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Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: the online version of this article ( doi:10.1007/s13300 - 014 - 0080 - 0 ) contains supplementary material , which is available to authorized users . type 2 diabetes mellitus ( t2 dm ) is a serious progressive disorder characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency resulting in increased blood glucose level . the prevalence of t2 dm is growing worldwide , mainly due to growth in urbanization and the resulting substantial changes in lifestyle . the total number of adults aged 2079 with diabetes is projected to increase from 382 million in 2013 to 592 million in 2035 . it has been estimated that 6.4% of adults aged 2079 had diabetes in sweden in 2013 . t2 dm is the most common form of diabetes worldwide , and is an established risk factor for several fatal and non - fatal micro- and macrovascular complications . an estimated 8% of the total swedish health expenditure went to diabetes - related healthcare . previous studies have shown that good glycemic control is crucial to decrease the risk of diabetes - related complications [ 36 ] . the american diabetes association recommends glycated hemoglobin ( hba1c ) < 7% as treatment goal for most patients with t2 dm , and the year 2010 guidelines from the national board of health and welfare in sweden advocates similar treatment goals for newly diagnosed , people who were diagnosed at younger age , and people with low risk of cardiovascular diseases . a typical treatment pattern for t2 dm , advocated by international and swedish guidelines , begins with lifestyle modifications , then adds metformin monotherapy when blood glucose control is unsatisfactory , followed by the addition of other medication such as sulfonylurea or basal insulin including intermediate - acting neutral protamine hagedorn ( nph ) insulin . the progressivity of the disease implies that many patients eventually will need multiple dose insulin treatment if second - line treatment does not result in achievement of sufficient control of blood glucose levels [ 810 ] . despite...

introductionthis study aimed to assess the costs and benefits of three alternative second - line treatment strategies for swedish patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( t2 dm ) who fail to reach glycated hemoglobin ( hba1c ) 7% with metformin treatment alone : glucagon - like peptide-1 ( glp-1 ) receptor agonists , dipeptidyl peptidase-4 ( dpp-4 ) inhibitors , and neutral protamine hagedorn ( nph ) insulin.methodsa previously developed cohort model for t2 dm was applied over a 35-year time horizon . data on t2 dm patients on metformin monotherapy with hba1c > 7% were collected from the swedish national diabetes register . treatment effects were taken from published studies . costs and effects were discounted at 3% per annum , and the analysis was conducted from a societal perspective . the robustness of the results was evaluated using one - way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.resultstreatment with glp-1 agonists was associated with a discounted incremental benefit of 0.10 and 0.25 quality - adjusted life years ( qalys ) and higher discounted costs of swedish krona ( sek ) 34,865 and sek 40,802 compared with dpp-4 inhibitors and nph insulin , respectively . assuming willingness - to - pay ( wtp ) of sek 500,000 per qaly , treatment strategy with glp-1 agonists was a cost - effective option with incremental cost - effectiveness ratios of sek 353,172 and sek 160,618 per qaly gained versus dpp-4 inhibitors and nph insulin , respectively . the results were most sensitive to incidence rate of moderate / major hypoglycemia and disutilities associated with insulin treatment , body mass index ( bmi ) , and hypoglycemia.conclusionassuming a wtp of sek 500,000 per qaly , treatment strategy with glp-1 agonists is a cost - effective strategy in comparison to dpp-4 inhibitors and nph insulin among t2 dm patients inadequately controlled with metformin alone in a swedish setting.electronic supplementary materialthe online version of this article ( doi:10.1007/s13300 - 014 - 0080 - 0 ) contains...

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: as the number of international mega - sports events was increased the athletes and spectators get together in larger numbers . also , the business sports commerce benefiting host nations and local community has been growing ( smith et al . , focus toward the sports events tends to be on the top of the athletes or matches . however , the other values in the variable sports events should be notified , specially related to its contributions to social change . the people interactions between the athletes , spectators , or volunteers could be a big issue reflecting the increase of social relationships . this study searches the role of sporting event in understanding special olympic movement and her contributing to the educational effects on the social rehabilitation of the students with intellectual disabilities . the analysis of the special olympics ( so ) was done mainly dealing with the sports experiences to the students with intellectual disabilities to find the collaborating efforts to their social rehabilitation by participating on the so events . volunteers and supporters are another characteristic as an integral part of so and more than millions of people including sponsors or donors are committed to so programs . coaches , event volunteers , and spectators help the athletes be the best regardless of their disabilities such as the intellectually retarded . the mission of so is to provide round sports training and athletic competition in the kind of olympic style sport events for the people with intellectual disabilities mainly and including people with developmental disabilities . since 1960 s , so has provided training and sport opportunities for the people with developmental disability ( klein et al . , 1993 ) . the potentials of children could be leaded by socialization and proper communication in their social growth . the effective role in children and teenager socialization was found in the activities of sports ( afrooz , 2001 ) . therefore , the transition from so to special school environment ,...

the purpose of this study was to apply special olympics ( so ) movement and its curricula events to the social rehabilitation of the students with intellectual disabilities in korean special school . so is the sport organization for the people with intellectual disabilities enjoyed by the athletes more than 4.4 million in 170 countries . the role of so has been expanded and its value was increased in effecting social change and promoting social contact between the people with intellectual disabilities and the individuals without disabilities . many researchers proved the effects of so program for the individuals with intellectual disabilities to become physically and mentally appropriately fit to the society , therefore , those programs could be the educational resources in korean special school .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: in cell systems , magnesium represents an abundant species as it is present in the millimolar range ( 2 ) . in line with this , it is largely utilized for electrostatic stabilization and electrophilic activation of substrates by polarization of x o ( x = p , c ) bonds . a special case is represented by water , which can be bound rather efficiently in the inner sphere coordination and is available for catalytic complex hydration as well as for hydrolytic processes . this is most likely related to mg ability to form stable complexes with phosphate - containing species , including atp , which is normally associated with the metal ion when acting in a physiological environment ( 1,3 ) . moreover , essential biomacromolecules such as dna and rna efficiently bind to mg as it participates in neutralization of the polyanionic charge of the nucleic acid . in fact , this metal ion is characterized by a small atomic radius ( 0.72 ) and an elevated hardness , which makes it especially suitable for coordination to oxygen atoms , which are hard ligands ( 36 ) . as a corollary of reduced ionic dimensions , outer - sphere mechanisms , in which the substrate is connected to the enzymatic machinery through solvent bridge(s ) , are often operating to deal with coordination problems . in this connection , a hydrogen bonding network often serves for catalytic activation and proper presentation of the reacting species . an interesting issue arising from biochemical and biophysical studies has to do with the number of metal ions participating in hydrolytic processes involving the phosphodiester bond in nucleic acids ( 5,7 ) . there is not a unique metal ion : enzyme stoichiometry reported for dna - processing enzymes such as nucleases ( 8) . indeed one , two or three metal ion - mediated mechanisms are currently proposed . among these , a widely accepted mechanistic model envisages the concerted action of two mg ions located closely to each other and eventually sharing common coordination sites in the protein ( 9 ) . notable...

the catalytic steps through which dna topoisomerases produce their biological effects and the interference of drug molecules with the enzyme dna cleavage complex have been thoroughly investigated both from the biophysical and the biochemical point of view . this provides the basic structural insight on how this family of essential enzymes works in living systems and how their functions can be impaired by natural and synthetic compounds . besides other factors , the physiological environment is known to affect substantially the biological properties of topoisomerases , a key role being played by metal ion cofactors , especially divalent ions ( mg2 + ) , that are crucial to bestow and modulate catalytic activity by exploiting distinctive chemical features such as ionic size , hardness and characteristics of the coordination sphere including coordination number and geometry . indeed , metal ions mediate fundamental aspects of the topoisomerase - driven transphosphorylation process by affecting the kinetics of the forward and the reverse steps and by modifying the enzyme conformation and flexibility . of particular interest in type ia and type ii enzymes are ionic interactions involving the toprim fold , a protein domain conserved through evolution that contains a number of acidic residues essential for catalysis . a general two - metal ion mechanism is widely accepted to account for the biophysical and biochemical data thus far available .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: pg ( mw 10 kda ) was synthesized by anionic , ringopening , multibranching polymerization of glycidol with slow monomer addition.37 , 38 according to our previous work , 10 kda pg has better dispersity and be synthesized more easily . alexa fluor 488 wga and hoechst 33342 cell markers were obtained from molecular probes inc . other reagents were obtained from beijing chemical reagent co. ( beijing , china ) . the water used throughout the study was purified with a milliq integral a10 system from millipore co. ( usa ) . firstly , we synthesized pgnh2 with 30 % amine functionality according to the literature.23 , 24 for h nmr spectra of pgnh2 , see figure s11 . pgnh2 was dissolved into methanol with a concentration of 20 mg ml as a stock solution . firstly , pgnh2 stock solution ( 600 l ) , methanol ( 2 ml ) , and a specific volume teos were mixed and stirred in a sealed vessel for 12 h. in this recipe , 10 , 50 , 100 , or 200 l of teos was added for parallel controls . then , a mixture of ammonium hydroxide ( 1.5 ml ) and water ( 1.5 ml ) were quickly added into the above solution and stirred vigorously for 6 h. the products were centrifuged at a high speed ( 10 000 rpm , 5 min ) and washed with methanol and water several times . the final obtained products were marked as pgsns10 , pgsns50 , pgsns100 , and pgsns200 , respectively , according to the different volumes of teos in the recipe . 4 mg ) were incubated in 0.5 mg ml dox aqueous solution ( 1.33 ml ) for 24 h. the loading efficiency was calculated according to the change of characteristic absorption of dox ( 480 nm ) before and after incubation with pgsns100 . then the samples ( denoted as pgsnsdox ) were split equally into two parts and dispersed into 1.2 ml of either phosphatebuffered saline ( pbs ) ( ph 7.2 ) or mes buffer ( ph 5.0 ) . therefore , the concentrations of the pgsnsdox samples in different buffers were the same ( ca . 1.6 mg ml ) . at a preset time point , the sample suspension was centrifuged , and then 0.3 ...

abstractmesoporous silicabased nanoparticles are generally accepted as a potential platform for drug loading with a lot of advantages , except for their complex purification procedures and structures that are difficult to decompose . in this work , biocompatible hyperbranched polyglycerol is introduced to synthesize mesoporous silica nanoparticles ( msns ) . the materials possess good biocompatibility , controlled release , and biodegradability . they also show passive targeting capability through the enhanced permeability and retention effect and can be excreted from the biological system . the method avoids the needs to employ traditional surfactants and complicated purified procedures , which make these msns an efficient delivery system for cancer therapy .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: the eukaryotic genome is functionally and spatially organized . during interphase , chromosomes fold into topologically associated domains ( tads ) and divide into heterochromatin and euchromatin . also , chromosomes associate with nuclear structures and occupy distinct territories within the nucleus . within these territories , individual genes are positioned with respect to each other and with respect to stable nuclear structures . for example , in metazoa large transcriptionally repressed lamina associate domains ( lads ) position along the nuclear periphery and interact with the nuclear lamina . importantly , the spatial organization of the genome is dynamic and the position of individual genes often changes upon activation or repression . for example , during development , lads can be remodeled to accommodate the repositioning of genes ; the -globin and myod genes move away from the nuclear lamina upon transcriptional activation . many active genes also interact with nuclear pore proteins ( nups ) in diverse organisms including yeast , flies , worms , and mammalian cells . in both yeast and metazoa these interactions occur at the nuclear periphery , presumably in contact with the nuclear pore complex ( npc ) , whereas in higher eukaryotes these interactions often occur in the nucleoplasm with soluble nups active genes colocalize with rnap ii foci in subnuclear compartments called transcription factories . in flies , likewise , in yeast , trna genes , silenced telomeres and npc - associated loci each exhibit specific interchromosomal clustering . these observations support the idea that the spatial organization of the eukaryotic genome compartmentalizes the nucleus into functionally distinct subnuclear environments and that the spatial positioning of a gene both impacts and reflects its transcriptional state . as a model for these phenomena , we have studied the spatial repositioning of inducible yeast genes from the nucleoplasm to the nuclear periphery . inducible genes such as ino1 , prm1 and his4 are...

abstractin yeast , inducible genes such as ino1 , prm1 and his4 reposition from the nucleoplasm to nuclear periphery upon activation . this leads to a physical interaction with nuclear pore complex ( npc ) , interchromosomal clustering , and stronger transcription . repositioning to the nuclear periphery is controlled by cis - acting transcription factor ( tf ) binding sites located within the promoters of these genes and the tfs that bind to them . such elements are both necessary and sufficient to control positioning of genes to the nuclear periphery . we have identified 4 tfs capable of controlling the regulated positioning of genes to the nuclear periphery in budding yeast under different conditions : put3 , cbf1 , gcn4 and ste12 . in each case , we have defined the molecular basis of regulated relocalization to the nuclear periphery . put3- and cbf1-mediated targeting to nuclear periphery is regulated through local recruitment of rpd3(l ) histone deacetylase complex by transcriptional repressors . rpd3(l ) , through its histone deacetylase activity , prevents tf - mediated gene positioning by blocking tf binding . many yeast transcriptional repressors were capable of blocking put3-mediated recruitment ; 11 of these required rpd3 . thus , it is a general function of transcription repressors to regulate tf - mediated recruitment . however , ste12 and gcn4-mediated recruitment is regulated independently of rpd3(l ) and transcriptional repressors . ste12-mediated recruitment is regulated by phosphorylation of an inhibitor called dig2 , and gcn4-mediated gene targeting is up - regulated by increasing gcn4 protein levels . the ability to control spatial position of genes in yeast represents a novel function for tfs and different regulatory strategies provide dynamic control of the yeast genome through different time scales .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease caused by rhinosporidum seeberi with high prevalence in parts of indian subcontinent and sri lanka . it produces polypoidal lesions that are friable , bleed profusely during resection and have a high tendency to recur . the common site of occurrence is nose and nasopharynx but can present at unusual sites . the involvement of tracheobronchial tree is rare , but can pose challenging problems for diagnosis , surgical excision as well as anesthetic management . we are reporting a case of 35-year - old man who had recurrent nasal rhinosporidiosis and was found to have left bronchial and urethral involvement . the bronchial rhinosporidiosis lesion was excised successfully under local anesthesia without any complications and no recurrence on 1-year follow up noted . a 35-year - old male presented to the department of ent with mass in right nasal cavity and nasal blockage of 1-year duration . on anterior rhinoscopic examination , pinkish mulberry like mass was present in the floor of right nasal cavity . left nasal cavity was clear . on oral cavity examination mass was hanging in oropharynx which bleeds on touch . on nasal endoscopy examination , rhinosporodiosis mass was found attached to floor of right nasal cavity and choana hanging toward nasopharynx . after all routine examination and x - ray chest , patient was sent for the premedical and preanaesthetic checkup regarding the fitness for the surgery . during examination , it was found that patient has decreased air entry on left lung . hrct thorax showed hyperlucent left lung field suggestive of air trapping with irregular soft tissue density mass ( size 1.4 1.2 cm ) seen in distal part of left main bronchus suggestive of papillomatous lesion . it was decided to do the bronchoscopic excision of mass and cauterization of base under local anesthesia . anesthetists were kept in standby with all the facility available for general anesthesia , tracheostomy and any other emergency . the mass was first...

rhinosporidiosis is a granulomatous disease that usually affects the nasal mucosa and nasopharynx . the disease is widely prevalent in the tropics , especially in southern india and sri lanka . in central india , rhinosporidiosis is endemic in raipur , chhattisgarh . involvement of the tracheobronchial tree is extremely rare . only two cases of bronchial rhinosporidiosis had been reported in world literature . we report a third case of bronchial rhinosporidiosis which occurred in a patient with coexisting nasal and nasopharyngeal rhinosporidiosis . bronchoscopic guidance excision of mass and electric cauterization of base was done under local anesthesia .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: based on the concept of emotional stability as defined in the literature , 250 items were developed covering initially the following 6 dimensions of emotional stability : pessimism vs. optimismanxiety vs. calmaggression vs. tolerance.dependence vs. autonomy.emotions vs. logicapathy vs. empathy pessimism vs. optimism aggression vs. tolerance . the items were given to the judges , who were qualified psychologists with minimum 10 years of experience in the field of personality assessment . out of these , 90 items were such where the judges could not reach a consensus , therefore these items were eliminated and only 160 items were retained for the initial trial . besides this , the judges felt that there was an overlapping of items in the last two subscales i.e. emotions vs. logic and apathy vs. empathy . hence the items of these subscales were merged together and the scale had only 5 dimensions . pessimists are gloomy and depressed , disappointed with their existence and at odds with the world . they have low self - esteem , are introverts , have feelings of guilt , interpersonal dependency , and remain passive in social situations . on the other hand optimists are generally cheerful and positive in their outlook . they are satisfied with themselves , find life rewarding , and are at peace with the world . they show persistence in seeking goals in spite of setbacks and obstacles , operating from the hope of success rather than fear of failure . they perceive failures as being due to manageable circumstances rather than a personal flaw . example : do you seem to have more than your share of bad luck ? . people who are apathetic are detached , shrewd , worldly and expedient and harbor self- interest in their dealings with other people . people who are empathic in nature consider other 's feelings along with related factors in the process of making intelligent decisions . example : does it worry you if someone is annoyed with you for a mistake , which you have actually not committed ? the dependent person...

background : emotional stability remains the central theme in personality studies . the concept of stable emotional behavior at any level is that which reflects the fruits of normal emotional development . the study aims at development of an emotional stability scale.materials and methods : based on available literature the components of emotional stability were identified and 250 items were developed , covering each component . two - stage elimination of items was carried out , i.e. through judges opinions and item analysis.results:fifty items with highest t values covering 5 dimensions of emotional stability viz pessimism vs. optimism , anxiety vs. calm , aggression vs. tolerance . , dependence vs. autonomy . , apathy vs. empathy were retained in the final scale . reliability as checked by cronbach 's alpha was .81 and by split half method it was .79 . content validity and construct validity were checked . norms are given in the form of cumulative percentages.conclusion:based on the psychometric principles a 50 item , self - administered 5 point lickert type rating scale was developed for measurement of emotional stability .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: plasmids and constructs human socs-3 cdna was amplified from a human testis cdna library ( bd biosciences ) by pcr using specific primers ( forward , 5-atggtcacccacagcaagtttccc-3 ; reverse , 5-ttaaagcggggcatcgtactggtc-3 ) and pyrobest dna polymerase ( takara ) . the pcr conditions were as follow : preincubation at 98 c for 20 s and then 28 cycles of denaturation at 98 c for 15 s , annealing at 70 c for 20 s , and extension at 72 c for 2 min 30 s. the pcr products were electrophoresed on 1.5% agarose gels , and fragments were extracted using a qiaex ii kit ( qiagen ) . these extracted fragments were amplified by pcr under the same conditions using specific primers containing ecori and bamhi sites . the pcr products were digested with ecori and bamhi and cloned into the same sites of pgbt9 ( bd biosciences ) . for generation of flag - socs-3 ( wt ) , socs-3 cdna was digested by ecori and sali from socs-3pgbt9 and cloned into the ecori and xhoi sites of flag - pcdna3 ( invitrogen ) . cdna fragments of socs-3 deletions were amplified from full - length socs-3 cdna by pcr using specific primers and pyrobest dna polymerase ( takara ) . gfp - dp-1 and 6xmyc - dp-1 expression plasmids were previously described ( 27 ) . hdp-2 cdna also was amplified from a human testis cdna library ( bd biosciences ) by pcr using specific primers ( forward , 5-atgattataagcacaccacagagactaaccagttcagg-3 ; reverse , 5-gaaacgtaggctttctcttgtctttattctggggag-3 ) . hdp-2 and hdp-3 cdnas were amplified by pcr using specific primers containing ecori and xhoi sites . yeast cultures , the preparation of yeast selection media , and yeast transformations were carried out according to the manufacturer 's protocol ( bd biosciences ) . in the first step of the two - hybrid library screening procedure , 100 ng of pgbt9-hsocs-3 plasmid ( bait ) was used to transform ah109 yeast strain containing 4 reporter genes , i.e. lacz , mel1 , his3 , and ade2 . the transformants were...

recent studies using socs family knock - out mice have suggested that socs proteins have multiple biological functions in addition to their role as negative regulators of jak - stat signaling . to explore these other functions of this family of proteins , we used yeast two - hybrid screening to find proteins interacting with human socs-3 . we identified the transcriptional factor dp-1 as a socs-3-interacting protein involved in regulation of the cell cycle . immunoprecipitation - western blot assay showed that this interaction between these endogenous proteins occurred in cells both in vitro and in vivo . socs-3 interacted with the c - terminal region of dp-1 , and amino acids 156172 of socs-3 were required for this interaction . confocal microscopy revealed that socs-3 and dp-1 were primarily colocalized in the cytoplasm . socs-3 inhibited e2f / dp-1 transcriptional activity under the cyclin - e promoter and actually inhibited cell cycle progression and cell growth under e2f / dp-1 control . in contrast , dp-1 almost completely eliminated the inhibitory action of socs-3 on lif - stimulated stat-3 transcriptional activity in jak - stat signaling . interestingly , the alternative regulatory action of socs-3 and dp-1 was dramatically eliminated by each sirna . taken together , these findings demonstrate that socs-3 acts as a negative regulator of the cell cycle progression under e2f / dp-1 control by interfering with heterodimer formation between dp-1 and e2f and also that dp-1 plays an important role in controlling jak - stat signaling .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: analgesic nephropathy is a disease resulting from the frequent use of combinations of analgesic medications over many years , leading to significant impairment of renal function . the observation of a large number of cases of renal failure in patients abusing analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin led to the initial recognition of the nephrotoxicity from the use of analgesics . . however , the role of a single analgesic as a sole cause of analgesic nephropathy was challenged , and a number of researchers have since attempted to determine the extent of involvement of other analgesics including nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) , aspirin , and paracetamol . we present the case of an 83-year - old woman with a history of nsaid - induced nephropathy with poor pain control and reluctance to use paracetamol . we attempt to briefly review the evidence of paracetamol being implicated in the development of analgesic - induced nephropathy . patients should therefore not be withheld paracetamol , an effective and commonly recommended agent , for fear of worsening renal function . we present a case of poor pain control and reluctance to use paracetamol in an elderly patient who had a history of nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drug ( nsaid)-induced nephropathy . we also attempt to briefly review the evidence of paracetamol being implicated in the development of analgesic - induced nephropathy . mrs mj ( 83 years old ) was referred for a routine home medicines review in view of her multiple medications ( table 1 ) . home medicines review is a government - funded program in australia that allows a pharmacist to review patients medications at their homes and make recommendations to their general practitioners.1,2 mrs mj s medical history included : atrial fibrillation , analgesic nephropathy ( an ) , chronic kidney disease ( stage 3 , estimated glomerular filtration rate 60 ml / min/1.73 m ) , gastroesophageal reflux disease , vitamin b12 deficiency , hypertension , hypercholesterolemia ,...

introductionanalgesic nephropathy is a disease resulting from the frequent use of combinations of analgesic medications over many years , leading to significant impairment of renal function . the observation of a large number of cases of renal failure in patients abusing analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin led to the initial recognition of the nephrotoxicity from the use of analgesics . phenacetin was subsequently exclusively blamed for this disease . however , the role of a single analgesic as a sole cause of analgesic nephropathy was challenged , and a number of researchers have since attempted to determine the extent of involvement of other analgesics including nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) , aspirin , and paracetamol.case presentationwe present the case of an 83-year - old woman with a history of nsaid - induced nephropathy with poor pain control and reluctance to use paracetamol . we attempt to briefly review the evidence of paracetamol being implicated in the development of analgesic - induced nephropathy.conclusionthere is a lack of concrete data regarding causative analgesics , including paracetamol . patients should therefore not be withheld paracetamol , an effective and commonly recommended agent , for fear of worsening renal function .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: with the abundance of dna sequence information currently available , researchers are now looking to comprehensively identify and characterize the proteomic products of the genetic blueprint . the most widespread and high - throughput methodology being used to address this goal is mass spectrometry ( ms ) . using ms to perform large - scale experiments generates substantial amounts of peptide and protein mass spectra . the informatics issues involved in dealing with these volumes of data can be overwhelming even within an individual laboratory . this matter , together with a lack of open standard formats , has contributed towards the general shortage of publicly available ms - based proteomic data . however , there is increasing recognition within the community , granting bodies and publishing agencies ( 1 ) that published proteomic data can , and should , be fully accessible . open access policies such as these allow the community to review and comprehensively re - examine the data upon which experimental conclusions are based . from the researcher 's ; perspective , the long - term archiving of proteomic data at a centralized repository not only increases the data usability and visibility but also decreases the risk of data loss . in addition , the availability of large collections of ms data can benefit the field in a wider sense , for example , by enabling informaticians to develop better algorithms or construct spectral libraries . several databases already exist to store and disseminate proteomic data including pride ( 2 ) , peptideatlas ( 3 ) , tranche ( 4 ) , the gpm ( 5 ) , and human proteinpedia ( 6 ) . peptidome ( 7 ) aims to complement these resources ; the major goals of the peptidome project are to : build and maintain a robust database in which to efficiently store tandem ms data at a level of detail appropriate for both ms professionals and the wider biological community , develop simple deposit procedures that minimize the burden of submission while supporting well - annotated data deposits...

peptidome is a public repository that archives and freely distributes tandem mass spectrometry peptide and protein identification data generated by the scientific community . data from all stages of a mass spectrometry experiment are captured , including original mass spectra files , experimental metadata and conclusion - level results . the submission process is facilitated through acceptance of data in commonly used open formats , and all submissions undergo syntactic validation and curation in an effort to uphold data integrity and quality . peptidome is not restricted to specific organisms , instruments or experiment types ; data from any tandem mass spectrometry experiment from any species are accepted . in addition to data storage , web - based interfaces are available to help users query , browse and explore individual peptides , proteins or entire samples and studies . results are integrated and linked with other ncbi resources to ensure dissemination of the information beyond the mass spectroscopy proteomics community . peptidome is freely accessible at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/peptidome .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: an adult male was discovered unconscious at home and a ct head demonstrated diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage , mild ventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus . on subsequent ct angiogram of head , a moderately wide neck 3 mm left anterior communicating artery ( acom ) aneurysm was identified . the patient was taken to the neurointerventional suite , where the small acom aneurysm was successfully coiled ( axium , covidien corporation , plymouth , mn , usa ) . on 6-month follow - up mr angiogram of the head , a small recurrent aneurysm was discovered , so a stage - ii embosurgery was scheduled . the patient was pre - operatively medicated with aspirin and clopidogrel . under general anesthesia , a 6-french guidecatheter was placed in the left ica . using multiple microcatheters and microwires in varying combinations , the recurrent aneurysm was noted to be small , measuring about 2 mm , and which demonstrated a wide base that incorporated portions of the left acom and the left a2 ( fig . given this configuration plus the associated tortuous vascularity , stent - assisted coiling was elected . a marksman catheter ( covidien corporation ) was primarily advanced over numerous microwires in an unsuccessful attempt to gain access in the left a2 distal to the aneurysm . as a result , exchange wire technique was used : an sl-10 microcatheter ( boston scientific corporation , fremont , ca , usa ) , was successfully advanced over exchange length synchro2 microwire ( boston scientif ic corporation ) . with the wire at the left a2 - 3 junction , the marksman catheter was advanced as far as possible into the left a2 , that is , approximately 1 cm beyond the aneurysm ( fig . advancing this catheter any further was prevented by a combination of the general vascular tortuosity and the relatively small caliber of the a2 . a 2.5 15 mm nf - ez stent was brought to the field , prepped , and advanced through the marksman catheter . though the nf - ez stent system advanced easily , the marksman catheter slightly retreated with its...

the neuroform ez stent system is a fourth generation intracranial aneurysm stent that utilizes an integrated navigation guidewire . while designed to facilitate stent delivery , the guidewire can rarely impede proper positioning of the stent . in this technical case report , severing the guidewire from the stent delivery system with surgical scissors was required for successful stent implantation .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: on the hypothetical dynamic s curve of biomarkers appearance for the diagnosis of alzheimer s disease ( ad ) [ 1 , 2 ] , clinical signs seem to appear late after the positivity of in vivo biomarkers reflecting the amyloid process and the tau neuronal injury . the development of brain imaging amyloid markers , based on the amyloid cascade theory of hardy [ 3 , 4 ] , gives us anatomical information regarding the amyloid load . the aim is to underline in vivo amyloid plaques in the brain regions of interest that reflect the ad process . in the first human study comparing pittsburgh compound - b ( pib ) retention in 16 mild ad patients versus 9 controls , the pib retention was increased most prominently in frontal cortex ( 1.94-fold , p = 0.0001 ) in the ad patients . if large increases were also observed in parietal , temporal , and occipital cortices , other studies validated , on visual inspection of the pib images , a greater binding in the orbitofrontal , posterior cingulate , and precuneus ( for review , see saidlitz et al . ) . amyloid load assessed on pet scan may be also a risk marker of progression of healthy and mild cognitive impairment ( mci ) subjects to ad [ 79 ] . literature data show that 20 to 30% of healthy elderly subjects have increased amyloid . in these subjects , amyloid load progresses during follow - up , as shown in a study that followed 24 non - demented subjects , mean age 79 years , for 1.5 years 6 months and found that pib retention increased by 0.9% annually . the increase was greater in subjects who had high amyloid deposition at baseline , mainly in the prefrontal , parietal , lateral temporal , occipital , and anterior and posterior cingulate cortices . moreover , certain regions of amyloid deposits ( pre - frontal , posterior cingular , lateral temporal cortices ) appear to be more predictive of risk of progression of amnestic mci subjects toward dementia disorder . on the other hand , some neuropsychiatric signs like apathy or irritability seem to belong to the spectrum...

