text
stringlengths 0
63.4k
|
|---|
Avicenna 's theology on metaphysical issues ( " ilāhiyyāt " ) has been criticized by some Islamic scholars , among them al-Ghazali , Ibn Taymiyya , and Ibn al-Qayyim .Ibn al-Qayyim , " Eghaathat al-Lahfaan " , Published : Al Ashqar University ( 2003 ) Printed by International Islamic Publishing House : Riyadh . While discussing the views of the theists among the Greek philosophers , namely Socrates , Plato , and Aristotle in " Al-Munqidh min ad-Dalal " ( " Deliverance from Error " ) , al-Ghazali noted that the Greek philosophers " must be taxed with unbelief , as must their partisans among the Muslim philosophers , such as Ibn Sina and al-Farabi and their likes . " He added that " None , however , of the Muslim philosophers engaged so much in transmitting Aristotle 's lore |
as did the two men just mentioned . [ ... ] The sum of what we regard as the authentic philosophy of Aristotle , as transmitted by al-Farabi and Ibn Sina , can be reduced to three parts : a part which must be branded as unbelief ; a part which must be stigmatized as innovation ; and a part which need not be repudiated at all . |
Avicenna made an argument for the existence of God which would be known as the " Proof of the Truthful " ( Arabic : " al-burhan al-siddiqin " ) . Avicenna argued that there must be a " necessary existent " ( Arabic : " wajib al-wujud " ) , an entity that cannot " not " exist |
Correspondence between Ibn Sina ( with his student Ahmad ibn ' Ali al-Ma 'sumi ) and Al-Biruni has survived in which they debated Aristotelianism | Aristotelian natural philosophy and the Peripatetic school . Abu Rayhan began by asking Avicenna eighteen questions , ten of which were criticisms of Aristotle 's " On the Heavens " .Rafik Berjak and Muzaffar Iqbal , " Ibn Sina - Al-Biruni correspondence , " " Islam & amp ; Science " , June 2003 . |
Avicenna was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology . His aim was to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic . Avicenna wrote a number of short treatises dealing with Islamic theology . These included treatises on the Islamic prophet | prophets ( whom he viewed as " inspired philosophers " ) , and also on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Quran , such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his own philosophical system . In general these treatises linked his philosophical writings to Islamic religious ideas ; for example , the body 's afterlife . |
There are occasional brief hints and allusions in his longer works however that Avicenna considered philosophy as the only sensible way to distinguish real prophecy from illusion . He did not state this more clearly because of the political implications of such a theory , if prophecy could be questioned , and also because most of the time he was writing shorter works which concentrated on explaining his theories on philosophy and theology clearly , without digressing to consider epistemological matters which could only be properly considered by other philosophers.James W. Morris ( 1992 ) , " The Philosopher-Prophet in Avicenna 's Political Philosophy , " in C. Butterworth ( ed . ) , " The Political Aspects of Islamic Philosophy " , Chapter 4 , Cambridge Harvard University Press , pp. 152-198 [ pp. 160-161 ] . |
Later interpretations of Avicenna 's philosophy split into three different schools ; those ( such as Nasir al-Din al-Tusi | al-Tusi ) who continued to apply his philosophy as a system to interpret later political events and scientific advances ; those ( such as al-Razi ) who considered Avicenna 's theological works in isolation from his wider philosophical concerns ; and those ( such as al-Ghazali ) who selectively used parts of his philosophy to support their own attempts to gain greater spiritual insights through a variety of mystical means . It was the theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which eventually came to predominate in the madrasahs .James W. Morris ( 1992 ) , " The Philosopher-Prophet in Avicenna 's Political Philosophy , " in C. Butterworth ( ed . ) , " The Political Aspects of Islamic Philosophy " , Chapter 4 , Cambridge Harvard University Press , pp. 152-198 [ pp. 156-158 ] . |
Avicenna Hafiz ( Quran ) | memorized the Quran by the age of ten , and as an adult , he wrote five treatises commenting on sura s from the Quran . One of these texts included the " Proof of Prophecies " , in which he comments on several Quranic verses and holds the Quran in high esteem . Avicenna argued that the Islamic prophets should be considered higher than philosophers.Jules Janssens ( 2004 ) , " Avicenna and the Qur 'an : A Survey of his Qur 'anic commentaries , " " MIDEO " 25 , p . 177-192 . |
