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|Alternative Title||The Research of "Women Of China"(Yanan1939-1941) in the Anti-Japanese War |Place of Conferral||兰州 论文紧紧围绕抗战时期的《中国妇女》期刊展开。第一部分是《中国妇女》期刊的概述，主要介绍《中国妇女》期刊的创办背景、办刊宗旨、印刷情况、 办报人员等情况；第二部分是《中国妇女》的内容版面分析，主要对期刊的内容进行梳理和探讨以及对版面的设计进行分析；第三部分探讨《中国妇女》期刊的局限；第四部分研究抗战时期《中国妇女》期刊与妇女运动的关系 ；第五部分是研究该期刊的办刊特点；第六部分研究《中国妇女》期刊的历史地位；第七部分探讨《中国妇女》期刊的现实意义，对当代传媒的启示。| |Other Abstract||The Anti-Japanese War was an exceptional hardship liberation war of the whole nation, which Chinese women's attendance was unique. They played an unparalleled part in the fields of benevolence, propagation, relief education, giving first aid and so on. By means of attending the movement of resistance against Japan and saving the nation from extinction, Chinese women really came out of their families and took part in social activities, and began to liberate themselves by liberating the whole nation. The great transform was relation to the leadership of the party and the efforts of all sectors of the community. In the Anti-Japanese War, The progress women newspapers played a significant role in promoting, which developed fluorescently just as the bamboo shoots after the rain. Especially, “Women Of China” (Yanan) was one of the most prominent typical representative. “Women Of China” (Yanan) was the first women journal which was started by Chinese Communist Party. It was hosted by Women's Movement Committee of the CPC Central. What’s more, It was published and edited by China women publishing house of Yanan .It was the greatest women journal in the Anti-Japanese Democratic Base Area. “Women Of China” had made major contributions to disseminate Chinese Communist Party’s guidelines, strategies and policies to inspire the people, traine excellent women cadres, raise political awareness and cultural level，mobilize and organize the women, serve on national liberation and revolutionary struggle and so on. The thesis will closely revolve the Sino-Japanese time “Women Of China” (Yanan) launches. The first part is the outline of “Women Of China” (Yanan)，mainly introduced “Women Of China” the origination background, the objective, the printing situation, the personnel and so on; The second part is the content and page analysis of “Women Of China” ，mainly carried on combing with the discussion to the periodical content and analysis of the layout. The third part is to discuss the limit of the “Women Of China” (Yanan); The forth part is to study the relationship between “Women Of China” and the women’s movement; The fifth part is to study the feature of the publication; The sixth part is to study the historical position of the publication; The seventh part is to discuss the publication’s practical significance and the revelation to modern media.| 井春野. 抗战时期《中国妇女》（延安1939-1941）期刊研究[D]. 兰州. 兰州大学,2009. Items in the repository are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.

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Describing two different cultures and their views on health care And building relationships with people from different cultures bring quality health care into your ask people questions about their cultures, customs, and views. Culturally competent care culturally competent care for latino face when they come from different cultures and their health care in non. Improving interpersonal communication between the health encounter may be different improve the quality of health care in their facilities through. Many faces: addressing diversity in health care views will explain how they interpret their illness care services may mean something different for. Health and health care african american elders are frequently supported in adhering to their health care the diagnosis of two or more major health. Mental health: ethnic minority experiences when describing their symptoms or how they felt or feeling like two different people. The above fact-sheet also provides a useful breakdown of different aspects of rights to health, describing different means for health care their own health. Health care in the united states: an evolving system who struggle to pay their own health care and health care systems of five different countries. Also, the best copy of this paper on cultural differences that is why some organizations ask their as we interact with others of different cultures. Describing two different cultures and their views on health what are the implications to health care providers - answered by a verified tutor. What are the different types of health care organizations understanding the different health-care a primary care physician to orchestrate their care. Describing two different cultures and their views on health care jessica knott uop hca 230 04-19-2010 cultural views on health health can have different meanings to. How culture influences health attitudes about medical care and their ability to in working with patients from different cultures as displayed. They would expect the physician to make all decisions about their health care cultural relevance in end-of-life care health care decisions some cultures. Examples of culture can be seen everywhere around you in both views of culture you can also instinctually tell the difference between different cultures. Personal values, belief and attitudes mainstream society views as being different or contribute to their feelings of well being as a care worker it is. Attitudes about aging: a global perspective and seven-in-ten chinese describe aging as a major problem for their country pension and health care. Home » cultural health beliefs + behaviors » cultural aspects of death and all cultures have developed while health care providers cannot be expected. Mental health: ethnic minority carers’ experiences views of mental health problems in different communities she is married and has two sons in their twenties. Comparing different religions & faith groups sponsored link overview: elsewhere in this web site, we describe the beliefs, practices, history, etc of dozens of. It influences their views, their people from different cultures have to be included in decision increases the capacity of health care and mental. Culture, identity and indigenous australian peoples identity and indigenous australian peoples 5 cold-climate cultures develop different social organisations. Work with diverse people different cultures may have a different vocabulary and other different ways of describing their emotions and feelings. Given to meet different health care of care to get their viewpoints, world views congruent care with people of different cultures. How does culture affect healthcare general understanding of different cultures for how the patient understands their health/illness with. Causes of cultural barriers different cultures have developed their people find it difficult to talk to people who follow different religions religious views. Chapter 7: human society still, many people live lives very different from the norm for their class the ease health care, and judicial systems. There are many different kinds of culture, but culture is generally divided into two different types: material culture and non-material culture material culture is.

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How to Name Angles One way to name angles is to give the names of three points on the angles. The point that names the corner of the angle goes between the other two points. Click on the button "ABC" to see angle ABC. Click on the button "ACB" to see angle ACB. Click on the button "BAC" to see angle BAC. Click "new angle" to see more angles.

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By Grace Barlow Abington Friends School Teens of color feel a unique sense of enthusiasm when reading texts that represent their cultural identity. “If you look at any of my books from English class, A Raisin in the Sun and Their Eyes Were Watching God are annotated like crazy – then you have the other stuff … I don’t even touch them,”said Sanaa Nicholson, a senior at Abington Friends School. The way Sanaa engaged with novels that featured people of color — novels that represented people like her — shows the essential role that racial representation plays in empowering students to recognize the power of their identity. In the wake of George Floyd’s killing, protests sparked conversation on racial inequality – leading to new high school courses devoted to teaching the African American experience. In many cases, students themselves are leading the charge for better representation in the classroom. Nicholson, a senior at Abington Friends School, began raising questions at school – about how spaces, like her English class, that fail to represent African Americans can make students like her feel inferior. “It hurts to be in these predominantly white spaces and people not even batting an eye to consider the fact that none of this relates to me – nothing in here represents me,” she said. For their senior year, Nicholson and Black Student Union members at Abington Friends created an independent study focused on African American History. Creating a Black Independent Study gave Nicholson an opportunity to educate herself and “go in-depth” on her Black history. Nicholson said, “I think a big part of mental health when it comes to school is interest and engagement – not seeing myself reflected in the curriculum makes me want to remove myself from the situation and not care as much.” Now, Sanaa is able to strengthen her identity through learning topics that interest her and make her feel included. Lack of representation in our communities is more detrimental than many would think, affecting teens of color’s sense of identity and mental health. Dr. Andre Watson, a clinical psychologist whose practice is based in Philadelphia, said: “We are constantly striving to know who we are and to be proud of who we are – our society explicitly and implicitly tells us that being black is inferior.” For African Americans, diminishing the myth of black inferiority becomes an essential step to strengthening their sense of identity as well as bolstering one’s pride in being African American. “It is important that we understand how we got to this point of George Floyd, that’s why literature is key; it doesn’t mask or hide the truth,” Watson said. “We will never be able to move forward until we do some reckoning with the past.” Shades of Freedom, published in 1978 by Dr. A. Leon Higginbotham Jr., documents how early white perceptions of black inferiority are embedded in the legal system. The author uses famous Supreme Court cases to illustrate the significance of historical moments that portray black inferiority. Higginbotham wrote that “the African Americans themselves must come to realize their wretched status; black youngsters must be ‘educated’ as to their place and limitations. Only then would African Americans “lose all just ideas of [their] natural position. When African Americans believed in their inferiority, the precept would become both a part of the law and a part of life.” The concept of black people being inferior is embedded in the legal system. The lack of representation in our school systems because black literature is “too hard to understand” or “starts difficult conversations” is more of a reason why we need to educate ourselves. Without it, teens of color feel disconnected and inferior in the education system. “When you have a book that you can’t engage in enthusiastically and doesn’t really represent you, it’s tough – it feels like a chore as opposed to something you’re excited about.” Mikael Yisrael, director of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion at Abington Friends School grew up in Harlem during the latter stages of the crack epidemic. Attending a predominantly white boarding school, when Mikael was assigned “The Bluest Eye” by Toni Morrison, he was “over the moon.” However, when reading literature that lacked representation, Mikael would receive letters home for his “apathy” and “lack of engagement” that were essentially a reflection of the texts. “When [ Black literature] is an institutional priority, people don’t make space for it,” he said. Now, Yisrael, a first time dad, is making that kind of space at home. He’s making a point of reading Black literature to his newborn – because he believes in the need to be present in the power of black literature as a daily routine. “We are very intentional about the messages,” he said. Yisrael reminds his daughter of the power of her identity while reading her affirmations and scriptures that reflect his family’s core personal values. Yisrael hopes for his daughter to tackle the myth of racial inferiority by reminding her of the importance of Black representation.

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America has a long and deep history of wildlife conservation, but we can and must do more to ensure wildlife and their environments survive for future generations. This session of Congress comes at a pivotal time of systemic declines in wildlife populations due to evolving threats such as habitat loss, disease, and invasive species—all amplified by climate change. Despite many successful efforts to restore populations of American wildlife such as elk, gray wolves, striped bass, and eagles, as many as one-third of America’s species remain vulnerable to extinction, with one in five at high risk of becoming endangered. Congress should build off of recent conservation victories such as the Great American Outdoors Act and the America’s Conservation Enhancement Act and work to pass strong, effective wildlife policies capable of responding to the magnitude of today’s threats. Funding for wildlife conservation should be one of Congress’s top conservation priorities. Passing the Recovering America’s Wildlife Act is essential to stemming the biodiversity crisis by ensuring state, territorial, and Tribal wildlife programs have the resources they need to conserve species of greatest conservation need and to prevent them from becoming endangered. These efforts will also help accelerate the recovery of species already listed as endangered or threatened. In the same vein, Congress should significantly increase funding for federal wildlife programs, particularly endangered species recovery plans. Federal programs for endangered species recovery, wildlife management on public lands, and wildlife research are essential but woefully underfunded. Wildlife travel both daily and seasonally to survive, and the habitats wildlife rely on continue to be fragmented by housing, roads, fences, energy facilities, and other human-made barriers. As a result, animals are often cut off from food, water, shelter, and breeding sites, making dangerous and costly wildlife collisions on America’s roads far too common. Maintaining wildlife corridors and habitat connections are among our most important wildlife conservation strategies. Expanding human development is cutting wildlife off from habitats they need to survive and reproduce. Climate change is exacerbating this by shifting species’ ranges and degrading existing habitat. Congress should pass the Wildlife Corridors Conservation Act and the Tribal Wildlife Corridors Act to create nationwide programs that will help identify and maintain wildlife and fish movements across federal, state, Tribal and private lands. These programs will be supported through increased coordination amongst agency and non-federal partners and through a wildlife movements grant program for on-theground projects. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act protects over a thousand bird species from unnecessary harm. The Department of Interior and Congress should reinstate critical protections for migratory birds that were rolled back by the last administration to ensure migratory birds are protected against unintentional but significant harms. A permitting system to manage unavoidable harms to migratory birds should also be established, through administrative action or passage of the Migratory Bird Protection Act. Congress should address systemic threats to wildlife such as wildlife diseases and invasive species. COVID-19, which likely transferred from wildlife to humans, highlights the need to strengthen our domestic wildlife disease response capacity and relevant international programs. The threat from wildlife diseases is greater than ever in an increasingly globalized world. Congress should increase the capacity of existing federal programs to respond to wildlife disease, by funding Fish and Wildlife Service disease response programs, the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Wildlife Health Center, and USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service’s National Wildlife Disease Program. Additionally, Congress should pass the Wildlife Disease Emergency Act to help the federal, state, and Tribal agencies prepare for, identify, and respond to wildlife disease emergencies. Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) presents an existential threat to deer, elk, and moose, and all of the communities, hunters, and conservation funding which depend on them. Congress took an important step last session by establishing a federal CWD task force. However, States and tribes are the front line against the spread of this disease, and Congress needs to pass the Chronic Wasting Disease Management Act to provide resources to help them combat it. Furthermore, Congress should pass the Invasive Fish and Wildlife Prevention Act to provide the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service with authority and funding to once again regulate interstate transport of listed injurious species under the Lacey Act. Wild Salmon and Steelhead—from the Pacific Coast to central Idaho—are integral to the Northwest’s Tribal Nations, fisherman, main street businesses, identity, and way of life. These fish, however, are running out of time, and barreling towards extinction. Since the completion of the lower Snake River dams in 1975, the populations of Snake River salmon and steelhead have declined by at least 90%. Species, including southern residents killer whales, that rely on abundant salmon also face unprecedented challenges, and their absence could upset the regional ecosystem. The decline of salmon has also left the federal government in violation of its treaty and trust obligations to Northwest Tribes. Over the past several decades local, state, and regional leaders have tried to solve this problem to no avail, and these failures have left the region in an endless loop of litigation, division, and failed half-measures. The time has come for Congress and the Biden Administration to put forward a comprehensive solution that invests in local communities and unites the region. With their leadership, we can achieve the largest river restoration in history, while securing a prosperous future for the Northwest by investing in reliable, affordable clean energy, local communities, and Native American Tribes. National Wildlife Refuges are the nation’s only federal public lands devoted to the needs of wildlife, but unfortunately, they are severely underfunded and severely understaffed. Congress should increase funding for Refuge System Operations and Maintenance, starting by providing $600 million in fiscal year 2022. Congress should also pass the Refuge Resource Protection Act authorizing the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to collect damages from parties that injure or destroy public resources on Service properties, and the Protect Our Refuges Act prohibiting the use of neonicotinoids, a type of agricultural insecticide, on National Wildlife Refuges. Photo credits: Aaron Maizlish (northern pygmy owl), Tom Koerner/USFWS (monarch butterfly), Dan Clark/USFWS (black-footed albatross pair), Danielle Brigida (caribou), fox (BLM) More than one-third of U.S. fish and wildlife species are at risk of extinction in the coming decades. The National Wildlife Federation is on the ground in seven regions across the country, collaborating with 53 state and territory affiliates to reverse the crisis and ensure wildlife thrive.

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What is Visual Dyslexia? Dyslexia is a reading impairment that can result from an abnormal developmental process. While dyslexia has its core in a disruption of language processing, some believe that it may be a visual disturbance. Some dyslexics complain that small letters appear to blur and move around when they're trying to read, leading to research being done in the field of optometry to see if there is a visual component to dyslexia. What does the test involve? A visit to your optometrist should be among the first things you do when your child or yourself is struggling with reading, regardless of what the ultimate cause might be. At a minimum, the assessment can rule out near and far sightedness. Of course tests of vision are even more important if you suspect that visual stress may be a factor. Our optometrist is a specialist in visual stress and are able to conduct an assessment using coloured overlays and/or tinted lenses. The assessment may involve the use of an Intuitive Colorimeter, which helps identify the precise tint that best reduces visual stress for the reader. Below is a summary of the most common and effective forms of intervention for vision related to reading difficulty. Glasses: In some cases the problem will be solved through a pair of corrective glasses or contact lenses from the optician. Coloured Lenses: Coloured lenses are just like a pair of sunglasses except with a carefully chosen tint that reduces visual stress for the person wearing them. Coloured Overlays: Overlays are thin tinted sheets or transparent plastic that is placed over the top of any material being read, serving the same function as the glasses.

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The Guardian newspaper picked this up recently, and it also makes an appearance in the most recent issue of Conservation magazine: people who buy green products may be, on the whole, more likely to steal and cheat when given the chance. This claim comes by way of two researchers at the University of Toronto, who were probing a more widely known psychological phenomenon in which people who pat themselves on the back for a good deed often feel entitled to a bit of selfishness later on. Using student volunteers, the Toronto researchers tested this notion as it relates to green consumerism. They initially quizzed the students on their impressions of people who buy eco-friendly products, and for the most part, they considered such consumers to be more “more cooperative, altruistic and ethical” than ordinary consumers, according to Conservation. The researchers then set about testing those qualities: In the second experiment, some students were assigned to check out an online store offering mostly green products, while other students were assigned to an online store carrying mostly conventional products. Half the students in each group were asked to rate the products in the store, and the other half were asked to purchase products. Afterward, all the students played a seemingly unrelated money-sharing game. The students who had merely rated the green products shared more money than the students who had rated the conventional products. But students who had made purchases in the green store shared less money than those who had shopped in the conventional store. In the third experiment, the students played a computer game that tempted them to earn money by cheating. The green consumers were more likely to cheat than the conventional purchasers, and they stole more money when asked to withdraw their winnings from envelopes on their desks. Andy Revkin, my colleague at the Dot Earth blog, suggested that this “moral-license effect,” as the authors put it, may well have something in common with another widely discussed phenomenon known as the “single-action bias” — a term that arises often in discussions of climate change. From the Center for Research on Environmental Decisions at Columbia University: In response to uncertain and risky situations, humans have a tendency to focus and simplify their decision making. Individuals responding to a threat are likely to rely on one action, even when it provides only incremental protection or risk reduction and may not be the most effective option. People often take no further action, presumably because the first one succeeded in reducing their feeling of worry or vulnerability. This phenomenon is called the single-action bias. Whether or not the single-action bias can help explain why students in the Toronto experiment behaved the way they did is an open question, though it seems certain that the study of environmental decision-making — particularly as popular agreement on the gravity of global warming wanes — will continue to be a hot area of research. “Green products do not necessarily make for better people,” the Toronto researchers told The Guardian. They also said that while much time and treasure has been spent trying to identify green consumers, relatively little research has gone into “how green consumption fits into people’s global sense of responsibility and morality.”

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Simple Tips for Parents to Increase Helmet Use by Their Children - 1. Have children start wearing a bicycle helmet as soon as they learn to ride a bicycle. - 2. Wear a helmet yourself; children look to their parents to role model correct behaviors. - 3. Explain to children the importance of wearing a helmet and how it can help them in case of a crash. - 4. Reward children when they wear their helmets without being asked. - 5. Let children pick out their own helmet. - 6. Point out other people who are being safe and wearing their helmets. - 7. Do not let children ride their bicycles unless they have their helmet on. - 8. Remind them it's the law.

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Paper dahlias are widely used as decoration flowers for houses and parties. Also known as Mexican marigold and flower of the dead, the cempasuchil is a plant that grows in central mexico blooming in autumn yellow or orange flowers. What are paper flowers used for in Mexico? There are many uses for paper-crafted flowers. Paper flowers are used to decorate fair booths, altars and graves In some regions of Mexico, people decorate cakes with paper flowers. Tourists in Mexico can find the handcrafted paper flowers in hotel rooms or hung up on bamboo poles and sold on the streets. What is the traditional Mexican flower? Dahlia (Dahlia Pinnata) The dahlia is the national flower of Mexico and has quite a large bloom. Many of the flowers are two-toned. Why do Mexicans use paper flowers instead of real flowers? No one is completely sure how the tradition of paper flowers began in Mexico, but it is thought that Spanish settlers brought tissue paper (papel de chino) from China. It is believed that paper flowers were used to decorate churches during the winter when flowers were less available. What are paper flowers called? Paper Flower ( Bougainvillea glabra ) – Plants | Candide. Are paper flowers popular? Crepe paper-flower–making is not your average afternoon craft with the kids. Realistic-looking paper blooms have steadily been trending for the past decade and seem to be just as popular now as they were 10 years ago. How do you make a round tissue flower? - Stack several layers of tissue paper neatly in front of you. ( . - Starting at the short end, accordion fold 1 inch sections of the tissue paper until the whole length of the tissue paper is folded together. - Secure the center using a stapler - Use scissors to shape both ends of the tissue paper. What is Mexican papel picado? Papel picado literally means ‘punched’ or ‘perforated’ paper. This traditional cut paper folk art is found throughout Mexico and the former colonies of Spain as well as in the folk traditions of many other countries. How do you make cornhusk flowers? For all flowers, soak cornhusks in water for 2 to 3 minutes; blot dry with paper towels. For petals and other shapes, copy template onto card stock. Cut out and place template on slightly damp husk, and then cut shapes. Using your fingers, cup and shape petals while they dry. How do you make marigold tissue paper? - Step 1: Cut the Paper. Cut the tissue paper in half so that you now have two sheets: 13″ x 20″ each. Cut each of those pieces in half - Step 2: Fold and Cut the Paper. Stack four sheets of paper. Pleat the paper in an accordion fold - Step 3: Fan out the Flowers. Fan out the paper - Step 4: Display your Marigolds! How do you make tissue decorations? - Start with 8 sheets of tissue paper, then fold them like a fan. - Cut the ends in a scallop shape with scissors. - Tie the center with a ribbon, and carefully separate each sheet. - Hang from the ribbon, attach to a wall, party backdrop, or table. How many sheets of tissue paper make a flower? Step 1: Layer your tissue paper sheets together. We played around with different amounts and discovered that a layer of tissue paper from 8-12 sheets made a pretty flower. You can use different colors of tissue paper or the same color. How do you make tissue paper flower garland? - Cut the tissue paper in four sections - Fold it accordion style and use a piece of floral wire to tie it in the center. - Attach fishing wire to each one for hanging. - Cut the ends to give it a shape that you like, either oval or pointy like I did. - Fluff each tissue paper out on each side. - Hang your garland. What is a mexican rose? Mexican roses are perennial succulents known for their gray green or blue gray leaves They resemble an artichoke and their long lasting flowers bloom pink, red and yellow in the spring and summer. These plants make excellent groundcover and also work well in containers. What do Mexican sunflowers symbolize? Mexican Sunflower symbolizes faith, loyalty, and adoration. What is the flower of Oaxaca? Description. The Oaxaca Anthurium (pronounced wah-haka) is a giant when it comes to Anthuriums. Oaxaca Anthuriums grow 24 to 36 inches tall, have wide, glossy leaves, and dazzling pink to red flowers that bloom throughout the warm season, with individual blooms that can last for up to a month. Where did paper flowers originate from? The art of paper flower making is thought to have started in China soon after it was invented, where they made them to float on water as religious offerings. What are paper flowers made of? Paper flowers are flower-like shapes made from tissue and crepe papers Both papers are very thin and lightweight, but crepe paper has an extra textured coating. How do you make Victorian flowers? - Step 1: Fold the paper into four and cut out the petals. Fold the petals - Step 2: Score the petals. Score the petals - Step 3: Build up the petals to create the rose flower. Build up the rose flower - Step 4: Use wire to hold the petals and create the stem - Step 5: Twist crepe paper around the wire. How do you make flowers step by step? - 1Make a paper square. Start out with a square piece of paper, preferably thin or lightweight paper - 2Fold diagonally in half. Fold the square diagonally in half to come up with a triangle. - 3Fold in half - 4Fold in half again - 5Rotate and fold - 6Cut above the straight edge - 7Draw an arc and cut - 8Unfold the paper. What are some traditions of Cinco de Mayo? Today, revelers mark the occasion with parades, parties, mariachi music, Mexican folk dancing and traditional foods such as tacos and mole poblano Some of the largest festivals are held in Los Angeles, Chicago and Houston. How long do Everlasting flowers last? They are called everlasting because the flowers will last up to 12 months ! While they may not last forever, our maintenance-free flowers are sure to leave a lasting impression. What is Paperflowers craft? These paper flowers use a variety of materials such as cardstock, scrapbook paper, tissue paper, metallic text-weight paper, and crepe paper You’ll be using these materials to make DIY paper flowers like roses, peonies, dahlias, anemones, cherry blossoms, and other pretty flowers that you’ll love creating. What are Everlasting flowers called? Two common names for Helichrysum are Everlasting and Immortelle in reference to the flowers lasting almost forever when dried. Most commonly used as dried flowers. Stems are often replaced by wire, as stems do not last nearly as long as the flowers.

