream, OriginalObject); objectStream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin); return (T)formatter.Deserialize(objectStream); } } } So at some point in my app, I hit following code: B clone = (B)objA.objB.Clone(); The problem is that the debugger moans about class A not being marked as Serializable. But I don't want to serialize A, I want to serialize B and it's subobject C. I guess it tries to serialize the parent object A too, because it's all interconnected in the object graph. But is there any way I can exclude it from being serialized at this point? A: This quick mock code works perfectly fine, your problem is elsewhere, perhaps C has variable of class A ? public class A { private B bObj = new B(); public A() { B copy = bObj.Clone() as B; } } [Serializable] public class B : ICloneable { private int test = 10; public object Clone() { return Helper.Clone(this); } } EDIT per comment: please add the following to your event in B [field:NonSerialized] This will prevent serialization of the invocation list of the event which in turn references A

Gazillion, a high-flying online game publisher that has raised a ton of money, has laid off an unspecified number of game developers at its Slipgate Ironworks online games studio, VentureBeat has learned. The layoffs did not affect Gazillion’s other studios: the Amazing Society, NetDevil, and Gargantuan Games. Gazillion, based in SanMateo, Calif., confirmed the layoffs but declined to say how many jobs were affected. San Francisco-based Slipgate is working on a massively multiplayer online game, but it hasn’t said what it’s about. The studio is one of four major game studios that Gazillion has either created or acquired in the past couple of years. The unannounced brain behind Slipgate is John Romero, the designer of the seminal shooting game, Doom, which id Software launched in 1993. Romero is an executive vice president of game development at Gazillion, a co-founder of the company, and head of the Slipworks studio. He will remain with the team. Rob Hutter, former chief of Revolution Ventures, founded the company in 2005 to focus on making high-quality MMOs, or world simulations with thousands or even millions of players. The gold standard in the business is Blizzard Entertainment’s World of Warcraft. Up until March, Gazillion operated in stealth mode as NR2B Research. While Hutter’s background is in investment, he did make a game for the Commodore 64 when he was 12 years old. He also recruited talent from a bunch of entertainment companies: Blizzard Entertainment, Pixar Animation Studios, Microsoft, Apple, and others. Back in March, the company said it had 300 employees. Its big announced projects are MMOs around the Lego and Marvel properties. Gazillion managed to get the licenses because it has spared no expense and hired a huge team across its four studios. Among its investors are Oak Investments, Allen & Company, Founder’s Fund, Hearst Corp. Investment Group, Revolution Ventures and UV Partners. The company has not disclosed how much money it’s raised to date. The management team includes Paul Baldwin, marketing chief, and former top marketing man at Eidos Interative, the maker of the Tomb Raider games. In a statement, a spokesman for Gazillion confirmed the layoffs and said, ” As part of our focus on reaching the widest possible audiences with breakthrough MMO entertainment, we decided to change the format of our project at Slipgate Ironworks to better achieve this aim. The game we’ll launch will build on the efforts to date with a smaller core team and the other Slipgate staff are already in discussions around the many open positions across our slate of projects. 2010 will be an exciting year for Gazillion as we bring several groundbreaking MMOs to markets worldwide. We’re tremendously appreciative for the dedication and creativity of our employees who make this all possible.”

History of landscape architecture The discussion of the history of landscape architecture is a complex endeavor as it shares much of its history with that of landscape gardening and architecture, spanning the entirety of man's existence. However, it was not until relatively recent history that the term "landscape architecture" or even "landscape architect" came into common use. Early history For the period before 1800, the history of landscape architecture, formally landscape gardening, is largely that of master planning and garden design for manor houses, palaces and royal properties, religious complexes, and centers of government. An example is the extensive work by André Le Nôtre for King Louis XIV of France at the Palace of Versailles. The first person to write of "making" a landscape was Joseph Addison in a series of essays entitled "On the Pleasures of the Imagination" in 1712 The term landscape architecture was first used by Gilbert Laing Meason in his book On The Landscape Architecture of the Great Painters of Italy (London, 1828). Meason was born in Scotland and did not have the opportunity to visit Italy, but he admired the relationship between architecture and landscape in the great landscape paintings and drew upon Vitruvius' Ten Books on Architecture to find principles and the relationship between built form and natural form. The term was then taken up by John Claudius Loudon and used to describe a specific type of architecture, suited to being placed in designed landscapes. Loudon was admired by the American designer and theorist Andrew Jackson Downing and landscape architecture was the subject of a chapter in Downing's book A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America (1841). First years This led to its adoption by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux. Olmsted and a man named George Oskar gave a different slant to the meaning of 'landscape architecture', using the term to describe the whole professional task of designing a composition of planting, landform, water, paving and other structures. Their first use of the term was in the winning entry for the design of Central Park in New York City. Olmsted and Vaux then in 1863 adopted landscape architect as a professional title and used it to describe their work for the planning of urban park systems. Olmsted's project for the Emerald Necklace in Boston was widely admired and led to the use of landscape architect as a professional title in Europe, initially by Patrick Geddes and Thomas Mawson. Frederick Law Olmsted and Beatrix Farrand, with eight other leading practitioners Modern time Landscape architect has since become a worldwide profession, submitted for recognition by the International Labour Organization and represented on a world-wide basis by the International Federation of Landscape Architects. Garrett Eckbo and Dan Kiley were prominent modernist landscape architects in the mid-20th century. Their work is represented by a shift away from what might be termed the wild garden aesthetic of earlier landscape architects influenced by Romantic Naturalism, and toward a more spare and rectilinear aesthetic. Both studied under Warren Manning at Harvard, who in turn had studied under Frederick Law Olmsted. Several landscape architects practicing in the 1980s and 1990s moved the discipline beyond its roots in High Modernism. These include Martha Schwartz, Peter Walker, and Michael Van Valkenburgh. Starting in the mid-1990s, a new disciplinary shift occurred toward what has been called Landscape urbanism, a term that attempts to merge urban design, infrastructure design and landscape. Publications Three remarkable histories of the landscape architecture profession were published in the 1970s. A first comprehensive history of landscape architecture, as distinct from the history of gardening was written by Norman T Newton with the title Design on the land: the development of landscape architecture (Belknap/Harvard 1971). The book has 42 chapters. The first three chapters are on Ancient Times, The Middle Ages, and The World of Islam. The last three chapters are on Urban Open-Space Systems, Variations in Professional Practice and the Conservation of Natural Resources. This reflects the development of landscape architecture from a focus on private gardens, in the ancient world, to a focus on the planning and design of public open space in the modern world. Since kings used to be responsible for the provision of public goods (irrigation, streets, town walls, parks and other environmental goods) the distinction between public and private was not quite the same in the ancient world as it is in the modern world. A second comprehensive history of landscape architecture with the title History of Landscape Architecture was published in 1973 by George B Tobey. It extends from 5000 BC, through the development of agriculture and towns to the design of gardens, parks and garden cities. This represents a broader view of landscape architecture than that of Newton and would have been well suited to Newton's title 'Design on the land'. A third comprehensive history of landscape architecture was published by Geoffrey and Susan Jellicoe in 1975 with the title The landscape of man: shaping the environment from prehistory to the present day (Thames and Hudson, 1975). The book has 27 chapters and is more comprehensive than its predecessors, geographically, artistically and philosophically. Like Bannister Fletcher's History of Architecture, the book has introductory sections (e.g. on environment, social history, philosophy, expression, architecture, landscape) and then a series of examples with plans and photographs. Many of the examples are parks and gardens but the book also includes the layout of temples, towns, forests and other projects concerned with 'shaping the environment'. Related fine arts and representation The fine arts and landscape architecture have been interwoven in the outstanding professionals' methods. A history of landscape architecture, including the natural and designed the landscape and of public and private gardens: also includes the crucial professional component of artistic and technical representation, which have always been responsible for visualizing and communicating – the creative concepts, ideas, designs, options, 'manifested theories', and guiding aesthetic principles – between the landscape architect and the clients, builders, and interested parties. A few of the media and methods are unchanged, while most have evolved over the centuries to reflect new artistic methods and graphic supplies. Almost timeless are the fine arts media of charcoal sketch, oil paint, watercolor, pen and ink drawing, sculpture, and etching. Those were joined by: print-making; by film photography for prints, slides, and movies; collage and built up layered images; model making, and other techniques. Since the late 20th century the introduction of computers, numerous formatting uses for scanning and printing, the wide array of options with digital technology for drawing, images and site videos; and the nearly infinite reach of the internet have revolutionized how to explore and interact to share creative intent. These have also facilitated effective communicating collaboratively within the project team, clients, and involved people the world. Related fine arts Two-dimensional arts Printmaking, frescos Oil painting, watercolor Drawing, sketching Photography Black-and-white and Color (prints, slides) Full spectrum, Ultraviolet, and Infrared (art & site analysis) Digital art Computer art, Multimedia art, New media art Digital art, Digital photography (images, videos) Three-dimensional arts Sculpture Environmental sculpture Sculpture Sculpture garden social sculpture Public art Land or Earth art Environmental art Land art Earthworks (art) Land Arts of the American West Sustainable art See also History of gardening Landscape architecture Landscape planning History of Parks and Gardens of Paris References Further reading The profession of Landscape Architecture in Australia originally published by Margaret Hendry in 1997 Category:Landscape Category:Landscape architecture Category:Landscape design history

Single Collection (Jun Shibata album) Single Collection is Jun Shibata's first compilation album. It was released on September 21, 2005, and peaked at No. 23 in Japan. Track listing Boku no mikata (ぼくの味方; My Friend) Sore demo kita michi (それでも来た道; It Nevertheless Is the Road I Came From) Gekkouyoku (月光浴; Moonlight Bath) Kataomoi (片想い; One-Sided Love) Tonari no heya (隣りの部屋; The Room Next Door) Tameiki (ため息; Sigh) Anata to no hibi (あなたとの日々; The Days With You) Miseinen (未成年; Underage) Chiisana boku e (ちいさなぼくへ; To the Small Me) Shiroi Sekai (白い世界; White World) Maboroshi (幻; Illusion) Charts External links http://www.shibatajun.com — Shibata Jun Official Website Category:2005 compilation albums Category:Jun Shibata albums

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN NO. 03-13-00543-CR Billy Ray Byers, Appellant v. The State of Texas, Appellee FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 427TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT NO. D-1-DC-11-302268, THE HONORABLE BOB PERKINS, JUDGE PRESIDING MEMORANDUM OPINION A jury convicted appellant Billy Ray Byers of murder, see Tex. Penal Code § 19.02(b)(1), and assessed his punishment at confinement for life in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, see id. § 12.32. Appellant’s court-appointed attorney has filed a motion to withdraw supported by a brief concluding that the appeal is frivolous and without merit. The brief meets the requirements of Anders v. California by presenting a professional evaluation of the record demonstrating why there are no arguable grounds to be advanced. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744 (1967); Garner v. State, 300 S.W.3d 763, 766 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); see also Penson v. Ohio, 488 U.S. 75 (1988).  Appellant’s counsel sent appellant a copy of the brief along with a letter advising appellant of his right to examine the appellate record and file a pro se brief. See Anders, 386 U.S. at 744; Garner, 300 S.W.3d at 766. No pro se brief or other written response has been filed. We have conducted an independent review of the record and find no reversible error. See Anders, 386 U.S. at 744; Garner, 300 S.W.3d at 766; Bledsoe v. State, 178 S.W.3d 824, 826-27 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). We agree with counsel that the record presents no arguably meritorious grounds for review and the appeal is frivolous. Counsel’s motion to withdraw is granted. The trial court’s judgment of conviction is affirmed. __________________________________________ J. Woodfin Jones, Chief Justice Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Pemberton and Rose Affirmed Filed: July 23, 2014 Do Not Publish 2

Carlsminde Carlsminde is a Baroque-style mansion located at Søllerødvej 30 in Søllerød, Rudersdal Municipality, some 20 kilometres north of central Copenhagen, Denmark. The building was listed on the Danish registry of protected buildings and places in 1918. The political party Venstre has been based in the building since 1971. History Carlsminde originates in an old tenant farm. Courty physician and kancelliråd Johan Peter Homuth constructed a small country house at the land in 1751 and later expanded the estate with more land twice. The current building was built for a later owner, Peter Wasserfalls, a grocer and manufacturer, probably a few years prior to his death in 1782. Wasserfall left the estate to his son who also purchased another nearby property. Carlsminde then changed hands many times. One of the later owners was prime minister Christian Ditlev Frederik Reventlow who wanted a summer residence close to Copenhagen. The property was given the Carlsminde by Bolette Rudolphine Berg (1761–1836) in memory of her late husband Carl Berg. She also completed a 3.5 hectare park in English landscape style. Carlsminde was owned by hunting master Rasmus Petersen from 1855 to 1867. During this period Carlsminde changed status from tenant farm to ownership. A later owner, Valet de chambre G. F. Bentzen, changed the facade in 1894. Carlsminde was acquired by Isak Glückstadt in 1903. He expanded the estate from 10 to 25 hectares. The park was expanded by the landscape architect Erstad Jørgensen . It was centred on lake with pikes and tenches and was also home to two Indian elephants. In 1907 Glückstadt commissioned Carl Brummer to built a Norwegian-style cabin. It was moved to Rungsted in 1910 and to Holte in the early 1940s. Dethlef Jürgensen owned Carlsminde from 1913 to 1947. He sold off most of the land, creating the streets Carlsmindevej and Carlsmindeparken. Jürgensen was a central figure at Klampenborg Racecourses. In 1913 he constructed the side wing with stables for nine horses. A later owner, Erik Møller, a CEO, established a riding ground to the rear of the stables in the 1950s. Venstre acquired the property in 1970 and has been based there since 1971. Architecture The main building fronts a large courtyard located on the southside of Søllerødsvej. A detached side wing marks the east side of the courtyard. The main building is 11 bays long and consists of a high cellar, bel étage and a hipped Mansard roof with blue-glazed tiles. The three-bay median risalit was adapted in the 1893. The two windows that flanked the main entrance were replaced by niches with sandstone vases. The Rococo-style Cartouche above the main entrance and the Neclassical attica was also added at this point. The combination of decorative elements from different architectural styles is a characteristic feature of the Historicist style that dominated Danish architecture in the 1890s. The side wing contains two small apartments flanking a stable with room for nine horses. The northern gable of the side wing is integrated in the wall that partly surrounds the property. Today The secretariat of Venstre is based in the building. The garden is used for events on Constitution Day (5 June). Further reading Drachmann, Eva: Små erindringer fra Carlsminde (Søllerødbogen 1947) Matz´, Tom: Carlsminde i 230 år (Søllerødbogen 1981)* Matz, Tom: Fin hestekultur på Carlsminde'' (Søllerødbogen 1981) References External links Venstre Category:Listed buildings and structures in Rudersdal Municipality Category:Baroque architecture in Copenhagen

Q: Why do orc files consume more space than parquet files in Hive? As far as I understand, ORC files are supposed to be smaller and more compressed than parquet files. However, when I populate my orc table in Apache Hive by selecting rows from my parquet table, the orc table ends up consuming about 7 times more disk space. Any ideas why this happens? My table schema is as follows. It contains a length 200000 array of integers 0, 1 and 2 and each partition has about 10000 rows. CREATE TABLE orc_table ( field1 STRING , field2 INT , field3 STRING , field4 STRING , array_field ARRAY < INT > ) PARTITIONED BY ( partition_name STRING ); ALTER TABLE orc_table ADD PARTITION (partition_name='<partition-name>'); ALTER TABLE orc_table PARTITION (partition_name='<partition_name>') SET FILEFORMAT ORC; INSERT INTO TABLE orc_table PARTITION (partition_name='<partition_name>') SELECT field1, field2, field3, field4, array_field FROM parquet_table WHERE partition_name='<partition_name>'; A: Changing these settings solved the problem: SET hive.exec.compress.intermediate=true; SET hive.exec.compress.output=true; SET mapred.output.compression.type=BLOCK; Appearently, Hive uses map-reduce for converting between the data formats. Therefore, also map-reduce output compression needs to be switched on. But this is only guess.

Q: Transport-level vs message-level security I'm reading a book on WCF and author debates about pros of using message-level security over using transport-level security. Anyways, I can't find any logic in author's arguments One limitation of transport security is that it relies on every “step” and participant in the network path having consistently configured security. In other words, if a message must travel through an intermediary before reaching its destination, there is no way to ensure that transport security has been enabled for the step after the intermediary (unless that interme- diary is fully controlled by the original service provider). If that security is not faithfully reproduced, the data may be compromised downstream. Message security focuses on ensuring the integrity and privacy of individ- ual messages, without regard for the network. Through mechanisms such as encryption and signing via public and private keys, the message will be protected even if sent over an unprotected transport (such as plain HTTP). a) If that security is not faithfully reproduced, the data may be compromised downstream. True, but assuming two systems communicating use SSL and thus certificates, then the data they exchange can't be decrypted by intermediary, but instead it can only be altered, which the receiver will notice and thus reject the packet?! b) Anyways, as far as I understand the above quote, it is implying that if two systems establish a SSL connection, and if intermediary system S has SSL enabled and if S is also owned by a hacker, then S ( aka hacker ) won't be able to intercept SSL traffic travelling through it? But if S doesn't have SSL enabled, then hacker will be able to intercept SSL traffic? That doesn't make sense! c) Message security focuses on ensuring the integrity and privacy of individ- ual messages, without regard for the network. Through mechanisms such as encryption and signing via public and private keys, the message will be protected even if sent over an unprotected transport (such as plain HTTP). This doesn't make sense, since transport-level security also can use encryption and certificates, so why would using private/public keys at message-level be more secure than using them at transport-level? Namelly, if intermediary is able to intercept SSL traffic, why wouldn't it also be able to intercept messages secured via message-level private/public keys? thank you A: Consider the case of SSL interception. Generally, if you have an SSL encrypted connection to a server, you can trust that you "really are* connected to that server, and that the server's owners have identified themselves unambiguously to a mutually trusted third party, like Verisign, Entrust, or Thawte (by presenting credentials identifying their name, address, contact information, ability to do business, etc., and receiving a certificate countersigned by the third party's signature). Using SSL, this certificate is an assurance to the end user that traffic between the user's browser (client) and the server's SSL endpoint (which may not be the server itself, but some switch, router, or load-balancer where the SSL certificate is installed) is secure. Anyone intercepting that traffic gets gobbledygook and if they tamper with it in any way, then the traffic is rejected by the server. But SSL interception is becoming common in many companies. With SSL interception, you "ask" for an HTTPS connection to (for example) www.google.com, the company's switch/router/proxy hands you a valid certificate naming www.google.com as the endpoint (so your browser doesn't complain about a name mismatch), but instead of being countersigned by a mutually trusted third party, it is countersigned by their own certificate authority (operating somewhere in the company), which also happens to be trusted by your browser (since it's in your trusted root CA list which the company has control over). The company's proxy then establishes a separate SSL-encrypted connection to your target site (in this example, www.google.com), but the proxy/switch/router in the middle is now capable of logging all of your traffic. You still see a lock icon in your browser, since the traffic is encrypted up to your company's inner SSL endpoint using their own certificate, and the traffic is re-encrypted from that endpoint to your final destination using the destination's SSL certificate, but the man in the middle (the proxy/router/switch) can now log, redirect, or even tamper with all of your traffic. Message-level encryption would guarantee that the message remains encrypted, even during these intermediate "hops" where the traffic itself is decrypted. Load-balancing is another good example, because the SSL certificate is generally installed on the load balancer, which represents the SSL endpoint. The load balancer is then responsible for deciding which physical machine to send the now-decrypted traffic to for processing. Your messages may go through several "hops" like this before it finally reaches the service endpoint that can understand and process the message. A: I think I see what he's getting at. Say like this: Web client ---> Presentation web server ---> web service call to database In this case you're depending on the middle server encrypting the data again before it gets to the database. If the message was encrypted instead, only the back end would know how to read it, so the middle doesn't matter.

Shane Watson's life without bowling is so far turning out to be a life without worries - for him, and for Australia. Another fluent innings from Watson set the hosts on the path to a leisurely five-wicket victory over the West Indies at the SCG, thus extending the series ledger to 4-0 in favour of Michael Clarke's team as they begin to be fragmented by departures for the imminent tour of India. Forming important early stands with Aaron Finch and Phillip Hughes, Watson showed there was little bowling joy to be found in a pitch on which the visitors earlier slipped to 55 for 6. Kieron Pollard's admirable rearguard had dragged the visitors' tally to 220 and at least ensured the lights would be required before 18,161 spectators watched Australia strolling home with 31 balls to spare. Watson played handsome strokes all around the ground, while also absorbing a teasing spell from Sunil Narine, but was given a major helping of good fortune on 32 when wicketkeeper Devon Thomas dropped the sort of chance any gloveman would have been embarrassed to turf. The West Indies were again their own worst enemies when Narsingh Deonarine spurned a chance to run out Hughes, taking the ball but disturbing the stumps with his arm as he did so. Pollard's century notwithstanding, Australia's target had been kept well within reach by Mitchell Johnson, who had done his best impression of the rested Mitchell Starc to zip through the visitors' batting. None of the West Indian top four reached double figures, leaving Pollard attempting to cobble some kind of total together in a match rendered dead by Australia's completion of an unassailable 3-0 margin on Wednesday night in Canberra. Supported by Ben Cutting, Clint McKay and a tidy Glenn Maxwell, Johnson grabbed three early wickets to turn the West Indies innings into a salvage operation for Pollard after their captain Darren Sammy had little hesitation batting first on a dry, hard surface that offered bounce. Finch and Watson began the chase with good sense, striding to a second half-century opening stand in as many innings before Finch was pinned lbw by Narine. Reviewing the decision, Finch discovered the ball was straight enough and clipping the top of the stumps, sending him on his way for another total that indicated more promise than substance. Hughes was soon playing in Watson's slipstream, the target steadily reduced, but he did not exploit the missed run out, gloving an attempted paddle sweep to slip after struggling to deal with Narine's spin, which from the outset of the innings had seemed West Indies' lone hope of inducing a rush of wickets. Watson prevented this however, and had left the middle order a task far from taxing by the time Thomas did hang onto a chance, a swift delivery from Tino Best taking bat handle or glove. The remainder of the chase was more comfortable than memorable, though Matthew Wade roused the crowd by hoicking his first ball - a free-hit from Andrew Russell - into the Members Stand, and the win was momentarily delayed when Clarke gloved Best behind with only one run required. It had seemed a useful toss for Sammy to win on a pristine afternoon, but Johnson found enough new ball swing to bring back the tourists' repressed memories of being shot down for 70 at the WACA ground. In the fourth over Johnson Charles was utterly defeated by a delivery bending back late to pluck out his off stump. McKay was giving nothing away at the other end, allowing Johnson to attack, and Kieran Powell fell victim to another swinging ball before Darren Bravo failed to ride the bounce. Dwayne Bravo was given lbw on referral when Maxwell straightened an off break into him, then Cutting extracted useful bounce on his arrival to the bowling crease that accounted for Deonarine and Thomas, the latter sent on his way after the third umpire reviewed Finch's low catch. At that point another pre-dinner finish beckoned, but Pollard provided a reminder of the batting skill that drove him to a century against the same opponents in St Lucia last year. He did so with greater restraint than has usually been characteristic in forming stands of 35 with Andre Russell and 64 with Narine. Pollard waited until his 115th delivery to swing for the fences, crashing James Faulkner's slower ball over wide long-on, and he added another off McKay before jumping for joy upon reaching three figures. Well as he played, the final tally was never likely to be enough. Watson's authority made that certain.

ENGLAND: Premier League Today, 30/10/2016, at 17:00 it playing game Southampton – Chelsea, which be part of England: Premier League. The match Southampton – Chelsea is free and you can see Live Video Online by clicking one of the sources below. Matches Live – Source 1 – click here Today, 02/10/2016, at 18:30 it playing game Burnley – Arsenal, which be part of England: Premier League. The match Burnley – Arsenal is free and you can see Live Video Online by clicking one of the sources below. Matches Live – Source 1 – click here Today, 02/10/2016, at 16:15 it playing game Tottenham – Manchester City, which be part of England: Premier League. The match Tottenham – Manchester City is free and you can see Live Video Online by clicking one of the sources below. Matches Live – Source 1 – click here Today, 02/10/2016, at 16:15 it playing game Leicester – Southampton, which be part of England: Premier League. The match Leicester – Southampton is free and you can see Live Video Online by clicking one of the sources below. Matches Live – Source 1 – click here Today, 02/10/2016, at 14:00 it playing game Manchester Utd – Stoke, which be part of England: Premier League. The match Manchester Utd – Stoke is free and you can see Live Video Online by clicking one of the sources below. Matches Live – Source 1 – click here Today, 28/04/2014, at hour 21:00 it playing game between Arsenal – Newcastle Utd, which be part of ENGLAND: Premier League. Game between Arsenal – Newcastle Utd is free and you can see Live Video Online by clicking one of the sources below.. Matches Bet365 – Source 1 – click here Matches Live – Source 2 […] Today, 26/04/2014, at hour 18:30 it playing game between Manchester United – Norwich, which be part of ENGLAND: Premier League. Game between Manchester United – Norwich is free and you can see Live Video Online by clicking one of the sources below.. Matches Bet365 – Source 1 – click here Matches Live – Source 2 […]

Q: recursively mix strings I'm trying to link two string together recursively, but not getting the expected results: For the two strings "abcd" and "xyz" - expected output should be "axbyczd": def strr(str1, str2): def recstr(str1, str2, prn): if str1 == '': return str2 if str2 == '': return str1 else: return prn + recstr(str1[:len(str1)-len(prn)],str2[:len(str2)-len(prn)],prn) return recstr(str1, str2, '') print strr("abcdef","12345") A: When you ran out of characters in either string, you returned the other string without concatenating it to a running accumulator. Look at what I do when s1 or s2 is empty. Also, in your recursive case, you have a very complex slicing of s1 and s2. You should really only need to slice s1[1:] and s2[1:] This should do it def recstr(s1, s2, answer=''): if not s1: return answer+s2 if not s2: return answer+s1 return recstr(s1[1:], s2[1:], answer+s1[0]+s2[0]) In [15]: s1,s2 = 'abcd', 'xyz' In [16]: print recstr(s1,s2) axbyczd Of course, a much cleaner way to do this would be to use itertools.izip_longest and itertools.chain.from_iterable: In [23]: zips = itertools.izip_longest(s1,s2, fillvalue='') In [24]: ''.join(itertools.chain.from_iterable(zips)) Out[24]: 'axbyczd' [Thanks @AshwiniChaudhary for pointing out the fillvalue param in izip_longest] Hope this helps

Q: Is strlen(__FILE__) evaluated at compile time Is strlen(__FILE__) evaluated at compile time -- assuming I'm using a recent compiler (GCC, Clang, MSVC)? A: Clang and gcc are both able to compute this at compile-time thanks to constant-folding optimization passes, but this is nowhere enforced in the C++ standard. Using sizeof could ensure that this is computed at compile-time.

Utilizing RNA-Seq to Identify Differentially Expressed Genes in Glaucoma Model Tissues, Such as the Rodent Optic Nerve Head. Understanding the cellular pathways activated by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is crucial for the development of more effective glaucoma treatments. Microarray studies have previously been used to identify several key gene expression changes in early and extensively injured ONH, as well as in the retina. Limitations of microarrays include that they can only be used to detect transcripts that correspond to existing genomic sequencing information and their narrower dynamic range. However, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is a powerful tool for investigating known transcripts, as well as for exploring new ones (including noncoding RNAs and small RNAs), is more quantitative, and has the added benefit that the data can be re-analyzed as new sequencing information becomes available. Here, we describe an RNA-seq method specifically developed for identifying differentially expressed genes in optic nerve heads of eyes exposed to elevated intraocular pressure. The methods described here could also be applied to small tissue samples (less than 100 ng in total RNA yield) from retina, optic nerve, or other regions of the central nervous system.

Many say that location is the number one factor when deciding on buying a house, when in reality, it’s actually our finances. Realizing that with $200,000 you can only buy 126 square feet of living space in Manhattan, while in Cleveland you can get over 3,700 square feet, can seriously put things into perspective. The perfect home combines a great location with a good price and plenty of space; however, it’s really hard to land such a deal nowadays, especially in vibrant cities where the median home price is through the roof. Comparing home prices in major U.S. cities and seeing mind-blowing differences isn’t anything new, but there’s something about this topic that keeps us curious. This time, we looked at how much space one could buy for the approximate U.S. national median home price of $200,000 in some of the largest cities in the country. It turns out, not as much as you would expect in some places. While the results were indeed astonishing, we didn’t think there would be such a huge discrepancy between the most expensive and least expensive cities. So, if you’re in the market to buy a place with a decent floor plan, and which doesn’t involve winning the lottery, check out our rundown below. How Much Space Can $200K Get You? — From 126 Square Feet in Manhattan to 3,769 in Cleveland, and Everything In Between At $1,585, the median price per square foot in Manhattan is miles away from Cleveland’s ($53/square foot). We calculated that, for $200,000, you could buy a tiny 126-square-foot room in the borough, but it would be difficult to actually live in such a place. Plus, it’s highly unlikely you’d even find a listing of that size and price in Manhattan. At the opposite end of the spectrum, in Cleveland, for $200,000, you could buy more than enough space to enjoy, and then some. You could own a house so big that you’d be hosting fancy Thanksgiving and Christmas gatherings, with spare rooms for your extended family. San Francisco, Boston and San Jose are in the same boat as Manhattan, where prices are sky-high, and the market is on fire, while El Paso, San Antonio and Memphis boast an affordability similar to Cleveland’s. San Antonio stand outs from the latter group with its thriving business activity, and the health and education sectors driving the economy in the area. The development pipeline is also robust, so San Antonio is definitely worth looking into, because with $200,000, you could buy a sizable 3,249-square-foot home there. For the same amount, you could purchase a home ranging from 400 to 600 square feet in Los Angeles and San Diego or one as large as 2,000 square feet in Nashville or Orlando. Some might describe moving to LA as the American Dream, but you’d need a lot more than $200,000 to buy your dream house there. Orlando can be seen as an alternative to LA, with its pleasant climate, its nightlife and job opportunities—the one major difference being that the cost of living is considerably lower. Although major cities, the following are slightly more affordable than San Diego or LA. For $200,000, you’d end up with decent living conditions in Miami (835 square feet), Portland (773 square feet) and Chicago (1,102 square feet), but probably not in the neighborhoods you’d want. Southern Hospitality—the Best Places to Buy a Home for $200K If you don’t mind the hot weather, Austin and Dallas are great candidates, but so are Atlanta and Charlotte. Atlanta, being a regional powerhouse with a healthy economy, is the most expensive city out of the 5, but also the most vibrant when it comes to entertainment. For $200,000, you could live comfortably in a 1,119-square-foot home in Atlanta or enjoy an extra 500 square feet if you prefer Charlotte. Everything’s bigger in Texas—and your house could be too! For $200K, you could buy a big house in Austin (1,341 square feet), and an even bigger one in Dallas (1,824 square feet). Both cities have their own charm, so choosing one over the other all boils down to personal preference. Looking at the data, it’s safe to say that if you’re in the market to buy a home this year, chances are that you’ll need to come up with a lot more than just the U.S. median price to buy a spacious home in one of the country’s high-profile cities, or a lot less, if you chose a more affordable city. Either way, one thing is for sure, you’ll sacrifice either space or location to stay within this budget. Methodology: We used PropertyShark data to determine the median home size (square footage) in each city and 2016 U.S. Census data to determine the median home price. To calculate the median price per square foot we divided the median home sale price with the median home size in each location and used the rounded amount ($200,000) of the national median home price of $214,000, to determine how much space you can buy in each city.

Venous obstruction due to a distended urinary bladder. Bladder distention is an infrequently reported cause of venous obstruction that may be confused clinically with deep venous thrombosis or congestive heart failure. Urinary symptoms may be minimal or absent. Herein we describe a 73-year-old man with unilateral lower extremity edema caused by a distended urinary bladder. In addition, we review the clinical manifestations of 15 previously reported cases of venous obstruction due to urinary retention. Of the 15 patients, all but 1 had painless bilateral lower extremity edema. In most cases, the cause of bladder distention was benign prostatic enlargement.

Concerto in G major __NOTOC__ Many composers have written concerti in the key of G major. These include: Harpsichord and piano concertos Harpsichord Concerto BWV 1058 (J. S. Bach) Piano Concerto No. 4 (Mozart) Piano Concerto No. 17 (Mozart) Piano Concerto No. 4 (Beethoven) Piano Concerto No. 2 (Tchaikovsky) Piano Concerto (Ravel) Piano Concerto No. 2 (Bartók) Piano Concerto No. 5 (Prokofiev) Viola and violin concertos Viola Concerto (Telemann) Violin Concerto No. 4 (Haydn) Violin Concerto No. 3 (Mozart) Flute concertos Flute Concerto No. 1 (Mozart) See also List of compositions for cello and orchestra List of compositions for keyboard and orchestra List of compositions for violin and orchestra

Acute tryptophan depletion in healthy young women with a family history of major affective disorder. Acute tryptophan depletion (ATD), a means of reducing brain serotonin synthesis, lowers mood in normal males with a multi-generational family history of major affective disorder (MAD) and in normal women devoid of any family history of psychiatric illness. As both a family history of MAD and female sex are factors predisposing to depression, the hypothesis that a mood lowering response to ATD may reflect a susceptibility to depression was further investigated in young women with an extensive, multi-generational family history of MAD. In addition, the temporal stability of mood change following repeated trials of ATD was also assessed in this study. To deplete tryptophan, a tryptophan deficient amino acid mixture was ingested on two separate occasions. The control treatment, administered on a third occasion, was a nutritionally balanced amino acid mixture containing tryptophan. A marked lowering of plasma tryptophan (85-90 %) was achieved by both depletions. In comparison to the balanced condition, family history positive (FH +) women showed no lowering of mood to either the first or second ATD (N = 13) and N = 12, respectively). Mood change between the two ATD trials (N = 13) exhibited poor temporal stability. These results may indicate that serotonin responsiveness is not an important characteristic of vulnerability to depression in these women. Alternately, these negative results may be due to the exclusion of a large number of FH + women who had already experienced an episode of depression, resulting in the selection of a biased FH + sample who are resistant to the mood lowering effects of ATD.

Q: date format dd.mm.yyyy in C I want to know if there is a way to read date from console in format dd.mm.yyyy in C. I have a structure with information for the date. I tried with another structure just for the date with day, month and year in it: typedef struct { int day; int month; int year; } Date; but the dots are a problem. Any idea? A: Try: Date d; if (scanf("%d.%d.%d", &d.day, &d.month, &d.year) != 3) error();

The protective effect of melatonin on the in vitro development of yak embryos against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative injury. SummaryMelatonin plays a critical role in several types of cells as an antioxidant to protect intracellular molecules from oxidative stress. The anti-oxidation effect of melatonin in yak embryos is largely unknown. We report that melatonin can protect the development of yak preimplantation embryos against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Therefore, the quality of blastocysts developed from zygotes exposed to H2O2 was promoted. In addition, we observed that melatonin reduced H2O2-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and prevented mitochondrial dysfunction in zygotes. These phenomena revealed the effective antioxidant activity of melatonin to prevent oxidative stress in yak embryos. To determine the underlying mechanism, we further demonstrated that melatonin protected preimplantation embryos from oxidative damage by preserving antioxidative enzymes. Collectively, these results confirmed the anti-oxidation effect of melatonin in yak embryos that significantly improved the quantity and quality of blastocysts in the in vitro production of embryos in yaks.

It's the summer of love, and heavy music is alive and well. We can live in hope that the veterans of rock will continue to deliver the goods. Nonpoint, the foursome from Miami are back with their new offering, Recoil. Certainly not oldsters, their spot on the scene has been noticeable with a killer debut and a slot in the 2001 Ozzfest lineup. “The Same” is an explosive opener, which melds Robb Rivera's and KB's blistering drum/bass rhythm work. Lots of attitude in this one, but these guys bleed attitude. “White breaded bitches” is said with a deadpan tone before Track 5 starts. Entitled “Rabia,” which means rage in Spanish, -- this song shreds. Great guitar work. It's one that took a couple listens, however. The song will make the mellow person aggro. Especially if white breaded bitches come to mind (joke?). I thought for a minute that if I heard “Rabia” while a kid was trapped under the wheels of a Yukon, I would pick the SUV up over my head and run to a parking lot while “Yo soy de ultima, maxima ...” played on. Then I would see if the kid was alright, of course. I can hear it in my head now. Stuck song syndrome. Better than “La Vida Loca,” Ricky. - advertisement - “Done It Anyway” rocks hard. Crunchy power chords, mean vocals from Elias and Andrew. Angry, emotionally charged, and inspiring. “Past It All” is where the band really puts it all together. Lyrically and vocally it is beautiful. A good lovin' gone bad type of song. It seems like this could be a single that would be chart worthy. Recoil is weak when and if compared to Statement, but there are exceptional tracks on the record. “The Side With the Guns” is one example. Their rendition of “In The Air Tonight” wouldn't do Phil Collins too proud. Maybe that wasn't their intention. Trying to give it a fair hearing after a couple plays, I have decided to never listen to that track again. Ever. Please consider that with thirteen tracks and just one real dud, that ain't bad. So listen, make sure to play the dud, and decide for yourself.