While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan , Avicenna wrote his famous " floating man | Floating Man " - literally falling man - thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul . Avicenna believed his " Floating Man " thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is a substance , and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness , even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input . The thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created all at once while suspended in the air , isolated from all Wikt : sensation | sensations , which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies . He argued that , in this scenario , one would still have self-consciousness . Because it is conceivable that a person , suspended in air while cut off from empirical evidence | sense experience , would still be capable of determining his own existence , the thought experiment points to the conclusions that the soul is a perfection , independent of the body , and an immaterial substance.See a discussion of this in connection with an analytic take on the philosophy of mind in : Nader El-Bizri , ' Avicenna and the Problem of Consciousness ' , in " Consciousness and the Great Philosophers " , eds . S. Leach and J. Tartaglia ( London : Routledge , 2016 ) , 45-53 The conceivability of this " Floating Man " indicates that the soul is perceived intellectually , which entails the soul 's separateness from the body . Avicenna referred to the living human nous | intelligence , particularly the active intellect , which he believed to be the hypostatic abstraction | hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature . Following is an English translation of the argument : |
However , Avicenna posited the brain as the place where reason interacts with sensation . Sensation prepares the soul to receive rational concepts from the universal Agent Intellect . The first knowledge of the flying person would be " I am , " affirming his or her essence . That essence could not be the body , obviously , as the flying person has no sensation . Thus , the knowledge that " I am " is the core of a human being : the soul exists and is self-aware . |
Avicenna authored a five-volume medical encyclopedia : " The Canon of Medicine " ( " Al-Qanun fi 't-Tibb " ) . It was used as the standard medical textbook in the Islamic world and Europe up to the 18th century . The " Canon " still plays an important role in Unani medicine .Indian Studies on Ibn Sina 's Works by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman , Avicenna ( Scientific and Practical International Journal of Ibn Sino International Foundation , Tashkent / Uzbekistan . 1-2 ; 2003 : 40-42 |
Avicenna considered whether events like rare diseases or disorders have natural causes.Avicenna Latinus . 1992 . Liber Primus Naturalium : Tractatus Primus , De Causis et Principiis Naturalium . Leiden ( The Netherlands ) : E.J. Brill . He used the example of polydactyly to explain his perception that causal reasons exist for all medical events . This view of medical phenomena anticipated developments in the Age of Enlightenment | Enlightenment by seven centuries.Axel Lange and Gerd B. Müller . Polydactyly in Development , Inheritance , and Evolution . The Quarterly Review of Biology Vol . 92 , No. 1 , Mar. 2017 , pp. 1-38 . . |
Ibn Sīnā wrote on Earth science s such as geology in " The Book of Healing " . Stephen Toulmin and June Goodfield ( 1965 ) , " The Ancestry of Science : The Discovery of Time " , p . 64 , University of Chicago Press ( cf. s , he explained : |
In the " Al-Burhan " ( " On Demonstration " ) section of " The Book of Healing " , Avicenna discussed the philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry . He discusses Aristotle 's " Posterior Analytics " and significantly diverged from it on several points . Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper methodology for scientific inquiry and the question of " How does one acquire the first principles of a science ? " He asked how a scientist would arrive at " the initial axiom s or hypothesis | hypotheses of a deductive reasoning | deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises ? " He explains that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a " relation holds between the terms , which would allow for absolute , universal certainty . " Avicenna then adds two further methods for arriving at the first principle s : the ancient Aristotelian method of inductive reasoning | induction ( " istiqra " ) , and the method of Hypothesis | examination and experiment ation ( " tajriba " ) . Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction , arguing that " it does not lead to the absolute , universal , and certain premises that it purports to provide . " In its place , he develops a " method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry . " |
An early formal system of temporal logic was studied by Avicenna. i . 14 ; Avicenna : " Avicennae Opera " Venice 1508 f87rb Avicenna endorsed the law of noncontradiction proposed by Aristotle , that a fact could not be both true and false at the same time and in the same sense of the terminology used . He stated , " Anyone who denies the law of noncontradiction should be beaten and burned until he admits that to be beaten is not the same as not to be beaten , and to be burned is not the same as not to be burned . " Avicenna , Metaphysics , I ; commenting on Aristotle , Topics I.11.105a4-5 |