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Anaerobic Digestion Equipment - Best Practices for Selection and Operation Anaerobic Digestion has played a key part in turning wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) into water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs). The byproduct traditionally called “waste gas” is used as biogas - a renewable, clean, green energy source. Some facilities have been able to generate enough to put renewable natural gas (RNG) into a pipeline and/or send power back to the grid. While innovation has improved in some areas, the basic configuration of anaerobic digesters for wastewater has remained about the same since the early 1900s. It doesn’t take much to start the anaerobic digestion process within a tank with some primary and secondary sludge. The incoming microbes just need an oxygen-free, homogenous, warm environment and about 15-20 days to thrive, break down solids, and produce biogas. For this to happen, the tank needs to be COVERED, MIXED, and HEATED. Selecting the right type of digester cover, mixer, and heating system, and then using the equipment effectively, reduces the chances of inefficiencies, process challenges, and catastrophic failures. Cover Me: Biogas Storage, Containment, or Both? At first glance, a digester cover may appear simple – a structure that sits on (or in) a tank to keep the biogas in and the oxygen out. Unlike many of the other domes at a WRRF, these steel or membrane structures are gastight and under pressure. Some designs provide storage of the biogas that can be utilized as renewable energy. Steel covers typically operate between 8-12 inches of water column, which is just under ½ PSI. That may not seem like much, but the resulting force at this scale is enough to float a steel cover that weighs hundreds of thousands of pounds. Floating steel covers are ballasted with concrete blocks to operate at these typical pressures. Steel cover designs include fixed, gasholder, or buoyant. Dual membrane gasholder digester covers use high-strength, PVC-coated fabrics and inflation fans to maintain the outer membrane structure and pressurize the biogas. This technology can also be used for standalone biogas storage, separate from the digester. What type of digester cover is best? Many factors go into this decision, and each plant or project has unique drivers that affect that answer. Historically, primary digesters were mixed, heated, kept at a constant volume, and used a fixed steel cover. Secondary digesters were not mixed or heated and used buoyant or gasholder covers to accommodate liquid level variations from biosolids dewatering and/or hauling. Conventional definitions often get blurred as facilities upgrade or change operations. Many secondary digester tanks have been retrofitted to be heated and mixed to improve biogas yield and solids destruction. Primary or secondary designations cannot be effectively used to advise equipment selection. There are several key things to consider when selecting a digester cover. - What type is currently installed? - Does the digester sludge level remain constant or is it variable? - Is digester gas storage beneficial for plant operations, heating, or cogeneration? - What is the installed cost and timeframe? - Is some added complexity acceptable? - How long will the cover last? - What is the required maintenance (inspection, coatings, etc.)? Below is a chart that compares these factors with the type of cover and helps narrow down the options. A more detailed evaluation would make sense for a specific project. |Factors to Consider||Fixed||Gasholder||Buoyant||Membrane Gasholder| |Total Cost (Installed)||Moderate||Moderate||Highest||Lowest| |Variable Liquid Level||Poor||Good||Very Good||Excellent| |Usable Gas Storage||Zero||Moderate||Very Little||Most| Mix It Up: Choose the Best Digester Mixer Mixing technology has improved and evolved to make digester mixers safer, more effective, and reliable. Selecting the proper mixer is largely based upon experience and widely accepted rules of thumb for digester mixer design. However, advanced tools like computational fluid dynamics (CFD) struggle to effectively model the complex interactions of solids, grit, liquids, and gas that make up digester sludge. This empirical approach was historically sufficient for low-rate, conventional digesters, but recent interest in spiking digesters with diverse feedstocks (grease, whey, etc.) to produce more biogas requires more sophistication. Game-changers, like thermal hydrolysis processes (THP, aka sludge pressure-cookers) that change the digester sludge rheology and increase gas production, suggest more thought should be given to mixing performance and the limitations with various options. Guard against bubbling over, a common digester issue. Fly over a few wastewater treatment plant digesters (or use Google Maps) and you are likely to find several floating covers with a ring of sludge or foam around the perimeter of the cover. Researchers traditionally attributed this to foaming events, resulting from over-feeding, over-mixing, or filamentous bacteria, but recent studies suggest that some foaming issues are due to rapid volume expansion (RVE). This phenomenon occurs when bubbles of biogas get held up within the matrix of liquids and solids in a digester. RVE can cause the overall specific gravity of the sludge to drop and the volume of the digester contents to increase suddenly, overwhelming the overflows, spewing up around the cover, and sometimes causing spills. Published studies suggest that one source of this problem is an increase in sludge viscosity due to inadequate (not excessive) mixing or a sudden mixer shutdown (Chapman and Krugel, 2011). Other research has shown that some poorly mixed digesters actually have specific gravity (SG) that varies with sludge depth and can be as low as 0.6 (Willis et al., 2016) near the digester sludge surface. One significant side effect would be that covers designed to float on water (SG=1) would partially sink into this low-density sludge creating the signature Google Maps “sludge ring” described previously. Effective Anaerobic Digester Gas Mixing System Designs Selecting the right mixer will improve overall digester performance, be reliable, prevent foam, grit and RVE issues, and ensure that the tank is sufficiently mixed from top to bottom. There are several types of mixers to consider. Draft Tube Mixing Draft tube mixers are essentially high-flow, low head, axial-flow pumps designed specifically for digesters. They are reversible so they can pump up or down and can be mounted through the cover or through the side of the digester tank. Flows range from 5,000 to 25,000+ gpm, and the standard tank turnover time is 20-30 minutes but can be adjustable via variable frequency drives. Decades ago, these mixers utilized bronze bushings and inferior bearings and seals that created reliability issues. Current designs are guaranteed for five years and frequently run for 10 years before bearings and seals require replacement. This can be completed onsite and the mixer can be reinstalled and operational within a few hours. Pump and nozzle or jet mixing is a simple approach that is best suited for extremely variable-level digesters (or holding tanks). Nozzles on the floor spin the contents of the tank very effectively but have little ability to submerge floating scum or low-density sludge near the surface. Foambuster nozzles can be added to the surface to help address this. CFD models are commonly used for these systems since the relative flow (usually less than 1,000 gpm) is much lower than other designs and mixing effectiveness is very dependent on nozzle placement. These systems rely on larger horsepower pumps than most other mixer types. This type of mixing on a waste-to-energy system can negate the benefit of additional biogas produced in a well-mixed digester. Intermittent mixing by shutting the pumps off can save energy, but it can exacerbate the RVE issues described earlier. Linear Motion Mixing Linear motion mixers (LMMs) are a relatively new mixing approach that has gained attention as a non-rotational, low-energy alternative. Some studies have shown that digesters can produce gas and operate well (in the short term) with no mixing (Dineen et al. 2015). However too little mixing may cause long-term problems, including process instability, grit settling, scum flotation, and other factors that inhibit the long-term effectiveness and reduce the active volume of the digester. Minimizing energy usage is very tempting but may significantly reduce the effectiveness of the mixer. The LMM’s oscillating disc imparts a gentle flow, and the energy added is not significant or near enough to the surface or the floor to reduce scum or grit accumulation. Since this is not a pump, mixing flow cannot be measured, so there is no way to calculate tank turnover. In this case, WEF MOP 8 suggests calculating velocity gradient or energy per unit volume to compare mixer designs, but this design typically falls below the recommended ranges. (WEF, 2019) Various types of gas mixing systems have been tried, mostly to mitigate the historic challenges of having moving parts in the sludge. Confined (in a draft tube) or unconfined lance designs inject bubbles from the top but have a tendency to collect rags and debris. The “bubble gun” (gas injected into a draft tube) method can be effective on digesters with a constant liquid level. However, some of the bubble generators have had ragging or clogging issues. Overall, the challenges with maintaining and running a compressor operating with moist, corrosive, and explosive biogas can be a nuisance and a major safety concern. Keep it Hot to Maintain Optimal Conditions Effective heating, mixing, and feeding regimes can play a role in maintaining optimal process conditions. Mesophilic digesters operate around 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius). This temperature setpoint can vary slightly, but any quick changes in temperature can disrupt the biology within the digester. Anaerobic digestion is a slightly exothermic process. Unlike some aerobic processes, like composting or autothermal aerobic digestion (ATAD), not enough heat is generated to self-heat and maintain required temperatures. Most anaerobic digesters use heat exchangers (HXs) that transfer heat from hot water to sludge without mixing the liquids. The water is heated with a boiler or combined heat and power (CHP) engine. The latter, also known as cogeneration (cogen), generates renewable electrical power from biogas. Raw sludge is fed (as steadily and consistently as possible) directly into the digester, and heat is added by circulating the tank contents through a heat exchanger. Feeding the digester through a HX is not usually advised because designing for this excessive short-term demand would require a significantly larger HX. The cold, undigested sludge is also more likely to foul the heat exchanger or cause other flow issues. Tube-in-tube heat exchangers are commonly used because of their simplicity and robust performance. Sludge is pumped through 4-inch or 6-inch pipes mounted inside larger diameter pipes flowing hot water (typically 150 F/65 C) in the opposite direction (countercurrent). Flow and temperature must be considered to prevent the sludge from getting too hot, which can inhibit the biology or “bake” sludge into the walls of the tube. Heat exchanger jackets can be mounted on draft tube mixers to gently transfer heat. These are very efficient overall by letting the mixing flow move the sludge, thus eliminating the need for a sludge recirculation pump, piping, and space in a building required by other designs. Also, since the sludge passes through the HX very quickly, the microbes are less likely to be inhibited by excessive temperatures. Spiral heat exchangers use coiled-up steel plates to transfer heat between alternating gaps containing hot water and sludge. The smaller, 1-inch gap between the plates creates increased headloss and is more prone to clogging than other choices. This design provides more heat transfer in a smaller footprint than the tube-in-tube option. Many factors should be considered in properly choosing equipment and operating a digester. Whether you are involved in an extensive biogas-to-energy upgrade, biosolids management project, or simply need to replace an old cover, understanding the equipment will help achieve project-specific goals, address operational needs, and keep your digesters operating properly in the long run. Chapman, Tom and Krugel, Steve. Rapid Volume Expansion – An Investigation into Digester Overflows and Safety [Conference presentation]. Water Environment Federation (WEF) Residuals and Biosolids Conference, Sacramento, CA Dineen et. al. (2015, May 19). Full Scale Digester Mixing Performance [Conference presentation]. CSWEA 88th Annual Meeting. Oakbrook Terrace, IL Water Environment Federation. Design of Water Resource Recovery Facilities, MOP 8, Water Environment Federation, 2019 Willis et al. (2016) Are Your Digesters Burping, Frothing, or Otherwise Not Behaving? – Let’s talk about Solutions and NOT REPEAT the ‘Digester Foam’ Paper you’ve already Heard Five Times [Conference presentation]. Water Environment Federation (WEF) Residuals and Biosolids Conference, Milwaukee, WI

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The Causes of This Condition Birth asphyxia can occur for many reasons, but in all cases, it results from a lack of oxygen to the brain. Many different things can cause it. For example, if they accidentally pinched the umbilical cord because the doctor did not know where it was. This birth disorder happens when a child stops breathing. Birth asphyxia occurs as anoxia or hypoxia sets in. The child lacks oxygen circulating in the body, and during this time, permanent damage may begin occurring. Doctors must respond quickly to handle this danger. There are a variety of tests to determine whether or not your child has developed it. Most often, doctors will order an MRI or a CT scan taken of the child. Unfortunately, sometimes these scans don’t show enough about what might be happening. As a result, they might do a single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) tests for a more thorough evaluation. Some of these tests will also handle looking at auditory, visual, and sensory pathways. Good Care Becomes Essential Before you begin, it is essential to find good care for your child. Brain injuries can have a serious impact, and they will worsen if your child doesn’t receive adequate treatment for their condition. Be sure to work in close coordination with your doctor and determine the best care for your child so that they will receive the most favorable results. It is important to work with a healthcare team with good communication skills when discussing your child’s care. Some serious dangers can arise if this condition is not properly addressed. The baby may have only stopped breathing for a few seconds or stopped breathing for a few minutes. As a result, some dangerous conditions can arise. For example, some of the dangerous conditions include Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy and Cerebral Palsy. Responding quickly and appropriately becomes essential to avoiding lifelong disabilities. Keeping an eye out for a few symptoms becomes essential so that you can catch a brain injury before it has the chance to worsen. If you have not tested your baby for it, you may want to watch some of the symptoms. Some of the most obvious symptoms that can arise include bluish skin, seizures, labored breathing, or the absence of breathing. Establishing good communication with a doctor on hand can help you to relieve some of these problems that can arise from a birth injury before they have the chance to get out of control. A quick response can help lower the risks of damage.

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A healthy lifestyle is key to a happy and healthy life. Several things in our surroundings affect our lifestyle. The fundamental pillars of a healthy lifestyle are physical activities, healthy food, passionate activities, and positive energy. It is well said that “Health is Wealth”, but we don’t understand or realize this statement unless and until we face some life-threatening health condition. It can cost you money, happiness, and in the end mental and emotional peace. What is a healthy lifestyle? Healthy doesn’t refer to physical fitness but it also attributes mental and emotional being. Whereas healthy lifestyle means the balance between the different dimensions of healthy being such as physical fitness, mental health, nutritious diet, and positive energy around you. (1, 2, 3) A healthy lifestyle helps people in preventing chronic illness and offers a longer and happy life. The lifestyle doesn’t only help in keeping you healthy, but it boosts your self-esteem. It is often observed that people with a healthy lifestyle are happy and confident compared to placebo. (1, 3) Though there is nothing right or wrong, one can maintain a healthy lifestyle by making the right choices to maintain the balance between different pillars of a healthy lifestyle. WHO recommends eating a lot of fruits, vegetables, reducing fat, sugar, and salt intake to ensure a healthy lifestyle? (4, 5) What are the pillars of a healthy lifestyle? These pillars are the fundamentals of building a healthy lifestyle. Though we can’t achieve a healthy lifestyle just in the blink of an eye however consistent effort can help you attain the perfect harmony between this core element. The core elements of a healthy lifestyle are discussed below: The WHO defines physical activities as any sort of bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy consumption for example sports, running, swimming. It may include activities carried out during office, playing, doing chores, traveling, and any sort of recreational activities. It has long-term as well as short-term benefits. A healthy lifestyle includes a healthy adequate amount of physical activities. As per WHO statistics, globally 1 in 4 adults are not active enough and reduced physical activities are leading factors of death worldwide. More than 80% of the adolescent population is insufficiently physically active. Insufficient physical activity is the major factor of increased mortality among people of various ages. Insufficiently active individuals have a 20% to 30% increased risk of death compared to active people. Physical activities include exercise, running, sports, swimming, and yoga. Regular practice of either of the activities might help in achieving a healthy lifestyle. (1, 2, 3) A healthy diet is key to a healthy lifestyle. Food habits are an integral part of the life cycle and it’s “Organic”, it changes through space and time. Different geographies have different food habit and its changes as the individual ages. Whatever food habits we did have in our childhood it would not be the same in adulthood or old stage. The habits have a very big footprint in our life than we can imagine and especially on our health. These have a short, long, and very long-term impact on our health. The proverb “We Reap what we sow” is very apt about health and food habits. (6) Food Habits have a great impact on our lives especially bodyweight which is the precursor to several deadly lifestyle diseases. However healthy food habits can reduce body weight and subtle its impact on health. As per WHO, a healthy diet must include at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day however the unavailability and inaccessibility of fruit and veggies push millions of people toward an unhealthy diet leading to malnutrition and in extreme circumstances for a prolonged period causes deadly diseases. (1, 2, 3, 4) Engagement in Passionate Activities The fabric of the modern lifestyle is such that it attracts all the possible stresses coming from different dimensions and makes our life miserable. Stress is something which has very little to life-threatening impact in our life. Persistent stress is the result of an impaired lifestyle. Stress is the foremost enemy of health in this contemporary lifestyle and it must be eliminated and if not possible must be avoided. There are several pathways to minimize or eliminate the stress however the best way to handle this situation is by engaging ourselves in the activities we are craving about. We always focus on achieving different goals in our lives, one after another, and so on, and keep our hobbies and other activities that give us happiness at the brink of our to-do-list. These activities which give us happiness and joy are the real stress buster and help in growing a better person personally and professionally. (1, 2, 3) Surround Yourself with Positive Energy It has always been said that “Think Positive”, it not because positive thinking might get you better outcome however it gives better & positive perspective towards things and helps us take some positive decision that changes outcome in our favor. Surround yourself with encouraging friends and people with a positive attitude which might help in shaping your life in a better way and give a better perspective towards life. We should always try to look on the brighter side rather than dwelling upon what is good or bad. There is always something good in everything and we should try to harvest those. (1, 2, 3) These don’t need to be the only pillars of a healthy lifestyle however other elements of a healthy lifestyle might be clubbed in these major heads. Achieving a healthy lifestyle is not difficult, you just have to live yourself in the happiest ways possible. You make minor modifications to your existing lifestyle such as the inclusion of fitness programs, healthy food habits, engage yourself in actives you love, & surround yourself with friends, and encouraging people that will help you achieve your goal of a healthy lifestyle. “Stay Happy, Stay Healthy”.

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Stress is regarded as any progress that creates physical or mental pressure in the person who is encountering it. It is a physiological response that happens when your body is needed to play out an assignment or focus (Scott, 2020). Work-related stress, also known as occupational stress, is described as an individual’s negative reaction to excessive pressure or other expectations placed on them at their place of employment. Preston (2021) describes work stress in three phases that make its extensive definition. In the first instance, work-related stress is brought about by the influence of external improvements on the situation, which is a stressor. Subsequently, it incorporates the individual’s assessment of their external enhancements. Finally, work stress impacts one’s psychological, emotional, physical, and perhaps social well-being, which can be regarded as a strain. Essentially, work pressure is a one-of-a-kind interaction in which emotional, mental assessments of job-related stresses result in poor physical and mental health as well as social strain consequences (Preston, 2021). Financial constraints, budget reductions, heavy caseloads, and other large-scale and small-scale hierarchical challenges have all been linked to increased levels of work-related stress in the current working environment, according to research. The long-term strain on the medical services sector may also result in various health problems, including individual frailty, lower hierarchical usefulness, and an increase in medical care expenses, among other things. In general, work-related stress develops due to a person’s capacity to deal with the pressures imposed on them at work. Extended stress may be a key contributor to the development of disease. Levels of Stress at Work Both workers and employers have reported feeling stressed at work in recent years. The rapid swings in stress levels that workers in many firms encounter on a daily basis are the result of a variety of factors. Stress can be experienced in various levels as it progressively develops into chronic conditions that affect health if not adequately monitored and addressed. Stress can be manifested in various levels, which include alarm (fight or flight), recovery (coping), adaptation, and burnout (Cole, 2018). At the alarm level, when employees are subjected to stress, an alarm is initiated in their body, which acts by stimulating and increasing the work rate of adrenaline glands. If these alarm level is not well managed and monitored, the employee will begin developing health concerns such as high blood pressure, rapid pulse rates, pain, among others. The coping level highlights that the body can cope with the stimuli that are causing stress by making various adjustments. At this level, the body strives to revamp the body to its natural state before stress is inflicted. The recovery levels require an employee to intervene by indulging in regular exercises, which triggers the body to release endorphins, making them feel better. They also need to integrate healthy eating habits into their diet and getting enough rests for better coping with stress levels (Greenberg, 2016). However, if the employee does not respond positively and they do not regain their normalcy, they may find themselves in the next levels of stress. The subsequent level is adaptation. This comes when stress persists and can be addressed by taking time off work for adequate recovery or adapting to the new situation. In some circumstances, employees can resign, but if they choose to work in these new environments, their bodies will be subjected to constant stress. In the long run, they will be low energy, low motivation, and low productivity in their professional work and the organization. The final level of stress is burnout, which arrives as a result of progressive stress levels leading to employees experiencing burnout. Burnouts that employees may experience include feelings of highly exhausted, emotionally drained, zero motivation and reduced productivity, negative thoughts, and poor communication (Robinson, 2015) Notably, various external circumstances, such as the technological revolution and numerous changes in the country’s financial condition, have led to a rise in the amount of stress experienced at the place of business. Many firms experience high levels of stress when operations take place throughout the globe, and personnel comes from a variety of cultural backgrounds. Apart from that, stress at work is continually produced by various factors, including family or individual troubles, changes in organizational structure, the pace of globalization, and the rate at which consumers want goods from businesses (World Health Organization, 2020). The objective of this paper is to present the causes and impacts of stress and the employers’ responsibility in managing stress. Causes of Stress External variables such as technical advancements, variations in a country’s economic status, which might result in unemployment, and so on have all been shown to contribute to the development of stress at work. On the other hand, employee stress at work may decrease to the point that employee productivity and well-being are maintained, therefore contributing to the organization’s overall success. There are a variety of factors that contribute to stress in the workplace, all of which have an impact on the lives of workers. Employee stress levels rise over time and vary widely amongst employees as a result of excessive workload, congestion of the workplace, loud machine noise, and encouragement of confrontations between workers and management as a result of a lack or inadequate selection (Baligar, 2017). Progressive working overtime is, without a doubt, the most uncomfortable thing that may happen at work. While working a few extra hours may result in projects being completed more quickly and extraordinary outcomes for your team, working consistently and every day is likely to result in overwhelming feelings of exhaustion, which will put additional pressure and stress on all parties involved. In addition, creating unreasonable deadlines for projects or exercises assigned to workers who cannot finish them on time is a significant source of extra work and, therefore, of business-related strain (Khanchel, 2019). Unreasonable schedules cause colleagues to be concerned about penalties from the board of directors if they do not finish their responsibilities on time, which often results in increased work and a great deal of pressure for everyone in the organization. As a result, regardless of whether the job is completed by the arbitrary deadline, it will not have been nurtured to an indisputable level and will not have been thoroughly appraised. The workplace has a considerable influence on the work style of an individual employee. If an employee is surrounded by lazy employees who do nothing all day and constantly distract their attention or those that slave away all day following the manager’s orders, then there is a high likelihood that the employee will lose their motivation and determination. A stressful environment can be described to be lacking desired support from colleagues and managers, bullying from senior staff, and poor management that is characterized by favoritism. The absence of effective communication is another factor contributing to the stress in the workplace environment. The ability to communicate with people is really important to the vast majority of representatives and business professionals. Most organizations will have a few colleagues who are innately bad communicators, which is unavoidable in almost every organization. This may be particularly aggravating when these individuals are directors or deal directly with you on a daily basis. If the objectives and timeframes of work are not clearly defined and communicated, they may be overlooked. More effort will be required to get them back into the groove, and more labor will result in more strain on them (Khanchel, 2019). Consequently, the employee becomes concerned as a result of the situation. Finally, the fear of being laid off and disagreements among coworkers are also substantial sources of stress in the workplace, according to research. It is usual for the dread of being laid off to result in a horrible, unfortunate feedback loop, in which representatives get more pressed and, as a result, do less and less work, putting them under increasing amounts of pressure. When it comes to conflict, it may range from minor issues, such as who sits where at a meeting, to major issues that can be exacerbated by impotent correspondence, such as disagreements about who was accountable for “stuffing up” a previous endeavor. Impacts of workplace stress. Experiencing workplace stress can be a daunting experience with various health, functioning, and productivity challenges. Employees in a stressful environment may develop short-term health issues that may end if the body responds adequately in coping with stress. It is also the responsibility of the employee to ensure that the stress in their work environment does not escalate to higher levels. Some short-term health concerns that are derived from workplace stress include experiencing sleep disturbances at night when resting, significant headaches, as well as difficulties in concentrating. Stress can also change employees’ approaches to the job as they showcase high tempers on trivial matters, high dissatisfaction with their jobs and responsibilities, and low motivation to perform daily tasks exquisitely. If the stress condition in the work environment progressively increases, the employee may not effectively manage these stress levels, and they advance to risky levels that in turn develop some chronic health concerns. Some of the long-term health effects of a stressful environment entail developing cardiovascular complications, mental incapacitations and developing disorders, workplace injuries, and musculoskeletal disorders. These concerns are attributed to poor eating habits, reduced physical exercise, overthinking leading to mental breakdown, and more substance abuse. In the spectrum of inducing health long term complications, stress can also develop depression and anxiety. The pressure of the working environment brings down employee efficiency, which thusly raises productivity concerns. An employee working in stressful environments is unmotivated and wishes they would not be working in the same environment. As stated, short-term health conditions hamper the levels of concentration, motivation, induced mental breakdown, and psychological disorder. The employee with these symptoms will be productively low in the organizations with low creativity. Workplace stress results in low performance among workers, poor productivity, low quality, substandard projects as well as general poor outcomes. Stress also expands the number of days missed from work and extends the money spent by the organization on health care coverage. Increased workplace accident and injury hazards and increased staff turnover are associated with increased administrative expenses. Stress management at the workplace The ability to handle stress is something that employers should provide to their workers. This tool may be particularly beneficial in firms experiencing low productivity, a lack of cooperation and teamwork, ineffective communication, high absenteeism, low energy, and high turnover (Bhui et al., 2016). Employers are at the forefront of the effort to combat stress. In addition to seeing issues early, the individuals who are best at doing something about them have the best chance of doing so right away. It is possible to avoid stress at work in the vast majority of cases, and identifying the sources of stress within an organization is the first step toward resolving the issue. Most businesses adopt measures to alleviate employee stress at the workplace. Employee well-being programs that are directly tied to lowering staff stress levels in the workplace have been undertaken by some of these firms in an effort to boost employee morale (Bhui et al., 2016). The personal approach, in particular, involves a variety of techniques to mitigate the harmful impacts of stress on employee health, such as daily training, health consultations, and regular trips to psychologists, among other things. Occupational health and safety professionals believe that workers should be aware of the various available services to help them protect their health at work, which is the primary goal of this training and advice initiative. Professionals in the work environment need to be guided by the legal and moral provisions of the workplace to ensure that the relationship between employees, employers, and clients elicits desired outcomes. From the professional and legal perspective, employees’ rights have to be respected. In addition, leaders and employees have to commit to the moral aspect of professionalism for better interaction, collaboration, and resource harnessing to forestall stress levels in the environment. Ina dressing stress in the workplace, as a legal aspect, employees should work within the stipulated time in the agreement, and working overtime should be a choice for employees who wish to, bearing in mind there are justifiable remunerations for the extra time worked. Introducing the time tracking software in the workplace is one way to ensure that employees are not subjected to unnecessary overtime work as the system monitors the number of hours worked. Setting achievable and realistic deadlines will enhance employee satisfaction leading to healthier teams and better productivity. Legal concerns also entail addressing the fear of job security in the workplace. On the other hand, encouraging effective and desired communication intertwined in good leadership is an ethical consideration for lowering stress in the workplace. Guaranteeing that employees respect each other, liaise with various departments and other professionals from other disciplines is a culture that lowers stress levels. Leadership strategies factor morals as essential pillars for better coordination of employees and projects to success. Good management that is supportive is, therefore, an engine for desired outcomes, including better performance and stress reductions. Additionally, direct communication with anybody with whom you are collaborating is recommended, ensuring that you are typically in complete agreement with respect to your daily, weekly, and monthly duties and goals on a consistent basis. Keep in contact with one another and keep an eye on each other’s activities, and it may also assist colleagues to feel that aid is there when they need it. This also contributes to ensuring that no one is left behind. In terms of ethics, managers must reassure and empower their employees that they will not be laid off and stand by them in any case while experiencing their most difficult ebbs and flows. By learning about their specific circumstances and developing a strategy to enhance their presentation, one-on-one meetings with workers who seem to be consistently falling short of the norm may help to alleviate their stress over being placed incorrectly. Accordingly, attending to any communication difficulties is the greatest technique for maintaining control over conflicts. The amount of struggle and, subsequently, the pressure that results from it may be reduced by considering the one-on-one time between group pioneers and individuals, remembering the bigger goal, and taking frequent breaks. In most cases, the tendency to point the finger at a certain person when things become stuck is understandable. Managing the problem as a group and seeing it through to completion, on the other hand, is far more beneficial to your company and relationships. Notably, these professionals will also benefit from the training provided, as they will gain new information and abilities that will assist them in adapting to new developments within the organization. Employees who have access to up-to-date organizational resources are better able to adapt to rapid changes that occur inside the business. The elimination or minimization of possible stressors is another way of stress prevention that is proactive in nature. This level of intervention focuses on the underlying causes of physical and psychological stress experienced by workers while at their places of employment. Some other examples of key interventions include rethinking the workplace, increasing employee participation in decision-making and work planning, allocating more time and resources to specific work activities, and aligning job descriptions with employees’ talents and abilities (Baligar, 2017). Stress reduction is critical for improving employee collaboration and communication, increasing employee productivity, and enhancing employee creativity. Importance of managing Stress in Workplace. This collection of components is defined as the individual factors that contribute to worker exposure in the workplace in this section. Therefore, worker stress might be exacerbated by the institutional framework factors that they are exposed to at their place of work. When confronted with challenges such as ambiguity in the sort of job, employees may be unsure of what is expected of them or what employers anticipate of them. This poses the need to manage stress in the workplace. The importance of managing stress in the workplace induced both economic and individual benefits. Stress management in the organization is critical as it results in reduced risks of litigation as most practices comply with the set legal provisions. It also catapults high investments as individuals are stress-free to be worried about their work environment and channel the energy in being more innovative. A healthy workplace free from stress encourages development and improved customer relationship, which increases the customer base resulting in more output and productivity. This management also results in low organizational costs in covering for employees’ health concerns heightened by stress. On professional levels, managing stress in the workplace is an essential endeavor. Employees will feel motivated and encouraged, thereby committing to daily tasks giving their optimal performance. The feeling of inclusion in decision making fosters a sense of belonging, which instills the culture of working harder and smart, thereby increasing performance and productivity for better returns. Managed stress levels foster better interaction and collaboration between employees and managers. Employees will be happy, responsible, creative, and better project and time management in various work activities. After everything is said and done, the sources of employee stress in the workplace might vary from individual challenges to the workload, work environment, working conditions, and relationships between workers and their supervisors. Uncontrollable and frequently unexpected circumstances become the primary cause of stress as a consequence. Different factors, such as: education, training, and experience, may help employees cope with job uncertainty. It is normal practice in most businesses to utilize stress management methods to offer particular tools to assist employees in lowering their levels of stress at work, which can be done using stress management techniques. Providing free medical facilities, numerous training sessions, and continuing rehabilitation to employees is a possibility. Baligar, M. P. (2017). Causes of Stress and Stress Management. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 7(4), 610-615 Bhui, K., Dinos, S., Galant-Miecznikowska, M., de Jongh, B., & Stansfeld, S. (2016). Perceptions of work stress causes and effective interventions in employees working in public, private and non-governmental organisations: a qualitative study. BJPsych bulletin, 40(6), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.115.050823 Cole, N. (2018). The 5 stages of stress (it’s important to know which one you’re in). Retrieved from https://artplusmarketing.com/the-5-stages-of-stress-its-important-to-know-which-one-you-re-in-28f16e9f1950 Greenberg, M. (2016). 6 proven ways to recover from stress. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/the-mindful-self-express/201603/6-proven-ways-recover-stress Preston, M. S., (2021). Job Stress: Definition, Historical Origins, and Intervention Strategies. Columbia University School of Social Work. https://www.naswnyc.org/page/157/Job-Stress-Definition-Historical-Origins-and-Intervention-Strategies.htm Khanchel, H. (2019). Stress in the Workplace: Causes, Effects & How to Cope. Journal of Business Administration Research, 8(1), 52-61. Scott, E., (2020). What Is Stress? Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/stress-and-health-3145086 World Health Organization (2020, Oct). Occupational health: Stress at the workplace. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/ccupational-health-stress-at-the-workplace