1. Where to Stay Photo: Courtesy of Grand Hyatt Tampa Bay Experience a bygone era at the elegant Don Vicente de Ybor Historic Inn (from $139) in the Cuban-American enclave of Ybor City, a National Historic Landmark District just east of downtown. Formerly the offices of a cigar magnate, this restored 1895 building now houses sixteen rooms with Persian rugs and brass chandeliers, as well as an antique-filled lounge that provides a welcome respite from the area’s sometimes-raucous nightlife scene. Sleep in the heart of Tampa’s resurgent downtown at the Floridan Palace (from $149), a nineteen-story architectural icon that ranked as the state’s tallest skyscraper when it was built in 1926. Reopened last July after nearly seven years of renovations, the hotel’s 195 rooms and eighteen suites are decorated in the Beaux-Arts style, with a palette of rich jewel tones and furniture accented with gold-painted overlays and carved rosettes. Opt for one of the 45 casitas (from $189) at the Grand Hyatt Tampa Bay, which underwent an extensive $16 million redesign last fall. Located on a 35-acre private nature preserve on Old Tampa Bay, these 300-square-foot Spanish-style villas feature modern interiors that subtly evoke this stretch of coast and its Latin history with sea-glass-like wall accents, Saltillo-tile floors, and Moorish-inspired throw pillows. 2. Where to Eat Photo: Courtesy of The Refiner (L); courtesy of edison: food+drink lab (R) Snag a reservation for dinner at the Refinery, which has earned three James Beard Award nominations since opening in 2010. Housed in a converted Craftsman-style bungalow on an industrial stretch in Seminole Heights, the restaurant features a homey aesthetic and a market-oriented weekly menu that mixes high and low: Think sweetbread-stuffed tomatoes ($10) offered alongside a vegetarian sloppy joe ($13). Channel your inner food geek at edison: food+drink lab, where you’ll find liquid-nitrogen milkshakes ($4), a dessert menu designed around a map of the taste buds, and wine served by the 375 mL Erlenmeyer flask (from $15). Opened last August by chef Jeannie Pierola, formerly of famous Bern’s Steakhouse, the restaurant is appropriately illuminated by lots of Edison bulbs and has a menu that changes daily, as the chef reinterprets classics for her du jour egg dishes ($11), charcuterie boards ($12), and PB&J sandwiches ($9). Relive Tampa’s past as a gangster haven at Ciro’s Speakeasy and Supper Club, where the Prohibition-era theatrics include a dress code, a password required to bypass the unmarked entrance (given to you when you book a table), a written list of house rules, and a waitstaff decked out in pearls, suspenders, and fedoras. The cocktails are a throwback to the twenties, but the food is less self-consciously retro, anchored by a slate of small plates including black-truffle popcorn ($9), raw oysters with Bloody Mary sorbet ($18), and prime beef tartare with a foie gras emulsion and fried quail egg ($18). 3. What to Do Photo: Courtesy of Oxford Exchange Shop for well-curated books and home décor pieces at Oxford Exchange, a 24,000-square-foot, multiuse space that opened last September in the former stables of the now-defunct Tampa Bay Hotel. Inspired by London’s shops and clubs, this reimagined arcade draws heavily on British design, with checkerboard marble floors, coffered ceilings, tufted leather sofas, and a glass conservatory roof. In addition to shops, there’s also a restaurant where you can have breakfast or lunch, as well as outposts from local favorites TeBella Tea Company and Buddy Brew Coffee. Stroll the pedestrian-only Tampa Riverwalk, an ongoing urban renewal project that will eventually link 2.4 miles of cultural institutions along the Hillsborough River, including the Tampa Bay History Center, the Glazer Children’s Museum, the Tampa Museum of Art, the David A. Straz, Jr. Center for the Performing Arts, and the soon-to-be-renovated Waterworks Park in Tampa Heights. A series of bronze busts honoring famous historic Tampa citizens and a new stretch along Curtis Hixon Waterfront Park are recent additions to the waterfront, which also features Sunday afternoon yoga classes, two interactive fountains, and the southeastern U.S.’s first NEOS 360 Ring, a state-of-the-art playground attraction that combines video games and aerobic exercise. Sample unique microbrews ($5 for sixteen ounces in the tasting room) inspired by local history at five-year-old Cigar City Brewery. Different varieties are named after the pre-Columbian Tocobaga tribe, the Cuban sport of bolita, and José Martí, the father of Cuban independence; the ingredients, too, reflect the city’s culture, with flavor additions including Cuban-style espresso beans, the Spanish cedar used to make cigar boxes, and, because Tampa is sometimes lovingly dubbed “the Big Guava,” pink guava purée. 4. Insider’s Tip Join in-the-know foodies at the Sunday market at the Wat Mongkolratanaram, a Thai Buddhist temple hidden among Spanish-moss-draped trees on the Palm River. Get there early (around 10:30, to be safe) if you hope to secure a spot at one of the red picnic tables on the riverbank, then fill up on Thai iced teas ($1), curries ($5), and crispy deep-fried taro, sweet potato, and banana ($3) made and sold by local Thai-American families. Make sure you order the popular khanom krok, dumplings made from scallion-studded coconut custard, as soon as you arrive to avoid a potential hour-long wait. 5. Oddball Day Photo: Courtesy of Visit Tampa Spend a day exploring Tampa’s vibrant Cuban culture in and around Ybor City, the former cigar-manufacturing capital of the world. Start with a café con leché (from $1.25) at no-frills La Tropicana Café (1822 E. Seventh Ave.; 813-247-4040), and the scrambled egg, ham, and chorizo sandwich (from $3.25) comes served on toasted Cuban bread from nearby La Segunda Bakery. Next, stroll north on 19th Street to explore La Casita, a restored cigar worker’s bungalow at the Ybor City Museum State Park ($4), which also includes the historic 1923 Ferlita Bakery building and adjacent Mediterranean-style gardens. Return to Seventh Avenue (La Septima) and stop into the many smoke shops where cigars are still rolled on site to this day. Grab a copy of La Gaceta, America’s only trilingual newspaper — Italian, English, and Spanish — and head to Carmine’s (1802 E. Seventh Ave.; 813-248-3834) for a Cuban sandwich ($7.99), which many say was invented in Tampa as a quick lunch for cigar rollers. (Ybor City’s version often adds Genoa salami to the traditional lineup of roast pork, ham, Swiss cheese, mustard, and dill pickles as a nod to the neighborhood’s Italian influences.) Hop aboard the yellow TECO Line Streetcar (one-day pass, $5) and head downtown. Step off at stop No. 9 to check out the world’s largest collection of cigar memorabilia at the Tampa Bay History Center ($12.95), then ride the trolley to the end of the line and follow Franklin Street north to the elaborate Tampa Theatre (new releases, $10), built in 1926 in the hodgepodge Florida Mediterranean style with Spanish, Italian Renaissance, Baroque, Byzantine, Greek Revival, and English Tudor influences. The theater is meant to evoke a Mediterranean courtyard under a ceiling of twinkling stars, and each movie begins with a performance on the Mighty Wurlitzer pipe organ. End the day with dinner back in Ybor City at Columbia Restaurant, which opened in 1905 and now ranks as Florida’s oldest restaurant. Order sangria, made tableside with Spanish red wine or cava (pitchers from $18.95), and then make a dinner of paella (from $24) or more local Cuban-American specialties, as you watch one of the two nightly flamenco shows ($6 cover, 7 and 9:30, no shows Sunday). 6. Links Explore the city’s burgeoning culinary scene with Tasting Tampa. Dive In Tampa Bay is a hyperlocal guide to the nightlife and culture scene of South Tampa. The Tampa Downtown Partnership is an up-to-the-minute guide on what’s new and buzzworthy downtown. Culture Shock, the blog of the David A. Straz, Jr. Center for the Performing Arts, offers “news and musings” on the local and national theater world.

Q: Securing a LAN that has multiple exposed external Cat 6 cable runs? We're evaluating putting in an IP-based CCTV system for a third-party upcoming project (part of a wider networking project). The CCTV system is cabled as follows: Cat 6 running from each external camera to a POE switch, patch cable from switch to NVR (network video recorder basically HDD enclosure that records the CCTV). My concern is that there will be multiple long external Cat 6 runs that are essentially very easy entry points into the network. All some one would need to do is cut the cable, put RJ45s on both ends of the cut, place a small switch in-between and then patch themselves into the switch... Apart from the couple of minutes downtime, the CCTV camera could even carry on working. What can I do to secure the network? I can't just not connect that switch to the rest of the LAN because there are third-party apps (home automation controllers like Crestron) that we use that sit on the local network and access the NVR as well as other local area network-attached devices. A: Options that come to mind: Use a Managed Switch to provide access control by physical port. For each physical port, only a specific IP address can be allocated (i.e. that of the camera) This may help detect attacks because if the attacker tries to create an IP conflict to access the rest of the LAN then that will likely interfere with the camera connection. More advanced attackers can probably avoid such detection though. For each IP we now know it can only come from a particular physical port. We then create access control lists by destination IP and TCP port number. Ideally the cameras should use HTTPS and that your receiving station is secured against MiTM by verifying the camera's HTTPS certificate fingerprint. At the very least the cameras should have some kind of authentication before releasing their video stream and configuration interface. If modern WiFi is an option it has a built-in authentication before accessing the LAN based on a shared secret. However, it can be DoSed wirelessly and its security is less easily validated by another party. (proving physical cables secure is easier than proving that a shared secret was not compromised) I've heard of an authentication method designed for restricting Ethernet use but I'm not sure its scope (or if your camera supports it) or whether it will help you without updating all the other devices on the LAN. Perhaps a Managed Switch would help contain the need for updating configuration. Overall review the security of the other devices on your LAN. Windows computers should treat the networks as Public Networks so they do not assume trust. Each device on your LAN should be considered and secured. Of course do not leave any default credentials in place. The passwords must be reset on all new devices both for the CCTV and other devices on your LAN. Don't forget physical barriers :-) A: Put your cameras and video recorder on a separate network segment, and bridge them through a firewall that would allow internal devices to talk to the video recorder while preventing anything on the untrusted side of the network from talking to the other side. This can easily be done with a Linux/BSD machine (with IPtables/PF) and I'm sure there are commercial routers like Cisco or Ubiquiti that would do the trick as well. If your cables end up at a physically secure location before going to the cameras you could also use IPSec with a small server at both ends to encrypt the traffic that goes over the insecure cable, that way an attacker won't be able to do much unless he cracks IPSec. A: Use encrypted VLAN or VPN. Set up a VPN gateway wherever your network switches between internal to external. Make sure that all external cables carry only encrypted data. With encrypted link, you ensure authenticity (data must come from inside trusted network), integrity (data is not modified when traveling on untrusted cable), and confidentiality (data is not leaked through the external cables). The final security concern is availability (service is not interrupted), encryption doesn't solve this. What you can do for availability is to have additional redundant path between the trusted networks and automatic rerouting between them. An attacker would have needed to simultaneously compromise all physical paths to take down the service. Additionally, as you have a camera network, you might want to make sure that anyone that needs to get to access panel and exposed wiring within the unencrypted internal network has to pass through a camera's line of sight. This way, you would record evidence of tampering and gives you a chance to identify the perpetrator.

Q: Singleton Overuse I was considering using a Singleton pattern in a winforms application that I am working on, but a lot of people seem to think that singletons are evil. I was planning on making a "Main Menu" form which is a singleton. I can't think of any reason that I would want multiple instances of my Main Menu, and it is always going to be the first form that comes up, so I am not concerned with wasting resources if it gets instantiated unnecessarily. Also, I could see issues arising if there are multiple instances of the Main Menu. For example, if another form has a "Main Menu" button and there are multiple instances of the Main Menu, then the decision of which instance to show seems ambiguous. Also, if I have another winform which has to look at the state of the program to determine whether there is already an instance of the main menu, then I feel like I am breaking modularity, though I might be wrong. Should I be avoiding the use of a singleton in this case or would it be better to make the Main Menu static? I just started using c# a couple days ago, and I haven't really done much with OOP in the last few years, so I apologize if this is a stupid question. Thanks A: Is MainMenu shown all the time? If not, it would make sense to release the old instance when it's closed and create a new one every time you need to open it. This way other modules won't need to know of its instances, they'll just create one when they need to open it.

INTRODUCTION ============ Competitive sports for disabled individuals have entered into a fast development process during the recent years. These sports have gained a place in a wide spectrum reaching open athletes and elite athletes. Paralympic games have raised awareness for the participation of disabled individuals in these sports. These games form an exercise characteristic for preventive health and improve cardio-metabolic aptness. Furthermore, they develop social integration of the disabled individuals by improving their self-confidence, self-competency and life quality ([@b1-jer-13-1-62]). Wheelchair (WC) basketball is the most popular paralympic sport ([@b8-jer-13-1-62]). This sport consists of activities demanding explosive strength and speed and intermediate intensity ([@b18-jer-13-1-62]). WC-use requires the active and coordinated usage of upper extremity muscles especially shoulder complex muscles actively and coordinately. The shoulder flexors make the major contribution during WC-pushing stage and the shoulder extensors are dominant during the return stage. There is increased shoulder muscle cocontraction seen during the passage stage between these two stages ([@b17-jer-13-1-62]; [@b20-jer-13-1-62]). The upper extremity injuries are seen in WC-using individuals considerably ([@b2-jer-13-1-62]). Shoulder pain is the most frequently seen complaint ([@b7-jer-13-1-62]). [@b6-jer-13-1-62] reported in their study conducted on WC-using individuals that the persons suffered shoulder pain caused by many reasons including biceps tendinitis and shoulder instability, and 29% of these people had pain during relaxation as well. [@b4-jer-13-1-62] showed in their study that 90% of women WC basketball athletes had shoulder and upper extremity pain. Muscle strength unbalance in the shoulder region and relative weakness in the depressors of humeral head can be affective for the development and continuation of rotator cuff compression syndrome ([@b3-jer-13-1-62]). In addition to shoulder complexities, elbow and wrist injuries occur frequently in WC athletes. Wrist extension and wrist joint movement speed with deviations are the factors affecting dynamic performance and causing injuries ([@b15-jer-13-1-62]). Both wrist extension and flexion movement gap and muscle strength are the factors affecting performance of WC basketball players ([@b21-jer-13-1-62]). High level of condition is required for winning a competition in WC basketball like in all sports. The major factors affecting WC basketball performance are muscle strength and sprint speed. Having high level of muscle strength in WC basketball will ensure both performance improvement in basic movements unique to basketball and independence in daily life activities. The objective of this study was to reveal the isokinetic muscle strength characteristics of upper extremity in WC basketball athletes. The descriptive information will lead to the description of injury-preventing programs and more specific training programs. MATERIALS AND METHODS ===================== This study was conducted to reveal upper extremity isokinetic muscle strength characteristics in WC basketball players at the Ministry of Youth and Sports, Sports General Directorship, Health Affairs Department Directorship (Athlete Training and Health Research Center). All the athletes who accepted to participate in the study were informed about the study purpose, the assessments contained in the study and the benefits of the study before starting the study and the study was based on volunteerism, and approval was obtained. The necessary permit and approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University to conduct the study (13/03 \[346\]). The participants in the present study consisted of 12 male WC basketball players, aged 23--40 years, who are members of the Turkish national WC basketball team and their scores ranged between 2.5--4.5. The descriptive characteristics, age, height, weight and disability types of the athletes were recorded. Isokinetic muscle strength assessment ------------------------------------- Isokinetic muscle strength was assessed by ISOMED 2000 (D. & R. Ferstl GmbH, Hemau, Germany) device. Prior to the test, the athletes did general and special warming workouts for 10 min. Following the warming, the athletes were taken to the isokinetic device one by one for measurement and the device was adjusted according to their individual anthropometric structures. During the test, their weights were entered in the computer and the program was set. The suitability of the movement range of the joint to be tested to the angles that are to be tested was determined by making the athletes do a sample movement at a very low speed. At the same time, the gravity effect was set to zero. The joint angles were adjusted in the assessment by considering the joint movement ranges of the persons and the measurement characteristics of the device. An assessment was made for the shoulder flexion/extension movement between the angles of 30° flexion and 120° flexion, and for the wrist flexion/extension movement between the angles of 50° flexion and 60° extension. The assessment protocol: the athletes warmed by doing the flexion/extension movement at 90°/sec with five repeats as submaximal and they were ensured to perceive the movement. Following the warming movement and a 30-sec rest, they did maximal flexion/extension movement at 60°/sec speed and with five repeats ([@b12-jer-13-1-62]) and again following a 30-sec rest, they did maximal flexion/extension movement at 240°/sec speed and with 15 repeats and the test was completed. The assessments were made bilaterally for each joint and first the dominant side was assessed and 3 min later the nondominant side was assessed. The same protocol was applied the following day for the wrist joint. Statistical analysis -------------------- The data collected regarding the isokinetic strength of the athletes were analyzed by IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 22.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). The descriptive statistics of all variables were determined. The results were indicated as mean±standard deviation. RESULTS ======= Demographic characteristics and disability types of the athletes are shown in [Table 1](#t1-jer-13-1-62){ref-type="table"}. The peak torque values and peak torque/weight values of dominant - nondominant shoulder flexion and extension movements of the athletes and wrist flexion and extension movements at 60°/sec and 240°/sec velocity, and the angles of these values and repeat times are shown in [Table 2](#t2-jer-13-1-62){ref-type="table"}. The extension peak torque was found to be higher than the flexion peak torque in the shoulder joint, and the flexion peak torque value was higher in the wrist. The peak torque values were generated with 2--3 repeats at 60°/sec velocity at both movements for the wrist and shoulder. It occurred at 240°/sec velocity with an average of 5--6 repeats for both movements, and it occurred at 3--4 repeats for the wrist. Considering the angle values where the peak torque value is generated, it was at 60°/sec velocity in the shoulder joint as similar in the dominant and nondominant sides approximately 81°--86° and 112°--109° for flexion and extension respectively. At 240°/sec velocity, it was 110°--97°; 108°--106°. For the wrist, at 60°/sec velocity, it was approximately 16°--24° at flexion and at 5°--6° extension as similar in the dominant and nondominant sides respectively for the flexion and extension; at 240°, for flexion and extension, it was respectively 22°--25° flexion and 13°--6° extension. The percentages of the shoulder and wrist flexion/extension movements of the athletes at 60°/sec and 240°/sec velocity for the dominant and nondominant sides and between the right and left, and the standard deviation values are shown in [Table 3](#t3-jer-13-1-62){ref-type="table"}. The extension isokinetic muscle strength in the shoulder joint was higher than the flexion isokinetic muscle strength, and the flexion isokinetic muscle strength in the wrist was higher than the extension isokinetic muscle strength ([Table 3](#t3-jer-13-1-62){ref-type="table"}). DISCUSSION ========== In this study, the peak torque, peak torque/kg, right/left ration percentage and flexion/extension ratio percentage of WC basketball athletes were determined. There are two studies in the literature assessing isokinetic muscle strength in healthy individuals. [@b5-jer-13-1-62] categorized according to age and gender and measured the wrist flexion and extension and shoulder flexion and extension at 60°/sec velocity, and [@b9-jer-13-1-62] published two studies determining isokinetic muscle strength in 178 healthy individuals at angular velocities that were different than ours ([@b5-jer-13-1-62]; [@b9-jer-13-1-62]). Moreover, [@b16-jer-13-1-62] published a study evaluating isokinetic muscle strength in WC tennis athletes as similar to our study. Our values at 60°/sec, and the flexion and extension peak torque values for the dominant and nondominant sides of [@b16-jer-13-1-62], and the shoulder and wrist flexion and extension peak torque values for 20--29 age group and 30--39 age group of [@b5-jer-13-1-62] are shown in [Table 4](#t4-jer-13-1-62){ref-type="table"}. The peak torque of the shoulder flexion and extension in WC basketball athletes included in our study was approximately 2 times of those of the healthy participants in [@b5-jer-13-1-62] study and also of WC tennis athletes in [@b16-jer-13-1-62] study. It is thought that this outcome is caused by the fact that WC basketball sports requires intense upper extremity muscle strength for coordinated movement of WC and ball, and these athletes are included in the Paralympic class. [@b5-jer-13-1-62] found in their study that the wrist flexion/extension ratio was close to 1 in healthy individuals, and in our study, it was determined to be almost 1/3 in the favor of the flexors. Despite a high wrist flexor strength seems to be in favor of the athletes; it must be remembered that the muscle strength imbalance between the wrist flexors and extensors will be a preparatory factor for sports injuries. It was seen that the athletes had tennis player elbow complaint in their backgrounds as parallel to our results. We think that providing information on this issue to athletes and health team, and establishment of training programs for strengthening wrist extensors will prevent overuse injuries. There are numerous studies in the literature showing that individuals become prone to injuries due to muscle imbalances ([@b1-jer-13-1-62]; [@b14-jer-13-1-62]). Since there were only the peak torque data in [@b5-jer-13-1-62] study, peak torque/kg and other characteristic data were not able to be compared. Isokinetic assessments vary according to angular velocity. Therefore, it is not possible to make a comparison with this study since [@b9-jer-13-1-62] assessed the wrist in angular velocities different than ours. The flexion/extension difference and right and left difference in our study are shown in percentages in [Table 3](#t3-jer-13-1-62){ref-type="table"}. These data are critical for the existence of a balance between agonist/antagonist muscle forces and the disruption of the balance make the person prone to injuries ([@b13-jer-13-1-62]). [@b19-jer-13-1-62] found this ratio as 75%--85% for shoulder flexion and extension in their study. In our study, this ratio was found as approximately 71.2% as parallel to this result. [@b10-jer-13-1-62] assessed the antagonist/agonist ratio between the wrist flexion and extension in their study and concluded that there was not a significant difference between the dominant and nondominant sides. In our study, we found that the wrist flexion/extension percentage in both sides varied between 260%--331%. The difference was outside of the normal limits and we suggest that the wrist extensors are strengthened and muscle imbalance is overcome to prevent sports injuries due to muscle strength imbalance. [@b11-jer-13-1-62] reported in their study on isokinetic assessment that more than 10% of difference between the right and left extremities was abnormal. In our study, it was determined that the difference between the right and left side at the shoulder flexion and wrist extension at 240°/sec velocity was more than 10%. Therefore, workout programs must be added to the training programs to improve the strength for right and left bilaterally in activities requiring speed for especially the shoulder flexion and wrist extension. This puts forward the significance of neuro-reactive workouts in the training programs. The results of our study and the percentages between the right-left and extension/flexion in [@b16-jer-13-1-62] study conducted on WC tennis players are shown in [Table 5](#t5-jer-13-1-62){ref-type="table"}. It was seen that the percentage of the right-left flexion and the percentage of the dominant side flexion/extension in WC tennis players were higher than those of the basketball players included in our study. We think that this difference is caused by the inclusion of WC using athletes by both groups however tennis is more asymmetric in comparison to basketball. In addition, in our study the repeat number and angles where the peak strength occurs are indicated. In our study, there were athletes reaching the peak torque in the first repeat, there were also athletes reaching the torque strength at the 14th repeat. The peak occurred at 60°/sec velocity for the shoulder and wrist flexion and extension at an average of 2--3 repeats; and the peak occurred at 240°/sec for the shoulder flexion and extension at the fifth--sixth repeat, and it occurred at the third--fourth repeat for the wrist flexion and extension. This outcome of our study shows that the repeat number must be increased as the assessment speed increases. Studies need to be conducted on this issue with high number of athletes. It was determined in our study that the peak torque occurred at the angles when the shoulder was in an elevated position and at the angles when the wrist was at a functional holding position. We think that this angle was affected by the fact that the athletes were basketball players and basketball throwing position affected the angle for peak torque generation in the wrist. In this context, the angles where the peak torque is generated should be considered when training programs are established. The limitations of our study were failure to compare the peak torque values according to the disability type and age due to the low number of athletes. In conclusion, WC basketball sport is the most popular one among paralympic sports branches and in Turkey. It is a critical tool for the rehabilitation of disabled persons and their integration in society. WC basketball sport is exercised at a professional level in the world and Turkey. Prevention of sports injuries is important in WC basketball like in other sports branches. The workout and training programs is an issue that needs attention for both prevention of sports injuries and achieving high performance in this sports branch. As our study revealed, determination of characteristics of muscle strength of WC athletes and especially using objective isokinetic tools will be guiding for the training program planning and prevention of sports injuries in long term. CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. ###### Demographic characteristics of the athletes who participated in the study Characteristic Value --------------------------- ------------- Age (yr) 28.91±5.00 Height (cm) 75.64±11.79 Weight (kg) 72.73±10.2 Body mass index (kg/m^2^) 30.44±8.08 Disability type  Spina Bifida 1  Polyomyelitis 3  Amputation 2  Paraparesis 2  Paraplegia 2  Meningomyelocele 1 Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number. ###### Peak torque, peak torque/weight, repeat times, and angle values of wheelchair basketball athletes for shoulder and wrist flexion-extension movement at 60°/sec and 240°/sec velocity Angular velocity Dominant Nondominant --------------------------------------- --------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- Shoulder  60°/sec (peak torque) (N/m) 109.63±28.58 150.71±38.75 101.15±28.47 146.98±36.07  60°/sec (peak torque/weight) (N/kg) 13.87±42.77 17.52±53.43 13.75±42.81 22.23±70.02  Angle (°) 81.66±14.36 112.16±16.44 86.16±15.39 109.75±15.12  Repeat number 2.33±1.49 2.91±1.44 3.33±1.49 3.00±1.20  240°/sec (peak torque) (N/m) 93.83±29.64 130.22±36.93 84.31±26.37 119.61±4.34  240°/sec (peak torque/weight) (N/kg) 11.09±33.92 15.6±47.8 12.37±38.9 17.11±53.56  Angle (°) 110.75 ±64.88 108.16±10.02 97.58±16.37 106.58±6.81  Repeat number 6.75±4.88 6.66±3.62 6.41±3.70 4.75±3.74 Wrist  60°/sec (peak torque) (N/m) 32.45±7.96 12.74±3.19 35.75±7.96 13.54±3.23  60°/sec (peak torque/weight) (N/kg) 0.44±0.09 0.17±0.04 0.50±0.13 0.18±0.05  Angle (°) 16.91±20.41 −6.91±16.15 24.41±11.88 −5.25±19.7  Repeat number 2.75±1.54 2.41±1.31 3.00±1.41 3.25±1.28  240°/sec (peak torque) (N/m) 24.15 ±3.35 12.10±9.24 26.39 ±6.78 13.30±8.24  240°/sec (peak torque/weight) (N/kg) 0.33±0.04 0.12 ±0.02 0.36±0.09 0.11±0.03  Angle (°) 22.83±9.61 −13.66±18.69 25.50 ±8.09 −6.91±31.16  Repeat number 4.08±3.94 4.50±3.94 3.66±2.66 3.16±1.26 Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. ###### The percentage between the right and left for the shoulder and wrist flexion and extension movements and the percentage of flexion/extension for all movements Joint Right/left ratio (%) Flexion/extension ratio (%) ---------------- ---------------------- ----------------------------- -------------- -------------- Shoulder joint  60°/sec 109.1±18.8 103.2±21.3 73.28±9.21 69.12±9.63  240°/sec 113.1±31.1 106.6±22.4 73.26±13.6 70.2±13.3 Wrist joint  60°/sec 93.86 ±26.57 97.65±27.99 260.28±52.78 267.55±54.21  240°/sec 96.17±23.71 119.32±29.71 267.11±50.08 331.48±72.99 Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. ###### Literature values of the shoulder and wrist flexion and extension peak torque at 60°/sec velocity Joint angular velocity Dominant Nondominant ------------------------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- Shoulder  60°/sec (our study) 109.63±28.58 150.71±38.75 101.15±28.47 146.98±36.07  60°/sec ([@b16-jer-13-1-62]) 51.4 ±13.9 75.2±20.1 41.4±14.4 68.3±21.2  60°/sec ([@b5-jer-13-1-62])   20--29 yr 51.8±10.6 72.1±19.5   30--39 yr 54.7±7.3 65.6±15.1 Wrist  60°/sec (our study) 32.45±7.96 12.74±3.19 35.75±7.96 13.54±3.23  60°/sec ([@b5-jer-13-1-62])   20--29 yr 20.6±4.4 10.4±3.3   30--39 yr 19.3±4.7 11.0±1.2 ###### The literature values of the comparisons of the right-left and flexion/extension for the shoulder joint at 60°/sec velocity Shoulder joint Right/left ratio (%) Flexion/extension ratio (%) ------------------------------ ---------------------- ----------------------------- ------------ ------------ 60°/sec (our study) 109.1±18.8 103.2±21.3 73.28±9.21 69.12±9.63 60°/sec ([@b16-jer-13-1-62]) 79.1±12.3 90.0±10.6 149.0±23.1 173.7±46.0

Face Of The Day A vendor's dead horse lies on the scene as Pakistani security officials gather at the site of a suicide attack in Lahore, 10 January 2008. At least 22 police officers were killed when a suicide bomber exploded a device outside the high court in the eastern Pakistani city of Lahore. The bomber set off his device when police asked him to stop his motorcycle outside the court, in the latest in a wave of suicide attacks which have claimed hundreds of lives across Pakistan over the past year. By Arif Ali/AFP/Getty. We want to hear what you think about this article. Submit a letter to the editor or write to letters@theatlantic.com.

Creating a brand image for public health nursing. Public health nurses (PHNs) have declined as a proportion of both the nursing and the public health workforces in the past 2 decades. This decline comes as 30 states report public health nursing as the sector most affected in the overall public health shortage. Taken together, these data point to a need for renewed recruitment efforts. However, the current public images of nurses are primarily those of professionals employed in hospital settings. Therefore, this paper describes the development of a marketable image aimed at increasing the visibility and public awareness of PHNs and their work. Such a brand image was seen as a precursor to increasing applications for PHN positions. A multimethod qualitative sequential approach guided the branding endeavor. From the thoughts of public health nursing students, faculty, and practitioners came artists' renditions of four award-winning posters. These posters portray public health nursing-incorporating its image, location of practice, and levels of protection afforded the community. Since their initial unveiling, these posters have been distributed by request throughout the United States and Canada. The overwhelming response serves to underline the previous void of current professional images of public health nursing and the need for brand images to aid with recruitment.

The Imaginary Direction of Time The Imaginary Direction of Time is the second full-length album by Norwegian progressive metal band Winds. It was released on July 26, 2004. Paul Stenning described the album in Terrorizer as lacking "any real sense of purpose. This seems like a 'concept' and 'avant garde' for the sake of it, turning the album into a mesh of clumsy comparisons and nothing of real worth...it's a none-too-daring experiment caught in the headlights of its own vision". Track listing "What is Beauty?" – 5:03 "Sounds Like Desolation" – 0:35 "Theory of Relativity" – 4:47 "Visions of Perfection" – 5:18 "The Fireworks of Genesis" – 5:39 "Under the Stars" – 6:25 "A Moment For Reflection" – 5:57 "Time Without End" – 4:09 "The Final End" – 1:10 "Beyond Fate" – 2:52 "Silence in Despair" - 4:55 "Infinity" - 3:17 Personnel Line up Eikind (Age of Silence, ex-Khold, Tulus) - Vocals, Bass Carl August Tidemann - Guitars Andy Winter (Age of Silence) - Piano, keyboards Hellhammer (Age of Silence, Arcturus, ex-The Kovenant, Mayhem) - Drums Session Members Andre Orvik - Violin Vegard Johnsen - Violin Dorthe Dreier - Viola Hans Josef Groh - Cello References Category:Winds (band) albums Category:2004 albums Category:Albums with cover art by Travis Smith (artist)

James Richards James Richards may refer to: James Richards (artist) (born 1983), British artist James Richards (Canadian football) (born 1969), American football offensive guard James Richards (cricketer) (1855–1923), English cricketer James Richards (politician) (1723–1810), Revolutionary War Captain and Connecticut state representative James Richards (veterinarian) (1948–2007), American veterinarian and noted expert on cats James A. D. Richards (1845–1911), United States Representative from Ohio James Maude Richards (1907–1992), British architectural writer James P. Richards (1894–1979), United States Representative from South Carolina James William Richards (1850–1915), Canadian politician James Edwin Richards (1945–2000), American journalist, editor and publisher James Lorin Richards (1858–1955), American financier and industrialist James Richard (1928–2002), sound editor, sometimes as James A. Richards Jamie Richards (born 1957), cyclist from New Zealand See also Jim Richards (disambiguation) Richard James (disambiguation) Jimmy Richards (born 1975), Welsh rugby player Jamie Richards (footballer) (born 1994), English footballer

Daft Punk’s Thomas Bangalter knows that bands aren’t supposed to still be good 20 years into their career. In a rare interview with GQ, the helmeted man-droid drops a deep American cinema reference (what’s French for “franchise”?) in order to explain his group’s potential plight as they began to scrape together their first new album in eight years, Random Access Memories “In Scream 2, they have this discussion about how sequels always suck,” he tells Zach Baron. “The thing we can ask ourselves at some point is like: We’re making music for 20 years. How many bands and acts do you have that are still making good music after 20 years? It always sucks — almost always, you know? … So our new album is supposed to really suck.” Tell that to the citizens of Planet Earth, where people have been freaking royally about the Parisian electro-house duo’s return since before they even heard (and covered and remixed ad infinitum) the new LP’s Pharrell-featuring first single, “Get Lucky.” Speaking of Daft Punk’s “Collaborators,” you’ll find the latest in their ongoing video series above: French house-smith DJ Falcon. Heretofore, we’ve witnessed elucidating conversations with Giorgio Moroder, Panda Bear, Skateboard P, Nile Rodgers, Todd Edwards, and Chilly Gonzales (plus Andrew the Pizza Guy); heard some fascinating reworkings of the album’s only real leak yet (discounting an early version of “Contact”); and pointed out the pair’s 19 savviest samples to date, from Barry White to Black Sabbath. “But what to they think about Skrillex?” you ask. Visit GQ to read the rest.

This Is The Absolute Easiest Way To Reverse Hair Damage Check out your hair for a sec. Is it looking dry, frizzy, or dull—or even breaking in some spots? You might have a protein problem. Ninety percent of your hair is made up of protein—but a constant barrage of styling and treatments (like that summer you decided to go platinum blonde) can sap away at hair's natural protein levels to leave behind damaged locks. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below That's why stylists and dermatologists (and even Kim Kardashian!) are obsessed with protein treatments. “They strengthen hair, protect it from excessive moisture loss, make it feel thicker and look shinier and, to an extent, repair damage,” says dermatologist Francesca Fusco, M.D., of Wexler Dermatology in NYC. They usually come in the form of conditioners, serums, or masks containing high levels of proteins to help repair broken proteins in your hair to make it stronger and healthier. Protein treatments aren’t necessarily new—but the formulas have been refined and improved in recent years to deliver the best possible results. And, depending on your level of hair damage, you may need a different intensity. If you overdo it on the protein, your hair can become stiff and, ironically enough, prone to breakage. So we’re breaking down what type of protein treatment is best for you—and how to avoid going overboard. DIY Treatments Best for: Naturally fine or slightly damaged hair. Search for “DIY protein treatments” on the Internet and prepare to feel overwhelmed—because there are a lot to choose from. These are your best bet if you have minor hair damage, because a formula whipped up in your kitchen can only do so much. Fair warning: Many recipes rely on eggs, egg whites, or a combo of both—so expect it to get messy. Try a recipe that incorporates a protein with some sort of conditioning oil so you can restore both protein and hydration to your locks. This one pairs olive oil and egg yolks, and while messy, can help make hair feel almost instantly softer. You can also mix up Greek yogurt with honey and coconut oil to make a deeply conditioning hair mask. (Just be sure to use plain, unflavored yogurt—you don't want blueberry or strawberry chunks lingering in your hair!) Advertisement - Continue Reading Below "Remember to rinse thoroughly or hair will feel rough, stiff, or tangled from the protein residue,” says Fusco. Protein Packs Best for: Hair moderately damaged by coloring and bleaching. A protein pack is basically a souped-up hair mask. These often have a blend of ingredients, like keratin and silk proteins, that give your hair a double-whammy of repair. “Some have coconut oil, which is proven to penetrate and strengthen hair and can make it a bit more flexible,” explains Perry Romanowski, cosmetic chemist and co-founder of The Beauty Brains. Palmer’s Deep Conditioning Protein Pack ($2, walmart.com) has both. Meanwhile, the protein in it may help prevent further damage—so if you intend to keep coloring your hair, try doing this once a month. Another hair treatment option: This DIY hair moisturizer: ​ ​ Deep Penetrating Treatment Best for: All kinds of serious hair damage, from years of bleaching to daily wrangling with a flatiron. These treatments are all about the protein—and they’re intense. “Hair damaged by bleach or color will see the most improvements [from a deep penetrating treatment],” says Perry. It’ll also help if you’re constantly fighting a frizz halo. Try a formula like Nexxus Keraphix Damage Healing Hair Reconstructing Treatment ($12, target.com), which is infused with a black rice extract rich in glutamic acid—an essential amino acid often lost as hair becomes damaged. Used weekly, it’ll help repair and fortify hair. Don’t forget to factor in the after-care, too. “For any at-home treatments, a thorough rinsing followed by a deep conditioner is best,” says Fusco. Try Nexxus Keraphix Damage Healing Masque ($4, target.com), which restores moisture and softness to hair. A Part of Hearst Digital Media Women's Health participates in various affiliate marketing programs, which means we may get paid commissions on editorially chosen products purchased through our links to retailer sites.