In mechanics , Ibn Sīnā , in " The Book of Healing " , developed a theory of motion ( physics ) | motion , in which he made a distinction between the inclination ( tendency to motion ) and force of a projectile , and concluded that motion was a result of an inclination ( " mayl " ) transferred to the projectile by the thrower , and that projectile motion in a vacuum would not cease . |
The theory of motion presented by Avicenna was probably influenced by the 6th-century Alexandrian scholar John Philoponus . Avicenna 's is a less sophisticated variant of the theory of impetus developed by Buridan in the 14th century . It is unclear if Buridan was influenced by Avicenna , or by Philoponus directly.Jack Zupko , " John Buridan " in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , 2014 |
( ) |
In optics , Ibn Sina was among those who argued that light had a speed , observing that " if the perception of light is due to the emission of some sort of Subatomic particle | particles by a luminous source , the speed of light must be finite . " George Sarton , " Introduction to the History of Science " , Vol . 1 , p . 710 . He also provided a wrong explanation of the rainbow phenomenon . Carl Benjamin Boyer described Avicenna 's ( " Ibn Sīnā " ) theory on the rainbow as follows : |
In 1253 , a Latin text entitled " Speculum Tripartitum " stated the following regarding Avicenna 's theory on heat : |
Avicenna 's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the " Kitab al-nafs " parts of his " Kitab al-shifa " ( " The Book of Healing " ) and " Kitab al-najat " ( " The Book of Deliverance " ) . These were known in Latin under the title De Anima ( treatises " on the soul " ) . Notably , Avicenna develops what is called the Floating man | Flying Man argument in the Psychology of " The Cure " I.1.7 as defense of the argument that the soul is without quantitative extension , which has an affinity with Descartes ' s " cogito " argument ( or what phenomenology ( philosophy ) | phenomenology designates as a form of an " " epoche " " ) . |
Avicenna 's psychology requires that connection between the body and soul be strong enough to ensure the soul 's individuation , but weak enough to allow for its immortality . Avicenna grounds his psychology on physiology , which means his account of the soul is one that deals almost entirely with the natural science of the body and its abilities of perception . Thus , the philosopher 's connection between the soul and body is explained almost entirely by his understanding of perception ; in this way , bodily perception interrelates with the immaterial human intellect . In sense perception , the perceiver senses the form of the object ; first , by perceiving features of the object by our external senses . This sensory information is supplied to the internal senses , which merge all the pieces into a whole , unified conscious experience . This process of perception and abstraction is the nexus of the soul and body , for the material body may only perceive material objects , while the immaterial soul may only receive the immaterial , universal forms . The way the soul and body interact in the final abstraction of the universal from the concrete particular is the key to their relationship and interaction , which takes place in the physical body . |
The soul completes the action of intellection by accepting forms that have been abstracted from matter . This process requires a concrete particular ( material ) to be abstracted into the universal intelligible ( immaterial ) . The material and immaterial interact through the Active Intellect , which is a " divine light " containing the intelligible forms . The Active Intellect reveals the universals concealed in material objects much like the sun makes color available to our eyes . |
Avicenna wrote an attack on astrology titled " Resāla fī ebṭāl aḥkām al-nojūm " , in which he cited passages from the Quran to dispute the power of astrology to foretell the future . George Saliba ( 1994 ) , " A History of Arabic Astronomy : Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam " , pp. 60 , 67-69 . New York University Press , |
Avicenna 's astronomical writings had some influence on later writers , although in general his work could be considered less developed than Alhazen or Al-Biruni . One important feature of his writing is that he considers mathematical astronomy as a separate discipline to astrology . |
He also wrote the " Summary of the Almagest " , ( based on Ptolemy ' s " Almagest " ) , with an appended treatise " to bring that which is stated in the Almagest and what is understood from Natural Science into conformity . " For example , Avicenna considers the motion of the solar apogee , which Ptolemy had taken to be fixed . |