background : sophisticated and expensive biomarkers are proposed for the diagnostic of alzheimer s disease ( ad ) . the amyloid process seems to be early in ad , and brain amyloid load affects the frontal lobe.objective:to determine if certain simple clinical signs , especially frontal - related signs , could help reach an earlier and better diagnosis.methods:in the frame of the 3-city cohort , we conducted a nested case - control study comparing incident cases of ad to controls matched for age , gender , and education . the standardized neurological exam included extrapyramidal signs ( akinesia , rigidity , rest tremor ) , pyramidal symptoms ( spastic rigidity , babinski reflex ) , primitive reflexes ( snout , palmomental reflex grasping ) , and tremor ( essential , intentional , head ) at the time of diagnosis and two years before.results:we compared 106 incident ad subjects ( mean age at diagnosis 82.2 ( sd = 5.9 ) ; median mmse at diagnosis = 23 ) to 208 matched controls . in patients younger than 80 , palmomental reflexes were more frequent in ad than controls , two years before diagnosis ( 25.0 versus 7.0% , p = 0.03 ) and at time of diagnosis ( 30.3 versus 12.3% , p = 0.02 ) . no difference was observed for other signs two years before diagnosis or for patients older than 80.conclusion:before diagnosis , the clinical examination of ad patients is not strictly normal ; the primitive reflexes appear to be pathological . it might be in connection with the frontal amyloid load at an early stage of the disease . clinical examination can reveal simple and interesting signs that deserve consideration as well as the other more invasive and expensive biomarkers .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: when trials were first developed for use in agriculture , researchers were presumably concerned about the effect of interventions on the overall size and quality of the crop rather than on the wellbeing of any individual plant.p . m. rothwell , 2005 when trials were first developed for use in agriculture , researchers were presumably concerned about the effect of interventions on the overall size and quality of the crop rather than on the wellbeing of any individual plant . p. m. rothwell , 2005 survival of patients with some forms of cancer ( e.g. , testicular cancer , hodgkin s disease , acute childhood leukemia ) has improved dramatically during the last decades due to advances in chemotherapeutic regimens as well as surgical and radiotherapeutic techniques . the price of cure or long term survival are acute toxic effects ( e.g. radiation pneumonitis , acute renal failure , sepsis ) , chronic toxic effects ( e.g. pulmonary fibrosis , congestive heart failure , graft versus host disease , neurological syndromes , infertility , hypothyroidism ) and second malignancies . as cancer treatments have become more effective , it has even been suggested to tailor therapies based on late toxicities rather than survival . a question that has received far less attention is whether present cancer treatment modalities may actually have a cancer - promoting effect . the aim of the present review is to provide the evidence , suggesting that surgery , irradiation , chemotherapy and immunotherapy may stimulate tumor growth and / or metastatic spread and by these or other mechanisms decrease the survival of certain patient subgroups . presently , surgery is the most effective primary modality of therapy against cancer and possible detrimental effects of primary tumor removal are rarely discussed . nevertheless , most cancer surgeons have observed rapid tumor regrowth shortly after primary surgery [ 4 , 5 ] . some experimental evidence has indicated that removal of a primary tumor ( and / or surgical stress ) may...

present cancer treatment strategies are based on the assumption that a therapy may work ( response ) or not work ( no - response ) . however , the existing evidence suggests that current cancer treatment modalities may also have a cancer - promoting effect in part of the patients . in this paper , some relevant data are reviewed suggesting that surgery , irradiation , chemotherapy and immunotherapy can stimulate tumor growth / metastatic spread and decrease survival of patients in certain subgroups . thus , results of cancer treatment may be improved by detection and use of biomarkers that correlate with positive or negative therapeutic effects . small trials based on groups with differing biomarkers rather than large phase iii trials may aid the development and efficacy testing of new anticancer drugs . moreover , ignoring biomarkers that correlate with positive or negative therapeutic effect may not be compatible anymore with the ethical principle first do no harm .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: acute cholecystitis refers to a syndrome of right upper quadrant pain , fever and leukocytosis associated with gallbladder inflammation that is usually related to gallstone disease . patients with acute cholecystitis typically complain of abdominal pain , most commonly in the right upper quadrant or epigastrium . . a variety of other conditions can give rise to symptoms in the upper abdomen , which may be confused with acute cholecystitis . these include cardiac ischemia , which can usually be differentiated by the clinical setting in which it occurs and by obtaining the appropriate diagnostic studies , such as an electrocardiography ( ecg ) and laboratory examinations . however , acute cholecystitis has also been reported to mimic the nonspecific diffuse ecg changes associated with ischemic heart disease . studies have shown that gallbladder distension reduces coronary blood flow , providing a mechanism for the association of gallbladder disease , myocardial ischemia and st segment ecg changes . various sources have also reported elevated troponin levels in patients with sepsis , septic shock or systemic inflammatory response syndrome , but the mechanism by which infection causes troponin release is not yet understood . the finding of ecg changes , associated with elevation of the specific cardiac marker troponin , alarms many physicians and leads them to initiate diagnostic cardiac investigations for early confirmation and treatment of ischemic heart disease . awareness of the differential diagnosis is crucial to ensure appropriate diagnostic investigations and to avoid incorrect cardiac management , such as thrombolysis and even angioplasty . we present the case of a 75-year - old woman who presented at the accident and emergency department after 2 days of epigastric and right upper quadrant pain associated with nausea but without fever . she had been referred for nonspecific digestive difficulties within the past few months and for a similar episode 1 week earlier . the abdomen was tender , with guarding...

cardiac troponins are the most sensitive and specific serum markers of myocardial cell injury , but they can also arise without apparent cardiac injury . besides , acute cholecystitis may be associated with nonspecific st - t wave changes in electrocardiography ( ecg ) . the signs and symptoms of gallbladder and heart disease may overlap , which can make diagnosis difficult . we describe the case of a 75-year - old woman with clinical features suggestive of acute cholecystitis associated with transient st segment elevation and elevated troponin i that , after extensive workup , did not seem to be attributable to myocardial ischemia or any other acute cardiac problem , but were exclusively related to cholecystitis . we show that cholecystitis with gallbladder distension can be the sole cause of pathological ecg changes and an increased troponin i level ; this should be considered when evaluating patients with similar presentations .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: during 20012014 , epidemiologic data on nhp related injuries and associated rabies pep treatment were prospectively collected for patients of the marseille rabies treatment centre . demographics , place of exposure , travel characteristics , clinical data , and rabies pep were documented . a total of 135 cases of persons injured by nhps reported during a 14-year period were included , representing an average 10 cases / year ( range 416 cases / year ) , with a tendency to increase over time ( figure , panel a ) . exposures were more frequently reported during july october ( figure , panel b ) . the f / m sex ratio of patients was 1.1 , and the mean age was 30 years ( median 27 years ; range 370 years ) ; 20.7% of patients were < 15 years of age ( table 1 ) . of the 135 patients , 2 had complete and 1 incomplete preexposure vaccination against rabies . most exposures ( n = 120 , 88.9% ) occurred outside of france , notably in southeast asia ( n = 82 ) ; most cases occurred in thailand ( n = 48 ) and indonesia ( n = 25 ) . most exposures in thailand were on monkey beach on koh phi phi island and in the lopburi monkey temple ; most exposures in indonesia were in the ubud monkey forest in bali ( table 2 ) . most persons injured abroad were tourists with a mean travel duration of 21 days ( median 17 days ; range 3180 days ) . the mean time between the first date of travel and exposure was 10 days ( median 8 days ; range 150 days ) . number of injuries to humans by nonhuman primates requiring rabies postexposure prophylaxis , marseille rabies treatment centre , marseille , france , 20012014 . a ) logarithmic regression was used to calculate a line of best fit of y = 2,3191ln(x ) + 5.4699 ( black line ) . b ) cumulative occurrence by month . * vietnam ( 5 ) , india ( 4 ) cambodia ( 3 ) , myanmar ( 1 ) , sri - lanka ( 1 ) . madagascar ( 4 ) , kenya ( 4 ) , botswana ( 1 ) , cameroon ( 1 ) , central african republic ( 1 ) . brazil ( 2 ) , anguilla ( 1 ) , dominican republic ( 1 ) , mexico ( 1 ) , peru ( 1 ) ....

most exposures of residents of marseille to nonhuman primates occurred among unvaccinated adult travelers to southeast asia within the first 10 days of their arrival at 2 major tourist locations in thailand and 1 in indonesia . a small proportion of travelers received rabies immunoglobulin in the country of exposure .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: this study was conducted as part of epidemiologic surveillance activities of the ministry of public health of the central african republic . data were obtained through the yellow fever surveillance system and approved by the ministry of health and who . a suspected case of yellow fever was defined as an acute onset of fever in a patient followed by jaundice within 2 weeks ( 3 ) . all blood samples from patients with suspected cases were tested at the institut pasteur ( bangui , central african republic ) ( ipb ) for yellow fever virus specific igm by using the elisa developed by the us centers for disease control and prevention ( 4 ) . positive samples were sent to the regional reference laboratory at the institut pasteur in dakar , senegal , where a plaque - reduction neutralization test ( prnt ) was performed for case confirmation . a suspected yellow fever case was ruled out if elisa or prnt results were negative . when a suspected case was not ruled out by elisa , health authorities were informed and an investigation was conducted so that vaccination could be implemented without delay if the case was confirmed . each intermediate step was studied : collection ( from onset of jaundice to blood sample collection ) , field storage ( from sample collection to shipping ) , transportation ( from shipping to reception at ipb ) and testing ( from reception of sample to elisa result ) . survival analysis was performed to determine how the following factors affected time to confirmed cases : age , sex , onset during the rainy season ( may 1october 31 ) , province of residence , history of vaccination against yellow fever , and year of onset . because the proportional hazard assumption was not verified for several variables , we used a parametric survival model and assumed a log - normal distribution of event times to estimate mutually adjusted time ratios . data were analyzed with stata software version 11.0 ( statacorp lp , college station , tx , usa ) maps were drawn with arcgis version 10.1 ( esri , redlands ,...

during january 2007july 2012 , a total of 3,220 suspected yellow fever cases were reported in the central african republic ; 55 were confirmed and 11 case - patients died . mean delay between onset of jaundice and case confirmation was 16.6 days . delay between disease onset and blood collection could be reduced by increasing awareness of the population .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: leishmaniasis caused by the intracellular protozoan leishmania is the second most important parasitic disease after malaria , affecting humans and animals in wide areas of the americas , asia , africa and europe . domestic dogs are considered the main reservoir of leishmania infantum , and a risk factor for anthroponotic human visceral infection . canine leishmaniasis ( canl ) is endemic and affects millions of dogs in asia , europe , north africa and south america , and is currently an emergent disease in north america . it has been estimated that at least 2.5 million dogs are infected in southwestern europe ( moreno and alvar , 2002 , athanasiou et al . , 2012 ) . the infection is spreading to non - endemic areas and cases of canl are reported with increasing frequency in northern european countries and in the united kingdom , even in dogs that have never visited endemic zones ( shaw et al . , 2009 ) . the introduction and spread of the disease to regions where infections had not previously been observed may create new epidemiological scenarios , further complicating the zoonotic potential and control of the disease . in the absence of effective human and canine vaccines , the only feasible way to treat and control leishmaniasis is through the use of affordable chemotherapy . meglumine antimoniate is one of the most common drugs used in europe to treat canl ( solano - gallego et al . , 2011 ) . the combination of meglumine antimoniate with allopurinol is considered to be the most effective therapy and constitutes the first line protocol against canl ( mir et al . anti - leishmania therapy can usually decrease the parasite load , although it is extremely difficult to achieve a parasitological cure in dogs . for this reason , the majority of short - term therapeutic interventions are usually followed by a relapse within 1 year of discontinuing treatment ( baneth and shaw , 2002 , ikeda - garcia et al . as infected dogs never achieve parasitological cure and are frequently treated several times with the...

visceral leishmaniasis ( vl ) caused by the protozoan parasite leishmania infantum , is one of the most important zoonotic diseases affecting dogs and humans in the mediterranean area . the presence of infected dogs as the main reservoir host of l. infantum is regarded as the most significant risk for potential human infection . we have studied the susceptibility profile to antimony and other anti - leishmania drugs ( amphotericin b , miltefosine , paromomycin ) in leishmania infantum isolates extracted from a dog before and after two therapeutic interventions with meglumine antimoniate ( subcutaneous glucantime , 100 mg / kg / day for 28 days ) . after the therapeutic intervention , these parasites were significantly less susceptible to antimony than pretreatment isolate , presenting a resistance index of 6-fold to sbiii for promastigotes and > 3-fold to sbiii and 3-fold to sbv for intracellular amastigotes . the susceptibility profile of this resistant l. infantum line is related to a decreased antimony uptake due to lower aquaglyceroporin-1 expression levels . additionally , other mechanisms including an increase in thiols and overexpression of enzymes involved in thiol metabolism , such as ornithine decarboxylase , trypanothione reductase , mitochondrial tryparedoxin and mitochondrial tryparedoxin peroxidase , could contribute to the resistance as antimony detoxification mechanisms . a major contribution of this study in a canine l. infantum isolate is to find an antimony - resistant mechanism similar to that previously described in other human clinical isolates .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: halogen bonding ( xb ) refers to the attractive noncovalent interaction arising between the electron - deficient -hole of a polarized halogen atom , such as bromine or iodine , and an electron - rich lewis base . while xb has been well - developed in the context of solid - state crystal engineering and in the design of functional materials , the utilization of xb in solution is relatively underexploited with seminal applications in the areas of reactivity , catalysis , self - assembly , transport , and medicinal chemistry only recently being reported . anion supramolecular chemistry has experienced rapid growth over the past few decades stimulated by the crucial roles that anions play in many chemical , biological , and environmental processes . while supramolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonding ( hb ) have dominated the field of anion coordination , recognition , and transport , halogen bonding ( xb ) has only recently begun to emerge as a powerful alternative interaction capable of coordinating anions in competitive solvent media . the strength of xb in solution has been demonstrated to be comparable to hb , while the stringent linear directionality of xb and ph - independence is advantageous for the design of selective receptors for anions with particular geometries . it is noteworthy that the relatively few examples of acyclic and macrocyclic xb anion receptors reported to date all display significantly contrasting anion recognition behavior compared to hb analogues . furthermore , rotaxane interlocked host structural frameworks containing convergent xb triazolium donor groups have been demonstrated to selectively recognize and sense halide anions in highly competitive aqueous media . herein we report a bis - iodotriazole - pyridinium motif , incorporated within both an acyclic and a novel catenane - based receptor , capable of binding anions via two convergent r ix halogen bonds . the catenane host structural framework , prepared via chloride anion...

the synthesis and anion binding properties of novel halogen - bonding ( xb ) bis - iodotriazole - pyridinium - containing acyclic and [ 2]catenane anion host systems are described . the xb acyclic receptor displays selectivity for acetate over halides with enhanced anion recognition properties compared to the analogous hydrogen - bonding ( hb ) acyclic receptor . a reversal in halide selectivity is observed in the xb [ 2]catenane , in comparison to the acyclic xb receptor , due to the interlocked host s unique three - dimensional binding cavity , and no binding is observed for oxoanions . notable halide anion association constant values determined for the [ 2]catenane in competitive organic aqueous solvent mixtures demonstrate considerable enhancement of anion recognition as compared to the hb catenane analogue . x - ray crystallographic analysis of a series of halide catenane complexes reveal strong xb interactions in the solid state . these interactions were studied using cl and br k - edge x - ray absorption spectroscopy ( xas ) indicating intense pre - edge features characteristic of charge transfer from the halide to its bonding partner ( axx * x1s ) , and providing a direct measure of the degree of covalency in the halogen bond(s ) . the data reveal that the degree of covalency is similar to that which is observed in transition metal coordinate covalent bonds . these results are supported by dft results , which correlate well with the experimental data .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: adequate treatment planning is one of the most important factors in successful conventional implant prosthesis , requiring clear communication between the prosthetic dentist and surgeon . it becomes more critical when the patient has unfavorable conditions such as a severely resorbed alveolar ridge . treatment planning must be based on a thorough dental diagnosis and a prognosis assessment for the remaining dentition . improper planning may result in a range of prosthetic complications and a poor prognosis due to unfavorable mechanical stress and poor oral hygiene . partial edentulism can be restored with implants by several methods.1 in considering implant placement , the numbers and position of implants should always contribute to the convenience and longevity of a definitive prosthesis fulfilling esthetic and functional demands . implants in partial edentulous patients involve either fixed type implant prosthesis or removable type implant prosthesis . there are several reports that removable partial dentures with posteriorly - placed implants showed a favorable outcome and counted as an adequate treatment option.2,3 this clinical report concerns the rescuing procedure for inadequately planned prosthodontic case for a partially edentulous patient with severely resorbed alveolar ridge . predetermined impractical fixed type prosthesis to restore posterior teeth was properly re - evaluated and restored with a removable partial denture with milled bars and magnetic attachments . a 26-year - old male patient presented to the department of prosthodontics at yonsei university dental hospital to restore the posterior edentulous area . radiographic examination showed that implants were placed in the area of teeth number # 17 , 16 , 22 , 25 and 27 and clinical examination revealed 3 degree of hypermobility on teeth number # 15 and # 24 ( fig . 1 ) . teeth # 15 and 24 were diagnosed as hopeless and were extracted . impressions were made with alginate and casts were poured and mounted in centric relation for...

presurgical prosthetic treatment planning is critical for the success of the implant prosthesis . inadequate treatment plan , due to insufficient discussion between prosthodontist , and surgeon , may result in poor prognosis . a 26-year - old male patient was referred for prosthodontic treatment after implant was placed in the area of teeth # 17 , 16 , 22 , 25 and 27 , without adequate discussion nor the treatment planning between oral surgeon and prosthodontist . it was found that the patient had two hopeless teeth , and a severely resorbed alveolar ridge . additional tooth extraction was needed and the type of definitive prosthesis was shifted from fixed type to removable one . proper pre - surgical treatment planning is essential for the good prognosis . implant - supported removable prosthesis on milled bars may be a useful treatment option in patients with incorrect angled placement on severely resorbed alveolar ridge .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: in the last few years , macular diseases have been studied better , thanks to the widespread use of instruments that can simultaneously combine spectral domain optical coherence tomography ( sd - oct ) and fluorescein angiography ( fa ) . the spectralis system ( heidelberg engineering , heidelberg , germany ) uses a solid - state laser diode to produce light at multiple wavelengths such as 830 nm near - infrared ( nir ) and 488 nm blue autofluorescence ( af ) . digital retinal imaging can be obtained by direct reflectance or by emitted autofluorescence through different barrier filters . the active eye tracking and confocal imaging system in the platform permits focused , clearly defined , high - contrast fa and tomography with 40,000 a - scans per second , resulting in higher resolution . multimodal approach is now widely employed in highly specialized centers , especially to examine the retina when difficulties arise in diagnosis or for study purposes.1 among macular pathologies , pathologic myopia ( pm ) is one of the main causes of vision loss in developed countries,2 with a prevalence of 0.9%3.1% , and it has been recently reported that 5.2%11.3% of myopic individuals develop myopic choroidal neovascularization ( mcnv).3 it is therefore extremely important to diagnose the condition as early as possible , considering , too , that these lesions respond very well to anti - vegf therapy.4 the details of mcnv have been studied from the tomographic viewpoint , but little has been done using af5,6 and nothing at all with nir . moreover , the sensitivity of each of these methods is still debated , with reports of cases for fa varying from 60%7 up to 84.5%.8 the main aim of this study was to investigate and correlate the tomographic and angiographic findings in mcnv , and their nir and af features , in a retrospective series of patients . a secondary aim was to evaluate the specific contribution of each modality to the diagnosis . in this retrospective consecutive study , two authors ( pm and am ) , senior...

purposeto investigate myopic choroidal neovascularization ( mcnv ) by fluorescein angiography ( fa ) , spectral - domain optical coherence tomography ( sd - oct ) , near - infrared ( nir ) reflectance , and autofluorescence ( af).methodsthis retrospective study included 65 eyes of 62 caucasian patients with a mean age of 66.72 years ( 95% confidence interval [ ci ] 6370 years ) and a mean refraction of 9.72 diopters ( 95% ci 8.74 to 10.70 diopters).resultsmost of the mcnv cases were foveal - juxtafoveal ( 60/65 , 92.3% ) , with thickening of the corresponding retina ( 62/65 , 95.3% ) and leakage on fa ( 44/65 , 67.6% ) . no retinal fluid was detectable in 32 ( 49.2% ) eyes and there was no hemorrhage in 25 ( 38.4% ) eyes . papillary chorioretinal atrophy was evident in 58 ( 89.2% ) , a shadowing effect in 48 ( 73.8% ) , and an epiretinal membrane in 38 ( 58.4% ) eyes . if an area of macular chorioretinal atrophy was present , mcnv frequently developed adjacent to it and was hyperfluorescent rather than with leakage ( p0.001 ) . in eyes with edema or hemorrhage , hyper - reflective foci were more frequent ( p0.005 ) . nir and af features were indeterminable in 19 ( 29.2% ) and 27 ( 41.5% ) eyes , respectively . the predominant feature was black or grayish on nir ( 34/65 , 52.3% ) and patchy ( hypo- and hyperfluorescence was observed ) on af ( 25/65 , 38.4% ) . fa and sd - oct correctly detected mcnv in 49 ( 75.3% ) and 48 ( 73.8% ) eyes , respectively , whereas nir and af exhibited limited diagnostic sensitivity . doubtful diagnosis was associated with hyperfluorescent mcnv ( p0.001 ) , absence of retinal fluid and epiretinal membrane ( p0.05 ) , and presence of macular chorioretinal atrophy ( p0.01).conclusiontomographic , angiographic , af , and nir features of mcnv are described in this study . combination of sd - oct and fa is recommendable for diagnosis .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study:

bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( bse ) could be an autoimmune disease produced following exposure of cattle to feedstuffs containing bacteria showing molecular mimicry between bacterial components and bovine tissue . analysis of molecular sequence databases ( genbank and swissprot ) shows that three bacteria ( acinetobacter calcoaceticus , ruminococcus albus , and agrobacter tumefaciens ) share sequences with the encephalitogenic peptide of bovine myelin , while three molecules in escherichia coli show molecular mimicry with host - encoded prion protein . immune responses against these bacteria at both t and b cell levels may cause neurological tissue injury resembling bse . the role of these bacteria in bse , if any , merits further investigation.imagesfigure 1.figure 2 .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: the menisci are critical components of a healthy knee joint and play a crucial role in load bearing , load transmission , shock absorption , as well as lubrication and nutrition of articular cartilage.12345 ahmed et al . showed that menisci can transmit 50% to 70% tibiofemoral compressive load in extension knee and up to 85% to 90 in flexed knee.6 meniscal injury is the most common knee injury , the overall rate being 0.7 per 1000 people per year.7 the national center of health statistics8 reported more than 450,000 arthroscopic meniscectomies performed each year in united states . complete or partial loss of a meniscus can decrease tibiofemoral contact area , increase contact stress on the articular cartilage and reduce its shock - absorbing capabilities , leading to serious long term sequelae.910 the clinical and biomechanical data on relationship between pcl injuries and menisci are scanty.111213 pearsall et al . showed that meniscal strain increased with complete pcl injury and returned to normal after pcl reconstruction.14 little is known about the biomechanical disorder in partial pcl transection cases and its impact on different parts of meniscal strain under various loading conditions . based on this background , we hypothesized that the resultant force on medial meniscus was significantly elevated in incomplete pcl transection . we employed a biomechanical testing system to measure the strain on the different parts of medial meniscus ( anterior , posterior horn and body of meniscus ) with intact pcl ( pcl - i ) , anterolateral bundle transection ( alb - t ) , posteromedial bundle transection ( pmb - t ) and pcl complete transection ( pcl - t ) under different axial compressive tibial loads ( 200 - 800 n ) at 0 , 30 , 60 and 90 of knee flexion , respectively . twelve fresh frozen male cadaveric knee specimens ( six left and six right specimens ) were used in this study , with an average age of 32.7 years ( range 26 - 39 years ) . all the specimens underwent macroscopic inspection and the posterior...

background : the relationship between medial meniscus tear and posterior cruciate ligament ( pcl ) injury has not been exactly explained . we studied to investigate the biomechanical effect of partial and complete pcl transection on different parts of medial meniscus at different flexion angles under static loading conditions.materials and methods : twelve fresh human cadaveric knee specimens were divided into four groups : pcl intact ( pcl - i ) , anterolateral bundle transection ( alb - t ) , posteromedial bundle transection ( pmb - t ) and pcl complete transection ( pcl - t ) group . strain on the anterior horn , body part and posterior horn of medial meniscus were measured under different axial compressive tibial loads ( 200 - 800 n ) at 0 , 30 , 60 and 90 knee flexion in each groups respectively.results:compared with the pcl - i group , the pcl - t group had a higher strain on whole medial meniscus at 30 , 60 and 90 flexion in all loading conditions and at 0 flexion with 400 , 600 and 800 n loads . in alb - t group , strain on whole meniscus increased at 30 , 60 and 90 flexion under all loading conditions and at 0 flexion with 800 n only . pmb - t exihibited higher strain at 0 flexion with 400 n , 600 n and 800 n , while at 30 and 60 flexion with 800 n and at 90 flexion under all loading conditions.conclusions:partial pcl transection triggers strain concentration on medial meniscus and the effect is more pronounced with higher loading conditions at higher flexion angles .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: in developing countries , human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) infection and neonatal tetanus ( nt ) are among the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality . understanding the interaction between hiv and nt is important since it may have a major implication for nt elimination program . newborns are protected from nt by maternal anti - tetanus antibody ( mta ) of the igg class which is actively transferred across the placental barrier from third trimester of gestation following tetanus toxoid ( tt ) vaccination in pregnant women . strengthening of immunisation for pregnant women with tt vaccine is reported to be the single most effective strategy independent of other interventions in eliminating neonatal tetanus . its efficacy and effectiveness has been convincingly demonstrated in many field trials and in hospital - based studies [ 26 ] . however , there are conflicting reports of the influence of maternal hiv infection on anti - tetanus antibody production by the mothers as well as its transfer through the placenta to their unborn babies . whereas lower anti - tetanus antibody levels in hiv infected women were reported from senegal , brazil , and the gambia , no such relationship was found in malawi . similarly , cumberland et al . in kenya reported a decrease in cord - maternal ratio ( cmr ) with 50% reduction in cord blood tetanus antibody concentration in babies born by hiv infected mothers . similar conclusions were arrived at by bonetti et al . in brazil . to the best of our knowledge , no such study was carried out in nigeria which happens to be one of the 46 remaining countries yet to eliminate neonatal tetanus as at 2008 and among the 24 countries responsible for 90% of the global burden of the disease . moreover , chama et al . in 2010 reported a high prevalence of hiv infection of 12.7% among women attending antenatal clinic of the university of maiduguri teaching hospital ( umth ) , maiduguri , northeastern nigeria , where this study was carried out . we thus aim to assess the...

background . tetanus toxoid immunisation of pregnant mother has remained the most effective strategy in eliminating neonatal tetanus . impaired production and/or transplacental transfer of antibodies may affect the effectiveness of this strategy . we studied the effect of maternal hiv infection on serum levels and transplacental transfer of anti - tetanus antibodies . methods . a total of 162 mother - baby paired serum samples were taken and analysed for anti - tetanus antibody levels using elisa . maternal hiv status was also determined by double elisa technique . maternal tt vaccination status was also documented . results . thirty - eight ( 23.5% ) mothers and 41 ( 25.3% ) babies were seronegative , out of whom 8 mothers were hiv positive and 9 babies were hiv exposed . hiv infected mothers and hiv exposed infants were , respectively , 16.27 times ( or = 16.27 , 95% ci = 3.28 to 80.61 ) and 33.75 times ( or = 33.75 , 95% ci = 4.12 to 276.40 ) more likely to be seronegative for anti - tetanus antibody . similarly , hiv positive mother - newborn pairs were 7.46 times more likely to have a poor transplacental transfer of tetanus antibodies ( or = 7.46 , 95% ci = 1.96 to 28.41 ) . conclusions . maternal hiv infection is associated with impaired maternofoetal transfer of anti - tetanus antibodies and seronegativity among mothers and their newborns . hence , this may hinder efforts to eliminate neonatal tetanus .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: the capacity of mature mammalian skeletal muscles to repair and maintain mass is due to the presence of undifferentiated mononuclear myogenic precursor cells , that is , the satellite cells , located at the periphery of myofiber , between the sarcolemma and the surrounding basal lamina . satellite cells remain quiescent until appropriate stimuli ( e.g. , muscle injury ) trigger their re - entry into the cell cycle ; they then undergo activation and proliferation , and the daughter cells fuse to form muscle fibers which increase muscle mass . the availability and responsiveness of satellite cells are therefore necessary for efficient muscle regeneration . during aging , a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and a parallel decrease in muscle strength and endurance take place . this condition , termed sarcopenia , has important health - care and socioeconomic implications for humans , since it contributes to frailty , functional loss , dependence , disability , high health care costs , and premature death ( the recent review in ) . the mechanisms leading to sarcopenia are probably manifold and they still remain to be completely elucidated ( review in [ 2 , 3 ] ) . one of the possible causes could be the remarkable decline in the efficiency of muscle regeneration ; this has been associated with decreasing amounts of satellite cells ( e.g. , [ 48 ] ) , possibly due to apoptotic cell death [ 9 , 10 ] , although this is controversial [ 1113 ] . it has also been suggested that activation , proliferation , and/or differentiation of satellite cells and their progeny may be altered in sarcopenia [ 14 , 15 ] . it is known that aging involves alterations in the pathways of gene expression , which are not necessarily associated with mutations but can imply impairments in pre - mrna transcription and/or splicing ( review in ) . in particular , it has been shown that aging affects intranuclear rna pathways by altering the organization , composition , and location of the ribonucleoprotein-(rnp- ) containing structures...

satellite cells are responsible for the capacity of mature mammalian skeletal muscles to repair and maintain mass . during aging , skeletal muscle mass as well as the muscle strength and endurance progressively decrease , leading to a condition termed sarcopenia . the causes of sarcopenia are manifold and remain to be completely elucidated . one of them could be the remarkable decline in the efficiency of muscle regeneration ; this has been associated with decreasing amounts of satellite cells , but also to alterations in their activation , proliferation , and/or differentiation . in this study , we investigated the satellite cell nuclei of biceps and quadriceps muscles from adult and old rats ; morphometry and immunocytochemistry at light and electron microscopy have been combined to assess the organization of the nuclear rnp structural constituents involved in different steps of mrna formation . we demonstrated that in satellite cells the rna pathways undergo alterations during aging , possibly hampering their responsiveness to muscle damage .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: this was a prospective study at three large swiss hospitals assessing the impact of strategies to improve postprandial glucose by optimizing the combination of oral antidiabetes drugs and/or insulin according to a prespecified scheme ( 5 ) . included patients had type 2 diabetes 6 months with a1c between 7.0 and 12.0% . patients with renal insufficiency or proteinuria were excluded . written consent was obtained , and the study was approved by the local ethics committees . patients regularly monitored their blood glucose levels before and 2 h after main meals ( glucotrend premium ; roche diagnostics , mannheim , germany ) , and 1,5-ag was measured at each time point in a central laboratory ( lana 1.5 auto liquid reagent ; interbiotech , tokyo , japan ; automated on a hitachi 917 analyzer , coefficient of variation 5.2% ) . postprandial glucose values were included in the analysis if measured between 110 and 130 min after the corresponding preprandial measurement . the models were adjusted for age , sex , treatment modalities , time in study , and time of day . 1,5-ag measurements were examined for correlations with postprandial glucose values taken over the following prespecified preceding time periods : 3 days , 1 week , then weekly up to 12 weeks . all analyses were performed using stata 10.0 ( stata , college station , tx ) . all 55 patients ( 19 women and 36 men ) contributed to the present analysis . the average number of self - measurements of blood glucose per patient and year were 405 224 ( fasting / preprandial ) and 230 122 ( postprandial ) . mean fasting / preprandial glucose was 155 48 mg / dl at the beginning and 133 46 mg / dl at the end of the study , and corresponding values for postprandial glucose were 172 55 and 162 53 mg / dl . mean a1c was 8.7 1.3% at baseline and 7.7 1.0% at study end . mean 1,5-ag was 4.2 3.5 g / ml at baseline and 6.4 3.5 g / ml at study end . a1c and 1,5-ag were negatively correlated ( r = 0.42 , p < 0.001 ) . the correlation coefficient of postprandial...

