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|Alternative Title||The Research of "Women Of China"(Yanan1939-1941) in the Anti-Japanese War |Place of Conferral||兰州 论文紧紧围绕抗战时期的《中国妇女》期刊展开。第一部分是《中国妇女》期刊的概述，主要介绍《中国妇女》期刊的创办背景、办刊宗旨、印刷情况、 办报人员等情况；第二部分是《中国妇女》的内容版面分析，主要对期刊的内容进行梳理和探讨以及对版面的设计进行分析；第三部分探讨《中国妇女》期刊的局限；第四部分研究抗战时期《中国妇女》期刊与妇女运动的关系 ；第五部分是研究该期刊的办刊特点；第六部分研究《中国妇女》期刊的历史地位；第七部分探讨《中国妇女》期刊的现实意义，对当代传媒的启示。| |Other Abstract||The Anti-Japanese War was an exceptional hardship liberation war of the whole nation, which Chinese women's attendance was unique. They played an unparalleled part in the fields of benevolence, propagation, relief education, giving first aid and so on. By means of attending the movement of resistance against Japan and saving the nation from extinction, Chinese women really came out of their families and took part in social activities, and began to liberate themselves by liberating the whole nation. The great transform was relation to the leadership of the party and the efforts of all sectors of the community. In the Anti-Japanese War, The progress women newspapers played a significant role in promoting, which developed fluorescently just as the bamboo shoots after the rain. Especially, “Women Of China” (Yanan) was one of the most prominent typical representative. “Women Of China” (Yanan) was the first women journal which was started by Chinese Communist Party. It was hosted by Women's Movement Committee of the CPC Central. What’s more, It was published and edited by China women publishing house of Yanan .It was the greatest women journal in the Anti-Japanese Democratic Base Area. “Women Of China” had made major contributions to disseminate Chinese Communist Party’s guidelines, strategies and policies to inspire the people, traine excellent women cadres, raise political awareness and cultural level，mobilize and organize the women, serve on national liberation and revolutionary struggle and so on. The thesis will closely revolve the Sino-Japanese time “Women Of China” (Yanan) launches. The first part is the outline of “Women Of China” (Yanan)，mainly introduced “Women Of China” the origination background, the objective, the printing situation, the personnel and so on; The second part is the content and page analysis of “Women Of China” ，mainly carried on combing with the discussion to the periodical content and analysis of the layout. The third part is to discuss the limit of the “Women Of China” (Yanan); The forth part is to study the relationship between “Women Of China” and the women’s movement; The fifth part is to study the feature of the publication; The sixth part is to study the historical position of the publication; The seventh part is to discuss the publication’s practical significance and the revelation to modern media.| 井春野. 抗战时期《中国妇女》（延安1939-1941）期刊研究[D]. 兰州. 兰州大学,2009. Items in the repository are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.

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Describing two different cultures and their views on health care And building relationships with people from different cultures bring quality health care into your ask people questions about their cultures, customs, and views. Culturally competent care culturally competent care for latino face when they come from different cultures and their health care in non. Improving interpersonal communication between the health encounter may be different improve the quality of health care in their facilities through. Many faces: addressing diversity in health care views will explain how they interpret their illness care services may mean something different for. Health and health care african american elders are frequently supported in adhering to their health care the diagnosis of two or more major health. Mental health: ethnic minority experiences when describing their symptoms or how they felt or feeling like two different people. The above fact-sheet also provides a useful breakdown of different aspects of rights to health, describing different means for health care their own health. Health care in the united states: an evolving system who struggle to pay their own health care and health care systems of five different countries. Also, the best copy of this paper on cultural differences that is why some organizations ask their as we interact with others of different cultures. Describing two different cultures and their views on health what are the implications to health care providers - answered by a verified tutor. What are the different types of health care organizations understanding the different health-care a primary care physician to orchestrate their care. Describing two different cultures and their views on health care jessica knott uop hca 230 04-19-2010 cultural views on health health can have different meanings to. How culture influences health attitudes about medical care and their ability to in working with patients from different cultures as displayed. They would expect the physician to make all decisions about their health care cultural relevance in end-of-life care health care decisions some cultures. Examples of culture can be seen everywhere around you in both views of culture you can also instinctually tell the difference between different cultures. Personal values, belief and attitudes mainstream society views as being different or contribute to their feelings of well being as a care worker it is. Attitudes about aging: a global perspective and seven-in-ten chinese describe aging as a major problem for their country pension and health care. Home » cultural health beliefs + behaviors » cultural aspects of death and all cultures have developed while health care providers cannot be expected. Mental health: ethnic minority carers’ experiences views of mental health problems in different communities she is married and has two sons in their twenties. Comparing different religions & faith groups sponsored link overview: elsewhere in this web site, we describe the beliefs, practices, history, etc of dozens of. It influences their views, their people from different cultures have to be included in decision increases the capacity of health care and mental. Culture, identity and indigenous australian peoples identity and indigenous australian peoples 5 cold-climate cultures develop different social organisations. Work with diverse people different cultures may have a different vocabulary and other different ways of describing their emotions and feelings. Given to meet different health care of care to get their viewpoints, world views congruent care with people of different cultures. How does culture affect healthcare general understanding of different cultures for how the patient understands their health/illness with. Causes of cultural barriers different cultures have developed their people find it difficult to talk to people who follow different religions religious views. Chapter 7: human society still, many people live lives very different from the norm for their class the ease health care, and judicial systems. There are many different kinds of culture, but culture is generally divided into two different types: material culture and non-material culture material culture is.

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How to Name Angles One way to name angles is to give the names of three points on the angles. The point that names the corner of the angle goes between the other two points. Click on the button "ABC" to see angle ABC. Click on the button "ACB" to see angle ACB. Click on the button "BAC" to see angle BAC. Click "new angle" to see more angles.

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By Grace Barlow Abington Friends School Teens of color feel a unique sense of enthusiasm when reading texts that represent their cultural identity. “If you look at any of my books from English class, A Raisin in the Sun and Their Eyes Were Watching God are annotated like crazy – then you have the other stuff … I don’t even touch them,”said Sanaa Nicholson, a senior at Abington Friends School. The way Sanaa engaged with novels that featured people of color — novels that represented people like her — shows the essential role that racial representation plays in empowering students to recognize the power of their identity. In the wake of George Floyd’s killing, protests sparked conversation on racial inequality – leading to new high school courses devoted to teaching the African American experience. In many cases, students themselves are leading the charge for better representation in the classroom. Nicholson, a senior at Abington Friends School, began raising questions at school – about how spaces, like her English class, that fail to represent African Americans can make students like her feel inferior. “It hurts to be in these predominantly white spaces and people not even batting an eye to consider the fact that none of this relates to me – nothing in here represents me,” she said. For their senior year, Nicholson and Black Student Union members at Abington Friends created an independent study focused on African American History. Creating a Black Independent Study gave Nicholson an opportunity to educate herself and “go in-depth” on her Black history. Nicholson said, “I think a big part of mental health when it comes to school is interest and engagement – not seeing myself reflected in the curriculum makes me want to remove myself from the situation and not care as much.” Now, Sanaa is able to strengthen her identity through learning topics that interest her and make her feel included. Lack of representation in our communities is more detrimental than many would think, affecting teens of color’s sense of identity and mental health. Dr. Andre Watson, a clinical psychologist whose practice is based in Philadelphia, said: “We are constantly striving to know who we are and to be proud of who we are – our society explicitly and implicitly tells us that being black is inferior.” For African Americans, diminishing the myth of black inferiority becomes an essential step to strengthening their sense of identity as well as bolstering one’s pride in being African American. “It is important that we understand how we got to this point of George Floyd, that’s why literature is key; it doesn’t mask or hide the truth,” Watson said. “We will never be able to move forward until we do some reckoning with the past.” Shades of Freedom, published in 1978 by Dr. A. Leon Higginbotham Jr., documents how early white perceptions of black inferiority are embedded in the legal system. The author uses famous Supreme Court cases to illustrate the significance of historical moments that portray black inferiority. Higginbotham wrote that “the African Americans themselves must come to realize their wretched status; black youngsters must be ‘educated’ as to their place and limitations. Only then would African Americans “lose all just ideas of [their] natural position. When African Americans believed in their inferiority, the precept would become both a part of the law and a part of life.” The concept of black people being inferior is embedded in the legal system. The lack of representation in our school systems because black literature is “too hard to understand” or “starts difficult conversations” is more of a reason why we need to educate ourselves. Without it, teens of color feel disconnected and inferior in the education system. “When you have a book that you can’t engage in enthusiastically and doesn’t really represent you, it’s tough – it feels like a chore as opposed to something you’re excited about.” Mikael Yisrael, director of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion at Abington Friends School grew up in Harlem during the latter stages of the crack epidemic. Attending a predominantly white boarding school, when Mikael was assigned “The Bluest Eye” by Toni Morrison, he was “over the moon.” However, when reading literature that lacked representation, Mikael would receive letters home for his “apathy” and “lack of engagement” that were essentially a reflection of the texts. “When [ Black literature] is an institutional priority, people don’t make space for it,” he said. Now, Yisrael, a first time dad, is making that kind of space at home. He’s making a point of reading Black literature to his newborn – because he believes in the need to be present in the power of black literature as a daily routine. “We are very intentional about the messages,” he said. Yisrael reminds his daughter of the power of her identity while reading her affirmations and scriptures that reflect his family’s core personal values. Yisrael hopes for his daughter to tackle the myth of racial inferiority by reminding her of the importance of Black representation.

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America has a long and deep history of wildlife conservation, but we can and must do more to ensure wildlife and their environments survive for future generations. This session of Congress comes at a pivotal time of systemic declines in wildlife populations due to evolving threats such as habitat loss, disease, and invasive species—all amplified by climate change. Despite many successful efforts to restore populations of American wildlife such as elk, gray wolves, striped bass, and eagles, as many as one-third of America’s species remain vulnerable to extinction, with one in five at high risk of becoming endangered. Congress should build off of recent conservation victories such as the Great American Outdoors Act and the America’s Conservation Enhancement Act and work to pass strong, effective wildlife policies capable of responding to the magnitude of today’s threats. Funding for wildlife conservation should be one of Congress’s top conservation priorities. Passing the Recovering America’s Wildlife Act is essential to stemming the biodiversity crisis by ensuring state, territorial, and Tribal wildlife programs have the resources they need to conserve species of greatest conservation need and to prevent them from becoming endangered. These efforts will also help accelerate the recovery of species already listed as endangered or threatened. In the same vein, Congress should significantly increase funding for federal wildlife programs, particularly endangered species recovery plans. Federal programs for endangered species recovery, wildlife management on public lands, and wildlife research are essential but woefully underfunded. Wildlife travel both daily and seasonally to survive, and the habitats wildlife rely on continue to be fragmented by housing, roads, fences, energy facilities, and other human-made barriers. As a result, animals are often cut off from food, water, shelter, and breeding sites, making dangerous and costly wildlife collisions on America’s roads far too common. Maintaining wildlife corridors and habitat connections are among our most important wildlife conservation strategies. Expanding human development is cutting wildlife off from habitats they need to survive and reproduce. Climate change is exacerbating this by shifting species’ ranges and degrading existing habitat. Congress should pass the Wildlife Corridors Conservation Act and the Tribal Wildlife Corridors Act to create nationwide programs that will help identify and maintain wildlife and fish movements across federal, state, Tribal and private lands. These programs will be supported through increased coordination amongst agency and non-federal partners and through a wildlife movements grant program for on-theground projects. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act protects over a thousand bird species from unnecessary harm. The Department of Interior and Congress should reinstate critical protections for migratory birds that were rolled back by the last administration to ensure migratory birds are protected against unintentional but significant harms. A permitting system to manage unavoidable harms to migratory birds should also be established, through administrative action or passage of the Migratory Bird Protection Act. Congress should address systemic threats to wildlife such as wildlife diseases and invasive species. COVID-19, which likely transferred from wildlife to humans, highlights the need to strengthen our domestic wildlife disease response capacity and relevant international programs. The threat from wildlife diseases is greater than ever in an increasingly globalized world. Congress should increase the capacity of existing federal programs to respond to wildlife disease, by funding Fish and Wildlife Service disease response programs, the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Wildlife Health Center, and USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service’s National Wildlife Disease Program. Additionally, Congress should pass the Wildlife Disease Emergency Act to help the federal, state, and Tribal agencies prepare for, identify, and respond to wildlife disease emergencies. Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) presents an existential threat to deer, elk, and moose, and all of the communities, hunters, and conservation funding which depend on them. Congress took an important step last session by establishing a federal CWD task force. However, States and tribes are the front line against the spread of this disease, and Congress needs to pass the Chronic Wasting Disease Management Act to provide resources to help them combat it. Furthermore, Congress should pass the Invasive Fish and Wildlife Prevention Act to provide the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service with authority and funding to once again regulate interstate transport of listed injurious species under the Lacey Act. Wild Salmon and Steelhead—from the Pacific Coast to central Idaho—are integral to the Northwest’s Tribal Nations, fisherman, main street businesses, identity, and way of life. These fish, however, are running out of time, and barreling towards extinction. Since the completion of the lower Snake River dams in 1975, the populations of Snake River salmon and steelhead have declined by at least 90%. Species, including southern residents killer whales, that rely on abundant salmon also face unprecedented challenges, and their absence could upset the regional ecosystem. The decline of salmon has also left the federal government in violation of its treaty and trust obligations to Northwest Tribes. Over the past several decades local, state, and regional leaders have tried to solve this problem to no avail, and these failures have left the region in an endless loop of litigation, division, and failed half-measures. The time has come for Congress and the Biden Administration to put forward a comprehensive solution that invests in local communities and unites the region. With their leadership, we can achieve the largest river restoration in history, while securing a prosperous future for the Northwest by investing in reliable, affordable clean energy, local communities, and Native American Tribes. National Wildlife Refuges are the nation’s only federal public lands devoted to the needs of wildlife, but unfortunately, they are severely underfunded and severely understaffed. Congress should increase funding for Refuge System Operations and Maintenance, starting by providing $600 million in fiscal year 2022. Congress should also pass the Refuge Resource Protection Act authorizing the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to collect damages from parties that injure or destroy public resources on Service properties, and the Protect Our Refuges Act prohibiting the use of neonicotinoids, a type of agricultural insecticide, on National Wildlife Refuges. Photo credits: Aaron Maizlish (northern pygmy owl), Tom Koerner/USFWS (monarch butterfly), Dan Clark/USFWS (black-footed albatross pair), Danielle Brigida (caribou), fox (BLM) More than one-third of U.S. fish and wildlife species are at risk of extinction in the coming decades. The National Wildlife Federation is on the ground in seven regions across the country, collaborating with 53 state and territory affiliates to reverse the crisis and ensure wildlife thrive.

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What is Visual Dyslexia? Dyslexia is a reading impairment that can result from an abnormal developmental process. While dyslexia has its core in a disruption of language processing, some believe that it may be a visual disturbance. Some dyslexics complain that small letters appear to blur and move around when they're trying to read, leading to research being done in the field of optometry to see if there is a visual component to dyslexia. What does the test involve? A visit to your optometrist should be among the first things you do when your child or yourself is struggling with reading, regardless of what the ultimate cause might be. At a minimum, the assessment can rule out near and far sightedness. Of course tests of vision are even more important if you suspect that visual stress may be a factor. Our optometrist is a specialist in visual stress and are able to conduct an assessment using coloured overlays and/or tinted lenses. The assessment may involve the use of an Intuitive Colorimeter, which helps identify the precise tint that best reduces visual stress for the reader. Below is a summary of the most common and effective forms of intervention for vision related to reading difficulty. Glasses: In some cases the problem will be solved through a pair of corrective glasses or contact lenses from the optician. Coloured Lenses: Coloured lenses are just like a pair of sunglasses except with a carefully chosen tint that reduces visual stress for the person wearing them. Coloured Overlays: Overlays are thin tinted sheets or transparent plastic that is placed over the top of any material being read, serving the same function as the glasses.