Story highlights Sanders' most loyal supporters are now convinced the system is rigged, setting up a collision course for Democrats Winning over Sanders supporters is critical to Clinton's campaign Philadelphia (CNN) Three words are hanging over the final days of the Democratic presidential race: Bernie or bust. "When you say Bernie or bust, that means if we don't get Bernie, we're just not going to automatically vote for the demon because you're saying the devil may be there," said Billy Taylor, who is organizing a coalition of Bernie Sanders supporters to protest at the Democratic convention here in July. Sanders has inspired a movement, but it's unclear whether he can control it. Or if he wants to. After the final wave of states vote next Tuesday, Sanders has one decision to make. His supporters have another. And many insist they will not fall into line behind Hillary Clinton. "You can't expose the corruption of the political system and then expect us to get behind that same political system," said Gary Frazier, a leader of a group called Black Men for Bernie, who is also organizing Sanders supporters here in Philadelphia. Read More

Sexiest Celebs Boobs 0 534 19-07-2017, 09:03 16 pics Bikini on Alyson HanniganBikini on Avril LavigneBikini on Belen RodriguezBikini on Deborah MaceBikini on Eiza GonzalezBikini on Emmanuelle ChriquiBikini on Jaclyn SwedbergBikini on Katy PerryBikini on Lana ParillaBikini on Mena SuvariBikini on Nina AgdalBikini on Petra BenovaBikini on Tamara EccelstoneBikini on Victoria SilvstedtBikini on Deborah MaceBikini on Lana Parilla

Rambling, rumbling, rumination Peep Science: Fudge What happens when you get a bunch of quirky kids together with their uncle who loves mad science and making weird fudge? Peep Fudge Peeps are weird treats. I can’t stand them, but to each their own. They make a good marshmallow substitute in fudgemaking, though, so we wound up… experimenting. We swapped peeps in for the marshmallows and added a dozen crushed mint OREO cookies at the end. The fudge is a mildly minty “cookies and cream” fudge that just happens to look like stroganoff. Luckily, it doesn’t taste much like it, though. There are probably some moral messages in there somewhere, like “don’t follow the crowd”, “be careful with what friends and parties you pick”, and “don’t trust a boiling hot tub”, but it was mostly just a fun evening with a crazy idea. Happy post-Easter candy sales!

France's Government has introduced a plan to bring back national service for all 16-year-olds, a move it says will give the country's teenagers a sense of national unity and civic duty. President Emmanuel Macron initially proposed the idea of national service during his presidential run in 2017 At the time, he said he wanted "every young French citizen to experience, even if only for a short time, military life — a short, obligatory and universal national service". That commitment has now been watered down, with participants able to opt to serve with the military or carry out community work. The program is estimated to cost 1.6 billion euros ($2.5 billion) a year to run, with an initial government investment of $2.8 billion. Compulsory military service in France was scrapped in 1996 when Mr Macron was 18, which makes him the first French president not to have done it. Two phases — but the second is optional The new national service program will occur in two phases, one mandatory and one optional. The first phase, which will happen during the French school holidays, is a one-month placement focusing on civic culture. This might include activities like charity work, volunteer teaching or stints with the military, fire service or police. The optional phase, for those under 25, will last for between three months and one year. Participants will be able to work in defence or security roles, or volunteer in social work, environmental or heritage positions. Consultations with young people, parents, local government and teachers' unions will be conducted in October before a final decision is made on how the first phase will work. The new national service could start as early as next summer and be ramped up to 700,000 participants by 2026, a working group on the issue recommended. Young people have criticised Mr Macron's plan for compulsory national service, saying they should have freedom of choice. ( AP-Pool: Charles Platiau ) The French constitution does not allow the state to force large segments of the population to spend time away from home, unless this is needed for national defence. According to the BBC, 14 youth organisations objected to the programme even before it was announced, arguing they should have freedom of choice and saying "Choosing a commitment is just as important as the commitment itself, if not more so." But a YouGov poll in March showed 60 per cent of people in France thought compulsory national service for young people was a good idea.

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Q: How to decide optimal settings for setMaxTotal and setDefaultMaxPerRoute? I have a RestService running on 45 different machines in three datacenters (15 in each datacenter). I have a client library which uses RestTemplate to call these machines depending on where the call is coming from. If the call is coming from DC1, then my library will call my rest service running in DC1 and similarly for others. My client library is running on different machines (not on same 45 machines) in three datacenters. I am using RestTemplate with HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory as shown below: public class DataProcess { private RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate(); private ExecutorService service = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(15); // singleton class so only one instance public DataProcess() { restTemplate.setRequestFactory(clientHttpRequestFactory()); } public DataResponse getData(DataKey key) { // do some stuff here which will internally call our RestService // by using DataKey object and using RestTemplate which I am making below } private ClientHttpRequestFactory clientHttpRequestFactory() { HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory requestFactory = new HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory(); RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom().setConnectionRequestTimeout(1000).setConnectTimeout(1000) .setSocketTimeout(1000).setStaleConnectionCheckEnabled(false).build(); SocketConfig socketConfig = SocketConfig.custom().setSoKeepAlive(true).setTcpNoDelay(true).build(); PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager poolingHttpClientConnectionManager = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager(); poolingHttpClientConnectionManager.setMaxTotal(800); poolingHttpClientConnectionManager.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(700); CloseableHttpClient httpClientBuilder = HttpClientBuilder.create() .setConnectionManager(poolingHttpClientConnectionManager).setDefaultRequestConfig(requestConfig) .setDefaultSocketConfig(socketConfig).build(); requestFactory.setHttpClient(httpClientBuilder); return requestFactory; } } And this is the way people will call our library by passing dataKey object: DataResponse response = DataClientFactory.getInstance().getData(dataKey); Now my question is: How to decide what should I choose for setMaxTotal and setDefaultMaxPerRoute in PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager object? As of now I am going with 800 for setMaxTotal and 700 setDefaultMaxPerRoute? Is this a reasonable number or should I go with something else? My client library will be used under very heavy load in multithreading project. A: There are no formula or a recipe that one can apply to all scenarios. Generally with blocking i/o one should have approximately the same max per route setting as the number of worker threads contending for connections. So, having 15 worker threads and 700 connection limit makes little sense to me.

Cancer incidence in systemic sclerosis: meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies. To examine cancer incidence in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) through a meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies. Five different databases (Medline, Scopus, CINAHL [Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature], Web of Science, and Cochrane Collaboration) were searched for articles published between January 1966 and May 2012; review articles and the reference lists from the articles that resulted from the search were also evaluated. Population-based cohort studies with data relevant to the determination of cancer risk in patients with SSc were included. All articles that met strict inclusion criteria were analyzed for data on population size, time of followup, and observed-to-expected cancer ratios, also known as standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). Six articles met criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled SIR for the incidence of cancer overall was 1.41 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.18-1.68), and significant heterogeneity was observed as a consequence of variability in the participants, outcome, study design, and risk of bias among the studies. Men had a significantly higher pooled SIR (1.85 [95% CI 1.49-2.31]) than women (SIR 1.33 [95% CI 1.18-1.49]) (P < 0.01), and stratification for sex eliminated heterogeneity, which indicates that variability among the studies greatly contributed to differences between the sexes. There were no differences between limited cutaneous SSc and diffuse cutaneous SSc (P = 0.77). Significant increases were observed in the risk of cancer of the lung, liver, hematologic system, and bladder, as well as of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and leukemia. SSc is associated with an increased risk of cancer, particularly lung, liver, hematologic, and bladder cancers, although absolute risk is relatively low. Men with SSc have a higher risk of developing cancer than women.