Ibn Sīnā used steam distillation to produce essential oils such as rose essence , which he used as aromatherapeutic treatments for heart conditions . |
Unlike al-Razi , Ibn Sīnā explicitly disputed the theory of the Philosopher 's stone | transmutation of substances commonly believed by alchemy | alchemists : |
Four works on alchemy attributed to Avicenna were translated into Latin as : |
Ibn Sina classified minerals into stones , fusible substances , sulfurs , and salts , building on the ideas of Aristotle and Jabir . The " epistola de Re recta " is somewhat less sceptical of alchemy ; Anawati argues that it is by Avicenna , but written earlier in his career when he had not yet firmly decided that transmutation was impossible . |
Almost half of Ibn Sīnā 's works are versified . Edward Granville Browne | E.G. Browne , " Islamic Medicine " ( sometimes also printed under the title " Arabian medicine " ) , 2002 , Goodword Pub . , , pp. 60-61 ) |
کردم همه مشکلات گیتی را حل |
بیرون جستم زقید هر مکر و حیل |
هر بند گشاده شد مگر بند اجل } } |
From the depth of the black earth up to Saturn 's apogee , |
All the problems of the universe have been solved by me . |
I have escaped from the coils of snares and deceits ; |
I have unraveled all knots except the knot of Death.Gabrieli , F. ( 1950 ) . Avicenna 's Millenary . East and West , 1 ( 2 ) , 87-92 . |
Robert Wisnovsky , a scholar of Avicenna attached to the McGill University , says that " Avicenna was the central figure in the long history of the rational sciences in Islam , particularly in the fields of metaphysics , logic and medicine " but that his works didn 't only have an influence in these " secular " fields of knowledge alone , as " these works , or portions of them , were read , taught , copied , commented upon , quoted , paraphrased and cited by thousands of post-Avicennian scholars - not only philosophers , logicians , physicians and specialists in the mathematical or exact sciences , but also by those who specialized in the disciplines of Kalam | ʿilm al-kalām ( rational theology , but understood to include natural philosophy , epistemology and philosophy of mind ) and Principles of Islamic jurisprudence | usūl al-fiqh ( jurisprudence , but understood to include philosophy of law , dialectic , and philosophy of language ) . " Robert Wisnovsky , " Indirect Evidence for Establishing the Text of the Shifā " in " Oriens " , volume 40 , issue 2 ( 2012 ) , pp. 257-258 |
As early as the 13th century when Dante Alighieri depicted him in Limbo alongside the virtuous non-Christian thinkers in his " Divine Comedy " such as Virgil , Averroes , Homer , Horace , Ovid , Lucan , Socrates , Plato , and Saladin . Avicenna has been recognized by both East and West , as one of the great figures in intellectual history . |
George Sarton , the author of " The History of Science " , described Ibn Sīnā as " one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history " ( cf . Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq ( 1997 ) . and one of the most famous of all races , places , and times . " He was one of the Islamic world 's leading writers in the field of medicine . |
Along with al-Razi | Rhazes , Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi | Abulcasis , Ibn al-Nafis , and Hunayn ibn Ishaq | al-Ibadi , Ibn Sīnā is considered an important compiler of early Muslim medicine . He is remembered in the Western history of medicine as a major historical figure who made important contributions to medicine and the European Renaissance . His medical texts were unusual in that where controversy existed between Galen and Aristotle 's views on medical matters ( such as anatomy ) , he preferred to side with Aristotle , where necessary updating Aristotle 's position to take into account post-Aristotelian advances in anatomical knowledge . |
In present-day Iran , Afghanistan and Tajikistan , he is considered a national icon , and is often regarded as among the greatest Persians . A monument was erected outside the Bukhara museum . The Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum in Hamadan was built in 1952 . Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamadan ( Iran ) , |
the biotechnology Avicenna Research Institute in Tehran ( Iran ) , the " ibn Sīnā " Tajik State Medical University in Dushanbe , Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences at Aligarh , India , Avicenna School in Karachi and Avicenna Medical College in Lahore , Pakistan , Ibne Sina Balkh Medical School in his native province of Balkh in Afghanistan , Ibni Sina Faculty Of Medicine of Ankara University Ankara , Turkey , the main classroom building ( the Avicenna Building ) of the Sharif University of Technology , and Ibn Sina Integrated School in Marawi City ( Philippines ) are all named in his honour . His portrait hangs in the Hall of the Avicenna Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris . There is a crater on the Moon named Avicenna ( crater ) | Avicenna and a mangrove genus . |