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This article provides an outline of the Achaemenid empire’s political history followed by an overview of the diverse sources for understanding some of its institutions. Despite inherent difficulties, the sources allow scholars to reconstruct vital aspects, such as the provincial system, variations in the way different provinces were managed, the “king’s law,” Persian religion, and the strength of central control which held the imperial regions together. The chapter ends with a consideration of the king’s position and royal ceremony and ideology. Gerard J. Norton This article first gives a schematic outline of the history of the Hebrew text in four stages. It then presents the elements that readers will meet in modern editions of that text. These modern editions find a common focus in the great Tiberian manuscripts of about 1000 Archaeological materials and research have long informed the study of the Pauline letters. These materials have typically been used to provide a ‘background’ to Paul’s writings, to solve interpretive problems, or to ‘prove’ the veracity of a detail in Paul’s biography, as recorded in canonical Pauline literary sources. This chapter looks at the history of how archaeological research has been used to interpret the Pauline letters and the methodological issues that such interdisciplinary conversations touch upon. It pays particular attention to the perils and the promise of bringing archaeological research into conversation with Pauline studies. It then turns to explore case studies of interdisciplinary research by scholars of early Christianity on four cities connected to the Pauline letters: Thessaloniki, Philippi, Ephesos, and Corinth. These projects point to promising avenues forward for how Pauline studies might engage archaeological work. (N.B. This article is a distilled, adapted, and updated version of Concannon 2013.) Ronald S. Hendel The biblical texts from Qumran are the oldest manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible, dating from the mid-third century BCE through the first century CE. Prior to the discovery of the Qumran texts, evidence for the early history of the biblical text consisted of three major versions – the Masoretic text (MT), the Septuagint (LXX), and the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) – each with an unbroken chain of transmission to the present day. This article assesses the major text-critical theories of the Hebrew Bible after Qumran. First, it surveys the textual situation at Qumran and the relationships among the Qumran texts and the major versions (MT, LXX, and SP), using, as a perspicuous example, the texts of Exodus. Then, the article addresses the adequacy of the text-critical theories, testing their strengths and weaknesses against this evidence. The major protagonists in the theoretical discussion are Frank M. Cross, Shemaryahu Talmon, Emanuel Tov, and Eugene Ulrich. This article introduces the Assyrian and Babylonian sources relevant to the Old Testament historical books. The corpus of Assyrian sources consists mainly of royal inscriptions between the mid-ninth and mid-seventh centuries Perhaps no scriptural passage has divided the church so bitterly, or so often, as the ninth article of the Epistle to the Romans. Predestinarian readings take two forms, one of which maintains that God predestines us to salvation or reprobation in the light of faith or works foreseen, the other that this predestining is itself the unconditioned cause of the good that he foresees. Both can claim the authority of Augustine, the foremost theologian of the first millennium. His adversary Pelagius found a different stratagem — not unknown in modern times — which enabled him to deny that Paul endorsed any species of predestination. To explain how each arrived at his conclusions, we must first sketch the theology of salvation that each set out to reconcile with the difficult text of this epistle. Timothy H. Lim The approach advocated in this article is the understanding of canon as authoritative literature that is binding for the Qumran community. The distinctive features of this approach are: authority is related to a community; the pesherite is central to the understanding of authoritative literature; there is a vaguely bipartite canon where the ‘Torah of Moses’ referred to the Pentateuch; authoritative literature included the biblical lemmata cited and the pesherite interpretation; Jubilees, Enoch, and the Temple Scroll were not considered part of the Torah of Moses; the rules of the community were considered canonical and authoritative; and other books, such as the Psalms of Joshua and ‘the book of meditation’, may also have been considered authoritative. Joan E. Taylor The nature of groups named in classical sources as ‘Essenes’ was considered in scholarship of Second Temple Judaism long before the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, but discussion of the Essenes has intensified greatly during the last sixty years. This article reviews the classical sources on the Essenes. It notes propositions on how the Essenes may relate to the scrolls communities and considers how variant opinions may be resolved, with particular reference to the Serekh. Most of the Dead Sea Scrolls can be classified as religious documents of one kind or another, and all the studies since 1947 that have been devoted to their significance can be characterized as attempts to construct some aspect of ancient Judaism from them. Where agreement has been harder to achieve is on the centrality of the role to be accorded to the evidence from the scrolls in constructing a picture of Judaism in the last centuries BCE and the first century CE. Although the scrolls provide reason to believe that some sectarians believed that much was wrong with the Temple in Jerusalem, no text actually states that sectarians should avoid the Temple altogether. The question for the historian is whether the evidence from such texts should be enough to encourage the view that sectarian Jews with such beliefs would cut themselves off from the Temple. Colleen M. Conway This chapter begins with a brief overview of the theorists who have shaped gender analytical work on the New Testament, especially the application of gender theory in classical studies. It then concentrates on gender analyses on New Testament writings that demonstrate the differing approaches of masculinity studies, queer theory, and intersectional analysis. The primary focus is on gender construction in Paul’s letters and the canonical gospels, with additional discussion of symbolic and metaphorical uses of gender in other writings of the New Testament. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of future directions for gender criticism. Considering Qumranic hermeneutical systems with regard to form, this article distinguishes between ‘internal interpretation’ integrated within rewritten biblical books, such as the Temple Scroll, and ‘external interpretation’ which is separated from the biblical lemma. The latter forms appear in the pesharim and in the genre called halakhic midrash. With regard to content, the discussion distinguishes between two hermeneutical systems of ancient literature: interpretation that attempts mainly to explain the reality of the biblical period; and interpretation that attempts to adapt the content of the Bible to the reality of a later period. The first is found in the Qumran scrolls primarily within the ‘Rewritten Scriptures’, and the latter is represented in the pesharim and some types of halakhic midrash. Daniel K. Falk Prayer as a service to God by the people is one of the most far reaching of religious practices, forming a central part of the religious practice of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam; yet there is still much uncertainty about how this developed within Judaism and why. Scrolls from Qumran provide the most important corpus of evidence to shed light on the critical period during the days of the Second Temple. This article presents a case study for prayer in ancient Judaism. It is organized around the types of questions being asked: questions of definition and classification, textual questions, historical questions, questions concerning context, and questions of ideology and theology. There is a good deal of overlap between these categories, but they are be treated separately for heuristic purposes. From the very earliest period after the first discoveries, the Qumran scrolls have been of major interest to New Testament (NT) scholars, and, in retrospect, the impact of the scrolls has considerably shifted the debate in central areas of NT scholarship. The debate touches the essence of history-of-religions research, the question of how to explain alleged parallels and how to prove ‘influences’ on the level of texts, authors, or religious groups. The issues discussed are most generally the Jewish, or more distinctly, the Palestinian, impact on the teaching of Jesus and the Apostles, the primitive community, or the religious language and theology of NT texts. The scrolls also provide a wealth of information that helps in the interpretation of the New Testament – on the Palestinian-Jewish ‘context’ of emerging ‘Christianity’, factions and groups, etc. David is one of the most colorful figures of the Bible and of the entire literature that has come down to us from antiquity. David’s characterization as a sensitive musician, a violent warrior, and an emotional lover is intertwined with his political career as king of Israel. David’s characterization in the books of Samuel, already transformed in the Psalter and in Chronicles, is the starting point for a variegated history of reception. In the New Testament, David appears as the ancestor and type of Christ. From late antiquity to early modern times, Christian emperors and kings were portrayed as new Davids. Only the Enlightenment cast dark critical shadows over the figure of David. Modern interest shifted towards his individual, psychological traits. After sketching the biblical images of David, their reception, especially in political terms, is traced up to the present. Joy A. Schroeder Judges 4–5 features the protagonist Deborah, a prophet, judge, war leader, singer, and “mother in Israel” (Judg. 5:7.) Interpreters treated Deborah in literary, musical, and artistic works found in a variety of genres and venues: rabbinic texts, letters, sermons, prayers, polemical treatises, church instructions, scholastic treatises, commentaries, novels, paintings, and oratorios. In Jewish and Christian reception of Deborah’s story, gender concerns are prominent. The same themes recur through the centuries: the meaning of Deborah’s name (“bee”) and designation (“wife of Lappidoth” or “woman of torches”); spiritual equality of male and female; the appropriateness of educating women; questions about women’s civil, religious, and military leadership; domesticity; maternity; and proper female deportment. Some interpreters presented Deborah as a model of a submissive wife and tender mother in order to reinforce gender norms; others criticized her for being outspoken. Women frequently used Deborah as biblical warrant for female education, preaching, rabbinic ministry, political leadership, and publishing activity. Those who sought biblical precedent for women’s expanded roles in society, politics, and religious communities found Deborah’s story to be a powerful source of personal inspiration and a compelling scriptural justification for institutional change. The study of trauma in early twentieth-century psychoanalysis concluded that trauma survivors have been overwhelmed by traumatic events and so are unable to experience them and form memories of them, and thus unable to know the trauma. Trauma is thus relived rather than remembered, repetitively and uncontrollably forcing itself into victims’ lives through literal dreams of the events, flashbacks, and so on, appearing to the survivor as a foreign body that stands outside of the self. The study of trauma within the field of literary criticism developed out of psychoanalytical conclusions about it, and points out that literature of trauma reflects these psychological effects. In such literature, then, we find trauma continually repeating and, since it cannot be known, refusing to be controlled by narrative explanation. Trauma, in short, is anti-narrative. The study of trauma within sociology, however, is based on an understanding of trauma as something created by a society in order to explain past events and solidify social bonds. A sociological reading of trauma in the Deuteronomistic History (Dtr) focuses on the ways in which Dtr’s narrative makes the exiles’ traumatic experience of defeat and exile understandable and meaningful. This kind of explanation, however, has no real interest in healing the exiles’ psychological wounds. A literary reading of trauma in Dtr reveals trauma to be present in absences of explanation, deconstructing Dtr’s narrative certainty. It appears as intrusions into Dtr’s totalizing narrative, intrusions that put the writing’s explanatory certainties of divine justice on trial while refusing to provide a verdict. Marvin A. Sweeney This article examines the distinctive roles of the prophets in the Deuteronomistic History (Joshua; Judges; Samuel; Kings) and the Chronicler’s History (Chronicles). It posits that the prophets are especially associated with leadership in the Deuteronomistic History (DtrH), beginning with prophetic figures such as Joshua, Deborah, and Samuel, who functioned as leaders in Israel, and continuing with the prophetic figures who played major roles in establishing and critiquing the various dynasties that came to power and ruled both Israel and Judah. It further posits that prophets play a key role in establishing and critiquing the house of David in the Chronicler’s History (ChrH). But the prophets function primarily in the ChrH to explain the significance of their subjects and the reasons why they so frequently suffered either blessing or judgment for their conduct in relation to YHWH and the Jerusalem temple. Douglas S. Earl It has become commonplace to characterize the historical books using the concept of violence and to regard this characterization as posing a problem demanding a solution, usually repudiation of the texts. This article indicates that “violence” is an interpretative concept supplied by readers and that such characterization was absent prior to the 1990s. The nature of the concept of violence is then analyzed, and the article argues that it has rhetorical and ideological force to urge the repudiation or rejection of what is described as violent. With reference to the historical books, the label of violence as an overall interpretative lens is used ideologically to block appreciation and appropriation of the texts and the traditions that they represent. Thus it should not be readily accepted by Jewish and Christian readers. However, localized use of the concept can bring into focus some of the interpretative issues and challenges concerning particular stories. Stephen J. Shoemaker The apocryphal literature of early Christianity consists primarily of narrative traditions about the life and teaching of Jesus, his family, and his apostles, as well as letters, apocalyptic visions, and other-worldly journeys attributed to these individuals that fall outside the biblical canon. These writings, however, do not always correspond to the literary genres of the New Testament. The production of apocrypha in antiquity was of course not limited to early Christianity or to Christian themes. The various expressions of ancient Judaism also produced a wealth of extra-biblical writings about the many personages of the Hebrew scriptures. These apocrypha, perhaps more commonly known today as the ‘pseudepigrapha’, were also embraced by various early and medieval Christian groups, who made these writings their own, often redacting them according to Christian interests and concerns. Ann E. Killebrew The search for biblical Israel in the textual and archaeological record has been a focus of scholarly research for over a century. Using as their starting point the books of Exodus, Joshua, and Judges, Albright’s unified conquest and Alt’s peaceful infiltration models emphasize the external, or foreign, origin of Israel as presented in the biblical narrative. More recent suggestions highlight the indigenous nature and role of Late Bronze Age Canaan in Israel’s emergence. These approaches, including the social revolution, pastoral Canaanite, and mixed multitude models, enlist, to varying degrees, biblical and Egyptian sources (principally the Merneptah Stela), archaeological evidence, and a variety of sociological, anthropological, environmental, and other approaches to reconstruct the complex process of early Israel’s ethnogenesis.

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The suffix -ly in English is usually a contraction of -like, similar to the Anglo-Saxon lice and German lich. It is commonly added to an adjective to form an adverb, but in some cases it is used to form an adjective, such as ugly or manly. The adjective to which the suffix is added may have been lost from the language, as in the case of early, in which the Anglo-Saxon word aer only survives in the poetic usage ere. When the suffix is added to a word ending in y, the y changes to an i before the suffix, as in happily (from happy). This does not always apply in the case of monosyllabic words; for example, shy becomes shyly (but dry can become dryly or drily, and gay becomes gaily). When the suffix is added to a word ending in double l, no additional l is added; for example, full becomes fully. Note also wholly (from whole), which may be pronounced either with a single l sound (like holy) or with a doubled (geminate) l. When -ly is added to an adjective ending -ic, the adjective is usually first expanded by the addition of -al. For example, there are adjectives historic and historical, but the only adverb is historically. There are a few exceptions such as publicly. Adjectives in -ly can form inflected comparative and superlative forms (such as friendlier, friendliest), but most adverbs with this ending do not (a word such as sweetly uses the periphrastic forms more sweetly, most sweetly). For more details see Adverbs and Comparison in the English grammar article. - The suffix -ly is related to the word like. They are also related to the obsolete English word lych or lich, and German Leiche, meaning "corpse"; according to the Oxford English Dictionary (entry on lich, etymology section), these words are probably descended from an earlier word that meant something like "shape" or "form". The use of like in the place of -ly as an adverb ending is seen in Appalachian English, from the hardening of the ch in "lich" into a k, originating in northern British speech. - Charles Knight, "Arts and sciences", The English encyclopedia 1

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Implement ‘mosaic management’ when harvesting wild vegetation Overall effectiveness category No evidence found (no assessment) Number of studies: 0 Background information and definitions Mosaic management involves managing neighbouring patches of land in different ways, across large scales. For example, while some areas of vegetation might be fully harvested in a given year, others might be left untouched. Alternatively, different areas of vegetation may be harvested at different times within a given year, or some areas might be grazed rather than harvested. In any case, different vegetation types in each patch might support different plant (and animal) species, boosting biodiversity across all patches. To be summarized as evidence for this action, studies must have considered the overall effectiveness of mosaic management, comparing marsh or swamp vegetation across the whole mosaic to an area not under mosaic management (e.g. traditional farmland or nature reserves; Oosterveld et al. 2010). Studies comparing vegetation between individual patches would be summarized elsewhere in the synopsis. Related actions: Implement mosaic management of farmland. Oosterveld E.B., Nijland F., Musters C.J.M. & de Snoo G.R. (2010) Effectiveness of spatial mosaic management for grassland breeding shorebirds. Journal of Ornithology, 152, 161–170.

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Origin of turmoil synonym study for turmoil Words nearby turmoil How to use turmoil in a sentence The final blow for the site rankings was dealt thereafter when, amid the turmoil, website operations were restructured to more closely mirror the countries’ sales teams. This is causing considerable stress and turmoil, and is complicated by the inequities in our society, which are painfully apparent now.How parents can add purpose and structure to their kids’ online learning|Tara Chklovski|August 20, 2020|Quartz It created turmoil and set a timer on TikTok’s ongoing efforts to find a buyer for its American operations.TikTok made him famous. Now he’s imagining a world without it|Abby Ohlheiser|August 14, 2020|MIT Technology Review All of that turmoil might, in its own way, be an effort to avoid the deeper turmoil caused by a thimbleful of 37 genes.Sex Is Driven by the Impetus to Change - Issue 88: Love & Sex|Jill Neimark|August 12, 2020|Nautilus Peer said the ban could take a long time to come to fruition because of Israel’s ongoing budget crisis and election turmoil. In the wake of this turmoil, the New York Post reported that the police had stopped policing. He spoke of the present-day tragedies and turmoil that struck the city while he and his classmates were in the academy. In the midst of this religious and political turmoil, drug trafficking thrives.The Dangerous Drug-Funded Secret War Between Iran and Pakistan|Umar Farooq|December 29, 2014|DAILY BEAST Isaacs grew up in Britain, first Liverpool, then London, during a period of economic turmoil and conservative revival. In the midst of financial turmoil, the renowned celebrity photographer needed a way to refuel.Annie Leibovitz Talks About ‘Pilgrimage,’ Susan Sontag, Vogue & More|Justin Jones|November 20, 2014|DAILY BEAST Major Abbott and his brother officers, trying to keep their men loyal, stood fast and listened to the distant turmoil in the city.The Red Year|Louis Tracy Never would the instance that had brought turmoil and strife into his life trouble him again.The Homesteader|Oscar Micheaux There was nothing which so quieted the turmoil of Edna's senses as a visit to Mademoiselle Reisz.The Awakening and Selected Short Stories|Kate Chopin One should be perfectly happy here—so peaceful, so beautiful, so far removed from the unrest and turmoil of the world.The Courier of the Ozarks|Byron A. Dunn Despite darkness and turmoil the quick-eyed coxswain and his mate had noted the incident.The Floating Light of the Goodwin Sands|R.M. Ballantyne

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Tiny plastic particles also present a threat to creatures on land and may have damaging effects similar or even more problematic than in our oceans. Researchers from the Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) and their Berlin colleagues warn: the impact of microplastics in soils, sediments and the freshwaters could have a long-term negative effect on terrestrial ecosystems throughout the world. It is now widely accepted that microplastics contaminate our oceans and are harmful to coastal and marine habitats. And yet what effect do fragments of plastic have on ecosystems “on dry land”? This question is the subject of a research initiated by IGB in partnership with Freie Universität Berlin that reviews previous individual studies on the topic of microplastics in relation to the effect of microplastics on terrestrial ecosystems. “Although only little research has been carried out in this area, the results to date are concerning: fragments of plastic are present practically all over the world and can trigger many kinds of adverse effects. The previously observed effects of microplastics and nanoplastics on terrestrial ecosystems around the world indicate that these ecosystems may also be in serious jeopardy,” explains IGB researcher Anderson Abel de Souza Machado, who is leading the study. Researchers from IGB have demonstrated in earlier studies that microplastics might be harmful to ecosystems when ingested by aquatic key organisms. Over 400 million tons of plastic are produced globally each year. It is estimated that one third of all plastic waste ends up in soils or freshwaters. Most of this plastic disintegrates into particles smaller than five millimetres, referred to as microplastics, and breaks down further into nanoparticles, which are less than 0.1 micrometre in size. In fact, terrestrial microplastic pollution is much higher than marine microplastic pollution – an estimate of four to 23 times more, depending on the environment. Sewage, for example, is an important factor in the distribution of microplastics. In fact, 80 to 90 per cent of the particles contained in sewage, such as from garment fibres, persist in the sludge. Sewage sludge is then often applied to fields as fertilizer, meaning that several thousand tons of microplastics end up in our soils each year. Potentially toxic effect on many organisms Some microplastics exhibit properties that might have direct damaging effects on ecosystems. For instance, the surfaces of tiny fragments of plastic may carry disease-causing organisms and act as a vector that transmits diseases in the environment. Microplastics can also interact with soil fauna, affecting their health and soil functions. Earthworms, for example, make their burrows differently when microplastics are present in the soil, affecting the earthworm’s fitness and the soil condition. Generally speaking, when plastic particles break down, they gain new physical and chemical properties, increasing the risk that they will have a toxic effect on organisms. And the more likely it is that toxic effects will occur, the larger the number of potentially affected species and ecological functions. Chemical effects are especially problematic at the decomposition stage, as spotted by the team of authors led by Anderson Abel de Souza Machado. For example, additives such as phthalates and Bisphenol A leach out of plastic particles. These additives are known for their hormonal effects and can potentially disrupt the hormone system not only of vertebrates, but also of several invertebrates. In addition, nano-sized particles may cause inflammation; they may traverse or change cellular barriers, and even cross highly selective membranes such as the blood-brain barrier or the placenta. Within the cell, they can trigger changes in gene expression and biochemical reactions, among other things. The long-term effects of these changes have not yet been sufficiently explored. However, it has already been shown that when passing the blood-brain barrier nanoplastics have a behaviour-changing effect in fish. Plastic particles already detected in many foods Humans also ingest microplastics via food: they have already been detected not only in fish and seafood, but also in salt, sugar and beer. It could be that the accumulation of plastics in terrestrial organisms is already common everywhere, the researchers speculate, even among those that do not “ingest” their food. For example, tiny fragments of plastic can be accumulated in yeasts and filamentous fungi. The intake and uptake of small microplastics could turn out to be the new long-term stress factor for the environment. At the moment, however, there is a lack of standardized methods for determining microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems in order to produce an accurate assessment of the situation. It is often a difficult and labour-intensive process to detect tiny fragments of plastic particles in soils, for instance. The new IGB study highlights the importance of reliable, scientifically based data on degradation behaviour and the effects of microplastics. This data is necessary to be able to respond effectively to contamination by microplastics and the risk they pose to terrestrial ecosystems – where, after all, most plastic waste that enters the environment accumulates. The Latest on: Microplastics Vineyard Cup will highlight sculptures made from ocean debris on July 11, 2018 at 12:06 pm Basia Goszczynska’s installation, Away, uses marine debris and bags of crowdsourced microplastics to promote awareness for ocean conservation. —Basia Goszczynska Basia Goszczynska will make her Island ... […] Ubiquitous microplastics have now infiltrated lakes and rivers on July 10, 2018 at 7:00 pm It is well known that microplastics are widely present in the world's oceans. Now recent research by Chinese scientists shows the micro-sized materials are also being found in fresh water. Wang Wenfen... […] Experts warn against the spread of microplastics in the world's oceans on July 10, 2018 at 1:58 am An international forum held in China has called for a worldwide investigation into how to stop plastic waste being deposited into the world's oceans and ways in which information could be better share... […] Microplastics are polluting SA rivers on July 7, 2018 at 3:37 am Micro plastics are found almost everywhere on Earth, from deep ocean sediments, to remote mountain lakes and in atmospheric fallout. Professor Henk Bouwman and his team at the Unit for Environmental S... […] How you’re eating microplastics – and don’t even realise on July 6, 2018 at 4:06 pm We’re increasingly aware of how plastic is polluting our environment. Much recent attention has focused on how microplastics – tiny pieces ranging from 5 millimetres down to 100 nanometres in diameter ... […] Microplastics project to record amount, location and origin of pollution in the oceans on July 5, 2018 at 11:55 pm A global citizen science project launched in Sydney will recruit students and volunteers to count and record some of the five trillion pieces of plastic in the oceans. The Australian Microplastic Asse... […] Study finds Vancouver-area laundry microplastics are filtering into ocean on July 5, 2018 at 6:07 pm Microplastics from Metro Vancouver's laundered clothes are ending up in water treatment plants and filtering into the ocean, says a study published in the science journal Marine Pollution Bulletin. Th... […] Vancouver-area laundry microplastics are filtering into ocean: study on July 5, 2018 at 3:16 pm Microplastics from Metro Vancouver’s laundered clothes are ending up in water treatment plants and filtering into the ocean, says a study published in the science journal Marine Pollution Bulletin. Th... […] Thames Estuary seal's post-mortem exam tracks microplastics on July 4, 2018 at 3:44 am Scientists at the Natural History Museum are looking to see how microplastics are entering the seal population in the Thames Estuary. Their research has already shown that up to 75% of fish in the est... […] CREAX designs an environmental solution to collect microplastics floating in the ocean on July 3, 2018 at 7:40 pm both living creatures and plastic products have a mix of properties and characteristics that make them unique. at CREAX, projects usually start by making a comprehensive description of the properties ... […] via Google News and Bing News