objective to assess the association of 1,5-anhydroglucitol ( 1,5-ag ) with 2-h postprandial glucose values in type 2 diabetic patients followed over 12 months in an outpatient setting.research design and methods in 55 patients , we examined self - measured postprandial blood glucose values for correlations with 1,5-ag values over prespecified preceding time periods ( 3 days , 1 week , and weekly up to 12 weeks).results the correlation coefficients for postprandial glucose values were 0.34 ( p < 0.05 ) for 3 days , 0.38 ( p < 0.001 ) for 1 week , and 0.40 ( p < 0.001 ) for 2 weeks preceding the measurement of 1,5-ag . correlations declined for time periods > 2 weeks before measurement of 1,5-ag . the correlation was lower with fasting / preprandial plasma glucose levels . there was no time dependency for the correlation between a1c and fasting or postprandial glucose.conclusions1,5-ag best reflected the 2-h postprandial glucose values of the 2 previous weeks .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: more than 26% of older americans have impaired glucose tolerance ( igt ) ( 1 ) , increasing their risk for developing type 2 diabetes . a sedentary lifestyle may further increase this risk through changes in skeletal muscle morphology and insulin signaling that worsen insulin resistance . we ( 2,3 ) and others ( 4,5 ) report low skeletal muscle capillarization in sedentary , insulin - resistant subjects that is inversely associated with the degree of glucose tolerance ( 2 ) and directly associated with insulin sensitivity ( 4,5 ) in cross - sectional studies . as the major interface between the circulation and skeletal muscle , the microvasculature affects a number of physiological processes , including insulin resistance . transcapillary transport of insulin is an important determinant of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle ( 6 ) and is a rate - limiting step for insulin action ( 7,8 ) . the reduced capillary surface area in igt and type 2 diabetes is associated with lower glucose uptake during insulin infusion ( 9 ) ; therefore , low skeletal muscle capillarization , along with defects in insulin signaling , can contribute to insulin resistance in igt and type 2 diabetes by decreasing the available surface area for diffusion of insulin and glucose ( 10,11 ) . lifestyle interventions including aerobic exercise and weight loss ( aex+wl ) are a cornerstone of the treatment of insulin resistance and can prevent progression from igt to type 2 diabetes in older people ( 12,13 ) . aex training increases skeletal muscle capillarization in healthy adults ( 1418 ) , but less is known about its effects on skeletal muscle capillarization in insulin - resistant subjects . one study showed that aex training increases skeletal muscle capillarization in subjects with igt ( 19 ) and such an increase in capillarization after aex+wl may represent a mechanism for enhancing insulin and glucose delivery to skeletal muscle to improve insulin sensitivity . we hypothesized that a 6-month aex+wl program would increase skeletal muscle...

objectivetranscapillary transport of insulin is one determinant of glucose uptake by skeletal muscle ; thus , a reduction in capillary density ( cd ) may worsen insulin sensitivity . skeletal muscle cd is lower in older adults with impaired glucose tolerance ( igt ) compared with those with normal glucose tolerance and may be modifiable through aerobic exercise training and weight loss ( aex+wl ) . we tested the hypothesis that 6-month aex+wl would increase cd to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in older adults with igt.research design and methodssixteen sedentary , overweight - obese ( bmi 2735 kg / m2 ) , older ( 63 2 years ) men and women with igt underwent hyperinsulinemic - euglycemic clamps to measure insulin sensitivity , oral glucose tolerance tests , exercise and body composition testing , and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies to determine cd before and after 6-month aex+wl.resultsinsulin sensitivity ( m ) and 120-min postprandial glucose ( g120 ) correlated with cd at baseline ( r = 0.58 and r = 0.60 , respectively , p < 0.05 ) . aex+wl increased maximal oxygen consumption ( vo2max ) 18% ( p = 0.02 ) and reduced weight and fat mass 8% ( p < 0.02 ) . cd increased 15% ( 264 11 vs. 304 14 capillaries / mm2 , p = 0.01 ) , m increased 21% ( 42.4 4.0 vs. 51.4 4.3 mol / kg ffm / min , p < 0.05 ) , and g120 decreased 16% ( 9.35 0.5 vs. 7.85 0.5 mmol / l , p = 0.008 ) after aex+wl . regression analyses showed that the aex+wl - induced increase in cd independently predicted the increase in m ( r = 0.74 , p < 0.01 ) as well as the decrease in g120 ( r = 0.55 , p < 0.05).conclusionssix - month aex+wl increases skeletal muscle cd in older adults with igt . this represents one mechanism by which aex+wl improves insulin sensitivity in older adults with igt .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: imatinib has radically changed prognosis in chronic - phase chronic myeloid leukemia ( cml ) , with 90% overall survival rate at 8 yrs , and 4070% of patients achieving a stable mmr . even better results have been reported in terms of cytogenetic and molecular responses and the rate of progression to accelerated / blast phase using second - generation tyrosine - kinase inhibitors ( tki ) first - line . physicians are no longer familiar with resistant chronic - phase cml and are particularly frustrated when facing primary resistance to tkis , as it is quite uncommon and related to still poorly understood mechanisms . point mutations within the bcr - abl kinase domain account for 5060% of cases of secondary resistance to imatinib and to a lesser extent to secondary resistance to second - generation tkis . however , abl mutations are less frequently detected in primary resistant patients and mutational analysis is not required by european leukemianet ( eln ) recommendations at diagnosis . we report a cml patient who showed resistance to multiple tkis because of different emerging abl mutations , but who showed an admirable and incredible perseverance in the pursuit of her personal aims . our patient ( a 24-year - old woman ) arrived in italy from eastern europe in march 2013 as an illegal immigrant . her blood counts were as follows : leukocytes 410.710/l , platelets 39110/l , hb 11 g / dl , with immature myeloid cells at differential count . cytogenetic analysis on the bone marrow aspirate revealed t(9;22)(q34;q11 ) in 20/20 metaphases without additional abnormalities , and a bcr - abl rearrangement ( e14a2 ) was detected by qualitative rt - pcr . two leukapheresis procedures were performed and cytarabine ( 800 mg for two doses ) was administered . twenty days after admission imatinib therapy was started at the dose of 400 mg od . at this time the blood counts were : leukocytes 37.410/l , platelets 55110/l and hb 12 g / dl . an abl mutational analysis was performed , although it was not required according...

primary resistance to tyrosine - kinase inhibitors ( tkis ) is quite uncommon in chronic - phase chronic myeloid leukemia ( cml ) and related to still poorly understood mechanisms , as abl mutations are rarely detected in primary resistant patients . we report the challenging case of a cml patient who was resistant to multiple tkis because of different emerging abl mutations and became pregnant while on nilotinib therapy despite repeated and clear discouragement to conceive . she decided to continue with her pregnancy , showing an admirable and incredible perseverance in the pursuit of her personal aims .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: there is a long history of reconstructing ocular function with biomaterials , particularly in the outer segment of the eye where various lens materials have been employed as contact and intraocular lenses . the discovery of the possible use of biomaterials in the eye started after the discovery of windshield plexiglass materials lodged in the cornea of a world war ii fighter pilot without major side effects . since then , a number of synthetic materials have been explored as biomaterials for the eye . while millions of intraocular lenses , contact lenses or various devices have been utilized on patients around the world , development of a synthetic corneal substitute has had little success . in the meantime , the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine developed as a major force in creating tissue substitutes . the general approach of tissue engineering is to employ biomaterials as temporary scaffolds to support and direct cells to form new tissue . biological cues , in the form of growth factors , small molecules or even gene therapy can also play important roles in directing cell behavior and tissue development and repair . while tissue engineering has reached clinical testing and even commercialization for applications , including skin , bone and cartilage , it has been slow to reach ophthalmology and corneal reconstruction . here , we will present a number of strategies by which a regenerative medicine approach can be introduced to provide biological repair and reconstruction of the cornea . there are a number of degrees and levels of complexity in which smart biomaterials and tissue engineering can be introduced for treating tissue repair and loss in the cornea [ figure 1 ] . regenerative technologies can be simple and stimulate local tissue repair , such as the case in small injuries or incisions . for example , a biological adhesive can be designed with properties that allow it to glue tissue together while simultaneously stimulating tissue growth . at the next level , regenerative...

repair and reconstruction of the cornea has historically relied on synthetic materials or tissue transplantation . however , the future holds promise for treatments using smart biomaterials and stem cells that direct tissue repair and regeneration to ultimately create new ocular structures that are indistinguishable from the original native tissue . the cornea is a remarkable engineering structure . by understanding the physical structure of the tissue and the resulting impact of the structure on biological function , we can design novel materials for a number of ophthalmic clinical applications . furthermore , by extending this structure - function approach to characterizing corneal disease processes , new therapies can be engineered .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: this problem poses an enormous burden on health care systems and has lowered the quality of life of affected individuals substantially . world health organization 's latest projections indicate that by 2015 approximately 2.3 billion adults will be overweight and 700 million will be obese . postmenopausal ( pm ) status is associated with higher prevalence of obesity , as 44% of postmenopausal women ( pmw ) are overweight , among whom 23% are obese . it is as yet unclear whether the menopausal transition itself leads to weight gain , but is known that the physiological withdrawal of estrogen brings about changes in fat distribution , together with physical inactivity , are probably the major causes of this phenomenon . women with abdominal obesity compared with other women have , high vasomotor scores , personal life dissatisfaction , nervousness , memory loss , depression , flatulence , muscle and joint pains , sleeping disorders lack of energy . a sustained weight loss in obese patients has been shown to confer marked health benefits ( metabolic and vascular ) by various studies existing from western population . there is irrefutable evidence of the effectiveness of life - style management by regular physical activity and dietary management , in the primary and secondary prevention of several chronic diseases ( e.g. , cardiovascular disease [ cvs ] , diabetes , cancer , hypertension , depression and osteoporosis ) and premature death . sibutramine and rimonabant were withdrawn from the market recently . moreover , no convincing data exist recommending the use orlistat in pm obesity as such . hence , presently life - style modification at the transition and during of menopause will go a long way in preventing weight gain and related complications during this metabolically vulnerable period . there are only few studies available from the western countries but no study is available from india to the best of our knowledge confirming the benefits of life - style management on weight reduction among pm indian women...

aim : the aim of the following study is to evaluate the effect of life - style modification on postmenopausal ( pm ) overweight and obese indian women in a randomized controlled 24 week study.materials and methods : two groups were formed group i ( n = 30 ) was designated as intervention ( dietary and exercise group ) and group ii ( n = 24 ) served as control . comparison of weight , waist circumference ( wc ) and body mass index ( bmi ) were made and compared among two groups at 4 , 8 , 16 and 24 weeks.results:mean age at menopause was 48.35 years versus 49.65 years ; mean number of menopausal symptoms were 5.70 1.76 versus 5.10 1.56 and mean duration since menopause was 2.70 versus 2.90 years in groups i and ii respectively . when the effect of group i and control on weight was compared at 4 , 8 , 16 and 24 weeks , there was no significant difference between them up to 8 week . at 8 weeks group i caused a significant decrease in weight ( p 0.05 ) when compared with control arm and which continued throughout the study period ( p < 0.05 ) at both 16 and 24 weeks . group i produced a significant reduction in wc from 8 weeks onwards up to 24 weeks ( p 0.05 ) . bmi was statistically significant in group i and the effect started at 4th week ( p 0.05 ) and the differences in bmi reduction were highly significant at 16th and 24th weeks ( p 0.001).conclusion : the results of the present study strongly recommend the life - style management to be incorporated in daily style of postmenopausal women under controlled supervision .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: partial cholecystectomy , whether open ( 1,2 ) or laparoscopic ( 3 ) , has been described as a safe and effective operation . it is indicated in cases of severe acute cholecystitis , gangrenous cholecystitis or necrotizing cholecystitis , where the degree of inflammation precludes safe visualization of biliary structures . partial cholecystectomy removes the majority of the gallbladder , leaving a portion of the neck , and occasionally the posterior wall of the gallbladder , in place . ( 4 ) it is reportedly tolerated well , with few minor postoperative complications , however the issues that do occur include recurrent symptoms , choledocholithiasis and persistent biliary fistula . ( 5 ) historical accounts have documented partial cholecystectomy performed in the 1950s with washout and removal of gallbladder contents with placement of a drain in the orifice of the cystic duct when dissection of the hilar structures would be too dangerous , or the gallbladder was densely adherent to the liver bed . ( 6 ) it should be noted that even though technically possible , partial cholecystectomy is less than the ideal procedure , which is a complete cholecystectomy , with total removal of the gallbladder and closure of the cystic duct remnant . partial cholecystectomy may not provide a cure in all patients because leaving a portion of the gallbladder in situ in connection to the common bile duct may contribute not only to the formation of new stones , but also leaves a path intact for continued biliary colic and obstruction . we review a case in which partial cholecystectomy was performed due to severe inflammation in a young otherwise healthy patient . a 22 year - old male presented with a history of several months of nausea , vomiting , right upper quadrant abdominal pain and in the last two weeks , jaundice . seven months prior , he had undergone a partial cholecystectomy at an outside institution for severe acute cholecystitis . the case was attempted laparoscopically , however due to lack of visualization , it was...

partial cholecystectomy has been documented in the literature as a safe alternative in the management of patients with acute cholecystitis when the degree of inflammation prevents a safe dissection to identify the biliary structures for complete removal of the gallbladder . partial cholecystectomy however is not without risk of recurrence , and the need for further surgical or endoscopic intervention in management of complications . we review a case in which partial cholecystectomy was performed without any relief of symptoms , to review the possible postoperative complications , and caution that these patients will need to be considered for a completion cholecystectomy .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: brackets used were first premolar brackets of the 022 028 roth prescription , made of five different materials . they were divided into the following six groups which include a control group which did not have any brackets : group i : stainless steel brackets ( victory 3 m , unitek , monrovia , ca , usa ) group ii : composite brackets ( brilliant , forestadent , pforzehim , germany ) group iii : ceramic brackets ( clarity , 3 m , monrovia , ca , usa ) . group iv : titanium brackets ( orthos , ormco , glendora , ca , usa ) group v : gold brackets ( magnum , orthodontic design and production , inc . , vista , ca , usa ) group vi : control , without brackets . in each group , 24 samples for culture were taken as follows : 8 containing s. mutans , 8 containing c. albicans , and 8 containing a combination of s. mutans and c. albicans . the microorganisms used were a wild strain of s. mutans provided by microbiologics , inc , minnesota , usa , an atcc 35668 strain of s. mutans , an oral stain of c. albicans isolated from the sri ramachandra university microbiology laboratory , and an atcc 10231 strain . s. mutans was seeded in brain heart infusion agar under microanaerobiosis at 37c for 24 h. c. albicans was seeded in sabouraud dextrose agar and incubated under aerobic condition at 37c for 18 h. microbial suspensions were prepared with each species on reaching the exponential growth . eight samples from each of the five experimental groups were cultured with one of the microorganism groups . the procedure was performed as suggested by brusca et al . with flat - bottomed vials . the brackets were then transferred to the respective medium with 20% of sucrose added to it . sucrose was used because s. mutans produces glucans from sucrose , which allows the adherence to the glass surface of the vials . these eight vials of each group were inoculated with 1 ml of microbial solution in a concentration of 1 10 and 1 10 colony - forming units ( cfus ) of mutans streptococci and c. albicans , respectively . this was...

objective : to quantify the adherence of streptococcus mutans and candida albicans on brackets made of stainless steel , plastic , ceramic , titanium , and gold , and to evaluate the various sites of adherence of these microorganisms with scanning electron microscopy ( sem).materials and methods : brackets made of stainless steel , plastic , ceramic , titanium , and gold were used . the adherence of s. mutans and c. albicans were studied . the brackets were placed in flat - bottomed vials containing basal medium with 20% sucrose added ; the flasks were inoculated with each of the microbial suspensions . the samples were incubated at 37c for 48 h , after which the brackets were removed . the cells adhering to the glass were counted and the brackets were studied with sem.results:when evaluated together , the adherence of s. mutans and c. albicans was increased in the ceramic bracket group . when evaluated separately , metallic brackets had increased number of colony - forming units ( cfus ) of s. mutans and the use of titanium brackets increased the cfus of c. albicans . sem demonstrated that the adherence of s. mutans and c. albicans together varied according to the bracket materials , with ceramic having the greatest and stainless steel having the least adherence.conclusions:oral hygiene may be of greater concern with esthetic brackets since this study shows that microbial adhesion is greater with these brackets .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: debate on quality and its management and improvement initially began in 1950s , which has served as an important criterion for evaluating the performance of most organizations services , including health care organizations ( hcos ) ( 13 ) . different models and systems , such as tqm ( total quality management ) , iso ( international standards organization ) and efqm have been developed or adapted over time to assess and improve the quality in health care . bohigas and heaton ( 4 ) place these programs in four main categories including certification by iso , business excellence awards [ e.g. mbnqa malcolm baldrige national quality award ] , efqm , professional peer reviews [ e.g. visitation , vasitatie in dutch ] and accreditation . this study seeks to compare the evaluation results of two external assessment programs in iran ; trying to verify the performance assessment results of inphe through the application of efqm . the inphe was established by iranian ministry of health and medical education ( mohme ) in 1997 at its new structure aiming to assess and improve the quality and safety of services delivered by all hospital nationwide ( 6 ) . this program is of a national standard setting and local ( decentralized ) monitoring status ( 7 ) . the highest evaluation grade granted to the hospitals by inphe , as braithwaite et al . ( 8) put it , is deemed as a valid indicator of high organizational performance and central to the safety and quality in hcos . the evaluation process of inphe normally starts from the emergency department ( ed ) of hospitals . the ed evaluation is conducted entirely independent of the rest of the hospitals and has important implications for their assessment . that is , if a hospital does not obtain acceptable scores for its ed , its evaluation will be suspended until the ed gains a satisfactory score . in other words , the overall grade of the hospital can never exceed the grade of its ed ( 9 ) . this emphasis on the eds , given the nature ( i.e. vitality ) of the activities in this...

backgroundeuropean foundation for quality management ( efqm ) model is a widely used quality management system ( qms ) worldwide , including iran . current study aims to verify the quality assessment results of iranian national program for hospital evaluation ( inphe ) based on those of efqm.methods:this cross - sectional study was conducted in 2012 on a sample of emergency departments ( eds ) affiliated with tehran university of medical sciences ( tums ) , iran . the standard questionnaire of efqm ( v-2010 ) was used to gather appropriate data . the results were compared with those of inphe . ms excel was used to classify and display the findings.results:the average assessment score of the eds based on the inphe and efqm model were largely different ( i.e. 86.4% and 31% , respectively ) . in addition , the variation range among five eds scores according to each model was also considerable ( 22% for efqm against 7% of inphe ) , especially in the eds with and without prior record of applying qmss.conclusion:the inphe s assessment results were not confirmed by efqm model . moreover , the higher variation range among eds scores using efqm model could allude to its more differentiation power in assessing the performance comparing with inphe . therefore , a need for improvement in the latter drawing on other qmss ( such as efqm ) strengths , given the results emanated from its comparison with efqm seems indispensable .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study:

we report on the synergy between catalytic propulsion and mesoporous silica nanoparticles ( msnps ) for the design of janus nanomotors as active cargo delivery systems with sizes < 100 nm ( 40 , 65 , and 90 nm ) . the janus asymmetry of the nanomotors is given by electron beam ( e - beam ) deposition of a very thin platinum ( 2 nm ) layer on msnps . the chemically powered janus nanomotors present active diffusion at low h2o2 fuel concentration ( i.e. , <3 wt % ) . their apparent diffusion coefficient is enhanced up to 100% compared to their brownian motion . due to their mesoporous architecture and small dimensions , they can load cargo molecules in large quantity and serve as active nanocarriers for directed cargo delivery on a chip .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: one in four people in the world is affected by mental or neurological disorders at some point in their live . about 450 million people currently suffer from such conditions , placing mental disorders among the leading causes of ill - health and disability worldwide . according to the world health organization ( who ) , the vast majority of countries allocate less than 2% of their health budgets to mental health , leading to a treatment gap of more than 75% in many low and middle income countries . the poor often bear the greater burden of mental disorders , both in terms of the risk in having a mental disorder and the lack of access to treatment . constant exposure to severely stressful events , dangerous living conditions , exploitation , and poor health in general contribute to the greater vulnerability of the population . the lack of access to affordable treatment makes the course of the illness more severe and debilitating , leading to a vicious circle of poverty and mental health disorders that is rarely broken . often referred to as the common cold of mental disorders , both anxiety and depression are debilitating conditions that greatly impair psychological , social , and emotional well - being . more than 20% of the adult population suffer from these conditions at sometime during their life . anxiety disorders are common mental diseases of the central nervous system ( cns ) that include heterogeneous phenomena such as panic disorder , phobias , obsessive - convulsive disorders , generalized anxiety disorders , and posttraumatic stress disorders while depressive disorders are illnesses that involve the body , mood , and thought . anxiety and depressive disorders have many causes : on one hand those related to environment , mode of life , modernization of habits , industrialization , worries , stressing professional situations , and economical and financial crisis . on the other hand , we have intrinsic causes that can be genetic , some diseases like cardiac and respiratory insufficiencies and...

we evaluated the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of the aqueous extract of the bark of tapinanthus dodoneifolius ( tae ) ( danser ) ( 25 , 50 , and 100 mg / kg ) , using open field , elevated plus maze , and forced swimming tests . effect of tae was compared to standard drugs diazepam ( 2 mg / kg ) and imipramine ( 10 mg / kg ) . additionally , the same doses of tae were evaluated on rat 's memory using y - maze task . results showed a significant ( p < 0.05 ; 100 mg / kg ) increase in the percentage of open arm entry and the time spent in the open arms in the elevated plus maze , suggesting an anxiolytic activity of the extract . in a dose - dependant manner , tae at 25 mg / kg significantly ( p < 0.05 ) decreased the number of lines crossed and the rearing behavior in the open field test , suggesting its possible sedative activity . in the forced swimming test , the immobility time of the animal was significantly reduced ( p < 0.05 ) by tae ( 100 mg / kg ) , compared to control , and this effect was quite comparable to that of imipramine . in the y - maze paradigm , tae at 50 mg / kg caused a significant increase in the spontaneous alternations but with a significant decrease in exploratory behavioral pattern . taking these results together , tae improved the spatial memory and showed anxiolytic , antidepressant , and sedative activities . the present results support the anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of tae and , to our knowledge , for the first time , demonstrate its enhancing effect on memory .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: the anti - mili monoclonal antibody 17.8 was generated by immunizing mice with recombinant gst - mili . other antibodies used were anti - flag ( sigma ) , anti - sdma ( sym11 ; millipore ) , anti - adma ( asym24 ; millipore ) , anti - tmg ( santa cruz biotech ) , anti--tubulin ( developmental studies hybridoma bank ) ; anti - hnrnpc ( 4f4 ) , anti - smn ( 2b1 ) , anti - gemin3 ( 12h12 ) , anti - gemin5 ( 10g11 ) , y12 were gifts from g. dreyfuss and antibodies against drosophila ago1 , aub , piwi and ago3 were gifts from mc . csul flies ( csul : w;csul / cyo ) , were a gift from j. anne and a deletion that uncovers csul ( w n ; df(2r)jp7 , was obtained from bloomington drosophila stock center ( indiana university ) . directional ligation of adapters and cdna generation was performed using the small rna sample prep kit ( illumina ) . recombinant flag - miwi and flag - mili and gst - mili were produced in baculovirus infected sf9 cells . the cdnas for flag - miwi and flag - mili production and flag - miwi truncations mutants ( bc for 68 - 862aa of miwi and np for 1 - 212aa ) were gifts from s. kuramochi - miyagawa and t. nakano . arginine residues were changed to lysine ( wt : 10a - r - g - r - g - r - g - r - k18 changed to mutant : 10a - k - g - k - g - k - g - k - k18 ) , by site - directed mutagenesis ( quickchange xl , stratagene ) using the following primers ; forward : 5-caccaaaccctgtaattgctaaaggaaaaggtaaaggaaaaaagcccaataatgtagaggc-3 and reverse : 5-gcctctacattattgggcttttttcctttaccttttcctttagcaattacagggtttggtg-3. wild - type and mutant prh - flag - aub expression vectors were co - transfected with pcoblast ( invitrogen ) at a ratio of 5:1 using cellfectin at 27 c . twenty - four hours post - transfection , cells were grown in complete schneider cell medium containing 15 g / ml blasticidin . recombinant aub expression was induced by growing s2 cells seeded at 2 10 cells / ml in complete schneider cell medium containing 500 m cuso4 for 48 hours , and the protein was purified by immunoprecipitation...

piwi family proteins are essential for germline development and bind piwi - interacting rnas ( pirnas 1 2 3 ) . the grandchildless gene aub of drosophila melanogaster encodes the pirna - binding protein aub that is essential for formation of primordial germ cells ( pgcs ) 4 . here we report that mouse , xenopus laevis and drosophila melanogaster piwi family proteins contain symmetrical dimethylarginines ( sdmas ) . we find that piwi proteins are expressed in x. laevis oocytes and we identify numerous x. laevis pirnas . we report that the drosophila homolog of protein methyltransferase 5 ( dprmt5 , csul / dart5 ) , which is also the product of a grandchildless gene 5 , 6 , is required for arginine methylation of drosophila piwi , ago3 and aub proteins , in vivo . loss of dprmt5 activity leads to reduction of pirnas and in particular of ago3 and aub protein levels and accumulation of retrotransposons in the drosophila ovary . our studies explain the relationship between aub and dprmt5 ( csul / dart5 ) genes by demonstrating that dprmt5 is the enzyme that methylates aub . our findings underscore the significance of sdma modification of piwi proteins in the germline and suggest an interacting pathway of genes that are required for pirna function and pgc specification .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: life depends on the ability of an organism to correctly assess its environment and respond accordingly . to illustrate , migratory animals such as birds utilize environmental cues , including temperature and sunlight , to inform them when it is time to relocate . failure to identify and/or respond to these cues appropriately would ultimately result in death due to cold exposure and hunger . emerging research demonstrates that the sensory system does not simply report the status of the environment . rather , the cues themselves can have significant effects on organismal health and longevity . in the worm caenorhabditis elegans , functional manipulation of discrete sensory neurons caused differential effects on lifespan . subsequent studies performed using the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster not only established that the effects of manipulating the sensory system on lifespan were evolutionarily conserved but also identified a repertoire of sensory cues that have a direct impact on aging . food cues , such as sweet ( via the receptor gr5a ) or bitter ( via the receptor gr66a ) tastes , had opposite , yet significant effects on lifespan . ablation of water sensing via the water receptor ppk28 caused significant increases in both fat levels and lifespan . loss of the ability to sense danger cues via the co2 receptor , gr63a , also resulted in significantly increased fat levels and in extended lifespan . conversely , pheromonal cues , sensed in male flies via the receptor ppk23 , caused significant decreases in fat levels and longevity . while we are beginning to understand the types of environmental cues that significantly impact health and longevity , the mechanisms by which a few specific sensory neurons affect the lifespan of cells and tissues throughout the animal remain poorly understood . neurotransmitter release is likely involved in this process since these molecules are responsible for direct communication between neighboring neurons , propagating sensory information from the initial site of sensory...

while the traditional importance of the sensory system lies in its ability to perceive external information about the world , emerging discoveries suggest that sensory perception has a greater impact on health and longevity than was previously appreciated . these effects are conserved across species . in this mini - review , we discuss the specific sensory cues that have been identified to significantly impact organismal physiology and lifespan . ongoing work in the aging field has begun to identify the downstream molecules that mediate the broad effects of sensory signals . candidates include foxo , neuropeptide f ( npf ) , adipokinetic hormone ( akh ) , dopamine , serotonin , and octopamine . we then discuss the many implications that arise from our current understanding of the effects of sensory perception on health and longevity .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: salmonella typhimurium , a facultative anaerobe , has been shown to accumulate at tumor sites when injected intravenously into mouse tumor models attenuated s. typhimurium were engineered to express fas ligand ( fasl ) to deliver this toxic , antitumor cytokine to tumor sites and to thereby enhance therapeutic potential . s. typhimurium expressing fasl dramatically inhibited the growth of d2f2 murine breast carcinoma and ct-26 murine colon carcinoma tumors , as well as the growth of d2f2 pulmonary metastases in mice . these experiments involved murine tumor models , and the effects of fasl - expressing s. typhimurium on human tumor models are not yet known . salmonella typhimurium , a facultative anaerobe , has been shown to accumulate at tumor sites when injected intravenously into mouse tumor models attenuated s. typhimurium were engineered to express fas ligand ( fasl ) to deliver this toxic , antitumor cytokine to tumor sites and to thereby enhance therapeutic potential . s. typhimurium expressing fasl dramatically inhibited the growth of d2f2 murine breast carcinoma and ct-26 murine colon carcinoma tumors , as well as the growth of d2f2 pulmonary metastases in mice . these experiments involved murine tumor models , and the effects of fasl - expressing s. typhimurium on human tumor models are not yet known . nih - ca69381 ; austrian program for advanced research and technology ( austrian academy of sciences ) .

intravenous administration of bacteria leads to their accumulation in tumors and to sporadic tumor regression . we therefore explored the hypothesis that salmonella typhimurium engineered to express the proapoptotic cytokine fas ligand ( fasl ) would exhibit enhanced antitumor activity . immunocompetent mice carrying tumors derived from syngeneic murine d2f2 breast carcinoma or ct-26 colon carcinoma cells were treated intravenously with fasl - expressing s. typhimurium or with phosphate - buffered saline ( pbs ; control ) . treatment with fasl - expressing s. typhimurium inhibited growth of primary tumors by an average of 59% for d2f2 tumors and 82% for ct-26 tumors ( eg , at 25 days after initial treatment , mean volume of pbs - treated ct-26 colon carcinomas = 1385 mm3 and of s. typhimurium fasl - treated ct-26 tumors = 243 mm3 , difference = 1142 mm3 , 95% confidence interval = 800 mm3 to 1484 mm3 , p < .001 ) . pulmonary d2f2 metastases ( as measured by lung weight ) were reduced by 34% in s. typhimurium fasl - treated mice compared with pbs - treated mice . fasl - expressing s. typhimurium had similar effects on growth of murine b16 melanoma tumors in wild - type mice but not in lpr / lpr mice , which lack fas , or in mice with disrupted host inflammatory responses . antitumor activity was achieved without overt toxicity . these preclinical results raise the possibility that using attenuated s. typhimurium to deliver fasl to tumors may be an effective and well - tolerated therapeutic strategy for some cancers .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: cytotoxic t lymphocytes ( ctls ) play a significant role controlling viral replication in hiv and simian immunodeficiency virus ( siv ) infections as exemplified by diverse facts such as the association of gag - specific ctl activity and viremia or progression to aids [ 1 , 2 ] , the viral escape consequence of immune selection [ 3 , 4 ] or by enhanced ctl function in elite controllers ( ec ) [ 58 ] . in macaque models , this association has been reinforced by depletion studies [ 911 ] or by studying the mechanisms of protection in live , attenuated siv vaccine models [ 12 , 13 ] . yet , not all aids vaccines that have shown induction of strong specific t - cell responses are protective or assure effective control of hiv / siv [ 14 , 15 ] . factors , both intrinsic and extrinsic to ctls , may be critical for determining the ability of cd8 t cells to effectively control hiv / siv replication . several intrinsic parameters inherent to the ctl response have been shown to correlate with control of viremia and/or disease progression ( tcr repertoire and public clonotypes , avidity , polyfunctionality , killing capacity , etc . ) extrinsic factors affecting the ctl response such as the inflammatory and regulatory environment also determine the quality and persistence of cd8 t cells . these external factors affect the ratio between target cells and effector cells or influence the phenotype and functionality of cd8 effector cells [ 17 , 20 ] , all contributing to viral control . from animal model studies , we are learning that the generation and maintenance of a ctl response that is located at the mucosal site of viral transmission is beneficial against mucosal challenge with pathogenic sivmac [ 12 , 21 ] . cd8 t lymphocytes interact with virus - infected cells by recognizing viral peptides presented on the cell surface by major histocompatibility complex class i molecules . once this cognate interaction occurs , there is induction of numerous genes involved in cell cycle ,...