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The Guardian newspaper picked this up recently, and it also makes an appearance in the most recent issue of Conservation magazine: people who buy green products may be, on the whole, more likely to steal and cheat when given the chance. This claim comes by way of two researchers at the University of Toronto, who were probing a more widely known psychological phenomenon in which people who pat themselves on the back for a good deed often feel entitled to a bit of selfishness later on. Using student volunteers, the Toronto researchers tested this notion as it relates to green consumerism. They initially quizzed the students on their impressions of people who buy eco-friendly products, and for the most part, they considered such consumers to be more “more cooperative, altruistic and ethical” than ordinary consumers, according to Conservation. The researchers then set about testing those qualities: In the second experiment, some students were assigned to check out an online store offering mostly green products, while other students were assigned to an online store carrying mostly conventional products. Half the students in each group were asked to rate the products in the store, and the other half were asked to purchase products. Afterward, all the students played a seemingly unrelated money-sharing game. The students who had merely rated the green products shared more money than the students who had rated the conventional products. But students who had made purchases in the green store shared less money than those who had shopped in the conventional store. In the third experiment, the students played a computer game that tempted them to earn money by cheating. The green consumers were more likely to cheat than the conventional purchasers, and they stole more money when asked to withdraw their winnings from envelopes on their desks. Andy Revkin, my colleague at the Dot Earth blog, suggested that this “moral-license effect,” as the authors put it, may well have something in common with another widely discussed phenomenon known as the “single-action bias” — a term that arises often in discussions of climate change. From the Center for Research on Environmental Decisions at Columbia University: In response to uncertain and risky situations, humans have a tendency to focus and simplify their decision making. Individuals responding to a threat are likely to rely on one action, even when it provides only incremental protection or risk reduction and may not be the most effective option. People often take no further action, presumably because the first one succeeded in reducing their feeling of worry or vulnerability. This phenomenon is called the single-action bias. Whether or not the single-action bias can help explain why students in the Toronto experiment behaved the way they did is an open question, though it seems certain that the study of environmental decision-making — particularly as popular agreement on the gravity of global warming wanes — will continue to be a hot area of research. “Green products do not necessarily make for better people,” the Toronto researchers told The Guardian. They also said that while much time and treasure has been spent trying to identify green consumers, relatively little research has gone into “how green consumption fits into people’s global sense of responsibility and morality.”

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Simple Tips for Parents to Increase Helmet Use by Their Children - 1. Have children start wearing a bicycle helmet as soon as they learn to ride a bicycle. - 2. Wear a helmet yourself; children look to their parents to role model correct behaviors. - 3. Explain to children the importance of wearing a helmet and how it can help them in case of a crash. - 4. Reward children when they wear their helmets without being asked. - 5. Let children pick out their own helmet. - 6. Point out other people who are being safe and wearing their helmets. - 7. Do not let children ride their bicycles unless they have their helmet on. - 8. Remind them it's the law.

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Paper dahlias are widely used as decoration flowers for houses and parties. Also known as Mexican marigold and flower of the dead, the cempasuchil is a plant that grows in central mexico blooming in autumn yellow or orange flowers. What are paper flowers used for in Mexico? There are many uses for paper-crafted flowers. Paper flowers are used to decorate fair booths, altars and graves In some regions of Mexico, people decorate cakes with paper flowers. Tourists in Mexico can find the handcrafted paper flowers in hotel rooms or hung up on bamboo poles and sold on the streets. What is the traditional Mexican flower? Dahlia (Dahlia Pinnata) The dahlia is the national flower of Mexico and has quite a large bloom. Many of the flowers are two-toned. Why do Mexicans use paper flowers instead of real flowers? No one is completely sure how the tradition of paper flowers began in Mexico, but it is thought that Spanish settlers brought tissue paper (papel de chino) from China. It is believed that paper flowers were used to decorate churches during the winter when flowers were less available. What are paper flowers called? Paper Flower ( Bougainvillea glabra ) – Plants | Candide. Are paper flowers popular? Crepe paper-flower–making is not your average afternoon craft with the kids. Realistic-looking paper blooms have steadily been trending for the past decade and seem to be just as popular now as they were 10 years ago. How do you make a round tissue flower? - Stack several layers of tissue paper neatly in front of you. ( . - Starting at the short end, accordion fold 1 inch sections of the tissue paper until the whole length of the tissue paper is folded together. - Secure the center using a stapler - Use scissors to shape both ends of the tissue paper. What is Mexican papel picado? Papel picado literally means ‘punched’ or ‘perforated’ paper. This traditional cut paper folk art is found throughout Mexico and the former colonies of Spain as well as in the folk traditions of many other countries. How do you make cornhusk flowers? For all flowers, soak cornhusks in water for 2 to 3 minutes; blot dry with paper towels. For petals and other shapes, copy template onto card stock. Cut out and place template on slightly damp husk, and then cut shapes. Using your fingers, cup and shape petals while they dry. How do you make marigold tissue paper? - Step 1: Cut the Paper. Cut the tissue paper in half so that you now have two sheets: 13″ x 20″ each. Cut each of those pieces in half - Step 2: Fold and Cut the Paper. Stack four sheets of paper. Pleat the paper in an accordion fold - Step 3: Fan out the Flowers. Fan out the paper - Step 4: Display your Marigolds! How do you make tissue decorations? - Start with 8 sheets of tissue paper, then fold them like a fan. - Cut the ends in a scallop shape with scissors. - Tie the center with a ribbon, and carefully separate each sheet. - Hang from the ribbon, attach to a wall, party backdrop, or table. How many sheets of tissue paper make a flower? Step 1: Layer your tissue paper sheets together. We played around with different amounts and discovered that a layer of tissue paper from 8-12 sheets made a pretty flower. You can use different colors of tissue paper or the same color. How do you make tissue paper flower garland? - Cut the tissue paper in four sections - Fold it accordion style and use a piece of floral wire to tie it in the center. - Attach fishing wire to each one for hanging. - Cut the ends to give it a shape that you like, either oval or pointy like I did. - Fluff each tissue paper out on each side. - Hang your garland. What is a mexican rose? Mexican roses are perennial succulents known for their gray green or blue gray leaves They resemble an artichoke and their long lasting flowers bloom pink, red and yellow in the spring and summer. These plants make excellent groundcover and also work well in containers. What do Mexican sunflowers symbolize? Mexican Sunflower symbolizes faith, loyalty, and adoration. What is the flower of Oaxaca? Description. The Oaxaca Anthurium (pronounced wah-haka) is a giant when it comes to Anthuriums. Oaxaca Anthuriums grow 24 to 36 inches tall, have wide, glossy leaves, and dazzling pink to red flowers that bloom throughout the warm season, with individual blooms that can last for up to a month. Where did paper flowers originate from? The art of paper flower making is thought to have started in China soon after it was invented, where they made them to float on water as religious offerings. What are paper flowers made of? Paper flowers are flower-like shapes made from tissue and crepe papers Both papers are very thin and lightweight, but crepe paper has an extra textured coating. How do you make Victorian flowers? - Step 1: Fold the paper into four and cut out the petals. Fold the petals - Step 2: Score the petals. Score the petals - Step 3: Build up the petals to create the rose flower. Build up the rose flower - Step 4: Use wire to hold the petals and create the stem - Step 5: Twist crepe paper around the wire. How do you make flowers step by step? - 1Make a paper square. Start out with a square piece of paper, preferably thin or lightweight paper - 2Fold diagonally in half. Fold the square diagonally in half to come up with a triangle. - 3Fold in half - 4Fold in half again - 5Rotate and fold - 6Cut above the straight edge - 7Draw an arc and cut - 8Unfold the paper. What are some traditions of Cinco de Mayo? Today, revelers mark the occasion with parades, parties, mariachi music, Mexican folk dancing and traditional foods such as tacos and mole poblano Some of the largest festivals are held in Los Angeles, Chicago and Houston. How long do Everlasting flowers last? They are called everlasting because the flowers will last up to 12 months ! While they may not last forever, our maintenance-free flowers are sure to leave a lasting impression. What is Paperflowers craft? These paper flowers use a variety of materials such as cardstock, scrapbook paper, tissue paper, metallic text-weight paper, and crepe paper You’ll be using these materials to make DIY paper flowers like roses, peonies, dahlias, anemones, cherry blossoms, and other pretty flowers that you’ll love creating. What are Everlasting flowers called? Two common names for Helichrysum are Everlasting and Immortelle in reference to the flowers lasting almost forever when dried. Most commonly used as dried flowers. Stems are often replaced by wire, as stems do not last nearly as long as the flowers.

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Anaerobic Digestion Equipment - Best Practices for Selection and Operation Anaerobic Digestion has played a key part in turning wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) into water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs). The byproduct traditionally called “waste gas” is used as biogas - a renewable, clean, green energy source. Some facilities have been able to generate enough to put renewable natural gas (RNG) into a pipeline and/or send power back to the grid. While innovation has improved in some areas, the basic configuration of anaerobic digesters for wastewater has remained about the same since the early 1900s. It doesn’t take much to start the anaerobic digestion process within a tank with some primary and secondary sludge. The incoming microbes just need an oxygen-free, homogenous, warm environment and about 15-20 days to thrive, break down solids, and produce biogas. For this to happen, the tank needs to be COVERED, MIXED, and HEATED. Selecting the right type of digester cover, mixer, and heating system, and then using the equipment effectively, reduces the chances of inefficiencies, process challenges, and catastrophic failures. Cover Me: Biogas Storage, Containment, or Both? At first glance, a digester cover may appear simple – a structure that sits on (or in) a tank to keep the biogas in and the oxygen out. Unlike many of the other domes at a WRRF, these steel or membrane structures are gastight and under pressure. Some designs provide storage of the biogas that can be utilized as renewable energy. Steel covers typically operate between 8-12 inches of water column, which is just under ½ PSI. That may not seem like much, but the resulting force at this scale is enough to float a steel cover that weighs hundreds of thousands of pounds. Floating steel covers are ballasted with concrete blocks to operate at these typical pressures. Steel cover designs include fixed, gasholder, or buoyant. Dual membrane gasholder digester covers use high-strength, PVC-coated fabrics and inflation fans to maintain the outer membrane structure and pressurize the biogas. This technology can also be used for standalone biogas storage, separate from the digester. What type of digester cover is best? Many factors go into this decision, and each plant or project has unique drivers that affect that answer. Historically, primary digesters were mixed, heated, kept at a constant volume, and used a fixed steel cover. Secondary digesters were not mixed or heated and used buoyant or gasholder covers to accommodate liquid level variations from biosolids dewatering and/or hauling. Conventional definitions often get blurred as facilities upgrade or change operations. Many secondary digester tanks have been retrofitted to be heated and mixed to improve biogas yield and solids destruction. Primary or secondary designations cannot be effectively used to advise equipment selection. There are several key things to consider when selecting a digester cover. - What type is currently installed? - Does the digester sludge level remain constant or is it variable? - Is digester gas storage beneficial for plant operations, heating, or cogeneration? - What is the installed cost and timeframe? - Is some added complexity acceptable? - How long will the cover last? - What is the required maintenance (inspection, coatings, etc.)? Below is a chart that compares these factors with the type of cover and helps narrow down the options. A more detailed evaluation would make sense for a specific project. |Factors to Consider||Fixed||Gasholder||Buoyant||Membrane Gasholder| |Total Cost (Installed)||Moderate||Moderate||Highest||Lowest| |Variable Liquid Level||Poor||Good||Very Good||Excellent| |Usable Gas Storage||Zero||Moderate||Very Little||Most| Mix It Up: Choose the Best Digester Mixer Mixing technology has improved and evolved to make digester mixers safer, more effective, and reliable. Selecting the proper mixer is largely based upon experience and widely accepted rules of thumb for digester mixer design. However, advanced tools like computational fluid dynamics (CFD) struggle to effectively model the complex interactions of solids, grit, liquids, and gas that make up digester sludge. This empirical approach was historically sufficient for low-rate, conventional digesters, but recent interest in spiking digesters with diverse feedstocks (grease, whey, etc.) to produce more biogas requires more sophistication. Game-changers, like thermal hydrolysis processes (THP, aka sludge pressure-cookers) that change the digester sludge rheology and increase gas production, suggest more thought should be given to mixing performance and the limitations with various options. Guard against bubbling over, a common digester issue. Fly over a few wastewater treatment plant digesters (or use Google Maps) and you are likely to find several floating covers with a ring of sludge or foam around the perimeter of the cover. Researchers traditionally attributed this to foaming events, resulting from over-feeding, over-mixing, or filamentous bacteria, but recent studies suggest that some foaming issues are due to rapid volume expansion (RVE). This phenomenon occurs when bubbles of biogas get held up within the matrix of liquids and solids in a digester. RVE can cause the overall specific gravity of the sludge to drop and the volume of the digester contents to increase suddenly, overwhelming the overflows, spewing up around the cover, and sometimes causing spills. Published studies suggest that one source of this problem is an increase in sludge viscosity due to inadequate (not excessive) mixing or a sudden mixer shutdown (Chapman and Krugel, 2011). Other research has shown that some poorly mixed digesters actually have specific gravity (SG) that varies with sludge depth and can be as low as 0.6 (Willis et al., 2016) near the digester sludge surface. One significant side effect would be that covers designed to float on water (SG=1) would partially sink into this low-density sludge creating the signature Google Maps “sludge ring” described previously. Effective Anaerobic Digester Gas Mixing System Designs Selecting the right mixer will improve overall digester performance, be reliable, prevent foam, grit and RVE issues, and ensure that the tank is sufficiently mixed from top to bottom. There are several types of mixers to consider. Draft Tube Mixing Draft tube mixers are essentially high-flow, low head, axial-flow pumps designed specifically for digesters. They are reversible so they can pump up or down and can be mounted through the cover or through the side of the digester tank. Flows range from 5,000 to 25,000+ gpm, and the standard tank turnover time is 20-30 minutes but can be adjustable via variable frequency drives. Decades ago, these mixers utilized bronze bushings and inferior bearings and seals that created reliability issues. Current designs are guaranteed for five years and frequently run for 10 years before bearings and seals require replacement. This can be completed onsite and the mixer can be reinstalled and operational within a few hours. Pump and nozzle or jet mixing is a simple approach that is best suited for extremely variable-level digesters (or holding tanks). Nozzles on the floor spin the contents of the tank very effectively but have little ability to submerge floating scum or low-density sludge near the surface. Foambuster nozzles can be added to the surface to help address this. CFD models are commonly used for these systems since the relative flow (usually less than 1,000 gpm) is much lower than other designs and mixing effectiveness is very dependent on nozzle placement. These systems rely on larger horsepower pumps than most other mixer types. This type of mixing on a waste-to-energy system can negate the benefit of additional biogas produced in a well-mixed digester. Intermittent mixing by shutting the pumps off can save energy, but it can exacerbate the RVE issues described earlier. Linear Motion Mixing Linear motion mixers (LMMs) are a relatively new mixing approach that has gained attention as a non-rotational, low-energy alternative. Some studies have shown that digesters can produce gas and operate well (in the short term) with no mixing (Dineen et al. 2015). However too little mixing may cause long-term problems, including process instability, grit settling, scum flotation, and other factors that inhibit the long-term effectiveness and reduce the active volume of the digester. Minimizing energy usage is very tempting but may significantly reduce the effectiveness of the mixer. The LMM’s oscillating disc imparts a gentle flow, and the energy added is not significant or near enough to the surface or the floor to reduce scum or grit accumulation. Since this is not a pump, mixing flow cannot be measured, so there is no way to calculate tank turnover. In this case, WEF MOP 8 suggests calculating velocity gradient or energy per unit volume to compare mixer designs, but this design typically falls below the recommended ranges. (WEF, 2019) Various types of gas mixing systems have been tried, mostly to mitigate the historic challenges of having moving parts in the sludge. Confined (in a draft tube) or unconfined lance designs inject bubbles from the top but have a tendency to collect rags and debris. The “bubble gun” (gas injected into a draft tube) method can be effective on digesters with a constant liquid level. However, some of the bubble generators have had ragging or clogging issues. Overall, the challenges with maintaining and running a compressor operating with moist, corrosive, and explosive biogas can be a nuisance and a major safety concern. Keep it Hot to Maintain Optimal Conditions Effective heating, mixing, and feeding regimes can play a role in maintaining optimal process conditions. Mesophilic digesters operate around 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius). This temperature setpoint can vary slightly, but any quick changes in temperature can disrupt the biology within the digester. Anaerobic digestion is a slightly exothermic process. Unlike some aerobic processes, like composting or autothermal aerobic digestion (ATAD), not enough heat is generated to self-heat and maintain required temperatures. Most anaerobic digesters use heat exchangers (HXs) that transfer heat from hot water to sludge without mixing the liquids. The water is heated with a boiler or combined heat and power (CHP) engine. The latter, also known as cogeneration (cogen), generates renewable electrical power from biogas. Raw sludge is fed (as steadily and consistently as possible) directly into the digester, and heat is added by circulating the tank contents through a heat exchanger. Feeding the digester through a HX is not usually advised because designing for this excessive short-term demand would require a significantly larger HX. The cold, undigested sludge is also more likely to foul the heat exchanger or cause other flow issues. Tube-in-tube heat exchangers are commonly used because of their simplicity and robust performance. Sludge is pumped through 4-inch or 6-inch pipes mounted inside larger diameter pipes flowing hot water (typically 150 F/65 C) in the opposite direction (countercurrent). Flow and temperature must be considered to prevent the sludge from getting too hot, which can inhibit the biology or “bake” sludge into the walls of the tube. Heat exchanger jackets can be mounted on draft tube mixers to gently transfer heat. These are very efficient overall by letting the mixing flow move the sludge, thus eliminating the need for a sludge recirculation pump, piping, and space in a building required by other designs. Also, since the sludge passes through the HX very quickly, the microbes are less likely to be inhibited by excessive temperatures. Spiral heat exchangers use coiled-up steel plates to transfer heat between alternating gaps containing hot water and sludge. The smaller, 1-inch gap between the plates creates increased headloss and is more prone to clogging than other choices. This design provides more heat transfer in a smaller footprint than the tube-in-tube option. Many factors should be considered in properly choosing equipment and operating a digester. Whether you are involved in an extensive biogas-to-energy upgrade, biosolids management project, or simply need to replace an old cover, understanding the equipment will help achieve project-specific goals, address operational needs, and keep your digesters operating properly in the long run. Chapman, Tom and Krugel, Steve. Rapid Volume Expansion – An Investigation into Digester Overflows and Safety [Conference presentation]. Water Environment Federation (WEF) Residuals and Biosolids Conference, Sacramento, CA Dineen et. al. (2015, May 19). Full Scale Digester Mixing Performance [Conference presentation]. CSWEA 88th Annual Meeting. Oakbrook Terrace, IL Water Environment Federation. Design of Water Resource Recovery Facilities, MOP 8, Water Environment Federation, 2019 Willis et al. (2016) Are Your Digesters Burping, Frothing, or Otherwise Not Behaving? – Let’s talk about Solutions and NOT REPEAT the ‘Digester Foam’ Paper you’ve already Heard Five Times [Conference presentation]. Water Environment Federation (WEF) Residuals and Biosolids Conference, Milwaukee, WI