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By John Murray In North America, there are more than 300 different species of crayfish. This crayfish is known by many different names, mostly depending on the geographical location of the country. Among the common names are crayfish, crawdads, crawfish, and mudbugs. Classified as a crustacean, the crayfish is a cousin of the lobster. Crayfish require clean water to survive, and can be found in ponds, lakes, rivers, and streams, where they live as bottom dwellers among the rocks. Some species of crayfish have life spans of five years and can grow to lengths exceeding six inches. Crayfish adapt their body color to blend in with the waterway they inhabit. They can be various shades of green and brown, some light in color and others very dark. Some species of crayfish that I have encountered have a orange-red underbody. Larger crayfish tend to be light sensitive, so most activity occurs during the night or periods of low light. Young crayfish can be active during the daylight hours. Like their lobster cousins, crayfish have outside skeletons, called exoskeletons. As the crayfish grow in size, they outgrow their existing exoskeleton, which is a process called molting. After the crayfish shed their exoskeletons, they grow new ones. Crayfish are predators and scavengers that will hunt and feed upon aquatic vegetation, fish, and fish eggs. In southern climates, they are active most of the year unless water temperature drops. In northern climates, once water temperature drops below 55°F degrees in the fall, crayfish become dormant, burrowing under rocks or burying themselves deep in the underwater silt. In this dormant stage, they will not be seen again until the water warms in the spring. In the southern states, crayfish are considered a delicious meal and are enjoyed by many people. Louisiana produces most of the harvested crayfish in North America and many are commercially farmed in large-scale aquaculture operations. It was not until recent years that people elsewhere in North America have discovered the delicious and easy-to-acquire crayfish are often found within the water nearby their homes. Crayfish are a healthy source of organic food: each serving has 16 grams of protein and is high in omega 3. Possessing a sweet, succulent meat, crayfish are truly a delicacy. Catching the crayfish If water is clean and well oxygenated, crayfish are likely to be present. Crayfish prefer rocky sections in streams and rivers and will be found within water depths that usually do not exceed six feet, so harvesting is not a difficult process. Readers should consult with their state’s fish and game laws before harvesting crayfish. During the evening or low light conditions, many crayfish will be located in the shallow water of streams and rivers. With a fine mesh net in hand, a crayfish hunter can scoop up crayfish in the shallow water. Often the crayfish will be visibly exposed, and others can be located by lifting up underwater rocks. When frightened, crayfish are quick movers, propelling themselves rapidly backwards with their tails. To catch them, place the net behind the tail section, and use your hand or foot to approach close to the front of the crayfish. When approached, the crayfish will scoot backwards into the waiting net. There are other techniques to capture crayfish. Another simple technique is to tie a piece of kite string to the end of a four- to five-foot-long sturdy stick. Lower the bait, such as a large section of fresh fish or chicken, into the bottom of the prime crayfish water. The crayfish will come and latch onto the bait after a few minutes. The bait can be gently lifted out of the water and the crayfish plucked off. In a lake or pond environment, a used tire can be used to capture crayfish without bait. Tie a rope to the tire, and toss the tire out into the water, allowing it to sink to the bottom. After a few minutes, drag the tire back to the shoreline. The dragging motion will scoop up any crayfish within the path of the tire. Commercial crayfish traps are readily available for purchase through mail order companies. For instance, Cabela’s sells a Frabill crawfish trap for a reasonable price, and it is very functional. But if you don’t want to buy one, a workable homemade model can be constructed out of an empty plastic gallon jug. Cut a hole roughly 2½ inches in diameter in the end and put the bait within the container. A rock or brick can be tied to the jug to make it stay on the bottom. With any baited trap, use a good-sized piece of bait to keep the attention of the feeding crayfish. Once crayfish are captured, promptly put them in a container filled with water to keep them alive. During an extended outing, the water will have to be refreshed by adding replacement water, as the crayfish will rapidly use up the oxygen content within the water in the container. If crayfish are heading home to your dinner table, they must be kept alive. If a crayfish dies during the transportation process (if the crayfish are not moving when touched, they are deceased), dispose of that crayfish. Cooking the crayfish Preparing crayfish for the dinner plate is easy. As noted before, the crayfish must be alive. Rinse the crayfish in clean water to remove any debris. When cooking a few dozen crayfish, bring two to three gallons of water to a boil within a large pot, and stir in approximately one pound of non-iodized salt. Boiling times will vary with cooking technique. Crayfish have what is commonly known as a “mud vein” along their back section. This vein, which is actually the crayfish’s digestive track, will be dark in color. It should be removed with a thumbnail or the edge of a knife before eating or additional cooking. Crayfish are delicious when you perform a secondary cooking in melted butter. To accomplish this, you must first boil the crayfish. After placing the live crayfish within the pot of boiling water, the water temperature will drop. Wait for the water to resume a full boil and boil the crayfish for approximately six minutes. The crayfish will float to the surface and turn bright red in color. Carefully remove the boiled crayfish and place in ice cold water for a couple minutes to allow for handling. When cool to the touch, use two hands and grab the head section with one hand and the tail section with the other hand. Twist in opposite directions, splitting the crayfish shell in half above the tail. Squeeze the sides of the tail section until the shell cracks. Carefully peel away pieces of the shell, then pull the tail meat out of the shell. Using a knife, trim off the tail section on the end. While the crayfish meat is being acquired, heat a skillet pan on medium heat with a half stick of melted butter. Stir crayfish tail meat into the melted butter and cook for an additional five minutes. For adventurous cooks, the butter can be infused with garlic or other favorite seasonings. Crayfish can also be dipped in a spicy sauce before consumption. Experiment with adding crayfish to existing recipes. Crayfish have a texture which is softer than shrimp and can readily be used in any recipe that is normally used with shrimp. Purging the crayfish Instead of removing the mud vein, you can purge the crayfish before cooking. This is a time-consuming effort, but the end result is a cleaned-out intestine. Purging is accomplished by placing the crayfish in clean water for at least 12 hours. The water must be replaced every 30 minutes, or the oxygen content will get dangerously low within the water. If an aerator is available for immersion into the water, use it to keep the crayfish alive by providing a constant source of oxygen. With the crayfish not eating additional food, the digestive tract will be empty in about 12 hours. If an aerator is not used, be aware that many crayfish inside a container of water will use the water’s oxygen quickly, and more rapid water changes will be required.

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Kids in KS2 study World War 2 as part of their history work, and learning how their grandparents, great grandparents and great-great-grandparents lived during the late '30s and '40s can be fascinating. Just like the COVID-19 lockdown, they were unusual times, and children had to get used to a different way of life. They all had to carry gas masks and be ready to run to a shelter if there was an air raid (German planes dropping bombs). Public shelters might be a brick blockhouse on a street corner or a trench dug in the local park! There were two different kinds of air raid shelters to set up at home. The first was called the Anderson shelter, followed by the Morrison table shelter. Read our simple guide to learn more facts about Morrison shelters, and how they differed from Anderson shelters. During the war, there were public air raid shelters. In London, the underground stations were often used by Londoners to protect themselves from air raids. In fact, there was a ban on using them, but many Londoners defied this, and as a result, some stations began closing at night. Others, such as Aldwych, became official air-raid shelters. During 1940, Britain was bombed nightly by the Luftwaffe for over a month. This was called the Blitz. However, not everyone had an air raid shelter they could easily run to. Before the war started, the Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain put a man called Sir John Anderson in charge of Air Raid Precautions (ARP). Sir John asked an engineer called Wiliam Patterson to design a shelter that could be installed in people's gardens. The shelter had to be small, cheap and easy to set up. The Anderson shelter was made from six sheets of corrugated steel of iron, which could be bolted together to make an arched shape. At each end, there were steel plates. The Anderson shelter was designed to hold up to six people and measured 6ft 6in by 4ft 6in (1.95m by 1.35m). The Anderson shelters were buried four feet deep into the ground and then had more earth piled on top. Some people grew vegetables on top of their shelter! Protecting the entrance was a blast wall made of earth and a steel shield. Within a couple of months, almost one and a half million shelters were sent out to people who were at risk of being bombed by the Luftwaffe (German air force) planes. In total, nearly 3 million were distributed during the war. These shelters were damp and dark, they could get flooded and many people were not keen to use them at night. You'll have spotted that one of the real problems of the Anderson shelters was that you needed a garden! A 1940 census revealed that in London not even half of the people were using an Anderson shelter, public air raid shelter or underground stations. The Home Secretary now in charge of air raid precautions was called Herbert Morrison. A member of his team, Ellen Wilkinson, was put in charge of air-raid shelters, and she introduced the Morrison Shelter in March of 1941 to offer home security during air raids. This shelter had the advantage of being an indoor shelter. The Morrison shelter was constructed from heavy steel, and people could use them as a table. The shelter looked like a big cage with wire mesh sides. One of the wire sides could be lifted up so you could crawl inside. It was possible for two or three people to lie down and sleep there. Around half a million Morrison Shelters were distributed during the war. The Morrison shelter would not survive a direct hit from a bomb but was capable of protecting its occupants from a bomb blast. The Morrison shelters arrived flat-packed and had to be put together by the family - a bit like buying something from Ikea! But they weren't quite so simple, as they consisted of 300 different pieces and the instructions were quite complicated. Get your kids thinking in-depth about the subject with the following questions: What food might have been kept in the Anderson shelter? How could you have made the Morrison shelter more comfortable? If you had to have a Morrison Shelter in your house where would it go? Measure the space of both shelters and see how many people you can fit in! Mum of one teenage boy, near Leighton Buzzard, Beds. Born and raised in the Home Counties, Naomi has explored much of London, along with Beds, Herts and Bucks, with her son and husband. When she’s not driving to various skateparks around the UK, Naomi loves finding somewhere new to explore or a new activity they can all try.

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- About Us - Research & Outreach Curriculum & Instruction My research has focused on the teaching and learning of the following basic number and arithmetic skills and concepts by young children and children with learning difficulties: Initial number concepts and skills; counting skills and principles; informal addition strategies; arithmetic concepts, such as the principle of commutativity (a+ b= b+ a); and number-fact mastery. Baroody, A. J., Lai, M.-L., Li, X., & Baroody, A. E. (in press). Preschoolers’ understanding of subtraction-related principles. Mathematics Thinking and Learning. Baroody, A. J., Li, X., & Lai, M.-L. (in press). Toddlers’ spontaneous attention to number. Mathematics Thinking and Learning, 10,51-58. Lai, M.-L., Baroody, A. J., & Johnson, A. R. (in press). Fostering Taiwanese preschoolers’ understanding of the addition-subtraction inverse principle. Cognitive Development. Baroody, A. J., Feil, Y., & Johnson, A. R. (2007). An alternative reconceptualization of procedural and conceptual knowledge. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 38(), 115-131. Baroody, A. J., & Lai, M.-L. (2007). Preschoolers’ understanding of the addition-subtraction inverse principle: A Taiwanese sample. Mathematics Thinking and Learning, 9, 131-171. Baroody, A. J., Tiilikainen, S. H., & Tai, Y. (2006). The application and development of an addition goal sketch. Cognition and Instruction, 24, 123-170. Baroody, A. J., Lai, M.-L., & Mix, K. S. (2006). The development of young children’s number and operation sense and its implications for early childhood education. In B. Spodek & O. Saracho (Eds.), Handbook of research on the education of young children (pp. 187-221). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mix, K. S., Sandhofer, C. M., & Baroody, A. J. (2005). Number words and number concepts: The interplay of verbal and nonverbal processes in early quantitative development. In R. Kail (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior, Vol. 33 (pp. 305-346). New York: Academic Press. Baroody, A. J., Cibulskis, M., Lai, M.-L., & Li, X. (2004). Comments on the use of learning trajectories in curriculum development and research. Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 6,227-260. Baroody, A. J., & Dowker, A. (2003). The development of arithmetic concepts and skills: Constructing adaptive expertise. "Studies in Mathematics Thinking and Learning" series, edited by A. Schoenfeld. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Fostering Fluency with Basic Addition and Subtraction; Principal Investigator; Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2008-2012. Computer-guided Comprehensive Mathematics Assessment for Young Children; Co-Principal Investigator; Program in Early Learning and School Readiness, National Institutes of Health; 2005-2010 Developing an Intervention to Foster Early Number Sense and Skill; Investigator; Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2005-2009. Key Transitions in Preschoolers Number and Arithmetic Development: The Psychological Foundations of Early Childhood Mathematics Education; Investigator; Spencer Foundation Major Grants Program, 2003-2008.

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Recently, there has been a growing emphasis on basic number processing competencies (such as the ability to judge which of two numbers is larger) and their role in predicting individual differences in school-relevant math achievement. Children’s ability to compare both symbolic (e.g. Arabic numerals) and nonsymbolic (e.g. dot arrays) magnitudes has been found to correlate with their math achievement. The available evidence, however, has focused on computerized paradigms, which may not always be suitable for universal, quick application in the classroom. Furthermore, it is currently unclear whether both symbolic and nonsymbolic magnitude comparison are related to children’s performance on tests of arithmetic competence and whether either of these factors relate to arithmetic achievement over and above other factors such as working memory and reading ability. In order to address these outstanding issues, we designed a quick (2 minute) paper-and-pencil tool to assess children’s ability to compare symbolic and nonsymbolic numerical magnitudes and assessed the degree to which performance on this measure explains individual differences in achievement. Children were required to cross out the larger of two, single-digit numerical magnitudes under time constraints. Results from a group of 160 children from grades 1–3 revealed that both symbolic and nonsymbolic number comparison accuracy were related to individual differences in arithmetic achievement. However, only symbolic number comparison performance accounted for unique variance in arithmetic achievement. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed which include the use of this measure as a possible tool for identifying students at risk for future difficulties in mathematics. Nosworthy, Nadia; Bugden, Stephanie; Archibald, Lisa; Evans, Barrie; and Ansari, Daniel, "A two-minute paper and pencil test of symbolic and nonsymbolic numerical magnitude processing explains variability in primary school children’s arithmetic competence" (2013). Faculty Publications. 1.

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Astronomers and physicists now observe the sky with instruments that are sensitive to signals that are not a form of Maxwell's electromagnetic waves or their equivalent, photons. These "telescopes" have been designed to detect (i) neutrinos from the sun, supernova explosions and nuclear interactions in the earth's atmosphere, (ii) cosmic ray protons and other heavier atomic nuclei that gain their high energies at acceleration sites in the Galaxy and possibly beyond, and (iii) gravitational waves which should be created by large rapidly accelerating masses, such as a binary system containing two neutron-stars that spiral into one another to form a black hole. Neutrinos and cosmic ray fluxes are now being detected and studied. Gravitational waves have yet to be detected but there is much reason, both observational and theoretical, to believe they exist and will be found when experiments reach the required sensitivity. These detection systems do not focus the particles from a distant point source to an image as do optical telescopes, and so are often called "experiments" or "observatories". Nevertheless they do have methods of determining arrival directions to within several degrees in some cases, and they do probe the secrets of the universe. Thus "telescope" in its broadest sense is certainly an appropriate term for these instruments. Was this article helpful?

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Trees are an essential part of our environment, providing numerous benefits such as shade, oxygen, and beauty. However, there may be instances when tree removal becomes necessary. Whether it is due to disease, damage, or to make way for construction, removing a tree requires careful consideration and planning. It is essential to evaluate the tree’s health, location, and environmental impact before removing it. Furthermore, complying with local regulations and taking safety precautions are crucial steps to ensure a safe and responsible tree removal process. This article will delve into these key considerations to help you make an informed decision before removing a tree. 1. Tree Health Assessment The first step in the tree removal process is to assess the health of the tree. A tree that is diseased, damaged, or dead may pose a risk to the surrounding area. It is essential to hire a certified arborist to evaluate the tree’s health and provide recommendations. A qualified arborist can determine if the tree can be saved or if it needs to be removed. They can also identify any potential hazards and recommend the best course of action. 2. Tree Location The location of the tree is a critical factor to consider before removal. Trees that are close to buildings, power lines, or other structures may require special equipment and techniques to remove them safely. If a tree is located in a hard-to-reach area, it may also require specialized equipment. Before removing a tree, it is essential to consider all potential obstacles and determine the best approach for removal. 3. Permits and Regulations Before removing a tree, it is essential to check with local authorities to determine if any permits or regulations apply. Some cities and municipalities have specific rules and regulations governing tree removal. For instance, some may require a permit to remove a tree that is over a certain size or located in a protected area. Failure to comply with local regulations can lead to fines and penalties. 4. Environmental Impact Trees play a critical role in the environment, and their removal can have significant impacts. Before removing a tree, it is essential to consider the environmental impact and explore alternatives. For instance, if the tree is being removed to make way for construction, it may be possible to relocate it to another area. Alternatively, planting new trees can help offset the environmental impact of removing an existing one. 5. Safety Precautions Removing a tree can be a dangerous and challenging process. It is essential to take the necessary safety precautions to protect yourself and others. Before removing a tree, make sure to wear the appropriate safety gear, such as gloves, eye protection, and a hard hat. It is also essential to clear the area of any potential hazards, such as power lines or obstacles. If you are unsure about how to remove a tree safely, it is best to hire a professional. 6. Hiring a Professional While some tree removal tasks may be DIY projects, it is often best to hire a professional. Experienced arborists have the necessary expertise and equipment to remove trees safely and efficiently. They can also provide advice on the best course of action and help ensure that all necessary permits and regulations are met. Removing a tree is not a decision that should be taken lightly. It is essential to consider several factors before starting the process to ensure a safe and responsible outcome. By assessing the health of the tree, considering its location, complying with regulations, and taking safety precautions, you can ensure that the tree removal process is successful. Whether you decide to remove the tree yourself or hire a professional, always prioritize safety and environmental impact. If you are in need of tree removal services, don’t hesitate to contact us at Ancient City Arbor. Our professional arborists will provide a comprehensive assessment of your tree removal needs and offer safe and effective solutions. We are dedicated to providing quality tree care services and ensuring the safety of our clients and the surrounding area.

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A well-known method of measuring the weight classes underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese, is Body Mass Index (BMI). To find out your BMI, you first take your weight in kilograms, multiply your length in meters with itself and then divide the weight with that number. For example: 70 kg / (1.70 m X 1.70 m) = BMI 24.2, which is considered normal weight. BMI is a useful way of analyzing larger groups such as different populations, but it is rarely a successful way at an individual level. In particular, it may be misleading in cases where the person has a greater amount of muscle mass than average. This is the main reason to why people who are engaged in fitness or other sports where increased muscle mass is desirable should lose the thoughts of an optimal BMI and instead focus solely on body composition and LBM. The weight type we are referring to in this article (LBM) does not only reduce inflammation, contribute to increased strength and agility, but it also speeds up your metabolism. This makes it easier in the long run to achieve and maintain a healthy total weight. Not only muscles but also organs are a lot more qualitative than fatty tissue, not to mention the pure aesthetic aspect of it. Naturally, the proportions change as we age. Some studies have shown that after 50 we lose somewhere around 1-2% of muscle mass per year, which of course has a negative impact on our LBM. The typical older man or woman usually has more body fat than the typical young man or woman. The reduced amount of muscle mass is said to be one of the reasons we increase our actual fat mass. As we look at studies made with the older population we also see that this storage of fat occurs mainly in and around the stomach region, which is an area directly associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The problem with blindly trusting the digits on the scale is that it’s impossible to measure your actual progress as there are more factors than just one to take into account. These include undigested food and drinks, calorie excess, water weight as a result of extra glycogen or increased salt consumption, and so on. All of these factors will show themselves on the display and therefore make a simple weighing an unreliable measuring method if you are interested in seriously determine your physical status. In particular, the levels of fluid tend to change during the day as a glass of water may very well twist the weight half a kilo and is therefore easily misinterpreted as an increase in either fat or muscle mass. In other words, there is only one reliable method to use if you wish to establish your actual body composition and that is to have it professionally analyzed. If this feels somewhat overkill, the measuring tape is the second best alternative as it is a far more effective and reliable tool than the bathroom scale. Getting yourself in shape is not done overnight. It takes perseverance, dedication and time - just how much time depends on you and your habits. You might be aiming to improve your physical shape a little faster than normal if you have an event coming up or you can feel the summer just around the corner. Like with almost everything in life, if it’s worth doing, it’s worth doing properly. No half measures, no short cuts, no extreme fad diets and no four-hour gym sessions. If you want to get in shape fast and stay fit over the long-term, it’s worth forming the correct habits now, so you can take a new recipe for fitness forward with you. The dream of a sculpted and firm butt is nowadays shared by both men and women. Mother nature seems to have blessed some individuals with a stunning backside more or less for free, while others must dedicate a lot of time and effort in order to get that booty they're dreaming of. Coconut oil is one of the quite few foods that can rightfully be included in the "superfoods" category. Its unique combination of fatty acids has a number of positive health effects, not least because of the fatty acid called lauric acid which is the most important fatty acid for humans and our general well-being. It is mainly thanks to this that coconut oil has gotten its reputation of being something as close to nature's gold since this fatty acid gives the oil its antibacterial properties and its ability to fight bacteria.

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On April 22nd, organizations, communities and individuals join together to celebrate Earth Day and spread awareness for environmental issues. What started in 1970 as a protest for a sustainable and healthy environment is now celebrated across the globe each year. Taking part in Earth Day is a great way to demonstrate how much you care about the future of the planet. Whether you plant a tree or clean up around your neighborhood, this day serves as a reminder to get involved and keep the momentum going all year long. At Budget Dumpster, we support organizations nationwide with sustainable and environmentally-focused missions. We’re also dedicated to helping individuals do their part through smaller actions that make a big difference. Read on to learn about virtual events taking place this year, and find ideas to make your own contributions to better the planet. Plan a few Earth Day activities for your kids to get the whole family involved. Check out these Earth Day crafts that are educational and fun for any age: If you need to get out of the house for some fresh air, leave the car behind and walk, bike or jog outside. For every mile you don’t drive, you reduce your carbon footprint by one pound. We've been recycling for years, but it might surprise you to know that many of us are still putting the wrong things in the recycling bin. The average recycling contamination rate is 1 in 4 items. Read about these common things you can't recycle to toss trash the right way and keep the recycling stream clean. Invasive plants overtake natural environments and prevent the growth of other plants. Removing them will improve water quality keep your soil healthy. "Invasive plants remove moisture and nutrients from soil that native plants need to thrive," says Kristina Williams, Finance and Operations Director at Heartland Conservation Alliance. Whether you’re planting a tree in your front yard or creating a whole garden, planting at home helps filter the air and fight the effects of climate change. If a big landscaping project seems intimidating, start small with an herb garden. Buy reusable coffee cups, drinking straws, tote bags and other household items to cut back on unnecessary trash. As an added bonus, many coffee shops are happy to offer a discount when you use your reusable mug instead of a single-use disposable cup. Spring is a great time to go through your closets, attic and storage spaces to declutter old clothes and home goods. Donating to a local charity instead of throwing items out is a great way to give back to both your community and the environment. Make a conscious effort to ditch meals that include meat a few times a week. The high demand for meat creates an excessive strain on environmental resources, so reducing your consumption can lower greenhouse emissions and make a positive impact on the planet over time. We're proud to partner with organizations who clean up, protect and maintain the environment, in addition to educating the public on the importance of sustainability. Heartland Conservation Alliance protects, restores and cares for natural areas in the Kansas City region. Founded in 2012, their primary goal has always been connecting people to nature. To reach this goal, they regularly host community cleanups to prevent illegal dumping and conserve local green spaces. The Neponset River Watershed Association is a grassroots, member-supported conservation group that’s been working since 1967 to clean up and protect the Neponset River, its tributaries and surrounding watershed lands across 14 towns in the Boston area. The Neponset River Watershed is home to more than 330,000 residents and a drinking water source to 120,000 people. Neponset River Watershed hosts an annual Earth Day River Cleanup event covering 12 different locations, which Budget Dumpster is proud to support. Missouri River Relief is a community volunteer and equipment-based nonprofit organization dedicated to connecting people to the Missouri River through hands-on river cleanups, educational events and stewardship activities. Since 2001, Missouri River Relief has engaged 22 communities and more than 31,000 volunteers in river cleanups, student camps, plantings and restoration projects. Budget Dumpster first partnered with Missouri River Relief in 2016 for a cleanup in Kansas City. Most recently, we donated dumpsters to their river cleanups in St. Louis last summer and will continue to support their efforts as needed. Blue Ocean Society works to protect marine life in the Gulf of Maine through research, education and inspiring action. Founded in 2001 by two whale watch naturalists, their goal is to share open ocean research with the public, educate communities about the human impact on marine life through hands-on experiences, and inspire people to take action through beach cleanups, pollution prevention campaigns and simple behavior changes. Budget Dumpster sponsored World Ocean Week in 2020, including a virtual run, beach cleanups and more. Embracing habits to reduce, reuse and recycle at home is easier than you’d think. Making small changes can have a positive impact on the environment not only on Earth Day, but year-round. Even if you’re not able to get together with friends, you can still get your neighborhood involved in celebrating Earth Day this year. Use your community Facebook group to plan a week of events. Each family can clean up their own property and coordinate to clean up common spaces safely. From picking up litter on the street to cleaning up a local waterway, you can still make an impact. Use these guides to help plan your cleanup. If you are planning a community or coastline cleanup event, Budget Dumpster can help. We partner year-round with nonprofits and community organizations who are working to better their neighborhoods by providing an in-kind dumpster donation.

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[For trouble viewing the images/movies on this page, go here] As it glanced around the Saturn system one final time, NASA's Cassini spacecraft captured this view of the planet's giant moon Titan. Interest in mysterious Titan was a major motivating factor to return to Saturn with Cassini-Huygens following the Voyager mission flybys of the early 1980s. Cassini and its Huygens probe, supplied by European Space Agency, revealed the moon to be every bit as fascinating as scientists had hoped. These views were obtained by Cassini's narrow-angle camera on Sept. 13, 2017. They are among the last images Cassini sent back to Earth. A natural color view (figure A), made from images taken using red, green and blue spectral filters, shows Titan much as Voyager saw it -- a mostly featureless golden orb, swathed in a dense atmospheric haze. An enhanced-color view (figure B) adds to this color a separate view taken using a spectral filter (centered at 938 nanometers) that can partially see through the haze. The views were acquired at a distance of 481,000 miles (774,000 kilometers) from Titan. The image scale is about 3 miles (5 kilometers) per pixel. The Cassini Solstice Mission is a joint United States and European endeavor. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter was designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging team consists of scientists from the US, England, France, and Germany. The imaging operations center and team lead (Dr. C. Porco) are based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo.