The Dartmouth Review, a conservative weekly student newspaper funded by off-campus right-wing sources (see 1980), marks the 50th anniversary of Kristallnacht, a Nazi rampage through the Jewish communities of Germany in 1938, by depicting Dartmouth College president James Freedman as Adolf Hitler on its front cover. Freedman is Jewish. The article accuses him of searching for a “final solution” to the problem of conservatives at Dartmouth, a specific reference to the Holocaust. Many Dartmouth students and faculty members accuse the Review of overt anti-Semitism (see October 1982 and October 4, 1990). The Review will later apologize, not to Freedman, but to those who might have been offended. [Boston Globe, 10/5/1990; Dartmouth Free Press, 9/20/2006] Conservative radio host Rush Limbaugh, in his book See, I Told You So, argues that Republicans cannot depend on a negative, anti-liberal frame in which to draw their arguments. “We are not a party of people connected together by bonds of negativity,” he writes. “We are a party of ideas—positive ideas.” He lists some of what he considers the guiding principles of Republican thought: “We must perceive and sell ourselves: Not as the party that opposes government, but that which champions individual freedoms; Not as the party that opposes higher taxes, but that which champions entrepeneurship; Not as the party that opposes abortion, but that which champions every form of human life as the most sacred of God’s creatures; Not as the party that opposes the expansion of the welfare state, but that which champions rugged individualism.” [Jamieson and Cappella, 2008, pp. 59-60] John Derbyshire. [Source: John Derbyshire]National Review columnist John Derbyshire “satirically” advocates the murder of Chelsea Clinton, the only daughter of Bill and Hillary Clinton, in order to stamp out the Clinton bloodline once and for all. Former President Clinton has left the White House, to spend the rest of his life “goosing waitresses [and] defending himself in court.” Hillary “has no future beyond the US Senate… [she is] maxed out.” But, he warns, “Clintonism may yet rise again.… On February 27th, Chelsea Clinton will turn 21.” 'I Hate Chelsea Clinton' - Derbyshire confesses: “I hate Chelsea Clinton. I admit it’s not easy to justify my loathing of this person. I can pick out causes, but none of them is one hundred per cent rational.… I admit, I hate Chelsea because she is a Clinton.” After noting the negative reactions to his previous attack on the younger Clinton’s physical appearance, he acknowledges that she hasn’t committed the “array of crimes” her father is allegedly responsible for, but “she doesn’t deserve any credit for not having done these things; she just hasn’t had time yet.” He writes that since she was 18, she has “sign[ed] on to the Great Clinton Project. Which is, has always been, and forever will be, to enrich the family from the public fisc, and to lie, bomb, bribe, and intimidate your way out of trouble when necessary.” 'Sippenhaft' - Derbyshire notes that in totalitarian societies of the past, many people were executed merely because of their family connections, and says the same should be considered for Chelsea Clinton. “Chelsea is a Clinton,” he writes. “She bears the taint; and though not prosecutable in law, in custom and nature the taint cannot be ignored. All the great despotisms of the past—I’m not arguing for despotism as a principle, but they sure knew how to deal with potential trouble—recognized that the families of objectionable citizens were a continuing threat. In Stalin’s penal code it was a crime to be the wife or child of an ‘enemy of the people.’ The Nazis used the same principle, which they called Sippenhaft, ‘clan liability.’ In Imperial China, enemies of the state were punished ‘to the ninth degree’: that is, everyone in the offender’s own generation would be killed, and everyone related via four generations up, to the great-great-grandparents, and four generations down, to the great-great-grandchildren, would also be killed.… We don’t, of course, institutionalize such principles in our society, and a good thing too. Our humanity and forbearance, however, has a cost. The cost is that the vile genetic inheritance of Bill and Hillary Clinton may live on to plague us in the future. It isn’t over, folks.” [National Review, 2/15/2001]'Hysterical Idiots' - After a week of angry criticism, Derbyshire will write a column defending his original column as “satire,” blaming “liberals” for “missing the joke,” and admitting his column “wasn’t meant to be a thigh-slapper. I had a point to make: There could be another Clinton in our future, and on present evidence (admittedly rather scant), it would be a chip off the old block. That’s fair comment. However, my tone was partly tongue in cheek.… Humor and irony are especially tricky.” He asks, rhetorically, if he intends to apologize, and answers himself: “In your dreams. I make it a point of principle never to apologize to hysterical idiots.” [National Review, 2/22/2001] DVD cover illustration of the film ‘Soldiers in the Army of God.’ [Source: HBO / St. Pete for Peace]Cable movie provider HBO airs a documentary, Soldiers in the Army of God, focusing on the violent anti-abortion movement (see 1982, Early 1980s, August 1982, and July 1988) and three of its leaders. National Public Radio airs a profile of the documentary, featuring an interview with the film’s producers, Marc Levin, Daphne Pinkerson, and Daniel Voll. According to Voll, the film focuses on three members of the “Army of God”: young recruit Jonathan O’Toole, who says he was looking for the most “radical” and “terroristic” anti-abortion group he could find; Neal Horsley, who runs an anti-abortion Web site; and long-haul trucker Bob Lokey, who recruits new members. 'Violent Fringe' of Anti-Abortion Opposition - Voll describes the three as part of the “violent fringe” of anti-abortion opposition: “These are the guys on the ground who are—whatever the words that politicians and other leaders of these cultural wars can put out there, these are the men who hear them and feel emboldened by them, who feel encouraged by each other, and they are every day praying for God’s will in their life.” Another unidentified man says: “Anybody who raises a weapon up against these people who are slaughtering these babies, before God and the entire world, right now I say you are doing God’s own work. And may the power of God be with you as you aim that rifle. You’re squeezing that trigger for Almighty God.” In the documentary, an unidentified anti-abortion activist says: “There are people in this world right now who are looking for directions on what do we do. Well, we end abortion on demand by the most direct means available to us. So stop the abortion with a bullet, if that’s what it takes. Stop it with a bomb, if that’ s what it takes. You stop abortion on demand. Don’t let it go any farther.” O’Toole says that the “next step is to arm ourselves in a militia, a real militia that has the power to resist the federal government.” Pinkerson says that O’Toole, who was 19 when he joined the Army of God, found Horsley on the Internet through Horsley’s Web site, “The Nuremberg Files,” which lists doctors who perform abortions (see January 1997). O’Toole became Horsley’s assistant, and through him met Lokey, who runs a Web site called “Save the Babies.” In the film, O’Toole, whom the producers speculate may eventually become an assassin of abortion providers, says that because of America’s legalization of abortion, the country has become like “Nazi Germany. It’s like you’ve got concentration camps around you.” Levin notes that filmed conversations between Horsley and Lokey show that many in the movement feel threatened by the concept of women’s equality, and blame men’s failure to exert “dominion” over women as part of the reason why the US legalized abortion. [National Public Radio, 3/30/2001; Womens eNews, 3/30/2001]Opposition to Homosexuality - Horsley draws a connection between the organization’s opposition to abortion and the American citizenry’s supposed opposition to homosexuality, saying: “If the American people woke up, and realized that they had to choose between legalized abortion, legalized homosexuality, and legalized all the rest of the desecration or civil war which would cause the rivers to run red with blood—hey, you know we will see legalized abortion go like that! We’ll see legalized homosexuality go like that! Because the American people are not willing to die for homosexuals.” Bringing Bomb-Making Materials to Washington - The film also shows Lokey bragging to convicted clinic bomber Michael Bray (see September 1994) that he has just trucked 45,000 pounds of ammonium nitrate, a substance that can be used to make “fertilizer bombs” similar to the one that destroyed an Oklahoma City federal building (see 8:35 a.m. - 9:02 a.m. April 19, 1995), into Washington, DC. Anti-Abortion Opposition Part of an 'Apocalyptic' Death Struggle - Author and reporter Frederick Clarkson writes: “At once shocking, compelling, and beautifully made, the film is essentially the national television debut for the aboveground spokesmen and spokeswomen of the Army of God.… Horsley and others are quite clear in their public statements and their writings that the attacks on clinics and the murders of doctors are but warning shots in what they envision as an epochal, even an apocalyptic struggle at hand. Either Americans conform to their view of God’s laws, or there will be a blood bath, they say. And there is no evidence that they are anything but dead serious.” [Womens eNews, 3/30/2001] House Majority Leader Tom DeLay (R-TX) takes to the floor of the House to praise conservative talk show host Rush Limbaugh. In his “Tribute to Rush Limbaugh,” DeLay says of Limbaugh’s role in the Republican’s capture of the House in 1994, “[He] did not take his direction from us, he was the standard by which we ran. [He] was setting the standard for conservative thought.” [Jamieson and Cappella, 2008, pp. 46] George Will. [Source: Washington Policy Group]Conservative columnist George Will calls two anti-war House Democrats “American collaborators” working with Saddam Hussein, either implicitly or directly. Will singles out Representatives Jim McDermott (D-WA) and David Bonior (D-MI) for criticism because of their opposition to the impending Iraq invasion. Will compares the two to World War II propaganda maven William Joyce, the British citizen who earned the sobriquet “Lord Haw Haw” for his pro-Nazi diatribes on the radio, and goes on to observe that McDermott and Bonior provided a spectacle unseen by Americans “since Jane Fonda posed for photographers at a Hanoi anti-aircraft gun” during the Vietnam War. McDermott and Bonior became a target for Will’s wrath by saying they doubted the Bush administration’s veracity in its assertions that Iraq has large stashes of WMD, but believed Iraqi officials’ promises to allow UN inspectors free rein to look for such weapons caches. “I think you have to take the Iraqis on their value—at face value,” McDermott told reporters in recent days, but went on to say, “I think the president [Bush] would mislead the American people.” Leninist 'Useful Idiots' - After comparing the two to Joyce and Fonda, Will extends his comparison to Bolshevik Russia, writing: “McDermott and Bonior are two specimens of what Lenin, referring to Westerners who denied the existence of Lenin’s police-state terror, called ‘useful idiots.’” Will also adds UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in this last category, compares Annan with British “appeaser” Neville Chamberlain for good measure, and labels him “Saddam’s servant.” Slamming Democrats for Not Supporting War - Will saves the bulk of his ire for the accusations by McDermott and Bonior that Bush officials might be lying or misrepresenting the threat of Iraqi WMD, and adds former Vice President Al Gore to the mix. “McDermott’s accusation that the president—presumably with Cheney, Powell, Rumsfeld, Rice, and others as accomplices—would use deceit to satisfy his craving to send young Americans into an unnecessary war is a slander licensed six days earlier by Al Gore,” Will writes. Extending his comparisons to the Watergate era, Will adds, “With transparent Nixonian trickiness—being transparent, it tricks no one—Gore all but said the president is orchestrating war policy for political gain in November.” Will accuses Gore and other Democrats of what he calls “moral infantilism” because they voted to support the 1998 Iraq Liberation Act (see October 31, 1998). Will returns to his complaints about the Democratic congressmen in his conclusion: “McDermott’s and Bonior’s espousal of Saddam’s line, and of Gore’s subtext (and Barbra Streisand’s libretto), signals the recrudescence of the dogmatic distrust of US power that virtually disqualified the Democratic Party from presidential politics for a generation. It gives the benefits of all doubts to America’s enemies and reduces policy debates to accusations about the motives of Americans who would project US power in the world. Conservative isolationism—America is too good for the world—is long dead. Liberal isolationism—the world is too good for America—is flourishing.” [Washington Post, 10/1/2002] In a PBS interview, Republican marketing guru Richard Viguerie says of conservative radio host Rush Limbaugh: “In 1993 and 1994, he was the salvation of the conservative movement. Every day Rush Limbaugh would give us our marching orders, if you would.” [Jamieson and Cappella, 2008, pp. 46] Cover of ‘The Shadow Party.’ [Source: Brazos Bookstore]Authors David Horowitz and Richard Poe publish a book titled The Shadow Party: How George Soros, Hillary Clinton, and Sixties Radicals Seized Control of the Democratic Party, that purports to prove Jewish billionaire George Soros, who finances progressive and Democratic Party causes, is in reality a Nazi collaborator and anti-Semite. However, the book is riddled with doctored quotes, misinformation, factual errors, and outright lies. Progressive media watchdog Web site Media Matters notes that the book relies on long-discredited accusations from the authors’ “Front Page Magazine” Web site, from their articles on conservative Web publications such as WorldNetDaily and NewsMax, and on unsourced allegations from political extremist Lyndon LaRouche and his followers, who have called Soros a “Nazi beast-man” and a “small cog in Adolf Eichmann’s killing machine,” aiding “the Holocaust against 500,000 Hungarian Jews.” Media Matters calls the book “a new low in the long-running Republican Party and conservative movement campaign of scurrilous personal attacks against Soros, a major supporter of progressive causes in the US and abroad.” The organization also notes that the Web sites used in the book’s research are largely funded by conservative billionaire Richard Mellon Scaife, and Scaife-owned newspapers such as the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review have promoted the book. Media Matters documents numerous issues of doctored quotes and falsified claims in the book. [Media Matters, 8/2/2006] Martin Peretz, the editor in chief of The New Republic, falsely accuses Jewish billionaire George Soros of being a Nazi collaborator. Soros is now a target of conservative opprobrium for his financial support of Democratic and progressive causes. As a 14-year-old boy, Soros escaped from the Nazis by hiding with a non-Jewish family in Hungary; the father of that family sometimes served deportation notices to Hungarian Jews. Peretz now calls Soros “a young cog in the Hitlerite wheel.” The progressive media watchdog Web site Media Matters notes that Peretz is following the lead of right-wing extremists David Horowitz and Richard Poe, whose book The Shadow Party: How George Soros, Hillary Clinton, and Sixties Radicals Seized Control of the Democratic Party claimed that Soros “survived [the Holocaust] by assimilating to Nazism.” The book was found to be riddled with doctored quotes and factual errors (see August 8, 2006). Peretz uses a transcript of a 1998 interview Soros gave to 60 Minutes reporter Steve Kroft to prove his claim, but edits the transcript to leave out a key section that shows Soros did not collaborate with Nazis. [Media Matters, 2/5/2007; New Republic, 2/12/2007] (The article is dated February 12, 2007, but was posted on the New Republic Web site a week earlier.) Conservative radio host Rush Limbaugh, in another of his now-famous broadsides against feminists (whom he routinely calls “femi-Nazis” and characterizes as “anti-male”), says: “I blast feminists because they’re liberal. Feminism is liberal. It screwed women up as I was coming of age in my early twenties.… It changed naturally designed roles and behaviors and basically, they’re trying to change human nature, which they can’t do.” Limbaugh’s “Life Truth No. 24” states that “feminism was established so as to allow unattractive women easier access to society.” Authors Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Joseph N. Cappella, in their book Echo Chamber, will note, “There is apparently no comparable movement to facilitate the social integration of unattractive men.” [Jamieson and Cappella, 2008, pp. 103] As reported by progressive media watchdog site Media Matters, conservative radio host Michael Savage says of Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama, “I think he was hand-picked by some very powerful forces both within and outside the United State of America to drag this country into a hell that it has not seen since the Civil War of the middle of the 19th century.” Savage is referring to controversial statements made by Obama’s former pastor, the Reverend Jeremiah Wright, whom Savage calls “the soul of Barack Obama’s movement.” Savage goes on to claim that Wright, and by extension Obama, align themselves with historical enemies of the United States: “And if you want a man who says not ‘God bless America,’ but ‘God d_mn America,’ if you want a man who takes the side of the imperial Japanese army, an army that killed not only hundreds of thousands in the Bataan Death March, but hundreds of thousand of Koreans, an army that operated on people while they were alive in Manchuria, a man who takes the side, in essence, of the Japanese Nazis of World War II, if you want a man who takes the side, in essence, of the Hitlers of the world, then you’ve got it in Barack Obama’s pastor, Jeremiah Wright, of the Trinity United Church of Christ.” Obama is merely “an ordinary apparatchik of the Democrat machine in Chicago” whose handlers intend to use Obama to bring upheaval and chaos to the nation. [Media Matters, 3/19/2008] The cover of Jamieson and Cappella’s ‘Echo Chamber.’ [Source: Barnes and Noble (.com)]Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Joseph N. Cappella, authors of the media study Echo Chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment, find that conservative radio host Rush Limbaugh excels at using what they call “insider language” for his listeners “that both embeds definitional assumptions hospitable to his conservative philosophy and makes it difficult for those who embrace the language to speak about Democrats and the presumed Democratic ideology without attacking them.” They cite three examples from Limbaugh’s June 2005 newsletter which contains the following statements: “Democrats are the enemy.” “When she first ran for her Senate seat, Hillary Rodham Clinton told citizens of the Empire State [New York] that she had been endorsed by environmental wacko-groups because… in her words, ‘I’ve stood for clean air.’” After Harvard president Lawrence Summers commented on the intrinsic differences between the sexes, Limbaugh wrote, “Led by foaming-at-the-mouth feminists, the liberal elite experienced a mass politically correct tantrum.” Jamieson and Cappella write: “Identifying terms such as ‘foaming-at-the-mouth feminists,’ ‘liberal elite,’ ‘enemy,’ and ‘environmental wacko-groups’ both create an insider language and distance those who adopt the labels from those labeled. One of the ways Limbaugh’s supporters telegraph their identification with him is by adopting his language.” Identifying Nicknames - They cite the 1995 statement of freshman House Representative Barbara Cubin (R-WY), who proudly proclaimed of her fellow female Republicans, “There’s not a femi-Nazi among us,” using one of Limbaugh’s favorite terms for feminists. “Listeners say ‘Ditto’ or ‘megadittoes’ to telegraph their enthusiasm for Limbaugh, his latest argument, or his show in general,” they write. Limbaugh refers to himself as “the MahaRushie” with “talent on loan from God.” Callers often refer to Limbaugh as “my hero.” Denigrating nicknames for Limbaugh’s targets of derision work to bring listeners into the fold: the new listener must labor to identify the people termed (and thusly become part of the Limbaugh community): “Clintonistas” (supporters of Bill and/or Hillary Clinton), “Sheets” (Senator Robert Byrd, D-WV), who in his youth wore ‘sheets’ as a Ku Klux Klan member), “the Swimmer” (Senator Edward Kennedy, D-MA, in reference to his involvement in the 1969 Chappaquiddick incident), “Puffster” (former Senator Tom Daschle, D-SD), “the Breck Girl” (former Senator John Edwards, D-NC), and “Ashley Wilkes” (retired General Wesley Clark, in a reference to what Limbaugh called “the wimpy, pathetic Gone with the Wind character”). Some of the nicknames are physically derogatory: Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT) became “Senator Leaky, a.k.a. Senator Depends,” and former House Minority Leader Richard Gephardt (D-MO) became “‘Little Dick’ Gephardt.” Such use of “insider” nicknames indicates an identification between the listener and Limbaugh, and an affiliation with the Limbaugh community of supporters. Redefining and Relabeling - Limbaugh routinely redefines and relabels his political enemies in the most derogatory terms. Pro-choice supporters are termed “pro-aborts,” and Democrats are supported by “beggar-based constituencies.” As noted above, feminists are “femi-Nazis” (though Jamieson and Cappella note that Limbaugh has used the term less often since it became a topic of criticism in the mainstream media). Gender Identification - One of Limbaugh’s strongest attacks is on gender roles. In Limbaugh’s continuum, Democratic women are, the authors write, “either sexualized manipulators or unattractive man haters.” A 1994 Clinton tribute to women’s accomplishments became, in Limbaugh’s words, “Biddies’ Night Out.” Other times, Democratic women become “babes,” as in “Congressbabe Jane Harman.” (On his Web site, Limbaugh often shows Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi (D-CA)‘s head affixed to the body of a Miss America contender.) The authors note, “Neither label invites the audience to take these leaders seriously.” Women with whom he disagrees, such as liberal blogger Arianna Huffington, are “screeching,” and others are “broads,” “lesbians,” or “femi-Nazis.” The National Organization for Women (NOW) becomes, in Limbaugh’s vocabulary, the NAGS. Attacks and innuendo about women’s sexuality are frequently used by Limbaugh: during the Clinton administration, for example, Limbaugh often implied that Hillary Clinton and then-Attorney General Janet Reno were closeted lesbians. On the other hand, Democratic men are routinely portrayed as “two-inchers,” derogatory references to their physical attributes and sexual capabilities (as with the Gephardt nickname above). Jamieson and Cappella note that “Limbaugh’s attempts at gender-based humor are of the locker room variety,” noting several references to California Lieutenant Governor Cruz Bustamante as a Democrat whose name translates into “large breasts,” and referring to pop singer Madonna’s 2004 endorsement of General Wesley Clark for president by saying she had “opened herself” to Clark. In 2004, he said that Democratic presidential contender John Kerry, married to wealthy heiress Teresa Heinz-Kerry, “does his fundraising every night when he goes to bed.” (The authors write, “Why the vulgarity in this message does not alienate the churchgoing conservatives in his audience is a question for which we have no ready answer.”) Impact - Far from merely giving a laundry list of Limbaugh’s derogatory and offensive characterizations, Jamieson and Cappella note how Limbaugh and the conservative media “wrap their audiences in a conversation built on words and phrases that embody conservatism’s ideological assumptions,” using “naming and ridicule to marginalize those named as part of an out-group,” and using “coherent, emotion-evoking, dismissive language” to denigrate and dismiss the liberals he routinely attacks. “Because language does our thinking for us,” they write, “this process constructs not only a vocabulary but also a knowledge base for the audience. That language and the view of the world carried by it are presumed by loyal conservatives and alien to the nonconservative audience. These interpretations of people and events also reinforce Limbaugh’s defense of conservatism and its proponents.” [Washington Post, 2/15/1995; Jamieson and Cappella, 2008, pp. 184-190] Progressive media watchdog site Media Matters reports that conservative radio host Bill Cunningham, who hosts a popular Cincinnati call-in show, accuses Democratic candidate Barack Obama (D-IL) of wanting to “gas the Jews.” In what is apparently intended to be a comedic skit, Cunningham tells a co-host: “This Obama guy loves the PLO [Palestinian Liberation Organization]. Can’t you figure that out?… Obama wants to gas the Jews, like the PLO wants to gas the Jews, like the Nazis gassed the Jews.” Co-host Scott Sloan, playing a fictional Jewish character called “Randy Furman,” tells Cunningham that he is making the accusation because “you just don’t like one-half-percent black people, that’s your problem.” [Media Matters, 10/25/2008] Two weeks before, Cunningham told listeners that Obama may be the Antichrist (see October 10, 2008). Paul Broun. [Source: Associated Press / Washington Blade]Responding to President-elect Barack Obama’s proposal for a “civilian national security force,” an idea supported by President Bush and designed in part to revive the moribund Americorps (see March 31, 2009), Representative Paul Broun (R-GA) accuses Obama of wanting to establish a Gestapo-like security force to impose a Marxist dictatorship. “It may sound a bit crazy and off base, but the thing is, he’s the one who proposed this national security force,” Broun says. “I’m just trying to bring attention to the fact that we may—may not, I hope not—but we may have a problem with that type of philosophy of radical socialism or Marxism.… That’s exactly what Hitler did in Nazi Germany and it’s exactly what the Soviet Union did. When he’s proposing to have a national security force that’s answering to him, that is as strong as the US military, he’s showing me signs of being Marxist.” Obama campaign spokesman Tommy Vietor says the candidate was referring to a “civilian reserve corps” that could handle postwar reconstruction efforts in lieu of the military. The idea has been endorsed by the Bush administration. Broun also says that if elected, Obama will ban gun ownership among American citizens. Obama has repeatedly says he respects the Second Amendment’s right to bear arms, and favors “common sense” gun laws. Some gun advocates fear that Obama will curb ownership of assault weapons and concealed weapons. “We can’t be lulled into complacency,” Broun says. “You have to remember that Adolf Hitler was elected in a democratic Germany. I’m not comparing him to Adolf Hitler. What I’m saying is there is the potential of going down that road.” [Associated Press, 11/11/2008; Think Progress, 11/11/2008] The conservative Washington Times, a staunch opponent of President-elect Barack Obama, publishes an editorial predicting that the incoming Obama administration will, in some form or fashion, move to “exterminate” babies with disabilities and other “useless” Americans through its promised reform of the US health care system, similar to actions taken by the Nazis before World War II. The Times provides a brief synopsis of Adolf Hitler’s “T4 Aktion” program designed, in the words of the Times, “to exterminate ‘useless eaters,’ babies born with disabilities. When any baby was born in Germany, the attending nurse had to note any indication of disability and immediately notify T4 officials—a team of physicians, politicians, and military leaders. In October 1939 Hitler issued a directive allowing physicians to grant a ‘mercy death’ to ‘patients considered incurable according to the best available human judgment of their state of health.’ Thereafter, the program expanded to include older children and adults with disabilities, and anyone anywhere in the Third Reich was subject to execution who was blind, deaf, senile, retarded, or had any significant neurological condition, encephalitis, epilepsy, muscular spasticity, or paralysis. Six killing centers were eventually established, and an estimated quarter-million people with disabilities were executed.” The Times draws a parallel between the Nazis and the Obama administration’s support for legal abortion and for physician-assisted suicide, which it equates with “euthanasia.” The incoming administration will, the Times fears, begin “selecting” babies with disabilities for what apparently will be “selective abortions.” It quotes the Reverend Briane K. Turley as saying: “Were God’s design for us left unhindered, we could naturally expect to welcome 40,000 or more newborn infants with Down syndrome each year in the US. And yet we have reduced that number to just under 5,500. These data strongly indicate that, in North America, we have already discovered a new, ‘final solution’ for these unusual children and need only to adapt our public policies to, as it were, ‘cure’ all Down syndrome cases.” Turley, the Times notes, claims that “there is growing evidence suggesting that, among health care practitioners and systems, the central motivation behind legally enforced or high pressure screenings is economics.” The Times then adds: “[A]nd the results seem to bear him out. America’s T4 program—trivialization of abortion, acceptance of euthanasia, and the normalization of physician assisted suicide—is highly unlikely to be stopped at the judicial, administrative, or legislative levels anytime soon, given the Supreme Court’s current and probable future makeup during the Obama administration, the administrative predilections that are likely from that incoming administration, and the makeup of the new Congress.” The Times predicts a new “final solution” of “extermination” that will start with disabled infants and will progress “from prenatal to postnatal to child to adult.” [Washington Times, 11/23/2008] The editorial anticipates the “deather” claims that many conservatives will make in the summer of 2009 (see January 27, 2009, February 9, 2009, February 11, 2009, February 18, 2009, May 13, 2009, June 24, 2009, June 25, 2009, July 10, 2009, July 16, 2009, July 17, 2009, July 21, 2009, July 23, 2009, July 23, 2009, July 23, 2009, July 23-24, 2009, July 24, 2009, July 28, 2009, July 28, 2009, July 28, 2009, July 31, 2009 - August 12, 2009, August 6, 2009, August 7, 2009, August 10, 2009, August 10, 2009, Shortly Before August 10, 2009, August 11, 2009, August 11, 2009, August 12, 2009, August 12, 2009, and August 13, 2009). The conservative “astroturf” advocacy organization Americans for Prosperity (AFP—see Late 2004, October 2008, and August 6, 2009) launches a multi-pronged attack on every major policy initiative attempted by the Obama administration. Within weeks of Obama’s inauguration, AFP holds “Porkulus” rallies protesting Obama’s stimulus spending measures. The Koch-funded Mercatus Center (see August 30, 2010), working in concert with AFP, releases a report that falsely claims stimulus funds are being disproportionately directed towards Democratic districts; the author is later forced to correct the report, but not before conservative radio host Rush Limbaugh, citing the report, calls the stimulus program “a slush fund,” and Fox News and other conservative outlets repeat the characterization. AFP vice president Phil Kerpen is a Fox News contributor; AFP officer Walter Williams is a frequent guest host for Limbaugh. AFP soon creates an offshoot organization, Patients United Now (PUN—see May 29, 2009), designed to oppose the Obama administration’s health care reform initiatives; PUN holds some 300 rallies against reform efforts (see August 5, 2009), some of which depict Democratic lawmakers hung in effigy (see July 27, 2009) and others depict corpses from Nazi concentration camps. AFP also holds over 80 rallies opposing cap-and-trade legislation, which would force industries to pay for creating air pollution. AFP also targets individual Obama administration members, such as “green jobs” czar Van Jones, and opposes the administration’s attempt to hold international climate talks. AFP leader Tim Phillips (see August 6, 2009) tells one anti-environmental rally: “We’re a grassroots organization.… I think it’s unfortunate when wealthy children of wealthy families… want to send unemployment rates in the United States up to 20 percent.” [New Yorker, 8/30/2010] Media critic and columnist George Neumayr writes that the Democrats’ economic stimulus plan will include enforced abortions and euthanasia for less productive citizens. Neumayr calls this claim a once “astonishingly chilly and incomprehensible stretch [that] is now blandly stated liberal policy,” basing it on the Democrats’ plan to provide money to the states for “family planning.” Neumayr equates the funding, which would go for such initiatives as teaching teenagers about the use of condoms and measures to avoid sexually transmitted diseases, to the famous Jonathan Swift essay of 1729, “A Modest Proposal,” which satirically suggested that impoverished Irish families might sell their children to rich Englishmen for food. “Change a few of the words and it could be a Democratic Party policy paper,” Neumayr writes. “Swift suggested that 18th-century Ireland stimulate its economy by turning children into food for the wealthy. [House Speaker Nancy] Pelosi [D-CA] proposes stimulating the US economy by eliminating them. Other slumping countries, such as Russia and France, pay parents to have children; it looks like Obama’s America will pay parents to contracept or kill them. Perhaps the Freedom of Choice Act can also fall under the Pelosi ‘stimulus’ rationale. Why not? An America of shovels and scalpels will barrel into the future. Euthanasia is another shovel-ready job for Pelosi to assign to the states. Reducing health care costs under Obama’s plan, after all, counts as economic stimulus too. Controlling life, controlling death, controlling costs. It’s all stimulus in the Brave New World utopia to come.” Like a Washington Times editorial from months earlier (see November 23, 2008), Neumayr uses the term “final solution” for the Democrats’ economic proposal, the term for the Nazis’ World War II-era extermination of millions of Jews and other “undesirables.” He writes: “‘Unwanted’ children are immediately seen as an unspeakable burden. Pregnancy is a punishment, and fertility is little more than a disease. Pelosi’s gaffe illustrates the extent to which eugenics and economics merge in the liberal utilitarian mind.” “Malthus lives,” he says, referring to the 19th century scholar Thomas Robert Malthus, whose theories of ruthless natural selection predated Charles Darwin’s theories of evolution. Neumayr goes on to accuse “Hillary Clinton’s State Department” of preparing to set up programs of “people-elimination,” predicated on what he calls “UN-style population control ideology” and “third-world abortions.” [American Spectator, 1/27/2009] Representative Phil Gingrey (R-GA) apologizes for criticizing conservative talk show hosts Rush Limbaugh and Sean Hannity. Gingrey was initially critical of Limbaugh and Hannity for not challenging President Obama on his proposed economic stimulus package strongly enough. “I mean, it’s easy if you’re Sean Hannity or Rush Limbaugh or even sometimes [former House Speaker] Newt Gingrich [R-GA] to stand back and throw bricks,” Gingrey said. “You don’t have to try to do what’s best for your people and your party.” Today Gingrey issues a lengthy apology for his words after receiving complaints from conservatives in his district and elsewhere. “I am one of you,” he tells supporters. “I regret and apologize for the fact that my comments have offended and upset my fellow conservatives—that was not my intent. I am also sorry to see that my comments in defense of our Republican leadership read much harsher than they actually were intended, but I recognize it is my responsibility to clarify my own comments.… As long as I am in the Congress, I will continue to fight for and defend our sacred values. I have actively opposed every bailout, every rebate check, every so called ‘stimulus.’ And on so many of these things, I see eye-to-eye with Rush Limbaugh.” Gingrey says that Limbaugh, Hannity, and Gingrich are “the voices of the conservative movement’s conscience.” Gingrey spokesman Chris Jackson says of the hosts, “Those guys are some our biggest supporters, and we need them.” Gingrey also makes a guest appearance on Limbaugh’s show where he berates himself for making his earlier criticisms, saying: “Rush, thank you so much. I thank you for the opportunity, of course this is not exactly the way to I wanted to come on.… Mainly, I want to express to you and all your listeners my very sincere regret for those comments I made yesterday to Politico.… I clearly ended up putting my foot in my mouth on some of those comments.… I regret those stupid comments.” [Think Progress, 1/28/2009; Phil Gingrey, 1/28/2009; CNN, 1/29/2009] The Washington Times spins off a recent op-ed by health industry lobbyist Betsy McCaughey (see February 9, 2009) to claim that the Obama administration will attempt to save money by euthanizing old people, disabled people, and sickly infants. The editorial begins with the “chilling” idea of a national medical information database that will allow the government to “track… your every visit to a health care provider—where you went, who you saw, what was diagnosed, and what care was provided.” The Obama administration, the Times claims, will use that information to decide which people deserve the more expensive lifesaving treatments and which ones must be denied in the interest of cost efficiency. “If it costs too much to treat you, and you are nearing the end of your life anyway, you may have to do with less, or with nothing,” the Times writes. “You just aren’t worth the cost.… What nondescript GS-11 will be cutting care from Aunt Sophie after her sudden relapse before he or she heads to the food court for some stir fry?” The elderly, the physically and mentally disabled, all “whose health costs are great and whose ability to work productively in the future” will, the Times writes, be allowed to die or even exterminated. So will premature babies, badly wounded soldiers, and others as yet to be determined. The Times again cites Nazi Germany’s “T4 Aktion” program of forcibly euthanizing less productive citizens (see November 23, 2008) as a likely template for the Obama program. [Washington Times, 2/11/2009] Michael Savage, a conservative radio host, calls President Obama a “dictator” as part of a larger diatribe against the president. He calls Obama “a young, articulate rabble-rouser” who “is espousing a message that I call ‘trickle-up poverty’.… Where it ends? I know where it ends, because I’ve studied history. I know where it ends. The signal as to when this begins, when the end begins, will be when he organizes a militia directly under his own control. He will not call it a militia. It will be called, perhaps, the ‘Ecology Corps’ or the ‘Environment Corps,’ or the ‘Global Warming Corps,’ or the ‘Energy Corps.’” Savage may be referring to Obama’s efforts to revive the moribund Americorps, a volunteer organization (see November 11, 2008 and March 31, 2009). “Whatever it will be called, they will all wear uniforms. They will either be blue denim or green denim. They will have the executive power under the ‘urban czar’ to come into your home without any court order to investigate your energy use, but they will be looking for other things as well. Would you have any chance to stand up to this army of Obamaites?” Savage asks, rhetorically, if he has “gone over the edge,” and then says: “I’ve gone over the edge before, and every time I have, I’ve been right eventually. I see the handwriting on the wall. Obama is a dictator.” Savage accuses liberals of failing to understand that any dictatorship, leftist or rightist, “is not going to be good for your children.” He then shouts, “Someone has to oppose this man.” He also claims that the White House “is going after” anyone who criticizes it, and repeatedly mixes his accusations of “government” persecution with “media” persecution of White House or Obama critics. “Fundamentally,” Savage concludes, “we have a dictatorship emerging.… Now I’ll make another prediction. I predict that very soon, Obama will create a crisis along the lines of the Reichstag Fire [the 1933 attack on the Reichstag by Nazi militiamen, who later blamed the fire on Communists, and used the attack to gain control of the German government]. I don’t know what form it will take. But I believe that once the minions are seen for what they are, Rahm Emanuel [the White House chief of staff] and his gang will set off a Reichstag Fire in this country of some kind, and they will” begin arresting US citizens without warrants much as President Lincoln did during the Civil War. “I will tell you as I sit here I fear that every night as I go to sleep.” Savage offers no evidence for any of his claims. [Media Matters, 3/4/2009] Two days later, Savage calls Obama a “neo-fascist dictator in the making.” [Media Matters, 3/6/2009] Savage has called the landmark civil rights decision Brown v. Board “sickening” (see May 18, 2004), accused Obama of being educated in a radical Islamic madrassa (see January 10, 2008 and April 3, 2008) and being a potential “radical Muslim” (see February 21, 2008), called Obama’s presidential victory “the first affirmative-action election in American history” (see February 1, 2008), accused Obama of being sympathetic towards the Nazis and the Imperial Japanese of World War II (see March 13, 2008), said that homeless Americans should be put in “work camps” (see June 6, 2008), called Obama an “Afro-Leninist” (see June 6, 2008), said that welfare recipients should lose the right to vote (see October 22, 2008), accused Obama of using his grandmother’s death to conceal his “efforts” to falsify his Hawaiian birth certificate (see November 10, 2008), and accused Obama of planning to fire all the “competent white men” in government once he became president (see November 18, 2008). Other conservatives, including Fox News’s Glenn Beck, will accuse Obama of being a Nazi, or of intending to create a “Reichstag Fire” crisis to gain power (see September 29, 2009 and October 3, 2010). On his radio show, conservative host Glenn Beck warns that the Democrats’ “socialistic” health care reform proposal will lead to “eugenics” as envisioned by leaders of the Nazi Third Reich. Beck tells his listeners that the reform package will not only result in senior citizens being forced to die before their time in order to save on medical costs (see November 23, 2008, January 27, 2009, February 9, 2009, February 11, 2009, and February 18, 2009), but also says: “This is Nazi Germany stuff. This is the kind of stuff that is progressive in its nature. It is eugenics. It is survival of the fittest. It is the reason why the abortion argument makes so much difference. You can’t devalue life at either end because these people are waiting to swoop in and say it’s just not worth doing these things. Don’t waste the money on old people. They’re not going to live long anyway. Spend it on someone who meets the requirements of our cost-benefit analysis. So old people, thanks for all the contributions you made to society during your better years but now we’re sorry to say it’s time to send you to a better place, heaven.” [Glenn Beck, 5/13/2009] Flowers adorn the sidewalk outside George Tiller’s clinic in Wichita, Kansas, laid in his memory. [Source: AP: Charlie Riedel]The family of George Tiller, a doctor who provided late-term abortions as part of his practice before being murdered (see May 31, 2009), decides that his Wichita, Kansas, clinic will be closed permanently. Nebraska doctor LeRoy Carhart, who worked at the clinic, said he was willing to continue, but the decision is the family’s. Warren Hern, one of the few remaining doctors in the US who performs late-term abortions, says: “This is what they want, they’ve been wanting this for 35 years. The anti-abortion fanatics have to shut up and go home. They have to back off and they have to respect other people’s point of view. This is a national outrage.” Randall Terry, original founder of the anti-abortion group Operation Rescue, says, “Good riddance,” and predicts that Tiller’s clinic will be remembered similarly to Nazi death camps. In a statement, the Tiller family says, “We are proud of the service and courage shown by our husband and father and know that women’s health care needs have been met because of his dedication and service.” [Associated Press, 6/9/2009] Laura Ingraham. [Source: Pat Dollard]Fox News and radio talk show host Sean Hannity tells his radio audience of the op-ed published in the morning’s New York Post by health industry lobbyist Betsy McCaughey, claiming that the Democrats’ health care reform proposal would result in senior citizens being advised to end their lives prematurely (see July 16, 2009). Hannity says: “[I]t sounds to me like they’re actually encouraging seniors in the end, ‘Well, you may just want to consider packing it all in here, this is—’ what other way is there to describe this?… So that they don’t become a financial burden on the Obamacare system? I mean that’s how they intend to cut cost, by cutting down on the health care we can give and get at the end of our lives and dramatically cutting it down for senior citizens? You know, welcome to the brave new world of Obamacare. We’re going to encourage, you know, inconvenient people to consider ‘alternatives to living.’” The same day, conservative radio host Laura Ingraham tells her listeners: “Can you imagine—if I were doing Saturday Night Live, like, if I were producing it this weekend, and I was going to be fair about political humor, I would have a hospice chute—like a door, a trap door that goes into a chute where the elderly would just walk up—‘Oh, my hip hurts.’ And all of a sudden you see this leg kicking granny down the chute, and that’s Obamacare.” She continues by making a veiled reference to Nazi concentration camps: “[S]ome will call them death camps, but this is the way Obamacare is gonna go for America.” And on the same day, conservative radio hosts Jim Quinn and Rose Tennent echo Hannity and Ingraham’s claims. Quinn says, “[T]here’s a drop dead date, you should pardon the expression but a lot of us are going to—” Tennent interjects, “Are going to drop dead, yeah.” Quinn then adds, “For heaven’s sakes, this is the death-to-old-people plan.” [Media Matters, 7/17/2009] Rep. Louis Gohmert. [Source: Associated Press / Washington Blade]Representative Louis Gohmert (R-TX) lays out a skein of theories on radical radio host Alex Jones’s broadcast. During his interview with Jones, Gohmert accuses the Obama administration and Congressional Democrats of trying to implement socialism and kill senior citizens; Jones and Gohmert compare Obama to a number of foreign despots. Gohmert tells Jones and his listeners: “We’ve been battling this socialist health care, the nationalization of health care, that is going to absolutely kill senior citizens. They’ll put them on lists and force them to die early because they won’t get the treatment as early as they need.… I would rather stop this socialization of health care because once the government pays for your health care, they have every right to tell you what you eat, what you drink, how you exercise, where you live.… But if we’re going to pay 700 million dollars like we voted last Friday to put condoms on wild horses, and I know it just says an un-permanent enhanced contraception whatever the heck that is. I guess it follows that they’re eventually get around to doing it to us.” Gohmert is echoing claims by Republican lawmakers and industry lobbyists that the Democrats’ health care reform proposal will kill senior citizens (see November 23, 2008, January 27, 2009, February 9, 2009, February 11, 2009, February 18, 2009, May 13, 2009, June 24, 2009, June 25, 2009, July 10, 2009, July 16, 2009, July 17, 2009, July 21, 2009, July 23, 2009, July 23, 2009, July 23, 2009, and July 23-24, 2009). Jones ups the ante by accusing the White House “science czar” of planning to “put… stuff in the water to sterilize us,” and then goes on to accuse the White House of, among other things, implementing a “eugenics control grid over us” and implementing “youth brigades, national service compulsory in a group outside the military under the Democratic Party control in the city year in the red and black uniforms.” Gohmert agrees with Jones, and says these kinds of policies were “done in the 1930s,” a plain reference to Nazi Germany, “and it’s not the only place its been done. It has been done throughout history.” Jones says, “Mao did it,” referring to Communist China’s Mao Zedong. Gohmert agrees: “Well, that’s exactly what I was thinking of. This is the kind of the thing we got to stop. We got to get back to the roots, the basics.” Gohmert praises Jones for his rhetoric and accusations: “That shows how on top of things you are, Alex.” For his part, Jones effusively thanks Gohmert and reminds him that “you’re there fighting and we’re supporting you.” [Think Progress, 7/27/2009] Progressive MSNBC host Rachel Maddow says of Gohmert and Jones: “You know, the Democrats may be fighting it out about whether they’re going to be beholden to the insurance companies and whether there’s going to be a public option in health care reform. But when it comes to the Republicans, this is the kind of thing they are bringing to the table: Hitler, Mao, and secret plots to kill old people.” [MSNBC, 7/29/2009] MacKilip’s altered photograph of Obama as a witch doctor. [Source: TPM Muckraker]Dr. David McKalip, a neurosurgeon, resigns as president-elect of the Pinellas County (Florida) Medical Association after circulating a graphic of President Obama dressed as a witch doctor with a bone through his nose. On July 23, he sent the graphic as an e-mail with the heading “Funny stuff,” and said that he thought the artist who created the graphic “was expressing concerns that the health care proposals [made by President Obama] would make the quality of medical care worse in our country.” McKalip is an outspoken opponent of the White House’s proposed health care reform package. He later apologized and denied he is a racist, and called the graphic merely a “satire.” In an e-mail to the members of the association, he writes, “For now, in the interest of protecting this movement from any collateral damage, I am withdrawing from making media appearances on health system reform.” But in an e-mail to fellow anti-reform protesters, he writes: “Here they come. The first of what likely will be many e-mails accusing me of being a rascist [sic] for forwarding this e-mail of Obama as a witch doctor. Almost like Hillary [Clinton] and the Obama photo form [sic] the presidential campaign.… This may be worth doing a story on about how these ultra-liberal groups like to race bait and avoid the issue.… Lesson learned: Any attempt to discuss politics will lead to a race-baiting war.… Don’t let them bait you. I will choose to ignore them and always talk about the issues.” In a previous e-mail defending his choice to send the Obama picture, McKalip cited his participation in a “career counseling day several years ago for African-American Boy Scouts.” [TPM Muckraker, 7/23/2009; Connexion, 7/28/2009] After learning of McKalip’s action, the association called the e-mail “inflammatory,” said it “denounced” McKalip’s act, demanded a public apology, and called itself “appalled by the statements and act” of McKalip. [Pinellas County Medical Association, 7/24/2009] Anti-reform protesters carry signs depicting Doggett with ‘devil horns’ and a sign featuring Nazi SS lettering. [Source: Raw Story]Congressman Lloyd Doggett (D-TX) receives a hostile reception in a town hall meeting in an Austin grocery store. The meeting is to discuss the controversial Democratic health care reform proposal. The crowd is much larger than some had anticipated, and apparently packed with anti-health care reform protesters; anti-reform and anti-Obama signs are prominently displayed, including signs that read, “No Socialized Health Care.” Protesters also wave signs with Doggett depicted with devil horns, of a marble tombstone with Doggett’s name on it, and with slogans alleging Democrats are Nazis. When Doggett tells the crowd that he will support the reform plan even if his constituents oppose it, many in the crowd begin chanting “Just say no!” and, according to news reports, “overwhelm… the congressman as he move[s] through the crowd and into the parking lot.” One resident says of the meeting: “The folks there thought their voices weren’t being heard. They were angry, but they were respectful. There wasn’t any violence.” Another says, laughing: “He jumped in [his car] and fled. It was like he was tarred and feathered and ridden out of town on a rail. It was a beautiful thing.” Doggett later notes that because of the disruption, he is unable to engage in discussion with constituents who have other issues, including a father who wants his help in getting his son into a military academy. [Austin American-Statesman, 8/3/2009; New York Times, 8/3/2009; Atlantic Monthly, 8/4/2009]Congressman: Protesters a 'Mob' - Doggett will later characterize the anti-reform protesters as a “mob.” In a statement, he says: “This mob, sent by the local Republican and Libertarian parties, did not come just to be heard, but to deny others the right to be heard. And this appears to be part of a coordinated, nationwide effort. What could be more appropriate for the ‘party of no’ than having its stalwarts drowning out the voices of their neighbors by screaming ‘just say no!‘… Their fanatical insistence on repealing Social Security and Medicare is not just about halting health care reform but rolling back 75 years of progress. I am more committed than ever to win approval of legislation to offer more individual choice to access affordable health care. An effective public plan is essential to achieve that goal.” [Politico, 8/3/2009; CBS News, 8/3/2009]Coordinated by Local Republicans, Washington Lobbyist Firm, 'Tea Party' Group - The protest is coordinated by Heather Liggett, a local Republican Party operative, and by officials with the lobbying firm Americans for Prosperity (AFP), which has organized numerous anti-tax “tea party” demonstrations (see April 15, 2009 and May 29, 2009). Liggett confirms she is part of a national network of conservative organizers putting together anti-reform protests. Doggett says: “This is not a grassroots effort. This is a very coordinated effort where the local Republican Party, the local conservative meet-up groups sent people to my event.” Of the event itself, he says: “In Texas, not only with the weather but with the politics, it is pretty hardball around here. I have a pretty thick skin about all of this. But this really goes over the line.” And Jennifer Crider, a spokeswoman for the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC), adds: “Conservative activists don’t want to have a conversation. They want to disrupt.” [New York Times, 8/3/2009] Democratic National Committee (DNC) spokesman Brad Woodhouse says, “The right-wing extremists’ use of things like devil horns on pictures of our elected officials, hanging members of Congress in effigy, breathlessly questioning the president’s citizenship, and the use of Nazi SS symbols and the like just shows how outside of the mainstream the Republican Party and their allies are.” Another group with connections to the “tea party” movement, “Operation Embarrass Your Congressman,” helped organize the protest. It says on its Web site: “These arrogant, ignorant, and insolent [Congress members] have embarrassed America, trampled the Constitution, and ignored their constituents for far too long. Attend their townhall meetings during recess and press them with intelligent questions (unlike the mainstream media), asked in an intelligent manner to see if they are really in touch and on board with ‘the will of the people.’” [CBS News, 8/3/2009] After the meeting, FreedomWorks, a conservative lobbying organization that actively promotes disruptive behavior at Congressional town halls (see April 14, 2009), posts video from the meeting, and exhorts its members, “If you know of a town hall meeting your Congressman is having, be sure to show up, bring some friends, and them know what you think.” [FreedomWorks, 8/3/2009] Two House Representatives, James McGovern (D-MA) and Richard Neal (D-MA), are booed and heckled during a contentious town hall meeting at the University of Massachusetts to discuss health care reform. Like so many other such forums and meetings, the discussion is disrupted by anti-health care reform protesters, who shout, scream, boo, catcall, and chant throughout the meeting (see June 30, 2009, July 6, 2009, July 25, 2009, July 27, 2009, July 27, 2009, July 31, 2009, August 1, 2009, August 1, 2009, August 2, 2009, August 3, 2009, August 3, 2009, August 3, 2009, August 3, 2009, and August 4, 2009). Both McGovern and Neal support the Obama administration’s health care reform proposals. University officials threaten several times to shut down the meeting because of the behavior. One protester shouts that McGovern is like Josef Mengele, the Nazi doctor who performed horrific experiments on concentration camp prisoners during World War II. According to local media reports, protesters outnumber supporters at the meeting. They argue that health care would be strictly rationed and elderly citizens would be denied care altogether, points vehemently disputed by the two congressmen. After the meeting, McGovern says it is plain that health care reform opponents had planned to dominate the meeting with their tactics, but adds: “This is still the United States of America and people have the right to be heard. The meeting wasn’t perfect and it wasn’t always polite but I got the opportunity to express my view on the subject.” [Worcester Telegram & Gazette, 8/4/2009] The logo used for the Obama administration’s health care proposal on the White House Web site. The logo combines the Obama presidential campaign’s ‘sunrise’ emblem with a stylized version of the medical caduceus. [Source: White House]After denouncing House Speaker Nancy Pelosi for claiming that anti-health care protesters had used Nazi symbols and rhetoric in their protests (see August 6, 2009), conservative radio talk show host Rush Limbaugh also makes a comparison between the Obama administration and Nazis. “Adolf Hitler, like Barack Obama, also ruled by dictate,” he says. Like Obama, Limbaugh asserts, Hitler “was called the Messiah” and did not need the advice of a cabinet or other advisers to make decisions. “The people spoke through” Hitler, as Limbaugh says Obama believes is the case for himself. Hitler’s decisions “sound like the things liberals are doing all over this country.” To Pelosi, he says, “You look much more like [a swastika] than any of us [conservatives] ever will.” [Media Matters, 8/6/2009; Boston Globe, 8/6/2009] Limbaugh also says that the Obama administration’s health care logo looks very much like the “Nazi swastika logo.” He adds: “It reminded me of Germany. Something about it reminded me of Germany, 1942. The shape of the logo, the people.… The Obama health care logo is damn close to a Nazi swastika logo.… Ms. Pelosi has some major apologizing to do.” He says perhaps Pelosi’s supposed “repeated botox injections” have caused her to have “blurry vision” that may have prevented her from seeing the similarities he noticed. [Media Matters, 8/6/2009; Boston Globe, 8/6/2009] Limbaugh apparently gets much of his information, including the Botox joke, from a right-wing blog, “Sweetness and Light,” which he credits in his statement. [Sweetness and Light, 8/6/2009] The next day, Rabbi Marvin Hier of the Simon Wiesenthal Center says, “It is preposterous to try and make a connection between the president’s health care logo and the Nazi Party symbol, the Reichsadler.” [New York Times, 8/7/2009] Jennifer Crider of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) responds to Limbaugh’s assertions: “Rush Limbaugh’s comparison of the Democratic Party to the Nazi Party in World War II is as disgusting as it is shocking. Limbaugh’s use of the Nazi swastika in attempting to make a tasteless political comparison has no place in the public discourse. At a time when families need real solutions to rebuild the economy and make health care more affordable, Rush Limbaugh is attempting to sidetrack the important debate through his use of symbols that are synonymous with murder and intolerance. Americans deserve better.” [Boston Globe, 8/6/2009] Conservative columnist David Brooks of the New York Times calls Limbaugh’s rhetoric “insane.” [Media Matters, 8/10/2009] The Anti-Defamation League (ADL), a primarily Jewish organization that battles anti-Semitism, decries the use of Nazi symbols and language in recent health care debates (see July 25, 2009, August 1, 2009, August 4, 2009, August 4, 2009, August 6, 2009, August 6, 2009, and August 6, 2009). In a press release, the ADL’s National Director Abraham Foxman, a Holocaust survivor, calls such remarks “outrageous, deeply offensive, and inappropriate.” He singles out conservative radio host Rush Limbaugh for specific criticism after Limbaugh repeatedly compares Obama administration policies to those of the Nazis. “Regardless of the political differences and the substantive differences in the debate over health care, the use of Nazi symbolism is outrageous, offensive, and inappropriate,” Foxman says. “Americans should be able to disagree on the issues without coloring it with Nazi imagery and comparisons to Hitler. This is not where the debate should be at all.… Comparisons to the Nazis are deeply offensive and only serve to diminish and trivialize the extent of the Nazi regime’s crimes against humanity and the murder of six million Jews and millions of others in the Holocaust. I don’t see any comparison here. It’s off-center, off-issue, and completely inappropriate.” [Anti-Defamation League, 8/7/2009] Eric Boehlert. [Source: Simon & Schuster]Eric Boehlert, an author and editor of the progressive news watchdog organization Media Matters, writes that, in his eyes, the media is ignoring the biggest “political story of the year”: “the unhinged radical-right response to [President] Obama’s inauguration and the naked attempt to dehumanize and delegitimize him through a nonstop smear campaign,” which he says is sponsored by the Republican Party and its conservative supporters. “The misguided movement breaks all kinds of taboos in American politics,” Boehlert writes, “as well as in the press, and is redefining our political culture—for the worse. Yet the press continues to play dumb.” Playing the Nazi Card - Boehlert takes as his springboard the relative disinterest the mainstream media shows to the repeated accusations that Obama and/or Congressional Democrats are Nazis, or Nazi sympathizers, or have Nazi-like goals and ideals (see July 24, 2009, July 28, 2009, August 4, 2009, August 4, 2009, August 6, 2009, August 6, 2009, August 6, 2009, August 7, 2009, and August 10-11, 2009), as well as the virtually unreported use of Nazi symbols and rhetoric at anti-health care protests (see July 25, 2009, August 1, 2009, August 4, 2009, and August 8, 2009). Boehlert notes that in January 2004, the liberal advocacy organization MoveOn received weeks of negative publicity and media attention when it briefly posted two amateur video clips on its Web site submitted as part of a contest for 30-second Internet advertisements against the policies of the Bush administration. The organization removed the clips within hours and apologized for posting them, but was berated for weeks over the ads. Now, Boehlert notes, Rush Limbaugh and other prominent conservative spokespersons routinely use accusations of Nazism in their rhetorical attacks on Obama and Democrats, with virtually no acknowledgement from the press. Boehlert writes: “Despite the fact that Limbaugh has not apologized for his comments—unlike MoveOn in 2004—and is continuing to compare the Obama White House and the Democratic Party with Nazis, many in the media don’t consider it newsworthy and haven’t condemned it. And more important, journalists don’t show any signs of believing that the episode tells us anything about the radically unhinged nature of the right-wing media in this country today.” Apparently, he writes, most media analysts just consider Limbaugh’s extreme rhetoric a case of “Rush being Rush.” But, he asks, if Limbaugh is going to be considered the de facto leader of conservative thought in America, why isn’t he being challenged on his use of what Boehlert calls “his radical and outrageous rhetoric.