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The Causes of This Condition Birth asphyxia can occur for many reasons, but in all cases, it results from a lack of oxygen to the brain. Many different things can cause it. For example, if they accidentally pinched the umbilical cord because the doctor did not know where it was. This birth disorder happens when a child stops breathing. Birth asphyxia occurs as anoxia or hypoxia sets in. The child lacks oxygen circulating in the body, and during this time, permanent damage may begin occurring. Doctors must respond quickly to handle this danger. There are a variety of tests to determine whether or not your child has developed it. Most often, doctors will order an MRI or a CT scan taken of the child. Unfortunately, sometimes these scans don’t show enough about what might be happening. As a result, they might do a single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) tests for a more thorough evaluation. Some of these tests will also handle looking at auditory, visual, and sensory pathways. Good Care Becomes Essential Before you begin, it is essential to find good care for your child. Brain injuries can have a serious impact, and they will worsen if your child doesn’t receive adequate treatment for their condition. Be sure to work in close coordination with your doctor and determine the best care for your child so that they will receive the most favorable results. It is important to work with a healthcare team with good communication skills when discussing your child’s care. Some serious dangers can arise if this condition is not properly addressed. The baby may have only stopped breathing for a few seconds or stopped breathing for a few minutes. As a result, some dangerous conditions can arise. For example, some of the dangerous conditions include Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy and Cerebral Palsy. Responding quickly and appropriately becomes essential to avoiding lifelong disabilities. Keeping an eye out for a few symptoms becomes essential so that you can catch a brain injury before it has the chance to worsen. If you have not tested your baby for it, you may want to watch some of the symptoms. Some of the most obvious symptoms that can arise include bluish skin, seizures, labored breathing, or the absence of breathing. Establishing good communication with a doctor on hand can help you to relieve some of these problems that can arise from a birth injury before they have the chance to get out of control. A quick response can help lower the risks of damage.

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A healthy lifestyle is key to a happy and healthy life. Several things in our surroundings affect our lifestyle. The fundamental pillars of a healthy lifestyle are physical activities, healthy food, passionate activities, and positive energy. It is well said that “Health is Wealth”, but we don’t understand or realize this statement unless and until we face some life-threatening health condition. It can cost you money, happiness, and in the end mental and emotional peace. What is a healthy lifestyle? Healthy doesn’t refer to physical fitness but it also attributes mental and emotional being. Whereas healthy lifestyle means the balance between the different dimensions of healthy being such as physical fitness, mental health, nutritious diet, and positive energy around you. (1, 2, 3) A healthy lifestyle helps people in preventing chronic illness and offers a longer and happy life. The lifestyle doesn’t only help in keeping you healthy, but it boosts your self-esteem. It is often observed that people with a healthy lifestyle are happy and confident compared to placebo. (1, 3) Though there is nothing right or wrong, one can maintain a healthy lifestyle by making the right choices to maintain the balance between different pillars of a healthy lifestyle. WHO recommends eating a lot of fruits, vegetables, reducing fat, sugar, and salt intake to ensure a healthy lifestyle? (4, 5) What are the pillars of a healthy lifestyle? These pillars are the fundamentals of building a healthy lifestyle. Though we can’t achieve a healthy lifestyle just in the blink of an eye however consistent effort can help you attain the perfect harmony between this core element. The core elements of a healthy lifestyle are discussed below: The WHO defines physical activities as any sort of bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy consumption for example sports, running, swimming. It may include activities carried out during office, playing, doing chores, traveling, and any sort of recreational activities. It has long-term as well as short-term benefits. A healthy lifestyle includes a healthy adequate amount of physical activities. As per WHO statistics, globally 1 in 4 adults are not active enough and reduced physical activities are leading factors of death worldwide. More than 80% of the adolescent population is insufficiently physically active. Insufficient physical activity is the major factor of increased mortality among people of various ages. Insufficiently active individuals have a 20% to 30% increased risk of death compared to active people. Physical activities include exercise, running, sports, swimming, and yoga. Regular practice of either of the activities might help in achieving a healthy lifestyle. (1, 2, 3) A healthy diet is key to a healthy lifestyle. Food habits are an integral part of the life cycle and it’s “Organic”, it changes through space and time. Different geographies have different food habit and its changes as the individual ages. Whatever food habits we did have in our childhood it would not be the same in adulthood or old stage. The habits have a very big footprint in our life than we can imagine and especially on our health. These have a short, long, and very long-term impact on our health. The proverb “We Reap what we sow” is very apt about health and food habits. (6) Food Habits have a great impact on our lives especially bodyweight which is the precursor to several deadly lifestyle diseases. However healthy food habits can reduce body weight and subtle its impact on health. As per WHO, a healthy diet must include at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day however the unavailability and inaccessibility of fruit and veggies push millions of people toward an unhealthy diet leading to malnutrition and in extreme circumstances for a prolonged period causes deadly diseases. (1, 2, 3, 4) Engagement in Passionate Activities The fabric of the modern lifestyle is such that it attracts all the possible stresses coming from different dimensions and makes our life miserable. Stress is something which has very little to life-threatening impact in our life. Persistent stress is the result of an impaired lifestyle. Stress is the foremost enemy of health in this contemporary lifestyle and it must be eliminated and if not possible must be avoided. There are several pathways to minimize or eliminate the stress however the best way to handle this situation is by engaging ourselves in the activities we are craving about. We always focus on achieving different goals in our lives, one after another, and so on, and keep our hobbies and other activities that give us happiness at the brink of our to-do-list. These activities which give us happiness and joy are the real stress buster and help in growing a better person personally and professionally. (1, 2, 3) Surround Yourself with Positive Energy It has always been said that “Think Positive”, it not because positive thinking might get you better outcome however it gives better & positive perspective towards things and helps us take some positive decision that changes outcome in our favor. Surround yourself with encouraging friends and people with a positive attitude which might help in shaping your life in a better way and give a better perspective towards life. We should always try to look on the brighter side rather than dwelling upon what is good or bad. There is always something good in everything and we should try to harvest those. (1, 2, 3) These don’t need to be the only pillars of a healthy lifestyle however other elements of a healthy lifestyle might be clubbed in these major heads. Achieving a healthy lifestyle is not difficult, you just have to live yourself in the happiest ways possible. You make minor modifications to your existing lifestyle such as the inclusion of fitness programs, healthy food habits, engage yourself in actives you love, & surround yourself with friends, and encouraging people that will help you achieve your goal of a healthy lifestyle. “Stay Happy, Stay Healthy”.

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Stress is regarded as any progress that creates physical or mental pressure in the person who is encountering it. It is a physiological response that happens when your body is needed to play out an assignment or focus (Scott, 2020). Work-related stress, also known as occupational stress, is described as an individual’s negative reaction to excessive pressure or other expectations placed on them at their place of employment. Preston (2021) describes work stress in three phases that make its extensive definition. In the first instance, work-related stress is brought about by the influence of external improvements on the situation, which is a stressor. Subsequently, it incorporates the individual’s assessment of their external enhancements. Finally, work stress impacts one’s psychological, emotional, physical, and perhaps social well-being, which can be regarded as a strain. Essentially, work pressure is a one-of-a-kind interaction in which emotional, mental assessments of job-related stresses result in poor physical and mental health as well as social strain consequences (Preston, 2021). Financial constraints, budget reductions, heavy caseloads, and other large-scale and small-scale hierarchical challenges have all been linked to increased levels of work-related stress in the current working environment, according to research. The long-term strain on the medical services sector may also result in various health problems, including individual frailty, lower hierarchical usefulness, and an increase in medical care expenses, among other things. In general, work-related stress develops due to a person’s capacity to deal with the pressures imposed on them at work. Extended stress may be a key contributor to the development of disease. Levels of Stress at Work Both workers and employers have reported feeling stressed at work in recent years. The rapid swings in stress levels that workers in many firms encounter on a daily basis are the result of a variety of factors. Stress can be experienced in various levels as it progressively develops into chronic conditions that affect health if not adequately monitored and addressed. Stress can be manifested in various levels, which include alarm (fight or flight), recovery (coping), adaptation, and burnout (Cole, 2018). At the alarm level, when employees are subjected to stress, an alarm is initiated in their body, which acts by stimulating and increasing the work rate of adrenaline glands. If these alarm level is not well managed and monitored, the employee will begin developing health concerns such as high blood pressure, rapid pulse rates, pain, among others. The coping level highlights that the body can cope with the stimuli that are causing stress by making various adjustments. At this level, the body strives to revamp the body to its natural state before stress is inflicted. The recovery levels require an employee to intervene by indulging in regular exercises, which triggers the body to release endorphins, making them feel better. They also need to integrate healthy eating habits into their diet and getting enough rests for better coping with stress levels (Greenberg, 2016). However, if the employee does not respond positively and they do not regain their normalcy, they may find themselves in the next levels of stress. The subsequent level is adaptation. This comes when stress persists and can be addressed by taking time off work for adequate recovery or adapting to the new situation. In some circumstances, employees can resign, but if they choose to work in these new environments, their bodies will be subjected to constant stress. In the long run, they will be low energy, low motivation, and low productivity in their professional work and the organization. The final level of stress is burnout, which arrives as a result of progressive stress levels leading to employees experiencing burnout. Burnouts that employees may experience include feelings of highly exhausted, emotionally drained, zero motivation and reduced productivity, negative thoughts, and poor communication (Robinson, 2015) Notably, various external circumstances, such as the technological revolution and numerous changes in the country’s financial condition, have led to a rise in the amount of stress experienced at the place of business. Many firms experience high levels of stress when operations take place throughout the globe, and personnel comes from a variety of cultural backgrounds. Apart from that, stress at work is continually produced by various factors, including family or individual troubles, changes in organizational structure, the pace of globalization, and the rate at which consumers want goods from businesses (World Health Organization, 2020). The objective of this paper is to present the causes and impacts of stress and the employers’ responsibility in managing stress. Causes of Stress External variables such as technical advancements, variations in a country’s economic status, which might result in unemployment, and so on have all been shown to contribute to the development of stress at work. On the other hand, employee stress at work may decrease to the point that employee productivity and well-being are maintained, therefore contributing to the organization’s overall success. There are a variety of factors that contribute to stress in the workplace, all of which have an impact on the lives of workers. Employee stress levels rise over time and vary widely amongst employees as a result of excessive workload, congestion of the workplace, loud machine noise, and encouragement of confrontations between workers and management as a result of a lack or inadequate selection (Baligar, 2017). Progressive working overtime is, without a doubt, the most uncomfortable thing that may happen at work. While working a few extra hours may result in projects being completed more quickly and extraordinary outcomes for your team, working consistently and every day is likely to result in overwhelming feelings of exhaustion, which will put additional pressure and stress on all parties involved. In addition, creating unreasonable deadlines for projects or exercises assigned to workers who cannot finish them on time is a significant source of extra work and, therefore, of business-related strain (Khanchel, 2019). Unreasonable schedules cause colleagues to be concerned about penalties from the board of directors if they do not finish their responsibilities on time, which often results in increased work and a great deal of pressure for everyone in the organization. As a result, regardless of whether the job is completed by the arbitrary deadline, it will not have been nurtured to an indisputable level and will not have been thoroughly appraised. The workplace has a considerable influence on the work style of an individual employee. If an employee is surrounded by lazy employees who do nothing all day and constantly distract their attention or those that slave away all day following the manager’s orders, then there is a high likelihood that the employee will lose their motivation and determination. A stressful environment can be described to be lacking desired support from colleagues and managers, bullying from senior staff, and poor management that is characterized by favoritism. The absence of effective communication is another factor contributing to the stress in the workplace environment. The ability to communicate with people is really important to the vast majority of representatives and business professionals. Most organizations will have a few colleagues who are innately bad communicators, which is unavoidable in almost every organization. This may be particularly aggravating when these individuals are directors or deal directly with you on a daily basis. If the objectives and timeframes of work are not clearly defined and communicated, they may be overlooked. More effort will be required to get them back into the groove, and more labor will result in more strain on them (Khanchel, 2019). Consequently, the employee becomes concerned as a result of the situation. Finally, the fear of being laid off and disagreements among coworkers are also substantial sources of stress in the workplace, according to research. It is usual for the dread of being laid off to result in a horrible, unfortunate feedback loop, in which representatives get more pressed and, as a result, do less and less work, putting them under increasing amounts of pressure. When it comes to conflict, it may range from minor issues, such as who sits where at a meeting, to major issues that can be exacerbated by impotent correspondence, such as disagreements about who was accountable for “stuffing up” a previous endeavor. Impacts of workplace stress. Experiencing workplace stress can be a daunting experience with various health, functioning, and productivity challenges. Employees in a stressful environment may develop short-term health issues that may end if the body responds adequately in coping with stress. It is also the responsibility of the employee to ensure that the stress in their work environment does not escalate to higher levels. Some short-term health concerns that are derived from workplace stress include experiencing sleep disturbances at night when resting, significant headaches, as well as difficulties in concentrating. Stress can also change employees’ approaches to the job as they showcase high tempers on trivial matters, high dissatisfaction with their jobs and responsibilities, and low motivation to perform daily tasks exquisitely. If the stress condition in the work environment progressively increases, the employee may not effectively manage these stress levels, and they advance to risky levels that in turn develop some chronic health concerns. Some of the long-term health effects of a stressful environment entail developing cardiovascular complications, mental incapacitations and developing disorders, workplace injuries, and musculoskeletal disorders. These concerns are attributed to poor eating habits, reduced physical exercise, overthinking leading to mental breakdown, and more substance abuse. In the spectrum of inducing health long term complications, stress can also develop depression and anxiety. The pressure of the working environment brings down employee efficiency, which thusly raises productivity concerns. An employee working in stressful environments is unmotivated and wishes they would not be working in the same environment. As stated, short-term health conditions hamper the levels of concentration, motivation, induced mental breakdown, and psychological disorder. The employee with these symptoms will be productively low in the organizations with low creativity. Workplace stress results in low performance among workers, poor productivity, low quality, substandard projects as well as general poor outcomes. Stress also expands the number of days missed from work and extends the money spent by the organization on health care coverage. Increased workplace accident and injury hazards and increased staff turnover are associated with increased administrative expenses. Stress management at the workplace The ability to handle stress is something that employers should provide to their workers. This tool may be particularly beneficial in firms experiencing low productivity, a lack of cooperation and teamwork, ineffective communication, high absenteeism, low energy, and high turnover (Bhui et al., 2016). Employers are at the forefront of the effort to combat stress. In addition to seeing issues early, the individuals who are best at doing something about them have the best chance of doing so right away. It is possible to avoid stress at work in the vast majority of cases, and identifying the sources of stress within an organization is the first step toward resolving the issue. Most businesses adopt measures to alleviate employee stress at the workplace. Employee well-being programs that are directly tied to lowering staff stress levels in the workplace have been undertaken by some of these firms in an effort to boost employee morale (Bhui et al., 2016). The personal approach, in particular, involves a variety of techniques to mitigate the harmful impacts of stress on employee health, such as daily training, health consultations, and regular trips to psychologists, among other things. Occupational health and safety professionals believe that workers should be aware of the various available services to help them protect their health at work, which is the primary goal of this training and advice initiative. Professionals in the work environment need to be guided by the legal and moral provisions of the workplace to ensure that the relationship between employees, employers, and clients elicits desired outcomes. From the professional and legal perspective, employees’ rights have to be respected. In addition, leaders and employees have to commit to the moral aspect of professionalism for better interaction, collaboration, and resource harnessing to forestall stress levels in the environment. Ina dressing stress in the workplace, as a legal aspect, employees should work within the stipulated time in the agreement, and working overtime should be a choice for employees who wish to, bearing in mind there are justifiable remunerations for the extra time worked. Introducing the time tracking software in the workplace is one way to ensure that employees are not subjected to unnecessary overtime work as the system monitors the number of hours worked. Setting achievable and realistic deadlines will enhance employee satisfaction leading to healthier teams and better productivity. Legal concerns also entail addressing the fear of job security in the workplace. On the other hand, encouraging effective and desired communication intertwined in good leadership is an ethical consideration for lowering stress in the workplace. Guaranteeing that employees respect each other, liaise with various departments and other professionals from other disciplines is a culture that lowers stress levels. Leadership strategies factor morals as essential pillars for better coordination of employees and projects to success. Good management that is supportive is, therefore, an engine for desired outcomes, including better performance and stress reductions. Additionally, direct communication with anybody with whom you are collaborating is recommended, ensuring that you are typically in complete agreement with respect to your daily, weekly, and monthly duties and goals on a consistent basis. Keep in contact with one another and keep an eye on each other’s activities, and it may also assist colleagues to feel that aid is there when they need it. This also contributes to ensuring that no one is left behind. In terms of ethics, managers must reassure and empower their employees that they will not be laid off and stand by them in any case while experiencing their most difficult ebbs and flows. By learning about their specific circumstances and developing a strategy to enhance their presentation, one-on-one meetings with workers who seem to be consistently falling short of the norm may help to alleviate their stress over being placed incorrectly. Accordingly, attending to any communication difficulties is the greatest technique for maintaining control over conflicts. The amount of struggle and, subsequently, the pressure that results from it may be reduced by considering the one-on-one time between group pioneers and individuals, remembering the bigger goal, and taking frequent breaks. In most cases, the tendency to point the finger at a certain person when things become stuck is understandable. Managing the problem as a group and seeing it through to completion, on the other hand, is far more beneficial to your company and relationships. Notably, these professionals will also benefit from the training provided, as they will gain new information and abilities that will assist them in adapting to new developments within the organization. Employees who have access to up-to-date organizational resources are better able to adapt to rapid changes that occur inside the business. The elimination or minimization of possible stressors is another way of stress prevention that is proactive in nature. This level of intervention focuses on the underlying causes of physical and psychological stress experienced by workers while at their places of employment. Some other examples of key interventions include rethinking the workplace, increasing employee participation in decision-making and work planning, allocating more time and resources to specific work activities, and aligning job descriptions with employees’ talents and abilities (Baligar, 2017). Stress reduction is critical for improving employee collaboration and communication, increasing employee productivity, and enhancing employee creativity. Importance of managing Stress in Workplace. This collection of components is defined as the individual factors that contribute to worker exposure in the workplace in this section. Therefore, worker stress might be exacerbated by the institutional framework factors that they are exposed to at their place of work. When confronted with challenges such as ambiguity in the sort of job, employees may be unsure of what is expected of them or what employers anticipate of them. This poses the need to manage stress in the workplace. The importance of managing stress in the workplace induced both economic and individual benefits. Stress management in the organization is critical as it results in reduced risks of litigation as most practices comply with the set legal provisions. It also catapults high investments as individuals are stress-free to be worried about their work environment and channel the energy in being more innovative. A healthy workplace free from stress encourages development and improved customer relationship, which increases the customer base resulting in more output and productivity. This management also results in low organizational costs in covering for employees’ health concerns heightened by stress. On professional levels, managing stress in the workplace is an essential endeavor. Employees will feel motivated and encouraged, thereby committing to daily tasks giving their optimal performance. The feeling of inclusion in decision making fosters a sense of belonging, which instills the culture of working harder and smart, thereby increasing performance and productivity for better returns. Managed stress levels foster better interaction and collaboration between employees and managers. Employees will be happy, responsible, creative, and better project and time management in various work activities. After everything is said and done, the sources of employee stress in the workplace might vary from individual challenges to the workload, work environment, working conditions, and relationships between workers and their supervisors. Uncontrollable and frequently unexpected circumstances become the primary cause of stress as a consequence. Different factors, such as: education, training, and experience, may help employees cope with job uncertainty. It is normal practice in most businesses to utilize stress management methods to offer particular tools to assist employees in lowering their levels of stress at work, which can be done using stress management techniques. Providing free medical facilities, numerous training sessions, and continuing rehabilitation to employees is a possibility. Baligar, M. P. (2017). Causes of Stress and Stress Management. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 7(4), 610-615 Bhui, K., Dinos, S., Galant-Miecznikowska, M., de Jongh, B., & Stansfeld, S. (2016). Perceptions of work stress causes and effective interventions in employees working in public, private and non-governmental organisations: a qualitative study. BJPsych bulletin, 40(6), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.115.050823 Cole, N. (2018). The 5 stages of stress (it’s important to know which one you’re in). Retrieved from https://artplusmarketing.com/the-5-stages-of-stress-its-important-to-know-which-one-you-re-in-28f16e9f1950 Greenberg, M. (2016). 6 proven ways to recover from stress. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/the-mindful-self-express/201603/6-proven-ways-recover-stress Preston, M. S., (2021). Job Stress: Definition, Historical Origins, and Intervention Strategies. Columbia University School of Social Work. https://www.naswnyc.org/page/157/Job-Stress-Definition-Historical-Origins-and-Intervention-Strategies.htm Khanchel, H. (2019). Stress in the Workplace: Causes, Effects & How to Cope. Journal of Business Administration Research, 8(1), 52-61. Scott, E., (2020). What Is Stress? Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/stress-and-health-3145086 World Health Organization (2020, Oct). Occupational health: Stress at the workplace. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/ccupational-health-stress-at-the-workplace