In 1980 , the Soviet Union , which then ruled his birthplace Bukhara , celebrated the thousandth anniversary of Avicenna 's birth by circulating various commemorative stamp s with artistic illustrations , and by erecting a bust ( sculpture ) | bust of Avicenna based on anthropological research by Soviet scholars.Thought Experiments : Popular Thought Experiments in Philosophy , Physics , Ethics , Computer Science & amp ; Mathematics by Fredrick Kennard , p . 114 |
Near his birthplace in Qishlak Afshona , some |
The Avicenna Prize , established in 2003 , is awarded every two years by UNESCO and rewards individuals and groups for their achievements in the field of ethics in science . |
The aim of the award is to promote ethical reflection on issues raised by advances in science and technology , and to raise global awareness of the importance of ethics in science . |
The Avicenna Directories ( 2008-15 ; now the World Directory of Medical Schools ) list universities and schools where doctors , public health practitioners , pharmacists and others , are educated . The original project team stated " Why Avicenna ? Avicenna ... was ... noted for his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west . He has had a lasting influence on the development of medicine and health sciences . The use of Avicenna 's name symbolises the worldwide partnership that is needed for the promotion of health services of high quality . " " Educating health professionals : the Avicenna project " " The Lancet " , March 2008 . Volume 371 pp. 966-967 . |
In June 2009 , Iran donated a " Persian Scholars Pavilion " to United Nations Office in Vienna which is placed in the central Memorial Plaza ( Vienna ) | Memorial Plaza of the Vienna International Center . |
The 1982 Soviet film " Youth of Genius " ( recounts Avicenna 's younger years . The film is set in Bukhara at the turn of the millennium . " Youth of Genius " ( USSR , Uzbekfilm and Tajikfilm , 1982 ) : 1984 - State Prize of the USSR ( Elyer Ishmuhamedov ) ; 1983 - VKF ( All-Union Film Festival ) Grand Prize ( Elyer Ishmuhamedov ) ; 1983 - VKF ( All-Union Film Festival ) Award for Best Cinematography ( Tatiana Loginov ) . See . |
In Louis L 'Amour ' s 1985 historical novel " The Walking Drum " , Kerbouchard studies and discusses Avicenna 's " The Canon of Medicine " . |
In his book " The Physician " ( 1988 ) Noah Gordon ( novelist ) | Noah Gordon tells the story of a young English medical apprentice who disguises himself as a Jew to travel from England to Persia and learn from Avicenna , the great master of his time . The novel was adapted into a feature film , " The Physician ( 2013 film ) | The Physician " , in 2013 . Avicenna was played by Ben Kingsley . |
The treatises of Ibn Sīnā influenced later Muslim thinkers in many areas including theology , philology , mathematics , astronomy , physics , and music . His works numbered almost 450 volumes on a wide range of subjects , of which around 240 have survived . In particular , 150 volumes of his surviving works concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on medicine . |
His most famous works are " The Book of Healing " , and " The Canon of Medicine " . |
Ibn Sīnā wrote at least one treatise on alchemy , but several others have been falsely attributed to him . His " Logic " , " Metaphysics " , " Physics " , and " De Caelo " , are treatises giving a synoptic view of Aristotelianism | Aristotelian doctrine , though " Metaphysics " demonstrates a significant departure from the brand of Neoplatonism known as Aristotelianism in Ibn Sīnā 's world ; |
Arabic philosophers have hinted at the idea that Ibn Sīnā was attempting to " re-Aristotelianise " Muslim philosophy in its entirety , unlike his predecessors , who accepted the conflation of Platonic , Aristotelian , Neo- and Middle-Platonic works transmitted into the Muslim world . |
The " Logic " and " Metaphysics " have been extensively reprinted , the latter , e.g. , at Venice in 1493 , 1495 , and 1546 . Some of his shorter essays on medicine , logic , etc . , take a poetical form ( the poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836 ) .Thought Experiments : Popular Thought Experiments in Philosophy , Physics , Ethics , Computer Science & amp ; Mathematics by Fredrick Kennard , p . 115 Two encyclopedic treatises , dealing with philosophy , are often mentioned . The larger , " The Book of Healing | Al-Shifa ' " ( " Sanatio " ) , exists nearly complete in manuscript in the Bodleian Library and elsewhere ; part of it on the " De Anima " appeared at Pavia ( 1490 ) as the " Liber Sextus Naturalium " , and the long account of Ibn Sina 's philosophy given by Muhammad al-Shahrastani seems to be mainly an analysis , and in many places a reproduction , of the Al-Shifa ' . A shorter form of the work is known as the An-najat ( " Liberatio " ) . The Latin editions of part of these works have been modified by the corrections which the monastic editors confess that they applied . There is also a ( " hikmat-al-mashriqqiyya " , in Latin " Philosophia Orientalis " ) , mentioned by Roger Bacon , the majority of which is lost in antiquity , which according to Averroes was pantheistic in tone . |