… He went to a place that previously was considered unconscionable and unpardonable by the press.… Why isn’t Limbaugh uniformly condemned for his words?” Accusations of Racism, Racist Pronouncements - And Limbaugh is merely one of many. Fox News commentator Glenn Beck recently accused Obama of being a “racist” and having a “deep-seated hatred of white people” (see July 28-29, 2009), and outside of the small number of progressive/liberal hosts on MSNBC and a few scattered notations in the press, the accusation was virtually ignored. “At the [Washington] Post, which obsesses over the intersection of the media and politics,” Boehlert writes, “the jaw-dropping attack by Fox News’s superstar host wasn’t considered newsworthy. That’s correct: Two of the most popular and powerful conservative voices in America have recently called out Obama as a Nazi and a racist.” Legitimizing Extremism - Boehlert assigns part of the blame to journalists being “spooked by decades’ worth of ‘liberal media bias’ attacks” that drive them to “refuse to connect the glaringly obvious dots on display.” The extreme rhetorical attacks dovetail with what he calls “the town hall mini-mobs that are wreaking havoc across the country” and “the bizarre birther conspiracy theory” that insists Obama is not a US citizen, but some sort of “plant” from Kenya brought to America to bring down American democracy. “The three right-wing phenomena are all related,” he writes, “and they all revolve around a runaway hatred of Obama (as well as the federal government), and they’re all being fueled by the [conservative media operation], especially Fox News and Limbaugh, both of which no longer recognize common decency, let alone journalistic standards. Yet instead of putting Limbaugh on the receiving end of well-deserved scrutiny and scorn, rather than turning his comments into a political firestorm, the press plays dumb and actually goes out of its way to legitimize the worst offenders of the GOP’s hate brigade.” Boehlert condemns ABC News for inviting conservative blogger and columnist Michelle Malkin to take part in a discussion of health care reform “with Pulitzer Prize-winning writers.” Malkin, he writes, is a prime member of the “hate brigade,” helping push the increasingly angry and violent mob confrontations as well as exhorting readers to believe that the Democrats want to exterminate the elderly (see November 23, 2008, January 27, 2009, February 9, 2009, February 11, 2009, February 18, 2009, May 13, 2009, June 24, 2009, June 25, 2009, July 10, 2009, July 16, 2009, July 17, 2009, July 21, 2009, July 23, 2009, July 23, 2009, July 23, 2009, July 23-24, 2009, July 24, 2009, July 28, 2009, July 28, 2009, July 28, 2009, July 31, 2009 - August 12, 2009, August 7, 2009, and August 10, 2009). The New Yorker recently praised Michael Savage, who routinely attacks women, gays, liberals, and minorities with the worst rhetorical excess (see January 10, 2008, February 1, 2008, February 21, 2008, March 13, 2008, April 3, 2008, June 6, 2008, June 6, 2008, August 25, 2008, October 8-10, 2008, October 21, 2008, October 22, 2008, November 10, 2008, and November 18, 2008), calling him “fun” and “addictive.” Comparing the Statistics - Boehlert notes that in January 2004, the Indianapolis Star published five letters to the editor about the MoveOn controversy. To date, it has not published a single letter about Limbaugh’s Nazi accusations towards Obama or Democrats. In January 2004, 28 of the nation’s largest newspapers published a total of 54 stories, articles, or letters about the MoveOn controversy. To date, that group has published a combined total of six stories about Limbaugh’s Nazi allegations. No paper has printed more than one story on the topic. In January 2004, the MoveOn-Nazi story garnered 300 percent more airtime on CNN than the Limbaugh-Nazi story has received. [Media Matters, 8/11/2009] An elderly protester outside the Raleigh, North Carolina, office of Representative Brad Miller (D-NC) ties together two popular claims of the anti-health care reform movement: the reform proposal will kill senior citizens, and the reformers are like Nazis. The unidentified protester tells a television interviewer: “Hitler got rid of his undesirable citizens through ovens. [President] Obama wants to get rid of people like me through hospice.… If [people] are a certain age, grim reapers calling themselves as counselors will go and tell them to take a pill and just die.” [New York Times, 8/13/2009] A member of the LaRouche Youth Movement compares the Obama health care reform proposal to Nazi policies. [Source: Darren McCollester / Getty Images]A testy Representative Barney Frank (D-MA) loses patience with a raucous, shouting crowd of angry protesters at a two-hour town hall meeting in Dartmouth, Massachusetts. Frank, who strongly supports the Democrats’ health care reform proposals, attempts to answer the shouted questions and accusations from protesters, who often attempt to shout him down before he can complete his answers, and boo him from the moment he is introduced. Frank repeatedly asks, “You want me to talk about it or do you want to yell?” and asks, “Which one of you wants to yell next?” He also says frequently: “Disruption never helps your cause. It just looks like you’re afraid to have rational discussion.” Frank finally loses patience when Rachel Brown of the LaRouche Youth Movement tells him that President Obama’s health care policies are comparable to those of Nazi Germany, meanwhile waving a pamphlet depicting Obama with a Hitler mustache. “This policy is actually already on its way out,” Brown says. “It already has been defeated by LaRouche. My question to you is, why do you continue to support a Nazi policy as Obama has expressly supported this policy? Why are you supporting it?” Frank, a Jew, retorts: “When you ask me that question, I’m going to revert to my ethnic heritage and ask you a question: On what planet do you spend most of your time? You stand there with a picture of the president defaced to look like Hitler and compare the effort to increase health care to the Nazis.” He says her ability to deface an image of the president and express her views “is a tribute to the First Amendment that this kind of vile, contemptible nonsense is so freely propagated,” and concludes: “Trying to have a conversation with you would be like trying to argue with a dining room table. I have no interest in doing it.” During less contentious moments, Frank rebuts claims that the reform proposal would mandate free health care for illegal immigrants, and attempts to read the pertinent section of the bill through the shouts and catcalls. He asks why protesters demand for him to answer and then scream through his answers: “What’s the matter with you all? I don’t know if you get angrier when I answer the questions, or when you don’t think I do.” [Associated Press, 8/19/2009; CNN, 8/19/2009; Think Progress, 8/19/2009; Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 8/19/2009; Boston Globe, 8/20/2009]'Look for the Mustache' - A representative of the Massachusetts Republican Party later says Brown and other LaRouche supporters were at the forum “to cause problems,” and denies any Republican involvement in the shouting or pamphleteering. A LaRouche spokeswoman, Nancy Spannaus, says, “LaRouche PAC members are giving leadership to these town hall meetings all around the country so we are being at any one that we possibly can.” The Obama “mustache poster” “symbolizes the fact that the president is attempting to implement a Hitler health care policy,” she adds. “At any town hall, you’ll know LaRouche people are there if you just look for the mustache.” [Washington Post, 8/20/2009]Fox News: Frank's Remarks Proof that Democrats are 'Alienating Voters' - Fox News talk show host Sean Hannity and a Fox reporter, Griff Jenkins, say that Frank’s retorts to the protesters are proof that Democrats are “alienating voters” with their reform policies. Jenkins tells Hannity that Frank “talked down” to the protesters. Hannity calls Frank’s comments full of “arrogance [and] condescension.” Representative Michele Bachmann (R-MN), Hannity’s guest, praises the LaRouche questioner and other protesters as evidence of American “democracy in action.” [Fox News, 8/18/2009] Michael Savage, a conservative radio host, tells his listeners that President Obama wants to have an “Obama Youth” program similar to the Nazi’s “Hitler Youth.” Referring to a speech Obama is preparing that is aimed at schoolchildren (which Savage falsely claims Obama “is going to force” children to listen to), Savage says “every dictator” such as Adolf Hitler, Cuba’s Raul and Fidel Castro, and others have routinely attempted to “brainwash” their young citizens by making speeches to them. “[Y]ou gotta hand it to dictators,” Savage says, “they see the future. That once they seize total power, they need a generation that loves them. Hitler had the Hitler Youth, and Obama would like to have the Obama Youth. Now he can’t create the Obama Youth Corps overnight, but he can certainly address the schoolchildren of America as a captive audience and sell them on fraudulent ideas such as global warming, health care for all, higher taxation for the pig rich, and things of this nature, and that’s what happens under a dictatorship, things of this nature.” [Media Matters, 9/3/2009] Obama will give the speech on September 8; it contains non-controversial reminders for schoolchildren to “stay in school” and “work hard,” and contains no references to “global warming,” “health care for all,” or taxing the “pig rich.” Schools are invited to broadcast the speech into classrooms or assemblies, but are not required to by either the White House or local school boards. After the speech, a Baltimore teacher will tell a reporter that she is disappointed that the country has “become so polarized that we believe that our president is an enemy and not our leader.” During George W. Bush’s presidency, she will say, “whether I disagreed or not, I still saw him as a leader.” [White House, 9/8/2009; CNN, 9/8/2009] Savage has called the landmark civil rights decision Brown v. Board “sickening” (see May 18, 2004), accused Obama of being educated in a radical Islamic madrassa (see January 10, 2008 and April 3, 2008) and being a potential “radical Muslim” (see February 21, 2008), called Obama’s presidential victory “the first affirmative-action election in American history” (see February 1, 2008), accused Obama of being sympathetic towards the Nazis and the Imperial Japanese of World War II (see March 13, 2008), said that homeless Americans should be put in “work camps” (see June 6, 2008), called Obama an “Afro-Leninist” (see June 6, 2008), said that welfare recipients should lose the right to vote (see October 22, 2008), accused Obama of using his grandmother’s death to conceal his “efforts” to falsify his Hawaiian birth certificate (see November 10, 2008), accused Obama of planning to fire all the “competent white men” in government once he became president (see November 18, 2008), and called Obama a “dictator” (see March 4-6, 2009). Fox News host Glenn Beck, in an interview with the conservative Web news provider NewsMax, says he “fears a Reichstag moment” from the Obama administration. Beck is referring to the 1933 burning of the German parliament building in Berlin that the Nazis blamed on Communists, and that Adolf Hitler used as an excuse to eliminate constitutional liberties and consolidate power. Beck says he “fears” that the Obama administration will either orchestrate, or take advantage of, a similar situation in America to abolish constitutional democracy and institute a tyrannical rule. “I fear a Reichstag moment,” he says. “God forbid, another 9/11. Something that will turn this machine on, and power will be seized and voices will be silenced. God help us all.” The NewsMax article will subsequently be removed from the provider’s Web site, but the progressive media watchdog organization Media Matters writes an article about the interview, as do several other news organizations. [Media Matters, 9/30/2009; Chicago Tribune, 10/6/2009] Fox News host Glenn Beck compares the National Education Association to Nazis. Beck, discussing a recent conference call by NEA officials in which artists reportedly discussed how “to help lay a new foundation for growth, focusing on core areas of the recovery agenda,” says that “advocating through art is known as propaganda. Hmm. You should look up the name Goebbels.” Beck is referring to Joseph Goebbels, the minister of propaganda during the Nazi regime. [Media Matters, 11/3/2009] Banner at the Capitol Hill rally depicting House Speaker Nancy Pelosi as an ‘Unamerican McCarthyite.’ [Source: MSNBC]Conservatives gather on Capitol Hill to protest the Obama administration’s push towards health care reform, in a rally featuring guest speaker Representative Michele Bachmann (R-MN). [Media Matters, 11/6/2009] Bachmann called the rally the “Super Bowl of Freedom,” and told Fox News viewers that “socialized medicine is the crown jewel of socialism. This [health care reform] will change our country forever.” [TPM LiveWire, 11/3/2009; Mediaite, 11/11/2009] Actor Jon Voight, speaking to the crowd, says of President Obama: “His only success in one year as president is taking America apart piece by piece. Could it be 20 years of ‘subconscious programming’ from Reverend [Jeremiah] Wright [Obama’s former pastor] to damn America?” And House Minority Leader John Boehner (R-OH) tells the crowd, “Pelosi care [referring to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-CA] is the greatest threat to freedom I’ve seen in my 19 years in Washington.” Signs Use Racial Images; Call Obama Communist, Nazi - Signs visible in the crowd proclaim, among other sentiments: “Get the Red Out of the White House”; “Waterboard Congress”; “Traitor to the US Constitution” (featuring a photo of Obama); “Ken-Ya Trust Obama?” (referring to theories that Obama is a citizen of Kenya—see January 24, 2007, January 16, 2008, August 1, 2008 and After, October 8-10, 2008, and August 11, 2009—and with autographs from Representatives Steve King, R-IA and Ron Paul, R-TX); “Un-American McCarthyite” (featuring a photo of Pelosi); “I’m the King of the World: Remember the Titanic?” (featuring a drawing of Obama as the “Jovial Sambo” character from the Jim Crow era); “National Socialist Health Care” (featuring a photograph of a pile of corpses from the Holocaust, and claiming that health care reform is the next “holocaust”). Nine rally participants are arrested for attempting to force their way into the Hart Senate Office Building. Hundreds more attempt to force themselves into nearby government office buildings while chanting, “Kill the bill!” [MSNBC, 11/5/2009]Sponsored by GOP - MSNBC’s Domenico Montanaro writes: “It is important to know that this rally was set up by the GOP. While other groups certainly got people to show up, the folks who came here ultimately came at the invitation of the Republican Party. The GOP provided the speakers and the music, etc.” [MSNBC, 11/5/2009]Fox Pundit Inflates Crowd Estimates - While other media sources use local police reports to estimate the crowd at around 4,000, Fox News’s Sean Hannity tells listeners that the crowd is closer to 20,000 in size. Hannity later drastically scales back this claim. Hannity, who along with other Fox News pundits and on-air anchors had heavily promoted the rally for days beforehand, predicted the crowd would be “massive” in the hours before the protest. On his radio show, aired on ABC Radio Network, Hannity tells listeners: “We announced on Hannity Friday night on the Fox News Channel, we had Congresswoman Michele Bachmann on, and she mentioned that there was going to be on Thursday, she was going to put together in less than a week a little town hall on—what do you want to call it—march on our nation’s Capitol. And anyway, 20,000 people showed up today.” Hannity echoes the claim several times on his radio show. However, with no explanation, he concludes his radio broadcast by saying, “I heard there was, like, 5,000 people plus there.” [MSNBC, 11/5/2009; Media Matters, 11/6/2009] On Hannity’s Fox News broadcast later that evening, he returns to his earlier estimates of “20,000” rally participants, and shows viewers old footage from Glenn Beck’s 9/12 rally (see September 12, 2009) to bolster his claim. [Crooks and Liars, 11/11/2009] On November 11, Hannity will admit that he “screwed up” in showing the footage, and claims it was merely “an inadvertent mistake.” [Think Progress, 11/12/2009] Hannity does not address how the mistake came to be made. [New York Times, 11/11/2009] Media critic Rachel Sklar will write, “It’s really blatant and remarkable… this sort of misrepresentation is simply not an accident.” [Mediaite, 11/11/2009] A week later, Fox News anchor Gregg Jarrett will make a similar mistake (see November 18-19, 2009). Fox News host Glenn Beck, speaking on his daily radio show, says that “progressives build the structure that a communist, a Marxist, a Nazi would love to have.” Beck is accusing the Obama administration of emulating Nazis and Communism by its programs of what he calls the “redistribution of wealth and social justice of wealth—engineered justice.” [Media Matters, 4/22/2010] The American Jewish Coalition logo. [Source: The New Jew (.com)]The American Jewish Coalition (AJC) urges the Republican Party leadership to condemn former House Speaker Newt Gingrich (R-GA)‘s assertion that the Obama administration’s policy agenda is as “great a threat to America as Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.” Gingrich, a paid Fox News commentator, made the statement in a recently published book, To Save America; in interviews promoting the book, he has called the Obama administration a “secular socialist machine” similar in fashion and beliefs to the Nazi and Soviet regimes. The AJC’s executive director, David Harris, says: “By invoking the current administration in the same breath as two murderous totalitarian states, Newt Gingrich has drawn a foolish and dangerous analogy. Gingrich’s linkage not only diminishes the horror of the Holocaust, it also licenses the use of extremist language in contemporary America.” Gingrich has said he is not drawing moral distinctions, but has gone on to say that because of the Obama initiatives, “we are going to be in a country which no longer resembles America.” Harris says: “It is vital that the Republican leadership say clearly that such analogies are unacceptable. Unfortunately, as the recent controversy over the new immigration law in Arizona also demonstrates, demonizing political opponents as Nazis is becoming all too common in American political debate.” [Media Matters, 5/16/2010; American Jewish Coalition, 5/19/2010] On Fox News, Chris Wallace asks Gingrich if his claim isn’t “wildly over the top.” MSNBC’s Joe Scarborough, a former Republican congressman, calls Gingrich’s comments “sick,” “shameful,” and “so over the top,” and adds, “I hope you apologize.” [Media Matters, 5/16/2010; Media Matters, 5/20/2010; Media Matters, 5/20/2010] President Obama during his May 22, 2010 speech at West Point. [Source: Potusphere (.com)]Michael Savage, a conservative radio host, tells his listeners that President Obama does not have the right to speak to the graduating class of the Army’s United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, and calls Obama “Little Mussolini,” after the Italian fascist dictator and ally of Adolf Hitler. Savage, referring to Obama’s May 22 speech to the graduating class of cadets, says Obama “slipped and gave himself away” during his speech, calls Obama “insecure” and “terrified,” and says Obama neither had the “right” nor the “honor to speak to the cadets,” and “is not qualified to speak to the cadets.” Obama, Savage says, “overcompensate[d]” during the speech by saying, “I have absolute power in some areas.” Savage then says: “That was to show the boys and the men at West Point who their boss was. It was ‘Little Mussolini,’ ‘Junior Doc’ Obama [referring to Haitian dictators ‘Papa Doc’ and ‘Baby Doc’ Duvalier], who told them in no uncertain terms: ‘Don’t you dare think that I am not in charge. I’ll show you.’” Savage goes on to say Obama has “a woman problem” that has something to do with “the peripatic nature of his mother during his upbringing,” and questions Obama’s loyalty to the United States, asking if his loyalities “lie here [in the US] or somewhere else.… We suspect [they do] not lie here in Washington, DC.” [Media Matters, 5/25/2010] The reference to “absolute power” is a joke Obama made at the beginning of his speech. He told the cadets: “As your superintendent indicated, under our constitutional system my power as president is wisely limited. But there are some areas where my power is absolute. And so, as your commander in chief, I hereby absolve all cadets who are on restriction for minor conduct offenses. I will leave the definition of ‘minor’ to those who know better.” Obama received applause and laughter from the cadets for the wisecrack. [CBS News, 5/22/2010] Savage has called the landmark civil rights decision Brown v. Board “sickening” (see May 18, 2004), accused Obama of being educated in a radical Islamic madrassa (see January 10, 2008 and April 3, 2008) and being a potential “radical Muslim” (see February 21, 2008), called Obama’s presidential victory “the first affirmative-action election in American history” (see February 1, 2008), accused Obama of being sympathetic towards the Nazis and the Imperial Japanese of World War II (see March 13, 2008), said that homeless Americans should be put in “work camps” (see June 6, 2008), called Obama an “Afro-Leninist” (see June 6, 2008), said that welfare recipients should lose the right to vote (see October 22, 2008), accused Obama of using his grandmother’s death to conceal his “efforts” to falsify his Hawaiian birth certificate (see November 10, 2008), accused Obama of planning to fire all the “competent white men” in government once he became president (see November 18, 2008), accused Obama of desiring his own “Hitler Youth” program (see September 2, 2009), compared Obama to Chinese Communist dictator Mao Zedong (see December 3, 2009), and compared Obama to mass murderer Pol Pot (see December 17, 2009). Jewish leaders meet privately with Fox News chief executive Roger Ailes to complain about the repeated anti-Semitism of Fox talk show host Glenn Beck. Simon Greer, the head of Jewish Funds for Justice, tells Ailes and Fox News senior vice president Joel Cheatwood that he was disturbed when Beck, on his broadcasts, compared his worldview to that of the Nazis and accused him of trying to create American “death camps”; Ailes and Cheatwood agree that Beck went too far and promise to discuss the matter with him. Two days later, Greer will receive a handwritten note from Beck that reads: “Please know that I understand the sensitivity and sacred nature of this dark chapter in Human History. Thank you for your candor and helpful thoughts.” Greer has said Beck “has a history of recklessly invoking Nazi Germany and the Holocaust in order to advance his political agenda,” a statement bolstered by research from the Washington Post. However, Beck has been praised by some Jewish figures for his support of Israel. Cheatwood later disagrees with Greer, saying neither he nor Ailes said Beck had crossed any lines, and adds, “We absolutely stood behind Glenn Beck 1,000 percent.” [Yahoo! News, 8/3/2010] On Fox News’s morning broadcast Fox and Friends, former House Speaker Newt Gingrich, a frequent Fox commentator and presumptive Republican candidate for president in 2012, says of the controversial plans to build an Islamic community center two blocks from the site of the downed World Trade Center: “Nazis don’t have the right to put up a sign next to the Holocaust museum in Washington. We would never accept the Japanese putting up a site next to Pearl Harbor. There’s no reason for us to accept a mosque next to the World Trade Center.” [Media Matters, 8/16/2010] Glen Urquhart. [Source: Glen Urquhart for Congress]The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) releases a video showing Delaware Republican primary winner Glen Urquhart (R-DE) comparing believers in the separation of church and state to Nazis. Urquhart is running for the House seat vacated by moderate Republican Mike Castle (R-DE), who lost a contentious Delaware Senate primary to right-wing candidate Christine O’Donnell (see September 13, 2010). Both O’Donnell and Urquhart are backed by state and national “tea party” organizations. The DCCC is attempting to portray O’Donnell, Urquhart, and others as right-wing extremists. The video shows Urquhart speaking directly to the cameras, saying that the idea of the separation of church and state originated not with the Founding Fathers, but with Adolf Hitler: “Do you know, where does this phrase separation of church and state come from? Does anybody know?… Actually, that’s exactly, it was not in [Thomas] Jefferson’s letter to the Danbury Baptists. He was reassuring that the federal government wouldn’t trample on their religion. The exact phrase ‘separation of church and state’ came out of Adolf Hitler’s mouth, that’s where it comes from. Next time your liberal friends talk about the separation of church and state ask them why they’re Nazis.” Urquhart’s spokesman David Anderson says the candidate has repeatedly apologized for the remarks, and says Urquhart “believes 100 percent in religious freedom for all Americans.” He was merely speaking out against what he calls the “oppression of religious freedom in the name of separation of church and state.… The phrase he used was unfortunate, and he apologized for it.” [The Hill, 9/17/2010; CBS News, 9/17/2010] CBS News notes that Jefferson indeed used the phrase “separation of church and state” in his letter to the Danbury, Connecticut, Baptist Association, writing, “I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should ‘make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,’ thus building a wall of separation between church & state.” [CBS News, 9/17/2010; Jefferson, 9/17/2010] Washington Post columnist Dana Milbank, in an examination of Fox News host Glenn Beck’s slippery grasp of history, notes that Beck routinely invokes Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler and former US President Woodrow Wilson in comparisons to President Obama. Beck has accused Obama and his administration of supporting “eugenics” similar to those advocated by some Nazis (see May 13, 2009), claimed that Obama, like the Nazis, believes in enforced sterilization, claimed that Obama would create “death panels” to decide who lives and dies under his health care reform proposals (see August 10, 2009), told his viewers to “read Mein Kampf” if they want to understand Obama’s ideology, repeatedly accused the Obama administration of “fascism” (see September 29, 2009), claimed the Obama “brownshirts” were readying a strategy to arrest Beck and other Fox News personnel in an attempt to shut down the network, accused the United Nations of “Nazism” in pursuing efforts to curb global warming, said Obama wanted to create his own version of the SS and Hitler Youth in revamping and expanding AmeriCorps (see March 31, 2009), and more. Milbank notes that Beck either gives no evidence whatsoever to bolster his claims, or gives evidence that is either misrepresented or entirely false. Milbank writes: “Beck, it seems, has a Nazi fetish. In his first 18 months on Fox News, from early 2009 through the middle of this year, he and his guests invoked Hitler 147 times. Nazis, an additional 202 times. Fascism or fascists, 193 times. The Holocaust got 76 mentions, and Joseph Goebbels got 24. And these mentions are usually in reference to Obama.” As for Wilson, Beck routinely labels the former president a “racist” “horror show” who was “the spookiest president we ever had,” usually in preparation for comparing him to Obama. [Washington Post, 10/3/2010] Six weeks later, Fox News president Roger Ailes, defending Beck, will tell an interviewer that Milbank should be “beheaded” for criticizing Beck (see November 17-18, 2010). Foster Friess. [Source: New York Magazine]Foster Friess, a multi-millionaire who is the chief supporter of a “super PAC” supporting the presidential candidacy of Rick Santorum (R-PA), weighs in on the controversy surrounding new federal mandates for providing birth control in employers’ health care coverage. Friess dismisses the controversy by suggesting that if women just kept their legs closed, they would not need contraception. In an interview with MSNBC’s Andrea Mitchell, Friess is asked if Santorum’s rigid views on sex and social issues (see April 7, 2003, April 23, 2003 and After, January 2011, January 7, 2011, October 18, 2011 and After, June 2011, September 22, 2011, January 1-3, 2012, January 2, 2012 and January 4, 2012) would hurt his chances in the general election. Friess responds by saying: “I get such a chuckle when these things come out. Here we have millions of our fellow Americans unemployed; we have jihadist camps being set up in Latin America, which Rick has been warning about; and people seem to be so preoccupied with sex. I think it says something about our culture. We maybe need a massive therapy session so we can concentrate on what the real issues are. And this contraceptive thing, my gosh, it’s [so] inexpensive. Back in my day, they used Bayer aspirin for contraceptives. The gals put it between their knees and it wasn’t that costly.” Mitchell says, “Excuse me, I’m just trying to catch my breath from that, Mr. Friess, frankly.” Think Progress’s Alex Seitz-Wald writes: “Given that [a]spirin is not a contraceptive, Friess seems to be suggesting that women keep the pill between their knees in order to ensure the[ir] legs stay closed to prevent having sex. Conspicuously, Friess doesn’t put the same burden on men.” [Think Progress, 2/16/2012; National Public Radio, 2/16/2012] Friess’s comment draws quick reaction from a number of sources, with many women’s groups expressing their outrage. Santorum quickly distances himself from the comment, calling it a “bad joke” and implying that the media is trying to smear him with it: “When you quote a supporter of mine who tells a bad off-color joke and somehow I am responsible for that, that is ‘gotcha,’” he tells a CBS News reporter. [Washington Post, 2/17/2012] Fox News’s late-night political humor show, Red Eye, features guest host Andy Levy sarcastically speculating that Friess’s joke is part of a “guerrilla marketing” scheme by the Bayer Corporation, which manufactures Bayer aspirin. Guest Anthony Cumia dismisses Friess’s comment by saying that Friess is “an old guy, he’s got old jokes.” [Mediaite, 2/17/2012] The next day, Friess issues an apology on his blog that reads: “To all those who took my joke as modern day approach I deeply apologize and seek your forgiveness. My wife constantly tells me I need new material—she understood the joke but didn’t like it anyway—so I will keep that old one in the past where it belongs.” New York Magazine’s Dan Amira writes, perhaps sarcastically, that he does not understand why either Santorum or Friess apologized, as he believes Friess stated Santorum’s position on sex and birth control rather clearly. “‘Hold an aspirin between your knees’ is just a more colorful way of saying, ‘just keep your legs closed,’ which is tantamount to ‘just don’t have sex,’” Amira writes. “It’s abstinence, pure and simple. Which is exactly what Santorum advocates. He’s said that unless you’re trying to procreate, you shouldn’t be having sex, and therefore, contraception is ‘not okay.’ He has promised to make this argument to the American people as president. As far we can tell, the only difference between Friess’s bad contraception joke and Santorum’s actual contraception beliefs is an aspirin.” [New York Magazine, 2/17/2012; Foster Friess, 2/17/2012] Friess is often described in the press as a “billionaire,” but both Friess and Forbes magazine say that appellation is inaccurate. [Forbes, 2/8/2012] Sandra Fluke. [Source: Alex Wong / Getty Images / New York Times]Conservative radio talk show host Rush Limbaugh insults Sandra Fluke, the Georgetown University law student who testified in favor of federal law mandating that health care providers pay for contraception (see March 1, 2012), as a “slut” and a “prostitute” who wants the government to pay her for having sex. On his radio show, Limbaugh, who wrongly identifies her as “Susan” Fluke, says: “What does it say about the college coed Susan Fluke, who goes before a congressional committee and essentially says that she must be paid to have sex? What does that make her? It makes her a slut, right? It makes her a prostitute. She wants to be paid to have sex. She’s having so much sex she can’t afford the contraception. She wants you and me and the taxpayers to pay her to have sex. What does that make us? We’re the pimps. The johns, that’s right. We would be the johns—no! We’re not the johns. Well—yeah, that’s right. Pimp’s not the right word. Okay, so, she’s not a slut. She’s round-heeled. I take it back.” Think Progress reporter Alex Seitz-Wald comments on Limbaugh’s characterization, “While it’s probably not even worth engaging with Limbaugh on the facts, Fluke’s testimony was about a friend who is a lesbian and needed birth control for non-sexual medical reasons, so he’s only wrong about three times over, and offensive many more times over than that.” Seitz-Wald notes that Fluke never discussed her own use, or non-use, of contraception, nor did she allude to her sexual activities at all. [Media Matters, 2/29/2012; Think Progress, 2/29/2012; Think Progress, 3/1/2012]Misrepresentation - Seitz-Wald will note that Limbaugh is deliberately misrepresenting Fluke’s position and the position of Congressional Democrats. “Fluke’s testimony, and the entire contraception debate, is about insurance companies paying for contraception as part of their health coverage, the… way they pay for any other medication, such as Viagra. Morevoer, Fluke’s testimony was not about herself, but about a friend who need contraception to fight cancer and other fellow law students. This conservative narrative, which is pure fantasy, seems to be based on a single bogus article from Cybercast News Service (CNS), which Limbaugh repeatedly cites, with the ludicrous headline, ‘Sex-Crazed Co-Eds Going Broke Buying Birth Control, Student Tells Pelosi Hearing Touting Freebie Mandate.’” [CNS News, 2/29/2012; Think Progress, 3/2/2012]Other News Outlets Join Limbaugh - Other conservative news outlets join Limbaugh in attacking Fluke and other women who use contraception. In the article cited by Limbaugh, CNS’s Craig Bannister says that “sex-crazed co-eds” like Fluke should cut back on the amount of sex they’re having to pay for other needs such as books and food. Fox News’s Trace Gallagher mocks Fluke, saying: “And see, I was gonna go to law school, but I thought all you did was study in law school, right? So, I guess I was wrong on that.” Fox News correspondent Monica Crowley says the government should not pay Fluke and others to have “recreational sex.” CNN commentator Dana Loesch calls Fluke and other women “nymphos” for wanting access to contraceptives, and says Fluke and feminists “support… female genocide.” [Media Matters, 2/29/2012; CNS News, 2/29/2012]Fox Business Commentator: Fluke's Testimony Part of a Pro-Abortion Scheme by House Minority Leader - On Fox Business Channel’s Lou Dobbs Tonight, regular guest Bill Donohue calls Fluke a “little brat.” Dobbs asks Donohue to comment on what he calls Fluke’s demand that she be given free contraception, a mischaracterization of Fluke’s testimony (and one contradicted by the clip of her testimony Dobbs plays before Donohue’s comments). Donohue begins by lambasting Georgetown for having a group called “Hoyas for Choice,” which he calls “Hoyas for Abortion,” but not groups like “Hoyas for Racism” or “Hoyas for Anti-Semitism.” Donohue suggests that the university and Hoyas for Choice raise “the nine dollars a month” Fluke needs for her personal contraception needs, and Dobbs notes that Georgetown is “one of the most expensive universities in the country.” Donohue attacks Fluke for “obviously dressing well” but then asking taxpayers to pay for her contraception and, without basis in fact, for her university education to boot. Why aren’t taxpayers funding his anti-gout medication? he asks. “This is what we’ve come down to in this country,” he concludes. “You have these little brats who come on TV and they testify and they say, ‘I want, I want, I want,’ and somehow I have a moral responsibility? They have a lien on me to pay this? It’s all about getting the Catholic Church, obviously, to pay for their abortion-inducing drugs, which is why we’re having this debate.” Donohue says that Fluke’s testimony is part of a scheme by House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi (D-CA), “who actually brought her on there to speak,” to force the Catholic Church to amend its position on abortion. [Media Matters, 2/29/2012]'Shockingly Ugly Hatred' - Conservative blogger Charles Johnson, who in recent years has become highly critical of the race- and gender-based rhetoric from the right, writes that the right’s reaction to Fluke constitutes “shockingly ugly hatred,” and says Limbaugh’s attack is “another step into the gutter.” [Charles Johnson, 2/29/2012] Atlantic columnist Ta-Nehisi Coates agrees with Johnson, noting that Limbaugh is not just an “entertainer,” but a powerful opinion leader of the Republican Party, and says that Limbaugh’s comments are part of what Coates calls “the normalization of cruelty” and “evidence of the lowest aspects of humanity.” [Atlantic, 3/1/2012] Eric Boehlert, a senior writer at the liberal media watchdog Web site Media Matters, calls Limbaugh’s “radio outburst” an example of his “rancid misogyny,” and writes: “[I]t was perhaps the talk show host’s incessant need to bully powerless people from the safety of his studio that was so striking. That, and the glee Limbaugh seemed to take in not only maligning the young woman, but her parents as well. It’s jaw-dropping.” Boehlert goes on to remind readers that Limbaugh is not just a voice on the radio or an entertainer, but “the voice of America’s conservative movement, as well as the Republican Party.” [Media Matters, 3/1/2012]House Democrats Call for Condemnation - House Democrats, including Pelosi, call for Republican Congressional leaders to condemn Limbaugh’s remarks (see February 29, 2012). Statement from Law Student - Fluke will issue a statement repudiating Limbaugh’s rhetoric (see March 1, 2012). Continued Attacks - Limbaugh will continue his attacks on Fluke the next day (see March 1, 2012). Conservative talk show host Rush Limbaugh spends much of his three-hour show lambasting Georgetown University law student Sandra Fluke, who testified in opposition to a House amendment that would have allowed health care providers to deny contraceptive coverage and other health care necessities if they had religious or moral objections (see March 1, 2012). The day before, Limbaugh called Fluke a “slut” and a “prostitute” who is having “so much sex she can’t afford the contraception” and wants the government to pay for it (see February 29, 2012). Limbaugh begins by saying that Fluke and others who criticized his comments (see February 29, 2012 and March 1, 2012) were having “a conniption fit” that he finds “hilarious.” He offers a compromise, offering to buy “all the women at Georgetown University as much aspirin to put between their knees as possible” (see February 16-17, 2012), and says he believes he is being “quite compassionate.” Limbaugh later returns to the topic, saying that having the government pay for contraception is “flat-out thievery” that would force taxpayers to pay to “satisfy the sexual habits of female law students at Georgetown.” He characterizes Fluke’s objections to the House amendment as her saying: “I’m going broke having sex. I need government to provide me condoms and contraception. It’s not fair.… Ms. Fluke, have you ever heard of not having sex? Have you ever heard of not having sex so often?… Who bought your condoms in junior high? Who bought your condoms in the sixth grade? Or your contraception. Who bought your contraceptive pills in high school?” He says Fluke is apparently “having so much sex, it’s amazing she can still walk.… She and her co-ed classmates are having sex nearly three times a day for three years straight, apparently these deadbeat boyfriends or random hookups that these babes are encountering here, having sex with nearly three times a day.” He advises Fluke that she can get “free condoms and lube” from the Washington, DC, Department of Health. He then says: “So, Ms. Fluke and the rest of you feminazis (see May 21, 2007 and July 2008), here’s the deal. If we are going to pay for your contraceptives, and thus pay for you to have sex, we want something for it, and I’ll tell you what it is. We want you to post the videos online so we can all watch.” He finishes his tirade by accusing Fluke of being “a plant… an anti-Catholic plant from the get-go” who is working behind the scenes as part of a “Democratic plot” to “create a new welfare program and, at the same time, try to cast Republicans in an election year as anti-female.” Fluke, he says, is “a woman who is happily presenting herself as an immoral, baseless, no-purpose-to-her life woman. She wants all the sex in the world whenever she wants it, all the time, no consequences. No responsibility for her behavior.” He concludes that he, not Fluke, is the victim, and says he is being persecuted by those who wish to see him removed from the airwaves. [Think Progress, 3/1/2012; Media Matters, 3/1/2012; MSNBC, 3/2/2012] President Obama calls Sandra Fluke, the Georgetown University law school student who has been subjected to vociferous attacks and personal smears by conservative talk show host Rush Limbaugh and others (see February 29, 2012 and March 1, 2012) after publicly opposing a Republican-backed amendment that would have allowed health care providers and insurers to deny coverage of contraception and other provisions on moral or religious grounds (see March 1, 2012). Obama asks Fluke if she is “okay” after the attacks, thanks her for speaking out on the issue, and tells her that her parents should be proud of her. Fluke takes the call at the MSNBC building in New York, while waiting to be interviewed by MSNBC’s Andrea Mitchell. Of the call, she tells Mitchell: “He encouraged me and supported me and thanked me for speaking out about the concerns of American women. What was really personal for me was that he said to tell my parents that they should be proud. And that meant a lot because Rush Limbaugh questioned whether or not my family would be proud of me. So I just appreciated that very much.… He did express his concern for me and wanted to make sure that I was okay, which I am. I’m okay.” She tells Mitchell that the vilification from Limbaugh has been “surreal.” After the call, White House press secretary Jay Carney says Obama made the telephone call because he feels that “the kinds of personal attacks that have been directed her way have been inappropriate. The fact that our political discourse has been debased in many ways is bad enough.” He adds: “It’s even worse when it is directed at a private citizen who is simply expressing her views about public policy.… The president expressed to Sandra Fluke that he was disappointed that she was the subject of these crude—of these personal attacks. I think that it’s fair to say that—reprehensible was my word, but look, these were unfortunate attacks that were leveled against her and the president feels that way.… They were, inappropriate and reprehensible. But the point is the president called her to thank her for speaking out on a matter and doing so with great poise on a matter—on a public policy matter and to express his disappointment that she had been subjected to these kinds of attacks.” [MSNBC, 3/1/2012; Huffington Post, 3/2/2012; CBS News, 3/2/2012] Days later, Obama will tell a Washington Post reporter that he called Fluke in part because he was thinking of his daughters Malia and Sasha. “I don’t know what’s in Rush Limbaugh’s heart, so I’m not going to comment on the sincerity of his apology” (see March 3, 2012 and March 5, 2012), Obama will say. “What I can comment on is the fact that all decent folks can agree that the remarks that were made don’t have any place in the public discourse.” He says he called “because I thought about Malia and Sasha, and one of the things I want them to do as they get older is to engage in issues they care about; even ones I may not agree with them on.… And I don’t want them attacked or called horrible names because they’re being good citizens.” [Washington Post, 3/6/2012] Presidential candidate Newt Gingrich (R-GA) says Obama acted “opportunistically” in making the phone call, stating, “I think the president will opportunistically do anything he can.” [Los Angeles Times, 3/2/2012] Limbaugh continues his attacks on Fluke in the hours after Obama’s telephone call (see March 2, 2012). Conservative radio show host Rush Limbaugh issues an apology for his three-day verbal assault on Georgetown University law student Sandra Fluke. Fluke testified in opposition to a House amendment that would have allowed health care providers to deny contraceptive coverage and other health care necessities if they had religious or moral objections (see March 1, 2012) and was vilified by Limbaugh (see February 29, 2012, March 1, 2012, and March 2, 2012). Limbaugh, echoing claims from his anti-Fluke broadcasts, claims he was merely joking in calling Fluke a “slut” and a “prostitute,” alleging that she wanted the government to pay for her having promiscuous sex, and demanding that she post online videos of the sex he claimed he would be paying for. On his blog, Limbaugh writes: “For over 20 years, I have illustrated the absurd with absurdity, three hours a day, five days a week. In this instance, I chose the wrong words in my analogy of the situation. I did not mean a personal attack on Ms. Fluke. I think it is absolutely absurd that during these very serious political times, we are discussing personal sexual recreational activities before members of Congress. I personally do not agree that American citizens should pay for these social activities. What happened to personal responsibility and accountability? Where do we draw the line? If this is accepted as the norm, what will follow? Will we be debating if taxpayers should pay for new sneakers for all students that are interested in running to keep fit? In my monologue, I posited that it is not our business whatsoever to know what is going on in anyone’s bedroom nor do I think it is a topic that should reach a presidential level (see March 2, 2012). My choice of words was not the best, and in the attempt to be humorous, I created a national stir. I sincerely apologize to Ms. Fluke for the insulting word choices.” [Rush Limbaugh, 3/3/2012] Premiere Radio Networks, the subsidiary of Clear Channel Entertainment that distributes Limbaugh’s show, quickly emails the apology to reporters, but initially declines to comment. Limbaugh’s chief of staff Kit Carson refuses to comment as well. On March 4, the network will email a statement by a spokesperson that reads: “The contraception debate is one that sparks strong emotion and opinions on both sides of the issue. We respect the right of Mr. Limbaugh, as well as the rights of those who disagree with him, to express those opinions.” The company refuses to divulge the names of the largest advertisers on Limbaugh’s show, nor how much revenue Premiere is losing by the advertiser defections. A Twitter account called “Stop Rush” posts: “I think this attempt at damage control labeled as an apology actually makes things worse. You know what Rush’s so-called apology means? Your efforts at delivering real accountability are working!” MSNBC talk show host Lawrence O’Donnell posts on Twitter, “Lawyers wrote that apology.” [New York Times, 3/3/2012; Associated Press, 3/4/2012] Think Progress reporter Alex Seitz-Wald notes that Limbaugh conflates contraception with governmental purchases of sneakers, and continues to imply that Fluke and other women advocate for contraception coverage solely for their own personal sexual activities. Seitz-Wald recalls that Fluke testified to Congress on behalf of a friend who needed birth control pills to manage polycystic ovarian syndrome. [Think Progress, 3/3/2012] Liberal blogger Kaili Jo Gray writes in response: “Shorter Rush: ‘I’m sorry if any sluts were offended by being called sluts, but if they’d stop being sluts, I wouldn’t have to call them sluts.’ Obviously, the campaign to demand that Rush’s sponsors pull their advertising from his show is working” (see March 2, 2012 and After). [Kaili Jo Gray, 3/3/2012] Others agree. Representative Debbie Wasserman Schultz (D-FL), the Democratic National Committee chair, says, “I know he apologized, but forgive me, I doubt his sincerity, given that he lost at least six advertisers.” And Eric Boehlert of the progressive media watchdog Web site Media Matters says he doubts the apology will “stop the pressure that’s being applied to his advertisers.” In an email, Boehlert says, “His comments were so egregious, naturally advertisers will have doubts about being associated with Limbaugh’s brand of hate.” [New York Times, 3/5/2012] It is possible that Limbaugh issues the apology in hopes of fending off a lawsuit by Fluke (see March 2, 2012) and/or to stop advertisers from removing themselves as sponsors of his show. Regardless, the exodus will intensify, and will spread to advertisers asking that their ads be removed from Limbaugh’s political talk-show colleagues as well as from his own show (see March 9, 2012). On ABC’s This Week morning talk show, an array of political commentators from around the political spectrum unite in condemning radio host Rush Limbaugh’s three-day tirade against Georgetown University law student Sandra Fluke over her stance on contraception coverage (see February 29, 2012, March 1, 2012, and March 2, 2012). Perhaps the most surprising statements come from conservative columnist George Will, who not only slams Limbaugh’s comments, but criticizes Republicans for not coming out more strongly against Limbaugh (see March 2, 2012, March 2, 2012, and March 2, 2012). “Republican leaders are afraid of Rush Limbaugh,” Will says. “[House Speaker John] Boehner comes out and says Rush’s language was inappropriate. Using the salad fork for your entrée, that’s inappropriate. Not this stuff. And it was depressing because what it indicates is that the Republican leaders are afraid of Rush Limbaugh. They want to bomb Iran, but they’re afraid of Rush Limbaugh.” Will says that it is the duty of Republican leaders to keep Limbaugh in line: “It is the responsibility of conservatives to police the right and its excesses, just as the liberals unfailingly fail to police the excesses on their own side.” ABC political analyst Matthew Dowd agrees, saying that Republican leaders fear criticizing Limbaugh because they believe what Dowd calls the “myth” of Limbaugh’s powerful influence among Republican voters (see January 1993, October 16, 2001, December 17, 2004, July 2008, and January 28-29, 2009). “I think the problem is the Republican leaders, Mitt Romney and the other candidates, don’t have the courage to say what they say in quiet, which, they think Rush Limbaugh is a buffoon,” Dowd says. “They think he is like a clown coming out of a small car at a circus. It’s great he is entertaining and all that. But nobody takes him seriously.” Peggy Noonan, an advisor to former President George H. W. Bush, calls Limbaugh “crude, rude, [and] piggish” on the same broadcast (see March 4, 2012). [ABC News, 3/4/2012; Think Progress, 3/4/2012; Los Angeles Times, 3/5/2012] Conservative talk show host Rush Limbaugh attempts to explain his three-day tirade against Georgetown University law student Sandra Fluke (see February 29, 2012, March 1, 2012, and March 2, 2012) and expand on his apology for his comments (see March 3, 2012). In the process, he insults “liberals” and continues his attack on Fluke, though he now reframes his attacks on Fluke in political terms and avoids the personal defamation in which he had previously engaged. “I want to explain why I apologized to Sandra Fluke in the statement that was released on Saturday,” he says. “I’ve read all the theories from all sides and, frankly, they are all wrong. I don’t expect—and I know you don’t, either—morality or intellectual honesty from the left. They’ve demonstrated over and over a willingness to say or do anything to advance their agenda. It’s what they do. It’s what we fight against here every day. But this is the mistake I made. In fighting them on this issue last week, I became like them. Against my own instincts, against my own knowledge, against everything I know to be right and wrong I descended to their level when I used those two words [‘slut’ and ‘prostitute’] to describe Sandra Fluke. That was my error. I became like them, and I feel very badly about that. I’ve always tried to maintain a very high degree of integrity and independence on this program. Nevertheless, those two words were inappropriate. They were uncalled for. They distracted from the point that I was actually trying to make, and I again sincerely apologize to Ms. Fluke for using those two words to describe her. I do not think she is either of those two words. I did not think last week that she is either of those two words. The apology to her over the weekend was sincere. It was simply for using inappropriate words in a way I never do, and in so doing, I became like the people we oppose. I ended up descending to their level. It’s important not to be like them, ever, particularly in fighting them. The old saw, you never descend to the level of your opponent or they win. That was my error last week. But the apology was heartfelt. The apology was sincere. And, as you will hear as I go on here, it was not about anything else. No ulterior motive. No speaking in code. No double entendre or intention. Pure, simple, heartfelt. That’s why I apologized to Sandra Fluke on Saturday, ‘cause all the theories, all the experts are wrong.… Now, all of this is what I should have told you last week, ‘cause this is what happened. I use satire. I use absurdity to illustrate the absurd. The story at the Cybercast News Service characterized a portion of her testimony as sounding like (based on her own financial figures) she was engaging in sexual activity so often she couldn’t afford it. I focused on that because it was simple trying to persuade people, change people’s minds.” He continues attacking Fluke for her attempts to persuade Georgetown University to include contraception in its student health insurance coverage. He calls her a “longtime birth control activist” who went back to law school in order to engage in demagoguery at Georgetown over the contraception issue, and questions the testimony she was prepared to offer before a House committee in support of insurer-paid contraception coverage (see March 1, 2012). “In fact, she told stories less about birth control as a social tool (which was, of course, the left’s true agenda) and more about birth control as a medication for treating other conditions, such as pregnancy,” Limbaugh says. “To the left, pregnancy is a disease. If you’re listening to me for the first time, you may say, ‘Well, that’s crazy.’ It’s not. They treat pregnancy as a disease for political purposes. All of this, folks, is political. Sandra Fluke gave vague examples based on unnamed friends who she says couldn’t afford birth control to treat medical conditions they had, since Georgetown University wouldn’t pay for them. Georgetown paid for all of their other medical treatment, but it wouldn’t pay for the birth control pills that these doctors prescribed should they be necessary—or so she says. We still don’t know who any of these friends of hers are, these other women, and we don’t know what happened to them. Her testimony was hearsay, and it was unprovable.” He says to Fluke, “If birth control insurance is important to you as an enrolling student, and you find out that Georgetown doesn’t offer it, you might want to attend (or work at) a school that isn’t run by Catholics.” Fluke and others “intentionally target schools like Georgetown to advance an agenda of ultimately forcing them to abandon their religious beliefs,” Limbaugh says. “All of this is to serve Obama’s agenda (see March 2, 2012). The agenda he worked all summer on. He abandoned it only when America stood up, united, and this said they would not tolerate tearing down religion to increase government’s control over our lives.… They [Democrats] use Sandra Fluke to create a controversy. Sandra Fluke used them to advance her agenda, which is to force a religious institution to abandon their principles in order to meet hers.” [Reuters, 3/5/2012; Rush Limbaugh, 3/5/2012] Think Progress reporter Alex Seitz-Wald observes, “While this is perhaps some progress from Limbaugh’s overtly sexist slurs of last week, it’s hardly the words of a man genuinely sorry for his ad hominem attacks on a women’s health advocate.” [Think Progress, 3/5/2012] Presidential candidate Mitt Romney (R-MA), considered the leader in the primary race for the Republican presidential nomination, again refuses to comment on the controversy surrounding talk show host Rush Limbaugh’s three-day vilification of Georgetown University law student Sandra Fluke (see February 29, 2012, March 1, 2012, and March 2, 2012). Romney, like many Republicans, has refused to publicly criticize Limbaugh over his actions (see March 2, 2012 and March 2, 2012). Asked during a campaign stop about his position on Limbaugh, he says, “My campaign is about jobs and the economy and scaling back the size of government and I’m not going to weigh in on that particular controversy.” [Boston Globe, 3/6/2012] Some prominent Republicans, such as Romney’s fellow candidate Ron Paul (R-TX—see March 4, 2012), former Bush White House advisor Peggy Noonan (see March 4, 2012), Senators John McCain (R-AZ—see March 5, 2012) and Lisa Murkowski (R-AZ—see March 6, 2012), and former Bush speechwriter David Frum (see March 5, 2012), have condemned Limbaugh’s rhetoric. Two days ago, the former head of a conservative women’s organization predicted that few Republicans would step up to publicly criticize Limbaugh (see March 4, 2012). Author and investigative reporter Cara Hoffman writes an op-ed for the liberal news and opinion Web site TruthOut and her blog concerning the controversy surrounding talk show host Rush Limbaugh’s recent invective-laden tirades against Georgetown University law student Sandra Fluke (see February 29, 2012, March 1, 2012, March 2, 2012, and March 5, 2012). Fluke drew Limbaugh’s ire by advocating for insurer-paid contraception as part of broader health care coverage (see March 1, 2012). Hoffman writes that Limbaugh is correct in stating that “single, educated women” like Fluke and author Tracie McMillan, whom he excoriated after his attacks on Fluke (see March 6-7, 2012), “are trying to take away his freedom.… Limbaugh’s freedom has gone unchecked for a long time; his freedom to deliver a constant stream of invective and hate speech, the foundation of which is misogyny. So his anxiety is well justified. People once had the freedom to lynch, terrorize, and sexually assault African Americans until that freedom was taken away. They had the freedom to deny them an education, a vote, the right to marry whom they chose, until that freedom was taken away. They had the freedom to mock and use racial epithets and hate speech in all forms of media until that freedom was taken away.” Hoffman writes that Limbaugh’s listeners are in a similar predicament, facing the loss of their “freedom” to exercise what she calls their hatred for women: “[f]reedoms they had before women were allowed to go to school, or to vote, before rape shield laws existed, before domestic violence laws changed. They know as long as there is no level playing field, as long as women are kept second class citizens, the freedom to discriminate, exploit, intimidate, and reap the benefits of the economic and social freedoms that come from creating an underclass remain.” Hoffman concludes: “Young single educated women and men, working class women and men, married women and men are at the forefront of dismantling your freedoms, Mr. Limbaugh. Rest assured we will be taking them. You won’t have to wait much longer.” [TruthOut (.org), 3/8/2012] Premiere Radio Networks logo. [Source: Premiere Radio Networks]Premiere Radio Networks, the company that distributes radio shows by an array of right-wing hosts, including Rush Limbaugh, announces that 98 out of 350 advertisers, including a number of major corporations, have requested that their ads only appear on “programs free of content that you know are deemed to be offensive or controversial (for example, Mark Levin, Rush Limbaugh, Tom Leykis, Michael Savage, Glenn Beck, Sean Hannity).” The Premiere email says, “Those are defined as environments likely to stir negative sentiment from a very small percentage of the listening public.” Limbaugh vilified law student Sandra Fluke for three days on his radio show (see February 29, 2012, March 1, 2012, and March 2, 2012), and though he issued an apology on his Web site (see March 3, 2012), advertisers have dropped their sponsorship of his show in increasingly large numbers (see March 2, 2012 and After) following a widespread outcry of anger against Limbaugh’s rhetoric. Now, large advertisers such as Ford, General Motors, Toyota, Allstate, Geico, Prudential, State Farm, McDonald’s, and Subway Restaurants have asked that their advertising be removed from Premiere’s right-wing talk shows. Industry insider Valerie Geller tells a reporter: “I have talked with several reps who report that they’re having conversations with their clients, who are asking not to be associated with specifically polarizing controversial hosts, particularly if those hosts are ‘mean-spirited.’ While most products and services offered on these shows have strong competitors, and enjoy purchasing the exposure that many of these shows and hosts can offer, they do not wish to be ‘tarred’ with the brush of anger, or endure customer anger, or, worse, product boycotts.” For nearly two decades, Limbaugh has been at the forefront of the movement that insisted conservative talk shows on radio and television must counterbalance what he and others have termed the “liberal bias” of the mainstream media (see Summer 1970, October 7, 1996, October 9, 2002, October 8, 2003, December 2004, December 14, 2005, December 19-20, 2005, December 21, 2005, May 2008, October 23-24, 2008, February 24, 2009, and August 11, 2009). After cable television and Internet access fragmented the market, “niche” audiences such as Limbaugh’s have provided the most reliable listenership and viewers, and the highest comparative ratings. However, the demographics are changing for right-wing talk. Limbaugh, Levin, Savage, Hannity, and others generally rate best among aging white males, a demographic that is less profitable than it used to be. Now, the prize advertising demographic is women aged 24 to 55, a demographic that has been leaving the right-wing talkers in steadily increasing numbers, and now makes up the forefront of the angry pushback against Limbaugh over his public savaging of a young female law student over a political disagreement. Some, including Limbaugh’s brother, right-wing talk show host David Limbaugh, have complained of a “left-wing jihad” against conservative radio hosts. However, as reporter John Avlon writes: “[T]he irony is that the same market forces that right-wing talk-radio hosts champion are helping to seal their fate. Advertisers are abandoning the shows because they no longer want to be associated with the hyperpartisan—and occasionally hateful—rhetoric. They are finally drawing a line because consumers are starting to take a stand.” Moreover, the advent of social media has made the response time for protesters and angry consumers almost immediate. Geller says: “In the past, a letter, petition, or phone campaign took a few days to put together and longer to execute. But now customers [listeners] can instantly rally using Facebook, Twitter, and instant messaging to make their displeasure with a client, product, or service known immediately. These movements can happen fast.” Avlon concludes: “When big money starts shifting, it is a sign of a deeper tide that is difficult to undo, even if you are an industry icon like Rush Limbaugh. It is a sign that the times are changing. Let’s hope that what emerges is an evolution of the industry, away from stupid, predictable, and sometimes hateful hyperpartisanship and toward something a little smarter and more civil.” [Radio-Info.com, 3/9/2012; Daily Beast, 3/10/2012] Ordering Time period Email Updates Receive weekly email updates summarizing what contributors have added to the History Commons database Donate Developing and maintaining this site is very labor intensive. If you find it useful, please give us a hand and donate what you can.Donate Now Volunteer If you would like to help us with this effort, please contact us. We need help with programming (Java, JDO, mysql, and xml), design, networking, and publicity. If you want to contribute information to this site, click the register link at the top of the page, and start contributing.Contact Us