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This article provides an outline of the Achaemenid empire’s political history followed by an overview of the diverse sources for understanding some of its institutions. Despite inherent difficulties, the sources allow scholars to reconstruct vital aspects, such as the provincial system, variations in the way different provinces were managed, the “king’s law,” Persian religion, and the strength of central control which held the imperial regions together. The chapter ends with a consideration of the king’s position and royal ceremony and ideology. Gerard J. Norton This article first gives a schematic outline of the history of the Hebrew text in four stages. It then presents the elements that readers will meet in modern editions of that text. These modern editions find a common focus in the great Tiberian manuscripts of about 1000 Archaeological materials and research have long informed the study of the Pauline letters. These materials have typically been used to provide a ‘background’ to Paul’s writings, to solve interpretive problems, or to ‘prove’ the veracity of a detail in Paul’s biography, as recorded in canonical Pauline literary sources. This chapter looks at the history of how archaeological research has been used to interpret the Pauline letters and the methodological issues that such interdisciplinary conversations touch upon. It pays particular attention to the perils and the promise of bringing archaeological research into conversation with Pauline studies. It then turns to explore case studies of interdisciplinary research by scholars of early Christianity on four cities connected to the Pauline letters: Thessaloniki, Philippi, Ephesos, and Corinth. These projects point to promising avenues forward for how Pauline studies might engage archaeological work. (N.B. This article is a distilled, adapted, and updated version of Concannon 2013.) Ronald S. Hendel The biblical texts from Qumran are the oldest manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible, dating from the mid-third century BCE through the first century CE. Prior to the discovery of the Qumran texts, evidence for the early history of the biblical text consisted of three major versions – the Masoretic text (MT), the Septuagint (LXX), and the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) – each with an unbroken chain of transmission to the present day. This article assesses the major text-critical theories of the Hebrew Bible after Qumran. First, it surveys the textual situation at Qumran and the relationships among the Qumran texts and the major versions (MT, LXX, and SP), using, as a perspicuous example, the texts of Exodus. Then, the article addresses the adequacy of the text-critical theories, testing their strengths and weaknesses against this evidence. The major protagonists in the theoretical discussion are Frank M. Cross, Shemaryahu Talmon, Emanuel Tov, and Eugene Ulrich. This article introduces the Assyrian and Babylonian sources relevant to the Old Testament historical books. The corpus of Assyrian sources consists mainly of royal inscriptions between the mid-ninth and mid-seventh centuries Perhaps no scriptural passage has divided the church so bitterly, or so often, as the ninth article of the Epistle to the Romans. Predestinarian readings take two forms, one of which maintains that God predestines us to salvation or reprobation in the light of faith or works foreseen, the other that this predestining is itself the unconditioned cause of the good that he foresees. Both can claim the authority of Augustine, the foremost theologian of the first millennium. His adversary Pelagius found a different stratagem — not unknown in modern times — which enabled him to deny that Paul endorsed any species of predestination. To explain how each arrived at his conclusions, we must first sketch the theology of salvation that each set out to reconcile with the difficult text of this epistle. Timothy H. Lim The approach advocated in this article is the understanding of canon as authoritative literature that is binding for the Qumran community. The distinctive features of this approach are: authority is related to a community; the pesherite is central to the understanding of authoritative literature; there is a vaguely bipartite canon where the ‘Torah of Moses’ referred to the Pentateuch; authoritative literature included the biblical lemmata cited and the pesherite interpretation; Jubilees, Enoch, and the Temple Scroll were not considered part of the Torah of Moses; the rules of the community were considered canonical and authoritative; and other books, such as the Psalms of Joshua and ‘the book of meditation’, may also have been considered authoritative. Joan E. Taylor The nature of groups named in classical sources as ‘Essenes’ was considered in scholarship of Second Temple Judaism long before the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, but discussion of the Essenes has intensified greatly during the last sixty years. This article reviews the classical sources on the Essenes. It notes propositions on how the Essenes may relate to the scrolls communities and considers how variant opinions may be resolved, with particular reference to the Serekh. Most of the Dead Sea Scrolls can be classified as religious documents of one kind or another, and all the studies since 1947 that have been devoted to their significance can be characterized as attempts to construct some aspect of ancient Judaism from them. Where agreement has been harder to achieve is on the centrality of the role to be accorded to the evidence from the scrolls in constructing a picture of Judaism in the last centuries BCE and the first century CE. Although the scrolls provide reason to believe that some sectarians believed that much was wrong with the Temple in Jerusalem, no text actually states that sectarians should avoid the Temple altogether. The question for the historian is whether the evidence from such texts should be enough to encourage the view that sectarian Jews with such beliefs would cut themselves off from the Temple. Colleen M. Conway This chapter begins with a brief overview of the theorists who have shaped gender analytical work on the New Testament, especially the application of gender theory in classical studies. It then concentrates on gender analyses on New Testament writings that demonstrate the differing approaches of masculinity studies, queer theory, and intersectional analysis. The primary focus is on gender construction in Paul’s letters and the canonical gospels, with additional discussion of symbolic and metaphorical uses of gender in other writings of the New Testament. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of future directions for gender criticism. Considering Qumranic hermeneutical systems with regard to form, this article distinguishes between ‘internal interpretation’ integrated within rewritten biblical books, such as the Temple Scroll, and ‘external interpretation’ which is separated from the biblical lemma. The latter forms appear in the pesharim and in the genre called halakhic midrash. With regard to content, the discussion distinguishes between two hermeneutical systems of ancient literature: interpretation that attempts mainly to explain the reality of the biblical period; and interpretation that attempts to adapt the content of the Bible to the reality of a later period. The first is found in the Qumran scrolls primarily within the ‘Rewritten Scriptures’, and the latter is represented in the pesharim and some types of halakhic midrash. Daniel K. Falk Prayer as a service to God by the people is one of the most far reaching of religious practices, forming a central part of the religious practice of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam; yet there is still much uncertainty about how this developed within Judaism and why. Scrolls from Qumran provide the most important corpus of evidence to shed light on the critical period during the days of the Second Temple. This article presents a case study for prayer in ancient Judaism. It is organized around the types of questions being asked: questions of definition and classification, textual questions, historical questions, questions concerning context, and questions of ideology and theology. There is a good deal of overlap between these categories, but they are be treated separately for heuristic purposes. From the very earliest period after the first discoveries, the Qumran scrolls have been of major interest to New Testament (NT) scholars, and, in retrospect, the impact of the scrolls has considerably shifted the debate in central areas of NT scholarship. The debate touches the essence of history-of-religions research, the question of how to explain alleged parallels and how to prove ‘influences’ on the level of texts, authors, or religious groups. The issues discussed are most generally the Jewish, or more distinctly, the Palestinian, impact on the teaching of Jesus and the Apostles, the primitive community, or the religious language and theology of NT texts. The scrolls also provide a wealth of information that helps in the interpretation of the New Testament – on the Palestinian-Jewish ‘context’ of emerging ‘Christianity’, factions and groups, etc. David is one of the most colorful figures of the Bible and of the entire literature that has come down to us from antiquity. David’s characterization as a sensitive musician, a violent warrior, and an emotional lover is intertwined with his political career as king of Israel. David’s characterization in the books of Samuel, already transformed in the Psalter and in Chronicles, is the starting point for a variegated history of reception. In the New Testament, David appears as the ancestor and type of Christ. From late antiquity to early modern times, Christian emperors and kings were portrayed as new Davids. Only the Enlightenment cast dark critical shadows over the figure of David. Modern interest shifted towards his individual, psychological traits. After sketching the biblical images of David, their reception, especially in political terms, is traced up to the present. Joy A. Schroeder Judges 4–5 features the protagonist Deborah, a prophet, judge, war leader, singer, and “mother in Israel” (Judg. 5:7.) Interpreters treated Deborah in literary, musical, and artistic works found in a variety of genres and venues: rabbinic texts, letters, sermons, prayers, polemical treatises, church instructions, scholastic treatises, commentaries, novels, paintings, and oratorios. In Jewish and Christian reception of Deborah’s story, gender concerns are prominent. The same themes recur through the centuries: the meaning of Deborah’s name (“bee”) and designation (“wife of Lappidoth” or “woman of torches”); spiritual equality of male and female; the appropriateness of educating women; questions about women’s civil, religious, and military leadership; domesticity; maternity; and proper female deportment. Some interpreters presented Deborah as a model of a submissive wife and tender mother in order to reinforce gender norms; others criticized her for being outspoken. Women frequently used Deborah as biblical warrant for female education, preaching, rabbinic ministry, political leadership, and publishing activity. Those who sought biblical precedent for women’s expanded roles in society, politics, and religious communities found Deborah’s story to be a powerful source of personal inspiration and a compelling scriptural justification for institutional change. The study of trauma in early twentieth-century psychoanalysis concluded that trauma survivors have been overwhelmed by traumatic events and so are unable to experience them and form memories of them, and thus unable to know the trauma. Trauma is thus relived rather than remembered, repetitively and uncontrollably forcing itself into victims’ lives through literal dreams of the events, flashbacks, and so on, appearing to the survivor as a foreign body that stands outside of the self. The study of trauma within the field of literary criticism developed out of psychoanalytical conclusions about it, and points out that literature of trauma reflects these psychological effects. In such literature, then, we find trauma continually repeating and, since it cannot be known, refusing to be controlled by narrative explanation. Trauma, in short, is anti-narrative. The study of trauma within sociology, however, is based on an understanding of trauma as something created by a society in order to explain past events and solidify social bonds. A sociological reading of trauma in the Deuteronomistic History (Dtr) focuses on the ways in which Dtr’s narrative makes the exiles’ traumatic experience of defeat and exile understandable and meaningful. This kind of explanation, however, has no real interest in healing the exiles’ psychological wounds. A literary reading of trauma in Dtr reveals trauma to be present in absences of explanation, deconstructing Dtr’s narrative certainty. It appears as intrusions into Dtr’s totalizing narrative, intrusions that put the writing’s explanatory certainties of divine justice on trial while refusing to provide a verdict. Marvin A. Sweeney This article examines the distinctive roles of the prophets in the Deuteronomistic History (Joshua; Judges; Samuel; Kings) and the Chronicler’s History (Chronicles). It posits that the prophets are especially associated with leadership in the Deuteronomistic History (DtrH), beginning with prophetic figures such as Joshua, Deborah, and Samuel, who functioned as leaders in Israel, and continuing with the prophetic figures who played major roles in establishing and critiquing the various dynasties that came to power and ruled both Israel and Judah. It further posits that prophets play a key role in establishing and critiquing the house of David in the Chronicler’s History (ChrH). But the prophets function primarily in the ChrH to explain the significance of their subjects and the reasons why they so frequently suffered either blessing or judgment for their conduct in relation to YHWH and the Jerusalem temple. Douglas S. Earl It has become commonplace to characterize the historical books using the concept of violence and to regard this characterization as posing a problem demanding a solution, usually repudiation of the texts. This article indicates that “violence” is an interpretative concept supplied by readers and that such characterization was absent prior to the 1990s. The nature of the concept of violence is then analyzed, and the article argues that it has rhetorical and ideological force to urge the repudiation or rejection of what is described as violent. With reference to the historical books, the label of violence as an overall interpretative lens is used ideologically to block appreciation and appropriation of the texts and the traditions that they represent. Thus it should not be readily accepted by Jewish and Christian readers. However, localized use of the concept can bring into focus some of the interpretative issues and challenges concerning particular stories. Stephen J. Shoemaker The apocryphal literature of early Christianity consists primarily of narrative traditions about the life and teaching of Jesus, his family, and his apostles, as well as letters, apocalyptic visions, and other-worldly journeys attributed to these individuals that fall outside the biblical canon. These writings, however, do not always correspond to the literary genres of the New Testament. The production of apocrypha in antiquity was of course not limited to early Christianity or to Christian themes. The various expressions of ancient Judaism also produced a wealth of extra-biblical writings about the many personages of the Hebrew scriptures. These apocrypha, perhaps more commonly known today as the ‘pseudepigrapha’, were also embraced by various early and medieval Christian groups, who made these writings their own, often redacting them according to Christian interests and concerns. Ann E. Killebrew The search for biblical Israel in the textual and archaeological record has been a focus of scholarly research for over a century. Using as their starting point the books of Exodus, Joshua, and Judges, Albright’s unified conquest and Alt’s peaceful infiltration models emphasize the external, or foreign, origin of Israel as presented in the biblical narrative. More recent suggestions highlight the indigenous nature and role of Late Bronze Age Canaan in Israel’s emergence. These approaches, including the social revolution, pastoral Canaanite, and mixed multitude models, enlist, to varying degrees, biblical and Egyptian sources (principally the Merneptah Stela), archaeological evidence, and a variety of sociological, anthropological, environmental, and other approaches to reconstruct the complex process of early Israel’s ethnogenesis.