Avicenna 's works include : |
Avicenna 's most important Persian language | Persian work is the " Danishnama-i ' Alai " ( , " the Book of Knowledge for [ Prince ] ' Ala ad-Daulah " ) . Avicenna created new scientific vocabulary that had not previously existed in Persian . The Danishnama covers such topics as logic , metaphysics , music theory and other sciences of his time . It has been translated into English by Parwiz Morewedge in 1977.Avicenna , Danish Nama-i ' Alai. trans . Parviz Morewedge as " The Metaphysics of Avicenna " ( New York : Columbia University Press ) , 1977 . The book is also important in respect to Persian scientific works . |
" Andar Danesh-e Rag " ( , " On the Science of the Pulse " ) contains nine chapters on the science of the pulse and is a condensed synopsis . |
Persian poetry from Ibn Sina is recorded in various manuscripts and later anthologies such as " Nozhat al-Majales " . |
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = |
Left-hand manual |
Left-hand manual |
Hand-pumped : |
Bandoneon , concertina , flutina , garmon , trikitixa , Pump organ # Harmonium | Indian harmonium |
Foot-pumped : |
Pump organ | Harmonium , reed organ |
Mouth-blown : |
Claviola , melodica , harmonica , Laotian khene , Chinese Sheng ( instrument ) | shēng , Japanese Shō ( instrument ) | shō |
Electronic reedless instruments : |
Electronium , MIDI accordion , Roland Virtual Accordion |
Accordions ( from 19th-century German " Akkordeon " , from " Akkord " - " musical chord , concord of sounds " ) are in the same family , but are typically larger than an accordion and sit on a surface or the floor . |
The accordion is played by compressing or expanding the bellows while pressing buttons or Musical keyboard | keys , causing " pallets " to open , which allow air to flow across strips of brass or steel , called " reed ( instrument ) | reeds " . These vibrate to produce sound inside the body . Valves on opposing reeds of each note are used to make the instrument 's reeds sound louder without air leaking from each reed block.ref group = " notes " For the accordion 's place among the families of musical instruments , see Henry Doktorski 's , consisting of bass and pre-set chord buttons , on the left-hand manual . |
The accordion is widely spread across the world . In some countries ( for example Brazil , Colombia , Dominican Republic , Mexico and Panama ) it is used in popular music ( for example Gaucho , Forró and Música sertaneja | Sertanejo in Brazil , Vallenato in Colombia , and Norteño ( music ) | norteño in Mexico ) , whereas in other regions ( such as Europe , North America and other countries in South America ) it tends to be more used for dance-pop and folk music and is often used in folk music in Europe , North America and South America . In Europe and North America , Accordion # Use in popular music | some popular music acts also make use of the instrument . Additionally , the accordion is used in Cajun music | cajun , zydeco , jazz music and in both solo and orchestral performances of classical music . |
The piano accordion is the official city instrument of San Francisco , California . Many conservatories in Europe have classical accordion departments . The oldest name for this group of instruments is " harmonika " , from the Greek " harmonikos " , meaning " harmonic , musical . " Today , native versions of the name " accordion " are more common . These names refer to the type of accordion Accordion # History | patented by Cyrill Demian , which concerned " automatically coupled chords on the bass side . " Dyremose , Jeanette & amp ; Lars , " Det levende bælgspil " ( 2003 ) , p.133 |
Accordions have many configurations and types . What may be technically possible to do with one accordion could be impossible with another : |
Piano accordions ･ ･ ･ 1,2,13br |
Diatonic button accordion ･ ･ ･ 3br |
Chromatic button accordions ･ ･ ･ 11,12,14br |
Digital accordions ( V-Accordions , Roland Corporation ) ･ ･ ･ 11,12,13,14br |
Bandoneon ･ ･ ･ 4br |
English concertina ･ ･ ･ 5br |
Anglo concertina | Anglo-German concertinas ( Anglo concertinas ) ･ ･ ･ 6,7,8,9,10 |
The bellows is the most recognizable part of the instrument , and the primary means of articulation ( music ) | articulation . Similar to a violin ' s bow , the production of sound in an accordion is in direct proportion to the motion of the player . The bellows is located between the right- and left-hand manuals , and is made from pleat ed layers of cloth and cardboard , with added leather and metal. and producing sound by their vibrations , applied pressure increases the volume . |