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Sébastien Foucras Sébastien Foucras (born 4 January 1971) is a French freestyle skier and Olympic medalist. He received a silver medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, in aerials. He participated in Fort Boyard game show in 1996 helping Adeline Blondieau team win 76660 French francs. References Category:1971 births Category:Living people Category:French male freestyle skiers Category:Freestyle skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics Category:Olympic silver medalists for France Category:Olympic medalists in freestyle skiing Category:Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics

Xiapu railway station Xiapu railway station () is a railway station located in Xiapu County, Ningde City, Fujian Province, China, on the Wenzhou-Fuzhou Railway operated by Nanchang Railway Bureau, China Railway Corporation. References Category:Railway stations in Fujian

Introduction {#S5} ============ Asthma, a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and bronchospasms, affects both children and adults. Typical symptoms include wheezing, dyspnea, and tachypnea. Characteristics of the disease are frequent exacerbations, which may require systemic therapy and hospitalization. Based on data from the National Health Interview Survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the prevalence of asthma in the United States is 6.3% among males and 9.0% among females ("CDC Asthma Surveillance: Data, statistics and surveillance," 2013). In addition, about half of children with asthma in the United States miss at least one school day each year, accounting for 13.8 million missed school days in 2013 ("Asthma Stats: Asthma-related missing school days among children 5 to 17 years," 2013). Various social determinants of health affect the burden of asthma, which falls disproportionately on women and African-Americans. These include tobacco use in the home, neighborhood disorders, environmental pollution, pests in the home, stress, socioeconomic status, parental mental health problems, country of origin, and family structure ([@R3]; [@R6]; [@R7]; [@R8]; [@R9]; [@R10]). These factors affect the prevalence of asthma, its clinical outcomes, and the likelihood of complications. In the current study, the most recent surveillance data were used to report the burden of asthma in the state of Georgia. Also reported are the effects of social determinants of health, including socioeconomic status, race, rurality, usual source of healthcare, insurance status, and education, on the prevalence of asthma. Methods {#S6} ======= Since this was a secondary analysis of de-identified, publicly available data under a contract with the Georgia Department of Public Health, institutional review board approval was not required. Data sources for the state of Georgia were from the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance Survey (BRFSS), the Georgia Asthma Call-back Survey (ACBS), and the Georgia hospital and emergency department survey for patients with a diagnosis of asthma. All data were from the years 2011 to 2014. The BRFSS is an annual, stratified, random-digit dial telephone interview conducted by the CDC (<http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/>). Participants are non-institutionalized Georgia residents aged 18 years or older who are asked about their health-related behaviors, chronic conditions, and medical coverage. With the BRFSS, weighted prevalence estimates of asthma among Georgia residents were calculated by use of SAS 9.4 and SUDAAN 11.0.1 software. In addition to common determinants of interest (e.g., sex, age, education), the association of asthma with certain healthcare related variables were also calculated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed with SUDAAN to determine the adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of selected variables for the risk of having asthma. The ACBS is a survey conducted two weeks after a participant has responded to the BRFSS (<http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/acbs/>). In the BRFSS, if the participant answered 'yes' to ever having been diagnosed with asthma, they become eligible for the ACBS but must have given consent for the follow-up call. The ACBS is used to gather additional information from asthma participants regarding their control measures, effect on daily living, occupation, and environment. Weighted prevalence estimates of asthma were calculated using SAS and SUDAAN software. De-identified data regarding hospital inpatient discharge and emergency department (ED) visits, collected by the Georgia Department of Public Health from non-federal acute care hospitals in Georgia were used to determine the burden of patients hospitalized or seen in EDs with a primary diagnosis of asthma (ICD-9 493.0 - 493.9). Results {#S7} ======= [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"} summarizes the prevalence of asthma by sex, age, race, and other demographic factors by year. The prevalence of asthma was highest among non-Hispanic blacks, and lowest among Hispanics, although there was a secular trend of increasing prevalence among Hispanics between 2011 and 2014. In 2014, asthma was more prevalent for women (10.0%; 95% CI: 8.7%-11.4%) than for men (6.7%; 95% CI: 5.5%-8.2%) and among persons with less than a high school education (12.0%; 95% CI: 9.2%-15.6%) than college graduates (6.7%; 95% CI: 5.5%-8.1%). An annual household income below \$25,000 was also associated with a higher prevalence of asthma. [Figure 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} shows the prevalence of asthma by health districts from 2012 to 2014 (a list of districts is also shown). The prevalence was higher in south and northwest Georgia than in other parts of the state. Regarding clinical and lifestyle factors ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}), the prevalence of asthma in 2014 was higher among respondents who were current smokers, who had a body mass index (BMI) \> 30 kg/m^2^, and who did not exercise outside of work. It was also higher among those who had poor self-reported physical health (13.4%; 95% CI: 11.6%-15.4% vs 5.7%; 95% CI: 4.8%-6.9%), those with poor self-reported mental health (11.7%; 95% CI: 10.0%-13.8% vs 6.5%; 95% CI: 5.6%-7.7%), and those whose activities were limited due to physical, mental, or emotional problems (17.1%; 95% CI: 14.6%-19.9% vs 6.4%; 95% CI: 5.5%-7.5%). [Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"} summarizes data regarding the prevalence of asthma by healthcare access, coverage, and satisfaction with care. Those who had been without coverage for more than three years in 2014 had a higher prevalence of asthma (12.5%; 95% CI: 8.3%-18.3%) than patients who were insured or had been uninsured for less than 6 months. Among persons with asthma ([Table 4](#T4){ref-type="table"}), the percentage of those aged 18 to 64 years without insurance declined from 2012 to 2014, but more than 1 in 5 adults in Georgia with asthma still lacked health insurance. In addition, more than half (54.6%) of those with asthma who did not have insurance had been without it for more 3 years. Each year, about one-third of Georgians with asthma were unable to see a doctor at least once because of cost; a similar percentage each year delayed getting care for reasons other than cost, and more than a third were currently paying off medical bills. Approximately one quarter did not report having a personal physician, and asimilar percentage reported having more than one year since their last check-up. Nevertheless, most asthma patients were either very satisfied (54.7%) or somewhat satisfied (38.9%) with the healthcare that they received. Utilization was high, with 40.8% reporting more than five doctor visits in the previous year. [Table 5](#T5){ref-type="table"} summarizes the univariate logistical regression analyses. Women had a 1.53 (95% CI: 1.18-1.99) times higher odds of asthma than men, but race and age did not show any significant differences between groups. Higher income and education levels decreased odds of asthma (OR 0.60 if \>\$75k income; OR 0.52 if college graduate). Regarding lifestyle, individuals who reported not exercising in the last 30 days, who were smokers, or who had physical or mental problems had increased odds of asthma. In the multivariate logistical regression analyses that controlled for socioeconomic variables, smoking, and BMI, education and race were not significantly associated with prevalence of asthma ([Table 6](#T6){ref-type="table"}). Women (adjusted odds ratio \[aOR\] 1.61), smokers (aOR 1.54), and persons with a higher BMI (aOR 1.56) were independently associated with having asthma. Although higher income was generally associated with lower odds of asthma, those with incomes greater than \$75,000 per year were not significantly different from those with incomes less than \$15,000 per year (OR 0.77; 95% CI: 0.46-1.29). However, those with incomes ranging from \$25,000 to \$74,000 per year had decreased adjusted odds of asthma relative to those with incomes less than \$15,000 per year (0.49 to 0.58 versus 1.0, the referent). In Georgia during 2014, there were 6,601 asthma-related hospitalizations of adults, a rate of 87 per 100,000 and a decrease from 2012 of about 12 per 100,000. ED visits also decreased slightly from 443 per 100,000 (31,929 total ED visits) to 415 per 100,000 (31,595 total ED visits). Although both the total number and rate of ED visits decreased from 2012, the charges for these visits increased by \$14.2 million between 2012 and 2014, from \$68.1 million to \$82.3 million. The rate for hospitalization of women (121/100,000) due to asthma was more than two times the rate for men (49/100,000). The rate of hospitalizations increased as age increased (25/100,000 for those 18-24 years vs 149/100,000 for those 65+ years), whereas ED visits decreased with increasing age (547/100,000 for those 18-24 years vs 195/100,000 for those 65+ years). The rates of hospitalizations and ED visits for African Americans were two and four times higher than rates for Whites, respectively. Discussion {#S8} ========== Asthma creates a serious health burden for the state of Georgia, and the impact varies by age, sex, race, educational attainment, and insurance status. The prevalence of asthma decreased with age, although rates of hospitalization and ED use increased, and asthma was more common for patients uninsured for more than 3 years and those with less educational attainment. Asthma was also more common for persons who smoke, those who are obese, and those who did not exercise. Some of the univariate associations may represent reverse causality (such as the association with exercise), confounding, or effect modification. Multivariate analyses found that female sex, being a current smoker, and having a BMI \>= 30 kg/m2 were independent predictors of having asthma. After adjustment for other clinical variables, race and educational attainment were no longer predictors of asthma, and incomes between \$25,000 and \$74,000 per year were protective. This may be because smoking is more common in persons with lower levels of educational attainment, and lower educational attainment is associated with lower income ([@R4]). Regarding secular trends from 2011 to 2014, the overall prevalence of asthma remained relatively constant. The prevalence of asthma among Hispanics increased from 3.5% to 9.0% (the latter value similar to that of other groups). This may be due to greater health care access following implementation of the Affordable Care Act and leading to greater ascertainment of disease that had previously been present in the population but had been undiagnosed. Asthma was more prevalent in south and northwest Georgia, rural parts of the state that suffer from challenges to healthcare access and the availability of primary care physicians. There were some favorable trends. For example, there was a trend toward fewer patients being uninsured, likely due to passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2009 and its rollout across the country in subsequent years. However, many patients with asthma were still uninsured, a problem that could be addressed by expanding access to Medicaid in Georgia. There were also fewer hospitalizations and ED visits, but overall costs increased. The price of metered dose inhalers, even for drugs long on the market, has increased, with out-of-pocket costs rising from \$13.60 to \$25.00 after the ban on chlorofluorocarbon led to reformulation and the loss of generic inhalers ([@R5]). The results have implications for public health and medical systems in the state of Georgia. Approximately a third of respondents with asthma had delayed seeking care, had not seen a doctor in the past 12 months, or were paying off medical bills. These factors create barriers to appropriate primary care and specialty management of asthma that could prevent hospitalizations and ED visits. Potential solutions include broader access to health insurance, including Medicaid; provision of self-management education; and support for more federally qualified health centers and primary care residency training programs that accept patients with Medicaid as well as those without insurance. These efforts are particularly relevant in the rural south and northwest parts of the state, where there is a shortage of primary care physicians. Conclusions {#S9} =========== In Georgia, asthma is independently associated with female sex, obesity, and being a current smoker. Higher rates of tobacco use may mediate the associations with lower educational attainment and low income. The prevalence is also higher in south and northwest Georgia, which are generally rural parts of the state. The authors thank the staff of the Georgia Department of Public Health for their assistance accessing de-identified data. {#F1} ###### Prevalence of asthma by key demographic variables based on BRFSS data Variable 2011 2012 2013 2014 2011-2014 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- **Number of participants** 9895 6068 8082 6309 30,354 **Overall asthma prevalence (95% CI)**[\*](#TFN1){ref-type="table-fn"} 9.6% 8.2% 8.4% 8.4% 8.7% **Sex**  Male[a](#TFN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 7.5% 5.1% 5.2% 6.7% 6.1%  Female 11.6%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 11.0%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 11.3%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 10.0%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 11.0%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} **Race**  White, non-Hispanic[a](#TFN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 9.9% 7.7% 7.9% 8.5% 8.5%  Black, non-Hispanic 10.9% 10.7% 10.5% 8.0% 10.0%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}  Hispanic 3.5%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 3.4%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 5.9% 9.0% 5.5%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}  Other, non-Hispanic 7.8% 6.2% 6.6% 9.8% 7.6% **Age**  18-24[a](#TFN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 10.0% 9.3% 13.0% 9.3% 10.4%  25-34 10.6% 7.8% 6.7%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 7.2% 8.1%  35-44 9.3% 6.6% 7.9%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 8.1% 8.0%  45-54 9.3% 9.0% 7.3%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 8.0% 8.4%  55-64 9.1% 9.0% 9.0% 9.9% 9.3%  65+ 9.3% 7.8% 7.7%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 8.3% 8.3% **Income (yearly)**  \<\$15k[a](#TFN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 16.0% 14.4% 18.0% 12.5% 15.2%  \$15k-\$24k 12.0% 10.9% 8.9%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 11.6% 10.9%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}  \$25k-\$34k 8.6%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 7.5%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 8.8%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 5.9%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 7.8%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}  \$35k-\$49k 8.8%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 4.6%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 6.0%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 6.6%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 6.5%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}  \$50k-\$74k 7.7%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 5.9%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 5.7%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 5.8%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 6.3%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}  \>\$75k 6.5%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 5.6%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 5.4%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 7.8% 6.4%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} **Education**  Did not graduate HS[a](#TFN2){ref-type="table-fn"} 13.4% 12.2% 11.0% 12.0% 12.2%  Graduated HS 9.8% 7.4%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 8.2% 8.1% 8.4%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}  Some college 9.0% 8.9% 8.3% 8.2% 8.6%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"}  Graduated college 7.4%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 5.8%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 7.0%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 6.7%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} 6.7%[¥](#TFN3){ref-type="table-fn"} All prevalence estimates are weighted. Reference for group. Prevalence estimate is significantly different from reference, based on non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals. ###### Asthma prevalence by clinical and lifestyle factors Variable 2011 2012 2013 2014 2011-2014 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- **Current smoker**  Yes[a](#TFN4){ref-type="table-fn"} 13.5% 9.8% 10.4% 13.1% 11.7%  No 8.5%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 7.6% 8.1% 7.8%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 8.0%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} **Body mass index (kg/m^2^)**  \<25[a](#TFN4){ref-type="table-fn"} 8.4% 6.6% 7.6% 7.0% 7.4%  \>=25 and \<30 8.3% 7.3% 7.5% 7.4% 7.6%  \>=30 12.9%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 10.5%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 10.8%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 10.7%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 11.2%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} **Exercise or other physical activity in last 30 days other than job**  Yes[a](#TFN4){ref-type="table-fn"} 8.6% 7.5% 7.6% 7.6% 7.8%  No 12.2%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 10.5%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 10.3%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 11.0%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 11.0%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} **Activities limited because of physical, mental, or emotional problems**  Yes[a](#TFN4){ref-type="table-fn"} 20.3% 15.9% 16.1% 17.1% 17.5%  No 6.2%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 6.1%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 6.6%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 6.4%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 6.3%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} **Reported physical health was not good in the last 30 days**  Yes[a](#TFN4){ref-type="table-fn"} 17.7% 14.9% 13.5% 13.4% 14.8%  No 5.7%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 4.9%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 5.6%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 5.7%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 5.5%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} **Reported mental health was not good in the last 30 days**  Yes[a](#TFN4){ref-type="table-fn"} 15.5% 12.6% 12.6% 11.7% 13.1%  No 6.5%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 6.1%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 6.4%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 6.5%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} 6.4%[¥](#TFN5){ref-type="table-fn"} Reference for group Prevalence estimate is significantly different from reference, based on non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals. ###### Asthma prevalence by healthcare access, coverage, and satisfaction. Data not available for 2011 and 2012 for some variables Variable 2011 2012 2013 2014 2011-2014 or 2013-2014 [\*](#TFN6){ref-type="table-fn"} (95% CI) -------------------------------------------------------------------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ **Primary source of health care coverage**  Employer or union 6.9% 6.9% 6.9% (6.1%-7.9%)  Buys own 6.1% 6.8% 6.5% (4.7%-8.8%)  Medicare n/a 12.4% 12.4% (10.3%-14.9%)  Medicaid 17.8% 12.9% 16.2% (12.5%-20.6%)  Tricare 8.0% 7.5% 7.8% (5.5%-11.1%)  Other source 7.9% 13.8% 9.9% (6.9%-13.9%)  None 9.6% 19.6% 10.1% (7.5%-13.4%) **Consider one person as personal doctor or health care provider**  Yes, only 1 9.8% 8.2% 8.5% 8.6% 8.8% (8.3%-9.3%)  More than 1 13.1% 11.7% 9.2% 11.3% 11.3% (9.7%-13.0%)  No 8.2% 7.0% 7.7% 7.3% 7.6% (6.6%-8.6%) **Length of time since last check up**  Within the last year 10.2% 8.4% 8.4% 8.5% 8.9% (8.4%-9.4%)  More than 1 year, less than 2 years 8.1% 7.4% 8.7% 9.0% 8.3% (7.0%-9.8%)  More than 2 years, less than 5 years 7.2% 9.0% 8.7% 8.7% 8.4% (6.8%-10.4%)  5 or more years ago 10.0% 7.5% 7.3% 6.6% 7.8% (6.1%-9.9%) **Did not have health coverage in last 12 months**  Yes 10.9% 6.5% 8.4% (6.2%-11.2%)  No 7.9% 8.8% 8.3% (7.6%-9.1%) **How long since last had health coverage**  6 months or less 5.5% 6.0% 5.7% (3.3%-9.7%)  More than 6 months, less than 1 year 11.8% 0.4% 6.7% (3.5%-12.5%)  More than 1 year, less than 3 years 7.2% 7.9% 7.6% (5.0%-11.4%)  More than 3 years 13.4% 12.5% 13.0% (10.1%-16.5%)  Never 4.2% 7.6% 5.9% (3.4%-10.1%) **Number of doctor visits in last 12 months**  1 5.7% 4.5% 5.1% (3.9%-6.7%)  2 7.2% 4.8% 6.0% (4.8%-7.4%)  3 5.9% 9.6% 7.8% (6.2%-9.7%)  4 8.4% 8.7% 8.6% (6.9%-10.6%)  5 11.5% 8.4% 10.0% (7.6%-13.1%)  \>5 14.5% 15.9% 15.2% (13.5%-17.1%) **Satisfaction with health care received**  Very satisfied 7.6% 7.6% 7.6% (6.9%-8.4%)  Somewhat satisfied 9.7% 9.9% 9.8% (8.6%-11.1%)  Not at all satisfied 12.3% 11.9% 12.1% (9.1%-10.6%) Results shown are for 2013-2014 where data were not available for 2011 and 2012. n/a -- Medicare was not an option for respondents in 2013. ###### Healthcare access, coverage, and satisfaction for patients with asthma Variable 2011 2012 2013 2014 2013-2014 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ----------- **Any form of insurance respondents aged 18-64**  Yes 71.7% 65.8% 70.4% 77.7% 73.9%  No 28.3% 34.2% 29.6% 22.3% 26.1% **Primary source of health care coverage**  Employer or union n/a n/a 48.5% 43.5% 46.0%  Buys on own n/a n/a 9.3% 9.4% 9.4%  Medicare n/a n/a 20.2% 31.4% 25.8%  Medicaid n/a n/a n/a 6.7% 6.7%  Tricare n/a n/a 5.9% 3.6% 4.8%  Other source n/a n/a 5.8% 4.6% 5.2%  None n/a n/a 10.3% 0.8% 5.6% **Could not see doctor because of cost**  Yes 33.9% 33.1% 32.5% 27.8% 30.1%  No 66.1% 66.9% 67.5% 72.2% 69.9% **Delayed getting medical care reasons other than cost in the last 12 months**  Yes n/a n/a 38.0% 26.9% 32.4%  No n/a n/a 62.0% 73.1% 67.6% **Consider one person as personal doctor or health care provider**  Yes, only 1 66.6% 66.1% 64.3% 66.9% 65.6%  More than 1 10.5% 12.6% 9.7% 8.3% 9.0%  No 22.9% 21.4% 26.0% 24.8% 25.4% **Length of time since last check up**  Within the last year 76.4% 72.6% 73.4% 73.6% 73.5%  More than 1 year, less than 2 years 10.0% 12.1% 11.5% 12.4% 12.0%  More than 2 years, less than 5 years 6.2% 9.1% 7.8% 8.3% 8.0%  5 or more years ago 7.4% 6.3% 7.4% 5.6% 6.5% **Did not have health coverage in last 12 months**  Yes n/a n/a 9.1% 7.0% 8.0%  No n/a n/a 90.9% 93.0% 92.0% **How long since last had health coverage**  6 months or less n/a n/a 7.9% 9.0% 8.4%  More than 6 months, less than 1 year n/a n/a 12.4% 0.4% 7.0%  More than 1 year, less than 3 years n/a n/a 14.3% 18.0% 16.0%  More than 3 years n/a n/a 56.3% 52.4% 54.6%  Never n/a n/a 9.1% 20.2% 14.1% **Number of doctor visits in last 12 months**  1 n/a n/a 14.0% 10.4% 12.2%  2 n/a n/a 17.4% 11.7% 14.5%  3 n/a n/a 10.8% 17.9% 14.3%  4 n/a n/a 11.3% 11.6% 11.5%  5 n/a n/a 8.1% 5.3% 6.7%  \>5 n/a n/a 38.4% 43.1% 40.8% **Satisfaction with health care received**  Very satisfied n/a n/a 54.7% 54.8% 54.7%  Somewhat satisfied n/a n/a 38.9% 38.0% 38.4%  Not at all satisfied n/a n/a 6.5% 7.2% 6.9% **Currently paying off medical bills**  Yes n/a n/a 31.3% 34.1% 32.7%  No n/a n/a 68.7% 65.9% 67.3% ###### Univariate Analyses of Selected Variables on Odds for Having Asthma Variable OR Lower 95% CI Upper 95% CI p-value --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ -------------- -------------- ----------- **Sex**  Male 1.00 reference  Female 1.53 1.18 1.99 \<0.01 **Race**  White, non-Hispanic 1.00 reference  Black, non-Hispanic 0.94 0.71 1.24 0.67  Hispanic 1.06 0.62 1.84 0.82  Other, non-Hispanic 1.17 0.60 2.28 0.65 **Age**  18-24 1.00 reference  25-34 0.76 0.44 1.32 0.34  35-44 0.86 0.51 1.46 0.58  45-54 0.85 0.52 1.40 0.53  55-64 1.08 0.68 1.71 0.76  65+ 0.89 0.57 1.40 0.61 **Income**  \<\$15k 1.00 reference  \$15k-\$24k 0.92 0.62 1.36 0.68  \$25k-\$34k 0.44 0.26 0.74 \<0.01  \$35k-\$49k 0.50 0.03 0.81 0.01  \$50k-\$74k 0.43 0.27 0.70 \<0.01  \>\$75k 0.60 0.40 0.89 0.01 **Education**  Did not graduate HS 1.00 reference  Graduated HS 0.65 0.44 0.94 0.02  Some college 0.65 0.44 0.96 0.03  Graduated college 0.52 0.36 0.75 \<0.01 **Current smoker**  No 1.00 reference  Yes 1.77 1.30 2.41 \<0.01 **Body mass index (kg/m2)**  \<25 1.00 reference  \>=25 and \<30 1.06 0.76 1.48 0.73  \>=30 1.58 1.15 2.16 \<0.01 **Exercise or other physical activity in last 30 days other than job**  Yes 1.00 reference  No 1.51 1.16 1.96 \<0.01 **Limited activities because of physical, mental, or emotional problems**  No 1.00 reference  Yes 3.01 2.33 3.88 \<0.01 **Reported physical health was not good in the last 30 days**  No 1.00 reference  Yes 2.54 1.97 3.29 \<0.01 **Reported mental health was not good in the last 30 days**  No 1.00 reference  Yes 1.90 1.48 2.44 \<0.01 OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval ###### Multivariate Analysis of Socioeconomic Variables, Smoking, and BMI on Odds of Asthma Variable aOR Lower 95% CI Upper 95% CI ----------------------------- ------ -------------- -------------- **Sex**  Male 1.00 reference  Female 1.61 1.19 2.18 **Race**  White, non-Hispanic 1.00 reference  Black, non-Hispanic 0.89 0.64 1.23  Hispanic 1.11 0.57 2.15  Other, non-Hispanic 1.31 0.60 2.87 **Annual Household Income**  \<\$15k 1.00 reference  \$15k-\$24k 0.95 0.63 1.43  \$25k-\$34k 0.49 0.28 0.85  \$35k-\$49k 0.58 0.34 0.98  \$50k-\$74k 0.49 0.28 0.85  \>\$75k 0.77 0.46 1.29 **Educational Attainment**  Did not graduate HS 1.00 reference  Graduated HS 1.08 0.68 1.71  Some college 1.03 0.64 1.67  Graduated college 0.88 0.52 1.51 **Current smoker**  No 1.00 reference  Yes 1.54 1.09 2.19 **Body mass index (kg/m2)**  \<25 1.00 reference  \>=25 and \<30 1.15 0.80 1.65  \>=30 1.56 1.10 2.21 aOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval

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William Perry Eveland William Perry Eveland (12 February 1864 – 24 July 1916) was a Missionary Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1912 and serving in the U.S. and in Southeast Asia. He was born 12 February 1864 in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He began a preaching ministry in 1888, joining the Traveling Ministry of the Central Pennsylvania Annual Conference of the M.E. Church in 1891. He graduated from Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania in 1892. Prior to his election to the Episcopacy, he served as a Pastor and an Educator. He served as the President of Methodist-related Williamsport Dickinson Seminary (now, Lycoming College) from 1905 to 1912. He was appointed as Missionary Bishop over Southeastern Asia. However, his service as a Bishop was short; he died on 24 July 1916 following an electrical accident at Mount Holly Springs, Pennsylvania, where he is also buried. Selected writings Inaugural Address, Williamsport Dickinson, pamphlet, 16 pp., 1908. References Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops. Nashville, The Methodist Publishing House, 1948. See also List of Bishops of the United Methodist Church Category:1864 births Category:1916 deaths Category:People from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Category:American Methodist bishops Category:Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church Category:Methodist missionaries in Asia Category:American Methodist missionaries Category:People from Williamsport, Pennsylvania Category:American speechwriters Category:Methodist missionary bishops Category:Dickinson College alumni Category:Lycoming College faculty Category:Accidental deaths in Pennsylvania Category:Accidental deaths by electrocution

HIV inhibitors targeted at the reverse transcriptase. HIV inhibitors targeted at the virus-associated reverse transcriptase (RT) can be divided into two groups, depending on whether they are targeted at the substrate or nonsubstrate binding site. To the first group belong the 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides (i.e., DDC, DDI), 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides (i.e., AZT), 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides (i.e., FLT), 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides (i.e., D4C, D4T) and carbocyclic derivatives thereof (i.e., carbovir), 2'-fluoro-ara-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides, 1,3-dioxolane derivatives (i.e., 2',3'-dideoxyl-3'-thiacytidine), oxetanocin analogues and carbocyclic derivatives thereof (i.e., cyclobut-G) and the 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) and 9-(3-fluoro-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine (FPMPA) derivatives. These compounds need to be phosphorylated intracellularly to their triphosphate forms before they act as competitive inhibitors or alternate substrates (chain terminators) of HIV RT. The second group includes the tetrahydro-imidazo[4,5,l-jk][1,4]-benzodiazepin-2(1H)one (TIBO), 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)-methyl]-6-(phenylthio)thymine (HEPT), dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e]-[1,4]diazepin-6-one (nevirapine) and pyridin-2(1H)one derivatives, which interact as such, noncompetitively, with a specific allosteric binding site of HIV-1 RT. Compounds belonging to the two different groups may give rise to synergism which combined, and, likewise, viral resistance to the compounds may arise through different mutations, depending on the nature of the compounds and the group to which they belong.