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The suffix -ly in English is usually a contraction of -like, similar to the Anglo-Saxon lice and German lich. It is commonly added to an adjective to form an adverb, but in some cases it is used to form an adjective, such as ugly or manly. The adjective to which the suffix is added may have been lost from the language, as in the case of early, in which the Anglo-Saxon word aer only survives in the poetic usage ere. When the suffix is added to a word ending in y, the y changes to an i before the suffix, as in happily (from happy). This does not always apply in the case of monosyllabic words; for example, shy becomes shyly (but dry can become dryly or drily, and gay becomes gaily). When the suffix is added to a word ending in double l, no additional l is added; for example, full becomes fully. Note also wholly (from whole), which may be pronounced either with a single l sound (like holy) or with a doubled (geminate) l. When -ly is added to an adjective ending -ic, the adjective is usually first expanded by the addition of -al. For example, there are adjectives historic and historical, but the only adverb is historically. There are a few exceptions such as publicly. Adjectives in -ly can form inflected comparative and superlative forms (such as friendlier, friendliest), but most adverbs with this ending do not (a word such as sweetly uses the periphrastic forms more sweetly, most sweetly). For more details see Adverbs and Comparison in the English grammar article. - The suffix -ly is related to the word like. They are also related to the obsolete English word lych or lich, and German Leiche, meaning "corpse"; according to the Oxford English Dictionary (entry on lich, etymology section), these words are probably descended from an earlier word that meant something like "shape" or "form". The use of like in the place of -ly as an adverb ending is seen in Appalachian English, from the hardening of the ch in "lich" into a k, originating in northern British speech. - Charles Knight, "Arts and sciences", The English encyclopedia 1

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Implement ‘mosaic management’ when harvesting wild vegetation Overall effectiveness category No evidence found (no assessment) Number of studies: 0 Background information and definitions Mosaic management involves managing neighbouring patches of land in different ways, across large scales. For example, while some areas of vegetation might be fully harvested in a given year, others might be left untouched. Alternatively, different areas of vegetation may be harvested at different times within a given year, or some areas might be grazed rather than harvested. In any case, different vegetation types in each patch might support different plant (and animal) species, boosting biodiversity across all patches. To be summarized as evidence for this action, studies must have considered the overall effectiveness of mosaic management, comparing marsh or swamp vegetation across the whole mosaic to an area not under mosaic management (e.g. traditional farmland or nature reserves; Oosterveld et al. 2010). Studies comparing vegetation between individual patches would be summarized elsewhere in the synopsis. Related actions: Implement mosaic management of farmland. Oosterveld E.B., Nijland F., Musters C.J.M. & de Snoo G.R. (2010) Effectiveness of spatial mosaic management for grassland breeding shorebirds. Journal of Ornithology, 152, 161–170.

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Origin of turmoil synonym study for turmoil Words nearby turmoil How to use turmoil in a sentence The final blow for the site rankings was dealt thereafter when, amid the turmoil, website operations were restructured to more closely mirror the countries’ sales teams. This is causing considerable stress and turmoil, and is complicated by the inequities in our society, which are painfully apparent now.How parents can add purpose and structure to their kids’ online learning|Tara Chklovski|August 20, 2020|Quartz It created turmoil and set a timer on TikTok’s ongoing efforts to find a buyer for its American operations.TikTok made him famous. Now he’s imagining a world without it|Abby Ohlheiser|August 14, 2020|MIT Technology Review All of that turmoil might, in its own way, be an effort to avoid the deeper turmoil caused by a thimbleful of 37 genes.Sex Is Driven by the Impetus to Change - Issue 88: Love & Sex|Jill Neimark|August 12, 2020|Nautilus Peer said the ban could take a long time to come to fruition because of Israel’s ongoing budget crisis and election turmoil. In the wake of this turmoil, the New York Post reported that the police had stopped policing. He spoke of the present-day tragedies and turmoil that struck the city while he and his classmates were in the academy. In the midst of this religious and political turmoil, drug trafficking thrives.The Dangerous Drug-Funded Secret War Between Iran and Pakistan|Umar Farooq|December 29, 2014|DAILY BEAST Isaacs grew up in Britain, first Liverpool, then London, during a period of economic turmoil and conservative revival. In the midst of financial turmoil, the renowned celebrity photographer needed a way to refuel.Annie Leibovitz Talks About ‘Pilgrimage,’ Susan Sontag, Vogue & More|Justin Jones|November 20, 2014|DAILY BEAST Major Abbott and his brother officers, trying to keep their men loyal, stood fast and listened to the distant turmoil in the city.The Red Year|Louis Tracy Never would the instance that had brought turmoil and strife into his life trouble him again.The Homesteader|Oscar Micheaux There was nothing which so quieted the turmoil of Edna's senses as a visit to Mademoiselle Reisz.The Awakening and Selected Short Stories|Kate Chopin One should be perfectly happy here—so peaceful, so beautiful, so far removed from the unrest and turmoil of the world.The Courier of the Ozarks|Byron A. Dunn Despite darkness and turmoil the quick-eyed coxswain and his mate had noted the incident.The Floating Light of the Goodwin Sands|R.M. Ballantyne

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Tiny plastic particles also present a threat to creatures on land and may have damaging effects similar or even more problematic than in our oceans. Researchers from the Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) and their Berlin colleagues warn: the impact of microplastics in soils, sediments and the freshwaters could have a long-term negative effect on terrestrial ecosystems throughout the world. It is now widely accepted that microplastics contaminate our oceans and are harmful to coastal and marine habitats. And yet what effect do fragments of plastic have on ecosystems “on dry land”? This question is the subject of a research initiated by IGB in partnership with Freie Universität Berlin that reviews previous individual studies on the topic of microplastics in relation to the effect of microplastics on terrestrial ecosystems. “Although only little research has been carried out in this area, the results to date are concerning: fragments of plastic are present practically all over the world and can trigger many kinds of adverse effects. The previously observed effects of microplastics and nanoplastics on terrestrial ecosystems around the world indicate that these ecosystems may also be in serious jeopardy,” explains IGB researcher Anderson Abel de Souza Machado, who is leading the study. Researchers from IGB have demonstrated in earlier studies that microplastics might be harmful to ecosystems when ingested by aquatic key organisms. Over 400 million tons of plastic are produced globally each year. It is estimated that one third of all plastic waste ends up in soils or freshwaters. Most of this plastic disintegrates into particles smaller than five millimetres, referred to as microplastics, and breaks down further into nanoparticles, which are less than 0.1 micrometre in size. In fact, terrestrial microplastic pollution is much higher than marine microplastic pollution – an estimate of four to 23 times more, depending on the environment. Sewage, for example, is an important factor in the distribution of microplastics. In fact, 80 to 90 per cent of the particles contained in sewage, such as from garment fibres, persist in the sludge. Sewage sludge is then often applied to fields as fertilizer, meaning that several thousand tons of microplastics end up in our soils each year. Potentially toxic effect on many organisms Some microplastics exhibit properties that might have direct damaging effects on ecosystems. For instance, the surfaces of tiny fragments of plastic may carry disease-causing organisms and act as a vector that transmits diseases in the environment. Microplastics can also interact with soil fauna, affecting their health and soil functions. Earthworms, for example, make their burrows differently when microplastics are present in the soil, affecting the earthworm’s fitness and the soil condition. Generally speaking, when plastic particles break down, they gain new physical and chemical properties, increasing the risk that they will have a toxic effect on organisms. And the more likely it is that toxic effects will occur, the larger the number of potentially affected species and ecological functions. Chemical effects are especially problematic at the decomposition stage, as spotted by the team of authors led by Anderson Abel de Souza Machado. For example, additives such as phthalates and Bisphenol A leach out of plastic particles. These additives are known for their hormonal effects and can potentially disrupt the hormone system not only of vertebrates, but also of several invertebrates. In addition, nano-sized particles may cause inflammation; they may traverse or change cellular barriers, and even cross highly selective membranes such as the blood-brain barrier or the placenta. Within the cell, they can trigger changes in gene expression and biochemical reactions, among other things. The long-term effects of these changes have not yet been sufficiently explored. However, it has already been shown that when passing the blood-brain barrier nanoplastics have a behaviour-changing effect in fish. Plastic particles already detected in many foods Humans also ingest microplastics via food: they have already been detected not only in fish and seafood, but also in salt, sugar and beer. It could be that the accumulation of plastics in terrestrial organisms is already common everywhere, the researchers speculate, even among those that do not “ingest” their food. For example, tiny fragments of plastic can be accumulated in yeasts and filamentous fungi. The intake and uptake of small microplastics could turn out to be the new long-term stress factor for the environment. At the moment, however, there is a lack of standardized methods for determining microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems in order to produce an accurate assessment of the situation. It is often a difficult and labour-intensive process to detect tiny fragments of plastic particles in soils, for instance. The new IGB study highlights the importance of reliable, scientifically based data on degradation behaviour and the effects of microplastics. This data is necessary to be able to respond effectively to contamination by microplastics and the risk they pose to terrestrial ecosystems – where, after all, most plastic waste that enters the environment accumulates. The Latest on: Microplastics Vineyard Cup will highlight sculptures made from ocean debris on July 11, 2018 at 12:06 pm Basia Goszczynska’s installation, Away, uses marine debris and bags of crowdsourced microplastics to promote awareness for ocean conservation. —Basia Goszczynska Basia Goszczynska will make her Island ... […] Ubiquitous microplastics have now infiltrated lakes and rivers on July 10, 2018 at 7:00 pm It is well known that microplastics are widely present in the world's oceans. Now recent research by Chinese scientists shows the micro-sized materials are also being found in fresh water. Wang Wenfen... […] Experts warn against the spread of microplastics in the world's oceans on July 10, 2018 at 1:58 am An international forum held in China has called for a worldwide investigation into how to stop plastic waste being deposited into the world's oceans and ways in which information could be better share... […] Microplastics are polluting SA rivers on July 7, 2018 at 3:37 am Micro plastics are found almost everywhere on Earth, from deep ocean sediments, to remote mountain lakes and in atmospheric fallout. Professor Henk Bouwman and his team at the Unit for Environmental S... […] How you’re eating microplastics – and don’t even realise on July 6, 2018 at 4:06 pm We’re increasingly aware of how plastic is polluting our environment. Much recent attention has focused on how microplastics – tiny pieces ranging from 5 millimetres down to 100 nanometres in diameter ... […] Microplastics project to record amount, location and origin of pollution in the oceans on July 5, 2018 at 11:55 pm A global citizen science project launched in Sydney will recruit students and volunteers to count and record some of the five trillion pieces of plastic in the oceans. The Australian Microplastic Asse... […] Study finds Vancouver-area laundry microplastics are filtering into ocean on July 5, 2018 at 6:07 pm Microplastics from Metro Vancouver's laundered clothes are ending up in water treatment plants and filtering into the ocean, says a study published in the science journal Marine Pollution Bulletin. Th... […] Vancouver-area laundry microplastics are filtering into ocean: study on July 5, 2018 at 3:16 pm Microplastics from Metro Vancouver’s laundered clothes are ending up in water treatment plants and filtering into the ocean, says a study published in the science journal Marine Pollution Bulletin. Th... […] Thames Estuary seal's post-mortem exam tracks microplastics on July 4, 2018 at 3:44 am Scientists at the Natural History Museum are looking to see how microplastics are entering the seal population in the Thames Estuary. Their research has already shown that up to 75% of fish in the est... […] CREAX designs an environmental solution to collect microplastics floating in the ocean on July 3, 2018 at 7:40 pm both living creatures and plastic products have a mix of properties and characteristics that make them unique. at CREAX, projects usually start by making a comprehensive description of the properties ... […] via Google News and Bing News