The keyboard touch is not keyboard expression | expressive and does not affect Dynamics ( music ) | dynamics : all expression is effected through the bellows . Bellows effects include : |
The accordion 's body consists of two wooden boxes joined together by the bellows . These boxes house reed chambers for the right- and left-hand manuals . Each side has grille s in order to facilitate the transmission of air in and out of the instrument , and to allow the sound to project better . The grille for the right-hand manual is usually larger and is often shaped for decorative purposes . The right-hand manual is normally used for playing the melody and the left-hand manual for playing the accompaniment ; however , skilled players can reverse these roles and play melodies with the left hand.ref group = " notes " Guido Deiro claimed he was the first accordionist to play a solo with the left hand : " Sharpshooter 's March " ( 1908 ) Guido Deiro , " Guido Deiro 's Own Story of Sharpshooters March " , " The Pietro Musicordion " , Volume 6 , Number 2 ( May-June 1948 ) |
The size and weight of an accordion varies depending on its type , layout and playing range , which can be as small as to have only one or two rows of basses and a single octave on the right-hand manual , to the standard 120-bass accordion and through to large and heavy 160-bass free-bass converter models . |
The accordion is an aerophone . The manual mechanism of the instrument either enables the air flow , or disables it : ref group = " notes " Illustration made with reference from a similar illustration that can be found in both " Det levende bælgspil " ( p . 9 ) by Jeanette & amp ; Lars Dyremose ( 2003 ) , and " Harmonikaens historie " ( p . 35a ) by Bjarne Glenstrup ( 1972 , The University of Copenhagen , Faculty of Music ) |
The term " accordion " covers a wide range of instruments , with varying components . All instruments have reed ranks of some format , apart from reedless digital accordion s . Not all have switches to change registers or ranks , as some have only one treble register and one bass register . The most typical accordion is the piano accordion , which is used for many musical genres . Another type of accordion is the button accordion , which is used in musical traditions including Cajun , Conjunto and Tejano music , Swiss and Austro-German Alpine music , and Argentinian tango music . |
Different systems exist for the right-hand manual of an accordion , which is normally used for playing the melody ( while it can also play chords ) . Some use a button ( control ) | button layout arranged in one way or another , while others use a piano -style keyboard . Each system has different claimed benefits by those who prefer it . They are also used to define one accordion or another as a different " type " : |
Italian Button Accordion QM r.jpg | A button key accordion made by the company Marrazza in Italy . It was brought by Italian immigrants to Australia as a reminder of their homeland . |
PianoAccordeon.jpg | A " Weltmeister " piano accordion by VEB Klingenthaler Harmonikawerke |
Different systems are also in use for the left-hand manual , which is normally used for playing the accompaniment . These almost always use distinct bass buttons and often have buttons with concavities or studs to help the player navigate the layout despite not being able to see the buttons while playing . There are three general categories : |
Inside the accordion are the reeds that generate the instrument tones . These are organized in different sounding " banks " , which can be further combined into " registers " producing differing " timbre s " . All but the smaller accordions are equipped with switches that control which combination of reed banks operate , organized from high to low register ( music ) | registers . Each register stop produces a separate sound timbre , many of which also differ in octaves or in how different octaves are combined . See the accordion reed ranks and switches article for further explanation and audio samples . All but the smallest accordions usually have treble switches . The larger and more expensive accordions often also have bass switches to give options for the reed bank on the bass side . |
In describing or pricing an accordion , the first factor is size , expressed in number of keys on either side . For a piano type , this could for one example be 37 / 96 , meaning 37 treble keys ( three octaves plus one note ) on the treble side and 96 bass keys . A second aspect of size is the width of the white keys , which means that even accordions with the same number of keys have keyboards of different lengths , ranging from for an adult-sized instrument . After size , the price and weight of an accordion is largely dependent on the number of reed ranks on either side , either on a Accordion reed ranks and switches # Cassotto | cassotto or not , and to a lesser degree on the number of combinations available through register switches . |