# `gnrc_ipv6_ext` test This test utilizes [scapy] to test the IPv6 Extension header parsing. It is intended to just test the basic parsing functionality. For specific extension header types please provide a separate test application. To test, compile and flash the application to any board of your liking (since `ethos` is used to communicate with non-native boards it really doesn't matter as long as the application fits). ``` make flash ``` And run the tests using ``` sudo make test ``` Note that root privileges are required since `scapy` needs to construct Ethernet frames to properly communicate over the TAP interface. The tests succeeds if you see the string `SUCCESS`. If any problems are encountered (i.e. if the test prints the sting `FAILED`), set the echo parameter in the `run()` function at the bottom of the test script (tests/01-run.py) to `True`. The test script will then offer a more detailed output. [scapy]: https://scapy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

Q: Getting the Tasks in a Google App Engine TaskQueue I know you can view the currently queued and running tasks in the Dashboard or development server console. However, is there any way to get that list programmatically? The docs only describe how to add tasks to the queue, but not how to list and/or cancel them. In python please. A: It sure doesn't look that way. Instead of removing the task, how about altering the task handler, whatever it is that handles the task url invokes, to check to see if the work specified still needs to be done, and just return 200 OK immediately if the task would be deleted. This issue on google-code appears to request the very same feature.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of an ATM-PDS (Asynchronous Transfer Mode Passive Double Star) system as a conventional data transmission system. In FIG. 1, the reference numeral 101 designates a central office unit comprising multiple transmitting and receiving sections, although only one transmitting and receiving section 114 is shown for simplicity. The reference numeral 102 designates a star coupler as an optical distributor that is connected to the central office unit 101 via an optical fiber 103; 104a-104c each designate an optical fiber connected to one of split output terminals of the star coupler 102; and 105a-105c each designate a subscriber unit connected to one of the optical fibers 104a-104c. Since the split number of a single star coupler is 32 at present, the total of 32 subscriber units can be connected to each star coupler by connecting them to the split output terminals via the optical fibers 104a-104c . . . . The central office unit 101 comprises a transmitting laser diode (LD) 112 for outputting a video signal generated by a video signal generator 111 in the form of an optical signal; a wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer (WDM) 113 supplied with the output of the transmitting laser diode (LD) 112 and the output of the transmitting and receiving section 114; an electric signal multiplexer/demultiplexer 115; and a processing section 116. The transmitting and receiving section 114 includes a wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer (WDM) 121; a receiving photodiode (PD) 123 for converting an optical signal supplied from the wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer (WDM) 121 into an electric signal; a transmitting laser diode (LD) 122 for converting an electric signal to an optical signal; and a signal processor 124. The processing section 116 includes a signal processor 117, a transmitting laser diode (LD) 118 and a receiving photodiode (PD) 119. The subscriber unit 105a comprises a wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer (WDM) 131a connected to the fiber 104a; a receiving photodiode (PD) 132a for receiving a wavelength band of a video signal separated by the wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer (WDM) 131a and for outputting it as an electric signal; a video receiver 133a supplied with the electric signal; and a transmitting and receiving section 134a supplied with signals other than the video signal separated by the wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer (WDM) 131a. The transmitting and receiving section 134a includes a wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer (WDM) 141a; a receiving photodiode (PD) 142a for converting an optical signal fed from the wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer (WDM) 141a into an electric signal; a transmitting laser diode (LD) 143a for converting an electric signal into an optical signal; an electric signal multiplexer/demultiplexer 144a; an A/D (Analog/Digital) converter 145a to which a telephone 147a is connected; and an A/D (Analog/Digital) converter 146a to which a facsimile machine 148a is connected. A personal computer 149a is directly connected to the electric signal multiplexer/demultiplexer 144a. The subscriber unit 105b connected to the optical fiber 104b has a similar configuration. When no video receiver is required as in the subscriber unit 105b, a terminator 135b is connected in place of the receiving photodiode (PD). Next, the operation will be described. In the central office unit 101, the video signal generator 111 supplies its video signal to the transmitting laser diode (LD) 112. The transmitting laser diode (LD) 112 supplies it to the wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer (WDM) 113 in the form of the optical signal. The wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer (WDM) 113 multiplexes the optical signal with the optical signal from the transmitting and receiving section 114, and supplies it to the star coupler 102 via the optical fiber 103. The star coupler 102 splits the signal and supplies the split signals to the subscriber units 105a, 105b and the like. In the subscriber unit 105a, the wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer (WDM) 131a demultiplexes the input signal into the video signal and the other signals, and supplies the video signal to the video receiver 133a via the receiving photodiode (PD) 132a. On the other hand, the signals other than the video signal are supplied to the receiving photodiode (PD) 142a via the wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer (WDM) 141a in the transmitting and receiving section 134a, to be converted into the electric signal. Then, the electric signal multiplexer/demultiplexer 144a demultiplexes the electric signal into respective signals so that the telephone signal is supplied to the telephone set 147a via the A/D converter 145a, and the facsimile signal is supplied to the facsimile machine 148a via the A/D converter 146a. As for the computer signal, the electric signal multiplexer/demultiplexer 144a supplies it directly to the personal computer 149a. On the other hand, as for the signals from the devices connected to the subscriber unit 105a such as the signal from the telephone set 147a, for example, the A/D converter 145a converts it to the digital signal, and supplies it to the transmitting laser diode (LD) 143a via the electric signal multiplexer/demultiplexer 144a. The transmitting laser diode (LD) 143a converts it to the optical signal, and supplies it to the star coupler 102 via the wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexers (WDMs) 141a and 131a. The star coupler 102 sends it to the central office unit 101 via the optical fiber 103, where it is supplied to the receiving photodiode (PD) 123 via the wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexers (WDMs) 113 and 121, to be converted into the electric signal and output. The output signal passes through the signal processor 124 and the electric signal multiplexer/demultiplexer 115, and is supplied to the processing section 116, where it passes through the signal processor 117, and is converted to the optical signal by the transmitting laser diode (LD) 118, again, to be transmitted to another station. In the foregoing conventional data transmission system, it is considered preferable to divide the wavelength range 1480-1580 nm, which is assigned to the downlink signals from the central office unit to the subscriber units, into two regions of 1480-1530 nm and 1530-1580 nm, and to assign the longer wavelength region 1530-1580 nm to video signal deliverance. In this case, the subscriber unit requires the wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer (WDM) that demultiplexes the wavelength region 1480-1580 nm assigned to the downlink signal into the wavelength region 1530-1580 nm for the video signal and to the wavelength range 1480-1530 nm assigned to the signals other than the video signal. As a typical conventionally used wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer (WDM), a spatial optical filter is known. FIG. 2 shows a spatial optical filter. It comprises a glass substrate 151, on a side of which a reflecting layer 152 is formed that reflects a particular wavelength signal. It further comprises, at both sides of the glass substrate 151, condenser lenses 153 and 154 which are coupled with the optical fibers 155 and 156, respectively, and a condenser lens 157 coupled with an optical fiber 158 in such a manner that the reflected light off the reflecting layer 152 is launched into the optical fiber 158 through the condenser lenses 157. As described above, the spatial optical filter has a complicated configuration. In particular, it is difficult to align the optical axes of the optical fiber and of the condenser lenses, increasing the total cost. Since the expensive spatial optical filter is installed in the subscriber unit to separate the video signal and the signals other than the video signal, the subscriber unit is costly. This offers a problem in that a subscriber who does not want to receive the video service must purchase the expensive subscriber unit. The present invention is implemented to solve the foregoing problem of the conventional system. Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide an inexpensive subscriber unit for a subscriber who does not want to receive the video service.

Author Topic: Liturgical Instruments (Read 2496 times) Hello All! I read over at another board that instruments were not carried over into the New Testament age from the Old. My question is, at what point did instruments begin to be used? I understand the only reason why any Orthodox Church would, would be probably because that church was bought from a Protestant community or something of that nature. God Bless. I don't know the answer. FYI, unfortunately, many Greek and Lebanese parishes in North America have organs and use them. This is unfortunate because they are not part of our tradition. I do know, that until well into the middle ages at least, the organ was considered a very vulgar instrument in the West and not suitable for church use, although some "uncouth" parishes did probably use them at this point. I happen to like instruments during the Liturgy. If you've ever experienced a High Mass in a Grand Cathedral, then you'd like them too, I think. And my understanding of the "western rite" is that it is the Tridentine. Am I correct to say this? And my understanding of the "western rite" is that it is the Tridentine. Am I correct to say this? There are two Western Rite liturgies in use in America. The most predominate is the Rite of Saint Tikhon, which is a doctrinally-corrected form of the Holy Communion service of the 1928 Book of Common Prayer(which was used by the Episcopal Church until 1979). The other liturgy is the Rite of Saint Gregory, which yes, is a doctrinally-corrected and translated version of the Tridentine Mass. There is also the Sarum Rite and the Gallician Rite, but the only canonical Orthodox churches that use those are in Europe I think. The use of organs in the Western Church can be a confusing thing. As a historian and church musician, let me make the following statement. First of all, the organ itself was actually invented by the Byzantines. It was used for public entertainment in the Hippodrome in Constantinople, in much the same way as a ball park organ is used at a baseball game in the USA today. However, that was about all the Byzantines ever did with it. It was looked upon as a rude, vulgar instrument suitable for entertaining crowds at circuses and horse races. It was not viewed as an instrument appropriate for the Church. The Latin Church in the West shared EXACTLY this same view of the organ before the year 800. However, after Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Aachen (Germany), he began to express an interest in getting an organ similar to what the Byzantines had. So Germanic people traveled to Constantinople, studied the organ technology, and brought that technology back to Germany (the Holy Roman Empire at the time). Charlemagne still did not want the organ in the Church. He simply wanted it for public entertainment like the Byzantines. The interesting thing is that almost no one else except Charlemagne showed any interest in the organ in the West at this time. Rome and the Pope would have none of it. They preferred Gregorian chant. Spain, France, and England didn't like the idea either. So the Masses in all those countries continued to be chanted unaccompanied. Even in the Germanic lands, it took HUNDREDS of years for the organ technology to develop. Church organs themselves were not invented in Germany until around 1400, well after the schism between Rome and Constantinople. And it wasn't until about 1500 that the organ became widely used in Germany. Even then, it was NOT to accompany the singing of hymns, because THERE WERE NO HYMNS. The Mass was in Latin. Hymns (in terms of rhyming prose in the vernacular) are a product of the Protestant Reformation, not the Roman Catholic Church. In Germany in the 1500s the organ was used in a VERY LIMITED way during the Mass. It would play quietly before Mass started, during the Consecration (which the priest said in a low voice) and after the Mass was over. That's it. It still did not play while anyone was SINGING. Singing was ALWAYS unaccompanied, even then. It was not until Martin Luther came along that the organ was introduced to accompany the singing of hymns and parts of the liturgy. And even then, the organ's influence was contained mostly in northern Europe: Germany, the Netherlands, England, the Scandinavian countries, and France. Europe south of the Alps was (and still is) somewhat suspicious of the organ in Church. If you recall the funeral of John Paul II, the organ was scarcely used at all. Nearly all of the singing was a capella, which (by the way) is the way the Vatican still prefers it. But it does ALLOW the use of the organ. Rome, however, has never mandated that the organ must be used. It is a local decision. Hello All! I read over at another board that instruments were not carried over into the New Testament age from the Old. My understanding of this issue (and please, people, correct me if I'm off) is that the instruments used and referred to in the OT ("praise Him with the tymbral and harp," etc.) were part of the experience in the Temple, but were not used in the sacrifical precincts (there were many different divisions within the temple, not just "Holy of Holies" and then the rest...). My understanding would be that they were used to praise God, but not in the spaces where the sacred acts were done. This would be our equivalent of having our "Church instruments" in the Church courtyard; its still part of the "Church area," but not the place where the Divine Liturgy is conducted (oh, and in the ancient understanding, the Nave was a worship section of the Church, not just an entryway... this is why I give an example of a courtyard). {EDIT}Now I realize that I didn't address the question... I'm not sure if instrument use was discontinued at the time of Christ and the early New Testament era. It was, though, a part of temple worship; I don't recall seeing references to it in synagogue worship at the time (this is where I rely on MBZ). {/EDIT} « Last Edit: October 08, 2005, 10:16:06 AM by cleveland » Logged "O Cross of Christ, all-holy, thrice-blessed, and life-giving, instrument of the mystical rites of Zion, the holy Altar for the service of our Great Archpriest, the blessing - the weapon - the strength of priests, our pride, our consolation, the light in our hearts, our mind, and our steps"Met. Meletios of Nikopolis & Preveza, from his ordination.

--- author: - | [Hauke Petersen]{}, [Martine Lenders]{}, [Matthias Wählisch]{}\ Freie Universität Berlin, Germany - | [Oliver Hahm]{}, [Emmanuel Baccelli]{}\ INRIA, France bibliography: - 'references.bib' - 'rfcs.bib' title: '**Old Wine in New Skins? Revisiting the Software Architecture for IP Network Stacks on Constrained IoT Devices**' ---

Introduction {#Sec1} ============ The advent of massively parallel sequencing and the dramatic reduction in cost per base has fueled a genomics revolution, however, the full promise of epigenomic profiling has lagged owing to limitations in methodologies used for mapping chromatin fragments to the genome^[@CR1]^. Chromatin immunoprecipitation with sequencing (ChIP-seq) and its variations^[@CR2]--[@CR5]^ suffer from low signals, high backgrounds and epitope masking due to cross-linking, and low yields require large numbers of cells^[@CR2],[@CR6]^. Alternatives to ChIP include enzyme-tethering methods for unfixed cells, such as DamID^[@CR7]^, ChEC-seq^[@CR8]^, and CUT&RUN^[@CR9],[@CR10]^, where a specific protein of interest is targeted in situ and then profiled genome-wide. For example, CUT&RUN, which is based on Laemmli's Chromatin ImmunoCleavage (ChIC) strategy^[@CR11]^, maps a chromatin protein by successive binding of a specific antibody, and then tethering a Protein A/Micrococcal Nuclease (pA-MNase) fusion protein in permeabilized cells without cross-linking^[@CR9]^. MNase is activated by addition of calcium, and fragments are released into the supernatant for extraction of DNA, library preparation and paired-end sequencing. CUT&RUN provides base-pair resolution of specific chromatin components with background levels that are much lower than with ChIP-seq, dramatically reducing the cost of genome-wide profiling. Although CUT&RUN can generate high-quality data from as few as 100--1000 cells, it must be followed by DNA end polishing and adapter ligation to prepare sequencing libraries, which increases the time, cost and effort of the overall procedure. Moreover, the release of MNase-cleaved fragments into the supernatant with CUT&RUN is not well-suited for application to single-cell platforms^[@CR12],[@CR13]^. Here we overcome the limitations of ChIP-seq and CUT&RUN using a transposome that consists of a hyperactive Tn5 transposase^[@CR14],[@CR15]^---Protein A (pA-Tn5) fusion protein loaded with sequencing adapters. Tethering in situ followed by activation of pA-Tn5 results in factor-targeted tagmentation, generating fragments ready for PCR enrichment and DNA sequencing. Beginning with live cells, Cleavage Under Targets and Tagmentation (CUT&Tag) provides amplified sequence-ready libraries in a day on the bench top or in a high-throughput format. We show that a variety of chromatin components can be profiled with exceptionally low backgrounds using low cell numbers and even single cells. This easy, low-cost method will empower epigenetic studies in diverse areas of biological research. Results {#Sec2} ======= Efficient profiling of nucleosomes and RNAPII with CUT&Tag {#Sec3} ---------------------------------------------------------- To implement chromatin profiling by tagmentation (Fig. [1a](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}), we incubated intact permeabilized human K562 cells with an antibody to lysine-27-trimethylation of the histone H3 tail (H3K27me3), an abundant histone modification that marks silenced chromatin regions. We incubated cells with a secondary anti-rabbit antibody to increase the local concentration of antibody bound on chromatin sites, then incubated cells with an excess of pA-Tn5 fusion protein pre-loaded with sequencing adapters to tether the enzyme at antibody-bound sites in the nucleus. The transposome has inherent affinity for exposed DNA^[@CR16],[@CR17]^, and so we washed cells under stringent conditions to remove un-tethered pA-Tn5. We then activated the transposome by addition of Mg^++^, integrating adapters spanning sites of H3K27me3-containing nucleosomes. Finally, fragment libraries were enriched from purified DNA and pooled for multiplex paired-end sequencing on an Illumina HiSeq flow-cell. The entire protocol manipulates all steps in a single reaction tube (Fig. [1b](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}), where permeabilized cells are first mixed with an antibody, and then immobilized on Concanavalin A-coated paramagnetic beads, allowing magnetic handling of the cells in all successive wash and reagent incubation steps. For standardization between experiments, we used the small amount of tracer genomic DNA derived from the *E. coli* during transposase protein production to normalize sample read counts in lieu of the heterologous spike-in DNA that is recommended for CUT&RUN^[@CR9]^ (see Methods section and Supplementary Fig. [1a](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).Fig. 1In situ tethering for CUT&Tag chromatin profiling. **a** The steps in CUT&Tag. Added antibody (green) binds to the target chromatin protein (blue) between nucleosomes (gray ovals) in the genome, and the excess is washed away. A second antibody (orange) is added and enhances tethering of pA-Tn5 transposome (gray boxes) at antibody-bound sites. After washing away excess transposome, addition of Mg^++^ activates the transposome and integrates adapters (red) at chromatin protein binding sites. After DNA purification genomic fragments with adapters at both ends are enriched by PCR. **b** CUT&Tag is performed on a solid support. Unfixed cells or nuclei (blue) are permeabilized and mixed with antibody to a target chromatin protein. After addition and binding of cells to Concanavilin A-coated magnetic beads (M), all further steps are performed in the same reaction tube with magnetic capture between washes and incubations, including pA-Tn5 tethering, integration, and DNA purification Display of \~8 million reads mapped to the human genome assembly shows a clear pattern of large chromatin domains marked by H3K27me3 (Fig. [2a](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). We also obtained profiles for H3K4me1 and H3K4me2 histone modifications, which mark active chromatin sites. In contrast, incubation of cells with a non-specific IgG antibody, which measures untethered integration of adapters, produced very sparse landscapes (Fig. [2a](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). To assess the signal-to-noise of CUT&Tag relative to other methods we compared it with profiling generated by CUT&RUN^[@CR18]^ and by ChIP-seq^[@CR19]^ for the same H3K27me3 rabbit monoclonal antibody in K562 cells. To directly compare the three techniques, we set the read depth of each dataset to 8 million reads each. Landscapes for each of the three methods are similar, but background noise dominates in ChIP-seq datasets (Fig. [2a](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}), and it is thus appears that ChIP-seq will require substantially greater read depth to distinguish chromatin features from background. In contrast, both CUT&RUN and CUT&Tag profiles have extremely low background noise levels. As expected, very different profiles were seen in the same region for a different human cell type, H1 embryonic stem (H1 ES) cells (Fig. [2b](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). To more quantitatively compare signal and noise levels in each method, we generated heatmaps around genomic sites called from H3K4me1 modification profiling for each method, where the same antibody had been used. After sampling each dataset to 8 million reads for comparison, we found that CUT&Tag for this histone modification shows moderately higher signals compared to CUT&RUN throughout the list of sites (Fig. [2c](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Both methods have low backgrounds around the sites. In contrast, ChIP-seq signal has a very narrow dynamic range that is \~1/20 of the CUT&Tag signal range, and much weaker signals across the majority of sites. To quantitatively compare methods, we displayed the average read counts for CUT&Tag, CUT&RUN and ChIP-seq datasets for the H3K4me1 histone mark around the top 10,000 peaks defined by MACS2 on an H3K4me1 ChIP-seq dataset (Fig. [2g](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). We found that CUT&Tag profiling gives substantially more signal accumulation at these sites, implying that CUT&Tag will be most effective at distinguishing chromatin features with fewest reads.Fig. 2CUT&Tag for histone modification profiling and RNAPII. **a** Representative chromatin landscapes across a 3 Mb segment of the human genome generated by the indicated method. For H3K27me3, we downsampled ChIP-seq and CUT&RUN datasets to the same total mapped read counts as CUT&Tag for direct comparison. The high background in downsampled ChIP-seq is from singleton reads distributed across the genome. **b** Same as **a** except for H1 ES cells. **c** Comparison of profiling methods for the H3K4me1 histone modification in K562 cells. The same antibody was used in all experiments. Peaks were called and ordered for each dataset using MACS2. Each dataset was downsampled to the same read depth for comparison and plotted on their called peaks. Color intensities are scaled to the maximum read count at peaks in each dataset. **d** Detection of gene activity by RNAPII CUT&Tag. Gene promoters were ordered by associated RNA-seq counts (gray wedge) and read counts from RNAPII S2/5p CUT&Tag were plotted on these sites. **e** Active RNAPII is enriched at RNAPII CUT&Tag peaks. Peaks were called from RNAPII S2/5p CUT&Tag and ordered using MACS2 (gray wedge). PRO-seq reads were displayed onto these positions for (+) strand reads (yellow) and (--) strand reads (blue). **f** Comparison of ATAC-seq and H3K4me2 CUT&Tag profiling in K562 cells. Peaks were called on ATAC-seq data and heat maps were produced as in **c**. The top and bottom 2.5% of peaks were discarded to remove outliers. **g** Metaplot comparison of H3K4me1 histone modification signal in CUT&RUN, CUT&Tag, and ChIP-seq in K562 cells, averaged at the top 10,000 peaks detected by MACS2 in ChIP-seq data. Profiling with the same antibody was compared at the downsampled read depths of 8 million mapped reads for all three methods (blue, cyan, and green), and for 40 million mapped reads (orange) from ChIP-seq. **h** Metaplot comparison of ATAC-seq and H3K4me2 CUT&Tag profiling in K562 cells. 53,805 peaks were called on ATAC-seq data using MACS2, and read counts from each method were averaged across the intervals. The top and bottom 2.5% of peaks were discarded to remove outliers. Read counts at 17,000 randomly-chosen intervals for each dataset are displayed as dotted lines. Source data are available in the Source Data file The transcriptional status of genes and regulatory elements can be inferred from histone modification patterns, but gene expression is directly read out by profiling chromatin-bound RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). We used an antibody to the S2/S5-phosphorylation (S2/5p) forms of RNAPII, which distinguish engaged polymerase^[@CR20]^. Landscapes show enrichment of RNAPII CUT&Tag reads at many genes (Fig. [2a](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}, Supplementary Fig. [2a](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}), and a promoter heatmap reveals that this enrichment is predominantly at the 5′ ends of active genes^[@CR21]^ (Fig. [2d](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). These results were confirmed by the observation of similar CUT&Tag patterns using antibodies to S2p, S5p and S7p forms of RNAPII (Supplementary Fig. [2a](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"} and Supplementary Fig. [3a, b](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). To validate RNAPII CUT&Tag without relying upon annotations, which are typically based on mapping of processed transcripts, we chose transcriptional run-on data obtained with the base-pair-resolution PRO-seq technique, which provides direct mapping of RNAPII using a method that is unrelated to chromatin profiling^[@CR22]^. PRO-seq maps the position of the 5′ end of engaged RNAPII as it is activated in situ, and is used to identify paused RNAPII just downstream of the transcriptional start site. Peaks were called from RNAPII S2/5p CUT&Tag and ordered using MACS2, and processed datasets from PRO-seq run-on for human K562 cells (SRA GSM1480327) were aligned to the peak calls. When ordered by RNAPII CUT&Tag MACS2 score, a close correspondence between PRO-seq occupancy and RNAPII-Ser2/5p CUT&Tag occupancy is seen (Fig. [2e](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Similar heat maps were obtained using antibodies to S2p, S5p, and S7p phosphorylation of the RNAPII C-terminal domain (Supplementary Fig. [3c](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). CUT&Tag sensitively maps active sites in chromatin {#Sec4} -------------------------------------------------- Replicates for profiling of H3K4me1 modification by CUT&Tag are highly similar, demonstrating the reproducibility of the method (Fig. [3a](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). We obtained similar reproducibility when we compared H3K27me3 CUT&Tag replicates (Supplementary Fig. [2c](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). In previous experiments with CUT&RUN profiling, we found that H3K4me2 histone modification landscapes, which are associated with active promoters and enhancers, resemble ATAC-seq profiles^[@CR18]^. We therefore performed CUT&Tag using an antibody to H3K4me2. An example of H3K4me2 CUT&Tag profiling to published ATAC-seq in K562 cells^[@CR23]^ is shown (Fig. [2a](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). We found high occupancies for H3K4me2 at strong ATAC-seq peaks (Fig. [2f](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}), with much higher read counts (Fig. [2h](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}), implying that H3K4me2 profiling captures the most prominent accessible chromatin sites in the genome with greater sensitivity.Fig. 3Reproducibility and efficiency of CUT&Tag. **a** Hierarchically clustered correlation matrix of CUT&Tag replicates (R1 and R2) and with CUT&RUN and ChIP-seq profiling for the H3K4me1 histone modification. The same antibody was used in all experiments. Pearson correlations were calculated using the log~2~-transformed values of read counts split into 500 bp bins across the genome. **b** Efficiency of peak-calling between methods. Mitochondrial reads were removed from datasets from each method profiling the H3K4me2 histone modification. The remaining read counts were downsampled to varying depths, and then used to call peaks using MACS2. The summed number of reads falling within called peaks in each dataset was plotted. Source data are available in the Source Data file To quantify the sensitivity of H3K4me2 CUT&Tag relative to H3K4me2 CUT&RUN^[@CR18]^, H3K4me2 ChIP-seq^[@CR19]^, and ATAC-seq^[@CR23]^, we downsampled reads from each method, and used MACS2 with default parameters to call peaks on each dataset. We then estimated the fraction of reads falling within the called peaks. We found that both CUT&RUN and CUT&Tag populate peaks more deeply than ChIP-seq or ATAC-seq, demonstrating that they have exceptionally low signal-to-noise (Fig. [3b](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, CUT&Tag more rapidly populates peaks at low sequencing depths, where \~2 million reads are equivalent to 8 million for CUT&RUN (or 20 million for ChIP-seq), demonstrating the exceptionally high efficiency of CUT&Tag. Of all the methods, only CUT&Tag reaches a fraction of 0.6 within peaks. Thus, with two histone modifications (H3K4me2 and H3K27me3), we segment the chromatin landscape into both active and silenced regions, even with relatively low sequencing depths. CUT&Tag simultaneously maps factor binding and accessible DNA {#Sec5} ------------------------------------------------------------- To determine if we could use CUT&Tag for mapping transcription factor binding, we tested if pA-Tn5 tethered at transcription factors can be distinguished from accessible DNA sites in the genome. We used an antibody to the NPAT nuclear factor, a transcriptional coactivator of the replication-dependent histone genes, in CUT&Tag reactions. NPAT binds only \~80 accessible sites in the histone clusters on chromosome 1 and chromosome 6^[@CR24]^, thus we can compare true binding sites with accessible sites. In NPAT CUT&Tag profiles, \~99% of read counts accumulate at the promoters of the histone genes (Fig. [4a](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). By scoring sites for correspondence to published ATAC-seq data^[@CR23]^, we found that a smaller number of counts are distributed across accessible sites in the K562 genome (Fig. [4b](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). This probably results from some un-tethered pA-Tn5 binding to exposed DNA in situ, but it is straightforward to distinguish antibody-tethered sites from accessible sites by the vast difference in read coverage (Fig. [4c](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). Indeed, calling peaks by standard algorithms on NPAT CUT&Tag data generates a list of \~9000 sites that includes histone gene promoters and 10% of ATAC-defined accessible sites (Supplementary Fig. [4](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). While this is only a fraction of the \~54,000 accessible sites defined in K562 cells, adjusting the threshold and stringency of NPAT peak calling may improve detection.Fig. 4CUT&Tag profiling of the NPAT chromatin factor and chromatin accessibility. **a** Ideograms of chromosome 1 and chromosome 6 with the clusters of replication-dependent histone genes (6 genes at 1q21.2 and 55 genes at 6p22.2) indicated. An NPAT CUT&Tag profiling track is displayed over each chromosome. The major NPAT peaks fall at the histone genes. **b** Distribution of read counts in CUT&Tag profiling. Called accessible sites from ATAC-seq data were segregated into those at histone genes and other ATAC sites. Read counts from NPAT CUT&Tag were plotted for each category. **c** Boxplots of NPAT CUT&Tag signal at the promoters of replication-dependent histone genes (*His*), at other accessible sites called from ATAC-seq data, and at a random selection of genomic background sites (bkgd). Source data are available in the Source Data file To test if CUT&Tag is tractable for profiling more abundant transcription factor binding sites, we profiled the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) DNA-binding protein. For these experiments, we varied the stringency of wash buffers to assess displacement of transcription factors from chromatin. Under low-salt and medium-salt concentration conditions we observed read counts at CTCF sites detected by CUT&RUN and by ChIP-seq (Fig. [5a](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}), but with additional minor peaks (Supplementary Fig. [2a](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). These additional peaks suggest that un-tethered pA-Tn5 contributes to coverage in these experiments. To determine if true CTCF binding sites could be distinguished from accessible features by read depth, we compared the CUT&Tag read count at high-confidence CTCF sites (defined by peak-calling on CUT&RUN data^[@CR18]^) to the CUT&Tag read count at accessible sites (defined by peak-calling on ATAC-seq data^[@CR23]^). We found that these two distributions of read counts overlap, but that of accessible sites is lower than that of CTCF sites (Fig. [5b](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). Based solely on read depth, we discriminate \~5600 CTCF bound sites with a 1% false discovery rate. Comparing motif enrichment in these two classes demonstrates that the high signals correspond to CTCF motifs (*E*-value = 2.1 × 10^−69^), and the low signals do not.Fig. 5CUT&Tag profiling of the CTCF DNA-binding protein. **a** Comparison of methods for CTCF mapping. CTCF motifs in the genome were ranked by *e*-value, datasets from each method were downsampled to the same read depth, and then read counts were plotted on the fixed order of sites. **b** Distribution of read counts in CTCF CUT&Tag profiling. Sites were called from CUT&RUN profiling (blue) and at non-overlapping accessible sites (red, called from ATAC-seq). Read counts from CTCF CUT&Tag were plotted for each category. **c** Resolution of CUT&Tag. Mean plots of fragment end positions from CTCF CUT&Tag centered over CTCF motifs in called peaks. Three different NaCl concentrations were used in wash buffers during and after pA-Tn5 tethering. Data are represented as a fraction of the maximum signal within the interval. **d** Resolved structure of a CTCF binding site. The promoter of the *SLC39A6* gene on chromosome 18 shows the chromatin features around a CTCF-bound site. Source data are available in the Source Data file We assessed the resolution of the CUT&Tag procedure by plotting the ends of reads centered on CTCF binding sites. This shows that CUT&Tag protects a "footprint" spanning 80 bp directly over the CTCF motif (Fig. [5c](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). While the segment protected from Tn5 integration is larger than the \~45 bp protected from MNase in CUT&RUN^[@CR9]^, this indicates that the tethered transposase produces high resolution maps of factor binding sites. Similar footprints were obtained using different salt concentration washes, although 300--500 mM salt concentrations resulted in somewhat reduced signal-to-noise (Fig. [5c](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). The high resolution of CUT&Tag provides structural details of individual sites. For example, superposition of CTCF, H3K4me1, H3K4me2, H3K4me3, and ATAC mapping at a representative site reveals the relationship between accessible DNA, CTCF binding, and modified neighboring nucleosomes (Fig. [5d](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). CUT&Tag profiles low cell number samples and single cells {#Sec6} --------------------------------------------------------- ChIP requires substantial cellular material, limiting its application for experimental and clinical samples. However, we and others have previously demonstrated that tethered profiling strategies like CUT&RUN have sufficient sensitivity that profiling small cell numbers routinely becomes feasible^[@CR9],[@CR25]^. Signal improvements in CUT&Tag suggest that this method may work even more efficiently with limited samples. We first tested CUT&Tag for the H3K27me3 modification across a \~1500× range of material, from 100,000 down to 60 cells. We observed very similar high-quality chromatin profiles from all experiments (Supplementary Fig. [1b](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}), demonstrating that high data quality is still maintained with low input material. Analyzing sample and tracer DNA in these CUT&Tag series revealed that sequencing yield is proportional to the number of cells (Supplementary Fig. [1a](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). CUT&Tag has the advantage that the entire reaction from antibody binding to adapter integration occurs within intact cells. The transposase and chromatin fragments remain bound together^[@CR15],[@CR26]^, and thus fragmented DNA is retained within each nucleus. We developed a simple strategy to generate chromatin profiles of individual cells, which we term single-cell CUT&Tag (scCUT&Tag) (Fig. [6a](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). We performed scCUT&Tag to the H3K27me3 modification on a bulk population of K562 cells, but with gentle centrifugation between steps instead of Concanavalin A magnetic beads. After integration, we used a Takara ICELL8 nano-dispensing system to aliquot single cells into nanowells of a 5184 well chip, identifying the nanowells that contained one and only one cell by imaging the chip. We then performed PCR enrichment of libraries in each passing nanowell using two indexed primers, and finally pooled all enriched libraries from the chip for Illumina deep sequencing to high redundancy to assess the sampling and coverage in each cell (Supplementary Fig. [6a](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Libraries from each well are distinguished by unique combinations of the two indices.Fig. 6Chromatin profiling of individual cells. **a** Single cell CUT&Tag (scCUT&Tag) processing. All steps from antibody incubations through adapter tagmentation are done on a population of permeabilized unfixed cells. Individual cells are then dispensed into nanowells of a Takara ICELL8 chip. After verifying nanowells with single cells by microscopy, combinations of two indexed barcoded primers are added to each well and fragment libraries are enriched by PCR. Libraries from the chip are pooled for multiplex sequencing. **b** A chromatin landscape across a 500 kb segment of the human genome is shown for H3K27me3 CUT&Tag on K562 cells. Tracks from bulk CUT&Tag, aggregated scCUT&Tag, and for 956 single cells are shown. Single cells are ordered by total read counts in each cell. **c** A chromatin landscape across a 500 kb segment of the human genome for H3K4me2 CUT&Tag on K562 cells. Tracks from bulk CUT&Tag, aggregated scCUT&Tag, and for 808 single cells are shown. Single cells are ordered by total read counts in each cell. **d** Fraction of reads in single K562 cells falling within called active peaks for the H3K4me2 histone modification using stringent criteria. Narrow peaks were called using MACS2 on bulk profiling data, and reads from scCUT&Tag were assigned to those peaks. **e** Fraction of reads in single K562 and H1 cells falling within called silenced domains for the H3K27me3 histone modification. Domains were called using SEACR on bulk profiling data for each cell type, and reads from scCUT&Tag were assigned to those domains. **f** Comparison of chromatin landscapes in H1 and K562 single cells across a 2 Mb segment including the *HoxB* locus. Four hundred and seventy-nine single cells of each type were ordered by total read counts. Source data are available in the Source Data file The aggregate of single cell chromatin profiling closely matched profiles generated in bulk samples (Fig. [6b](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}), with high correlations (Pearson's *r* = 0.89, Supplementary Fig. [6b](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Individual cells were ranked by the genome-wide number of reads, and the unique fragments are displayed in tracks for each cell. Strikingly, the majority of reads from individual cells fall within H3K27me3 blocks defined in bulk profiling, indicating high recovery in single cell chromatin profiling (Fig. [6b](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). A second replicate of H3K27me3 scCUT&Tag demonstrated the reproducibility of single cell profiling. Similarly, single cell profiling of the H3K4me2 modification recapitulates genomic landscapes of accessible and active chromatin (Fig. [6c](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). A significant fraction of reads in single cells fall within defined active and silenced chromatin features (Fig. [6d, e](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). The breadth of chromatin features---from \~5 nucleosomes for H3K4me2 to hundreds in H3K27me3 domains---assists the detection of chromatin features even with sparse sampling from individual cells. To assess if chromatin features in individual cells could be used to distinguish cell types, we performed scCUT&Tag to the H3K27me3 modification in H1 cells. Again, we found that a high fraction of reads fell within domains defined by bulk profiling (Fig. [6e](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}), with high correlations between bulk and aggregated single cell data (Pearson's *r* = 0.85, Supplementary Fig. [6b](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Comparing a 2 Mb region encompassing the *HoxB* domain reveals clear histone methylation in single cell tracks specifically in H1 cells, while this region is depleted in K562 cells (Fig. [6f](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). These genome-wide patterns are sufficient to discriminate single H1 cells from K562 cells with high efficiency (Supplementary Fig. [6c, d](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). The small fraction of K562 cells that are mis-called have the sparsest read coverage. Thus, chromatin profiling provides a method to discriminate single cell types. Discussion {#Sec7} ========== Chromatin profiling by CUT&Tag efficiently reveals regulatory information in genomes. In contrast to RNA-seq^[@CR27]^, which only measures expressed genes, chromatin profiling has the unique advantage of identifying silenced regions, which is a key aspect of establishing cell fates in development. Although methods like ATAC-seq map accessible and factor-bound sites^[@CR17]^, the specific chromatin proteins bound at these sites must be inferred from motif or chromatin profiling data. While ChIP-based methods have been extensively used in model cell line systems, the vagaries of crosslinking and fragmenting chromatin have limited chromatin profiling by ChIP-seq to an artisan technique where each experiment requires optimization. Likewise, a recently described alternative cross-linked chromatin profiling method, ChIL-seq^[@CR28]^, requires many more steps than CUT&Tag and requires 3--4 days to perform all of the steps. In contrast, the CUT&Tag procedure, like CUT&RUN, is an unfixed in situ method, and is easily implemented in a standardized approach. This, combined with the cost-effectiveness of CUT&Tag, makes it appropriate for a high-throughput pipeline that can be implemented in a core facility^[@CR18]^. It is conceivable that diverse users may provide their mixture of cells and antibody and receive processed deep sequencing files in just days. Since the first step in high-throughput CUT&Tag is antibody incubation at 4 °C, samples can be accumulated overnight in a facility and then loaded together onto a 96-well plate for robotic handling, as we previously demonstrated for AutoCUT&RUN^[@CR18]^. With efficient use of reagents and better signal-to-noise, CUT&Tag requires even fewer reads per sample than AutoCUT&RUN, which is already much cheaper than commercial exome sequencing. While the ease and low cost of this pipeline is appealing, the primary virtue of automated chromatin profiling is the minimization of batch and handling effects, and thus maximum reproducibility. Such aspects are critical for clinical assays and testing for chromatin-targeting drugs. We have shown that CUT&Tag provides high-quality single-cell profiles using the ICELL8 nano-dispensation system^[@CR12]^, which allows for imaging prior to reagent addition and PCR. Likewise, CUT&Tag should be suitable for the 10× Genomics encapsulation system^[@CR13]^ by adaptation of their recently announced ATAC-seq single-cell protocol^[@CR29]^. Adaptability to high-throughput single-cell platforms is possible for CUT&Tag because adapters are added in bulk, whereas previous single-cell adaptations of antibody-based profiling methods, including ChIP-seq^[@CR30]^, ChIL-seq^[@CR28]^, and CUT&RUN^[@CR25]^ require reactions to be performed after cells are separated. The distinct distributions of low-level untargeted accessible DNA sites and high-level CTCF-bound sites in CUT&Tag datasets suggests that by modeling the two expected underlying distributions, true binding sites can be distinguished from accessible DNA sites without using other data. An advantage of this strategy is that the statistical distinction between true binding sites and accessible features allows characterization of two chromatin features in the same experiment, where accessible DNA sites can be annotated as well as binding sites for the targeted factor. This parsing out of the low-level ATAC-seq background from the strong targeted CUT&Tag signal makes possible de novo "multi-OMIC" CUT&Tag^[@CR31]^. In the future, we expect that barcoding of adapters^[@CR26]^ will allow for multiple epitopes to be simultaneously profiled in single cells in large numbers, maximizing the utility of single-cell epigenomic profiling for studies of development and disease. Methods {#Sec8} ======= Biological materials {#Sec9} -------------------- Human K562 cells were purchased from ATCC (Manassas, VA, Catalog \#CCL-243) and cultured following the supplier's protocol. H1 ES cells were obtained from WiCell (Cat\#WA01-lot\#WB35186). We used the following antibodies: Guinea Pig anti-Rabbit IgG (Heavy & Light Chain) antibody (Antibodies-Online ABIN101961). H3K27me3 (Cell Signaling Technology, 9733, Lot 14), H3K27ac (Millipore, MABE647), H3K4me1 (Abcam, ab8895), H3K4me2 (Upstate 07--030, Lot 26335), H3K4me3 (Active Motif, 39159), PolSer2P, PolSer5P, PolSer2+5P, PolSer7P (Cell Signaling Technology, Rpb1 CTD Antibody Sampler Kit, 54020), CTCF (Millipore 07--729), NPAT (Thermo Fisher Scientific, PA5--66839 ALX-215-065-1), and Sox2 (Abcam, ab92494). Transposome preparation {#Sec10} ----------------------- Using the pTXB1-Tn5^[@CR15]^ expression vector, sequences downstream of lac operator were replaced with an efficient ribosome binding site, three tandem FLAG epitope tags and two IgG binding domains of staphylococcal protein A, which were PCR amplified from the pK19pA-MN vector^[@CR11]^. The C-terminus of Protein A was separated from the transposase by a 26 residue flexible linker peptide composed of DDDKEF(GGGGS)~4~. The pTXB1-Tn5 plasmid was a gift from Rickard Sandberg (Addgene plasmid \# 60240) and the pK19pA-MN plasmid was a gift from Ulrich Laemmli (available through Addgene, plasmid \# 86973). The 3XFlag-pA-Tn5-Fl plasmid (Addgene plasmid \# 124601) was transformed into C3013 cells (NEB) following the manufacturer's protocol. Each colony tested was inoculated into 3 mL LB medium and growth was continued at 37 °C for 4 h. That culture was used to start a 400 mL culture in 100 µg/mL carbenicillin containing LB medium (as it is more stable than ampicillin) and incubated on a shaker until it reached O.D. \~0.6, whereupon it was chilled on ice for 30 min. Fresh IPTG was added to 0.25 mM to induce expression, and the culture was incubated at 18 °C on a shaker overnight. The culture was collected by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm, 4 °C for 30 min. The bacterial pellet was frozen in a dry ice-ethanol bath and stored at −70 °C. Protein purification was performed as previously described^[@CR15]^ with minor modifications. Briefly, a frozen pellet was resuspended in 40 mL chilled HEGX Buffer (20 mM HEPES-KOH at pH 7.2, 0.8 M NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 10% glycerol, 0.2% Triton X-100) including 1× Roche Complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor tablets. The lysate was sonicated 10 times for 45 s at a 50% duty cycle with output level 7 while keeping the sample chilled and holding on ice between cycles. The sonicated lysate was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm in a Fiberlite rotor at 4 °C for 30 min. A 2.5 mL aliquot of chitin slurry resin (NEB, S6651S) was packed into each of two disposable columns (Bio-rad 7321010). Columns were washed with 20 mL of HEGX Buffer. The soluble fraction was added to the chitin resin slowly, then incubated on a rotator at 4 °C overnight. The unbound soluble fraction was drained and the columns were rinsed with 20 mL HEGX and washed thoroughly with 20 mL HEGX containing Roche Complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor tablets. The chitin slurry was transferred to a 15 mL conical tube and resuspended in elution buffer (10 mL HEGX with 100 mM DTT). The tube was placed on rotator at 4 °C for \~48 h. The eluate was collected and dialyzed twice in 800 mL 2X Tn5 Dialysis Buffer (100 mM HEPES-KOH pH 7.2, 0.2 M NaCl, 0.2 mM EDTA, 2 mM DTT, 0.2% Triton X-100, 20% Glycerol). The dialyzed protein solution was concentrated using an Amicon Ultra-4 Centrifugal Filter Units 30 K (Millipore UFC803024), and sterile glycerol was added to make a final 50% glycerol stock of the purified protein. To generate the pA-Tn5 adapter transposome, 16 µL of a 100 µM equimolar mixture of preannealed Tn5MEDS-A and Tn5MEDS-B oligonucleotides^[@CR15]^ were mixed with 100 µL of 5.5 µM pA-Tn5 fusion protein. The mixture was incubated on a rotating platform for 1 h at room temperature and then stored at −20 °C. The complex is stable at room temperature, with no detectable loss of potency after 10 days on the benchtop (Supplementary Fig. [5A](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}), and without noticeable loss of data quality (Supplementary Fig. [5B](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Unexpectedly, this extended room temperature incubation resulted in a 1--2 order-of-magnitude increase in the number of tagmented *E. coli* fragments (Supplementary Fig. [5C](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}), which can be used as a calibration standard within a series using a constant amount of pA-Tn5. This observation suggests that the *E. coli* DNA that co-purifies with pA-Tn5 is subject to tagmentation both during room temperature incubation and during tagmentation in situ, where the dramatic increase seen with pre-incubation results from subsequent trapping of tagmented pA-Tn5-bound DNA within the cell. In support of this interpretation, we note that *E. coli* carry-over DNA suitable for calibration is also released by pA-MNase in CUT&RUN reactions during digestion^[@CR32]^. A likely explanation for the trapping of these different fusion protein-bound DNAs within cells is that the protein-protein interaction domains of Protein A that are specific for IgG bind non-specifically to cellular proteins, whereupon addition of divalent cation results in MNase digestion and release (pA-MNase) or tagmentation (pA-Tn5). CUT&Tag for bench-top application {#Sec11} --------------------------------- Cells were harvested, counted and centrifuged for 3 min at 600×*g* at room temperature. Aliquots of cells (60--500,000 cells), were washed twice in 1.5 mL Wash Buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.5; 150 mM NaCl; 0.5 mM Spermidine; 1× Protease inhibitor cocktail) by gentle pipetting. Concanavalin A coated magnetic beads (Bangs Laboratories) were prepared as described^[@CR9]^ and 10 µL of activated beads were added per sample and incubated at RT for 15 min. We observed that binding cells to beads at this step increases binding efficiency. The unbound supernatant was removed and bead-bound cells were resuspended in 50--100 µL Dig-wash Buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.5; 150 mM NaCl; 0.5 mM Spermidine; 1× Protease inhibitor cocktail; 0.05% Digitonin) containing 2 mM EDTA and a 1:50 dilution of the appropriate primary antibody. Primary antibody incubation was performed on a rotating platform for 2 h at room temperature (RT) or overnight at 4 °C. The primary antibody was removed by placing the tube on the magnet stand to clear and pulling off all of the liquid. To increase the number of Protein A binding sites for each bound antibody, an appropriate secondary antibody (such as Guinea Pig anti-Rabbit IgG antibody for a rabbit primary antibody) was diluted 1:50 in 50--100 µL of Dig-Wash buffer and cells were incubated at RT for 30 min. Cells were washed using the magnet stand 2--3× for 5 min in 0.2--1 mL Dig-Wash buffer to remove unbound antibodies. A 1:200 dilution of pA-Tn5 adapter complex (\~0.04 µM) was prepared in Dig-med Buffer (0.05% Digitonin, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 300 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM Spermidine, 1× Protease inhibitor cocktail). After removing the liquid on the magnet stand, 50--100 µL was added to the cells with gentle vortexing, which was incubated with pA-Tn5 at RT for 1 h. Cells were washed 2--3× for 5 min in 0.2--1 mL Dig-med Buffer to remove unbound pA-Tn5 protein. Next, cells were resuspended in 50--100 µL Tagmentation buffer (10 mM MgCl~2~ in Dig-med Buffer) and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. To stop tagmentation, 2.25 µL of 0.5 M EDTA, 2.75 µL of 10% SDS and 0.5 µL of 20 mg/mL Proteinase K was added to 50 µL of sample, which was incubated at 55 °C for 30 min or overnight at 37 °C, and then at 70 °C for 20 min to inactivate Proteinase K. To extract the DNA, 122 µL Ampure XP beads were added to each tube with vortexing, quickly spun and held 5 min. Tubes were placed on a magnet stand to clear, then the liquid was carefully withdrawn. Without disturbing the beads, beads were washed twice in 1 mL 80% ethanol. After allowing to dry \~5 min, 30--40 µL of 10 mM Tris pH 8 was added, the tubes were vortexed, quickly spun and allowed to sit for 5 min. Tubes were placed on a magnet stand and the liquid was withdrawn to a fresh tube. To amplify libraries, 21 µL DNA was mixed with 2 µL of a universal i5 and a uniquely barcoded i7 primer^[@CR33]^, using a different barcode for each sample. A volume of 25 µL NEBNext HiFi 2× PCR Master mix was added and mixed. The sample was placed in a Thermocycler with a heated lid using the following cycling conditions: 72 °C for 5 min (gap filling); 98 °C for 30 s; 14 cycles of 98 °C for 10 s and 63 °C for 30 s; final extension at 72 °C for 1 min and hold at 8 °C. Post-PCR clean-up was performed by adding 1.1× volume of Ampure XP beads (Beckman Counter), and libraries were incubated with beads for 15 min at RT, washed twice gently in 80% ethanol, and eluted in 30 µL 10 mM Tris pH 8.0. A detailed, step-by-step protocol can be found at <https://www.protocols.io/view/bench-top-cut-amp-tag-wnufdew/abstract> High-throughput CUT&Tag {#Sec12} ----------------------- For high-throughput 96-well microplate application, cells were first permeabilized and incubated with the primary antibodies before binding to beads. Two biological replicates of human K562 and H1 ES cells were washed twice with Wash Buffer, resuspended in Dig-wash buffer with 2 mM EDTA and arrayed in a 96-well plate. Permeabilization before antibody incubation varied from 1 to 5 h. Then, dilutions of appropriate antibodies were added (making final antibody concentrations 1:50) as duplicates. Cells were incubated with primary antibodies overnight. The next day, 10 µL of activated Concanavalin A coated magnetic beads were added to each sample, mixed gently and incubated at room temperature for 10 min. The plate was placed on a magnetic plate holder and supernatants were discarded. Appropriate secondary antibodies were prepared as 1:50 dilutions in Dig-wash and added to each well. Cells were washed three times with Dig-wash and then incubated with 1:200 dilution of pA-Tn5 adapter complex in Dig-med buffer at RT for 1 h. Cells were washed 3× for 5 min in Dig-med Buffer and resuspended in 50 µL Tagmentation buffer and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. To stop tagmentation, 2.25 µL of 0.5 M EDTA, 2.75 µL of 10% SDS and 0.5 µL of 20 mg/mL Proteinase K was added to the sample, which was incubated at 55 °C for 30 min and then at 70 °C for 20 min to inactivate Proteinase K. Samples were held at 4 °C overnight until ready to continue. A 1.1× volume of AMPure XP beads was added to each well, vortexed and incubated at room temperature for 10--15 min. The plate was placed on a magnet and unbound liquid was removed. Beads were gently rinsed twice with 80% ethanol, and DNA was eluted with 35 µL of 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8. 30 µL of eluted DNA was amplified by PCR as described above. DNA sequencing and data processing {#Sec13} ---------------------------------- The size distribution of libraries was determined by Agilent 4200 TapeStation analysis, and libraries were mixed to achieve equal representation as desired aiming for a final concentration as recommended by the manufacturer. Paired-end Illumina sequencing was performed on the barcoded libraries following the manufacturer's instructions. Paired-end reads were aligned using Bowtie2 version 2.2.5 with options: --local--very-sensitive-local--no-unal--no-mixed--no-discordant--phred33 -I 10 -X 700. Because of the very low background with CUT&Tag, typically 3 million paired-end reads suffice for nucleosome modifications, even for the human genome. For maximum economy, up to 96 barcoded samples per 2-lane flow cell can be pooled for 25 × 25 bp sequencing. For peak calling, parameters used were macs2 callpeak---t input_file --p 1e-5 --f BEDPE/BED(Paired End vs. Single End sequencing data) --keep-dup all --n out_name. Single-cell CUT&Tag {#Sec14} ------------------- Approximately 50,000 exponentially growing K562 cells were processed by centrifugation between buffer and reagent exchanges in low-retention tubes throughout. Centrifugations were performed at 600×*g* for 3 min in a swinging bucket rotor for the initial wash and incubation steps, and then at 300×*g* for 3 min after pA-Tn5 binding. Cells were collected and washed twice with 1 mL Wash Buffer (20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5; 150 mM NaCl; 0.5 mM Spermidine, 1× Protease inhibitor cocktail) at room temperature. Nuclei were isolated by permeabilizing cells in NP40-Digitonin Wash Buffer (0.01% NP40, 0.01% Digitonin in wash buffer) and resuspended in 1 mL of NP40-Digitonin Wash buffer with 2 mM EDTA. Antibody was added at a 1:50 dilution and incubated on a rotator at 4 °C overnight. Permeabilized cells were then rinsed once with NP40-Digitonin Wash buffer and incubated with anti-Rabbit IgG antibody (1:50 dilution) in 1 mL of NP40-Digitonin Wash buffer on a rotator at room temperature for 30 min. Nuclei were then washed 3× for 5 min in 1 mL NP40-Digitonin Wash buffer to remove unbound antibodies. For pA-Tn5 binding, a 1:100 dilution of pA-Tn5 adapter complex was prepared in 1 mL NP40-Dig-med-buffer (0.01% NP40, 0.01% Digitonin, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 300 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM Spermidine, 1× Protease inhibitor cocktail), and permeabilized cells were incubated with the pA-Tn5 adapter complex on a rotator at RT for 1 h. Cells were washed 3× for 5 min in 1 mL NP40-Dig-med-buffer to remove excess pA-Tn5 protein. Cells were resuspended in 150 µL Tagmentation buffer (10 mM MgCl~2~ in NP40-Dig-med-buffer) and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. Tagmentation was stopped by adding 50 µL of 4× Stop Buffer (40.4 mM EDTA and 2 mg/mL DAPI) and the sample was held on ice for 30 min. The SMARTer ICELL8 single-cell system (Takara Bio USA, Cat. \#640000) was used to array single cells as described for scATAC-seq^[@CR12]^. DAPI-stained nuclei were visualized under the microscope and if there were clumps, they were strained through 10 micron cell strainers. Cells were counted using a hematocytometer and diluted at 28 cells/µL in 0.5× PBS and 1× Second Diluent (Takara Bio USA, Cat. \# 640196). Cells were loaded to a source loading plate. Control wells containing 0.5× PBS (25 µL) and fiducial mix (25 µL) (Takara Bio USA, Cat. \#640196) were also included in the source loading plate. Using the ICELL8 MultiSample NanoDispenser (MSND) FLA program, cells were dispensed into a SMARTer ICELL8 350 v chip (Takara Bio USA, Cat. \# 640019) at 35 nanoliter per well. After cell dispense was complete, chips were sealed with the imaging film (Takara Bio USA, Cat. \#640109) and centrifuged at 400×*g* for 5 min at room temperature and imaged using the ICELL8 imaging station (Takara Bio USA). Images were analyzed using automated microscopy image analysis software (CellSelect, Takara Bio USA). Since cells were stained only with DAPI, they were propidium iodide negative, so that permeabilized cells would not be excluded by default software settings. Additional single cells were manually selected for dispensing using a manual triaging procedure. Immediately following imaging, the filter file, which notes single-cell containing wells and control wells, was generated. We typically obtained \~1000 single cells per chip. All of the following reagents were added to the selected set of wells which contained single cells. To index the whole chip, 72 i5 and 72 i7 unique indices^[@CR33]^ were dispensed at 7.32 µM using ICELL8 MSND FLA program using the index 1 and index 2 filtered dispense tool respectively at 35 nanoliter per well. NEBNext High-Fidelity 2X PCR Master Mix (NEB, M0541L) was dispensed twice using the ICELL8 MSND Single Cell/TCR program for the filtered dispense tool at 50 nL per well. The chip was sealed and centrifuged at 2250×*g* at 4 °C for at least 5 min after each dispense. The chip was sealed with a TE Sealing film (Takara Bio USA, Cat. \#640109) and on-chip PCR was performed using a SMARTer ICELL8 Thermal Cycler (Takara Bio USA) as follows: 5 min at 72 °C and 2 min at 98 °C followed by 15 cycles of 10 s at 98 °C, 30 s at 60 °C, and 5 s at 72 °C, with a final extension at 72 °C for 1 min. PCR products were collected by centrifugation at \~2250×*g* for 20 min using the supplied SMARTer ICELL8 Collection Kit (Takara Bio USA, Cat.\#640048). Pooled libraries were purified using Ampure XP beads (Beckman Counter) in a 1:1.1 ratio. Briefly, libraries were incubated with beads for 15 min at RT, washed twice in 80% ethanol, and eluted in 10 mM Tris pH 8.0. Paired-end 25 × 8 × 8 × 25 bp Illumina sequencing was performed on the pooled barcoded libraries following the manufacturer's instructions. Paired-end reads were aligned using Bowtie2 version 2.2.5 with options:--local--very-sensitive-local--no-unal--no-mixed--no-discordant--phred33 -I 10 -X 700. Reporting summary {#Sec15} ----------------- Further information on research design is available in the [Nature Research Reporting Summary](#MOESM3){ref-type="media"} linked to this article. Supplementary information ========================= {#Sec16} Supplementary Information Peer Review File Reporting Summary Source Data **Journal peer review information:** *Nature Communications* thanks Sebastian Pott and Gabriella Ficz for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available. **Publisher's note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary information ========================= **Supplementary Information** accompanies this paper at 10.1038/s41467-019-09982-5. We thank Tayler Hentges and Aaron Hernandez for technical support, and Matt Fitzgibbon and Michael Meers for helpful discussions on data analysis. We also thank all members of the Henikoff lab for valuable discussions. This work was supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01 GM 108699 and 4DN TCPA A093) and the Fred Hutch Summer Undergraduate Research Program. H.S.K. and S.H. designed and performed all experiments. C.A.C and E.S.P. and T.D.B. assisted with the experiments. H.S.K., S.J.W., J.G.H., K.A., and S.H. developed algorithms and analyzed the data. H.S.K, K.A., and S.H. wrote the manuscript. Publically available datasets analyzed in this work are available in Supplementary Note 1. All sequencing data generated in this study have been deposited in GEO under accession GSE124557. The 3XFlag-pA-Tn5-Fl plasmid has been deposited with Addgene (\#124601). Source data for the figures can be found in the Source Data file. All other data are available from the authors upon reasonable request. Competing interests {#FPar1} =================== The authors declare no competing interests.