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By John Murray In North America, there are more than 300 different species of crayfish. This crayfish is known by many different names, mostly depending on the geographical location of the country. Among the common names are crayfish, crawdads, crawfish, and mudbugs. Classified as a crustacean, the crayfish is a cousin of the lobster. Crayfish require clean water to survive, and can be found in ponds, lakes, rivers, and streams, where they live as bottom dwellers among the rocks. Some species of crayfish have life spans of five years and can grow to lengths exceeding six inches. Crayfish adapt their body color to blend in with the waterway they inhabit. They can be various shades of green and brown, some light in color and others very dark. Some species of crayfish that I have encountered have a orange-red underbody. Larger crayfish tend to be light sensitive, so most activity occurs during the night or periods of low light. Young crayfish can be active during the daylight hours. Like their lobster cousins, crayfish have outside skeletons, called exoskeletons. As the crayfish grow in size, they outgrow their existing exoskeleton, which is a process called molting. After the crayfish shed their exoskeletons, they grow new ones. Crayfish are predators and scavengers that will hunt and feed upon aquatic vegetation, fish, and fish eggs. In southern climates, they are active most of the year unless water temperature drops. In northern climates, once water temperature drops below 55°F degrees in the fall, crayfish become dormant, burrowing under rocks or burying themselves deep in the underwater silt. In this dormant stage, they will not be seen again until the water warms in the spring. In the southern states, crayfish are considered a delicious meal and are enjoyed by many people. Louisiana produces most of the harvested crayfish in North America and many are commercially farmed in large-scale aquaculture operations. It was not until recent years that people elsewhere in North America have discovered the delicious and easy-to-acquire crayfish are often found within the water nearby their homes. Crayfish are a healthy source of organic food: each serving has 16 grams of protein and is high in omega 3. Possessing a sweet, succulent meat, crayfish are truly a delicacy. Catching the crayfish If water is clean and well oxygenated, crayfish are likely to be present. Crayfish prefer rocky sections in streams and rivers and will be found within water depths that usually do not exceed six feet, so harvesting is not a difficult process. Readers should consult with their state’s fish and game laws before harvesting crayfish. During the evening or low light conditions, many crayfish will be located in the shallow water of streams and rivers. With a fine mesh net in hand, a crayfish hunter can scoop up crayfish in the shallow water. Often the crayfish will be visibly exposed, and others can be located by lifting up underwater rocks. When frightened, crayfish are quick movers, propelling themselves rapidly backwards with their tails. To catch them, place the net behind the tail section, and use your hand or foot to approach close to the front of the crayfish. When approached, the crayfish will scoot backwards into the waiting net. There are other techniques to capture crayfish. Another simple technique is to tie a piece of kite string to the end of a four- to five-foot-long sturdy stick. Lower the bait, such as a large section of fresh fish or chicken, into the bottom of the prime crayfish water. The crayfish will come and latch onto the bait after a few minutes. The bait can be gently lifted out of the water and the crayfish plucked off. In a lake or pond environment, a used tire can be used to capture crayfish without bait. Tie a rope to the tire, and toss the tire out into the water, allowing it to sink to the bottom. After a few minutes, drag the tire back to the shoreline. The dragging motion will scoop up any crayfish within the path of the tire. Commercial crayfish traps are readily available for purchase through mail order companies. For instance, Cabela’s sells a Frabill crawfish trap for a reasonable price, and it is very functional. But if you don’t want to buy one, a workable homemade model can be constructed out of an empty plastic gallon jug. Cut a hole roughly 2½ inches in diameter in the end and put the bait within the container. A rock or brick can be tied to the jug to make it stay on the bottom. With any baited trap, use a good-sized piece of bait to keep the attention of the feeding crayfish. Once crayfish are captured, promptly put them in a container filled with water to keep them alive. During an extended outing, the water will have to be refreshed by adding replacement water, as the crayfish will rapidly use up the oxygen content within the water in the container. If crayfish are heading home to your dinner table, they must be kept alive. If a crayfish dies during the transportation process (if the crayfish are not moving when touched, they are deceased), dispose of that crayfish. Cooking the crayfish Preparing crayfish for the dinner plate is easy. As noted before, the crayfish must be alive. Rinse the crayfish in clean water to remove any debris. When cooking a few dozen crayfish, bring two to three gallons of water to a boil within a large pot, and stir in approximately one pound of non-iodized salt. Boiling times will vary with cooking technique. Crayfish have what is commonly known as a “mud vein” along their back section. This vein, which is actually the crayfish’s digestive track, will be dark in color. It should be removed with a thumbnail or the edge of a knife before eating or additional cooking. Crayfish are delicious when you perform a secondary cooking in melted butter. To accomplish this, you must first boil the crayfish. After placing the live crayfish within the pot of boiling water, the water temperature will drop. Wait for the water to resume a full boil and boil the crayfish for approximately six minutes. The crayfish will float to the surface and turn bright red in color. Carefully remove the boiled crayfish and place in ice cold water for a couple minutes to allow for handling. When cool to the touch, use two hands and grab the head section with one hand and the tail section with the other hand. Twist in opposite directions, splitting the crayfish shell in half above the tail. Squeeze the sides of the tail section until the shell cracks. Carefully peel away pieces of the shell, then pull the tail meat out of the shell. Using a knife, trim off the tail section on the end. While the crayfish meat is being acquired, heat a skillet pan on medium heat with a half stick of melted butter. Stir crayfish tail meat into the melted butter and cook for an additional five minutes. For adventurous cooks, the butter can be infused with garlic or other favorite seasonings. Crayfish can also be dipped in a spicy sauce before consumption. Experiment with adding crayfish to existing recipes. Crayfish have a texture which is softer than shrimp and can readily be used in any recipe that is normally used with shrimp. Purging the crayfish Instead of removing the mud vein, you can purge the crayfish before cooking. This is a time-consuming effort, but the end result is a cleaned-out intestine. Purging is accomplished by placing the crayfish in clean water for at least 12 hours. The water must be replaced every 30 minutes, or the oxygen content will get dangerously low within the water. If an aerator is available for immersion into the water, use it to keep the crayfish alive by providing a constant source of oxygen. With the crayfish not eating additional food, the digestive tract will be empty in about 12 hours. If an aerator is not used, be aware that many crayfish inside a container of water will use the water’s oxygen quickly, and more rapid water changes will be required.

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Kids in KS2 study World War 2 as part of their history work, and learning how their grandparents, great grandparents and great-great-grandparents lived during the late '30s and '40s can be fascinating. Just like the COVID-19 lockdown, they were unusual times, and children had to get used to a different way of life. They all had to carry gas masks and be ready to run to a shelter if there was an air raid (German planes dropping bombs). Public shelters might be a brick blockhouse on a street corner or a trench dug in the local park! There were two different kinds of air raid shelters to set up at home. The first was called the Anderson shelter, followed by the Morrison table shelter. Read our simple guide to learn more facts about Morrison shelters, and how they differed from Anderson shelters. During the war, there were public air raid shelters. In London, the underground stations were often used by Londoners to protect themselves from air raids. In fact, there was a ban on using them, but many Londoners defied this, and as a result, some stations began closing at night. Others, such as Aldwych, became official air-raid shelters. During 1940, Britain was bombed nightly by the Luftwaffe for over a month. This was called the Blitz. However, not everyone had an air raid shelter they could easily run to. Before the war started, the Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain put a man called Sir John Anderson in charge of Air Raid Precautions (ARP). Sir John asked an engineer called Wiliam Patterson to design a shelter that could be installed in people's gardens. The shelter had to be small, cheap and easy to set up. The Anderson shelter was made from six sheets of corrugated steel of iron, which could be bolted together to make an arched shape. At each end, there were steel plates. The Anderson shelter was designed to hold up to six people and measured 6ft 6in by 4ft 6in (1.95m by 1.35m). The Anderson shelters were buried four feet deep into the ground and then had more earth piled on top. Some people grew vegetables on top of their shelter! Protecting the entrance was a blast wall made of earth and a steel shield. Within a couple of months, almost one and a half million shelters were sent out to people who were at risk of being bombed by the Luftwaffe (German air force) planes. In total, nearly 3 million were distributed during the war. These shelters were damp and dark, they could get flooded and many people were not keen to use them at night. You'll have spotted that one of the real problems of the Anderson shelters was that you needed a garden! A 1940 census revealed that in London not even half of the people were using an Anderson shelter, public air raid shelter or underground stations. The Home Secretary now in charge of air raid precautions was called Herbert Morrison. A member of his team, Ellen Wilkinson, was put in charge of air-raid shelters, and she introduced the Morrison Shelter in March of 1941 to offer home security during air raids. This shelter had the advantage of being an indoor shelter. The Morrison shelter was constructed from heavy steel, and people could use them as a table. The shelter looked like a big cage with wire mesh sides. One of the wire sides could be lifted up so you could crawl inside. It was possible for two or three people to lie down and sleep there. Around half a million Morrison Shelters were distributed during the war. The Morrison shelter would not survive a direct hit from a bomb but was capable of protecting its occupants from a bomb blast. The Morrison shelters arrived flat-packed and had to be put together by the family - a bit like buying something from Ikea! But they weren't quite so simple, as they consisted of 300 different pieces and the instructions were quite complicated. Get your kids thinking in-depth about the subject with the following questions: What food might have been kept in the Anderson shelter? How could you have made the Morrison shelter more comfortable? If you had to have a Morrison Shelter in your house where would it go? Measure the space of both shelters and see how many people you can fit in! Mum of one teenage boy, near Leighton Buzzard, Beds. Born and raised in the Home Counties, Naomi has explored much of London, along with Beds, Herts and Bucks, with her son and husband. When she’s not driving to various skateparks around the UK, Naomi loves finding somewhere new to explore or a new activity they can all try.

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- About Us - Research & Outreach Curriculum & Instruction My research has focused on the teaching and learning of the following basic number and arithmetic skills and concepts by young children and children with learning difficulties: Initial number concepts and skills; counting skills and principles; informal addition strategies; arithmetic concepts, such as the principle of commutativity (a+ b= b+ a); and number-fact mastery. Baroody, A. J., Lai, M.-L., Li, X., & Baroody, A. E. (in press). Preschoolers’ understanding of subtraction-related principles. Mathematics Thinking and Learning. Baroody, A. J., Li, X., & Lai, M.-L. (in press). Toddlers’ spontaneous attention to number. Mathematics Thinking and Learning, 10,51-58. Lai, M.-L., Baroody, A. J., & Johnson, A. R. (in press). Fostering Taiwanese preschoolers’ understanding of the addition-subtraction inverse principle. Cognitive Development. Baroody, A. J., Feil, Y., & Johnson, A. R. (2007). An alternative reconceptualization of procedural and conceptual knowledge. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 38(), 115-131. Baroody, A. J., & Lai, M.-L. (2007). Preschoolers’ understanding of the addition-subtraction inverse principle: A Taiwanese sample. Mathematics Thinking and Learning, 9, 131-171. Baroody, A. J., Tiilikainen, S. H., & Tai, Y. (2006). The application and development of an addition goal sketch. Cognition and Instruction, 24, 123-170. Baroody, A. J., Lai, M.-L., & Mix, K. S. (2006). The development of young children’s number and operation sense and its implications for early childhood education. In B. Spodek & O. Saracho (Eds.), Handbook of research on the education of young children (pp. 187-221). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mix, K. S., Sandhofer, C. M., & Baroody, A. J. (2005). Number words and number concepts: The interplay of verbal and nonverbal processes in early quantitative development. In R. Kail (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior, Vol. 33 (pp. 305-346). New York: Academic Press. Baroody, A. J., Cibulskis, M., Lai, M.-L., & Li, X. (2004). Comments on the use of learning trajectories in curriculum development and research. Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 6,227-260. Baroody, A. J., & Dowker, A. (2003). The development of arithmetic concepts and skills: Constructing adaptive expertise. "Studies in Mathematics Thinking and Learning" series, edited by A. Schoenfeld. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Fostering Fluency with Basic Addition and Subtraction; Principal Investigator; Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2008-2012. Computer-guided Comprehensive Mathematics Assessment for Young Children; Co-Principal Investigator; Program in Early Learning and School Readiness, National Institutes of Health; 2005-2010 Developing an Intervention to Foster Early Number Sense and Skill; Investigator; Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2005-2009. Key Transitions in Preschoolers Number and Arithmetic Development: The Psychological Foundations of Early Childhood Mathematics Education; Investigator; Spencer Foundation Major Grants Program, 2003-2008.

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Recently, there has been a growing emphasis on basic number processing competencies (such as the ability to judge which of two numbers is larger) and their role in predicting individual differences in school-relevant math achievement. Children’s ability to compare both symbolic (e.g. Arabic numerals) and nonsymbolic (e.g. dot arrays) magnitudes has been found to correlate with their math achievement. The available evidence, however, has focused on computerized paradigms, which may not always be suitable for universal, quick application in the classroom. Furthermore, it is currently unclear whether both symbolic and nonsymbolic magnitude comparison are related to children’s performance on tests of arithmetic competence and whether either of these factors relate to arithmetic achievement over and above other factors such as working memory and reading ability. In order to address these outstanding issues, we designed a quick (2 minute) paper-and-pencil tool to assess children’s ability to compare symbolic and nonsymbolic numerical magnitudes and assessed the degree to which performance on this measure explains individual differences in achievement. Children were required to cross out the larger of two, single-digit numerical magnitudes under time constraints. Results from a group of 160 children from grades 1–3 revealed that both symbolic and nonsymbolic number comparison accuracy were related to individual differences in arithmetic achievement. However, only symbolic number comparison performance accounted for unique variance in arithmetic achievement. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed which include the use of this measure as a possible tool for identifying students at risk for future difficulties in mathematics. Nosworthy, Nadia; Bugden, Stephanie; Archibald, Lisa; Evans, Barrie; and Ansari, Daniel, "A two-minute paper and pencil test of symbolic and nonsymbolic numerical magnitude processing explains variability in primary school children’s arithmetic competence" (2013). Faculty Publications. 1.

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Astronomers and physicists now observe the sky with instruments that are sensitive to signals that are not a form of Maxwell's electromagnetic waves or their equivalent, photons. These "telescopes" have been designed to detect (i) neutrinos from the sun, supernova explosions and nuclear interactions in the earth's atmosphere, (ii) cosmic ray protons and other heavier atomic nuclei that gain their high energies at acceleration sites in the Galaxy and possibly beyond, and (iii) gravitational waves which should be created by large rapidly accelerating masses, such as a binary system containing two neutron-stars that spiral into one another to form a black hole. Neutrinos and cosmic ray fluxes are now being detected and studied. Gravitational waves have yet to be detected but there is much reason, both observational and theoretical, to believe they exist and will be found when experiments reach the required sensitivity. These detection systems do not focus the particles from a distant point source to an image as do optical telescopes, and so are often called "experiments" or "observatories". Nevertheless they do have methods of determining arrival directions to within several degrees in some cases, and they do probe the secrets of the universe. Thus "telescope" in its broadest sense is certainly an appropriate term for these instruments. Was this article helpful?

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Trees are an essential part of our environment, providing numerous benefits such as shade, oxygen, and beauty. However, there may be instances when tree removal becomes necessary. Whether it is due to disease, damage, or to make way for construction, removing a tree requires careful consideration and planning. It is essential to evaluate the tree’s health, location, and environmental impact before removing it. Furthermore, complying with local regulations and taking safety precautions are crucial steps to ensure a safe and responsible tree removal process. This article will delve into these key considerations to help you make an informed decision before removing a tree. 1. Tree Health Assessment The first step in the tree removal process is to assess the health of the tree. A tree that is diseased, damaged, or dead may pose a risk to the surrounding area. It is essential to hire a certified arborist to evaluate the tree’s health and provide recommendations. A qualified arborist can determine if the tree can be saved or if it needs to be removed. They can also identify any potential hazards and recommend the best course of action. 2. Tree Location The location of the tree is a critical factor to consider before removal. Trees that are close to buildings, power lines, or other structures may require special equipment and techniques to remove them safely. If a tree is located in a hard-to-reach area, it may also require specialized equipment. Before removing a tree, it is essential to consider all potential obstacles and determine the best approach for removal. 3. Permits and Regulations Before removing a tree, it is essential to check with local authorities to determine if any permits or regulations apply. Some cities and municipalities have specific rules and regulations governing tree removal. For instance, some may require a permit to remove a tree that is over a certain size or located in a protected area. Failure to comply with local regulations can lead to fines and penalties. 4. Environmental Impact Trees play a critical role in the environment, and their removal can have significant impacts. Before removing a tree, it is essential to consider the environmental impact and explore alternatives. For instance, if the tree is being removed to make way for construction, it may be possible to relocate it to another area. Alternatively, planting new trees can help offset the environmental impact of removing an existing one. 5. Safety Precautions Removing a tree can be a dangerous and challenging process. It is essential to take the necessary safety precautions to protect yourself and others. Before removing a tree, make sure to wear the appropriate safety gear, such as gloves, eye protection, and a hard hat. It is also essential to clear the area of any potential hazards, such as power lines or obstacles. If you are unsure about how to remove a tree safely, it is best to hire a professional. 6. Hiring a Professional While some tree removal tasks may be DIY projects, it is often best to hire a professional. Experienced arborists have the necessary expertise and equipment to remove trees safely and efficiently. They can also provide advice on the best course of action and help ensure that all necessary permits and regulations are met. Removing a tree is not a decision that should be taken lightly. It is essential to consider several factors before starting the process to ensure a safe and responsible outcome. By assessing the health of the tree, considering its location, complying with regulations, and taking safety precautions, you can ensure that the tree removal process is successful. Whether you decide to remove the tree yourself or hire a professional, always prioritize safety and environmental impact. If you are in need of tree removal services, don’t hesitate to contact us at Ancient City Arbor. Our professional arborists will provide a comprehensive assessment of your tree removal needs and offer safe and effective solutions. We are dedicated to providing quality tree care services and ensuring the safety of our clients and the surrounding area.

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A well-known method of measuring the weight classes underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese, is Body Mass Index (BMI). To find out your BMI, you first take your weight in kilograms, multiply your length in meters with itself and then divide the weight with that number. For example: 70 kg / (1.70 m X 1.70 m) = BMI 24.2, which is considered normal weight. BMI is a useful way of analyzing larger groups such as different populations, but it is rarely a successful way at an individual level. In particular, it may be misleading in cases where the person has a greater amount of muscle mass than average. This is the main reason to why people who are engaged in fitness or other sports where increased muscle mass is desirable should lose the thoughts of an optimal BMI and instead focus solely on body composition and LBM. The weight type we are referring to in this article (LBM) does not only reduce inflammation, contribute to increased strength and agility, but it also speeds up your metabolism. This makes it easier in the long run to achieve and maintain a healthy total weight. Not only muscles but also organs are a lot more qualitative than fatty tissue, not to mention the pure aesthetic aspect of it. Naturally, the proportions change as we age. Some studies have shown that after 50 we lose somewhere around 1-2% of muscle mass per year, which of course has a negative impact on our LBM. The typical older man or woman usually has more body fat than the typical young man or woman. The reduced amount of muscle mass is said to be one of the reasons we increase our actual fat mass. As we look at studies made with the older population we also see that this storage of fat occurs mainly in and around the stomach region, which is an area directly associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The problem with blindly trusting the digits on the scale is that it’s impossible to measure your actual progress as there are more factors than just one to take into account. These include undigested food and drinks, calorie excess, water weight as a result of extra glycogen or increased salt consumption, and so on. All of these factors will show themselves on the display and therefore make a simple weighing an unreliable measuring method if you are interested in seriously determine your physical status. In particular, the levels of fluid tend to change during the day as a glass of water may very well twist the weight half a kilo and is therefore easily misinterpreted as an increase in either fat or muscle mass. In other words, there is only one reliable method to use if you wish to establish your actual body composition and that is to have it professionally analyzed. If this feels somewhat overkill, the measuring tape is the second best alternative as it is a far more effective and reliable tool than the bathroom scale. Getting yourself in shape is not done overnight. It takes perseverance, dedication and time - just how much time depends on you and your habits. You might be aiming to improve your physical shape a little faster than normal if you have an event coming up or you can feel the summer just around the corner. Like with almost everything in life, if it’s worth doing, it’s worth doing properly. No half measures, no short cuts, no extreme fad diets and no four-hour gym sessions. If you want to get in shape fast and stay fit over the long-term, it’s worth forming the correct habits now, so you can take a new recipe for fitness forward with you. The dream of a sculpted and firm butt is nowadays shared by both men and women. Mother nature seems to have blessed some individuals with a stunning backside more or less for free, while others must dedicate a lot of time and effort in order to get that booty they're dreaming of. Coconut oil is one of the quite few foods that can rightfully be included in the "superfoods" category. Its unique combination of fatty acids has a number of positive health effects, not least because of the fatty acid called lauric acid which is the most important fatty acid for humans and our general well-being. It is mainly thanks to this that coconut oil has gotten its reputation of being something as close to nature's gold since this fatty acid gives the oil its antibacterial properties and its ability to fight bacteria.