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Surprise! Surprise! A new study done by researchers at Duke University States global warming hasn’t happened as fast as expected. According to the UK Daily Mail, the new study, based on 1000 years of temperature records, points out that surface temperatures over the course of ten years can account for ups and downs in warming rates thanks to (you guessed it) natural variability. Variability that is caused by interactions with oceans and the atmosphere along with other natural factors. The research involved using observed data absent climate models to measure the decade-to-decade variability. The Daily Mail article also points out: ‘At any given time, we could start warming at a faster rate if greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere increase without any offsetting changes in aerosol concentrations or natural variability,’ said Wenhong Li, assistant professor of climate at Duke, who conducted the study with [Patrick] Brown. The team examined whether climate models, such as those used by the IPCC, accurately account for natural chaotic variability that can occur in the rate of global warming. To test these, created a new statistical model based on reconstructed empirical records of surface temperatures over the last 1,000 years. ‘By comparing our model against theirs, we found that climate models largely get the ‘big picture’ right but seem to underestimate the magnitude of natural decade-to-decade climate wiggles,’ Brown said. ‘Our model shows these wiggles can be big enough that they could have accounted for a reasonable portion of the accelerated warming we experienced from 1975 to 2000, as well as the reduced rate in warming that occurred from 2002 to 2013.’ ‘Statistically, it’s pretty unlikely that an 11-year hiatus in warming, like the one we saw at the start of this century, would occur if the underlying human-caused warming was progressing at a rate as fast as the most severe IPCC projections,’ Brown said. ‘Hiatus periods of 11 years or longer are more likely to occur under a middle-of-the-road scenario.’ How about that? A study on global warming that doesn’t involving using climate models but results in demonstrating global temperatures are based on natural variability and other natural factors. On scientist involved in the research stressed that there is no guarantee that the rate of warming will remain steady in the years ahead but this study confirms what a lot of scientists who study global warming have suspected all along. That is climate models aren’t data and are not good measurements of climate activity.

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The Good, the Bad and Succession Biology The Basic Facts of Succession Biology Succession differs in each and every ecosystem. Principal succession can be initiated owing to a biological factor or an external issue. Secondary succession is a process which largely is based on the forms of organisms which existed before the ecological disaster. This usually means there is NO SOIL present. This is results in a gain in biomass. Climatic factors could be very important, but on a significantly longer time-scale than every other. Read the lab procedure and determine the way the respiration rate is going to be derived. Colder temperatures would diminish the rate, although other aspects could be responsible like darkness. That fused single cell is known as zygote. Applications that concentrate on endocrine or reproductive function might be reviewed essay writer by ICER. Proteins are necessary for plant development. In others, there are numerous possible pathways. The History of Succession Biology Refuted Another big challenge is the collection of successors, adds Moran. It’s also rather rigorous and includes many different biology labs covering a good deal of unique subjects. There are plenty of players who should be involved in the evolution of a succession program, recommends Moran. The last stage of ecological succession is called a climax community. Climax community is set by the climate of the area. The final or terminal community grows more or less stabilized for lengthier time period. For instance, the pioneer species comprise their very own seral community. Individuals of a species influence one another’s life in many approaches and this is known as co-action. These organisms also lead to the changes locally. This program is intended to supply a discussion-based approach to research integrity. More info about Dr. Spellman’s presentation is going to be posted soon. Make certain to include your caption. Animals also play a major part in allogenic changes since they are pollinators, seed dispersers and herbivores. Foundation species frequently have the greatest relative abundance of species. Woodcock populations are determined by the access to superior habitat across their range. Species richness is the term that’s utilized to describe the amount of species dwelling in a habitat or biome. Some plants stay dormant for the remainder of the year and emerge all at one time. Pioneer species might even be in a position to survive without soil. There are not any plants, insects, animals or organic matter of any sort now. Otherwise, the disease can kill enough of a species to permit for invasion by species that may have been previously not able to colonize, which then enables a more diverse selection of species to inhabit an area. The fundamental nutrients necessary for plant growth are broken up into two chief categories namely micro-nutrients and macro-nutrients. There are an assortment of ways that we’re able to accelerate the forest succession procedure and assist Nature to set a forest system quicker than would naturally happen. Both sorts are characterized by means of a progression of prevailing communities of species on a specific habitat. The important difference between primary and secondary succession is the caliber of the soil. The area that these communities dwell in is known as a habitat. Typically, forests take a while to establish themselves as they go through the successive phases of forest progression to get to the last climax forest stage. But additionally, it brings in different occupants, including squirrels and birds that are determined by the taller plants for food and shelter. Certain animal species and possibly even bacteria in the soil depend on specific plant species throughout the food web. Once it begins to form, plants can move in. The soil may be used by a more diverse assortment of plants with deeper root systems. It’s essential to note that, despite the usage of terms like climax community,” the procedure for succession never truly stops. The succession proceeding might not be complicated, however, especially in the event the estate qualifies for a Succession Without Administration. On the flip side, in typical small business organisation, there’s not likely to be any consensus on when succession is likely to take place depending on the accounting information processes present and methods utilised in obtaining such. Education and parenting articles provide expert ideas and information on raising TEENs. A discussion section will try to put the work in a bigger theoretical context and could suggest additional investigating to follow and extend the conclusions. The student is liable for seeking the aid of the advisor. There’s a steady reduction in the weight of the carcass by 10th moment. As a result of limitation of water (abiotic), it needs to get special adapatations. In multicellular organisms the gain in size and weight is a consequence of the gain in the number and size of body cells.

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If someone you know is affected by a mental health issue, support from friends, family and health professionals plays a significant role in their coping and recovery process. You can make a big difference through small gestures, like listening, keeping in touch and showing you care. How do I know if someone needs support? It’s not always easy to tell if someone has a mental illness. The signs they may have a mental illness include: - they are anxious or worried - they are depressed or unhappy - they have emotional outbursts - they have sleep problems - they have weight or appetite changes - they are quiet or withdrawn - they are misusing substances like alcohol or drugs - they feel guilty or worthless - you notice changes in their behaviour If someone is showing these signs, it’s important to raise your concerns with them, even though they might deny the problem and be reluctant or refuse to get help. They may react with anger, shame or embarrassment. Try not to feel guilty if you didn’t know your friend or someone you love has a mental health issue — the changes can be gradual, and people often hide their symptoms from close friends and family. They may not be ready for treatment straight away. Taking it slowly and figuring it out together is a good way to steer them toward the road to recovery. If someone you care about is in danger of harming themselves or someone else, call triple zero (000) immediately. There are also a number of helplines and crisis support services that may help. How can I support someone with a mental health problem? If your loved one is showing signs of a mental health problem or reaches out for help, here is what to do. 1. Talk about it We often avoid discussing mental health because of fear, stigma or simply not knowing what to say. But this may make matters worse. Many of us worry about saying the wrong thing to someone with a mental illness. Your friend or loved one may or may not want to discuss their mental health issues with you, but it’s important they know they don’t have to avoid the subject. Choose a good time and place to talk, when you are both relaxed, and keep the conversation flowing about other topics too. Try to be sensitive, positive and encouraging. Let the person know you are there for them and available to listen. Acknowledge what they are feeling and ask them what you can do to help. You can start off by explaining why you’re concerned and offer examples. Try to use ‘I’ statements rather than ‘you’ statements — ‘I'm worried…’ or ‘I’ve noticed…’ It’s important not to be dismissive of their mental health issue, for example saying things like ‘snap out of it’, ‘cheer up’, ‘forget about it’, ‘pull yourself together’, or ‘I’m sure it will pass’ — these comments can make a person feel worse. Try not to blame them or get angry or frustrated. Their mental illness is not a personal weakness or failing, and it shouldn’t define them. It's important not to: - say 'you know how they feel' if you don’t, because this invalidates their experience - point out that others are worse off — this is dismissive - blame your friend or loved one for changes in their behaviour - avoid the person - make fun of their mental illness - pressure them, if they don’t want, to go out or to discuss their issues with you - use words that stigmatise, like ‘psycho’ or ‘crazy’ 2. Offer support Start slowly — try small actions first, such as going for a walk or visiting a friend. You could offer practical support, such as doing their shopping or cooking meals, or invite them out and encourage other friends to see them. Make sure they are looking after their health by encouraging them to get enough sleep, eat healthy food and exercise. Discourage them from self-medicating with alcohol or drugs. You can encourage them to seek help by providing information, such as books or brochures for them to read in their own time. You could offer to make an appointment with a doctor or mental health professional on their behalf, and offer to take them. Encourage them to seek help immediately if they are at risk of suicide or self-harm. If you are worried someone is at immediate risk of harming themselves, call an ambulance on triple zero (000). Stay with the person until help arrives. 3. Look after yourself Make sure you are informed by reading quality, evidence-based information and become familiar with the signs and symptoms of their mental health issue. This will help you to be proactive and work out the first steps to take. You can get support for yourself from your doctor, a mental health professional or by accessing support services available to carers and friends of people with mental health issues. Where to get help If someone needs help, talking to a doctor is a good place to start. To find out more, or if they would like to talk to someone else, here are some organisations that can help: - SANE Australia (people living with a mental illness) — call 1800 187 263. - Beyond Blue (anyone feeling depressed or anxious) — call 1300 22 4636 or chat online. - Black Dog Institute (people affected by mood disorders) — online help. - Lifeline (anyone having a personal crisis) — call 13 11 14 or chat online. - Suicide Call Back Service (anyone thinking about suicide) — call 1300 659 467. Learn more here about the development and quality assurance of healthdirect content. Last reviewed: December 2020

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Women have in the present day been accredited with playing a pivotal role in the building of our nation. This task did not begin in the recent past but can trace its birth back to the colonial American era where the traditional role of women was reinvented due to the realities of the new world. Prior to the colonial era, the roles of women were greatly limited by the traditional attitudes of women as the “weaker sex”. They previously clearly defined roles began to be blurred mostly as a consequence of the labor deficit in colonial America which led to a state where the contribution by the women was most vital for the survival of the family. The lives of the women in Colonial American were therefore marked with multiple responsibilities and immense contribution in trade activities. This paper shall set out to document some of the typical trades that women were involved in. The ways in which women’s work differed from men’s as well as the manner in which women got involved in this trade shall also be articulated. The building industry was of great significance in colonial America and as such, one of the trades that women were involved in was brick making. This was one of the less glamorous trades and most of the practitioners in this trade were slaves and poor unskilled free laborers. Women were therefore initiated into this trade as slaves practicing for their masters or when they were poor and needed some livelihood. Brick making was labor intensive and laborers were expected to work for days on end. Women were therefore given the easier tasks such as stomping on the clay or arranging the bricks in the kiln. They also engaged in the relatively easier task of putting clay into wooden molds. Men on the other hand worked in the kilns and ensured that the fires were consistent for up to a week. While a vast majority of blacksmiths were men, women also ventured into this trade. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation reveals that the women who participated in this male-dominated trade mostly did so out of a lack of choice other than for the love of the craft. Also, women born into a family which practiced this craft but had no sons would be obligated to learn the techniques of the trade. Women who wanted to become blacksmiths underwent apprenticeship under a seasoned blacksmith and only after mastering the craft could they practice on their own. Women were expected to fulfill all the duties that male blacksmiths fulfilled including smelting and hitting metal. Shoe making was arguable the most commonly practiced trade in colonial America. Women got initiated to this trade through apprenticeship which was normally from a male member of the family. While shoe making was a male dominated trade, the craft relied more on dexterity other than sheer physical strength hence women were more adept to it than other male dominated crafts. Another craft that women engaged in which had similar attributes to shoe making was basket making. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation affirms that nimbleness rather than strength was required in weaving and plaiting therefore making this craft well suited for women. The craft was passed on from women to their children therefore keeping the trade alive in the family. Some trades were exclusively run by males and women only got to be involved in this trades as a result of their husbands or fathers’ dying. Printing was one of these trades and women who run such businesses typically took over from their dead husbands. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation documents a number of famous printers including; Clementina Rind, Elizabeth Bushell and Jose Glover, all of whom inherited their printing businesses from their husbands or fathers. These women ran the businesses in a very capable manner therefore demonstrating that it was society and not women’s incapability that resulted in such trades being primarily run by men. One of the colonial occupations which had a high women presence was the running of taverns. Taverns normally sold drinks and offered accommodation to travelers. Women who ran these taverns were mostly widows who mostly used their houses as the business premise (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation). The reason why women were preferred to run taverns was because they were highly skilled cooks and trained to be good hostesses from an early age. This paper set out to document some of the trades that women were involved in so as to accentuate how they differed from men who took part in the same trades. To this end, this paper has reviewed some of the trades and highlighted how or why women got involved in this trades and the difference between their input and the input of men. From this paper, it is evident that in most trades, the women did not receive preferential treatment and that they were just as capable as their male counterparts. However, society generally restricted women from running some businesses without males due to the patriarchal set up of the society. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Colonial Williamsburg Trades. 2010. Web 10 Oct 2010.

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This database contains an alphabetized index of people who received a Land Grant from the Crown between 1763 and 1890. After the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the Imperial Government issued instructions for the grant of lands. The head of a family could receive 100 acres and other members could receive 50 acres, this land could increase to 1,000 acres total in exceptional cases. The only condition was that the Crown could take back the land if it was needed for a military purpose. The earliest recorded entries in this index started in 1788. In 1791, the legislature ordered this collection to be printed and added a few stipulations to the land grant. Settlers were required to build a home and clear a certain amount of land for cultivation depending on lot size, but the rules weren’t strictly enforced. By 1826, land grants were only given out at auction. The lands to be auctioned were determined by the yearly-appointed Commissioner of Crown Lands. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, Great Britain took control of Quebec, but allowed the use of French civil law to continue. Seigneurial tenure was the French way of distributing land, primarily along the St. Lawrence River. Under British rule, seigneurial lands continued to be run the same as under French rule, but land was distributed through the land grant. This database solely has the land grants given out by the Crown, not the seigneurial lands that were being operated until seigneurial tenure was abolished in 1854. This index also includes only the initial land grant, not successive divisions or purchases of the same land. This index is important because it places a family in an area and points to the Land Grant Letter of Patent that can contain more genealogical detail. Each record contains: - Name of grantee - Acres granted - Letters patent date Where to go from here: The original records and microfilm copies are available at the Bibliothèque et Archives nationalies du Québec. Requests for microfilm copies should include the full reference to the book and page (found in the source citation for the record). Requests should be addressed to: Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 1012, avenue du Séminaire, CP 10450, Sainte-Foy, QC, G1V 4N1.

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Crosses can be drawn on number grids of various sizes. What do you notice when you add opposite ends? Take any four digit number. Move the first digit to the 'back of the queue' and move the rest along. Now add your two numbers. What properties do your answers always have? Can you guarantee that, for any three numbers you choose, the product of their differences will always be an even number? Show that is it impossible to have a tetrahedron whose six edges have lengths 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 units... A hexagon, with sides alternately a and b units in length, is inscribed in a circle. How big is the radius of the circle? Triangle ABC has equilateral triangles drawn on its edges. Points P, Q and R are the centres of the equilateral triangles. What can you prove about the triangle PQR? Take a look at the range of approaches to this problem. Go to last month's problems to see more solutions. You need to find the values of the stars before you can apply normal Sudoku rules.

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If you go to a doctor, for let us say an upset stomach, chances are the doctor might speak about disease, disorder, and syndrome. To a layman, they all sound similar. They all mean that there is something wrong with the body for which you need medical supervision and maybe some medicines. However, the three, although often used interchangeably, are different from one another, in their kind of diagnosis, prevention, and cure. So, let us see what disease, disorder, and syndrome are and how they are different from one another. What Is A Disease? Merriam Webster defines a disease as “a condition of the living animal or plant body or of one of its parts that impairs normal functioning and is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms.” Thus, in disease, either the whole disease or a part of it gets affected such that it is unable to perform functions normally. Also, displays distinguishable signs and symptoms, and often there is a specific cause. (Photo Credit: Freepik) Let us take chickenpox as an example. It is a disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It has very distinct symptoms that include fever, headache, fatigue, and most importantly itchy rashes and fluid-filled blisters. COVID-19, caused by the novel coronavirus, is another example of disease. Other examples include: - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) What Is A Disorder? Dictionary.com defines the disorder as “a disturbance in physical or mental health or functions.” In other words, in the case of a disorder, there is an abnormality or impairment in the normal functioning of the mind or body. (Photo Credit: Freepik) For example, in the case of an eating disorder, the person’s normal eating pattern gets disrupted, and he/she ends up eating either too much or too little. There are other effects as well. The cause is not as specific as in the case of chickenpox and differs from person to person. The doctor generally delves into the patient’s personal and medical history to figure out the cause. Other examples include - Bipolar disorder - Attention deficit disorder - Sleep disorders, such as insomnia and hypersomnia - Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) What Is A Syndrome? Merrian Webster defines a syndrome as “a group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterise a particular abnormality or condition.” In other words, in a syndrome, several symptoms occur together and are correlated to each other. An example is Tourette syndrome, which is characterised by repetitive movements, distinct sounds, along jerky movements. Other examples include: - Down syndrome - Capgras syndrome - Carpal tunnel syndrome - Polycystic Ovary syndrome - Weber's syndrome Now that you have understood the difference, it is equally important to understand that neither is worse or better than the other. All these affect a person’s normal functioning affecting his/her life in a big way. What is needed is the supervision of a good medical practitioner that would help the person to recover from them or manage the symptoms. However, knowing the difference between the three helps as it will help you better know and get a clear picture of your condition and make you better informed. This, in turn, will help you make better decisions regarding your health and help you in the long run. Read more articles on Other Diseases Photo Credit: Unsplash All possible measures have been taken to ensure accuracy, reliability, timeliness and authenticity of the information; however Onlymyhealth.com does not take any liability for the same. Using any information provided by the website is solely at the viewers’ discretion. In case of any medical exigencies/ persistent health issues, we advise you to seek a qualified medical practitioner before putting to use any advice/tips given by our team or any third party in form of answers/comments on the above mentioned website.

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Recent studies have reported that indoor house dust contains a large volume of SVOC chemical substances such as phthalates and it is showing a relationship with children's asthma and allergic dermatitis. In particular, plasticizers contained in PVC building materials such as DBP and DEHP are the primary SVOC substances that pollute indoor environments. Therefore, The Micro-chamber method is to measure the emission rate of SVOCs from building products and to confirm what kind of SVOCs are emitted from a variety of products that are used indoors kindergarten. As results, the DBP and DEHP were detected in all building materials based on the result obtained from measuring the building materials produced in Japan, South Korea, and China. On the other hand, TCEP and TPP were not detected from all the building materials tested in this study. The DBP and DEHP emission rates (95 percentile) from the PVC sheets used for the measurement in this study were 2.60 [μg/m2·h] and 11.63[μg/m2·h] respectively. Moreover, it appears that there is a different type of plasticizer added to each product and detected for each country. In addition, toys, shoes, crayon and eraser were emitted C16, DBP and DEHP and also variety SVOCs like as D6, BHT, DEP, TBP, C20 and DOA. Especially, shoes were detected 9 substances among targeted 12. These results were considered that is because shoes are made a several materials. ASJC Scopus subject areas - Environmental Engineering

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Iceland Flag Coloring Page Download Iceland Flag Description The flag of Iceland is a simple design consisting of a red Nordic cross on a white background. The cross is offset towards the hoist side of the flag, which means it is closer to the flagpole. The proportions of the flag are 18:25, with the cross taking up one-fourth of the width of the flag. The history of the Icelandic flag dates back to the 19th century when Iceland was still under Danish rule. At that time, Iceland used the Danish flag as its own, as it was considered a part of the Kingdom of Denmark. However, as Iceland began to push for more autonomy and independence, there was a growing desire for a distinct national flag. In 1870, a design competition was held to create a flag for Iceland. The winning design was submitted by a group of students from the Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík, the oldest secondary school in Iceland. Their design featured a red cross on a white background, symbolizing the country’s Christian heritage and the purity of the Icelandic landscape. The flag was officially adopted on June 19, 1915, during the celebrations of the 1000th anniversary of the settlement of Iceland. This marked a significant milestone in Iceland’s journey towards independence, as it was the first time the flag was raised alongside the Danish flag. Since gaining independence from Denmark in 1944, the flag of Iceland has become a powerful symbol of national identity and pride. It is flown on various occasions, including national holidays, official ceremonies, and sporting events. The flag is also commonly displayed by Icelandic citizens on their homes and vehicles as a sign of patriotism. In recent years, the flag of Iceland has gained international recognition and popularity. Its simple and striking design has made it a favorite among flag enthusiasts and collectors. The flag’s symbolism and historical significance continue to resonate with the Icelandic people, serving as a reminder of their rich heritage and the journey towards independence.

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Jeannie Hana August 31, 2020 Worksheets fun In choosing a worksheet, it is important to review the source and check the material. Ensure that the material and answers are accurate. Evaluate the worksheet by completing it yourself. The worksheet should provide information clearly and accurately. Make sure it is exactly what you need to homeschool your child. Most particularly, children are not taught mastery of arithmetic with fractions. Unfortunately, virtually all of their future math education depends on being able to do fractional arithmetic. Aside from helping you assess your child’s comprehension of a subject matter, printable home school worksheets also provide something for your child to do while you work on other things. This means that you can be free to run your home while teaching your child at the same time, because the worksheet simplifies the homeschooling job for you. Printable math worksheets can be used by both parents and teachers to help kids overcome some of their most common problems in leaning math. Which brings us to the purpose behind this article.One of the most effective ways I’ve found to help kids in a focused area of weakness are printable math worksheets. The big problem with concept-based instruction is lack of practice. Printable math worksheets solve this problem nicely. Remedial Work.If your child studied fractions during the last school year but just didn’t quite ”get it”, don’t worry. Use printable fraction worksheets found on the internet to review with him. These worksheets won’t cost you a dime and you can find all you need.

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But if we don’t reverse? In A Great Aridness, William deBuys paints a bleak picture of the world, including the Southwest, should global warming not be rigorously addressed. “If present trends of carbon pollution hold steady,” he warns, the temperature increase for parts of the Southwest “could amount to 8°F . . . by the end of the century.” Paskus, only slightly less gloomy, estimates a 4- to 6-degree increase. Generally speaking, observes deBuys, across the planet, unless we put the brakes on climate change, “wet places will become wetter; dry places, like the Southwest, drier.” Thus, referring to the findings of Jonathan Overpeck, today a climate scientist at the University of Michigan, deBuys writes, “Climate change . . . will produce winners and losers.” Then, he quotes Overpeck himself: “[I]n the Southwest we’re going to be losers. There’s no doubt.” If we don’t cease global warming, our high-elevation forests of conifer, spruce, and aspen, and our lower-elevation woodlands of piñon and juniper―the floors of both now clogged with dead wood, grass, and brush―will experience more, and more severe, wildfires that will “cook” more soils. If the burned forests regenerate at all, due to a warming climate the dark, soughing conifers that have lolled this backpacker to sleep many a mountain night will not return, but will instead be replaced by Gambel oak, locust, and aspen. The piñon and juniper woodlands, meanwhile, will be replaced by oak, mountain mahogany, and brush. Shade, is that you? More charred landscapes will mean more erosion and flooding. The Rio Grande―in Paskus’s words “already a climate casualty in New Mexico”―will have a snow supply pared down by 67 per cent, which will reduce a spring and summer supply of water to New Mexico’s farms and homes by 95 to 100 per cent. The Colorado River will likely see a 30 per cent decrease in flow by 2050 and a 50 per cent decrease by 2100. What threatens the Colorado also threatens the San Juan River, a Colorado tributary. Water is piped from the San Juan to New Mexico’s Rio Chama, which empties into the Rio Grande. Deny the Great River liquid and its water table will drop. Should it drop to more than ten feet below its surface, the cottonwoods cushioning its banks that I so admired when I first moved to Albuquerque will wither and die. Increased warming and drought will affect the Indigenous nations of the Southwest, threatening their forests and grasslands with wildfire, and threatening the conditions necessary for them to grow their traditional foods. Risks to health will increase. Those who cannot afford air-conditioning may die of heat prostration. Increased dust will imperil those with respiratory ailments. Vanishing surface and groundwater will mean no more agriculture along the Rio Grande. Will you trust a long green grown in Saskatchewan? New Mexico, historically afflicted with poverty, crime, drug and alcohol abuse, homelessness, child abuse, teenage pregnancy, teenage failure to take responsibility for teenage pregnancy, and political corruption, may find that climate change worsens these scourges. And, of course, there’s desertification. Sand, and more sand. On this topic, I e-mailed David Gutzler, a professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at the University of New Mexico. Given that I had once lived in the Chihuahuan Desert, I asked him: If we fail to address climate change, will Albuquerque and its surroundings look like the Chihuahuan Desert city of El Paso and its arid, harsh Franklin Mountains? Gutzler’s slightly oblique reply was: “In fact, if we extrapolate the sort of century-scale trends in climate projected by models out to 2100, it turns out that the average temperature and precipitation in Albuquerque becomes very similar to present-day El Paso. I’ve made this point in public presentations by showing photos of the Franklin Mountains above El Paso, which really are very nice for hiking . . . But there are no trees to speak of in the Franklins [my italics].” I took this as a “yes,” and imagined the Sandia and Manzano mountains sun-blasted and covered with creosote, prickly pear, mesquite, an occasional decaying Huggie (New Mexico is always New Mexico), and an occasional desert willow. That is, desertificated. It boggles the sensibilities. Will central and northern New Mexico and southern Colorado, their forests and woodlands wiped out by wildfires, one day look like Yuma, Arizona; Death Valley; or the Gran Desierto of northern Mexico? (Mexico, too―85% of it―is currently grappling with drought.) Will New Mexicans face crop failure, civil unrest, famine, new diseases? Will they, if they can afford it, migrate en masse to the northern parts of the United States, desperately seeking a cool breeze and that region’s modest economic gains as a result of climate change? Will the United States withstand such a migration? Pebbles in my boot.