a vaccine inducing protective immunity in mucosal tissues and secretions may stop or limit hiv infection . although cytotoxic t lymphocytes ( ctls ) are clearly associated with control of viral replication in hiv and simian immunodeficiency virus ( siv ) infections , there are examples of uncontrolled viral replication in the face of strong cd8 + t - cell responses . the number of functions , breadth , avidity , and magnitude of ctl response are likely to be important factors in the effectiveness of anti - hiv t - cell response , but the location and persistence of effector cd8 + t cells are also critical factors . although the only hiv vaccine clinical trial targeting cellular immunity to prevent hiv infection failed , vaccine strategies using persistent agents against pathogenic mucosal challenge in macaque models are showing unique success . thus , the key to control the initial focus of viral replication at the portal of entry may rely on the continuous generation of effector ctl responses at mucosal level .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: rocuronium is a non - depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent ( ndnmba ) , employed in the clinic as an adjunct to general anesthesia , to facilitate rapid sequence tracheal intubation and to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery . resistance to the neuromuscular effects of ndnmbas has been reported following burns , immobilization , denervation , and infectious diseases . this resistance can be manifested either as a delayed onset of the effect , an incomplete neuromuscular block despite an effective dose , or a rapid recovery from paralysis . we report an unusual case of complete resistance to rocuronium in a 20-year - old patient undergoing renal biopsy , wherein , a neuromuscular block has been achieved by subsequent administration of cisatracurium . to our knowledge , this is the first case of complete resistance to a double dose of an aminosteroid nondepolarizing muscle relaxant , but not to benzylisoquinolinium . a 20-year - old man , with height - 177 cm , weight - 78.4 kg , and body mass index ( bmi ) - 24.9 , was scheduled for renal biopsy as part of a diagnostic protocol for undefined glomerulonephritis , with a nephrotic syndrome . the patient took oral prednisone therapy ( 30 mg / day ) , which lasted 140 days , and received the last dose ( 5 mg ) two months before the scheduled surgery . preoperative laboratory testing showed low hemoglobin levels ( 8.6 g / dl ) and a low serum protein concentration ( 4.3 g / dl ) with hypoalbuminemia ( 2.7 g / dl ) . after receiving desensitizing therapy ( betamethasone 4 mg twice a day ) and ciprofloxacin ( 200 mg ) intravenous ( iv ) for one day , the patient was admitted to the operating room and was premedicated with iv of midazolam ( 1 mg ) , fentanyl ( 0.05 mg ) , and atropine ( 0.7 mg ) . intraoperative monitoring included an electrocardiogram ( ecg ) , noninvasive blood pressure , pulse oximetry , end - tidal co2 , and neuromuscular blockade monitoring . the intravenous catheter and arterial blood pressure monitor were placed on the...

rocuronium is a non - depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent ( ndnmba ) , employed in the clinic as an adjunct to general anesthesia to facilitate tracheal intubation rapid sequence , and to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery . many cases of resistance to neuromuscular blocking agents ( nmbas ) have been anecdotally reported . there are specific pathologic states , such as upper motor neuron lesions , severe thermal injuries , liver disease , renal failure , disuse atrophy , all of which show an increased resistance to the effects of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants . also concurrent drug therapy can alter the efficacy of nmbas such as some classes of antibiotics , furosemide , receptor agonists , phosphodiesterase inhibitors , calcium antagonists , respiratory stimulants but also ketamine , propofol and barbiturates at high concentrations . in this scenario we describe an unusual case of 20-years - old man who showed a complete resistance to rocuronium maybe due to a glucocorticoids concomitant therapy .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: vaporization enthalpies are used frequently in adjusting enthalpies of formation of liquids to the standard state and in evaluating environmental transport properties . accurate thermodynamic correlations are required to enhance the reliability of such simulations . of the thermodynamic properties , heat of vaporization is one of the most important parameters for a multi - component multistage vapor liquid equilibrium process as it is the one which controls the temperature as well as liquid and vapor profiles in a column . moreover , this property is sometimes used in the prediction or correlation of other thermodynamic properties . there is thus engineering and theoretical interest in the measurement and correlation of values of this property [ 212 ] . the normal boiling enthalpy can be calculated using either equations of state applied to the liquid and vapor phases or more simply by means of empirical correlations that allow calculating the enthalpy of vaporization of pure fluids [ 622 ] . some of them are general analytical expressions that only require as input parameters certain properties of the fluid , such as the critical temperature , critical pressure , normal boiling point temperature , and molecular weight . in this study , an accurate empirical correlation was presented by incorporating the normal boiling temperature and critical points of the pure substances . this equation can predict the heat of vaporizations for pure substances over the entire range of normal boiling point temperatures of practical interest . in this research , we considered some of well known analytical models that do not require specific adjustable coefficients for each substance , but rather are based on a knowledge of some properties of the liquid vapor equilibrium ( critical properties mainly ) or on molecular properties . in particular , we selected seven specific expressions that are valid only for the calculation of the vaporization enthalpy . ( zny ) , the simplest method defined as trouton rule , two models...

the heat of vaporization of a pure substance at its normal boiling temperature is a very important property in many chemical processes . in this work , a new empirical method was developed to predict vaporization enthalpy of pure substances . this equation is a function of normal boiling temperature , critical temperature , and critical pressure . the presented model is simple to use and provides an improvement over the existing equations for 452 pure substances in wide boiling range . the results showed that the proposed correlation is more accurate than the literature methods for pure substances in a wide boiling range ( 20.3722 k ) .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: trained research assistants obtained consent and enrolled participants as part of an ongoing prospective study measuring quality of care for hospitalized general medicine patients at the university of chicago medicine and mercy hospital and medical center ( meltzer et al . , the university of chicago medicine and mercy hospital and medical center institutional review boards approved the protocol . research assistants administered the bvsq , which consisted of the questions , how confident are you filling out medical forms by yourself ? , how often do you have someone help you read hospital materials ? , and how often do you have problems learning about your medical condition because of difficulty understanding written information ? , scored on a likert scale from 0 to 4 . participants had low health literacy if they had a score of 2 or less on at least one question ( chew et al . , 2004 ; chew et al . , 2008 ) . the realm - revised ( realm - r ) was administered to participants with at least 20/50 acuity in at least one eye ( snellen eye chart ) . the realm - r ( bass et al . , 2003 ) is a list of eight medical terms and was used as the comparator to the bvsq due to its brevity and feasibility for implementation . descriptive statistics were calculated to summarize data using means , standard deviations , and proportions . mcnemar 's test was utilized for matched pair testing to compare the health literacy tools . a two - tailed p value of less than .05 defined statistical significance . areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve ( auroc ) allowed comparison between the bvsq items , in individual and composite form , and the realm - r tool . the auroc , sensitivity , and specificity were therefore calculated for each individual question and as a composite to review tradeoffs with respect to improving sensitivity versus specificity ( chew et al . , 2008 ; morris , maclean , chew , & littenberg , 2006 ; wallace et al . , 2006 ) . research assistants administered the bvsq , which consisted of...

patient - centered care includes involving patients and their families in self - management of chronic diseases . identifying and addressing barriers to self - management , including those related to health literacy and vision limitations , may enhance one 's ability to self - manage . a set of brief verbal screening questions ( bv sq ) that does not rely on sufficient vision to assess health literacy was developed by chew and colleagues in the outpatient setting . the authors aimed to evaluate the usefulness of this tool for hospitalized patients and to determine the prevalence of poor vision among inpatients . in a prospective study , the bvsq and the rapid estimate of adult learning in medicine - revised ( realm - r ; among participants with sufficient vision , 20/50 snellen ) were administered to general medicine inpatients . of 893 participants , 79% were african american , and 57% were female ; the mean age was 53 years . among 668 participants who completed both tools , the proportion with low health literacy was 38% with the bvsq versus 47% with the realm - r ( p = .0001 ) . almost one fourth of participants had insufficient vision ; participants with insufficient vision were more likely to be identified as having low health literacy by the bvsq , compared with those with sufficient vision ( 59% vs. 38% , p < .001 ) .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) like ibuprofen are effective for the relief of pain , and their use is widespread [ 13 ] . ibuprofen , which contains equal quantities of ( + ) ibuprofen and ( ) ibuprofen , has been used as an anti - inflammatory and analgesic agent for over 30 years . ( + ) ibuprofen , or dexibuprofen , is the pharmacologically effective enantiomer of + ibuprofen [ 13 ] . the present uv and hplc methods are relatively simple , rapid , and highly sensitive in the determination of dexibuprofen . the aim of the present work was to develop and validate a simple , fast , and reliable isocratic rp - hplc and uv method for the determination of di in pharmaceutical dosage forms . the important features and novelty of the proposed method included simple sample treatment with sonication of small amount of powder sample at ambient temperature , centrifugation , and dilution ; short elution time with internal standard eluted prior to di ; good precision ( r.s.d . confirmation of the applicability of the developed method was validated according to the international conference on harmonisation ( ich ) , to determination of di in pharmaceutical dosage forms . dexibuprofen standard and ibuprofen ( internal standard ) were provided by noven life sciences private limited , hyderabad , india . hplc chromatographic separation was performed on a shimadzu liquid chromatographic system equipped with a lc-10at - vp solvent delivery system ( pump ) , spd m-10avp photo diode array detector , and rheodyne 7725i injector with 50 l loop volume . class - vp 6.01 data station was applied for data collecting and processing ( shimadzu , japan ) . the hplc was carried out at a flow rate of 1.0 ml min using a mobile that is phase constituted of acetonitrile50 mm potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate ( ph 7.5 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid ( 45 : 55 , v / v ) ) , and detection was made at 222.0 nm . the mobile phase was prepared daily , filtered through a 0.45 m membrane filter ( millipore )...

a high - performance liquid chromatographic ( hplc ) and a ultraviolet ( uv ) methods were developed and validated for the quantitative determination of dexibuprofen ( di ) in pharmaceutical dosage form . hplc was carried out by reversed phase technique on a rp-18 column with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and 0.5% triethylamine ( ph 7.5 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid ( 30 : 70 , v / v ) ) . uv method was performed with the max at 222.0 nm . both the methods showed good linearity , reproducibility and precision . no spectral or chromatographic interferences from the tablet excipients were found in uv and hplc . the method was successfully applied to commercial dexifen tablets . validation parameters such as linearity , precision , accuracy , and specificity were determined . the proposed method could be applicable for routine analysis of di and monitoring of the quality of marketed drugs .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: essential thrombocythemia ( et ) is a philadelphia chromosome ( ph)-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm ( mpn ) . it is characterized by thrombocytosis and megakaryocytic hyperplasia of the bone marrow with jak2v617f mutation in 50 - 60% of patients . et transforms into myelofibrosis in a minority of cases , while evolution to acute leukemia is uncommon and increases with the use of certain therapies . it is mainly characterized by iron deficiency anemia that is not responding to oral iron intake , but partially responding to parenteral iron therapy . recently , it is shown that irida has stemmed from mutations in the gene tmprss6 , which encodes a transmembrane serine protease ( matriptase-2 ) expressed by the liver . irida patients indicate inappropriately increased levels of hepcidin which is a hormone delivered by the liver inhibiting iron absorption from the intestine and iron release from macrophage stores . according to recent studies , tmprss6 down - regulates hepcidin expression by cleaving hemojuvelin , a membrane - bound protein which triggers hepcidin signaling in hepatocytes . rcc , as the most common solid lesion in the kidney , represents approximately 90% of all kidney malignancies . many renal masses are asymptomatic and non - palpable till the late phases of the disease . currently , more than half of the rccs are identified incidentally through imaging while investigating some non - specific symptom complexes . the classic triad of flank pain , gross hematuria and palpable abdominal mass is uncommon ( 6 - 10% ) . a few symptomatic patients present with symptoms due to metastatic disease , such as bone pain or persistent cough . ten to forty percent of patients with rcc experience paraneoplastic phenomena over the span of the disease . the symptom that may result in erythrocytosis is the most well - known paraneoplastic hematological event . modest granulocytosis and thrombocytosis appears in approximately 20% of the patients and is seen as part of a systemic inflammatory reaction as it is...

essential thrombocythemia ( et ) is a philadelphia chromosome ( ph)-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm . it is characterized by thrombocytosis and megakaryocytic hyperplasia of the bone marrow with jak2v617f mutation . iron - refractory iron deficiency anemia ( irida ) is an autosomal recessive disorder , which is mainly characterized by iron deficiency anemia not responding to oral iron intake , but partially responding to parenteral iron therapy . recently , it has been shown that irida has stemmed from mutations in the gene tmprss6 , which encodes a transmembrane serine protease ( matriptase-2 ) expressed by the liver . renal cell carcinoma ( rcc ) accounts for 2 - 3% of all cancers . as the most common solid lesion in the kidneys , it represents approximately 90% of all renal malignancies . approximately 30% of patients with symptomatic rccs seem to display paraneoplastic syndromes . the symptom that may result from erythrocytosis is the most well - known paraneoplastic hematological event . here , we report a patient who presents with coexistence of rcc and thrombocytosis , which hasnt been caused by hormonal factors that are produced in tumor cells . this patient has been therefore diagnosed with et . the patient who was expected to display rcc with polycythemia , conversely present with irida .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: indirect restorations play an important role in clinical dentistry . whilst clinicians often spend considerable time choosing materials or type of restorations , the cementation process is often considered less important and manufacturer 's instructions modified or ignored . luting materials are necessary to retain such restorations on teeth and to prevent leakage at their margins . one such material is zinc phosphate cement which is used routinely by almost one - third of uk practitioners . clinically , the cement is presented as powder and liquid components which must be mixed together prior to application to the restoration or the tooth . often the proportions of the two elements used are measured by eye or with operator - dependent measuring systems . they are then mixed together in varying environments ( temperature and humidity ) under differing mixing conditions time and manipulation technique . while low - grade mixing errors ( < 1020% ) may not have serious implications regarding the integrity of traditional luting agents , there is concern regarding high - grade errors . such errors are likely to occur with less experienced operators , such as undergraduate dental students and inexperienced dental nurses . as a measure of mechanical integrity of the set cement , compressive strength has been found to increase with the amount of powder mixed with a constant amount of liquid [ 48 ] . in addition , diametral tensile strength ( dts ) is a well - established and reproducible measure of mechanical integrity in very brittle materials such as zinc phosphate cement and has been extensively used in the testing of appropriate dentally related materials [ 911 ] . the aim of this study was to ( a ) investigate whether high - grade powder - liquid proportioning errors might occur in a cohort of inexperienced dental undergraduate students mixing zinc phosphate cement and ( b ) determine the effect of any such variability on the diametral tensile strength of the set material . the null hypotheses were that ( a )...

aim . to investigate ( a ) variability in powder / liquid proportioning and ( b ) effect of variability on diametral tensile strength ( dts ) , in a zinc phosphate cement . statistical analyses ( = 0.05 ) were by student 's t - test in the case of powder / liquid ratio and one - way anova and tukey hsd for pair - wise comparisons of mean dts . the null hypotheses were that ( a ) the powder - liquid mixing ratios would not differ from the manufacturer 's recommended ratio ( b ) dts of the set cement samples using the extreme powder / liquid ratios would not differ from those made using the recommended ratio . methodology . 34 dental students dispensed the components according to the manufacturer 's instructions . the maximum and minimum powder / liquid ratios , together with the manufacturer 's recommended ratio , were used to prepare samples for dts testing . results . powder / liquid ratios ranged from 2.386 to 1.018 . the mean ratio ( 1.644 ) was not significantly different from the recommended value of 1.718 ( p = 0.189 ) . dts values for the maximum and minimum ratios were both significantly different from each other ( p < 0.001 ) and from the mean value obtained from the recommended ratio ( p < 0.001 ) . conclusions . variability exists in powder / liquid ratio for hand dispensed zinc phosphate cement . this variability can affect the dts of the set material .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: idiopathic parkinson 's disease ( pd ) can be difficult to distinguish from atypical parkinsonian syndromes such as progressive supranuclear palsy ( psp ) and corticobasal degeneration ( cbd ) , especially in the early stages of disease . a simple test that is easy to administer , differentiates between parkinsonian disorders and identifies decline over time would be a welcome addition to the clinical and research armoury . for clinicians such a test could reduce the high rate of uncertainty , diagnostic delay and misdiagnosis , which are especially common for psp . in research , the urgent need for new disease measures and better diagnostic differentiation is highlighted by current progress toward neuroprotective and disease - modifying therapies : early diagnosis and the ability to monitor progression will be increasingly important with disease - specific treatments.1 a perfect single test may not exist , but a combination of clinical , cognitive and biological tests , as biomarkers of disease , would provide a significant step forward.2 in this study , we consider the potential role of cognitive tests for these purposes . pd , psp and cbd are all movement disorders with varying patterns of cognitive impairment . pd is characterised by asymmetric bradykinesia , with tremor , rigidity and/or postural instability . while frontostriatal executive impairments are common in pd , an early dementia is uncommon and tends to be heralded by deficits in posterior cortically based cognitive functions.3 psp typically presents with symmetrical akinesia and rigidity , early falls and a supranuclear gaze palsy . it is associated with a frontal dysexecutive syndrome , impaired fluency , disinhibition and cognitive inflexibility , together with impairments in language , motivation , emotional and social cognition.46 cbd is highly variable , but includes the alien limb syndrome , asymmetric dystonia , apraxia , myoclonus , non - fluent aphasia and visuospatial impairment.7 cognitive involvement in cbd ranges from near normal...

objectivedifferentiating idiopathic parkinson 's disease from atypical parkinsonian syndromes is challenging , especially in the early stages . we assessed whether the revised addenbrooke 's cognitive examination ( ace - r ) could differentiate between parkinsonian syndromes and reflect longitudinal changes in cognition in these disorders.methodsthe ace - r was administered at baseline and after approximately 18 months to 135 patients with parkinsonian disorders : 86 with idiopathic parkinson 's disease ( pd ) , 30 with progressive supranuclear palsy ( psp ) , 19 with corticobasal degeneration ( cbd ) . we assessed differences between groups for ace - r , ace - r subscores and mini mental state examination ( mmse ) scores at baseline ( analyses of variance , receiver operating characteristics curves ) , and the interaction between diagnosis and change in ace - r scores between visits ( analyses of variance).resultsthe ace - r verbal fluency subscore distinguished between psp and pd with a high sensitivity ( 0.92 ) and specificity ( 0.87 ) ; total ace - r score and the visuospatial subscore were less specific ( 0.87 and 0.84 respectively ) and sensitive ( 0.70 and 0.73 ) . significant group level differences were found between pd and psp for mmse and ace - r ( total score and subscores for attention and concentration , fluency , language , and visuospatial function ) , and between pd and cbd for the ace - r visuospatial subscore . performance worsened between visits for ace - r score in pd ( p=0.001 ) and cbd ( p=0.001 ) ; visuospatial subscore in pd ( p=0.003 ) , psp ( p=0.022 ) and cbd ( p=0.0002 ) ; and mmse in cbd ( p=0.004).conclusionswe propose the ace - r , particularly the verbal fluency subscore , as a valuable contributor to the differential diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes in the correct clinical context . the ace - r may reflect disease progression in pd and cbd .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: the formation of a tooth occurs inside a development sac known as the dental follicle or dental sac , which surrounds the papilla of the tooth and the enamel organ 1 . damante 2 characterized the follicle as being the remnant of the tissues that participated in the odontogenesis and remained circumjacent to the crown of a tooth whose normal eruption has not occurred , the wall of connective tissue and the odontogenic epithelial remnants distributed in this tissue being its main constituents . 4 report that the follicle becomes part of the connective tissue of the free marginal gum and cahill and marks 5 have demonstrated its importance in the process of eruption . consolaro 6 states that the potential transformation of unerupted teeth into cystic or neoplastic ones is related to the constituent structures of the follicle , in particular , the enamel reduced epithelium and remnants of dental lamina located in its connective tissue wall . histologically , the follicular tissues may be confused with pathosis , correlations of the clinical , radiographic and histopathological findings being required to establish a diagnosis 3 . radiographically , the pericoronal follicles present as slight semicircular radiolucencies around unerupted teeth ; however , enlargements or asymmetries can occur , which may be misinterpreted 3 . for santamaria and artegoitia 7 , pericoronal radiolucency is one of the most important factors to be borne in mind in the decision on whether to retain or remove an impacted tooth , and the presence of radiolucency may be the only indication for this procedure . despite the importance of the radiographic findings , miller and bean 8 state that disease conditions may be found in minute follicular spaces and in enlarged radiolucent areas there may be histologically normal tissues , so a biopsy is imperative . taking into consideration that the radiograph is in most cases the only instrument available to the oral and maxillofacial surgeon for deciding between removing or following up an...

the objective of this study was to determine the correlation of the radiographic and morphological features of the dental follicle of unerupted third molars with incomplete root formation . a cross - sectional study was carried out with 56 patients ( 105 teeth ) aged 13 to 24 years . panoramic radiography was used to determine the stage of root formation to locate and measure pericoronal radiolucency . the width of the dental follicle ranged from 0.0 to 4.0 mm , the distal face being the one most frequently involved , and stage 7 of root formation showing the highest incidence . an inactive enamel reduced epithelium and inactive epithelium remnant also showed a high incidence . dense connective tissue showed a high incidence , chronic inflammation was infrequent and calcification was a common finding . there was a significant association between the progression of the rhizogenesis and the transformation of the enamel reduced epithelium into a stratified squamous epithelium . no significant association was found between rhizogenesis and the other morphological findings or between the latter and the width of the pericoronal space . it was concluded that there was no clinically significant correlation between the radiographic and morphological features . every asymptomatic unerupted third molar should be followed up and the follicular tissue analyzed .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: selecting new targets for developing antidiabetic drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus ( t2 dm ) is best guided by considerations of established physiological chemistry of glucose homeostasis and of prevailing views about t2 dm pathophysiology because the disease genetics that could serve as another guiding principle remain prohibitively perplexing . the glucose - phosphorylating enzyme glucokinase ( gk ) ( also called hexokinase iv or d ) was identified as an outstanding drug target for developing antidiabetic medicines because it has an exceptionally high impact on glucose homeostasis , serving as a glucose sensor of the pancreatic beta cell and as a rate - controlling enzyme for hepatic glucose clearance and glycogen synthesis , both processes that are impaired in t2 dm . in the mid-1990s , high - throughput screening of 120,000 small molecules of the roche ( basel , switzerland ) compound library , using a screening assay based on measuring the effect on recombinant gk inhibited by gk regulatory protein ( gkrp ) , identified a lead molecule that stimulated gk directly but also blocked gkrp inhibition of the enzyme . the optimization effort of this newly discovered gk activator ( gka ) molecule resulted in the discovery of more potent , preclinically effective , and apparently safe compounds and culminated in the development of piragliatin ( figure 1 ) , which was advanced to phase ii human trials but then shelved for undisclosed reasons [ 2 - 6 ] . the first 2003 report in science on the development and successful preclinical use of gkas was soon followed by the issuance of more than 100 patents for gkas of different chemical structure , demonstrating the keen interest of the pharmaceutical industry in this new class of antidiabetics [ 7 - 10 ] . the report led to the publication of a flood of studies in animal models and the first human trials , contributing significantly to the proof of principle for gka use as a novel treatment for this disease [ 1,3,7 - 10 ] . chemical structures of glucokinase...

the glucose - phosphorylating enzyme glucokinase , a promising target for developing new antidiabetic agents , was identified through the combined efforts of basic research and human biochemical genetics . allosteric glucokinase activators ( gkas ) were discovered by high - throughput screening of a large compound library and first reported in 2003 . gkas stimulate insulin release and glucose metabolism in the liver thereby lowering blood sugar , and promising trials in humans demonstrate that they are highly effective in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . many companies are now attempting to develop effective and safe gkas for treating diabetics .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: the quest of humans to conquer pain by investigating the underlying cause is a challenging and ongoing process . according to the international association for the study of pain , the definition of pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage , or described in terms of such damage indicates the subjective nature of pain.1 it is the most common complaint for which patients seek medical attention , lose productivity , and incur health care costs.2 the epidemic status of pain across the globe is highlighted by a recent study which showed that nearly 37.3% and 41.1% of the adult population in the developed and developing countries , respectively , experience chronic pain due to diseases or disorders or injuries.3 pain is characterized by both physical and psychological symptoms . based on clinical characteristics , pain can be classified as nociceptive , neuropathic , or psychogenic / idiopathic.2,46 the mechanical , chemical , or thermal stimulation of peripheral sensory nerves due to surgery or trauma in a well localized area is described as nociceptive pain , whereas neuropathic pain is defined as an abnormal signaling resulting from injury or dysfunction of the peripheral or central nervous system ( cns ) leading to pain . in addition , the latter is less localized and can persist in the absence of visible injury or inflammation.711 pain perception / assessment in patients with personality disorders , mood disorders , or substance abuse indicates the influence of psychiatric disorders on pain etiology.12,13 traditional pain - management therapies involve analgesics such as acetaminophen and aspirin , nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) such as ibuprofen and indomethacin , and narcotics such as morphine.14,15 however , there is a growing concern on the risks of overdose , abuse , and addiction potential of these agents . for example , in the united states alone , about 30,000 hospitalizations are attributed to acetaminophen overdose ,...

the myriad pain pathophysiology has intrigued and challenged humanity for centuries . in this regard , the traditional pain therapies such as opioids and nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs have been highly successful in treating acute and chronic pain . however , their drawback includes adverse events such as psychotropic effects , addiction potential , and gastrointestinal toxicities , to mention a few . these factors combined with the likelihood of an increase in chronic pain conditions due to an aging population calls for the development of novel mechanism - based or site - specific agents to target novel pain pathways . in this regard , rapid progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of novel pain targets such as cannabinoid receptors , fatty acid hydrolase , voltage - gated and ligand - gated ion channels such as p2 receptors , transient receptor potential channels and glial cell modulators . accordingly , preclinical studies indicate that the site - specific / selective agents exhibit sufficient efficacy and reduced side effects such as lack of psychotropic effects indicating their clinical potential . this review provides a brief summary of some at - site pain targets and their role in the pain pathophysiology , and describes the efforts in developing some small molecules as novel pain therapeutics .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: the system response to surgical trauma includes activation of the sympathetic nervous system , the endocrine stress response , and immunological and hematological changes .various kinds of stress cause an increase in the secretion of acth from the adenohypophysis , and ( within a few minutes ) an increase in secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex . many different , non - specific stimuli can cause a noticeable increase in secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex ( e.g. , trauma , surgery , infection , strong heat or cold , and almost any debilitating disease ) . generally , the level and duration of increase in intra - and postoperative concentrations of cortisol are in proportion with the degree of surgical trauma . the etiology of hyperglycemia in stress is multi - factorial , but is thought primarily to be the result of activation of the sympathoadrenal system , with contributions from the hypothalamus and adenohypophysis . the stress response triggers an increase in levels of plasma catecholamines and glucocorticoids , which in turn lead to hyperglycemia . cortisol also has a huge impact on the glucose metabolism in stress , because by increasing glycogenolysis and glucogenesis it can lead to hyperglycemia . clinical implications of stress response involve hypertension , tachycardia , arrhythmia , myocardial ischemia , protein catabolism , suppression of the immune response , and loss of the excretory renal function with retention of electrolytes and water . stress response is a significant risk factor for an unsatisfactory outcome in patients with cardiovascular disease , in patients with known endocrine , metabolic and immune disorders , as well as in patients with infection and immunosuppression . thus , the reduction and modulation of stress response during the operation can significantly reduce the incidence of post - operative complications and morbidity . the choice of anesthesia technique depends on the surgical disease , the general condition of the patient , the level and extent of...

backgroundthe aim of the study was to determine the significance of spinal anesthesia in the suppression of the metabolic , hormonal , and hemodynamic response to surgical stress in elective surgical patients compared to general anesthesia.material/methodsthe study was clinical , prospective , and controlled and it involved 2 groups of patients ( the spinal and the general anesthesia group ) who underwent the same surgery . we monitored the metabolic and hormonal response to perioperative stress based on serum cortisol level and glycemia . we also examined how the different techniques of anesthesia affect these hemodynamic parameters : systolic arterial pressure ( ap ) , diastolic ap , heart rate ( hr ) , and arterial oxygen saturation ( spo2 ) . these parameters were measured before induction on anesthesia ( t1 ) , 30 min after the surgical incisions ( t2 ) , 1 h postoperatively ( t3 ) and 24 h after surgery ( t4).resultsserum cortisol levels were significantly higher in the general anesthesia group compared to the spinal anesthesia group ( p<0.01 ) . glycemia was significantly higher in the general anesthesia group ( p<0.05 ) . there was a statistically significant , positive correlation between serum cortisol levels and glycemia at all times observed ( p<0.01 ) . systolic and diastolic ap did not differ significantly between the groups ( p=0.191 , p=0.101 ) . the hr was significantly higher in the general anesthesia group ( p<0.01 ) . spo2 values did not differ significantly between the groups ( p=0.081).conclusionsbased on metabolic , hormonal , and hemodynamic responses , spinal anesthesia proved more effective than general anesthesia in suppressing stress response in elective surgical patients .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study:

under carbonylative conditions , neutral rh(i)-systems modified with weak donor ligands ( asph3 or 1,4-oxathiane ) undergo n - cbz , n - benzoyl , or n - ts directed insertion into the proximal c c bond of aminomethylcyclopropanes to generate rhodacyclopentanone intermediates . these are trapped by n - tethered alkenes to provide complex perhydroisoindoles .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: experiments were performed in accordance with the guiding principles for the care and use of experimental animals in the field of physiological sciences ( physiological society of japan ) and were approved by the committee on animal experiments of the school of veterinary medicine , yamaguchi university . in silico mining of the bovine genome database these genes were predicted by automated computational analysis , best - placed refseq gnomon ver 5.1 , against the bovine genome database ( bioproject number was prjna33843 ) in ddbj / genbanktm / ebi data bank . table 1table 1.gene numbers in this study ( numbered from the top of the molecular dendrogram ) , gene name from cow sequence , accession number and details of pcr primers#gene nameaccession numberprimernucleotidesequence ( 5to...