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On April 22nd, organizations, communities and individuals join together to celebrate Earth Day and spread awareness for environmental issues. What started in 1970 as a protest for a sustainable and healthy environment is now celebrated across the globe each year. Taking part in Earth Day is a great way to demonstrate how much you care about the future of the planet. Whether you plant a tree or clean up around your neighborhood, this day serves as a reminder to get involved and keep the momentum going all year long. At Budget Dumpster, we support organizations nationwide with sustainable and environmentally-focused missions. We’re also dedicated to helping individuals do their part through smaller actions that make a big difference. Read on to learn about virtual events taking place this year, and find ideas to make your own contributions to better the planet. Plan a few Earth Day activities for your kids to get the whole family involved. Check out these Earth Day crafts that are educational and fun for any age: If you need to get out of the house for some fresh air, leave the car behind and walk, bike or jog outside. For every mile you don’t drive, you reduce your carbon footprint by one pound. We've been recycling for years, but it might surprise you to know that many of us are still putting the wrong things in the recycling bin. The average recycling contamination rate is 1 in 4 items. Read about these common things you can't recycle to toss trash the right way and keep the recycling stream clean. Invasive plants overtake natural environments and prevent the growth of other plants. Removing them will improve water quality keep your soil healthy. "Invasive plants remove moisture and nutrients from soil that native plants need to thrive," says Kristina Williams, Finance and Operations Director at Heartland Conservation Alliance. Whether you’re planting a tree in your front yard or creating a whole garden, planting at home helps filter the air and fight the effects of climate change. If a big landscaping project seems intimidating, start small with an herb garden. Buy reusable coffee cups, drinking straws, tote bags and other household items to cut back on unnecessary trash. As an added bonus, many coffee shops are happy to offer a discount when you use your reusable mug instead of a single-use disposable cup. Spring is a great time to go through your closets, attic and storage spaces to declutter old clothes and home goods. Donating to a local charity instead of throwing items out is a great way to give back to both your community and the environment. Make a conscious effort to ditch meals that include meat a few times a week. The high demand for meat creates an excessive strain on environmental resources, so reducing your consumption can lower greenhouse emissions and make a positive impact on the planet over time. We're proud to partner with organizations who clean up, protect and maintain the environment, in addition to educating the public on the importance of sustainability. Heartland Conservation Alliance protects, restores and cares for natural areas in the Kansas City region. Founded in 2012, their primary goal has always been connecting people to nature. To reach this goal, they regularly host community cleanups to prevent illegal dumping and conserve local green spaces. The Neponset River Watershed Association is a grassroots, member-supported conservation group that’s been working since 1967 to clean up and protect the Neponset River, its tributaries and surrounding watershed lands across 14 towns in the Boston area. The Neponset River Watershed is home to more than 330,000 residents and a drinking water source to 120,000 people. Neponset River Watershed hosts an annual Earth Day River Cleanup event covering 12 different locations, which Budget Dumpster is proud to support. Missouri River Relief is a community volunteer and equipment-based nonprofit organization dedicated to connecting people to the Missouri River through hands-on river cleanups, educational events and stewardship activities. Since 2001, Missouri River Relief has engaged 22 communities and more than 31,000 volunteers in river cleanups, student camps, plantings and restoration projects. Budget Dumpster first partnered with Missouri River Relief in 2016 for a cleanup in Kansas City. Most recently, we donated dumpsters to their river cleanups in St. Louis last summer and will continue to support their efforts as needed. Blue Ocean Society works to protect marine life in the Gulf of Maine through research, education and inspiring action. Founded in 2001 by two whale watch naturalists, their goal is to share open ocean research with the public, educate communities about the human impact on marine life through hands-on experiences, and inspire people to take action through beach cleanups, pollution prevention campaigns and simple behavior changes. Budget Dumpster sponsored World Ocean Week in 2020, including a virtual run, beach cleanups and more. Embracing habits to reduce, reuse and recycle at home is easier than you’d think. Making small changes can have a positive impact on the environment not only on Earth Day, but year-round. Even if you’re not able to get together with friends, you can still get your neighborhood involved in celebrating Earth Day this year. Use your community Facebook group to plan a week of events. Each family can clean up their own property and coordinate to clean up common spaces safely. From picking up litter on the street to cleaning up a local waterway, you can still make an impact. Use these guides to help plan your cleanup. If you are planning a community or coastline cleanup event, Budget Dumpster can help. We partner year-round with nonprofits and community organizations who are working to better their neighborhoods by providing an in-kind dumpster donation.

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[For trouble viewing the images/movies on this page, go here] As it glanced around the Saturn system one final time, NASA's Cassini spacecraft captured this view of the planet's giant moon Titan. Interest in mysterious Titan was a major motivating factor to return to Saturn with Cassini-Huygens following the Voyager mission flybys of the early 1980s. Cassini and its Huygens probe, supplied by European Space Agency, revealed the moon to be every bit as fascinating as scientists had hoped. These views were obtained by Cassini's narrow-angle camera on Sept. 13, 2017. They are among the last images Cassini sent back to Earth. A natural color view (figure A), made from images taken using red, green and blue spectral filters, shows Titan much as Voyager saw it -- a mostly featureless golden orb, swathed in a dense atmospheric haze. An enhanced-color view (figure B) adds to this color a separate view taken using a spectral filter (centered at 938 nanometers) that can partially see through the haze. The views were acquired at a distance of 481,000 miles (774,000 kilometers) from Titan. The image scale is about 3 miles (5 kilometers) per pixel. The Cassini Solstice Mission is a joint United States and European endeavor. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter was designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging team consists of scientists from the US, England, France, and Germany. The imaging operations center and team lead (Dr. C. Porco) are based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo.

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Surprise! Surprise! A new study done by researchers at Duke University States global warming hasn’t happened as fast as expected. According to the UK Daily Mail, the new study, based on 1000 years of temperature records, points out that surface temperatures over the course of ten years can account for ups and downs in warming rates thanks to (you guessed it) natural variability. Variability that is caused by interactions with oceans and the atmosphere along with other natural factors. The research involved using observed data absent climate models to measure the decade-to-decade variability. The Daily Mail article also points out: ‘At any given time, we could start warming at a faster rate if greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere increase without any offsetting changes in aerosol concentrations or natural variability,’ said Wenhong Li, assistant professor of climate at Duke, who conducted the study with [Patrick] Brown. The team examined whether climate models, such as those used by the IPCC, accurately account for natural chaotic variability that can occur in the rate of global warming. To test these, created a new statistical model based on reconstructed empirical records of surface temperatures over the last 1,000 years. ‘By comparing our model against theirs, we found that climate models largely get the ‘big picture’ right but seem to underestimate the magnitude of natural decade-to-decade climate wiggles,’ Brown said. ‘Our model shows these wiggles can be big enough that they could have accounted for a reasonable portion of the accelerated warming we experienced from 1975 to 2000, as well as the reduced rate in warming that occurred from 2002 to 2013.’ ‘Statistically, it’s pretty unlikely that an 11-year hiatus in warming, like the one we saw at the start of this century, would occur if the underlying human-caused warming was progressing at a rate as fast as the most severe IPCC projections,’ Brown said. ‘Hiatus periods of 11 years or longer are more likely to occur under a middle-of-the-road scenario.’ How about that? A study on global warming that doesn’t involving using climate models but results in demonstrating global temperatures are based on natural variability and other natural factors. On scientist involved in the research stressed that there is no guarantee that the rate of warming will remain steady in the years ahead but this study confirms what a lot of scientists who study global warming have suspected all along. That is climate models aren’t data and are not good measurements of climate activity.

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The Good, the Bad and Succession Biology The Basic Facts of Succession Biology Succession differs in each and every ecosystem. Principal succession can be initiated owing to a biological factor or an external issue. Secondary succession is a process which largely is based on the forms of organisms which existed before the ecological disaster. This usually means there is NO SOIL present. This is results in a gain in biomass. Climatic factors could be very important, but on a significantly longer time-scale than every other. Read the lab procedure and determine the way the respiration rate is going to be derived. Colder temperatures would diminish the rate, although other aspects could be responsible like darkness. That fused single cell is known as zygote. Applications that concentrate on endocrine or reproductive function might be reviewed essay writer by ICER. Proteins are necessary for plant development. In others, there are numerous possible pathways. The History of Succession Biology Refuted Another big challenge is the collection of successors, adds Moran. It’s also rather rigorous and includes many different biology labs covering a good deal of unique subjects. There are plenty of players who should be involved in the evolution of a succession program, recommends Moran. The last stage of ecological succession is called a climax community. Climax community is set by the climate of the area. The final or terminal community grows more or less stabilized for lengthier time period. For instance, the pioneer species comprise their very own seral community. Individuals of a species influence one another’s life in many approaches and this is known as co-action. These organisms also lead to the changes locally. This program is intended to supply a discussion-based approach to research integrity. More info about Dr. Spellman’s presentation is going to be posted soon. Make certain to include your caption. Animals also play a major part in allogenic changes since they are pollinators, seed dispersers and herbivores. Foundation species frequently have the greatest relative abundance of species. Woodcock populations are determined by the access to superior habitat across their range. Species richness is the term that’s utilized to describe the amount of species dwelling in a habitat or biome. Some plants stay dormant for the remainder of the year and emerge all at one time. Pioneer species might even be in a position to survive without soil. There are not any plants, insects, animals or organic matter of any sort now. Otherwise, the disease can kill enough of a species to permit for invasion by species that may have been previously not able to colonize, which then enables a more diverse selection of species to inhabit an area. The fundamental nutrients necessary for plant growth are broken up into two chief categories namely micro-nutrients and macro-nutrients. There are an assortment of ways that we’re able to accelerate the forest succession procedure and assist Nature to set a forest system quicker than would naturally happen. Both sorts are characterized by means of a progression of prevailing communities of species on a specific habitat. The important difference between primary and secondary succession is the caliber of the soil. The area that these communities dwell in is known as a habitat. Typically, forests take a while to establish themselves as they go through the successive phases of forest progression to get to the last climax forest stage. But additionally, it brings in different occupants, including squirrels and birds that are determined by the taller plants for food and shelter. Certain animal species and possibly even bacteria in the soil depend on specific plant species throughout the food web. Once it begins to form, plants can move in. The soil may be used by a more diverse assortment of plants with deeper root systems. It’s essential to note that, despite the usage of terms like climax community,” the procedure for succession never truly stops. The succession proceeding might not be complicated, however, especially in the event the estate qualifies for a Succession Without Administration. On the flip side, in typical small business organisation, there’s not likely to be any consensus on when succession is likely to take place depending on the accounting information processes present and methods utilised in obtaining such. Education and parenting articles provide expert ideas and information on raising TEENs. A discussion section will try to put the work in a bigger theoretical context and could suggest additional investigating to follow and extend the conclusions. The student is liable for seeking the aid of the advisor. There’s a steady reduction in the weight of the carcass by 10th moment. As a result of limitation of water (abiotic), it needs to get special adapatations. In multicellular organisms the gain in size and weight is a consequence of the gain in the number and size of body cells.

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If someone you know is affected by a mental health issue, support from friends, family and health professionals plays a significant role in their coping and recovery process. You can make a big difference through small gestures, like listening, keeping in touch and showing you care. How do I know if someone needs support? It’s not always easy to tell if someone has a mental illness. The signs they may have a mental illness include: - they are anxious or worried - they are depressed or unhappy - they have emotional outbursts - they have sleep problems - they have weight or appetite changes - they are quiet or withdrawn - they are misusing substances like alcohol or drugs - they feel guilty or worthless - you notice changes in their behaviour If someone is showing these signs, it’s important to raise your concerns with them, even though they might deny the problem and be reluctant or refuse to get help. They may react with anger, shame or embarrassment. Try not to feel guilty if you didn’t know your friend or someone you love has a mental health issue — the changes can be gradual, and people often hide their symptoms from close friends and family. They may not be ready for treatment straight away. Taking it slowly and figuring it out together is a good way to steer them toward the road to recovery. If someone you care about is in danger of harming themselves or someone else, call triple zero (000) immediately. There are also a number of helplines and crisis support services that may help. How can I support someone with a mental health problem? If your loved one is showing signs of a mental health problem or reaches out for help, here is what to do. 1. Talk about it We often avoid discussing mental health because of fear, stigma or simply not knowing what to say. But this may make matters worse. Many of us worry about saying the wrong thing to someone with a mental illness. Your friend or loved one may or may not want to discuss their mental health issues with you, but it’s important they know they don’t have to avoid the subject. Choose a good time and place to talk, when you are both relaxed, and keep the conversation flowing about other topics too. Try to be sensitive, positive and encouraging. Let the person know you are there for them and available to listen. Acknowledge what they are feeling and ask them what you can do to help. You can start off by explaining why you’re concerned and offer examples. Try to use ‘I’ statements rather than ‘you’ statements — ‘I'm worried…’ or ‘I’ve noticed…’ It’s important not to be dismissive of their mental health issue, for example saying things like ‘snap out of it’, ‘cheer up’, ‘forget about it’, ‘pull yourself together’, or ‘I’m sure it will pass’ — these comments can make a person feel worse. Try not to blame them or get angry or frustrated. Their mental illness is not a personal weakness or failing, and it shouldn’t define them. It's important not to: - say 'you know how they feel' if you don’t, because this invalidates their experience - point out that others are worse off — this is dismissive - blame your friend or loved one for changes in their behaviour - avoid the person - make fun of their mental illness - pressure them, if they don’t want, to go out or to discuss their issues with you - use words that stigmatise, like ‘psycho’ or ‘crazy’ 2. Offer support Start slowly — try small actions first, such as going for a walk or visiting a friend. You could offer practical support, such as doing their shopping or cooking meals, or invite them out and encourage other friends to see them. Make sure they are looking after their health by encouraging them to get enough sleep, eat healthy food and exercise. Discourage them from self-medicating with alcohol or drugs. You can encourage them to seek help by providing information, such as books or brochures for them to read in their own time. You could offer to make an appointment with a doctor or mental health professional on their behalf, and offer to take them. Encourage them to seek help immediately if they are at risk of suicide or self-harm. If you are worried someone is at immediate risk of harming themselves, call an ambulance on triple zero (000). Stay with the person until help arrives. 3. Look after yourself Make sure you are informed by reading quality, evidence-based information and become familiar with the signs and symptoms of their mental health issue. This will help you to be proactive and work out the first steps to take. You can get support for yourself from your doctor, a mental health professional or by accessing support services available to carers and friends of people with mental health issues. Where to get help If someone needs help, talking to a doctor is a good place to start. To find out more, or if they would like to talk to someone else, here are some organisations that can help: - SANE Australia (people living with a mental illness) — call 1800 187 263. - Beyond Blue (anyone feeling depressed or anxious) — call 1300 22 4636 or chat online. - Black Dog Institute (people affected by mood disorders) — online help. - Lifeline (anyone having a personal crisis) — call 13 11 14 or chat online. - Suicide Call Back Service (anyone thinking about suicide) — call 1300 659 467. Learn more here about the development and quality assurance of healthdirect content. Last reviewed: December 2020