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Math worksheets: Dividing decimals by 2-digit whole numbers Below are six versions of our grade 6 math worksheet on dividing decimals by 2-digit whole numbers. Answers rounded to 6 decimal digits are provided. These worksheets are pdf files. These worksheets are available to members only. Join K5 to save time, skip ads and access more content. Learn More

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Language is powerful. It shapes so much of our lives and how we perceive and interact with those around us. It can both include and exclude, empower or marginalize, so it is important to be conscious of the words we use and the context in which we use them. Without a doubt, there has been growing awareness and debate about the importance of gender inclusivity in our language and also in our writing. As with most topics that involve inclusion, misinformation sneaks its ugly head by sharing arguments that claim to be based on grammar to discredit any attempt at gender inclusivity. Thankfully, those arguments hold no weight and there is space in writing to be both grammatically correct and gender inclusive. Fighting Bias and Stereotype The enemy of gender-inclusive language is bias and stereotype. Assuming that people exist as binary men or women denies the fact that gender exists on a spectrum. Gender-inclusive writing promotes equality, inclusivity, and sensitivity to all individuals, and it recognizes and respects diverse gender identities and expressions, such as non-binary, genderqueer, and transgender individuals. Pronouns and Gender Neutrality One of the key aspects of gender-inclusive writing is the use of gender-neutral pronouns. While there are new pronouns like ”Zie”, “Sie” and “Ve,” the most recognized gender-neutral pronoun is they/them/their. Traditionally, the pronouns “he” and “she” have been used as default, assuming a person’s gender based on the context of the situation and appearance. Singular “they” is far from new but there is still some resistance to using it for fear that it is grammatically incorrect. TRUTH TIME: the Oxford English Dictionary can trace the use of the singular “they” all the way back to 1375! Much like “you” can be used to refer to an individual or group, so can “they”… making it a perfectly valid and grammatically correct pronoun…one that respects a person’s identity. Writers, especially if they are heterosexual and cisgender, tend to feature binary people in their works. If you are writing a work of fiction, consider including characters that may be outside the binary…but take care in their representation so as not to typecast or reinforce harmful stereotypes. It’s important to do your research. (Please do not just include the “side-kick best friend” as your chosen representative token and call it a day…) If you are writing a work of non-fiction, consider reaching out to the real-life characters and asking them how they identify to ensure accuracy in your portrayal. Avoiding Gender Stereotypes By avoiding gender-specific language when it is unnecessary, we can prevent reinforcing societal norms that limit individuals based on their gender. This can be as simple as using the word “firefighter” instead of “fireman” or “humanity” instead of “mankind.” (Some other common word changes include “quality” for “craftsmanship,” “staffing” instead of “manning,” and “handwriting” instead of “penmanship.”) These small changes not only challenge gender stereotypes but act as subtle indications that the writer considers the impact of their words on the reader. Breaking free from these stereotypes allows us to create a more inclusive and diverse representation of people in our writing. But gender stereotypes go way beyond specific words. Think about the choices you make with your characters…are you perhaps unconsciously adding to the bias? Do all your women characters wear skirts? Do the men fix cars and watch hockey? Okay, so these are pretty obvious examples, but I have worked with authors who didn’t realize that all their women characters were the same, pretty much. Think about how your characters express emotion—is there a difference between your characters that could be attributed to gender? Do you include any non-binary or transgender characters? (It’s perfectly fine if you do not, as it’s really hard to include every single type of person in one piece of writing that accurately represents all these groups of people, but sometimes just sitting with yourself and acknowledging that there are more than the two genders and then pondering who you want to include in your story adds to how you portray the genders that you do include.) I feel so strongly about this topic that I dedicated a whole blog to this topic called Avoiding Gender Stereotypes in Fiction Writing. Using Inclusive Terminology Essentially, using inclusive terminology means avoiding terms that are exclusive or reinforce gender norms. One of the best examples of this would be when a speaker (in person or in your writing) is addressing a crowd. The traditional salutation has been “ladies and gentlemen,” but that language is exclusive to anyone who does not identify with one of the binary genders. It’s now outdated. Chuck it in ye olde recycling bin, please and thank you. Consider, instead, using “folks” or “everyone” or a simple “hello,” and you suddenly have an inclusive greeting that nobody will blink twice at. Inclusive terminology isn’t about taking anything away from anyone; it’s about demonstrating respect for the experiences and identities of all individuals in both physical interactions and in your writing. Isn’t this a little overkill? you might be wondering (especially if you are a heterosexual, cisgender man). No, it’s really not. While people love to argue “what’s the harm? It’s just a word!” or “nobody ever complained about that word before—you’re too sensitive!” the truth is, these terms, words, and phrases are outdated, as they eclipse entire groups of people. Remember: Language changes all the time, responding to society and human evolution. This isn’t the first time that specific phrasing has been questioned. (If you don’t believe me, go pick up a text from the middle ages, a Shakespearean play, a novel from the eighteenth century or Victorian era and circle words you no longer use.) It’s okay to upgrade our vocabulary to match society’s current understanding of language nuisances. In fact, it’s encouraged and necessary if we are to truly communicate with one another in an inclusive manner. Writing Guidelines and Resources Many style guides and resources have been developed to help writers embrace gender-inclusive writing. These guides offer practical recommendations on using gender-neutral language, pronouns, and inclusive terminology. Here are some great resources: Your local advocacy groups are also great resources. Incorporating gender-inclusive writing is not about political correctness; it is about recognizing and affirming the inherent worth and dignity of every person. Ensuring that all individuals (regardless of their gender identity) feel seen, respected, and valued is the kind thing to do. You have no idea who might be reading your writing—you certainly don’t want your message/story to be missed or interpreted in a way different from what you intended because of a word or two, right?

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We design an innovative teaching method that aims to narrow the Gender Gap in Mathematics (GGM) in primary school and we evaluate its impact in grade 3 in Italy. The teaching methodology consists of 15 hours of math laboratories, which focus on peer interaction, sharing of ideas, students’ engagement, problem solving, and problem posing. The causal effect is evaluated using a randomized controlled trial, conducted in the province of Torino, involving 50 third grade classes in 25 schools, and 1044 students. The treatment significantly improves math performance for girls (0.15 s.d.), with no impact on boys, contributing to reduce the gender gap in math by 39.5-46.2%. The results indicate that properly designed innovative methodologies have the potential to reduce the gender gap in math and call for further research on the role of teaching methodologies on math learning. Scheda prodotto non validato Attenzione! I dati visualizzati non sono stati sottoposti a validazione da parte di FBK.

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The preamble to the Act stated that it was necessary to provide "a more speedy punishment than the usual forms often allow" to soldiers who mutinied or stirred up sedition , who deserted , or who were "guilty of crimes and offences to the prejudice of good order and military discipline". It extended to the Channel Islands and encompassed colonial and foreign troops in British service, though the militia, volunteer and reserve forces were exempt except under special circumstances. It provided full regulations for military prisons and the custody of prisoners. Rules were provided for the apprehension of deserters within the UK, and for their temporary custody in gaols. Recruits who deserted before joining their regiment forfeited their bounty, and could be transferred to the nearest regiment, corps or depot. - ^ s. 3 - ^ s. 4 - ^ s. 5 - ^ s. 6—14 - ^ s. 15—18 - ^ s. 22—24 - ^ s. 39 - ^ s. 29—33 - ^ s. 34 - ^ s. 35. The gaoler was to be allowed one shilling as payment for this duty - ^ s. 36 - The companion to the British almanac, for the year 1874, p. 224-5. London, 1875. - Chronological table of the statutes; HMSO, London. 1993. ISBN 0-11-840331-1 Last edited on 15 September 2020, at 10:29 Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted.

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We know that learning to sail can be overwhelming and there is a lot to take in. In an effort to help we’ve created a series of “Bite Sized Lessons” taken straight out or our textbooks – Sailing Made Easy and Coastal Cruising Made Easy. In this lesson we take a look at anchoring and the meaning of the terms “rode” and “scope”. An anchor’s ability to hold depends to a great degree on the angle at which the rode is pulling on it. The angle at which the rode pulls on the anchor is determined by it’s scope – which is the ratio of the length of rode used to the distance from the boat’s bow to the seabed. A common practice is to use the 7:1 ratio for chain and rode setups. To figure all that out, here is an equation to keep in mind. Add the height of the boat’s bow above the water, to the depth where the anchor will lie, and multiple the total by seven. That will give you the amount of rode to use.

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Pregnancy and Depression Whether it's called the baby blues, postpartum depression, or down in the dumps, depression can have a serious effect on the mother and the baby during pregnancy. Symptoms include feeling anxious or tired all the time, no longer enjoying certain activities, or having feelings of loss and inadequacy. Women have a right to enjoy their pregnancy, and depression is not something that has to be handled alone. Depression can be described as feeling sad, blue, unhappy, miserable, or down in the dumps. Most of us feel this way at one time or another for short periods. But true clinical depression is a mood disorder in which feelings of sadness, loss, anger, or frustration interfere with everyday life for an extended time. Depression can be mild, moderate, or severe. The degree of depression, which your doctor can determine, influences how you are treated. Depression that occurs during pregnancy or within a year after delivery is called perinatal depression. The exact number of women with depression during this time is unknown, but researchers believe that it is one of the most common complications, both during and after pregnancy. Often, the depression is not recognized or treated, because some normal pregnancy changes cause similar symptoms and are happening at the same time. Tiredness, problems sleeping, stronger emotional reactions, and changes in body weight may occur during and after pregnancy. However, these symptoms may also be signs of depression. There may be a number of reasons why a woman gets depressed. Hormonal changes or a stressful life event, such as a death in the family, can cause chemical changes in the brain that lead to depression. Depression is also an illness that runs in some families. Other times, it's not clear what causes the condition.

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Your Polish Vocabulary Size is: Ever wonder about your Polish vocabulary size? Even if you are a daily Polish speaker or a native Polish speaker, you still might find this test challenging! Polish is a West Slavic language spoken primarily in Poland and is the native language of the Poles. It belongs to the Lechitic subgroup of the West Slavic languages. Polish is the official language of Poland, but it is also used throughout the world by Polish minorities in other countries. It is one of the official languages of the European Union. Chinese | English | Japanese | Korean French | German | Spanish | Portuguese Russian | Dutch | Italian | Polish | Thai Bahasa Indonesian | Czech | Arabic | Turkish Danish | Finnish | Norwegian | Swedish

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This preview shows page 1. Sign up to view the full content. Unformatted text preview: (When giving a value for one variable, you could start with 0, then try 1, and so on.) Then graph the solutions. Example 1 Graph the equation x + y = 6. Using a simple chart is helpful. x y 0 6 1 5 2 4... View Full Document This note was uploaded on 11/09/2011 for the course MATH 1310 taught by Professor Staff during the Fall '07 term at Texas State. - Fall '07

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The fifth-century mosaics of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome represent the oldest surviving program of mosaic decoration in a Christian church. Its political context includes the steady drain of political authority and power to the Eastern empire from the early fourth century forward, the proscription of paganism at the end of the fourth century, and the massively disruptive Sack of Rome by Alaric in 410 CE. In the vacuum of political power in the West, the papacy under Sixtus III made a strong claim for a new basis of Roman power—the religious primacy of the city of Peter and Paul under papal leadership. The building and decoration of Santa Maria Maggiore played an important role in the consolidation and public announcement of papal power. Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation's collection.

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Why would I plant prairie strips on my farm? Prairie strips are a new conservation practice that deliver enormous soil, water and nutrient benefits while increasing wildlife habitat. Prairie strips: - Were developed as a result of scientific experiments, - Are different from existing practices such as grassed waterways or buffers of nonnative plantings; and - Are compatible with existing federal, state, and other cost-share programs so farmers who implement them can recoup some of their costs, estimated at about $28 to $39 per protected crop acre. Results from more than eight years of trials showed that converting just 10 percent of a crop field to prairie strips could result in reduction of 95 percent of the sediment, 90 percent of the phosphorus and 84 percent of the nitrogen from overland flow of surface water. The experimental sites were not tile drained and all systems used no-till. The conservation story: Soil, nutrient and water conservation are critical components of any cropping system. Existing rates of soil and nutrient loss within the U.S. Corn Belt are known to be high and are likely to affect crop yield potential in the future, if not today. Deep-rooted perennial plants, like the species found in prairies native to the Corn Belt region, help retain soil and nutrients and promote rainfall infiltration into soil. - Recent research work conducted in Iowa at the Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge indicates that large soil, nutrient and water conservation benefits can be obtained by planting native prairie species in crop fields as STRIPS on the contour and buffers at the base of a slope. - In addition to reducing water runoff and soil erosion from crop fields, prairie strips can provide habitat to support native animal populations, including birds and beneficial insects that serve as pollinators and enemies of crop pests. The conservation benefits of prairie strips tend to be much greater than the amount of cropland they occupy. Research results: We’ve documented the following findings through research at Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge between 2007 and 2014. Strategically adding about 10 percent prairie to row-cropped watersheds managed on a soy-corn rotation using no-till soil management techniques resulted in: - 44 percent reduction in water runoff - 95 percent reduction in soil loss - 90 percent reduction in P runoff - 84 percent reduction in N runoff - No difference in per acre corn and soybean yields - No difference in weed abundance - Reduced emissions of heat-trapping gases, especially nitrous oxide - Potentially improved beneficial insects and wildlife All of these findings have been documented in peer-reviewed scientific publications. You can find the full citation for these by visiting the STRIPS team's Publications page. Our work at the refuge is on going and now we are also conducting research on commercial farms across Iowa, so stay tuned! Testimonials from farmers and farmland owners provide some of the best advertisement for prairie strips as a conservation option. You can listen to testimonials from our collaborators in this movie or read a few here.

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File Name: hare ethical theory and utilitarianism .zip It was he who made the Utilitarian principle serve as the basis for a unified and comprehensive ethical system that applies, in theory at least, to every area of life. Never before had a complete, detailed system of ethics been so consistently constructed from a single fundamental ethical principle. He never thought that the aim of Utilitarianism was to explain or justify ordinary moral views; it was, rather, to reform them. Hare's preference utilitarianism: an overview and critique. Doutor em Filosofia pela Unicamp. Email: mauro. My purpose in this paper is to summarize some aspects of utilitarianism and to provide a general overview of Hare's preference utilitarianism, followed by a critique of Hare's preference theory. Two-level utilitarianism is a utilitarian theory of ethics developed by R. Consequentialists believe that an action is right if it produces the best possible state of affairs. Two-level utilitarianism is virtually a synthesis of the opposing doctrines of act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism states that in all cases the morally right action is the one which produces the most happiness, whereas rule utilitarianism states that the morally right action is the one that is in accordance with a moral rule whose general observance would create the most happiness. In terms of two-level utilitarianism, act utilitarianism can be likened to the 'critical' level of moral thinking, while rule utilitarianism can be likened to the 'intuitive' level. Utilitarianism is a type of consequentialist ethical theory. Its opening is striking:. I had a strange dream, or half-waking vision, not long ago. But as I was preening myself on this achievement, the mist began to clear, and I saw that I was surrounded on the mountain top by the graves of all those other philosophers, great and small, who had had the same ambition, and thought they had achieved it. And I have come to see, reflecting on my dream, that, ever since, the hard-working philosophical worms had been nibbling away at their systems and showing that the achievement was an illusion. Yet his imagination could also be less modest: a gaggle of moral philosophers is trapped beneath the earth in a smoke-filled chamber; they talk at cross purposes, and refuse to take the way out into the open air that he alone has discovered. It was his ambition to have united elements from Aristotle, Kant, and Mill in a logically cogent way that solved the fundamental problems of ethics though leaving unfinished business , and he usually believed himself to have achieved this. Most users should sign in with their email address. If you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in. To purchase short term access, please sign in to your Oxford Academic account above. Don't already have an Oxford Academic account? Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. 1 - Ethical theory and utilitarianism. By R. M. Hare. Edited by Amartya Sen, Bernard Williams; Publisher: Cambridge University Press; DOI. Hare , was an English moral philosopher who held the post of White's Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Oxford from until He subsequently taught for a number of years at the University of Florida. His meta-ethical theories were influential during the second half of the twentieth century. Hare is best known for his development of prescriptivism as a meta-ethical theory, the analysis of formal features of moral discourse justifying preference utilitarianism. Richard Hare was born in Backwell , Somerset. Hare , was an English moral philosopher who held the post of White's Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Oxford from until He subsequently taught for a number of years at the University of Florida. His meta-ethical theories were influential during the second half of the twentieth century. Hare is best known for his development of prescriptivism as a meta-ethical theory, the analysis of formal features of moral discourse justifying preference utilitarianism. Если искомый пароль содержал десять знаков, то компьютер программировался так, чтобы перебирать все комбинации от 0000000000 до 9999999999, и рано или поздно находил нужное сочетание цифр. Этот метод проб и ошибок был известен как применение грубой силы. На это уходило много времени, но математически гарантировало успех. Джабба нахмурился. - Мы это уже обсудили. Забыла. - Там проблема с электричеством. - Я не электрик. Какой-то турист. - Вы уверены. - Туризм - моя профессия! - отрезал Клушар. - Я их сразу узнаю. Он гулял в парке с подружкой. Беккер понял, что с каждой минутой дело все больше запутывается. - С подружкой. В этот момент Сьюзан поймала себя на том, что готова взвалить на Хейла вину за все свои неприятности. За Цифровую крепость, волнения из-за Дэвида, зато, что не поехала в Смоуки-Маунтинс, - хотя он был ко всему этому не причастен. Единственная его вина заключалась в том, что она испытывала к нему неприязнь. Сьюзан важно было ощущать свое старшинство. В ее обязанности в качестве главного криптографа входило поддерживать в шифровалке мирную атмосферу - воспитывать. Особенно таких, как Хейл, - зеленых и наивных. Gre premier 2016 with 6 practice tests pdf ccsp all in one exam guide pdfFilomeno A. 22.05.2021 at 01:39 It is often thought that some version of what is generally called the publicity condition is a reasonable requirement to impose on moral theories.

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Subsea Cloud decided to use a very simple method to remove a large amount of heat from the data centres. Instead of placing them on land, they will be placed under the oceans. The idea sounds almost simple. However, according to the founders of the launch, this ocean cooling system saves a lot of energy. "We reduce energy consumption and emissions by 40%," they say on their website. By sinking data processing centres, otherwise called "date centres", into the ocean, entrepreneurs use the natural cooling power of seawater. Other projects of this type have already been established around the world, but the process is not very advanced. This is due to the fact that data processing centres are devices that generate a lot of heat. In concrete terms, they are a network of computers and computer storage facilities. They are used very often: websites, applications and companies that have to process a lot of data. In fact, they are part of our daily lives: even when you send a simple e-mail, depending on the e-mail service you use, they are likely to be stored in a data centre. But complex cooling systems in these data processing centres account for a large part of the energy they consume. By sinking them into the ocean, Subsea Cloud hopes to reduce both the economic and environmental costs associated with these data monsters. "The construction and extension of cables on land are not available in the underwater environment, which further reduces costs." For this purpose, the company has developed "capsules" to store servers. These capsules are about the size of a sea container, and each of them can contain 16 series of servers, equivalent to 800 computers. The capsules are modular, meaning that several capsules, up to hundreds, can be collected to create very large data centres. Specifically, these modules are loaded into a liquid similar to mineral oil, which is non-conductive; the excess heat is transferred to this liquid and then to the walls of the module, which are themselves in direct contact with seawater; thus, the heat is dispersed in the ocean without the need for an electric cooling system or any special products. However, the fact that all this heat is scattered in the water may cause doubts about its safety for underwater life. On the other hand, the launcher argues that each module placed in the water can prevent up to 750 tons of carbon per year. They believe that this has a positive effect on global warming, despite its thermal footprint in the oceans. "Our heat footprint is small because of the heat content of liquids. We are always open to cooperation with environmental groups to gain their confidence and to prove our benefits to the environment and the planet." The first test of the project was carried out at a depth of 3,000 metres; the infrastructure does not have to be located at this depth, but the idea was to prove the strength and reliability of the device. In Washington, U.S.A., the module was also loaded to a depth of nine metres. The project includes about 100 modules that will perform routine operations: data storage and computation. Two other projects are planned: one in the Gulf of Mexico and one in the North Sea.