vomeronasal 1 receptors ( v1r ) are a family of receptors for intraspecies chemosignals , including pheromones , and are expressed in the olfactory epithelium ( oe ) and vomeronasal organ ( vo ) . even in the well - studied rodents , it is unclear which members of the v1r family cause sexual polymorphisms , as there are numerous genes and it is difficult to quantify their expressions individually . bovine species carry only 34 v1r homologs , and the oe and vos are large enough to sample . here , v1r expression was quantified in the oe and vos of individual bovines . based on the 34 gene sequences , we obtained a molecular dendrogram consisting of four clusters and six independent branches . semi - quantitative rt - pcr was used to obtain gene expression profiles in the vos and oe of 5 japanese black bulls , 5 steers , 7 estrous heifers and 6 early luteal - phase heifers . ten genes showed significant between - group differences , and 22 showed high expression in vos than in oe . the bulls showed higher expression of one gene more in oe and another in vos ( both p<0.05 ) than did steers ; both genes belonged to the first cluster . no genes were expressed more abundantly in steers than in bulls . the estrous heifers showed higher expression of a gene of the second cluster in oe , and a gene of the third cluster in vos ( both p<0.05 ) than did early luteal - phase heifers . these results suggest v1r expression exhibits sexual polymorphisms in cattle .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: breast conservation therapy ( bct ) , which involves lumpectomy followed by adjuvant radiation therapy , has now become the standard of care in women with early stage breast cancer . however , historically , the majority of patients with early stage breast cancer have been treated with whole breast irradiation ( wbi ) . whole breast irradiation can require a long treatment time ranging anywhere from three to six weeks depending on the fractionation , which can be prohibitive for many patients . additionally , wbi covers areas of the breast , which are not necessarily at the highest risk of relapse . accelerated partial breast irradiation ( apbi ) utilizing single - entry multi - lumen or multi - catheter devices such as contura ( hologic inc , bedford , ma , usa ) or savi ( cianna medical , aliso viejo , ca , usa ) , can treat a smaller volume at the highest risk of recurrence around the lumpectomy cavity in regimens typically lasting only five days . additionally , patients treated with apbi report higher cosmetic satisfaction compared to a similar wbi cohort . due to these advantages , apbi has been gaining in popularity over the past decade , now being utilized in as many as 11% of patients older than 50 who undergo bct . in the american society of breast surgeons ( asbs ) mammosite ( hologic inc , bedford , ma , usa ) registry trial , device - to - skin spacing > 7 mm was associated with better cosmetic outcome . thus , close skin spacing ( 7 mm ) has been since then feared to cause worse toxicity and produce inferior cosmetic outcomes . given the increasing use of apbi , multiple consensus guidelines and patient selection criteria have been developed to allow for the selection of the most appropriate patients [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] . however , none of these guidelines include any selection factors or dose tolerance limits in regards to device - to - skin spacing or maximum skin dose when multi - lumen or catheter devices are utilized . had shown that patients are at risk of developing telangiectasia if...

purposeaccelerated partial breast irradiation ( apbi ) using a single - lumen device is associated with better cosmetic outcomes if the spacing between the applicator and skin is > 7 mm . however , there are no reports addressing the late toxicity and clinical outcomes in patients treated with single - entry multi - lumen / catheter applicators who had close skin spacing ( 7 mm or less ) . we undertook this study to report clinical outcome , acute and late toxicity as well as cosmesis of early stage breast cancer patients with close skin spacing treated with apbi using multi - lumen or multi - catheter devices.material and methodsthis is a retrospective study of all breast cancer patients who had undergone apbi using single - entry multi - lumen / catheter devices in a single institution between 2008 to 2012 . the study was limited to those with 7 mm spacing between the device and skin.resultswe identified 37 patients and 38 lesions with skin spacing of 7 mm . seven lesions ( 18% ) had spacing of 3 mm . median follow - up was 47.5 months . there was one case of ipsilateral breast recurrence and one ipsilateral axillary recurrence . based on rtog criteria , 22 treated lesions experienced grade 1 and 9 lesions experienced grade 2 toxicity . twenty - one lesions experienced late grade 1 toxicity . one patient had to undergo mastectomy due to mastitis . twenty - four treated breasts showed excellent and 11 had good cosmetic outcome . overall cosmesis trended towards a significant correlation with skin spacing . however , all patients with 3 mm skin spacing experienced acute and late toxicities.conclusionsaccelerated partial breast irradiation can be safely performed in patients with skin spacing of 7 mm using single - entry multi - lumen / catheter applicators with excellent cosmetic outcomes and an acceptable toxicity profile . however , skin spacing of 3 mm is associated with acute and late toxicity and should be avoided if possible .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: methyl - directed mismatch repair ( mmr ) is the primary pathway for correcting replication errors and errant recombination events in escherichia coli ( 18 ) making a functional mmr pathway essential for ensuring the informational integrity of the chromosome , genomic stability and an acceptable cellular mutation rate . functionally homologous repair systems , directed towards the repair of base pair mismatches as well as small insertions and deletions , also exist in eukaryotic organisms [ for reviews see ( 4,5,8,9 ) ] . importantly , homologues of the bacterial muts and mutl proteins have been identified in every cellular organism studied to date , including yeast and humans , suggesting that the basic strategy used to repair base pair mismatches and insertion / deletion loops is highly conserved . although the in vivo signal for strand discrimination and the mechanism of damage - containing strand excision are uncertain in eukaryotes , mismatch recognition and repair involving the muts and mutl homologues appears to be very similar to the bacterial system . the fundamental importance of a functional mismatch repair pathway is underscored by the fact that , in humans , defects in mismatch repair result in genomic instability that can lead to certain types of cancer , especially hereditary colon cancer ( 1015 ) . the primary components of the bacterial mmr pathway have been uncovered in a series of elegant biochemical and genetic studies , and include the mutator proteins ( mutl , muts , muth and uvrd / mutu ) , several exonucleases , including exoi , exovii , recj and exox , dna polymerase iii , single - stranded dna ( ssdna ) binding protein , dna ligase and the dam methylase ( 1623 ) . these proteins act in concert , after passage of the replication fork , to correct base pair mismatches and small insertion the complete mismatch repair pathway has been reconstituted in vitro ( 24 ) and the sequence of events in the mismatch repair process has been well described using this in vitro system [ for reviews...

uvrd is a superfamily i dna helicase with well documented roles in excision repair and methyl - directed mismatch repair ( mmr ) in addition to poorly understood roles in replication and recombination . the mutl protein is a homodimeric dna - stimulated atpase that plays a central role in mmr in escherichia coli . this protein has been characterized as the master regulator of mismatch repair since it interacts with and modulates the activity of several other proteins involved in the mismatch repair pathway including muts , muth and uvrd . here we present a brief summary of recent studies directed toward arriving at a better understanding of the interaction between mutl and uvrd , and the impact of this interaction on the activity of uvrd and its role in mismatch repair .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: anyone who has ever suffered jet lag knows firsthand that our bodies are persistent in how they keep track of time . this timekeeping system structures the different physiological processes to work together over the course of the day in synchrony with the physical world . the master network coordinating this timing system is based in the suprachiasmatic nucleus ( scn ) of the hypothalamus , where neurons exhibit circadian ( lit . about a day ) rhythms in their electrical activity and are driven by cell - autonomous molecular feedback loops.1 these neural activity rhythms are critical for circadian output and are reciprocally required for the sustained generation of their own internal molecular oscillations . output from this scn clock regulates oscillatory sleep and arousal control centers , leading downstream to the organization of our daily sleep wake behavior ( figure 1 ) . during jet lag , a rapid shift in the sleep wake cycle transiently disrupts this coordinated regulation , and ( 1 ) the clock network loses synchrony with the external environment and ( 2 ) the many oscillators within our bodies become desynchronized with each other . temporary circadian desynchronization has many effects , but the most obvious are impaired sleep at night and excessive daytime sleepiness during the day , which bring patients to the attention of the sleep clinician . this article provides a framework for understanding the biological basis of jet lag and for recommending management strategies . understanding jet lag can help us address the broader problem of circadian misalignment , which has increasingly been associated with increased risk for cancer , metabolic disease , cardiovascular dysfunction , mood disorders , and cognitive decline.24 although there have been a number of attempts to model the processes that regulate the sleep wake cycle , the two - process model of sleep regulation has had the most widespread acceptance across the chronobiological community ( figure 2 ) . in the simplest terms , this model...

the circadian system regulates the cyclical occurrence of wakefulness and sleep through a series of oscillatory networks that comprise two different theoretical processes . the suprachiasmatic nucleus ( scn ) of the hypothalamus contains the master oscillatory network necessary for coordinating these daily rhythms , and in addition to its ability to robustly generate rhythms , it can also synchronize to environmental light cues . during jet lag , abrupt shifts in the environmental light dark cycle temporarily desynchronize the scn and downstream oscillatory networks from each other , resulting in increased sleepiness and impaired daytime functioning . polysomnographic data show that not only does jet lag result in changes of sleep wake timing , but also in different aspects of sleep architecture . this type of circadian misalignment can further lead to a cluster of symptoms including major metabolic , cardiovascular , psychiatric , and neurological impairments . there are a number of treatment options for jet lag involving bright light exposure , melatonin , and use of hypnotics , but their efficacy greatly depends on their time of use , the length of time in the new time zone , and the specific circadian disturbance involved . the aim of this review is to provide mechanistic links between the fields of sleep and circadian rhythms to understand the biological basis of jet lag and to apply this information to clinical management strategies .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: in the western cultural tradition the mind tends to be viewed as separated from the body and , in accordance with this tradition , the sciences of the mind try to understand the mind with no reference to the body . in the last few decades , however , this has changed . the cumulative and fast advances of the sciences of the body ( neurosciences , evolutionary biology , genetics , the biological sciences more generally ) make all attempts at studying the mind while ignoring the body less and less plausible . in fact , the idea that the mind is embodied and that to understand the mind it is necessary to take the body into consideration is being accepted by an increasing number of researchers and constitutes the premise of many important current investigations ( barsalou , 1999 , 2008 ; robbins and aydede , 2009 ) . the embodied view of the mind has led to a recognition of the importance of the actions with which the organism responds to the stimuli in determining how the world is represented in the organism 's mind , in contrast to the traditional emphasis on mental representations as either entirely abstract or derived only from sensory input . this action - based view of the mind underlies a number of important ideas such as the grounding of symbols in the interactions of the organism with the physical environment ( harnad , 1990 ) , the mental ( neural ) simulation of actions as a crucial component of all sorts of understanding ( gallese et al . , 1996 ; rizzolatti and craighero , 2004 ) , the mental representation of objects in terms not of their sensory properties but of the actions that the objects make possible ( affordances ; gibson , 1977 ) , the action - based nature of categories ( borghi et al . , 2002 ; di ferdinando and parisi , 2004 ) . the embodied view of the mind is also reflected in computational models which reproduce the part of the body more directly linked to the mind , i.e. , the brain ( artificial neural networks ) and , more recently , the entire body of the organism ( robotics ) ,...

embodied theories of mind tend to be theories of the cognitive half of the mind and to ignore its emotional half while a complete theory of the mind should account for both halves . robots are a new way of expressing theories of the mind which are less ambiguous and more capable to generate specific and non - controversial predictions than verbally expressed theories . we outline a simple robotic model of emotional states as states of a sub - part of the neural network controlling the robot 's behavior which has specific properties and which allows the robot to make faster and more correct motivational decisions , and we describe possible extensions of the model to account for social emotional states and for the expression of emotions that , unlike those of current emotional robots , are really felt by the robot in that they play a well - identified functional role in the robot 's behavior .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: malaria parasite transmission remains a serious international public health problem . in sub - saharan africa ( ssa ) , anopheles gambiae s.s . funestus are the primary vectors of malaria parasites and show highly anthropophilic tendencies [ 1 - 3 ] . approximately 70% of the total ssa population lives in areas infested with malaria vectors , although urban areas typically have lower anopheline mosquito populations and less malaria as compared to rural areas . it is generally thought that the abundance of clean , sun - lit , and shallow bodies of water makes rural populations especially vulnerable to increased contact with anopheline mosquitoes . likewise , the absence of suitable habitat and increased water pollution generally inhibits the development of anopheline larvae in urban centers , resulting in fewer anopheles mosquitoes . other studies on the epidemiology of urban malaria have demonstrated that the density of anophelines , and corresponding malaria parasite transmission , increases as the distance to the city center increases , with rural areas being more likely to harbor anopheles mosquitoes as compared to urban areas [ 7 - 13 ] . these studies further concluded that city centers were significantly less likely to harbor mosquitoes as a result of decreased open space , increased pollution , different economic activities , and improved socioeconomic conditions . to what extent this is unequivocally true , or changing , is unclear , as many urban ssa populations live in overcrowded and denuded areas without access to safe water and sanitation services , paved roads , adequate housing , or engineered drainage systems , and continue to engage in rural - type activities to sustain an urban existence . commercial and household - level urban farming represents one rural - type activity that is both abundant in many ssa cities , and has been associated with anopheline mosquitoes [ 15 - 17 ] . on the coast of kenya , urban residents often supplement their diet and income with produce grown on small patches...

backgroundthis study characterized anopheles mosquito larval habitats in relation to ecological attributes about the habitat and community - level drainage potential , and investigated whether agricultural activities within or around urban households increased the probability of water body occurrence . malindi , a city on the coast of kenya , was mapped using global positioning system ( gps ) technology , and a geographic information system ( gis ) was used to overlay a measured grid , which served as a sampling frame . grid cells were stratified according to the level of drainage in the area , and 50 cells were randomly selected for the study . cross - sectional household and entomological surveys were conducted during november and december 2002 within the 50 grid cells . chi - square analysis was used to test whether water bodies differed fundamentally between well and poorly drained areas , and multi - level logistic regression was used to test whether household - level agricultural activity increased the probability of water body occurrence in the grid cell.resultsinterviews were conducted with one adult in 629 households . a total of 29 water bodies were identified within the sampled areas . this study found that characteristics of water bodies were fundamentally the same in well and poorly drained areas . this study also demonstrated that household - level urban agriculture was not associated with the occurrence of water bodies in the grid cell , after controlling for potential confounders associated with distance to the city center , drainage , access to resources , and population density.conclusionshousehold-level urban agricultural activity may be less important than the other types of human perturbation in terms of mosquito larval habitat creation . the fact that many larvae were coming from few sites , and few sites in general were found under relatively dry conditions suggests that mosquito habitat reduction is a reasonable and attainable goal in malindi .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: birth weight , like growth , is determined by the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors . however , birth weight varies within genetically similar populations [ 1 , 2 ] , suggesting that environmental factors play a significant role . low birth weight ( lbw ) is defined as weighing less than 2500 g ( 5.5 pounds ) at birth , and is an important predictor of mortality and morbidity in the neonatal period , early postnatal growth , and growth during childhood . it also has negative effects on cognitive and behavioral development in the first years of life , health status during childhood , and adult health . infants who are born with low birth weight ( lbw ; birth weight < 2500 g ) are divided into 2 categories : those who were born too early and those born too small . the 2 categories of lbw preterm delivery ( ptd ) and intrauterine growth retardation ( iugr ) separate infant health outcomes and have different causes . causes and risk factors for lbw , attributable to both ptd and iugr , have been studied extensively , although earlier literature primarily grouped ptd and iugr into the larger lbw category . in developing countries , most cases of lbw are attributed to intrauterine growth retardation ( iugr ) rather than to preterm delivery . maternal risk factors for having an infant with lbw in general include young age , unmarried marital status , less education , lower income , smoking , poor nutrition , and having had a previous infant with lbw [ 8 , 9 ] . the association of other factors such as stress and exposure to some types of work during pregnancy remains unproven . other risk factors for lbw such as maternal age , although not themselves environmental factors , are strongly influenced by the social environment . recent literature has demonstrated that maternal stress , isolation , depression , and anxiety were associated with lbw [ 1014 ] . some studies have linked high maternal self - esteem , optimistic personality traits , and strong social networks with higher birth...

objectives . we examined association between incidence rate of low birth weight in liveborn infants and maternal sociodemographic status in tuzla canton during 19921995 war in bosnia and herzegovina . methods . the present study covers a 22-year period ( 19882009 ) , including the war period ( 19921995 ) , and we retrospectively collected data on a total of 108 316 liveborn infants and their mothers from three different socioeconomic periods : before ( 19881991 ) , during ( 19921995 ) , and after the war ( 19962009 ) . association between incidence rate of low birth weight in liveborn infants and maternal sociodemographic status were determined for each study period . results . there were 23 194 live births in the prewar , 18 302 during the war , and 66 820 in the postwar period . among the liveborn infants born during the war , 1373 ( 7.5% ) had birth weight of < 2500 g , which is significantly more in comparison with 851 ( 3.6% ) liveborn infants in this birth weight group born before and 1864 ( 2.8% ) after the war . we found the number of examinations during pregnancy was 1.8 per pregnant woman in the war period , which was low in comparison with the number of examinations before ( 4.6 per pregnant woman ) and after ( 7.1 per pregnant woman ) the war ( p<.001 for both ) . prewar perinatal mortality lbw infants of 6.2 per 1000 live births increased to 10.8 per 1000 live births during the war ( p<.001 ) , but after the war , perinatal mortality lbw infants ( 5.2 ) and early neonatal mortality ( 2.4 ) decreased . conclusions . we found statistically significant association between low - birth - weight and maternal sociodemographic status in tuzla canton during 19921995 war in bosnia and herzegovina .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: sepsis and septic multiple organ failure are leading causes of morbidity and death in critically ill patients . alterations to the patient 's immune system , with an excessive systemic inflammatory response on one hand and paralysis of cell - mediated immunity on the other , appear to be the key elements in the pathogenesis of multiple organ failure and susceptibility to infection . thus far , immune - based interventions have met with limited success , at least in phase iii trials . a better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of multiple organ failure is needed if we are to develop new therapeutic strategies . during the past few years our knowledge in the field of sepsis improved through the use of new animal models that are closer to the human situation than were their predecessors , and as a result of novel immune diagnostic techniques . the paper by angele and faist focuses on the effects of blood loss and surgical injury on cell - mediated responses , and it provides a comprehensive review on this important issue . those authors themselves significantly contributed to our current ' state of the art ' knowledge . the studies summarized in that review indicate that injury , trauma and blood loss result in a marked suppression in cell - mediated immunity that is associated with an increased susceptibility to wound infection and sepsis . in particular , the alterations in monocyte / macrophage and lymphocyte function are addressed . monocytes from patients after blood loss , trauma and major surgery frequently exhibit depressed ex vivo secretion of tumour necrosis factor ( tnf ) , il-12 and other cytokines in response to lipopolysaccharide , and a downregulation in hla - dr expression and antigen - presenting capacity . in addition , t cells , in particular type 1 cytokine - secreting t cells , show functional abnormalities . in some clinical situations an expansion of type 2 cytokine - secreting cd8 t cells was observed . in addition , the review notes important differences between sexes in altered...

multiple organ failure is the major problem in intensive care patients . the failure of the organ ' immune system ' is frequently overlooked , however . in this issue the article by angele and faist provides an excellent review of the topic . deactivation of monocyte and lymphocyte functions seems to play a key role in post - traumatic immunodepression . to accompany that review we summarize our knowledge of the mechanisms of deactivation . stress response , lipopolysaccharide translocalization and tissue injury contribute to ' immunoparalysis ' . recently developed , well standardized assays now allow us to monitor the immune system like other organ functions and opens new approaches for therapeutic interventions .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: a 34-year - old female presented with history of injury to the left eye while viewing bursting firecrackers during a local festival . on initial evaluation , the patient was noted to be alert and oriented , and to have an isolated injury to the left orbit with normal neurologic examination . local examination showed a metallic bar embedded in her left orbit with a part of it protruding out through her upper eyelid [ fig . anterior segment examination was unremarkable except a relative afferent pupillary defect in the left eye . ( a ) clinical photograph showing metallic foreign body protruding through left upper eyelid , ( b ) computed tomography scan of the orbits showing the l- shaped metallic foreign body , ( c ) computed tomography scan three - dimensional reconstruction showing spike - like protrusions along the foreign body ( streak artifacts ) , ( d ) foreign body measurement after removal fundus examination of the left eye revealed blurred optic disc margins , disc hemorrhage , multiple choroidal folds , and retinal hemorrhages at the posterior pole [ fig . foreign body indentation was present nasal to the optic disc which became more prominent with adduction . a localized retinal detachment of 34 disc diameters size with subretinal hemorrhage was present adjacent to it [ fig . 2b ] , but no retinal break was noted , which indicated the possibility of posterior scleral injury by the sharp end of the foreign body and self - sealing of the wound subsequently . ( a ) fundus photograph showing indistinct optic disc margins , retinal hemorrhages , and choroidal folds at posterior pole , ( b ) foreign body indentation with subretinal hemorrhage and localized retinal detachment in the nasal retina , ( c ) postoperative resolution of disc edema , hemorrhages , and choroidal folds , ( d ) postoperative disappearance of foreign body indentation and resolution of retinal detachment , with persistent subretinal hemorrhage computed tomography ( ct ) scan of the orbits [ fig . l- shaped metallic foreign body...

a 34-year - old female presented with firecracker injury with curved metallic foreign body embedded in the left orbit and protruding out through the upper eyelid . the report highlights notable aspects in diagnosis , decision - making , and successful removal of this unusual case of retro - orbital foreign body .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: in a study in the previous issue of critical care , huang and colleagues observed that , in the critically ill , adipose - fatty acid - binding protein ( a - fabp ) concentrations were elevated and that the serum a - fabp concentrations were independently related to serum creatinine , fasting plasma glucose , total cholesterol , tumor necrosis factor - alpha ( tnf- ) , albumin , and the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation ii scores , suggesting that higher a - fabp levels ( > 40 ng / ml ) were associated with an unfavorable outcome in patients with sepsis . these results not only are interesting but also suggest that perhaps a - fabp could be used a biomarker of prognosis in the critically ill . but it is not clear why a - fabp levels should be increased in the critically ill or what this increase signifies . adipocyte fatty acid - binding protein ( a - fabp or fabp4 ) , also known as ap2 ( adipocyte protein 2 ) , is a carrier protein for fatty acids and is expressed primarily in adipocytes and macrophages . a - fabp belongs to the fatty acid - binding protein super - family whose members have relative molecular masses of approximately 15,000 . a - fabp is a predominant cytosolic protein of mature adipocytes , accounts for approximately 6% of total cellular proteins , and is an important regulator of systemic insulin sensitivity and lipid and glucose metabolism . mice deficient in a - fabp are protected from development of hyperinsulinemia , hyperglycemia , and insulin resistance . adipocytes obtained from a - fabp - null mice had markedly reduced efficiency of lipolysis in vivo and in vitro and showed a two- to three - fold decrease in fatty acid release , suggesting that a - fabp regulates efflux of fatty acids under normal physiological conditions . acute insulin secretory response to -adrenergic stimulation was profoundly suppressed in a - fabpmice compared with their wild - type littermates , indicating that a - fabp could regulate systemic insulin sensitivity through its actions on other...

sepsis due to unabated inflammation is common . increased production of pro - inflammatory cytokines , free radicals , and eicosanoids has been detected in sepsis and other critical illnesses but could also be due to decreased synthesis and release of anti - inflammatory molecules . increased serum adipose - fatty acid - binding protein ( a - fabp ) levels can cause insulin resistance and have been reported in the critically ill , serve as a marker of prognosis , and thus link metabolic homeostasis and inflammation . a - fabp can be linked to the expression of toll - like receptors , macrophage activation , synthesis and release of pro - inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor - alpha , activation of cyclooxygenase 2 ( cox-2 ) expression , and eicosanoid synthesis , events that can cause insulin resistance and initiation and progression of inflammation and sepsis . unsaturated fatty acids and their anti - inflammatory products , such as lipoxins , resolvins , and protectins , may suppress a - fabp expression , inhibit macrophage and cox-2 activation , and decrease production of pro - inflammatory cytokines and ultimately could lead to a decrease in insulin resistance and resolution of inflammation and recovery from sepsis . serial measurement of these pro- and anti - inflammatory molecules and correlation of their levels to the progression to or recovery from ( or both ) sepsis and other inflammatory processes may form a new approach to predict prognosis in inflammatory conditions and eventually could lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that has become a major health and economic problem nowadays . 387 million people in the world suffer from diabetes and it is forecast that the number will be 205 million more in 2035 . the state expenses incurred on the disease include not only medications , hospital inpatient care , and medical visits but also indirect costs like absenteeism , reduced productivity , and inability to work . because of that , more attention is paid to prophylaxis of obesity as well as to optimization and individualization of diabetes treatment . type 2 diabetes mellitus ( t2 dm ) is determined by genetic and environmental causes . the risk factors contributing to the disease are , inter alia , age , body mass index , physical inactivity , and sedentary lifestyle [ 4 , 5 ] . as far as genetic factors predisposing to t2 dm are concerned , genetic variants modifying the risk of development of the disease have been identified ; however , altogether , they explain only a small proportion of the genetic background of t2 dm [ 6 , 7 ] . among possible causes of missing heritability gene , environment interactions are mentioned . in recent years , there have been many studies on the relationship between the composition of the gastrointestinal bacterial flora , t2 dm , and obesity [ 911 ] . these analyses indicate that the etiology of the various forms of diabetes , especially those associated with obesity and insulin resistance , such as t2 dm , may be related to intestinal microflora [ 9 , 10 ] . on the other hand , monogenic forms of the disease , like maturity onset diabetes of the young ( mody ) , are determined mostly by genetic factors , with minor effect of the environment . hnf1a - mody is one of the most common forms of subtypes of mody [ 12 , 13 ] . it is caused by mutation in hnf1a ( hepatic nuclear factor 1 alpha ) gene . hnf1a - mody is characterized by progressive hyperglycemia , with the onset of diabetes in youth . the differences in the gut microbiota between patients with t2...

background . type 2 diabetes mellitus ( t2 dm ) is determined by genetic and environmental factors . there have been many studies on the relationship between the composition of the gastrointestinal bacterial flora , t2 dm , and obesity . there are no data , however , on the gut microbiome structure in monogenic forms of the disease including maturity onset diabetes of the young ( mody ) . methods . the aim of the investigation was to compare the qualitative parameters of the colonic flora in patients with hnf1a - mody and t2 dm and healthy individuals . 16s sequencing of bacterial dna isolated from the collected fecal samples using the miseq platform was performed . results . there were significant between - group differences in the bacterial profile . at the phylum level , the amount of proteobacteria was higher ( p = 0.0006 ) and the amount of bacteroidetes was lower ( p = 0.0005 ) in t2 dm group in comparison to the control group . in hnf1a - mody group , the frequency of bacteroidetes was lower than in the control group ( p = 0.0143 ) . at the order level , turicibacterales was more abundant in hnf1a - mody group than in t2 dm group . conclusions . it appears that there are differences in the gut microbiome composition between patients with hnf1a - mody and type 2 diabetes . further investigation on this matter should be conducted .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: multiple sclerosis ( ms ) is an immune - mediated disease affecting central nervous system ( cns ) , characterized by demyelination and axonal degeneration . the etiology of ms is still unknown , although it is believed a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors may have a role . although ms is classically considered a white matter ( wm ) disease , the involvement of gray matter ( gm ) in the pathogenic process has been confirmed by pathology studies [ 3 , 4 ] . in the last years cognitive impairment ( ci ) has been recognized as an important feature of ms , affecting up to 65% of patients . impairment of cognitive domains such as memory , mental processing speed , attention , and executive function can occur from the early stage of the disease and tends to worsen over time , resulting in significant functional impairment at work and at home , despite minimal physical disability [ 6 , 7 ] . it has been shown that wm demyelination is moderately correlated with ci , suggesting that probably wm abnormalities alone can not fully explain the extent of clinical symptoms in ms , including ci [ 8 , 9 ] . the definition of the pathogenic mechanism underlying the development of ci is crucial in order to identify novel biomarkers to monitor disease progression and therapy neuroprotective effect . several mri techniques have shown the involvement of gm in ms and the association between gm damage , physical disability , and ci [ 1012 ] . the aim of this review is to provide an overview of ci and gm damage assessed by structural mri . a review of functional imaging and its correlation with cognitive performance has not been included in the present paper . ci may affect patients at any stage of the disease , including patients with clinically isolated syndrome ( cis ) . a rarely occurring variant of ms , with an exclusive impairment of cognitive function , has also been described . cognitive deficit can be detected in benign ms patients ( bms ) ; however it has been shown that ci tends to increase with...

multiple sclerosis ( ms ) is an immune - mediated disease affecting central nervous system ( cns ) . although ms is classically considered a white matter ( wm ) disease , the involvement of gray matter ( gm ) in the pathogenic process has been confirmed by pathology studies and mri studies . impairment of cognitive domains such as memory , mental processing speed , attention , and executive function can occur from the early stage of the disease and tends to worsen over time , despite stable physical symptoms . wm demyelination is moderately correlated with ci , suggesting that probably wm abnormalities alone can not fully explain the extent of clinical symptoms in ms , including ci . several mri techniques have shown the involvement of gm in ms and the association between gm damage , physical disability , and ci . the aim of this review is to provide an overview of ci and gm damage assessed by structural brain mri .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: the mammalian gastrointestinal ( gi ) tract harbors a dense and diverse microbial community , which is composed primarily of bacteria but also includes fungi , archaea , and viruses ; collectively , these are referred to as the intestinal microbiota . these microorganisms establish symbiotic relationships with their hosts , playing crucial roles in the digestion of food and exerting a considerable influence on the physiological , metabolic , nutritional , and immunological state of the host [ 24 ] . recent studies have demonstrated that alterations in the composition of intestinal microbiota are linked to multiple metabolic and inflammatory diseases in humans , including obesity , inflammatory bowel disease ( ibd ) , colorectal cancer , allergy , type 2 diabetes , liver cirrhosis , rheumatoid arthritis , and neurodevelopmental disorders [ 512 ] . these associations raise fundamental questions regarding the immunomodulatory mechanisms by which components of the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites influence resistance or susceptibility to a broad range of clinically important diseases . allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ( allo - hsct ) is the only curative therapy for hematologic malignant tumors , bone marrow failure , and congenital metabolic disorders . however , the development of acute graft - versus - host disease ( agvhd ) limits the success of allo - hsct and is fatal to approximately 15% of transplant recipients [ 13 , 14 ] . agvhd results from an immunological attack on target recipient organs and tissues ( such as the skin , liver , lung , and gi tract ) by donor allogeneic t cells that are transferred along with the allograft . the development and severity of agvhd in transplant recipients depend on factors such as recipient age , toxicity of the conditioning regimen , hematopoietic graft source , and agvhd prophylaxis approaches . steroids are the first line of treatment , but patients with steroid - refractory agvhd have a dismal outcome , with long - term mortality rates...