Контекст Отвечая на вопросы слушателей молодежного лектория, протоиерей Всеволод Чаплин заявил, что считает, что священнослужители имеют право носить дорогие вещи, поскольку эти вещи отражают общественный престиж Церкви. «Люди как правило несут самое дорогое в храмы, священнику, люди совершенно естественно хотят, чтобы их иерархи выглядели не хуже, чем представители светской власти, чтобы храмы выглядели лучше, чем резиденции светских властителей, чтобы церковные торжества были самыми красивыми и самыми торжественными», – сказал отец Всеволод. Слова отца Всеволода были подхвачены СМИ и уже через день оказались на первых полосах светских изданий. В ответ на слова отца Всеволода обозреватель ВГТРК и ведущий еженедельной программы «Церковь и мир с митрополитом Иларионом (Алфеевым)» написал Открытое письмо протоиерею Всеволоду Чаплину, в котором предположил, что либо новостные издания исказили слова отца Всеволода, либо он выразил не вполне то, что думал, и предложил отцу Всеволоду извиниться за слова, вызвавшие столь широкий резонанс. Протоиерей Всеволод отвечает на открытое письмо Ивана Семенова. Дорогой Иван! Рад возможности дискуссии и, раз Вы с самого начала развернули ее в публичном пространстве, принимаю этот формат. Украшение не только храмов, но и одежд священнослужителей, в том числе одежд внебогослужебных, а также предметов, которые окружают священнослужителей в официальной обстановке (у иерархов практически любая обстановка официальная) — это не придуманная мной вещь, это традиция Церкви. Да, одежды, согласно каноническому праву, не должны быть кричаще-разноцветными, но они вовсе не обязательно должны быть бедными и грязными. К тому же мы знаем, что и иерархи христианской древности, и практически все архипастыри Церкви Русской имели и резиденции, не уступавшие или немного уступавшие царским и княжеским, и соответствующие колесницы. Мы знаем, что святой праведный Иоанн Кронштадтский носил шелковые рясы и передвигался на личном пароходе. Мы знаем (или по крайней мере могли бы поинтересоваться), что Патриарх Сербский Павел, позволявший себе иногда погулять по улице и проехаться на трамвае (что не мешало интеллигенции его поругивать), обычно ездил на мерседесе и жил в довольно величественной официальной резиденции. Мы знаем, что Сам Господь Иисус Христос посещал ужины в домах людей, которых нынешние интеллигенты назвали бы «совершенно нерукопожатными» — роскошествующих воров, да и не просто воров, а сборщиков оккупационного налога с собственного народа. Мытаря Закхея, например. Стол при этом наверняка был богатым и оплаченным на нечестные деньги. Какой ужас для привыкших к диссидентским кухням интеллигентов! Какое разочарование для тех, кто привык любить Церковь только слабой, не говорящей с телеэкранов, одетой в драный подрясник, ютящейся в скрытом от нечистого объектива Китеже, за покосившимся забором полуразрушенного храма. Вот там благодать – ни мерседесов, ни мигалок, ни позолоченного иконостаса, ни «нерукопожатных» спонсоров… Да, такая Церковь тоже у нас есть. Только ее положение совершенно ненормально. В стране, где миллионы людей именуют себя (кто с большим основанием, кто с меньшим) православными христианами, Церковь должна быть в центре народной жизни. Полуразрушенных храмов у нее быть не должно. Наоборот, ей приличествует обладать современными и солидными зданиями, красивыми облачениями, золотыми иконостасами (что не должно означать – безвкусными). А также достаточными знаками материальных возможностей, чтобы на равных говорить с теми, кто «встречает по одежке» и, быть может, пытается вести себя с позиции силы, опираясь на свое богатство и влияние. Будь то глава инославной либо иноверной общины, чиновник или бизнесмен. Не случайно все христианские сообщества – от Ватикана до самой бедной нашей епархии – стараются, общаясь с подобными непростыми собеседниками, «не ударить в грязь лицом». И так было во все века христианской истории. Мне самому приходилось и при полном параде входить во дворцы, и в драном подряснике ходить по трущобам. Убежден, что для Церкви нужно и то, и это. Но ни на том, ни на этом не нужно слишком заострять внимание. Когда христиане без конца рассуждают о «блеске и нищете» одежд и часов – это признак духовного нездоровья. Или зависти. Или вечной квази-диссидентской привычки ругать все сильное, дорогостоящее, властное. Привычки, к счастью, уходящей в прошлое вместе с левацким пониманием христианства. Между прочим, тридцать лет живя в Церкви и зная очень многих, подметил одну особенность: все – подчеркиваю, все! – священнослужители, которые, имея возможность прилично одеваться и иметь приличный быт, постоянно подчеркивали свою «нищету» старыми подрясниками и убогими бытовыми условиями – были съедаемы, а часто и съедены изнутри гордыней. Не буду называть их имен. Но многие из тех, кого сейчас интеллигенция именует «святыми бессребрениками», в беседах «для своих» откровенно намекали, за что именно их надо после кончины канонизировать… Ну и, наконец, о пресловутых мерседесах. Да, Святейший Патриарх ездит на дорогих машинах и живет в дорогих резиденциях. И это неизбежная часть послушания Церкви ее Предстоятеля. Верующие – среди которых чурающиеся богатых вещей интеллигенты (пост)советского типа давно уже не составляют большинство – скорее не понимают и не примут ситуации, когда муфтий или раввин будут ездить на более престижной машине, чем Патриарх. Такой уж у него крест. Помогает его нести, наверное, одно: основное жизненное пространство Святейшего – это небольшая келия в Москве. До недавнего времени была такая же в Смоленске. Больше ему не надо – не как Предстоятелю, для которого нужны внушительные представительские резиденции, а как монаху и человеку. И тем, какие на руке часы, он, по-моему, озаботился лишь после того, как это стало сильно волновать медиазавистников, в том числе (около)церковных. >>>Автомобили Патриархов Итак, дорогой брат… Церковь, ее храмы и священнослужители – иконы Христа, Царя царствующих, — всегда будут украшаться драгоценными предметами, которые жертвуют именно на такое украшение верующие люди. Такова традиция Церкви. А логика Иуды: «К чему такая трата? Ибо можно было бы продать это миро за большую цену и дать нищим» (Мф. 26, 8-9) — иудиной навсегда и останется. И извиняться по этому поводу Церкви нечего. Да и мне, наверное, тоже. Разве вот только извинюсь перед Вами за то, что поспорил с вещами, которые Вам почему-то кажутся бесспорными. Что ж, служитель Христа всегда виноват, да и перед всеми… Такова еще одна церковная традиция. Ваш во Христе протоиерей Всеволод Чаплин

Q: Conexion internet IOS Xcode 7 Es posible deshabilitar la conexión a internet en el simulador de IOS de xcode 7? A: Existe una herramienta de xcode que simula entornos de conectividad buenos y malos. Quizás puedas simular una conexión mala malisima y/o practicamente nula o nula y asi no tener internet en el simulador. A ver si te sirve. (http://nshipster.com/network-link-conditioner/) Otra opción que te podría servir sería simular un red lenta, este paquete de github te podría ayudar. (https://github.com/AliSoftware/OHHTTPStubs)

FILED NOT FOR PUBLICATION NOV 16 2017 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT THOMAS KNICKMEYER, No. 16-15740 Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:14-cv-00231-JCM-PAL v. STATE OF NEVADA ex rel. EIGHTH MEMORANDUM* JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT, Defendant-Appellee. Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada James C. Mahan, District Judge, Presiding Submitted October 12, 2017** San Francisco, California Before: TASHIMA and BYBEE, Circuit Judges, and LEITMAN,*** District Judge. * This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Matthew Frederick Leitman, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Michigan, sitting by designation.  Appellant Thomas Knickmeyer (“Knickmeyer”) worked as a marshal for the Eighth Judicial District Court in Clark County, Nevada (the “EJDC”). During 2012 and 2013, the EJDC received a number of complaints alleging that Knickmeyer had committed misconduct. The alleged misbehavior included misogynistic comments, inappropriately touching prisoners, disparaging his supervisors, and falling asleep during a calendar call. The EJDC investigated the complaints, found them to have merit, and terminated Knickmeyer’s employment in November 2013. Knickmeyer thereafter filed this civil action against the State of Nevada (the “State”) challenging his working conditions and his termination as violations of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. He alleged, among other things, that his supervisor subjected him to a racially hostile workplace environment and that he was terminated in retaliation for reporting racial discrimination internally and to the Nevada Equal Rights Commission (the “NERC”). The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the State on both of Knickmeyer’s Title VII claims.1 The district court held that Knickmeyer’s hostile 1 Knickmeyer does not pursue on appeal his claim that his termination was in direct violation of Title VII. 2 work environment claim failed because Knickmeyer did not present sufficient evidence that he was subjected to severe or pervasive race-based harassment. The court also held that Knickmeyer’s retaliatory discharge claim failed because Knickmeyer did not present sufficient evidence that his protected activity was a but-for cause of his termination. Knickmeyer appeals, and we affirm. In order to prevail on his hostile work environment claim, Knickmeyer was required to show, among other things, that the alleged harassment “was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of [his] employment and create an abusive work environment.” Kang v. U. Lim Am., Inc., 296 F.3d 810, 817 (9th Cir. 2002) (quotations omitted). He failed to do so. The comments he complained of were isolated in nature, and “[s]imply causing an employee offense based on an isolated comment is not sufficient to create actionable harassment under Title VII.” McGinest v. GTE Serv. Corp., 360 F.3d 1103, 1113 (9th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). Knickmeyer also presented hearsay statements in support of his hostile work environment claim, which the district court properly disregarded. See Beyene v. Coleman Sec. Servs., Inc., 854 F.2d 1179, 1181 (9th Cir. 1988) (“[O]nly admissible evidence may be considered by the trial court in ruling on a motion for summary judgment.”). 3  The State was likewise entitled to summary judgment on Knickmeyer’s retaliatory discharge claim. As the district court properly concluded, Knickmeyer did not present sufficient evidence that his protected activity – filing race-discrimination complaints internally at the EJDC and with the NERC – was a “but-for” cause of his termination. See Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 133 S.Ct. 2517, 2533 (2013); Clark Cty. Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 273 (2001) (considering causation in the context of a retaliation claim by reference to the time “between an employer’s knowledge of protected activity and an adverse employment action”) (emphasis added). Knickmeyer failed to show that his protected activity and his termination were so close as to support an inference of but-for causation. Knickmeyer also argued that other allegedly suspicious timing supported an inference of but-for causation. But the fact that he was not fired until October 2013 is more plausibly explained by the fact that the EJDC spent many months carefully investigating the allegations against him. Finally, during post-termination arbitration proceedings, Knickmeyer testified that he believed he was fired because of his political incorrectness. This testimony precludes a finding that his protected activity was a but-for cause of his termination. 4 The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 5

A$AP Rocky is hoping to bring hip-hop back to MTV A$AP Rocky is a man of many trades: rapper, model and fashion designer to name a few. However, it’s his next business foray that might help revitalize hip-hop. Recently interviewed by Snoop Dogg for his GGN “news” show, Rocky revealed his new position as creative director for MTV Labs (a show the network partnered with him to create) and he wants to see the channel return to its music roots. “My whole purpose is just to facilitate, you know, I actually want to get back to music television, it’s called music television you know what I’m saying, not reality television” said A$AP Rocky. Having nothing against reality television or those who enjoy it, Rocky believes it’s simply time for change with regards to the content MTV broadcasts. “Don’t get me wrong you got your shows out there, those reality shows, that I’m quite sure a lot of people are in love with…but now that the game is just over-saturated with that it’s like, I think it’s time to kind of shift back to what the initial thing was and that’s music,” he said. The Harlemite hopes his creative vision will do for the new generation what the MTV of years past did for him and introduce them to something new. “It’s about different genres you know what I mean, if it wasn’t for MTV we probably wouldn’t have known who a lot of artists were,” said the A$AP Mob member. “We also want to work with new and up and coming artists and stuff, just to kind of get that thing flowing again.” The full (hilarious) interview/conversation can be seen below. Throughout the session, Rocky and Snoop discuss fashion, the Odd Future/A$AP Mob beef, the importance of a girlfriend in your life and more.

Spin configuration in the 1/3 magnetization plateau of azurite determined by NMR. High magnetic field (63,65)Cu NMR spectra were used to determine the local spin polarization in the 1/3 magnetization plateau of azurite, Cu3(CO3)(2)(OH)(2), which is a model system for the distorted diamond antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 chain. The spin part of the hyperfine field of the Cu2 (dimer) sites is found to be field independent, negative and strongly anisotropic, corresponding to approximately 10% of fully polarized spin in a d orbital. This is close to the expected configuration of the quantum plateau, where a singlet state is stabilized on the dimer. However, the observed nonzero spin polarization points to some triplet admixture, induced by strong asymmetry of the diamond bonds J1 and J3.

In a tweet praising Saudi Arabia, which remains at the center of an international controversy over the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi, President Trump was misleading about the price of oil, falsely claiming the price had fallen to $54 a barrel, when it was "just $82." Between the lines: There are two major varieties of oil on the market, and Trump used a near-peak price of one to make the near-bottom price of the other seem more dramatic. West Texas Intermediate is indeed $54, but was only at $75 during its recent high in October and hasn't been at $82 since 2014. Brent Crude is currently at $64 a barrel, and was at recent high of about $85 in October. The two are not the same, and the $28 a barrel price swing Trump is praising hasn't happened. Go deeper:

Q: Blog Site RSS Web Part not shown In Sharepoint 2013 a Blog Site RSS Web Part is not showed until the SC Admin account(s) navigates to the landing page for the first time. Any idea why this way? Or if it's possible to force it. Regards A: Before site admin access the landing page, the Blog Notifications Web Part (RSS WP) has not ListId associated, but after access is automatically set and within the RSS WebPart shows the corresponding ‘Posts’ List contents. Workaround: Set on RSS Web Part the corresponding ‘Posts’ ListId Guid try{ $PostsList = $oWeb.Lists[$ListName] if(!$PostsList){ throw ("Posts List not found with name: {0}" -f $ListName) } $ofile = $oWeb.GetFile($oWeb.Url + "/default.aspx") $wpm = $ofile.GetLimitedWebPartManager([System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebParts.PersonalizationScope]::Shared) $RSSWP = $wpm.WebParts | where {$_.WebBrowsableObject.ToString() -eq "Microsoft.SharePoint.WebPartPages.BlogLinksWebPart"} if(!$RSSWP) { throw ("RSS Web Part not found. {0}" -f $SiteName) } $RSSWP.ListId = $PostsList.Id $wpm.SaveChanges($RSSWP) Write-Host ("<div>[Info] RSS Web Part updated with List ID value: {0}</div>" -f $PostsList.Id) } catch [Exception]{ $catchError = ("Updating RSS Web Part List Id with the following error message: {0}" -f $_) Write-Host $catchError -ForegroundColor "Red" }

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Simon Cowell Just Let Slip Which X Factor Judges Are Paid The Most! There has always been speculation about the pay packets of the panel but Simon has just added fuel to the fire. When it comes to judges on the X Factor, it's only the best for Simon Cowell. The talent show boss is no stranger to coughing up the cash either, with reports he was prepared to pay Mariah Carey £1 million to appear on the panel. With just weeks to go until X Factor returns to our screens for its thirteenth series with Simon Cowell has shed light on just how much his co-judges are being paid and even let slip that some are paid more than others. According to the SyCo label boss, Sharon Osbourne and Nicole Scherzinger and former judge Cheryl cost him the most money they paid favourably in comparison to fellow judge Louis Walsh, who is also set to reprise his role on the panel this year. Simon believes paying his female stars more is a pioneering move and a stark contrast to the BBC, who received backlash last month after their highest paid stars were revealed to be men. Speaking about his female co-stars, he told The Sun: “For once this is good news. Victory. Yeah, they definitely are [paid more]. I just don’t tell Louis.” The revealing interview also shed light on X Factor USA, which ran for two years between 2010 and 2012, as Simon confirmed he paid Britney Spears a hefty fee to appear on the panel. Speaking about the comparison between wages, Simon explained: “If they get the money, it doesn’t matter to me whether you’re a boy or a girl. But I would say we’ve probably paid girls more money than guys over the years.” “The truth is, in showbusiness normal circumstances, you are paid by your worth and that’s just the way it goes."

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