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Robust Decision Making Robust Decision Making Robust Decision Making (RDM) is a widely used approach for Decisionmaking Under Deep Uncertainty (DMDU). Originally developed at the RAND Corporation, RDM asks “How can we make good decisions without first needing to make predictions?” See RAND’s Center for Decision Making Under Uncertainty for additional RDM information and a curated set of studies. RDM is perhaps best explained by contrast. Traditional planning approaches begin with the question “What will future conditions be?” and then identify a strategy or plan that will perform best for that prediction (see Figure 1). Analysts focus on making accurate predictions and optimizing to that future. They might use sensitivity analyses to identify weaknesses in their strategy. These approaches work well when conditions can be easily predicted and there is little disagreement among stakeholders. The real world is almost never like this. For most real policy problems, the future is deeply uncertain and stakeholders do not agree on what it will look like, how policy options will perform in it, or how to value different aspects of performance. When applied to real-world problems, traditional approaches lead to gridlock (when stakeholders cannot agree on the assumptions in an analysis) and brittle solutions (when the future unfolds differently than predicted and the chosen solution fails). Worse still, traditional approaches encourage stakeholders to advocate for assumptions that they know will lead to the strategy or policy that they already prefer. In sum, traditional approaches encourage the kinds of cognitive biases that stymie collaborative, evidence-based decisionmaking. When should you use such DMDU methods as RDM? DMDU methods, such as RDM, are appropriate for problems that involve deep uncertainty (Lempert, Popper, and Bankes, 2003, p. 208). These are problems in which the parties to a decision do not know or cannot agree on - the system model that relates action to consequences. For example, water resource managers might disagree about whether model A or model B is a better representation of the impact of drought on crop yield and irrigation. - the probability distributions to place over the inputs to these models. For example, there is much uncertainty about how climate change will affect precipitation and temperature in any particular area. - the value of outcomes. Decisionmakers and stakeholders might disagree about the value of protecting endangered species relative to the value of irrigating crop land, or they might have different preferences between an approach that increases water supply and an approach that decreases demand. In general, real-world planning problems always involve deep uncertainties because they involve complex and dynamic human and environmental systems for which simple models, reliable predictions, and consensus on values are scarce. DMDU in general—and RDM specifically—seeks to overcome these failures by focusing stakeholders’ attention on the characteristics of their policy options and not on predictions of the future. RDM asks a different set of questions entirely, such as the following: - What are the conditions that would affect how our current or leading strategies perform? - Under what conditions does our strategy fail to meet different stakeholders’ goals? - Are those conditions sufficiently plausible that we should improve on our strategy? - What are the decisions that we have to make now, and which ones can we safely defer for the future? RDM asks and answers these questions in an iterative process of “deliberation with analysis” (National Research Council, 2009). That is, stakeholder deliberation informs the kinds of analysis that are needed to answer key questions about the policy problem, and the analysis provides information over which stakeholders deliberate. This kind of approach is critical for solving complex and deeply uncertain real-world policy problems. The following sections describe the steps of an RDM study, which are depicted in Figure 2, and use a running water resource planning vignette to illustrate those steps. RDM Step: Decision Framing Although RDM is iterative, most analyses begin with decision framing, a deliberation step in which stakeholders develop a shared understanding of the problem they are trying to solve, the information they need to do so, and the analysis that will get them that information. The four key elements of an RDM analysis are summarized in a two-by-two matrix, called an XLRM matrix and introduced by Lempert, Popper, and Bankes, 2003 (see Table 1). Table 1. XLRM Matrix and Definitions for the Decision Framing RDM Step |(X) Uncertainties||(L) Policy Levers or Strategies| |(R) Models or Relationships||(M) Performance Metrics or Measures| As the steps of the RDM analysis progress, the stakeholders might refine the decision framing, for example by developing new strategies, evaluating the implications of new uncertainties or focusing on certain portions of the uncertainty space, and adding or refining metrics. Consider a long-term planning effort by a small water utility whose raw water supply comes from a river intake that fills its supply reservoir (see Table 2). Through a participatory scoping exercise, the utility concluded that it wants to achieve a safe yield, which it defines as raw water storage above 75 percent of capacity for 90 percent or more of the time. The utility has a water systems model to simulate daily demand and supply and track water storage in its system. The utility is concerned about how climate change might affect its system, how future demand might evolve, and what impact potentially new wholesale customers might have. Specifically, the utility has been provided ten climate change projections by its university partner that all suggest warming, but with a range of precipitation changes to wetter and drier conditions. The utility also has developed projections of future demand from a growing population, ranging from a low of 75 million to a high of 120 million gallons per day (mgd). The possibility of new wholesale customers is characterized by the size of the potential contract as large, medium, or small. There is disagreement among stakeholders about the likelihood of the future contract sizes. Table 2. Example of XLRM Matrix for RDM |(X) Uncertainties||(L) Policy Levers or Strategies| |(R) Models or Relationships||(M) Performance Metrics or Measures| RDM Step: Evaluate Strategies Across Futures The next step of RDM is an analytical one in which the decision framework is executed, i.e., the models (R) are run over the strategies (L) and uncertainties (X) to output the performance of each strategy according to the metrics (M). The uncertainties are sampled to create a set of futures, where one future reflects a specific assumption for each uncertainty. There might be hundreds or thousands of futures necessary to capture combinations of uncertainties across a large uncertainty space. Then, each strategy is evaluated in each of those futures. The result is typically a database of cases, where each case is the performance of a single strategy in a single future. The database often contains thousands of runs, depending on the number of strategies and the number of futures. There is no single correct number of futures to develop or number of strategies to evaluate. In general, the greater the number of independent uncertainties, the more futures a study should evaluate to sufficiently explore the uncertainty space. With modern computers, computing clusters, and the cloud, computing time might not necessarily be a limiting factor, and it is common to evaluate hundreds to thousands of futures in an RDM study. In some cases, an RDM analysis might use previously developed projections of various parameters. As an example, the Colorado River Basin Case Study evaluated thousands of previously developed sequences of future hydrology derived from historical data, paleo records, and future global climate model projections. In other cases, a sampling strategy would be developed to explore as efficiently as possible across many uncertain parameters. It is common to use a Latin hypercube sampling approach when uncertainties are single factors, as opposed to transient time series. Several of the case studies discussed in this tool illustrate some of the benefits and costs of evaluating only a small set of futures. In our example, the utility developed an experimental design to evaluate a wide range of futures using its systems model. It developed 20 futures that uniformly sample across the ten climate projections, projections of future customer demand between 75 mgd and 120 mgd, and three sizes of possible wholesale contracts (small, medium, or large). (For simplicity, we have intentionally left the meaning of these contract sizes undefined.) The utility evaluated the performance of its existing system across these 20 futures and calculated the key performance metric (safe yield) for each future. The utility also had been considering an adaptation strategy focused on efficiency. It evaluated that strategy under the same futures. The cost of the strategy was the same across all futures because it relied on the same set of actions, regardless of future conditions. This information was compiled into a spreadsheet that is summarized in Visualization 1. As an example, Future 1 included a projection of total demand of 103 mgd, climate projection 7 (warmer and drier), and moderate expansion of the wholesale customer base. For that future, the safe yield for the baseline strategy was calculated to be 78 percent. Visualization 1. Example of Experimental Design and Metric Outcomes for RDM RDM Step: Vulnerability Analysis A vulnerability analysis asks, “Under which sets of uncertain conditions does each strategy fail to meet stakeholder goals?” In our water utility example, a strategy fails in any future in which the safe yield is below 90 percent. Although it is tempting to count the number of futures in which each strategy is successful, the database is meant to explore uncertainties and not predict which ones are likely. Therefore, probabilistic interpretations of the database should generally be avoided. Instead, analysts ask, “In what kinds of futures does a particular strategy fail?” Because of its thousands of cases involving dozens of strategies, uncertainties, and metrics, this kind of eyeball analysis is often impossible. Instead, advanced data-mining techniques can help. Such methods as the Patient Rule Induction Method (PRIM) help find simple explanations for the conditions in which policies fail or succeed. The basic approach of PRIM and similar methods is to distill the large amount of data generated in the evaluate strategies across futures step of the RDM framework down to the most-relevant information for decisionmakers and stakeholders. This requires not only identifying conditions that lead to vulnerabilities but also ensuring that they are easily interpretable. Usually, the smaller the number of conditions used to describe a strategy’s vulnerability, the higher the interpretability is. A more thorough discussion of PRIM and scenario discovery is available in the Frequently Asked Questions section. Figure 3 shows the result of each future with respect to each of the uncertain factors; the climate projections are on the horizontal axis, water demand estimates are on the vertical axis, and the size of the symbol indicates the wholesale type. The value under each mark is the safe yield result for that combination of factors. Using PRIM, the utility then identified the conditions in which its baseline strategy is vulnerable. In this case, the utility defined them as - demand ≥ 95 mgd - climate projection: 6–10 (warmer and drier projections) - wholesale type: medium or large. This vulnerability is identified by a box in Figure 3. An objective of RDM is to identify strategies that perform better across the uncertainties. So, the utility further identified the conditions in which the proposed adaptation strategy is vulnerable as - demand ≥ 100 mgd - climate projection: 8–10 (warmer and drier projections). Note that only two conditions—demand at 100 mgd or higher and climate projections 8–10—are needed to summarize the vulnerability of the adaptation strategy (see Figure 4). RDM Step: Trade-Off Analysis The next step in RDM is deliberative. No strategy is likely to be optimal across all performance measures. In the above example, the adaptation strategy is more robust than the baseline strategy, allowing the utility to meet its goals under higher demands and worse climate conditions than the baseline. It is also more than 150 percent more costly. In some cases, stakeholders might be willing to trade off cost for robustness or vice versa. If stakeholders find a strategy that makes an acceptable trade-off between different performance measures across a wide enough range of futures, then they might choose that option as a sufficiently robust strategy and end the RDM exercise. This notion of a sufficiently robust strategy depends on stakeholders’ subjective views about what kinds of futures are plausible and how much they must be protected against. However, a conversation about what the future could hold and what range of possibilities can and should be planned for is fundamentally different from and potentially more productive and transparent than one focused on trying to predict the future. RDM Step: New Futures and Strategies Often a single iteration of RDM might not yield a sufficiently robust solution, or it might reveal new opportunities for policies or information. For example, the initial case-generation and vulnerability analysis in the evaluate strategies across futures and vulnerability analysis steps might reveal futures of particular interest to the choice of strategy, which are explored in greater detail through new futures. These futures can be analyzed and the process can continue until the parties to the decision reach an acceptable solution. Guidance on How Best to Apply DMDU The commentary in this section is drawn from and adapts content in Lempert, Popper, et al., 2013. Simplified approaches, such as scenario planning, are often a useful step toward a full DMDU analysis. Because analysts, stakeholders, and decisionmakers often are familiar with scenario-based efforts, such efforts can be useful in building and engaging participants in an analytical process that embraces uncertainty. In particular, these approaches help analysts and stakeholders explore answers to the question, “What might happen in our basin?” Examining a handful of diverse cases is a useful way to challenge prior assumptions, especially if the default approach has been to make single predictions of the future. However, simplified approaches have important limitations. They have limited utility in answering the question, “What should we do in our basin to achieve our goals?” This is because decisionmakers do not know which of the handful of scenarios will come to pass; indeed, none might come to pass, because the scenarios often are chosen to defy predictions and illustrate surprise. And, as the trade-off analysis and new futures and strategies steps of the RDM framework illustrate, the uncertain conditions encapsulated by the scenarios are often too sparse to provide bottom-line conclusions about the strengths and weaknesses of strategies that would be necessary to make tough decisions about which strategy to choose in the near term. This is where stronger DMDU techniques can help. They use the same models and analytical tools as simplified approaches, but they use them differently. In a simpler approach, much emphasis is placed on crafting the scenarios or storylines, because there can be only a few. This can be seen in the intensive process in which the Pecos River–New Mexico Basin Study team engaged to choose their diverse storylines from among 930 potential futures. In the end, however, stakeholders must select strategies, not scenarios. In contrast, DMDU approaches move the analytical effort away from crafting scenarios and toward understanding strategies. This is done by running models over all of the futures—i.e., the 930 plausible futures from which the five storylines were chosen—and then using advanced computational tools to analyze the results. The analysis of the database of cases once again reveals a handful of scenarios. Critically, these scenarios are different: They describe the decision-relevant strengths and weaknesses of the strategies, not characteristics of the future. Therefore, these scenarios offer the kind of analytical insights that stakeholders need to make trade-offs and, ultimately, make choices around their options. The transition to full DMDU analyses does raise potential data, computational, and other technical challenges, which can be overcome in many cases. One potential implementation barrier is that DMDU analyses require more computer processor time than a traditional approach because DMDU analyses conduct hundreds to thousands of runs; they also require more computer storage to save the results. In practice, these are not significant constraints given the widespread availability of cloud computing resources, but using these resources requires some training and incurs some cost. Configuring a model to run over hundreds to thousands of cases often represents the greater challenge. For instance, complex models might have an input file structure or a graphical user interface that makes automation difficult. Analysts might need to be retrained and rework the model to enable batch runs. Fortunately, this software and training proves to be a sound investment because it is generally useful for a variety of analyses. Finally, perhaps DMDU’s most-significant implementation challenges arise because it represents a new way of thinking about how near-term actions can best manage future risks. Analysts are generally trained in predictive thinking, and the decisionmakers they inform often expect predictive quantitative information. Simpler methods move from traditional questions about what will happen to questions about what might happen. This is an important step. DMDU goes further and enables analysts and decisionmakers to be decision-oriented by asking, “What should we do today to most effectively manage the full range of events that might happen?” Using DMDU requires training for analysts and a path by which organizations become comfortable using new and more-effective types of quantitative information. Frequently Asked Questions How does sampling in RDM differ from probabilistic or scenario-based approaches? Traditional scenario planning and probabilistic planning use samples to describe what the future will bring. RDM uses samples in a fundamentally different way. The samples are used iteratively to stress-test strategies across a wide range of possible future conditions without making judgments about whether one future is more likely than any other. Thus, analysts sample uniformly across the range of plausible values to ensure that all viewpoints about the future are represented but are not judging whether one sample is more likely than another. Figure 5 shows this difference. The top pane shows an assumed likelihood distribution for a hypothetical uncertain factor (blue curve). A Monte Carlo probabilistic sampling approach would sample proportionally to a specified likelihood distribution. For the illustrative case shown in the figure, more samples (11) are taken from the left half of the distribution, reflecting the higher assessed likelihoods for that portion of the uncertain factor range. In contrast, only five samples are taken from the right half of the factor range. Because the derived weights will influence the results of the analysis, there must be agreement on the shape of the distribution. In many cases, discussions about the nature of these distributions can take a significant amount of time and even jeopardize the acceptance of the analysis by diverse groups. The bottom panel shows the sampling across the same factor range for a traditional scenario approach (green, short-dashed lines) and an RDM sampling approach (purple, longer-dashed lines). Note that the traditional scenario approach generally uses a small number of samples, which might or might not be uniformly distributed across the range. Similar to the probabilistic approach, a traditional scenario approach requires important decisions to be made about what values to specify for the small number of scenarios. This also can be contentious because individual stakeholders might advocate for the analysis of those scenarios that they believe will justify their preferred strategy. How do we know when PRIM or other techniques have found the right conditions to describe a vulnerability? In our earlier water utility example, the conditions that define the baseline vulnerability did not perfectly capture when the baseline strategy met or failed to meet decisionmakers’ goals. In particular, there are two futures in which the vulnerable conditions did not hold and yet the baseline strategy did not meet stakeholder goals. (These are the two red X’s outside the red box in Figure 3). To capture these futures, a more expansive set of conditions could be used. One might identify the conditions in which the baseline strategy is vulnerable as - demand ≥ 80 mgd - climate projection: 4–10 (warmer and drier projections) - wholesale type: medium or large. This is shown in Figure 6. However, these sets of conditions also apply to futures in which the baseline strategy does meet stakeholder goals. (These are the green circles inside the box in Figure 6.) There are no “correct” definitions of vulnerable conditions, and there is a natural tension between how broad or how narrow the definitions should be. How useful a particular definition is can be measured with the following three characteristics: - coverage: What percentage of futures in which a strategy fails are described by the vulnerable scenario? Ideally, the vulnerability would contain all such cases in the database and coverage would be 100 percent. - density: What percentage of futures in the vulnerable scenario are ones in which the strategy fails? Ideally, all of the cases within the vulnerability would be failures and density would be 100 percent. - interpretability: How easy is it for users to understand the vulnerable scenarios? The number of uncertainties used to define the scenario serves as a proxy for interpretability. In general, the smaller the number of uncertainties used, the higher the interpretability is. Ideally, all of the futures captured in a set of vulnerable conditions would not meet agency goals (i.e., 100-percent density), and the vulnerable conditions would describe all of the futures that do not meet agency goals (i.e., 100-percent coverage). However, this is rarely the case. The first set of conditions in the above example had higher density and lower coverage, while the second set of conditions had lower density but higher coverage. One additional approach to negotiate between coverage and density is to define multiple sets of conditions. For example, in addition to the original set of conditions, decisionmakers might say that the baseline system is vulnerable if demand is higher than 110 mgd and the climate projection is between 4 and 5. This second set of conditions would capture one of the vulnerable cases that was not captured by the original scenario. Together, these two sets of conditions would have higher density and higher coverage, but they would be less interpretable: There are now several conditions for stakeholders to track, which makes it difficult to intuit how the baseline performs. How do PRIM and other techniques find vulnerable scenarios? When there are more than two uncertainty variables, it is difficult to identify vulnerable scenarios through inspection. PRIM can be used to define vulnerable scenarios. PRIM was first used in a DMDU study to identify the vulnerabilities of long-term policies. This specific approach was later more formally described and compared with other methods and continues to be widely used because of ease of use and freely available software in R and Python and because it defines easily interpretable scenarios. PRIM and other analytic scenario-discovery tools are used to (1) identify which uncertainties or characterizations of uncertainty are most important in determining future conditions to which a system is vulnerable and (2) define a concise set of rules that describe the range of uncertainty. These tools are most valuable when there is a large number of evaluations of the future to analyze. Specifically, PRIM iteratively identifies “boxes,” which are defined by the included range of different input variables that balance coverage, density, and interpretability. The Colorado River Basin Case Study provides an interactive tool that illustrates how PRIM works. There are other algorithms that can be used to support scenario discovery. Dimensional stacking, for example, is described in Chapter 7 of Marchau et al., 2019, and the C5.0 algorithm is used in the Monterrey, Mexico, Case Study to define adaptive strategies based on the identified vulnerabilities.

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The above image is of a baby suffering from Prune belly or Eagle-Barrett syndrome (PBS), which is a congenital defect with a rare incidence of 1 in 40,000 live births. It has a male predisposition. Prune belly syndrome is best characterized by a triad of clinical features: ● Abdominal muscle deficiency, exhibiting as the wrinkled abdominal skin ● Severe urinary tract abnormalities ● Bilateral cryptorchidism in males (undescended testicles) Although PBS is defined by the clinical triad, its features are not limited to the triad. It may have variable effects on the cardiac, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems, making it a multisystem disorder. Why is it called ‘Prune belly’ syndrome? The picture of the baby’s abdomen is the answer to this question! It is named after the wrinkled abdominal skin in the neonates which is due to the abnormality of the abdominal musculature. Beyond childhood, the abdomen acquires a smooth potbelly appearance, owing to the lack of abdominal muscles. PBS is both sporadic and familial. The former is more common. PBS has some associations with chromosomal anomalies, particularly with trisomy 21. The exact mechanism behind this syndrome remains unknown. Theories and observations suggest a role of urological obstruction in the baby during prenatal life which leads to a high-pressure system, dislocating the ureters and affecting the kidneys (renal dysplasia may be seen). The overdistended bladder may hamper the descent of the testis and the developmental process of the abdominal wall muscles. The symptoms and outcome of the PBS depend upon the severity of the urological anomalies. If the urinary obstruction is severe, oligohydramnios ensues, which may lead to potter sequence i.e. pulmonary hypoplasia, dysmorphic facies, limb hypoplasia, etc. The severity determines the effects on the kidneys, consequently, it can lead to intrauterine death or stillbirth. Some babies may survive enough to see the light of the world, only to eventually succumb to death a few months after birth. For the surviving babies, the clinical features may immensely vary according to the graveness of the disease. Other than the triad, the patient may - – have a bulge in the lower abdomen due to distended bladder. - – have poor cough mechanism - – have constipation - – have visible impressions of intestines through the skin of the belly as the abdominal muscles are absent. - – have empty scrotum (no testes in baby boys). - – have difficulty sitting upright or walking. - – have a higher chance of urinary tract infections (UTIs). - – have other congenital malformations. PBS is usually a pre-natal diagnosis, visible around 12 weeks of gestation. Sometimes the features may remain obscured till the later quarter of the pregnancy. After birth, the baby should undergo renal and bladder ultrasound, Contrast voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) to detect the presence and grade of the vesicoureteral reflux. Other tests include an intravenous pyelogram (IVP), renal scans and blood tests. Tests to scan other systems for potential involvement may be necessary. Management is largely dependent upon the severity, acuteness, and defects that are present. Supportive treatment, antibiotics, surgical repair of the urinary tract abnormalities, closure of the abdominal wall, and correction of cryptorchidism are the management goals that are achieved by a multidisciplinary team in gradual steps. Food for thought: If one sibling has PBS, does it increase the chances in other siblings? PBS is genetic. If one child has PBS, the chances are higher than normal in the siblings of the affected child. Israel Franco, M. F. (2020, January 17). Prune Belly Syndrome. Retrieved from Medscape: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/447619-overview Manfred Wallner, M. K. (2019, October 30). Prune-belly syndrome. Retrieved from UpToDate: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/prune-belly-syndrome?search=prune%20belly%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~19&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 professional07/08/2016., C. C. (2016, 08 07). Prune Belly Syndrome. Retrieved from Cleveland Clinic: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16231-prune-belly-syndrome Tagore, K. R., Ramineni, A. K., Vijaya Lakshmi, A. R., & N, B. (2011). Prune belly syndrome. Case reports in pediatrics, 2011, 121736. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/121736 Seidel NE, Arlen AM, Smith EA, Kirsch AJ. Clinical manifestations and management of prune-belly syndrome in a large contemporary pediatric population. Urology. 2015 Jan. 85 (1):211-5. Prune Belly Syndrome. National Organization for Rare Disorders. Available at https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/prune-belly-syndrome/. Accessed: January 10, 2017.

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Light - Reflection - Illusion Return to Physics Index George Brydie Edward White School 1136 W. 122nd St. Chicago IL 60643 1. The student will understand The Law of Reflection in practical application as it applies to a plane mirror. 2. The student will understand that a distance of an object in front of a mirror is equal to the distance of that object behind the mirror. - Introduce lesson with Phenomenological Floatation Illusion and Magic Box - Students investigate five stations which illustrates the Law of Reflection - Group analysis of data with explanation and use of overhead - Group Activity - Making of magic box Material--Mirror 36" x 52" --chair--curtain Discuss with the students about floating like Michael Jordon -- Inform them you have mastered the art of floatation. Stand on chair, jump down over mirror (straddle it). Remember that you are perpendicular to the audience. Have the assistants pull back the curtain. Lift your leg closest the students. To them it will seems as if you are floating but what you are doing is standing on the leg behind the mirror. Float for a few seconds-let yourself down- have assistants close curtain. Magic Box Illusion Material--Box 18" x 24" x 10" with top--contact paper to cover the box-- cardboard flap which will fit diagonally in the box--Mirror or Metallic polyester (enough to cover flap)--Cut window in front of box approximately 15" x Procedure - Attach mirror to flap and place flap diagonally in box - This gives the image of an empty box. Place an object (rabbit) behind flap - Explain to your students that the box is empty - put hand inside - remove top - pull out STATIONS OF INVESTIGATION Station 1 How High To Place the Mirror Procedure - Pose the students with the question "How high do I have to hang the mirror in order to see all of myself including my shoes?" Two students hold the mirror against the wall - a third student looks at himself in the mirror, and a fourth measures the maximum height of the mirror off the floor. Attach the mirror at that height and let all the students see themselves in the mirror. Questions to be answered 1. Does the distance from where you stand to the mirror affect the image of yourself in the mirror? 2. Would a shorter person have to move the mirror in order to see his feet? 3. Can you draw the path of light rays that you see coming from your feet? Because the image of a person is exactly the same distance behind the mirror, the height of the mirror to the floor is always 1/2 of the person's height (the angle of incident is equal to the angle of reflection.) Station 2 Funny Reflections Materials--Unframed square or rectangle mirror Procedure - Write the following words in large even capital letters CHEEK, BIKE, DECIDE, BOX, CHICK, CHOKE, BOOK) cut each in half. Place mirror vertically against the paper. Questions - Will this work with all printed words? Which letter, when cut in half will appear whole? Strategy - The image in the mirror shows that all images are actually found behind the mirror. Station 3 Look at Yourself as Other See You Material--Two square or rectangular mirrors without frames Procedure - Have one student stand the two mirror perpendicular to each other. Student observation. Place mirrors in one plane. Make Observations. Questions - 1. Why did the left hand appear on the right in the perpendicular mirror? 2. How do light rays travel from the object to mirror and back to the observe's eye? 3. What happened to your image when the mirrors were Conclusion - The light ray of the object (which is yourself) are reflected in 90 degree angles from one mirror to the other and then back to the eye. In a regular straight mirror, the rays bounce right back to the eye. Station 4 The Cool Candle Flame Materials--Rectangular piece of window glass and two identical candles Procedure - 1. Mount the glass vertically between bricks or books. 2. Fix one candle in front of the glass sheet. 3. Fix the second candle an equal distance in back of the glass sheet. Light only the first candle. Align the second so that the flame of the first seems to be atop the second (if looking from the Questions - 1. Why can you hold your hand above the second candle? 2. What is the distance of the first candle to the glass? What is the distance of the second candle to the glass? Compare the distances. Conclusion - This shows that the image of an object in a mirror is located behind the mirror, exactly the same distance from the mirror as the object is in front of it. Station 5 Pong Video Game Material--pong Video Game and television Procedure - Play the game - record the winner Questions - Who won? Why? Strategy - Just as the tennis ball is reflected off a wall-a narrow beam of light is reflected from a mirror (the angle of incident is equal to the angle of Note: Patterns for Magic Box may be obtain at The Museum of Science and Industry or call me at school and I will send you a copy.

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Interestingly, John Connolly, the Nixon-installed Treasury Secretary who did not have formal economics training, later declared personal bankruptcy. Yet these unusually bad economic times were preceded by a period in which the economy boomed, or appeared to boom. Many Americans were awed by the temporarily low unemployment and strong growth numbers of Therefore, they overwhelmingly re-elected their republican president, Richard Nixon, and their democratic Congress, in ; Nixon, the Congress, and the Federal Reserve failed them. Congress, despite some protests, went along with Nixon and continued to fund the war and increased social welfare spending. In , for example, both Congress and Nixon agreed to a big expansion of Social Security, just in time for the elections. Nixon came to office as a supposed fiscal conservative. Still, one of his advisors would later classify Nixonomics as "conservative men with liberal ideas," Stein, Nixon ran budget deficits, supported an incomes policy and eventually announced that he was a Keynesian. John Maynard Keynes was an influential British economist of the s and s. He had advocated revolutionary measures: governments should use countercyclical policies in hard times, running deficits in recessions and depressions. Nixon's other economic about-face was imposing wage and price controls in Again, they seemed to work during the following election year. Later on, however, they would fuel the fires of double-digit inflation. Once they were removed, individuals and business tried to make up for lost ground. Nixon's deficits were also making dollar-holders abroad nervous. There was a run on the dollar, which many foreigners and Americans thought was overvalued. Soon they were proved right. In , Nixon broke the last link to gold, turning the American dollar into a fiat currency. The dollar was devalued, and millions of foreigners holding dollars, including Arab oil barons with tens of millions of petrodollars , saw the value of dollars slashed. Still, President Nixon's primary concern was not dollar holders or deficits or even inflation. He feared another recession. He and others that were running for re-election wanted the economy to boom. The way to do that, Nixon reasoned, was to pressure the Fed for low interest rates. Neoliberalism: Political Success, Economic Failure Although the Fed is supposed to be solely dedicated to money creation policies that promote growth without excessive inflation, Burns was quickly taught the political facts of life. Nixon wanted cheap money : low-interest rates that would promote growth in the short-term and make the economy seem strong as voters were casting ballots. In public and private Nixon turned the pressure on Burns. Burns, and the Fed's Open Market Committee which decided on money creation policies, soon provided cheap money. It worked in the short term. Nixon carried 49 out of 50 states in the election. Democrats easily held Congress. Inflation was in the low single digits, but there was a price to pay in higher inflation after all the election year champagne was guzzled. In the winters of and , Burns began to worry about inflation. In , inflation more than doubled to 8. Was the United States about to become a Weimar Republic? Postelection analyses show that concerns about immigration largely drove the Brexit referendum, the U. In government, the media, and major metropolitan areas, technological change has spurred the growth and consolidation of an education-based meritocracy, giving rise to new class divisions. For citizens with less formal education, particularly those in rural areas and smaller towns, the dominance of this new elite has led to feelings of marginalization. Too often, individuals who have prospered in this meritocracy are seen as harboring a sense of superiority to their fellow citizens. Denying the equal dignity and worth of others is self-defeating: Insult does even more than injury to fuel resentment, one of the most dangerous of all political passions. With these developments, divisions among citizens based on geography, formal-education levels, and value systems are growing sharper. Supporters of dynamism and diversity increasingly clash with proponents of stability and homogeneity, beneficiaries of technological change with those harmed by the resulting economic shifts. The combination of economic dislocation, demographic change, and challenges to traditional values has left many less educated citizens feeling that their lives are outside their control. The national and international governing institutions they thought would step in to help seemed frozen or indifferent. In the United States, partisan polarization gridlocked the system, preventing progress on critical issues. In Europe, the opposite phenomenon—a duopoly of the center-left and center-right that kept important issues off the public agenda—had much the same effect. In light of this apparent inability to address mounting problems, governments across the West face growing public ire. Many citizens, their confidence in the future shaken, long instead for an imagined past that insurgent politicians have promised to restore. The door seems to be opening for a return to forms of authoritarianism written off by many as relics of the past. To clarify what these developments may mean for liberal democracy, it is helpful to distinguish among four concepts—the republican principle, democracy, constitutionalism, and liberalism. The people, this principle holds, are the sole source of legitimacy, and only they can rightly authorize forms of government. Democracy , at the most basic level, requires both the equality of all citizens and broadly inclusive citizenship. A society in which all citizens are equal but only 10 percent of all adults are citizens would not, today, count as a democracy. Together with equal and inclusive citizenship, the other key pillar of democratic governance is majority rule. This means, first, that public decisions are made by popular majorities of citizens whose votes all count equally; and second, that democratic decision making extends to a maximally wide range of public matters. Majoritarianism is limited only by the imperative of preserving the liberties and powers—freedom of speech, assembly, and the press, among others—that citizens need to influence public decisions. In this conception of democracy unmodified by any adjective, there is nothing essentially undemocratic about majoritarian decisions that systematically disadvantage specific individuals and groups or invade privacy rights. If it wishes, a democratic public may embrace the maxim that it is better for ten guilty individuals to go free than for one innocent individual to be found guilty—but it is no less democratic if it adopts the opposite view. Nor is it undemocratic per se to conduct judicial proceedings in the same manner as legislative affairs. The Decline and Fall of the U.S. Economy: How Liberals and Conservatives Both Got It Wrong The Athenian assembly that condemned Socrates may have been wrong, but it was fully democratic. These limits need not constrain public power in the aggregate. The sheer size of modern political communities, however, makes this impossible, even for those communities founded on republican principles. One might conclude, then, that the liberty of the moderns consists in the selection of representatives through free and fair elections in which all may participate on equal terms. But this is only part of the story. We have now reached the core idea of liberalism: recognizing and protecting a sphere beyond the rightful reach of government in which individuals can enjoy independence and privacy. In this spirit, the U. Declaration of Independence not only invokes but also limits the republican principle. We can now venture a more precise characterization of liberal democracy. This type of political order rests on the republican principle, takes constitutional form, and incorporates the civic egalitarianism and majoritarian principles of democracy. What Americans Think About Poverty, Wealth, and Work | Cato Institute At the same time, it accepts and enforces the liberal principle that the legitimate scope of public power is limited, which entails some constraints on or divergences from majoritarian decision making. These distinctions also shed light on the populist challenge to liberal democracy. Populism is not merely, as some observers have suggested, an emotion-laden expression of disappointment over frustrated economic expectations, resentment against rigged rules and special interests, and fear of threats to physical and cultural security. Of our four key concepts, populism accepts the principles of popular sovereignty and democracy, understood in straightforward fashion as the exercise of majoritarian power. It is skeptical, however, about constitutionalism, insofar as formal, bounded institutions and procedures impede majorities from working their will. It takes an even dimmer view of liberal protections for individuals and minority groups. From this perspective, populism is a threat not to democracy per se but rather to the dominant liberal variant of democracy. These observers argue that elites, by taking important issues such as economic, monetary, and regulatory policies off the public agenda and assigning them to institutions insulated from public scrutiny and influence, have invited precisely the popular revolt that now threatens to overwhelm them. But to stop here would be to leave half the story untold—the more important half, in my view. Because populism embraces the republican principle of popular sovereignty, it faces the question inherent in this principle: Who are the people? The people is an ensemble of individuals who enjoy a common civic status. During the founding period of the United States, however, a thicker understanding prevailed. Historically, right-leaning populists have emphasized shared ethnicity and common descent, while left-leaning populists have often defined the people in class terms, excluding those with wealth and power. Recently, a third definition has entered public debate—the people as opposed to cultural elites. In its U. The people have one set of interests and values, the elite has another, and these two sets are not only different but fundamentally opposed. The divisions are moral as well as empirical. - Super Quick Super Easy Recipes for 2! - This Election Brought Out Canada’s Worst? - Social Sales & Marketing Revolution: 7 Steps to Success!? - The Practical Failure of Neoliberal Policies; - Setting Yourself Up As A Virtual Assistant. - Heir to the Everlasting (The Staten Bay Trilogy)! - The Decline and Fall of the U.S. Economy. Populism understands the elite as hopelessly corrupt, the people as uniformly virtuous—meaning that there is no reason why the people should not govern themselves and their society without institutional restraints. And populist leaders claim that they alone represent the people, the only legitimate force in society. This approach raises some obvious difficulties. First, it is divisive by definition. Individuals outside the charmed circle of the people may therefore be excluded from equal citizenship, violating the principle of inclusion that is essential to democracy. - Accessibility links. - The Populist Challenge to Liberal Democracy; - Clone Whores. - This Election Brought Out Canada’s Worst Tendencies - The Atlantic? Second, the populist definition of the people is inherently counter-factual. In circumstances of even partial liberty, different social groups will have different interests, values, and origins. Plurality, not homogeneity, characterizes most peoples, most of the time. Populism is the enemy of pluralism, and thus of modern democracy. Equally counterfactual is the proposition that the people are uniformly virtuous. They are not, of course.