the mammalian intestinal microbiota is a complex ecosystem that plays an important role in host immune responses . recent studies have demonstrated that alterations in intestinal microbiota composition are linked to multiple inflammatory diseases in humans , including acute graft - versus - host disease ( agvhd ) . agvhd is one of the major obstacles in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ( allo - hsct ) , characterized by tissue damage in the gastrointestinal ( gi ) tract , liver , lung , and skin . here , we review the current understanding of the role of intestinal microbiota in the control of immune responses during agvhd . additionally , the possibility of using probiotic strains for potential treatment or prevention of agvhd will be discussed .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: the two surveys provide estimates of hcv prevalence in egypt for the country as a whole and broken down for the major administrative regions ( urban governorates , lower egypt , upper egypt and the frontier governorates ) . in both edhs 2008 and ehis 2015 , those aged 1559 years were invited to participate , however , in ehis 2015 , children aged 6 months to 14 years were also included 4 , 5 . basic demographic information was collected , including : age , gender , marital status , place of residence , level of education , work status and wealth status . the laboratory procedures applied in 2015 were similar to those in 2008 4 , 5 . in 2015 , consented individuals provided 7 ml of venous blood added to an edta vacutainer tube . in the field laboratory , the 2015 ehis biomarker staff centrifuged the blood and transferred the serum to five microvials that were stored in liquid nitrogen tanks before being transferred to the central public health laboratory ( cphl ) in cairo . a hepatitis c testing algorithm used thirdgeneration enzyme immunoassay ( elisa ) to determine the presence of hcv antibodies . a more specific assay , the chemiluminescent microplate immunoassay ( cia ) was used to confirm hcv antibody status for elisapositive samples and 5% of the elisanegative samples . quantitative realtime pcr was used to test for hcv rna in hcv antibodypositive samples to confirm active infections . a quality control procedure of retesting of approximately 10% of all samples was undertaken at the cphl and a further external quality control was done at the theodor bilharz research institute , in cairo , by retesting approximately 5% of the samples tested at the cphl 5 . the only key difference between this procedure and that of the previous survey is that , in 2008 , the quality control measure ( 10% of samples retested ) at cphl was not carried out . comparisons were carried out for hcv antibody and hcv rnapositive tests , by estimating the absolute and relative risk reductions between the two surveys in comparable...

abstractbackground & aimsin 2015 , a national egyptian health issue survey was conducted to describe the prevalence of hepatitis c virus ( hcv ) infection . in this paper , we describe the hcv burden in 2015 , compare the results with the national survey conducted in 2008 , and discuss the implications of the new findings on prevention of hcv in egypt.methodsa multistage probability sampling approach was used , similar to the national demographic survey conducted in 2008 . more than 90% of sampled individuals complied with the interview and provided blood samples.resultsin the 1559year age groups , the prevalence of hcv antibody was found to be 10.0% ( 95% ci 9.510.5 ) and that of hcv rna to be 7.0% ( 95% ci 6.67.4 ) . in children , 114 years old , the prevalence of hcv antibody and hcv rna were 0.4% ( 95% ci 0.30.5 ) and 0.2% ( 95% ci 0.10.3 ) respectively . approximately , 3.7 million persons have chronic hcv infection in the age group 1559 in 2015 . an estimated 29% reduction in hcv rna prevalence has been seen since 2008 , which is largely attributable to the ageing of the group infected 4050 years ago during the mass schistosomiasis treatment campaigns . prevention efforts may have also contributed to this decline , with an estimated 75% ( 95% ci 645 ) decrease in hcv incidence in the 019 year age groups over the past 20 years.conclusionsthese findings can be used to shape future hcv prevention policies in egypt .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: sjgren 's syndrome ( ss ) is a chronic , progressive autoimmune disease that mainly affects exocrine glands including the salivary and lacrimal glands1 ) . functional impairment of these glands by focal lymphocyte infiltration diminishes the production of tears and saliva and produces the clinical findings of persistent dry mouth and eyes . in addition to glandular manifestations , some patients with ss have a disorder that is complicated by multiple organ involvement ; extra - glandular or systemic clinical features such as : arthritis , fatigue , lymphoma , and vasculitis may be present2 ) . antinuclear antibody ( ana ) and rheumatoid factor ( rf ) are frequently detected in serologic tests of these patients in the course of the diagnosis of ss . antibodies directed to extractable nuclear antigens , such as anti - ro or anti - la , are known to be more specific for a diagnosis of ss3 ) . ss may occur as primary ss , which develops alone , or it can be associated with a variety of systemic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis , systemic lupus erythematosus , or primary biliary cirrhosis4 - 6 ) . few cases of ss associated with seronegative spondyloarthropathy ( spa ) , such as ankylosing spondylitis , reactive arthritis ( rea ) , psoriatic arthritis , and undifferentiated spa , have been reported until recently7 - 9 ) . however , most of the overlapping features have occurred in undifferentiated spa and ss , whereas ss in patients with rea is rarely reported in the literature . we report a case of ss and concurrent chlamydia - induced rea ; this is the first report in the korean population . a 40-year - old man presented with a history of swelling and pain of both ankle joints and plantar surfaces , and inflammatory back pain for 5 years . the patient had a medical history of urethritis with a recurrent dysuria and pyuria , which was intermittently treated with systemic antibiotics . a physical examination revealed significant swelling of both ankle joints and severe tenderness around the bony...

a 40-year - old korean man presented with painful swelling and tenderness of both ankle joints as well as the plantar surfaces of both feet , along with inflammatory back pain , and a purulent discharge from the urethral orifice . the patient also complained of sicca - like symptoms including dry eyes and dry mouth . an immunological analysis revealed a high titer of rheumatoid factor , positive results for antinuclear antibody and anti - ro antibody , and a positive result for hla - b27 . an antibody titer for chlamydia was also significantly increased . positive results of the schirmer 's test and for keratoconjunctivitis sicca were confirmed by an ophthalmologist . these clinical manifestations were compatible with chlamydia - induced reactive arthritis ( rea ) accompanied by sjgren 's syndrome ( ss ) . this is the first report of the combination of these two distinct disease entities in the korean population .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: nivolumab is an anti - programmed death 1 ( pd-1 ) monoclonal antibody and has been reported to be useful for treatment of cancers including malignant melanoma . a recent case report documenting fatal nivolumab - related myasthenia gravis ( mg ) has caused concern about the risk of increased toxicity in patients with pre - existing mg who receive nivolumab for the management of metastatic melanoma . it is unclear what will occur if a patient with pre - existing mg receives nivolumab . a 79-year - old man began to receive immune checkpoint therapy with nivolumab at a dose of 2 mg / kg every 3 weeks for the management of submandibular lymph node metastasis from malignant melanoma , which arose in his forehead 3 years ago and was previously treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy . the patient had a > 20-year history of ocular mg according to osserman s classification . durable remission was maintained by treatment with oral corticosteroids ( 3 mg every other day ) . a routine serum chemical test on day 43 , after the patient had received 2 doses of nivolumab , revealed a grade 3 elevation of the creatine phosphokinase ( cpk ) level to 1,627 iu / l ( institutional normal range , 62 to 287 iu / l ) ( fig . the patient did not experience muscle pain , muscle weakness , or any other symptoms . the cpk level decreased to 469 iu / l on day 100 and was at worst grade 1 subsequently . however , after the third dose of nivolumab , the patient had diplopia , facial muscle weakness , and difficulty in drinking water on day 106 . positive results of an acetylcholine receptor antibody test ( 20.0 nmol / l , normal range , 0.2 nmol / l ) supported the diagnosis . . apparent shrinkage of the metastatic lymph nodes was observed on computed tomographic imaging after the patient had received 10 doses of nivolumab ( fig . fdg - pet / ct before and after administration of nivolumab uptake of lymph node metastases decreased after ten doses of nivolumab . anti - pd-1 antibodies enhance immune response to tumor cells and to normal host...

abstracta 79-year - old man with lymph node recurrence of malignant melanoma received nivolumab , an anti - programmed death 1 ( pd-1 ) monoclonal antibody . he had pre - existing ocular myasthenia gravis ( mg ) and a continued small amount of corticosteroid . grade 3 creatine phosphokinase elevation appeared after two doses of nivolumab , and the treatment was postponed until it improved to grade 1 . after three doses of nivolumab , he experienced diplopia and facial muscle weakness which were consistent with an acute exacerbation of mg , and the symptoms relieved without additional treatment for mg . he achieved shrinkage of metastasis after ten doses of nivolumab . although a case who died due to mg after administration of nivolumab was reported recently , pre - existing mg is considered not to be always a contraindication of nivolumab .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: a definitive diagnosis of a lymphoma is based on cytological analysis of the intraocular fluids or tissues . we report two cases of intraocular lymphoma diagnosed by the analyses of vitreous and infusion fluid . case 1 was a 66-year - old woman who complained of eye floaters and was found to have diffuse vitreous opacification bilaterally . she received corticosteroid therapy , however the vitreous opacification was not resolved , and her visual acuity ( va ) remained reduced . she underwent pars plana vitrectomy ( ppv ) , and vitreous and infusion fluid were collected to determine the cause of the reduced va . the undiluted vitreous obtained from core ppv was submitted for cytokine analysis , and infusion fluid was obtained from the machine cassette after full ppv and used for cytological analysis . case 2 was a 62-year - old man referred with low vision and was found to have diffuse vitreous opacification in the right eye and dot hemorrhages in both eyes . four years earlier , he had been diagnosed with diffuse large b - cell lymphoma of the paranasal sinuses and was in remission after chemotherapy . because metastasis of the lymphoma was suspected , he underwent ppv , and intraocular samples were collected as in case 1 . the ratio of interleukin ( il)-10 to il-6 was greater than 1.0 in both cases . these results allowed us to make a diagnosis of intraocular lymphoma : primary intraocular lymphoma in case 1 and metastatic intraocular lymphoma in case 2 . vitreous and infusion fluid collected during ppv can be used for diagnosing an intraocular lymphoma . intraocular lymphomas are rare , and they make up less than 1% of intraocular tumors1 and 1% of intraocular inflammations.2 blurred vision and vitreous opacifications are the most common ocular symptoms and signs of an intraocular lymphoma.3 the lifetime prognosis of this disease is poor:4 the 5-year survival rate is 61.1% in japan.3 thus , early diagnosis and treatment are needed . a definitive diagnosis of an intraocular lymphoma is based on cytological...

purposeintraocular lymphomas are rare , and they have poor prognosis . thus , early diagnosis and treatment are needed . a definitive diagnosis of a lymphoma is based on cytological analysis of the intraocular fluids or tissues . we report two cases of intraocular lymphoma diagnosed by the analyses of vitreous and infusion fluid.patientscase 1 was a 66-year - old woman who complained of eye floaters and was found to have diffuse vitreous opacification bilaterally . she received corticosteroid therapy , however the vitreous opacification was not resolved , and her visual acuity ( va ) remained reduced . she underwent pars plana vitrectomy ( ppv ) , and vitreous and infusion fluid were collected to determine the cause of the reduced va . the undiluted vitreous obtained from core ppv was submitted for cytokine analysis , and infusion fluid was obtained from the machine cassette after full ppv and used for cytological analysis . case 2 was a 62-year - old man referred with low vision and was found to have diffuse vitreous opacification in the right eye and dot hemorrhages in both eyes . four years earlier , he had been diagnosed with diffuse large b - cell lymphoma of the paranasal sinuses and was in remission after chemotherapy . because metastasis of the lymphoma was suspected , he underwent ppv , and intraocular samples were collected as in case 1.resultsatypical lymphoid cells were detected from the infusion fluid in both cases . the ratio of interleukin ( il)-10 to il-6 was greater than 1.0 in both cases . these results allowed us to make a diagnosis of intraocular lymphoma : primary intraocular lymphoma in case 1 and metastatic intraocular lymphoma in case 2.conclusionvitreous and infusion fluid collected during ppv can be used for diagnosing an intraocular lymphoma .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: the repercussions of stroke can be devastating , given that it can suddenly and permanently impair some of the most basic functions we all take for granted , including our mobility , speech , and effective swallowing . a national campaign by the stroke association , termed , has recently promoted the swift presentation to healthcare services for any patient suspected of having acute stroke , with assessment for possible early thrombolysis . gold standard care in hospital involves admission to a designated stroke unit . here , a battery of investigations are performed to maximise secondary prevention , and a multidisciplinary team is able to coordinate timely rehabilitation and attention to ongoing medical , nutritional , and psychological needs . amongst the risks of developing anxiety states and disorders of ( usually low ) mood , there exists a frequently occurring symptom of poststroke fatigue ( psf ) which can blight stroke patients ' recovery long after their physical disabilities have resolved . within the nervous system , the latter , for instance , is seen in neuromuscular junction disorders , such as myasthenia gravis , and does have definable parameters as a clinical sign these being diminished postexertional muscle power on the medical research council ( mrc ) scale and a 10% decrement of motor end - plate potentials on electromyography recordings . however , central fatigue is not so easily defined and symptomatically lies on a continuous spectrum encompassing a whole host of fluid terms including vitality , motivation , and mood . it has been described in multiple sclerosis patients as a subjective lack of physical and/or mental energy that is perceived by the individual or caregiver to interfere with usual or desired activities and is thus , by virtue of its own broad definition , a rather idiosyncratic experience open to personal interpretation . this is reflected by the large number of assessment scales or scoring systems for fatigue to be found throughout the literature . to name a...

symptoms of fatigue are often reported by patients in both the acute and chronic stages of recovery following a stroke . it is commonly associated with low mood and sleep disturbances , but can arise in their absence . however , it has also been associated with poorer long - term outcome and , as such , its aetiology warrants a greater understanding . there is convincing evidence that inflammatory cascades and cytokine signalling precipitated by the infarct promote fatigue , and these pathways may harbour therapeutic targets in its management .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: gastrointestinal endoscopy has become a routine medical procedure for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in many diseases . as the number of cases needing an endoscopic procedure has increased , the incidence of various complications have also increased , making their proper management more important [ 1 - 4 ] . air embolism is a very rare endoscopic complication that manifests with cardiopulmonary instability and neurologic symptoms . however , because of similar symptoms , it is difficult to distinguish cerebral infarction from sedative - related complications and , owing to its rarity and the unexplained mechanism involved , physicians rarely suspect brain damage induced by air embolism . we here report our experiences with two adult cases of cerebral air embolism after endoscopic procedures esophageal balloon dilatation and endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation ( epbd)and their clinical outcomes . he had undergone a total gastrectomy with d2 dissection 2 years previously for gastric cancer , and the pathologic stage was t3n0m0 . two months after the operation , bone metastasis was found and chemotherapy was applied with s-1 ( an oral fluorouracil chemotherapeutic agent ) . on admission , he had an eastern cooperative oncology group performance status of 3 and was restricted to a liquid diet . this procedure was performed under sedation with intravenous midazolam ( 2 mg ) and with constant vital sign monitoring . his vital signs were stable during the procedure , and through - the - scope ballooning was performed with a cover - edge wire - guided balloon dilatation catheter ( boston scientific , cork , ireland ) under the following conditions : to 8 mm for 30 seconds with 3 atmospheric pressure , 9 mm for 60 seconds with 4 atmospheric pressure , and 10 mm for 60 seconds with 9 atmospheric pressure ( fig . after the procedure was completed , he became unresponsive ( glasgow coma scale , 3/15 ) , hypotensive ( systolic blood pressure / diastolic blood pressure , 66/41 mm hg ) , and hypopneic (...

cerebral air embolism is an extremely rare complication of endoscopic procedure and often life threatening . we present two cases of cerebral infarction due to air embolization caused by an endoscopic intervention . the first case occurred during esophageal balloon dilatation for the treatment of a stricture of an anastomosis site in a 59-year - old man and the second case occurred during endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation in a 69-year - old man who had distal common bile duct stones . after the procedure , cardiopulmonary instability and altered mental status were observed in both patients , and cerebral air embolism was diagnosed in both cases . hyperbaric oxygen therapy was started in the first case , and high fio2 therapy was applied in the second case . although this complication is rare , patient outcomes can be improved if physicians are aware of this potential complication , and immediately begin proper management .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: a 12-year - old , male neutered domestic shorthair cat was referred for investigation of suspected hyperaldosteronism due to persistent hypokalaemia , hindlimb ataxia , weakness of 1 month s duration and a left adrenal mass that was detected on abdominal ultrasound . hyperaldosteronism and concurrent hyperprogesteronism were confirmed on endocrine testing . on computed tomography ( ct ) of the abdomen and thorax there was no evidence of local vascular invasion by the adrenal mass or of metastatic disease . ct and magnetic resonance imaging featured a large , focal rim - enhancing extra - axial left forebrain lesion consistent with a meningioma . the tumours were classified on histopathology as a psammomatous meningioma and an adrenocortical adenocarcinoma , respectively . in humans , elevated serum progesterone levels have been associated with rapid growth of meningiomas due to the presence of progesterone receptors on the tumour . this is the first report of a cat with a progesterone and aldosterone - secreting adrenocortical adenocarcinoma and a concurrent meningioma . clinicians should be aware of the potential effect of elevated progesterone on meningiomas in cats . in humans , elevated serum progesterone levels have been associated with rapid growth of meningiomas due to the expression of progesterone receptors ( prs ) on tumour cells . here we report a case of a meningioma in a cat with an adrenocortical carcinoma that was co - secreting aldosterone and progesterone . a 12 year - old , male neutered , domestic shorthair cat was referred to the valentine charlton cat centre for investigation of persistent hypokalaemia ( 2.53.3 mmol / l ; reference interval [ ri ] 3.55.8 mmol / l ) , hypertension , hindlimb ataxia and weakness of approximately 1 month s duration . a palpable , left - sided , cranial abdominal mass localised to the left adrenal gland was identified on abdominal ultrasound . on presentation at referral , the cat was agitated , vocalising and pacing compulsively in wide circles to the left...

case summarya 12-year - old , male neutered domestic shorthair cat was referred for investigation of suspected hyperaldosteronism due to persistent hypokalaemia , hindlimb ataxia , weakness of 1 month s duration and a left adrenal mass that was detected on abdominal ultrasound . neurological examination findings at referral were suggestive of a concurrent left forebrain lesion . hyperaldosteronism and concurrent hyperprogesteronism were confirmed on endocrine testing . on computed tomography ( ct ) of the abdomen and thorax there was no evidence of local vascular invasion by the adrenal mass or of metastatic disease . ct and magnetic resonance imaging featured a large , focal rim - enhancing extra - axial left forebrain lesion consistent with a meningioma . surgical excision of the forebrain mass was followed by adrenalectomy 2 weeks later . the tumours were classified on histopathology as a psammomatous meningioma and an adrenocortical adenocarcinoma , respectively . immunohistochemical staining of the meningioma confirmed the presence of progesterone receptors . the cat remains well 2 years later.relevance and novel informationin humans , elevated serum progesterone levels have been associated with rapid growth of meningiomas due to the presence of progesterone receptors on the tumour . this is the first report of a cat with a progesterone and aldosterone - secreting adrenocortical adenocarcinoma and a concurrent meningioma . clinicians should be aware of the potential effect of elevated progesterone on meningiomas in cats .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: although traditionally preeclampsia has been viewed as a condition that resolves completely with the delivery of the placenta , there is now increasing evidence that preeclampsia may constitute a condition with significant long - term health implications for both the mother and child . in particular preeclampsia has recently emerged as an independent risk factor for maternal cardiovascular disease 1015 years after the index pregnancy [ 13 ] . a history of preeclampsia is therefore now considered a relevant factor in the cardiovascular risk assessment in women and is associated with an increase in risk similar in magnitude to a history of dyslipidemia . meta - analysis has demonstrated that in the 1015 years following a preeclamptic pregnancy women have an increased risk of developing hypertension ( rr 3.7 95% c.i . ( 2.75.05 , p < 0.001 ) ) , coronary artery disease ( rr 2.16 95% c.i . ( 1.862.52 , p = 0.001 ) ) , and stroke ( rr 1.81 95% c.i . ( 1.452.27 , p = 0.00 ) . additionally , it has been demonstrated that there is a graded relationship between the risk of cardiac disease and the severity of preeclampsia with maternal risk being greatest with early onset or severe preeclampsia . children born to preeclamptic women have also been demonstrated to have elevated blood pressure in childhood and adolescence [ 712 ] . greater insight into these links may identify new opportunities to understand disease predisposition and treatment and may also raise the possibility that prevention of vascular dysfunction should be an important long - term goal of preeclampsia management . this paper will consider the current literature considering the links between cardiovascular disease and preeclampsia and the implication of these findings for refining the management of patients whose care is complicated by preeclampsia . the aetiology of preeclampsia remains incompletely understood , though disturbed placentation and placental functioning in early pregnancy remains the leading hypothesis . during normal placental...

preeclampsia is increasingly being recognised as more than an isolated disease of pregnancy . in particular , preeclampsia has emerged as an independent risk factor for maternal cardiovascular disease and has recently been recognised as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in children exposed in utero . preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease may share important pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms and further investigation into these is likely to offer insight into the origins of both conditions . this paper considers the links between cardiovascular disease and preeclampsia and the implication of these findings for refinement of the management of patients whose care is complicated by preeclampsia .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: its hallmark features include the presence of cutaneous granulomatous lesions noncontiguous with the gastrointestinal tract or fistulae . we report a very rare case of metastatic crohn 's disease affecting the ear in a man with longstanding crohn 's disease . we aim to highlight the need for clinical suspicion of systemic diseases that may present as a localised ear lesion , in particular , the rare entity of metastatic crohn 's disease . a 43-year - old man with an 18 years history of crohn 's disease developed a severe erythematous and exudative skin lesion in the right postauricular cleft region . the patient had recently completed a course of the therapeutic drug infliximab , a monoclonal antibody for tumour necrosis factor ( tnf ) , which is a key inflammatory agent in systemic inflammatory conditions . gastroenterologists were concerned that the skin lesion was an infective complication of the new therapeutic regimen due to a possible immunosuppressive action . several antibacterial agents were used with no clinical benefit , and the patient was then referred to the ent department for a second opinion . concurrently , the patient had a recurrence of severe perineal crohn 's disease and warranted further course of infliximab . however , given the issue of possible association with the skin lesion , the treatment decision was deferred pending resolution of the skin condition . initial ent examination excluded an otitis externa causing local inflammation from overspill onto the adjacent skin area . appearance of the skin lesion was in keeping with either an infection or severe eczematous inflammation . a skin swab for culture was taken and triadcortyl ointment applied . during the initial consultation , the patient complained of a similar lesion starting in the umbilicus region . the swab result reported heavy growths of beta - hemolytic streptococcus and staphylococcus aureus with moderate anaerobes . triple therapy with flucloxacillin , erythromycin , and...

objective . we reported a very rare case of metastatic crohn 's disease involving the retro - auricular region . method . a case report and a review of literature concerning metastatic crohn 's disease . results . metastatic crohn 's disease is an uncommon extraintestinal cutaneous manifestation of crohn 's disease and a very rare case involving the retro - auricular region is reported here . given the limited existing literature little is known about this condition . the skin lesions appear to have a predilection for the lower trunk and genitalia regions . there is no clear association with the severity of crohn 's disease and in some cases , the cutaneous lesions predate the onset of gastrointestinal crohn 's disease . treatment with immune - modulating medications together with the antitumour necrosis factor monoclonal antibody therapy appears to offer the best chance of remission . conclusion . by reporting this interesting and rare condition we also hope to highlight the importance of considering underlying chronic systemic disorders , such as crohn 's disease , when presented with skin lesions resistant to simple local treatments .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: the pentatricopeptide repeat ( ppr ) superfamily ( 1 ) is characterized by a degenerate 35 amino acid repeat and is specific to eukaryotes although most numerous and varied in the plant kingdom ( 2 ) , with over 400 identified in arabidopsis thaliana ( 3 ) . ppr proteins function in rna stabilization ( 46 ) , editing ( 7 ) , maturation and post - transcriptional modifications ( 8,9 ) and are essential for organelle biogenesis ( 3 ) and translational control ( 1014 ) . mutations can result in cytoplasmic male sterility ( 15,16 ) , impaired seed development ( 17 ) and diverse embryonic defects ( 18 ) . ppr proteins can be broadly divided into two families , those consisting of tandem arrays of canonical p - class motifs and those composed of repeats of triplets of p- , l- and s - class motifs ( 3 ) . regardless of repeat class , conservation of key amino acids from each motif has been correlated with the sequence of known rna targets to establish a statistically and experimentally validated predictive code for rna recognition by ppr proteins ( 1921 ) . this code is consistent with a modular interaction where a base is coordinated by the sixth residue of one ppr repeat , and the first residue of the next repeat . such a modular , predictable , mode of single - stranded rna binding makes ppr proteins a potential scaffold for the design of biotechnologically useful proteins ( 22,23 ) . predictions of an -solenoid tertiary structure for ppr tracts ( 1,24 ) have been confirmed recently by a number of crystal structures including a segment of the mitochondrial rna polymerase ( 25 ) , arabidopsis proteinaceous ribonuclease p ( 26 ) , the p - class ppr protein tha8l ( 27 ) and a synthetic consensus p - class ppr protein ( 28 ) . crystal structures of two ppr proteins , brachypodium tha8 ( 29 ) and zea mays ppr10 ( zmppr10 ) ( 30 ) , in complex with rna have partially confirmed the modular rna - binding mode , but revealed non - modular and idiosyncratic interactions that had not been anticipated based on prior data...

the pentatricopeptide repeat ( ppr ) protein family is a large family of rna - binding proteins that is characterized by tandem arrays of a degenerate 35-amino - acid motif which form an -solenoid structure . ppr proteins influence the editing , splicing , translation and stability of specific rnas in mitochondria and chloroplasts . zea mays ppr10 is amongst the best studied ppr proteins , where sequence - specific binding to two rna transcripts , atph and psaj , has been demonstrated to follow a recognition code where the identity of two amino acids per repeat determines the base - specificity . a recently solved zmppr10:psaj complex crystal structure suggested a homodimeric complex with considerably fewer sequence - specific protein rna contacts than inferred previously . here we describe the solution structure of the zmppr10:atph complex using size - exclusion chromatography - coupled synchrotron small - angle x - ray scattering ( sec - sy - saxs ) . our results support prior evidence that ppr10 binds rna as a monomer , and that it does so in a manner that is commensurate with a canonical and predictable rna - binding mode across much of the rna protein interface .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: world health organization ( who ) has recommended artemisinin class of compounds as promising novel antimalarials for further clinical development . several semisynthetic derivatives of artemisinin , the active ingredient of chinese herb qing hao ( artemisia annua ) used traditionally for treating fevers , have been used increasingly over past two decades . discovery of artemisinin , as the active principle of chinese traditional drug artemisia annua , has opened new possibilities in malaria chemotherapy . artemisinin and its more potent derivatives ( artemether , artemotil , and artesunic acid , etc . ) these drugs are fast acting and are well suited for treatment of cerebral malaria caused by p. falciparum ( drug sensitive as well as drug resistant species ) . peroxide group , present in form of 1,2,4-trioxane , is essential for antimalarial activity of these drugs . the endoperoxide sesquiterpene lactone moiety of this class of compounds is found to be indispensable for the erythorocytic schizontocidal activity and reacts with intraparasitic heme and forms free radicals . these free radicals appear to damage intracellular targets and perform their antimalarial activity [ 24 ] . however , the existing artemisinin class of drugs is to be improved regarding efficacy , neurotoxicity , stability , and pharmacokinetic ( pk ) behaviors . synthesis of a large number of structurally simple trioxanes have been reported , several of which have shown promising in vivo antimalarial activity . central drug research institute ( cdri ) developed a promising antimalarial compound , 97/63 ( racemate ) ( figure 1(a ) ) , in its drug discovery program . 97/63 showed good potency against malarial parasites , in vitro as well as in vivo . it possesses a 1,2,4-trioxane nucleus similar to endoperoxide lactone of artemisinins , essential for antimalarial activity [ 79 ] . several synthetic trioxanes , simplified analogs of artemisnin retaining the crucial endoperoxide bridge , have been reported but only a few have entered...

single dose pharmacokinetics study of 97/63 ( ind191710 , 2004 ) , a trioxane antimalarial developed by central drug research institute , lucknow , india , was studied in rats following intravenous and oral administration . serum samples were analysed by hplc - uv assay . separation was achieved on a rp-18 column attached with a guard using acetonitrile : phosphate buffer ( 70 : 30% v / v ) with uv detector at wavelength 244 nm . serum samples were extracted with n - hexane . two - compartment model without lag time and first - order elimination rate was considered to be the best fit to explain the generated oral and intravenous data . method was sensitive with limit of quantification of 10 ng ml1 . recovery was > 74% . terminal half - life and area under curve ( auc ) after administering single oral ( 72 mg kg1 ) and intravenous ( 18 mg kg1 ) doses were 10.61 h , 10.57 h , and 1268.97 ng h ml1 , 2025.75 ng h ml1 , respectively . after oral dose , 97/63 was rapidly absorbed attaining maximum concentration 229.24 ng ml1 at 1 h. bioavailability of 97/63 was ~16% . the lower bioavailability of drug may be due to poor solubility and first - pass metabolism and can be improved by prodrug formation of 97/63 .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: necrotizing fasciitis ( nf ) is a rare disease of superficial fascia and subcutaneous tissue which may take a fulminating course with systemic toxicity and a high mortality rate.1 incidence of nf following obstetric operative procedures is unknown . it often starts following trauma and , rarely , a surgical procedure.2,3 nf in the obstetric population , though rare , has a more ominous outlook than non - obstetric nf.47 various microbial agents have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of nf , with existent literature reporting a variety of gram - positive and gram - negative aerobic and anaerobic organisms.8,9 the scenario in the obstetric population is further complicated by associated comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus , malnutrition , anemia , and intravenous substance abuse.4,5 of these comorbidities , undernourishment and anemia are highly prevalent in developing countries . the association of undernourishment in pregnant women with nf and its impact on the prognosis of nf has not been discussed adequately in the obstetric literature . prompt correction of nutritional status improves the survival rates in these patients.10 our study aims to highlight the risk of nf in undernourished and anemic women during the postpartum period following operative intervention . rapid correction of severe undernourishment and anemia by total parenteral nutrition and blood transfusion is vital for successful management . an undernourished and anemic woman of 26 years old , gravida 3 para 2 , presented to our hospital on the eighth postpartum day with extensive ulceration on the right side of the perineum following normal vaginal delivery with right mediolateral episiotomy done at a primary care center . according to the patient , she started experiencing severe excruciating pain over the episiotomy wound site from the fifth postpartum day . along with pain , she also noticed swelling and redness over the area . within the next 2 days , the skin over the area sloughed out , leaving behind a big ulcerated area over...