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Women have in the present day been accredited with playing a pivotal role in the building of our nation. This task did not begin in the recent past but can trace its birth back to the colonial American era where the traditional role of women was reinvented due to the realities of the new world. Prior to the colonial era, the roles of women were greatly limited by the traditional attitudes of women as the “weaker sex”. They previously clearly defined roles began to be blurred mostly as a consequence of the labor deficit in colonial America which led to a state where the contribution by the women was most vital for the survival of the family. The lives of the women in Colonial American were therefore marked with multiple responsibilities and immense contribution in trade activities. This paper shall set out to document some of the typical trades that women were involved in. The ways in which women’s work differed from men’s as well as the manner in which women got involved in this trade shall also be articulated. The building industry was of great significance in colonial America and as such, one of the trades that women were involved in was brick making. This was one of the less glamorous trades and most of the practitioners in this trade were slaves and poor unskilled free laborers. Women were therefore initiated into this trade as slaves practicing for their masters or when they were poor and needed some livelihood. Brick making was labor intensive and laborers were expected to work for days on end. Women were therefore given the easier tasks such as stomping on the clay or arranging the bricks in the kiln. They also engaged in the relatively easier task of putting clay into wooden molds. Men on the other hand worked in the kilns and ensured that the fires were consistent for up to a week. While a vast majority of blacksmiths were men, women also ventured into this trade. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation reveals that the women who participated in this male-dominated trade mostly did so out of a lack of choice other than for the love of the craft. Also, women born into a family which practiced this craft but had no sons would be obligated to learn the techniques of the trade. Women who wanted to become blacksmiths underwent apprenticeship under a seasoned blacksmith and only after mastering the craft could they practice on their own. Women were expected to fulfill all the duties that male blacksmiths fulfilled including smelting and hitting metal. Shoe making was arguable the most commonly practiced trade in colonial America. Women got initiated to this trade through apprenticeship which was normally from a male member of the family. While shoe making was a male dominated trade, the craft relied more on dexterity other than sheer physical strength hence women were more adept to it than other male dominated crafts. Another craft that women engaged in which had similar attributes to shoe making was basket making. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation affirms that nimbleness rather than strength was required in weaving and plaiting therefore making this craft well suited for women. The craft was passed on from women to their children therefore keeping the trade alive in the family. Some trades were exclusively run by males and women only got to be involved in this trades as a result of their husbands or fathers’ dying. Printing was one of these trades and women who run such businesses typically took over from their dead husbands. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation documents a number of famous printers including; Clementina Rind, Elizabeth Bushell and Jose Glover, all of whom inherited their printing businesses from their husbands or fathers. These women ran the businesses in a very capable manner therefore demonstrating that it was society and not women’s incapability that resulted in such trades being primarily run by men. One of the colonial occupations which had a high women presence was the running of taverns. Taverns normally sold drinks and offered accommodation to travelers. Women who ran these taverns were mostly widows who mostly used their houses as the business premise (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation). The reason why women were preferred to run taverns was because they were highly skilled cooks and trained to be good hostesses from an early age. This paper set out to document some of the trades that women were involved in so as to accentuate how they differed from men who took part in the same trades. To this end, this paper has reviewed some of the trades and highlighted how or why women got involved in this trades and the difference between their input and the input of men. From this paper, it is evident that in most trades, the women did not receive preferential treatment and that they were just as capable as their male counterparts. However, society generally restricted women from running some businesses without males due to the patriarchal set up of the society. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Colonial Williamsburg Trades. 2010. Web 10 Oct 2010.

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This database contains an alphabetized index of people who received a Land Grant from the Crown between 1763 and 1890. After the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the Imperial Government issued instructions for the grant of lands. The head of a family could receive 100 acres and other members could receive 50 acres, this land could increase to 1,000 acres total in exceptional cases. The only condition was that the Crown could take back the land if it was needed for a military purpose. The earliest recorded entries in this index started in 1788. In 1791, the legislature ordered this collection to be printed and added a few stipulations to the land grant. Settlers were required to build a home and clear a certain amount of land for cultivation depending on lot size, but the rules weren’t strictly enforced. By 1826, land grants were only given out at auction. The lands to be auctioned were determined by the yearly-appointed Commissioner of Crown Lands. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, Great Britain took control of Quebec, but allowed the use of French civil law to continue. Seigneurial tenure was the French way of distributing land, primarily along the St. Lawrence River. Under British rule, seigneurial lands continued to be run the same as under French rule, but land was distributed through the land grant. This database solely has the land grants given out by the Crown, not the seigneurial lands that were being operated until seigneurial tenure was abolished in 1854. This index also includes only the initial land grant, not successive divisions or purchases of the same land. This index is important because it places a family in an area and points to the Land Grant Letter of Patent that can contain more genealogical detail. Each record contains: - Name of grantee - Acres granted - Letters patent date Where to go from here: The original records and microfilm copies are available at the Bibliothèque et Archives nationalies du Québec. Requests for microfilm copies should include the full reference to the book and page (found in the source citation for the record). Requests should be addressed to: Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 1012, avenue du Séminaire, CP 10450, Sainte-Foy, QC, G1V 4N1.

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Crosses can be drawn on number grids of various sizes. What do you notice when you add opposite ends? Take any four digit number. Move the first digit to the 'back of the queue' and move the rest along. Now add your two numbers. What properties do your answers always have? Can you guarantee that, for any three numbers you choose, the product of their differences will always be an even number? Show that is it impossible to have a tetrahedron whose six edges have lengths 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 units... A hexagon, with sides alternately a and b units in length, is inscribed in a circle. How big is the radius of the circle? Triangle ABC has equilateral triangles drawn on its edges. Points P, Q and R are the centres of the equilateral triangles. What can you prove about the triangle PQR? Take a look at the range of approaches to this problem. Go to last month's problems to see more solutions. You need to find the values of the stars before you can apply normal Sudoku rules.

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If you go to a doctor, for let us say an upset stomach, chances are the doctor might speak about disease, disorder, and syndrome. To a layman, they all sound similar. They all mean that there is something wrong with the body for which you need medical supervision and maybe some medicines. However, the three, although often used interchangeably, are different from one another, in their kind of diagnosis, prevention, and cure. So, let us see what disease, disorder, and syndrome are and how they are different from one another. What Is A Disease? Merriam Webster defines a disease as “a condition of the living animal or plant body or of one of its parts that impairs normal functioning and is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms.” Thus, in disease, either the whole disease or a part of it gets affected such that it is unable to perform functions normally. Also, displays distinguishable signs and symptoms, and often there is a specific cause. (Photo Credit: Freepik) Let us take chickenpox as an example. It is a disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It has very distinct symptoms that include fever, headache, fatigue, and most importantly itchy rashes and fluid-filled blisters. COVID-19, caused by the novel coronavirus, is another example of disease. Other examples include: - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) What Is A Disorder? Dictionary.com defines the disorder as “a disturbance in physical or mental health or functions.” In other words, in the case of a disorder, there is an abnormality or impairment in the normal functioning of the mind or body. (Photo Credit: Freepik) For example, in the case of an eating disorder, the person’s normal eating pattern gets disrupted, and he/she ends up eating either too much or too little. There are other effects as well. The cause is not as specific as in the case of chickenpox and differs from person to person. The doctor generally delves into the patient’s personal and medical history to figure out the cause. Other examples include - Bipolar disorder - Attention deficit disorder - Sleep disorders, such as insomnia and hypersomnia - Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) What Is A Syndrome? Merrian Webster defines a syndrome as “a group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterise a particular abnormality or condition.” In other words, in a syndrome, several symptoms occur together and are correlated to each other. An example is Tourette syndrome, which is characterised by repetitive movements, distinct sounds, along jerky movements. Other examples include: - Down syndrome - Capgras syndrome - Carpal tunnel syndrome - Polycystic Ovary syndrome - Weber's syndrome Now that you have understood the difference, it is equally important to understand that neither is worse or better than the other. All these affect a person’s normal functioning affecting his/her life in a big way. What is needed is the supervision of a good medical practitioner that would help the person to recover from them or manage the symptoms. However, knowing the difference between the three helps as it will help you better know and get a clear picture of your condition and make you better informed. This, in turn, will help you make better decisions regarding your health and help you in the long run. Read more articles on Other Diseases Photo Credit: Unsplash All possible measures have been taken to ensure accuracy, reliability, timeliness and authenticity of the information; however Onlymyhealth.com does not take any liability for the same. Using any information provided by the website is solely at the viewers’ discretion. In case of any medical exigencies/ persistent health issues, we advise you to seek a qualified medical practitioner before putting to use any advice/tips given by our team or any third party in form of answers/comments on the above mentioned website.

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Recent studies have reported that indoor house dust contains a large volume of SVOC chemical substances such as phthalates and it is showing a relationship with children's asthma and allergic dermatitis. In particular, plasticizers contained in PVC building materials such as DBP and DEHP are the primary SVOC substances that pollute indoor environments. Therefore, The Micro-chamber method is to measure the emission rate of SVOCs from building products and to confirm what kind of SVOCs are emitted from a variety of products that are used indoors kindergarten. As results, the DBP and DEHP were detected in all building materials based on the result obtained from measuring the building materials produced in Japan, South Korea, and China. On the other hand, TCEP and TPP were not detected from all the building materials tested in this study. The DBP and DEHP emission rates (95 percentile) from the PVC sheets used for the measurement in this study were 2.60 [μg/m2·h] and 11.63[μg/m2·h] respectively. Moreover, it appears that there is a different type of plasticizer added to each product and detected for each country. In addition, toys, shoes, crayon and eraser were emitted C16, DBP and DEHP and also variety SVOCs like as D6, BHT, DEP, TBP, C20 and DOA. Especially, shoes were detected 9 substances among targeted 12. These results were considered that is because shoes are made a several materials. ASJC Scopus subject areas - Environmental Engineering

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Iceland Flag Coloring Page Download Iceland Flag Description The flag of Iceland is a simple design consisting of a red Nordic cross on a white background. The cross is offset towards the hoist side of the flag, which means it is closer to the flagpole. The proportions of the flag are 18:25, with the cross taking up one-fourth of the width of the flag. The history of the Icelandic flag dates back to the 19th century when Iceland was still under Danish rule. At that time, Iceland used the Danish flag as its own, as it was considered a part of the Kingdom of Denmark. However, as Iceland began to push for more autonomy and independence, there was a growing desire for a distinct national flag. In 1870, a design competition was held to create a flag for Iceland. The winning design was submitted by a group of students from the Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík, the oldest secondary school in Iceland. Their design featured a red cross on a white background, symbolizing the country’s Christian heritage and the purity of the Icelandic landscape. The flag was officially adopted on June 19, 1915, during the celebrations of the 1000th anniversary of the settlement of Iceland. This marked a significant milestone in Iceland’s journey towards independence, as it was the first time the flag was raised alongside the Danish flag. Since gaining independence from Denmark in 1944, the flag of Iceland has become a powerful symbol of national identity and pride. It is flown on various occasions, including national holidays, official ceremonies, and sporting events. The flag is also commonly displayed by Icelandic citizens on their homes and vehicles as a sign of patriotism. In recent years, the flag of Iceland has gained international recognition and popularity. Its simple and striking design has made it a favorite among flag enthusiasts and collectors. The flag’s symbolism and historical significance continue to resonate with the Icelandic people, serving as a reminder of their rich heritage and the journey towards independence.

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Jeannie Hana August 31, 2020 Worksheets fun In choosing a worksheet, it is important to review the source and check the material. Ensure that the material and answers are accurate. Evaluate the worksheet by completing it yourself. The worksheet should provide information clearly and accurately. Make sure it is exactly what you need to homeschool your child. Most particularly, children are not taught mastery of arithmetic with fractions. Unfortunately, virtually all of their future math education depends on being able to do fractional arithmetic. Aside from helping you assess your child’s comprehension of a subject matter, printable home school worksheets also provide something for your child to do while you work on other things. This means that you can be free to run your home while teaching your child at the same time, because the worksheet simplifies the homeschooling job for you. Printable math worksheets can be used by both parents and teachers to help kids overcome some of their most common problems in leaning math. Which brings us to the purpose behind this article.One of the most effective ways I’ve found to help kids in a focused area of weakness are printable math worksheets. The big problem with concept-based instruction is lack of practice. Printable math worksheets solve this problem nicely. Remedial Work.If your child studied fractions during the last school year but just didn’t quite ”get it”, don’t worry. Use printable fraction worksheets found on the internet to review with him. These worksheets won’t cost you a dime and you can find all you need.

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But if we don’t reverse? In A Great Aridness, William deBuys paints a bleak picture of the world, including the Southwest, should global warming not be rigorously addressed. “If present trends of carbon pollution hold steady,” he warns, the temperature increase for parts of the Southwest “could amount to 8°F . . . by the end of the century.” Paskus, only slightly less gloomy, estimates a 4- to 6-degree increase. Generally speaking, observes deBuys, across the planet, unless we put the brakes on climate change, “wet places will become wetter; dry places, like the Southwest, drier.” Thus, referring to the findings of Jonathan Overpeck, today a climate scientist at the University of Michigan, deBuys writes, “Climate change . . . will produce winners and losers.” Then, he quotes Overpeck himself: “[I]n the Southwest we’re going to be losers. There’s no doubt.” If we don’t cease global warming, our high-elevation forests of conifer, spruce, and aspen, and our lower-elevation woodlands of piñon and juniper―the floors of both now clogged with dead wood, grass, and brush―will experience more, and more severe, wildfires that will “cook” more soils. If the burned forests regenerate at all, due to a warming climate the dark, soughing conifers that have lolled this backpacker to sleep many a mountain night will not return, but will instead be replaced by Gambel oak, locust, and aspen. The piñon and juniper woodlands, meanwhile, will be replaced by oak, mountain mahogany, and brush. Shade, is that you? More charred landscapes will mean more erosion and flooding. The Rio Grande―in Paskus’s words “already a climate casualty in New Mexico”―will have a snow supply pared down by 67 per cent, which will reduce a spring and summer supply of water to New Mexico’s farms and homes by 95 to 100 per cent. The Colorado River will likely see a 30 per cent decrease in flow by 2050 and a 50 per cent decrease by 2100. What threatens the Colorado also threatens the San Juan River, a Colorado tributary. Water is piped from the San Juan to New Mexico’s Rio Chama, which empties into the Rio Grande. Deny the Great River liquid and its water table will drop. Should it drop to more than ten feet below its surface, the cottonwoods cushioning its banks that I so admired when I first moved to Albuquerque will wither and die. Increased warming and drought will affect the Indigenous nations of the Southwest, threatening their forests and grasslands with wildfire, and threatening the conditions necessary for them to grow their traditional foods. Risks to health will increase. Those who cannot afford air-conditioning may die of heat prostration. Increased dust will imperil those with respiratory ailments. Vanishing surface and groundwater will mean no more agriculture along the Rio Grande. Will you trust a long green grown in Saskatchewan? New Mexico, historically afflicted with poverty, crime, drug and alcohol abuse, homelessness, child abuse, teenage pregnancy, teenage failure to take responsibility for teenage pregnancy, and political corruption, may find that climate change worsens these scourges. And, of course, there’s desertification. Sand, and more sand. On this topic, I e-mailed David Gutzler, a professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at the University of New Mexico. Given that I had once lived in the Chihuahuan Desert, I asked him: If we fail to address climate change, will Albuquerque and its surroundings look like the Chihuahuan Desert city of El Paso and its arid, harsh Franklin Mountains? Gutzler’s slightly oblique reply was: “In fact, if we extrapolate the sort of century-scale trends in climate projected by models out to 2100, it turns out that the average temperature and precipitation in Albuquerque becomes very similar to present-day El Paso. I’ve made this point in public presentations by showing photos of the Franklin Mountains above El Paso, which really are very nice for hiking . . . But there are no trees to speak of in the Franklins [my italics].” I took this as a “yes,” and imagined the Sandia and Manzano mountains sun-blasted and covered with creosote, prickly pear, mesquite, an occasional decaying Huggie (New Mexico is always New Mexico), and an occasional desert willow. That is, desertificated. It boggles the sensibilities. Will central and northern New Mexico and southern Colorado, their forests and woodlands wiped out by wildfires, one day look like Yuma, Arizona; Death Valley; or the Gran Desierto of northern Mexico? (Mexico, too―85% of it―is currently grappling with drought.) Will New Mexicans face crop failure, civil unrest, famine, new diseases? Will they, if they can afford it, migrate en masse to the northern parts of the United States, desperately seeking a cool breeze and that region’s modest economic gains as a result of climate change? Will the United States withstand such a migration? Pebbles in my boot.

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Math worksheets: Dividing decimals by 2-digit whole numbers Below are six versions of our grade 6 math worksheet on dividing decimals by 2-digit whole numbers. Answers rounded to 6 decimal digits are provided. These worksheets are pdf files. These worksheets are available to members only. Join K5 to save time, skip ads and access more content. Learn More

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