necrotizing fasciitis , a near - fatal soft - tissue infection complicating obstetric operative wounds , is a rare entity in obstetrics . herein , we report two cases of necrotizing fasciitis in severely undernourished and anemic women following obstetric operative procedures . both undernourishment and anemia compounded the already existing immune - suppressed state in pregnancy and may have lead to life - threatening necrotizing fasciitis . one of the patients developed necrotizing fasciitis following episiotomy and the other following cesarean section . both the cases were diagnosed clinically . management was done by total parenteral nutrition , prompt correction of anemia , and surgical debridement under broad - spectrum antibiotic coverage . the raw areas were later reconstructed by split skin grafting in the first case , whereas , in the second case , due to the patient s refusal of skin grafting , the wound was allowed to heal by secondary intention . both patients survived , although with morbidity . our study aims to emphasize prompt correction of comorbidities along with aggressive management of necrotizing fasciitis for better outcomes in the obstetric population . prompt correction of nutritional status improves the survival rate .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: according to the current guidelines of the european society of cardiology ( esc ) for patients with acute myocardial infarction with persistent st - segment elevation , intravenous anticoagulation is recommended in all patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention ( pci ) . unfractionated heparin ( ufh ) has traditionally been used in the catheterization laboratory as the anticoagulant of choice during primary pci to prevent thrombosis and ischaemic events . however , ufh has several pharmacological limitations including a high intra- and inter - individual variability . bivalirudin is a thrombin - specific anticoagulant , which has the ability to inactivate both free and fibrin - bound thrombin . in several randomized clinical trials , bivalirudin has demonstrated efficacy and safety in patients undergoing pci . in the horizons trial , bivalirudin reduced the primary combined endpoint including death , myocardial infarction and bleeding complications compared to heparin plus routine glycoprotein iib / iiia inhibitors ( gpi ) in patients undergoing primary pci . moreover , cardiovascular mortality was reduced after 30 days and at 3-year follow - up . however , the use of gpi is not always routine in clinical practice anymore and might have contributed to the increase in bleeding complications seen in the control arm . in the euromax trial , the use of gpi was not mandated , but was left to the standard practice of participating centres . the euromax study design has been previously described in detail . in brief , the study enrolled patients 18 years of age or older , presenting within 12 h after the onset of symptoms with a presumed diagnosis of st - segment elevation myocardial infarction ( stemi ) . all patients had to be scheduled for angiography with the intention of performing primary pci within 2 h after the first medical contact . patients were identified , initial consent was obtained , randomization was performed , and study drug administration was initiated in the ambulance or in a...

aimsin the horizons trial , in - hospital treatment with bivalirudin reduced bleeding and mortality in primary percutaneous coronary intervention ( pci ) compared with heparin and routine glycoprotein iib / iiia inhibitors ( gpi ) . it is unknown whether this advantage of bivalirudin is observed in comparison with heparins only with gpi used as bailout.methods and resultsin the euromax study , 2198 patients with st - segment elevation myocardial infarction ( stemi ) were randomized during transport for primary pci to bivalirudin or to heparins with optional gpi . primary and principal outcome was the composites of death or non - cabg - related major bleeding at 30 days . this pre - specified analysis compared patients receiving bivalirudin ( n = 1089 ) with those receiving heparins with routine upstream gpi ( n = 649 ) and those receiving heparins only with gpi use restricted to bailout ( n = 460 ) . the primary outcome death and major bleeding occurred in 5.1% with bivalirudin , 7.6% with heparin plus routine gpi ( hr 0.67 and 95% ci 0.460.97 , p = 0.034 ) , and 9.8% with heparins plus bailout gpi ( hr 0.52 and 95% ci 0.350.75 , p = 0.006 ) . following adjustment by logistic regression , bivalirudin was still associated with significantly lower rates of the primary outcome ( odds ratio 0.53 , 95% ci 0.330.87 ) and major bleeding ( odds ratio 0.44 , 95% ci 0.240.82 ) compared with heparins alone with bailout gpi . rates of stent thrombosis were higher with bivalirudin ( 1.6 vs. 0.6 vs. 0.4% , p = 0.09 and 0.09).conclusionbivalirudin , started during transport for primary pci , reduces major bleeding compared with both patients treated with heparin only plus bailout gpi and patients treated with heparin and routine gpi , but increased stent thrombosis .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: . however , focal abnormalities on electroencephalography ( eeg ) have also been observed in patients with generalized epilepsy . in such cases , it is supposed that the cortical focus drives widespread epileptic networks that results in generalized seizures . , we describe a patient who had eyelid myoclonia with absences , along with focal motor seizures . ictal video - eeg recording showed generalized spike waves preceded by focal frontal discharges , suggesting that focal cortical abnormalities may induce eyelid myoclonia with absences . the patient is a 7-year - old boy who exhibited eyelid myoclonia with absence seizures . since the age of 5 years , he complained of involuntary movements of the eyelids , which occurred a few times per week . a physician diagnosed this as a tic disorder . however , his parents and brother noticed brief episodes of unresponsiveness , often associated with jerks of the eyelids , lasting 35 s. these episodes gradually increased in frequency , occurring many times a day . eyelid movement appeared like rapid blinking and was often accompanied with upward deviation of the eyeballs and retropulsion of the head . 1 ) . further , eeg recording during the interictal period showed normal background activity and focal epileptiform discharges over the frontal regions ( fig . however , he experienced a focal motor seizure with impairment of consciousness and a generalized tonic seizure during sleep in the next 2 years . the focal seizures consisted of clonic movements of the right upper limb and upward deviation of the eyeballs , lasting less than a minute . the onset of the generalized seizure was not detected . when the patient started to have focal seizures , he underwent mri scanning of the brain , the result of which showed no abnormality . we describe the case of a patient with eyelid myoclonia with absences who had been misdiagnosed with facial tic disorder . our patient had eyelid myoclonia that appeared like rapid blinking and was often associated with jerky upward...

eyelid myoclonia with absences is classified as a unique type of generalized seizure . its pathogenesis is proposed to involve the functional abnormalities in cortical subcortical networks . here , we describe the case of a 7-year - old boy who had eyelid myoclonia with absences , along with focal motor seizures . video - eeg monitoring demonstrated eyelid myoclonia associated with 4- to 5-hz generalized polyspike waves preceded by focal frontal discharges . interictal eeg showed focal epileptiform discharges over the frontal regions . our case suggests an important role of the frontal lobe in the generation of eyelid myoclonia with absences .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study:

lantibiotics are a family of antibacterial peptide natural products characterized by the post - translational installation of the thioether - containing amino acids lanthionine and methyllanthionine . until recently , only a single naturally occurring stereochemical configuration for each of these cross - links was known . the discovery of lantibiotics with alternative lanthionine and methyllanthionine stereochemistry has prompted an investigation of its importance to biological activity . here , solid - supported chemical synthesis enabled the total synthesis of the lantibiotic lacticin 481 and analogues containing cross - links with non - native stereochemical configurations . biological evaluation revealed that these alterations abolished the antibacterial activity in all of the analogues , revealing the critical importance of the enzymatically installed stereochemistry for the biological activity of lacticin 481 .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: primary dysmenorrhea is a gynecological condition characterized by severe uterinepain during menstruation with a prevalence rateranging between 25% and 90% , inthe absence ofpelvicpathology . it is very common during the teenage years after the menarche and less often in women after the age of 20 - 25 years . the main symptoms are pain , nausea , vomiting , cramps , diarrhea , headache and syncope , which appear to be associated with menstruation with no any organic or pathological cause . current evidences suggest that molecular compounds called prostaglandins are released during menstruation due to endometrial cells destruction . pge2 stimulates uterine contractions , cervical narrowing and increases vasopressin release , which leads to ischemia and pain . symptoms are frequently associated with socioeconomic difficulties such as loosing timeand absence of school or work . despite the frequency and scores of dysmenorrhea , most women often do not seek medical treatment . the common treatments for dysmenorrhea are non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) and oral contraceptive pills , both of which work by reducing uterine contractions . due to the possible side effects of chemical drugs there is evidences confirming that the nutritional intake and metabolism may play an important role in the cause and treatment of menstrual disorders . thyme with broncholytic and secretomotoric effectson beta receptors is an essential element of shirazi thymus vulgaris that has already been used to reducethepain severity of menstrual disorders , probably due to thymol and carvacrol components , and its effects on smooth muscles of the trachea and ileum . also the effect of thymus vulgaris on induced spasms in guinea - pig trachea has been investigated . the present clinical trial study aimed to compare the impact of the shirazi thymus vulgaris as an herbal medication and the ibuprofen as a classic medication in treatment ofprimary dysmenorrhea . a written informed consent form was taken from each participant...

objective : primary dysmenorrhea is defined as painful cramps during menstruation with no pelvic pathology . due to the adverse effects of non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) are considered as the most common pharmacological treatment for this disorder . the present study was conducted to assess the impact of shirazi thymus vulgaris compared to that of ibuprofen on primary dysmenorrhea.materials and methods : a randomized , single - blind clinical trial was conducted amongst 120 female students ofilam university of medical sciences , aged 18 - 25 years who suffered from primary dysmenorrhea . the participants were randomly divided into two groups ; one received the herbal and the other classical treatments . the herbal group received 5 ml of the shirazi thymus vulgaris medication that commercially called bronchot.d , orally four times a day . the classic group received ibuprofen orally three times a day . a visual analogue scale ( vas ) was used to record pain severity.results:pain severity was reduced in both herbal and classic groups with no significant differences . pain duration at the first and second month of treatment was also similar between two groups.conclusions:shirazi thymus vulgaris decreased dysmenorrhea symptoms , which might be attributed to its antispasmodic effects . the herbal shirazi thymus vulgaris can be recommended as an effective medication fortreatment of the primary dysmenorrhea disorder .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: the double duct sign is a simultaneous dilatation of both the pancreatic duct ( pd ) and the common bile duct ( cbd ) and is usually a result of narrowing of terminal parts of both the ducts due to various causes including encasement of the cbd and main pd by a pancreatic head tumour , ampullary carcinoma , pancreatitis and periampullary stenosis . we report a 54-year - old male who came with abdominal pain and was found to have an unusual etiology of double duct sign . a 54-year - old man presented to us with right upper abdominal pain of 4 months duration . the pain was episodic , severe and used to last around h and occurred in relation to meals . there was no associated vomiting , jaundice , fever , loss of weight or appetite . he had a history of chronic alcohol abuse as well as oral opium ingestion for last 25 years . he used to daily consume oral powdered form of opium husk ( vernacular bhukki ) . blood tests revealed a serum bilirubin of 1.0 mg / dl ( normal , 0.2 - 1.4 mg / dl ) , aspartate aminotransferase of 47 u / l ( normal 1 - 35 u / l ) , alanine aminotransferase of 41 u / l ( normal , 1 - 35 u / l ) and alkaline phosphatase 156 u / l ( normal , 20 - 128 u / l ) . abdominal ultrasound revealed a dilated anechoic cbd with mild central intra - hepatic biliary radical dilatation and dilated pd . contrast enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen showed a double duct sign with cbd dilated until lower end and a dilated pd [ figure 1 ] . endoscopic ultrasound ( eus ) using a linear echoendoscope ( gf - uct 180 linear echoendoscope , olympus corp , tokyo ) revealed simultaneous dilatation of the cbd and pd ( double duct sign ) with anechoic lumens of both the ducts . the ampullary region revealed a prominent hypoechoic layer suggestive of muscular hypertrophy [ figure 3 ] . a diagnosis of opium - induced sphincter of oddi dysfunction ( sod ) was made , and patient underwent biliary sphincterotomy with improvement in his symptoms and normalization of his liver enzymes . post sphincterotomy spy glass...

double duct sign where there is a simultaneous dilatation of both the common bile duct ( cbd ) and pancreatic duct is usually associated with sinister causes like malignancies of pancreatic head or ampulla . occasionally , benign causes like chronic pancreatitis or sphincter of oddi dysfunction ( sod ) may cause double duct sign . chronic opium abuse is a rare cause of the double duct sign , and endoscopic ultrasound ( eus ) findings of this rare entity have been occasionally reported . we report about a 54-year - old male with a history of chronic alcohol and opioid abuse evaluated for episodes of abdominal pain and found to have opioid - related sod and improved with biliary sphincterotomy . eus was done to rule out malignancy and revealed hypoechoic prominence around terminal cbd suggestive of hypertrophied muscle .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: abdomen is the third most commonly injured region of the body , involving 20% of all injured civilians who undergo surgical intervention . penetrating wounds represent 25% of all urban traumas which include gunshot , shotgun and stab wounds . these injuries are potentially life threatening and often warrant exploration . penetrating wounds presenting with in situ objects are rarely encountered , and anesthetic and surgical management is complex due to inability in positioning the patient and the risk of sudden hemorrhage . the anaesthetic management of these types of injuries is challenging with respect to airway control , urgency for the surgery and associated hemodynamic instability . we report the management of a patient , who presented with through and through penetrating injury of the abdomen with an intact penetrating object projecting posteriorly . a 50-year - old male patient was brought to the emergency medicine department ( emd ) with an in situ 2.8 heavy metallic bar projecting over the back in a through and through penetrating abdomen injury following road traffic accident ( rta ) . the entry and exit wounds were in the back in the midline at l3 level and right iliac fossa , respectively [ figures 1 and 2 ] . the penetrating heavy metallic bar had to be cut from the three wheeler vehicle prior to transporting the patient to hospital . penetrated object visible in anaesthetized patient . note a ) icd tube b ) inability to support the fractured pelvis . penetrating foreign body and nylon bag visible through anterior abdominal wall the patient presented with acute dyspnea , cough and abdominal pain . he was in hypovolemic shock with blood pressure 76/30 mm of hg and pulse rate 140/minute and with cold extremities . auscultation revealed decreased air entry in the right thorax with oxygen saturation on room air of 80% . oxygen supplementation ( 8 l / minute ) with face mask and intravenous fluids were started . abdomen displayed an iron bar which had entered through the back , and at its tip , another...

penetrating abdominal injuries are potentially life threatening due to the associated hemorrhagic shock and visceral injury . through and through penetrating injury with polytrauma is rarely encountered . we report a case presenting with in situ projecting heavy metallic rod in a through and through penetrating abdominal injury along with foreign body in a road traffic accident . anaesthetic management was difficult due to inability to position in supine , rapidly progressing hemorrhagic shock and hypoxia due hemopneumothorax . two operating tables were used with adequate intervening space to accommodate the posteriorly projecting metallic rod during intubation in supine position . intensive monitoring and resuscitation resulted in uneventful successful outcome .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: drinking water quality is a worldwide concern and has the greatest impact on human health ( 1 ) . consumption of contaminated drinking water was associated with 80 percent of disease and one third of death in developing countries ( 2 ) . therefore , an essential basic requirement for health protection is to provide the public with adequate supply of drinking water that is safe ( 3 ) . advances in water treatment have significantly increased the quality and specially the safety of water ( 4 ) . however , drinking water quality can deteriorate by microbial and toxic chemicals during transport , storage and handling before reaching the consumer ( 5 , 6 ) . distribution systems , service lines and home devices could influence the quality of drinking water ( 5 ) . prevailing conditions in the devices that influence bacterial proliferation include high surface to volume ratio , absence or very low of chlorine residual and relative long stagnation period ( 7 ) . biofilms , which are well organized communities of microorganisms , are wide spread in the nature . they constitute a major problem in many environmental , industrial and medical settings ( 8) . the presence of dissolved organic compounds in finished drinking water is responsible for growth of bacteria and colonization of water surfaces ( 5 ) . biofilm formation is also a concern from public health because it plays a key role in the persistence of bacteria in water systems and protects the bacteria from adverse environmental conditions , including disinfectants . biofilms could also harbor pathogenic bacteria and support their proliferation which may contribute to the spread of waterborne diseases ( 9 ) . the heterotrophic plate count ( hpc ) it has been widely adopted as a standard and simple traditional technique for microbiological testing and safety management of drinking water ( 10 ) . bacteria present in drinking water may attach to the bottle and dispenser surface of water coolers and form biofilm . chemical water pollution due to leaching of organic...

abstractbackgrounddrinking water quality can be deteriorated by microbial and toxic chemicals during transport , storage and handling before using by the consumer . this study was conducted to evaluate the microbial and physicochemical quality of drinking water from bottled water coolers.methodsa total of 64 water samples , over a 5-month period in 2012 - 2013 , were collected from free standing bottled water coolers and water taps in isfahan . water samples were analyzed for heterotrophic plate count ( hpc ) , temperature , ph , residual chlorine , turbidity , electrical conductivity ( ec ) and total organic carbon ( toc ) . identification of predominant bacteria was also performed by sequence analysis of 16s rdna.resultsthe mean hpc of water coolers was determined at 38864 cfu / ml which exceeded the acceptable level for drinking water in 62% of analyzed samples . the hpc from the water coolers was also found to be significantly ( p < 0.05 ) higher than that of the tap waters . the statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the values of ph , ec , turbidity and toc in water coolers and tap waters . according to sequence analysis eleven species of bacteria were identified.conclusiona high hpc is indicative of microbial water quality deterioration in water coolers . the presence of some opportunistic pathogens in water coolers , furthermore , is a concern from a public health point of view . the results highlight the importance of a periodic disinfection procedure and monitoring system for water coolers in order to keep the level of microbial contamination under control .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: lung cancer remains a deadly disease with an unsatisfactory overall survival [ 1 , 2 ] . though the treatment of patients with lung cancer includes surgery , chemotherapy and radiotherapy , the overall survival remains poor . moreover , due to the resistance to conventional therapy , the 5-year combined survival rate of patients with lung cancer of all stages is still only 16% . non - small - cell lung cancer ( nsclc ) constitutes approximately 85% of all lung cancers and is the leading cause of tumor - related death worldwide , highlighting the need for more effective treatment strategies [ 4 , 5 ] . therefore , the identification of potential drugs for treating patients with lung cancer is important . the use of taxanes and platinum ( pt)-based chemotherapy after surgery has been established as the first - line treatment by previous randomized controlled trials [ 7 , 8 ] . however , cisplatin has nephro - toxicity , gastrointestinal toxicity and neurotoxicity . over the past decade , significant progress has been made with respect to the development of novel nanoparticles ( nps ) designed for the detection and/or treatment of cancer [ 9 , 10 ] . inorganic nanoparticles , notably metal nanoparticles , have raised much interest in research on their material properties , availabilities , capabilities , specific targeting , and sustained release . biosynthesized nanoparticles are currently employed in the fields of bioremediation , biolabelling , biosensors and several more . for many years , pt - based molecules have received considerable attention because of their electrocatalytic properties [ 13 , 14 ] . in medicine , pt nps have only been used as catalysts because of their conductivity and reactivity . functional pt nps have shown apoptosis - inducing properties through target - specific pathways [ 17 , 18 ] . pt nps have also been shown to induce death in cervical cancer cells through g2/m phase arrest gehrke et al demonstrated the cytotoxic effect of human colon carcinoma cell lines ht29 and caco-2 by...

objectives : lung cancer remains a deadly disease with unsatisfactory overall survival . cisplatin , a standard platinum ( pt)-based chemotherapeutic agent , has the potential to inhibit the growth of lung cancer . its use , however , is occasionally limited by severe organ toxicity . however , until now , no systematic study has been conducted to verify its efficacy with proper experimental support in vivo . therefore , we examined whether biosynthesized pt nanoparticles ( nps ) inhibited human lung cancer in vitro and in vivo to validate their use in alternative and complementary medicine.methods:we evaluated the in vitro and the in vivo anticancer efficiencies of biosynthesized pt nps in a subcutaneous xenograft model with a549 cells . severe combined immune deficient mice ( scid ) were divided into four groups : group 1 being the vehicle control group and groups 2 , 3 and 4 being the experimental groups . once the tumor volume had reached 70 75 mm3 , the progression profile of the tumor growth kinetics and the body weights of the mice were measured every week for 6 weeks after oral administration of pt nps . doses of pt nps of 500 , 1,000 and 2,000 mg / kg of body weight were administered to the experimental groups and a dose of honey was administered to the vehicle control group . the efficacy was quantified by using the delay in tumor growth following the administration of pt nps of a549 human - lung - cancer xenografts growing in scid mice.results:the in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation indicated that pt nps , in a dose - dependent manner , inhibited the growth of a549 cells , and the in vivo evaluation showed that pt nps at the mid and high doses effectively inhibited and delayed the growth of lung cancer in scid mice.conclusion:these findings confirm the antitumor properties of biosynthesized pt nps and suggest that they may be a cost - effective alternative for the treatment of patients with lung cancer .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: worldwide ovarian cancer is the second leading cause of gynecologic cancer - related deaths behind cervical cancer . approximately 240,000 new cases of ovarian cancer are diagnosed annually , accounting for about 4% of female cancers , and about 152,000 women die as a result of this disease . the majority of newly diagnosed ovarian cancer patients present with advanced - stage disease . primary cytoreductive surgery followed by taxane- and platinum - based combination chemotherapy is the cornerstone of management for advanced ovarian cancer , and optimal cytoreduction is one of the most significant predictors of survival . the prognosis of advanced ovarian cancer is significantly improved with no gross residual disease ( ngr ) after surgery , and the contemporary surgical objective is toward removing all visible disease . to achieve this , some surgeons perform aggressive surgical resections and they advocate that aggressive surgical effort can compensate for tumor biology and patients undergoing ultraradical procedures enjoy the longest survival time with acceptable operation - related morbidities . on the contrary , others stress that the prognosis of ovarian cancer depends on the biologic behavior of the tumor rather than surgical intervention . according to these investigators , it is the less advanced initial disease status that allows both optimal cytoreduction and improved survival , and for many surgeons and patients , aggressive surgery is accompanied by substantial morbidity , effecting quality of life and costs . the uncertain conclusion from a recent cochrane review on the effectiveness of aggressive surgery for advanced ovarian cancer reflects a lack of robust phase iii data in this field . however , recent years have witnessed the appearance of a number of studies on not only the feasibility but also the favorable survival outcomes associated with extensive tumor resection . although there is no randomized controlled trial supporting the benefit of radical procedures , the body of indirect data...

ovarian cancer is the eighth most frequent cancer in women and is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy worldwide . the majority of ovarian cancer patients are newly diagnosed presenting with advanced - stage disease . primary cytoreductive surgery and adjuvant taxane- and platinum - based combination chemotherapy are the standard treatment for advanced ovarian cancer . a number of studies have consistently shown that successful cytoreductive surgery and the resultant minimal residual disease are significantly associated with survival in patients with this disease . much has been written and even more debated regarding the competing perspectives of biology of ovarian cancer versus the value of aggressive surgical resection . this review will focus on the current evidences and outcomes supporting the positive impact of aggressive surgical effort on survival in the primary management of ovarian cancer .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: in europe the concepts of functioning / disability and autonomy / dependency deserve special interest from the point of view of medical ontology . while functioning / disability are concepts defined at the who international classification of functioning ( icf ) , the autonomy / dependency pair is not even mentioned at this classification system . the council of europe has defined dependency as the condition related to the loss of autonomy and the need of support by a third person related to an impairment of activities of daily living , specially self - care . laws and care services for the elderly and for persons with severe disability have been developed following this paradigm in several eu countries . these concepts are based in the activities of daily living construct ( adls ) which divides these activities in basic and instrumental . this construct can not be linked to the who - icf paradigm as stated in the spanish law . who has defined personal autonomy as equivalent to self - direction , competence and self - empowerment , and there is no equivalent definition of function - related autonomy at the who family of classifications . the different background of these concept pairs had a significant impact on the development of health and social services in several european countries during the last decade . this is particularly important for those conditions where impairment is not related directly to basic adls but to other functional problems such as severe mental illness or intellectual disability . the ontological disparities need careful review to avoid inequity in access to care for severe disability in europe .

introductionin europe the concepts of functioning / disability and autonomy / dependency deserve special interest from the point of view of medical ontology . while functioning / disability are concepts defined at the who international classification of functioning ( icf ) , the autonomy / dependency pair is not even mentioned at this classification system.descriptionthe council of europe has defined dependency as the condition related to the loss of autonomy and the need of support by a third person related to an impairment of activities of daily living , specially self - care . laws and care services for the elderly and for persons with severe disability have been developed following this paradigm in several eu countries . these concepts are based in the activities of daily living construct ( adls ) which divides these activities in basic and instrumental . this construct can not be linked to the who - icf paradigm as stated in the spanish law . who has defined personal autonomy as equivalent to self - direction , competence and self - empowerment , and there is no equivalent definition of function - related autonomy at the who family of classifications.conclusionthe different background of these concept pairs had a significant impact on the development of health and social services in several european countries during the last decade . this is particularly important for those conditions where impairment is not related directly to basic adls but to other functional problems such as severe mental illness or intellectual disability . the ontological disparities need careful review to avoid inequity in access to care for severe disability in europe .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: the liver has a remarkable capacity to regenerate in response to injury ; however , in severe cases its regenerative capacity may prove to be insufficient , and the liver injury may progress to end - stage liver disease ( esld ) and subsequent liver failure . up to two million people suffer from chronic liver disease in the uk , many of whom remain unaware of their illness [ 1 , 2 ] . chronic liver disease is the fifth leading cause of death in the uk after cancer , cardiovascular disease , stroke , and respiratory disease . alcoholic liver disease ( ald ) , one of the major medical complications of alcohol abuse , is the commonest cause of esld in europe and north america and is one of the most controversial indications for transplantation . alcohol abuse accounts for 80% of all liver cirrhosis cases seen in district general hospitals in the united kingdom and for a substantial and increasing proportion of all liver transplants performed . chronic liver disease ( cld ) due to alcohol abuse continues to rise . in 2005 , 4,160 people died in england and wales from alcoholic liver disease , an increase of 37% since 1999 . alcoholic liver cirrhosis ( alc ) has an unfavourable prognosis , with a mortality of 49% and 90% after 1 and 15 yr of followup , respectively . at present orthotopic liver transplantation is the only therapeutic option for patients with acute and chronic eslds . liver transplantation , however , has the disadvantage of requiring lifelong immunosuppression and followup , with 1015% of patients dying whilst on the waiting list due to the shortage of donated organs . in 2005 , only one - third of patients waiting for a liver transplant were transplanted . with the number of donor organs likely to decrease over the coming decades , research into the alternative methods of treatment of whole - organ transplant is essential . hepatocyte transplantation has been suggested as an alternative to liver transplantation , especially for hepatic disorders caused by inherited protein deficiency . the...

chronic liver disease ( cld ) is increasing worldwide yet there has been no major advance in effective therapies for almost five decades . there is mounting evidence that adult haematopoietic stem cells ( hsc ) are capable of differentiating into many types of tissue , including skeletal and cardiac muscle , neuronal cells , pneumocytes and hepatocytes . these recent advances in regenerative medicine have brought hope for patients with liver cirrhosis awaiting transplantation . new findings in adult stem cell biology are transforming our understanding of tissue repair raising hopes of successful regenerative hepatology . although all clinical trials to date have shown some improvement in liver function and cd34 + cells have been used safely for bm transplantation for over 20 years , only randomised controlled clinical trials will be able to fully assess the potential clinical benefit of adult stem cell therapy for patients with cld . this article focuses on the potential of bone marrow stem cells ( bmscs ) in the management of cld and the unresolved issues regarding their role . we also outline the different mechanisms by which stem cells may impact on liver disease .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: interaction between hosts and parasites is a complex relationship that can favour one or the other depending on a number of factors . initially , the parasite attempts to establish itself in the host while the latter resists the infection via its defense mechanisms . consequently , host susceptibility and resistance will determine whether or not the infection becomes established . in some fish species , the host 's age , behaviour , physiological and immunological condition , proximity to shore , location in the water column , and feeding habits could affect the relationship while the parasite 's mode of entry , ability to evade its host 's defense , nutritional requirements , and living in a site where the immune response is reduced and mimicking its host 's protein composition are factors that influence susceptibility and infectivity . there are also environmental variables such as water temperature , crowding , and habitat changes that could affect the interaction . moreover , this interrelationship between hosts and parasites has evolved some associations resulting in host specificity , latitudinal gradients , and diversity in communities and siblings within one species [ 14 ] . other associations can exist in a harmonious compromise whereas host avoidance of the parasite to prevent an infection or evasion by the parasite of the host 's immune system can occur . certain song birds in hawaii avoid plasmodium sp . infections from ground - feeding mosquitoes by remaining high up in the forest canopy . in contrast , an african trypanosome , trypanosoma brucei complex , sheds its surface coats in response to its host 's antibodies . some parasites have evolved methods , such as circadian rhythms , to maximize transmission to uninfected hosts . synchrony of peak abundance of microfilaria of wucheraria bancrofti and mature gamonts of plasmodium species in the peripheral blood of humans , when female mosquitoes are actively seeking a blood meal at night , increases infectivity and development in the vector...

host - parasite interactions are complex , compounded by factors that are capable of shifting the balance in either direction . the host 's age , behaviour , immunological status , and environmental change can affect the association that is beneficial to the host whereas evasion of the host 's immune response favours the parasite . in fish , some infections that induce mortality are age and temperature dependent . environmental change , especially habitat degradation by anthropogenic pollutants and oceanographic alterations induced by climatic , can influence parasitic - host interaction . the outcome of these associations will hinge on susceptibility and resistance .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: tumors require nutrients and oxygen to grow , and new blood vessels , formed by angiogenesis , provide these substrates . its expression is regulated by a plethora of intrinsic and extrinsic factors , with hypoxia and hypoglycemia being the major stimuli . little is known about the exact trigger mechanisms of vegf expression in hematolymphoid tumors , but mechanisms analogous to those observed in solid tumors are anticipated [ 4 , 5 ] . tight control of angiogenesis is maintained by a balance of endogenous antiangiogenic and proangiogenic factors . vegf has a key , rate - limiting role in promoting tumor angiogenesis and exerts its effects by binding to one of three tyrosine kinase receptors : vegf receptor-1 ( vegfr-1 ; fms - like tyrosine kinase-1 , flt-1 ) , vegfr-2 ( human kinase domain region , kdr / murine fetal liver kinase-1 , flk-1 ) , and vegfr-3 ( flt-4 ) [ 6 , 7 ] . the identification of an acquired somatic mutation in the jak2 gene , resulting in a valine to phenylalanine substitution at position 617 ( jak2-v617f ) , has provided new insights into the pathogenesis of bcr - abl1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms ( mpn ) , being present in most patients with polycythemia vera ( pv ) and in approximately 50 % of patients with essential thrombocythemia ( et ) and primary myelofibrosis ( pmf ) [ 8 , 9 ] . although the molecular diagnostic gap in jak2v617f - negative pv was adequately addressed by the discovery of other jak2 mutations , the same had not been realized for the 3540 % of patients with et or pmf who do not express jak2 mutations . in december 2013 , two groups reported the occurrence of novel calreticulin ( calr ) mutations in jak2/mpl - unmutated pmf or et [ 10 , 11 ] . both groups found mutual exclusivity between calr , jak2 , and mpl mutations . in the study by klampfl et al . , calr mutations were not seen in 382 cases of pv but were detected in 25 % of patients with et ( n = 311 ) and 35 % of those with pmf ( n = 203 ) . we and the others showed that angiogenesis and...

tumor angiogenesis has been identified to play a critical role in tumor growth and tumor progression , and is regulated by a balance of angiogenic and antiangiogenic cytokines . this has been documented for solid tumors , and there is emerging evidence suggesting that tumor progression of hematological malignancies also depends on the induction of new blood vessel formation . data on angiogenesis in the bone marrow of bcr - abl1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm patients suggest an increase of the microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor ( vegf ) expression , and there is a relation to the jak2-v617f status . the most important proangiogenic agent is vegf , activating vegf receptors 1 and 2 . inhibition of vegf signaling by monoclonal antibodies or small molecules ( kinase inhibitors ) has already been successfully established for the treatment of different cancer entities , and multiple new drugs are being tested in clinical trials . most patients with essential thrombocythemia ( et ) or primary myelofibrosis ( pmf ) that was not associated with a jak2 or mpl alteration carried a somatic mutation in calreticulin ( calr ) . thus , calr mutations should be included in the next classification system for et / pmf . this review summarizes recent advances in the basic understanding of the role of angiogenesis in myeloproliferative neoplasms and the translation of such basic findings into clinical studies .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: advanced glycation end products ( ages ) are modifications of proteins , lipids or nucleic acids that become non - enzymatically glycated and oxidized after contact with reducing sugars . this process may contribute to the pathogenesis of micro- and macrovascular disease . in diabetes , accumulation of ages in skin collagen is correlated with the presence of long - term vascular complications . the formation and accumulation of ages is enhanced by chronic hyperglycemia , oxidative stress and a decreased renal function . an age reader uses this property and measures skin autofluorescence ( af ) non - invasively and within seconds . skin af as measured by an age reader significantly correlates with collagen - linked fluorescence and with specific ages such as pentosidine , n-(carboxymethyl)-lysine ( cml ) and n-(carboxyethyl)-lysine ( cel ) in skin biopsies . the relationship between skin af and micro- and macrovascular disease has been studied in patients with diabetes , renal failure and cardiac disease . skin af was shown to be associated with micro- and macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes and to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes or cardiac disease . waist circumference predicts the likelihood of developing diabetes beyond that explained by commonly evaluated cardiometabolic risk factors and body mass index ( bmi ) . oxidative stress leads to insulin resistance and -cell dysfunction , and this in turn can increase oxidative stress , accelerating the progression to overt type 2 diabetes and diabetes related complications . taking this into account , people with central obesity might already have increased levels of ages before diabetes or cardiovascular disease become manifest . skin af is , to the best of our knowledge , not assessed in a population with central obesity . to evaluate our hypothesis of accelerated accumulation of ages in central obesity , we compared the distribution of skin af as well as the associations between...

accumulation of advanced glycation end products ( ages ) is enhanced by chronic hyperglycemia and oxidative stress and this process may contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular disease . skin autofluorescence ( af ) , a measure of accumulation of ages in skin collagen , is associated with vascular disease in patients with diabetes . because central obesity enhances oxidative stress people with central obesity might already have increased accumulation of ages before diabetes or cardiovascular disease become manifest . to test this hypothesis , we compared the distribution of skin af and its association with clinical and biochemical parameters in individuals with and without central obesity . skin af was measured by a validated age reader in 816 persons with and 431 persons without central obesity , aged 2070 y. mean skin af increased with age and smoking and was higher in centrally obese individuals compared with non - obese individuals ( p = 0.001 , after adjustment for age and smoking p = 0.13 ) . mean skin af in the subgroups without central obesity and without other risk factors ( n = 106 ) , central obesity without other risk factors ( n = 74 ) and central obesity with other risk factors ( n = 742 ) was 1.63 0.37 , 1.74 0.44 and 1.87 0.43 au , respectively ( p for trend < 0.001 , after adjustment for age and smoking p for trend = 0.12 ) . in the group with central obesity age , current smoking , alcohol consumption , waist circumference , creatinine clearance and hs - crp were independently associated with skin af ( r2 = 29.4% ) . waist circumference hardly contributed to the explained variance . the relationship between waist circumference and skin af is not as obvious as we hypothesized .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: malaria continues to be a major public health problem throughout the world despite more than a century of study , especially in africa where 90% of the global cases are recorded . the situation is worsening due to the spread of drug resistant parasites strains , spread of insecticide resistance in the vector populations , and poor economic status of endemic populations . to alleviate the problem , an integrated approach against both the parasites and vectors for an effective control is necessary . over the last five years , considerable efforts have been made to control malaria in many countries around the world ( especially in sub - saharan africa ) using strategic measures with available tools . this has led to the decline in malaria transmission in many parts of africa [ 2 , 3 ] . these changes are as a result of an extensive use of long - lasting insecticidal nets ( llins ) and improved malaria diagnosis and treatment . however , despite these significant progresses , malaria remains an acute problem killing 800000 people each year , mostly children under five years living in sub - saharan africa . the situation is particularly worrying with the increase in poverty for sustainability and more specifically as different models predict a loss of immunity of the populations with the current interventions [ 4 , 5 ] . the rebound effect and age shift of malaria morbidity associated with an increasing susceptibility of older children and adults as seen in many places after the introduction of control strategies also help to sustain this hypothesis . change in behaviour of the vector populations from being endophilic to exophilic also makes the populations vulnerable . the need for efficient and effective sustainable strategies including curative treatments and vaccines for malaria control is therefore eminent . the evaluation of such strategies requires detailed information on the epidemiology of malaria and the vector populations . an ideal indicator of malaria risk is the entomological inoculation rate ( eir...

malaria transmission pattern was studied in 3 villages ( toubanding , daga ndoup , and keur samba guye ) situated within an area selected for clinical trials . the study was conducted in the rainy season from july to december 2011 . the main objective of this work was to gather baseline data on malaria transmission intensity and other entomological parameters before the advent of clinical trials . mosquitoes were collected by human - landing collections ( hlcs ) and by pyrethrum spray catches ( pscs ) . five anopheline species were collected , namely , an . arabiensis , an . gambiae , an . funestus , an . pharoensis , and an . rufipes , giving a heterogeneous distribution within the study area . the populations dynamics of the vectors varied temporarily in each village depending on the pattern of the rainy season . transmission intensity estimated by the entomological inoculation rate ( eir ) was measured in each of the three villages with the variations linked to the microecological differences between the villages . measurements were calculated for august , september , and october and were found to vary between 4 and 30 infected bites per person over the study period with a peak intensity observed in september . these results indicate that epidemiological field trials on malaria could be conducted in this area on the basis of the differences observed with transmission intensity , micro - ecological variations , and the objectives of the trials .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: gastrocnemius muscle is commonly used as a local flap for coverage of soft tissue defect in the upper third of the leg . the arc of muscle flap extends from the lower thigh , entire knee joint , popliteal fossa and upper third tibia . gastrocnemius muscle is a workhorse flap to cover upper third tibial defects because of its wide arc of rotation , easy dissection and a reliable vascular pedicle . the limiting factors in the case of gastrocnemius muscle are difficulties in covering middle one - third tibial defects . one of the most challenging areas in reconstructive surgery is the closure of soft tissue defects of the middle third leg because of a small quantity of local tissue available for reconstruction , poor vascularisation and subsequent poor healing encountered in this region . methods for coverage have evolved from the bipedical flap , local skin flaps ; cross - leg flap , soleus flap and microvascular free flaps . however , all these techniques have its inherent limitations . the inferiorly based hemi gastrocnemius muscle flap can be useful for reconstruction of the middle third of the leg . the majority of these arterial communications are arranged in bundles , although isolated , single ones are not infrequent . all these studies were experimental and in 1983 , bashir first reported only three clinical cases of inferiorly based gastrocnemius muscle flap which was supplied from the lowermost vessel across the raphe . after that , some authors also proposed the use of inferiorly based flap , but not many clinical applications were reported . atchabahian and masquelet performed the anatomic study in thirty legs showing that it is not possible to raise this flap in almost 25% of patients due to small calibre of communicating branches . till now , no indian studies have been carried out , and the reliability of the pedicle of such a flap needs to be further investigated . if this flap is feasible than it may be a reliable alternative for coverage of middle 1/3 lower leg defects , especially when other...

introduction : gastrocnemius muscle is a workhorse flap to cover upper third tibial defects but has a limitation in covering middle one - third tibial defects . the inferiorly based hemi gastrocnemius muscle flap can be useful for reconstruction of the middle third of the leg . the arterial communication between the gastrocnemius muscle heads has been demonstrated , the consistent location , however , was not studied in large specimens.materials and methods : this study was conducted on sixty specimens of gastrocnemius muscles harvested from thirty fresh cadavers to determine arterial communication between two heads of gastrocnemius muscle using radio - opaque contrast with future application of taking one head of muscle distally based for coverage of middle third defect of tibia . a total of 60 specimens were obtained from thirty fresh cadavers . in thirty specimens , medial sural artery ligated and divided and 20 ml iohexol ( 350 ) given through popliteal artery . in remaining thirty specimens lateral sural artery ligated and divided and 20 ml iohexol ( 350 ) given through popliteal artery . digital x - rays of gastrocnemius muscle specimens were taken , and collaterals between two bellies in lower half were noted and the distance of collaterals from the muscles top edge was also noted.results:we found the communications between both bellies of the gastrocnemius muscle in all specimens in both legs . the mean distance of communications from the upper edge of the medial belly was 15.88 cm and from upper edge of the lateral belly was 14.72 cm in the right leg , respectively . the mean distance of communications from upper edge of the medial belly was 16.01 cm and from upper edge of the lateral belly was 13.78 cm in the left leg . the distal communications between gastrocnemius bellies were not constant in their location , but all the connections were present in distal 3.79 cm of raphe.conclusion:this study supports the future application of inferior - based hemigastrocnemius muscles flap to...

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: preparation of tetrapod - shaped alpha tricalcium phosphate granules ( tb ) : the procedure used in the preparation of the tb was previously described , and the materials ( tetrabones ) were obtained from next21 , k.k . ( tokyo , japan ) . preparation of bfgf - binding ion complex gel matrix ( f - ic gel ) : the procedure used in the preparation of the f - ic gel was previously described [ 18 , 19 , 22 ] . briefly , the ic gel formed spontaneously at room temperature by mixing the same volume of alkali - treated collagen modified with citric acid derivatives ( cads ) and atelocollagen derived from pig tissues ( nitta gelatin inc . , , recombinant human bfgf ( kaken pharmaceutical co. , ltd . , tokyo , japan ) was added to the mixed solution at a final concentration of 100 ng / ml . animals and surgical procedures : all the animal experiments in this study were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the animal care committee of the graduate school of agricultural and life sciences at the university of tokyo . five male beagle dogs , aged 1319 months and weighing 10.511.3 kg , were used in the experiment . intravenous propofol ( 8 mg / kg ) was used to induce anesthesia , which was maintained using isoflurane ( 1.52.5% ) in oxygen . fentanyl hydrate ( 1020 gkghr ) was administered as a constant - rate infusion throughout the surgery to induce analgesia . lactated ringer s solution ( 10 mlkghr ) was infused , and intravenous cefazolin ( 20 mg / kg ) was administered before the skin incision was made and every 2 hr thereafter . after sterilization , the radius shaft was exposed through a craniolateral skin incision , and a critically sized ( 20-mm long ) mid - diaphyseal segmental defect was created using an oscillating saw . a defect of the same size was created in each side of the radius . a polypropylene mesh cage ( pmc ) , 9 mm in diameter and 28 mm in height , was fabricated to hold the tb granules in the defect , as previously described ( fig . both ends of...

abstractthe effect of tetrapod - shaped alpha tricalcium phosphate granules ( tetrabones [ tb ] ) in combination with basic fibroblast growth factor ( bfgf)-binding ion complex gel ( f - ic gel ) on bone defect repair was examined . bilateral segmental defects 20-mm long were created in the radius of 5 dogs , stabilized with a plate and screws and implanted with 1 of the following : tb ( tb group ) , tb and bfgf solution ( tb / f group ) , and tb and f - ic gel ( tb / f - ic group ) . dogs were euthanized 4 weeks after surgery . radiographs showed well - placed tb granules in the defects and equal osseous callus formation in all the groups . histomorphometry revealed that the number of vessels and volume of new bone in the tb / f - ic group were significantly higher than those in the other groups . however , no significant differences in neovascularization and new bone formation were observed between the tb / f and tb groups . furthermore , no significant difference in the lamellar bone volume or rate of mineral apposition was observed among groups . these results suggest that increased bone formation might have been because of the promotion of neovascularization by the f - ic gel . therefore , the combinatorial method may provide a suitable scaffold for bone regeneration in large segmental long bone defects .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: a male infant ( 3 kg , primi - gravida ) , was delivered vaginally without complications following a normal pregnancy . the ultrasound scan at 35 weeks of gestation showed an irregular volume of liquid anechoic space in the midline of the brain . a computerized tomography ( ct ) scan of the infant 's head conducted done three days after birth showed a vein aneurysm in the brain . magnetic resonance ( mr ) imaging was also performed , and it showed a large area of flow void along the course of the deep vein and a marked supertentorial hydrocephalus ( fig . 1 ) . based on these findings , a diagnosis of vgam was made and elective endovascular treatment was planned . this neonate was admitted to the hospital for further evaluation and vgam treatment was planned at 12 weeks of age . the results of all other examinations were normal , including the haemoglobin , complete blood count , renal and liver function tests and the coagulation profile . the electrocardiogram ( ecg ) showed evidence of biventricular hypertrophy , and echocardiography revealed a patent foramen ovale . the results of digital substraction angiography ( dsa ) performed under general anaesthesia confirmed the ct and mri findings . blood was being supplied to the vgam from the bilateral posterior cerebral arteries and their branches , and it drained into the straight sinus with high blood flow ( fig . after the placement of a microcatheter ( tracker-10 ; boston scientific , fremont , ca ) on the distal part of the right feeding artery , the embolization was first performed with placing two berenstein liquid coils-10 ( boston scientific , new york , ny ) in the feeding arteries , and this was followed by slow injection of a mixture of n - butyl cyanoacrylate ( nbca ; b. braum melsnagen , germany ) and lipiodol ( guerbet ; aulnay - sous - bois , france ) at a ratio of 1:2 ( nbca : lipiodol = 1:2 ) . post - procedure angiography displayed an immediate decrease in the size of the vgam and a marked decrease of blood flow through the fistulas ( fig...

a 12-week - old baby with a vein of galen aneurysmal malformation ( vgam ) was successfully treated with performing transarterial microcatheter - directed embolization with berenstein liquid coils and n - butyl cyanoacrylate in the feeding arteries . post - procedure angiography showed a marked decrease of the blood flow into the dilated vein of galen . three months later , follow - up angiography showed that the vein of galen aneurysmal malformation had totally disappeared , and the baby recovered very well without any sequelae . we report here on this interesting case along with a review of the relevant literature , and we aim to enhance physicians ' awareness of the treatment for vgams .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: it is clear that weight gain is a ubiquitous side effect of antipsychotic drugs ( apds ; allison et al . , 1999 ) and that apds are also associated with an increased risk of complications related to obesity , including insulin resistance , hyperlipidemia , type 2 diabetes mellitus , and cardiovascular disease ( lieberman et al . , 2005 ; , 2008 ; de hert et al . , 2011a ) . however , the specific expression of apd - induced metabolic side effects varies widely across apds and across individuals . although patients with mental disorders in general have increased morbidity and mortality , it is unclear how apds specifically affect both psychiatric illness and also metabolic function in order to yield the observed clinical outcomes . it is widely accepted that most of the apds induce significant weight gain , with median weight changes of + 0.2 , 0.1 , + 0.7 , and + 0.3 kg / month are observed for haloperidol , ziprasidone ( zip ) , olanzapine ( olz ) , and risperidone ( risp ) , respectively , following 1 year of treatment ( parsons et al . , 2009 ) . studies conducted within a first - episode schizophrenia sample , such as in the comparison of atypicals for first - episode psychosis ( caf ) study ( mcevoy et al . , 2007 ) or the european first - episode schizophrenia trial ( eufest ) study ( kahn et al . , 2008 ) , and in antipsychotic - nave youth ( correll et al . , 2009 ) have shown that all antipsychotics are associated with varying degrees of significant weight gain ( table 1 ) . moreover , when switching from an antipsychotic with a higher weight gain risk to one with a lower risk , patients tend to lose weight ( newcomer et al . , 2008 ) . results of the clinical antipsychotic trials of intervention effectiveness ( catie ) study suggest that female patients may be at a higher risk for weight gain ; in fact 36.6% of male and 54.2% of female patients ( and an overall rate of 42.7% ) met the metabolic syndrome criteria ( mcevoy et al . , 2005 ) . however , findings on predictors of apd related weight...

although offering many benefits for several psychiatric disorders , antipsychotic drugs ( apds ) as a class have a major liability in their tendency to promote adiposity , obesity , and metabolic dysregulation in an already metabolically vulnerable population . the past decade has witnessed substantial research aimed at investigating the mechanisms of these adverse effects and mitigating them . on july 11 and 12 , 2011 , with support from 2 nih institutes , leading experts convened to discuss current research findings and to consider future research strategies . five areas where significant advances are being made emerged from the conference : ( 1 ) methodological issues in the study of apd effects ; ( 2 ) unique characteristics and needs of pediatric patients ; ( 3 ) genetic components underlying susceptibility to apd - induced metabolic effects ; ( 4 ) apd effects on weight gain and adiposity in relation to their acute effects on glucose regulation and diabetes risk ; and ( 5 ) the utility of behavioral , dietary , and pharmacological interventions in mitigating apd - induced metabolic side effects . this paper summarizes the major conclusions and important supporting data from the meeting .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: a lump in the salivary gland region often presents as a diagnostic challenge with regards to its site of origin , benign or malignant . most of these occur in the parotid glands ; small percentages occur in the submandibular , sublingual , and minor salivary glands . are a histologically diverse group . tumors of this region comprise 3% of all head and neck and 0.6% of all tumors of human body . the history of fine needle aspiration cytology ( fnac ) goes back to the 1920s where it came into use simultaneously in europe and the united states [ 2 , 3 ] . fnac is a cytodiagnostic method based on the morphological findings of individual cells , group of cells , and microparticles of tissue , acquired using a needle . the traditional open biopsy is no longer justified because of the risk of tumor spillage and damage to the facial nerve . the method has a high degree of sensitivity in distinguishing the tumors from nonneoplastic lesions of salivary gland [ 5 , 6 ] . fnac is an easily done procedure with minimal incidence of complication and no risk of implantation of tumor cells ( < 1% ) . the complications are rare and bleeding or inflammatory reaction in the region of the puncture . the impairment of the involved nerves has been reported as a very rare complication [ 7 , 8 ] . it is regarded as a diagnostic procedure to be superior to the combination of physical examination and radiological evaluation [ 9 , 10 ] . many authors claimed that it is accurate , safe and cost effective [ 1113 ] . however , batsakis and colleagues were of the opinion that preoperative fnac has little influence on the clinical management since most of the parotid masses ultimately require surgery . this point of view ignores a considerable number of benign salivary tumors that do not necessitate surgery . because of the distinct morphology of parotid gland , the effectiveness of fnac in its interpretation is still considered controversial . however , the use of fnac helps to distinguish between reactive inflammatory process ,...

objective . histopathology of parotid gland tumors is extremely varied and complex due to heterogeneous cellular composition . preoperative diagnostic tools include fine needle aspiration cytology , the role of which remains controversial . the aim of this paper is to evaluate the usefulness and accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology ( fnac ) in the diagnosis of parotid gland tumors . methods . we retrospectively reviewed charts of 129 patients who underwent parotidectomy for parotid lesions at aga khan university hospital from 2002 to 2010 . we compared the results of preoperative fnac with final histopathological diagnosis . results . concordance with histological results was observed in 86% , specificity was 98% , sensitivity was 84% , and diagnostic accuracy was 94% . conclusion . our results demonstrate that preoperative cytology in parotid lesions is fairly accurate and useful in diagnosing benign from malignant and in planning appropriate approach for treatment .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: variceal bleeding is the most common lethal complication of cirrhosis , with a mortality rate of 20% . gastroesophageal varices ( govs ) are present in 50% of cirrhotics , and approximately 25% of patients with portal hypertension have gastric varices . gastric varices are commonly classified as govs ( gastric varices in continuity with esophageal varices ) and isolated gastric varices ( igvs ) . these are further divided into gov1 ( govs along the lesser curve of the stomach ) , gov2 ( govs along the fundus ) , igv1 ( igvs in the fundus ) , and igv2 ( igvs in the gastric body , pylorus , or antrum ) . although the prevalence and risk of bleeding of gastric varices are lower than those of esophageal varices , gastric variceal bleeding tends to be more severe , requires more transfusions , and is associated with higher mortality ( ~45% ) . gastric varices tend to be larger and more tortuous compared with esophageal varices , characteristics that , combined with their anatomical location ( particularly fundic varices ) , make endoscopic management more challenging . current management strategies for gastric varices include pharmacotherapy ( -blockers and vasoactive agents ) , endoscopic therapy ( band ligation , thrombin , and tissue adhesives ) , transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt ( tips ) placement , and surgical intervention . therefore , recommendations for management of gastric varices are based on recent prospective and retrospective studies , expert consensus opinion , and experience with esophageal varices . the pathophysiology of gastric varices is not as well understood as that of esophageal varices ; however , the former are mostly seen in patients with cirrhotic portal hypertension . no studies to evaluate pharmacologic therapy or endoscopic therapy for primary prophylaxis of gastric varices have been performed , and recommendations are based primarily on the guidelines for managing esophageal varices . large gastric varices with red color signs , especially in patients with advanced...

gastric variceal bleeding is a common problem in patients with cirrhosis and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality . management is complex and includes pharmacotherapy , endoscopic therapy , and shunt placement . recent studies indicate that endoscopic therapy with tissue adhesives has similar hemostasis rates and outcomes in terms of mortality as shunt placement but has a lower complication rate and therefore could be considered the first line therapy for acute bleeding and secondary prophylaxis of gastric varices .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: health economics is a branch of economics that studies and evaluates the quantity , quality , and value of the limited resources available to healthcare systems , as well as determining how these factors best combine to produce certain services , with the aim of maximizing effectiveness and efficiency . us health costs are currently 17% of the gross domestic product ( gdp ) and continue to rise . many other countries also have the same trend toward increasing costs , although they spend less of their gdp on healthcare . hospital costs constitute the largest single component of healthcare expenditure , and in developing countries , 50 - 80% of total annual health expenditure is allocated to healthcare facilities . in iran , 40% of the total health budget is consumed by hospital services . therefore , hospitals must be considered as the primary target of efforts to inhibit rising healthcare costs . nurses are the main users of resources in the hospital setting , by the virtue of their direct links with the patients , and because they constitute the largest group of healthcare professionals . thus , nurses play an important role in the economic management of nursing services , and they must be capable of meeting the demands of healthcare organizations , which have been increasingly concerned with growing costs and wasted resources . their awareness of , and participation in , logical justification of hospital costs , suitable use of resources , waste control , and providing high quality services is of vital importance . although great emphasis has been placed on the importance of the control of hospital costs and productivity , as well as on positive attitudes toward nurses participation in management and cost control , many nurses unfortunately do not understand how their work affects healthcare costs , or how nurses contribute to healthcare revenues . several studies have confirmed that nurse have the insufficient knowledge of budget control and cost management . for example , caroselli found that only 30% of...

background : health costs have risen everywhere , worldwide , and nurses play a pivotal role in cost savings and in contributing to the financial stability of hospitals.aim:this study evaluated the awareness and performance of iranian nursing staff , with regard to health economics.materials and methods : a total of 175 nurses who worked in three teaching hospitals in mashhad ( iran ) were selected for this descriptive cross - sectional study , and data were gathered via a 27-item questionnaire . statistical analysis was performed using one - way analysis of variance , multiple regression analysis , and pearson 's correlation coefficient.results:a total of 78% ( n = 39 ) of nurses did not have a good awareness of health economics . the overall mean score for economic awareness was 5.9 2.1 ( possible range , 0 - 16 ) , and for economic performance was 26.6 4 ( possible range , 0 - 44 ) . there was a significant relationship between the economic awareness and performance of nurses , and nurses in higher positions had a greater awareness of health economics.conclusions:considering the inadequacy of the health economics awareness and performance of nurses , it is essential that efforts are made to enhance their knowledge and behavior with regard to economic issues and cost saving in all the fields of nursing , through the use of continuing education courses and workshops .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: the construction of long dna oligonucleotides , such as synthetic genes , is useful for a number of reasons . for protein expression , it is possible to improve the yield of a desired protein by optimizing codon usage to reflect the relative codon abundance in the host organism used for protein production . long oligodeoxynucleotides can also be used to produce large amounts of rna for structural or biochemical studies by in vitro transcription methods ( 1 ) . many rna molecules studied to - date are under 100 nt in length and the dna oligonucleotides needed for their production are readily synthesized and are commercially available ( up to 100150 nt long ) . as larger rna molecules are studied , or if methods such as the use of cis-3 and/or 5 ribozymes to facilitate rna production ( 24 ) or if rna - based affinity tags to aid in rna purification ( 5 ) are used , it is not possible to purchase dna oligonucleotides of sufficient length to encode the desired rna product . to produce these long dna molecules ( over 120150 nt ) it is necessary to use techniques originally developed for gene synthesis , such as assembly pcr . pcr methods can be used to construct a synthetic gene through the use of a two - step pcr method referred to as assembly pcr ( figure 1 ) ( 6,7 ) . in the first step of assembly pcr , multiple oligodeoxynucleotides that contain overlapping regions anneal , and the dna polymerase extends the primers and fills in the regions between the primers . a range of products of different lengths results from the different possible combinations of annealing that involve less than all the oligodeoxynucleotides . in the second pcr step a pair of primers is introduced that is specific for the full - length oligodeoxynucleotide and the full - length product is selectively amplified from the mixture . the code for assembly pcr oligo maker is written in java version 1.4.1 available from . we have attempted to make this program compatible with most browsers , however , if there is any difficulty running the...

we describe a computer program , assembly pcr oligo maker , created to automate the design of oligodeoxynucleotides for the pcr - based construction of long dna molecules . this program is freely available at and has been specifically designed to aid in the construction of dna molecules that are to be used for the production of rna molecules by in vitro synthesis with t7 rna polymerase . the input for assembly pcr oligo maker is either the desired dna sequence to be made or an rna sequence . if rna is the input , the program first determines the dna sequence necessary to produce the desired rna molecule . the program then determines the sequences of all the oligodeoxynucleotides necessary for a two - step assembly pcr - based synthesis of the desired dna molecule . the oligodeoxynucleotide sequences outputted are designed to have a uniform melt temperature and are checked for regions of overlap outside of the desired priming regions necessary for the pcr reaction . the validity of the program was verified experimentally by synthesizing a 191-nt long dna molecule using the dna sequences suggested by the program .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: pilonidal sinus is a well recognized chronic inflammatory condition which affects the natal cleft , finger web space , and it is rare in the penis . we report on a case of penile pilonidal sinus in a 24-year - old man who has severe mental illness , autism , and developmental delay . the literature was reviewed and there were a few cases reported worldwide ( val - bernal et al 1999 ; chikkamuniyappa et al 2004 ; kalsi et al 2004 ; okane et al 2004 ) . a 24-year - old man who is known to have severe mental illness , autism , and a learning disability , presented with more than a one year history of recurrent ulcerative lesion on the middle of the dorsum of his penile shaft , intermittent erythema , and swelling . despite several courses of antibiotics prescribed by his local general practitioner , the lesion did not resolve and the swelling was observed to grow bigger between these episodes . clinical examination revealed an indurated , erythematous 89 mm ulcerative lesion in the middle of the dorsal aspect of the penile shaft . the patient had not been circumcised and had never reported a similar complaint from anywhere else in his body . excisional biopsy was performed , and histology showed the classical findings of pilonidal sinus with hair shaft within . it is essential to highlight the fact that diagnosis was made post - operatively based on histopathological findings rather than on preoperative clinical assessment . in some cases diagnosis pilonidal sinus was first described by anderson ( 1847 ) . it is a condition that affects hairy areas such as the natal cleft , axillae , perineum , finger web space in the hands of barbers , and amputation stumps ( saharay et al 1997 ) . the pathogenesis of pilonidal sinus is controversial although it is agreed that it is acquired . the present view is that the large majority of pilonidal sinuses have an acquired pathogenesis . the initiating event appears to be follicular hyperkeratosis with plugging , leading to retention of follicular products ( lucas 1997 ) . the...

pilonidal sinus is a well recognised chronic inflammatory condition which commonly affects the natal cleft and finger web space . pilonidal sinus of the penis is a rare clinical entity ; few cases have been reported previously . the treatment strategy is almost the same as treating any pilonidal sinus and involves total excision of the sinus . our diagnosis was established on the histopathological findings rather than a clinical - based diagnosis , follow - up is advisable since the recurrence rate is high . our case report is one of few cases reported on pilonidal sinus all over the world . our patient had total excision of the sinus with complete recovery .

Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them? Study: three different types of aiha can be studied based on the behavior of the autoantibodies involved in the pathogenesis:1 ( 1 ) warm aiha , which is most commonly mediated through igg autoantiobodies ( polygenic ; commonly against the antigens of rh system ) that are most potent at temperatures 37 c , ( 2 ) cold aiha , which is generally mediated through c3 componant of the complement that binds to and hemolyzes the red blood cells ( rbcs ) coated with igm antibodies ( commonly against i and also against i and pr antigens of the rbcs ) typically at temperatures much lower than body temperatures ( commonly around 25 c),2 and ( 3 ) paroxysmal cold hemmoglobinuria ( pch ) , which is mediated through igg or donath landsteiner antibodies ( commonly against p antigen ) that fix the complement to the rbcs partially at low temperatures of 30 c3 ( commonly 4 c18 c as per in vitro testing)1 and then complete the process at temperatures 37 c . most of the cases of aiha have no identifiable etiology and hence are termed idiopathic or primary aiha . the few cases where an underlying cause is identified are termed secondary aiha and could be associated with lympho - proliferative diseases ( lymphoma , chronic lymphocytic lymphoma ( cll ) ) , infections ( mycoplasma4 as in cold aiha or syphilis5 as in pch and various other viral infections , such as the herpes family,6,7 retrovirus,8 and hepatitis9 ) , drugs ( penecillin and methyl dopa),1 and other miscellaneous causes ( connective tissue diseases , thyroid disease , ulcerative colitis , pernicious anemia , etc).1 pch occurs much more commonly in young children with infections ( where a cold temperature is not involved in vivo ) . the temperature - dependent chronic primary pch ( usually in adults ) is extremely rare . lab abnormalities noted among all the aiha in general include anemia , unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia , and elevated lactate dehydrogenase ( ldh ) levels.1 spherocytosis is often seen in waiha.1 severity of the clinical features and labs depend on the...

polygenic igg autoantibodies are implicated in majority of the cases of warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia ( waiha ) . in some of these cases , complement ( c3 ) proteins accompany the igg antibodies . waiha mediated by c3 alone is relatively rare . we present an interesting case of waiha with a direct antiglobulin test ( dat ) positive for c3 but negative for igg in a 79-year - old woman and perform an analytical literature review of the incidence and severity of this clinical entity .