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Ten years ago, the first crews entered the newly-protected Mill Creek watershed. Their mission: to implement a large-scale experiment in forest restoration. As the result of past logging and misguided reseeding practices, the young forest of the watershed had become choked with thick growth. The dense trees prevented light from reaching the ground to allow a rich and diverse understory to develop, and the competition between the trees kept them from reaching their full potential. (Not to mention the fact that most of the planted trees were Douglas fir rather than redwood, leading to a species composition far out of balance with the surrounding ecosystem.) So, the crews began to thin the forest according to a set of prescriptions developed by the League and its partners; the type and location of these thinnings was carefully determined in order to create the best conditions for the experiments. This year, through a research grant provide by the League, scientists will be able to discover the effects of these original treatments. Among the questions this research hopes to answer: Did the thinning treatments change the species composition of the forest? Did the trees respond well and grow faster than uncut areas? How does the structure of the treated forest compare to that of old growth? Did bears (who love to strip the bark from young trees, especially in recent thinning treatments) have a negative or positive effect? By measuring the size, spacing, and condition of the trees within their study plots, the researchers will be able to answer these, and begin to answer the most important question of all: did it work? We will not know the results for another year or so, but in the meantime we at the League continue to grapple with these questions — not only the nuts-and-bolts concerns of tree spacing and species balance, but also the bigger, more philosophical ponderings: When should we restore, and when should we let nature take its course? Should we plan to use a single intensive treatment, or return to the same area several times, adjusting our practices along the way? Is simply speeding up the growth of the forest along its current course reason enough for restoration, or should we focus on areas whose ecology has been altered so much that it cannot again become what it once was without our help? When does our attempt at restoration cause more disturbance to the forest than it solves? To what exactly are we restoring the forest? There is no single right answer, no magic bullet or panacea. Each restoration project is unique in its history, its geography and its ecology. Each project asks its own questions, and each will reveal its own answers in time.

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Woodrow Wilson, the 28th president of the United States, was perhaps the most idealistic of modern American presidents. Though he led his country against Germany toward the end of World War I, he did so only after resisting war as the preferred option. He then developed his famous Fourteen Points, which convinced the German government to lay down arms without admitting defeat. At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, Wilson worked for the creation of the League of Nations to promote peaceful international relations. For his efforts he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize later that year. A highly intelligent, devoutly religious man, Wilson devoted himself to the cause of peace. But he could not achieve his goal. Not only did the Senate reject U.S. entry into the League of Nations, within 20 years of the war’s end the entire world was in the grips of terrible violence again. “The war to end all war” proved to be a forlorn hope, and the League of Nations a failed instrument. Though a subsequent generation of leaders was able to forge the League’s successor, the United Nations, the goal of preventing war remains unfulfilled to this day. It seems that no matter the highest of ideals set forth by leaders, humanity has never succeeded in overcoming what appears to be a death wish. You may not have thought of it in such stark terms. Yet can any of us deny the legacy of violence that defined the last century? “The means for expressing cruelty and carrying out mass killing have been fully developed. It is too late to stop the technology. It is to the psychology that we should now turn.” This is the subject of Jonathan Glover’s Humanity: A Moral History of the Twentieth Century. Glover is a professor of ethics at King’s College London. His book focuses on the violence of the past 100 years, dealing in particular with “the psychology which made possible Hiroshima, the Nazi genocide, the Gulag, the Chinese Cultural Revolution, Pol Pot’s Cambodia, Rwanda, Bosnia and many other atrocities.” While this appalling list reminds us of how much mass violence has dominated the modern world, the purpose of the book harks back to the perhaps paradoxical desire humans have to overcome the violence within us. The book’s message, writes Glover, “is not one of simple pessimism. We need to look hard and clearly at some monsters inside us. But this is part of the project of caging and taming them.” But while we may know the problem, the cure for the disease is far from us. Violence From Beginning to End There is much more than the last century to consider when it comes to the history of violence, of course. According to Glover, “it is a myth that barbarism is unique to the twentieth century: the whole of human history includes wars, massacres, and every kind of torture and cruelty.” In light of that statement, it is significant how often violence is referenced in the Bible, literally or conceptually, at critical junctures in earth’s history. The prophets Isaiah and Ezekiel both tell us of an angelic being who became corrupt before the arrival of humans on the earth. Isaiah refers to this being with the Hebrew heylel (“shining one” or “morning star,” unfortunately translated in English as “Lucifer” or “Light Bearer” from the Latin lux, lucis, “light”). No longer an angel of light, he had become an agent of darkness. Thereafter he is identified in the Bible as the Accuser or the Adversary (in Hebrew, satan). Ezekiel shows that violence became one of the tools of his trade. As a result of his corruption, he became dominated by aggression: “Your great wealth filled you with violence, and you sinned. So I banished you from the mountain of God. I expelled you, O mighty guardian, from your place among the stones of fire” (Ezekiel 28:16, New Living Translation). Satan was consumed by a violent attitude. Not surprisingly, his entry into the human world led to further corruption. The Genesis account of his deception of humanity’s parents is well known. By their actions, Adam and Eve did violence against their creator and suffered the penalty of banishment from Eden, the garden of God. It wasn’t long before the first recorded murder occurred, the first act of violence against a family member. Adam’s son Cain struck down his brother, Abel. It was the beginning of a succession of violent acts. One of Cain’s descendants, Lamech, was also a murderer, the biblical record indicating that he showed less remorse for his sin than Cain did. By the sixth chapter of Genesis, we read that early human society had gone far downhill in respect of violence: “Then the Lord saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every intent of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. And the Lord was sorry that He had made man on the earth, and He was grieved in His heart. . . . The earth also was corrupt before God, and the earth was filled with violence. So God looked upon the earth, and indeed it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted their way on the earth” (verses 5–6, 11–12, emphasis added throughout). When we come to the much later New Testament Gospel accounts, we read of Jesus looking into the distant future and warning of a time of ultimate violence. It will be a time of such catastrophe that it will never be repeated: “For that will be a time of greater horror than anything the world has ever seen or will ever see again. In fact, unless that time of calamity is shortened, the entire human race will be destroyed. But it will be shortened for the sake of God’s chosen ones” (Matthew 24:21–22, NLT). This prophetic statement from Jesus accords with others in the book of Revelation, which says that, at the end of the age, Satan and his fallen followers will once again have their part to play in stirring up violence. Revelation 16:14 (NLT) tells of “miracle-working demons [causing] all the rulers of the world to gather for battle against the Lord on that great judgment day of God Almighty.” Thankfully, as we see in the above passage from Matthew’s Gospel, God will not allow the annihilation of humanity. The Spirit of Violence Though violence has stained human history from the beginning and, according to the Scriptures, will continue to mar it to the end of this age, Jesus proclaimed a very different world: a coming godly kingdom of peace. His message assures us that violence does not have to be an individual choice in today’s violent world. But it takes understanding and effort to take a different course. Sadly, we do not always realize the impact that the world we inhabit has on us. On one occasion Jesus had to explain to his own disciples that their attitude was very far from His own. He was on His way to Jerusalem, passing through a Samaritan village en route. When the Samaritans spurned Him, two of His disciples offered to call down fire from heaven to consume them. “But [Jesus] turned and rebuked them, and said, ‘You do not know what manner of spirit you are of’” (Luke 9:52–55). The disciples no doubt thought that they were quite right in what they had suggested, so Jesus’ response must have shocked them. But the solution that seemed right to the disciples would have been a violent act that showed neither mercy nor understanding. What spirit were they of? The Bible shows that there is a spirit in men and women that makes us unique and different from animals. The human brain is qualitatively different from the animal brain. But there is more to this spiritual equation. The Bible also reveals that there are two other spiritual minds with which the human mind can interface, causing us to think in varied ways—for good or evil, for right or wrong (1 Corinthians 2:12). One spirit, the apostle Paul said, is of this world; the other is of God. Paul also showed that the world in general falls under the influence of a wrong spirit: “You used to live just like the rest of the world, full of sin, obeying Satan, the mighty prince of the power of the air” (Ephesians 2:2, NLT). He mentions that this being is “the god of this age” (2 Corinthians 4:4) who blinds people. From what we know already of the Adversary’s role in human history, we should not be surprised at the result when the human mind interfaces with the wrong spirit. Sadly, one of the depravities of the human mind when it combines with the spirit of the world, the spirit of disobedience, is violence. The disciples who wanted to call down destruction on others were operating according to that spirit. A Line Through the Heart Centuries later, recognizing the almost natural human proclivity for violence, Russian author Fyodor Dostoyevsky wrote that “people sometimes speak of man’s ‘bestial’ cruelty, but this is very unfair and insulting to the beasts: a beast can never be so cruel as a man, so ingeniously, so artistically cruel.” His comment takes us to another level in our consideration of violent behavior. “People sometimes speak of man’s ‘bestial’ cruelty, but this is very unfair and insulting to the beasts: a beast can never be so cruel as a man, so ingeniously, so artistically cruel.” For some reason, the glorification of cruelty and violence preoccupies this present world. Box office attractions center on unspeakable violence. Not so long ago, for instance, many people flocked to see the long-awaited sequel to a gruesome movie about a serial killer. Part Two revealed a sometimes sympathetic portrait of a sadist who ate parts of his victims while they were still alive. Film critics recommended that people not take their children to see the movie with its profoundly disturbing scenes. But did you ever wonder why so many are inclined to view such horror in the first place? Noting that “the festival of cruelty is in full swing,” Glover asks, “What is it about human beings that makes such acts possible?” Answering his own question, he says, “Three factors seem central. There is a love of cruelty. Also, emotionally inadequate people assert themselves by dominance and cruelty. And the moral resources which restrain cruelty can be neutralized. . . . Deep in human psychology, there are urges to humiliate, torment, wound and kill people.” Glover notes that his assertion echoes the words of the late Russian author Alexander Solzhenitsyn, who wrote about his experiences in Siberian exile in The Gulag Archipelago. Reflecting on the slender difference between guards and prisoners, Solzhenitsyn said: “If only it were all so simple! If only there were evil people somewhere insidiously committing evil deeds, and it were necessary only to separate them from the rest of us and destroy them. But the line dividing good and evil cuts through the heart of every human being. . . . It is after all only because of the way things worked out that they were the executioners and we weren’t.” “The line dividing good and evil cuts through the heart of every human being. . . . It is after all only because of the way things worked out that they were the executioners and we weren’t.” The Bible’s revelation about the hidden nature of man provides the answer to this age-old question of what it is that propels humans into shocking, senseless violence from time to time. In a powerful comment on the way we can become, Isaiah wrote: “They spend their time plotting evil deeds and then doing them. They spend their time and energy spinning evil plans that end up in deadly actions. . . . Violence is their trademark. . . . Wherever they go, misery and destruction follow them. They do not know what true peace is or what it means to be just and good. They continually do wrong, and those who follow them cannot experience a moment’s peace” (Isaiah 59:4–8, NLT). In the Service of God? Returning again to the New Testament, we find that even the most outwardly religious people can have a violent heart. After all, many of those who persecuted and plotted the unspeakably cruel death of Jesus Christ were devoutly committed to their religion. Clearly, religious belief is no indication of a right spirit. In fact, Jesus said that the time would come when “whoever kills you will think that he offers God service. And these things they will do to you because they have not known the Father nor Me” (John 16:2–3). That is to say, such persecutors are out of sync with the mind of God but tuned in to another mind. Even the apostle Paul took part in the persecution and death of Jesus’ followers before his conversion. Acts 8:3 tells us that “he made havoc of the church, entering every house, and dragging off men and women, committing them to prison.” Why did he do it? Because of entirely misplaced religious conviction. Paul had to have it revealed to him that his violence was not something from the mind of God. Despite his religious zeal for God, he was as far from God as he could have been. He was under the influence of the wrong spirit. And Now to You and Me Quite rightly at this point you might be saying to yourself, “But I’ve never done anything like that. I’ve never assaulted or murdered anyone.” But violence starts somewhere short of the act of murder, sometimes a long way short of that final act. Most people have never considered that violence isn’t simply attacking people physically. We do violence to each other when we allow Satan’s adversarial state of mind to become our own. Remember that he is the spirit being who is centered on doing harm to human beings in any way he can. Sometimes, therefore, we commit an act of violence simply by what we say to others, or do to them, short of the act of murder. Paul described himself as having been “a man of violence” prior to his conversion (1 Timothy 1:13, New Revised Standard Version). Alternative translations say he was “insulting,” an “insolent, overbearing man” or “violently arrogant.” The result was that he engaged in the persecution to death of early Christians. The point is that thoughts and attitudes precede action. Jesus also had something to say about the state of mind that precedes physical violence: “You have heard that it was said to those of old, ‘You shall not murder, and whoever murders will be in danger of the judgment.’ But I say to you that whoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment. And whoever says to his brother, ‘Raca!’ [an Aramaic term of contempt] shall be in danger of the council. But whoever says, ‘You fool!’ shall be in danger of hell fire” (Matthew 5:21–22). Jesus was interested in the underlying attitude behind the final act of murder. It starts with things that are very familiar territory to us: insults, being “lightly angry” without a cause, calling someone an idiot, saying someone is worthless. It can end up in cruelty, terror, torture and murder. There are other, more subtle ways in which we display a violent heart. We do violence to each other when we take up the sword of gossip. We can excuse ourselves by insisting we are only passing on information that someone else gave us. Yet the scriptural rules are quite clear: “Do not spread slanderous gossip among your people. Do not try to get ahead at the cost of your neighbor’s life, for I am the Lord” (Leviticus 19:16, NLT). God says that “death and life are in the power of the tongue” (Proverbs 18:21). We do violence to a relationship when we spread gossip, even if it is true, or when we slander someone. Interestingly, in a clue to slander’s origin, the Hebrew for “slanderer” is also satan. So we can define violence in terms of slander, gossip, insolence or anger. But in what might seem like a contradiction, we can even be violent by being passive. We can disrupt what should be a right relationship by failing to respond in a godly way. This means that the practice of passive resistance is very much open to question. The Moral Core How, then, do we begin to come to terms with the violence that seems so naturally a part of us? There is no question that understanding what we are up against in the spirit world is central. A strong sense of personal moral identity is also a key. Knowing who we are morally cannot be underestimated. This speaks to the early and continuous formation of character: knowing what is right and exercising the will to do it. Glover writes, “The sense of moral identity is one relevant aspect of character. Those who have a strong sense of who they are and of the kind of person they want to be have an extra defence against conditioning in cruelty, obedience or ideology.” He continues: “Sometimes people’s actions seem to be disconnected from their sense of who they are. This may be because they slide into participation by imperceptible degrees, so that there is never the sense of a frontier being crossed. This gentle slide can be a feature of the training of torturers. It was what the Nazis aimed at in securing collaboration in occupied countries. With the atomic bomb, the slide was gradual from making it only as a deterrent against Hitler to making it for actual use against Japan.” We must be careful that we do not become participants in cruelty or violence gradually. A well-formed personal moral identity should prevent it, but we sometimes allow ourselves to be compromised. Vigilance about our state of mind is essential. A Violent World Comes to Rest How can we become nonviolent people in the fullest sense? Hebrews 12:14 advises the followers of Jesus to “pursue peace with all people, and holiness, without which no one will see the Lord.” Part of pursuing peace is to treat people as people, not as commodities to be used up; to give people mental and spiritual space, just as we want it for ourselves. It is certainly to avoid coercing people in everyday life. The New Testament writer James said that “the fruit of righteousness is sown in peace by those who make peace” (James 3:18, emphasis added). Peacemaking is an active process. It requires action based on right principles. Living the right way and keeping God’s law in respect of human relationships leads to peace and reconciliation. These are actions we can take now as we endeavor to come under the direction of the Spirit of God—the Spirit that binds our human mind to the mind of God. Those who are willing to take up the challenge of living now under God’s rule experience peace as a foretaste of what is yet ahead for all of humankind. God will set His hand to save humanity from its own ultimate act of aggression. At that time the violence of this world in all of its manifestations will end. The day is coming when, according to the book of Revelation, “the great dragon [will be] cast out—that serpent of old, who is called the Devil and Satan, who deceives the whole world.” Finally Satan will be restrained, his influence removed. A new chapter will be added to the history of violence, signaling its effective control. The world’s new condition will be peace and security through the practice of the law of God’s love on all levels.

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We provide "whole body" Clinical Management for a range of conditions, injuries and chronic pain. What Is Scheurmann’s Disease? Scheurmann’s Disease is a skeletal condition that usually begins in adolescence in which the vertebrae grow unevenly, resulting in wedge-shaped vertebrae and a hunched back. It is also known as juvenile kyphosis and curvature of the spine. Symptoms of scheurmann’s disease The most common symptoms for patients with an abnormal kyphosis are the appearance of poor posture with a hump appearance of the back or "hunchback", back pain, muscle fatigue, and stiffness in the back. Most often, these symptoms remain fairly constant and do not become progressively worse with time. In more severe situations, the patient may notice their symptoms worsening with time. The kyphosis can progress, causing a more exaggerated hunchback. Your practitioner may refer you to a Sports Physician for further investigations if your Scheurmann’s Disease does not respond in our suggested time frames, especially if there is pain associated. Scheurmann’s Disease Management Options Osteopathy is a “whole body” system of manual therapy which uses a range of techniques to manage musculo-skeletal disorders and other functional disorders of the body. This form of treatment was developed in America in the 1870s by Dr Andrew Taylor Still and has progressed in development to be widely scientifically validated and utilised around the world. It is well known that massage can be beneficial to your health. Relaxation and a feeling of calm are one of the immediate benefits of massage. The reason for this is that the brain releases endorphins - a brain chemical that promotes relaxation & well being. Other stress forming hormones may be reduced. Studies have shown that high levels of stress hormones impair the immune system.

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Little known by many readers of fiction, Oscar Wilde’s searing, heart-breaking, and introspective letter to his lover, Lord Alfred Douglas, made The Guardian’s 2011 list of the 100 greatest non-fiction books, because it is truly great. Although Wilde is famous for The Picture of Dorian Gray and his more successful plays, including The Importance of Being Earnest and Salome, De Profundis embodies an intense sense of emotional, physical and spiritual loss. Written during the time Wilde spent imprisoned in Reading Gaol (Jail), the letter details the history of a tumultuous relationship. It is typical of a letter we have all written, whether by pen or in our minds, in that the composer regrets things he cannot take back. It shows signs of the hand of an impeccable writer in detail, fluidity, and device throughout its ninety-six pages. From the start, the reader is drawn in and falls helplessly into the moment and surroundings that Wilde found himself in when he wrote the letter. The emotions: empathy and guilt-he hopes to elicit from Douglas cause a chain reaction that only worsens as he makes a well-organized case for how and why their relationship failed him and continues to do so. Words that come difficultly for most people flow for Wilde. He describes his pain and troubled relationship with poetical phrases such as ‘lie in loneliness’ and ‘ancient affection.’ The author expresses sadness and regret, not by merely stating these facts, rather he discusses reasons for his feelings and ideas. Upon reflection, he has several points of dissatisfaction, not only with Douglas, but in his own actions and decisions.

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Class 6 History Chapter 5 Kingdoms, Kings and an Early Republic Extra Questions and Answers CBSE Class 6 History Chapter 5 Kingdoms, Kings and an Early Republic Extra Questions and Answers is available here. Students can learn and download the PDF of these questions for free. These extra questions and answers are prepared by our expert teachers as per the latest NCERT textbook and guidelines. Learning these extra questions will help you to score excellent marks in the final exams. Class 6 History Chapter 5 Extra Questions and Answers Very Short Answer Questions 1: What do you mean by the word “Janapadas”? Answer: land where the jana set its foot and settled down. 2: Janapada could be a republic or a ________. 3: What do you mean by mahajanapadas? Answer: Some janapadas gained control over large areas and became mahajanapadas 4: List an important characteristics of the Ganges civilisation of Northern India. Answer: Painted grey ware frequently decorated with simple designs in black or red paint, These were used on special occasions to serve special food. 5: What was the use of the Painted grey ware? Answer: These were used on special occasions to serve special food. 6: Who conquered the last of the ganas or sanghas? Answer: Gupta rulers 7: What is the meaning of term Ashvamedha? Answer: Horse sacrifice 8: Some kings were recognised as ‘rajas’ due to the big sacrifices they made. True/False 9: Name the most important centre for making objects out of stone, shell and metal. 10: Who composed later Vedic books? 11: later Vedic books are named so e because they were composed after the ____________. 12: Write the name of a new tool which was used to dig earth for turning the soil and planting trees. 13: The Shudras had to serve the other three groups from the caste hierarchy. True/False 14: Who where Kammakaras? Answer: Landless Agricultural labourers 15: List a work done by Kammakaras. Answer: The work of transplantation of paddy was a back breaking work. 16: Amongst the others, the later vedic literature generally included the _________. Answer: Sama Veda 17: Into how many groups, the Later vedic society was divided? 18: Name the four groups into which Later vedic society was divided. Answer: Brahmins, Kshaytriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. 19: The special type of pottery found at Janapadas was _____________. Answer: Painted grey ware 20: Why did kings fortified their capital city? Answer: For protection and showing off their wealth 21: Soldiers of ancient period were paid regular salaries. True/False 22: List one of the major changes that occurred in the field of agriculture. Answer: growing use of iron plough shares. 23: What led to the increase in the production? Answer: The introduction of iron plough shares 24: Name the group of people who were not allowed to participate in the assemblies of the ganas. Answer: women, dasas and kammakaras 25: Alexander lived in ______________. Answer: Macedonia, in Europe 26: Buddha and Mahavira belonged to which group ? 27: What was the name of the minister of Ajatasatru? 28: Ajatasattu wanted to attack the __________. 29: Name a famous Buddhist book. Answer: Digha Nikaya 30: What is the another name of famous Buddhist book ‘Collection of Long Discources’? Answer: Digha Nikaya 31: Why did Alexander’s soldiers refused to march further from the bank of river Beas? Answer: They were afraid of the Indian armies. 32: What did the forests provided to the people of Magadha? Answer: wood for building houses and chariots 33: Bimbisara and Ajatasatru were rulers of ____________. 34: In Magadha elephants were captured and used in army. True/False 35: Avanti had its capital at _____________. 36: What was the most important source of revenue to the state? 37: What was bhaga or a share? Answer: the tax was fixed at 1/6th of the crop produced. This was known as bhaga or a share. 38: Name the great religious leader who belonged to gana-sangha. Answer: Lord Mahavira 39: Name the capital of the state of Vajji. 40: The capital of Magadha shifted from _______to _______. Answer: Ujjain to Vaishali 41: List some important mahajanapadas. Answer: Among the important mahajanapadas were Kosala, Vatsa, Magadha, Vajji and Avanti 42: Name the capital of Magadha. 43: A king of Macedonia who wanted to become the conqueror of the world. 44: List the feature that contributed the most to the rise of mahajanapadas. Answer: expansion of territories by the janapadas 45: How many mahajanapadas was there? Answer: There were altogether 16 mahajanapadas. 46: TThe members of the Vajji gana enjoyed the title of ______________. 47: Define bhaga. Answer: The collection of taxes on crops during the time of Mahajanapadas. 48: Name two most important rivers of the Magadha, which contributed in its development. Answer: Ganga and the Son. 49: Bimbisara and Ajatasattu were the kings of________. 50: Who provided the first evidence of democratic form of government? Short Answer Type Questions 1: Write a short note on the important rulers of Magadha. Answer: Bimbisara and Ajatasattu were two very powerful rulers of Magadha. They used all possible means to conquer other janapadas. Mahapadma Nanda was another important ruler. He extended his control upto the north-west part of the subcontinent. Rajagriha inBihar was the capital of Magadha for several years. Later the capital was shifted to Pataliputra. 2: Why were taxes imposed by the rulers on the people of Mahajanapadas? Answer: Huge resources were required by the rulers of Mahajanapadas for building forts and maintaining large armies. Rajas of the janapadas depended on the occasional gifts brought by the people. So, instead of depending on these occasional gifts, the raja of the mahajanapadas imposed regular taxes on the people. Special officers were appointed to collect these taxes. 3: Why did rajas build large and tall walls around the cities? Answer: The Rajas built large and tall walls around the cities in order to show their wealth and power. Moreover, with these huge walls the Kings could easily control the land and the people living inside the fortified areas. 4: What resources were necessary to build the huge walls around the cities? Answer: Building such huge walls required a great deal of planning. A number of resources had to be found for the building of these walls. Firstly, thousands of bricks or stones had to be prepared. Secondly, labour of thousands of men, women and children were required in the construction of these walls. 5: Name the Later Vedic books. Answer: The Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda are the Later Vedic books. 6: What was the content of Later Vedic books. Answer: Later Vedic books contained rules about the society. 7: How did the use of iron ploughshare increase the production during the age of mahajanapadas? Answer: The use of iron ploughshare helped to turn over the heavy ,clayey soil which was not possible with a wooden ploughshare. This increased the production 8: Who provided the labour for the agricultural work done during the development of the mahajanapadas? Answer: Slave men and women (dasas and dasis) and landless labourers (kammakaras) had to work on the agricultural land and therefore provide the labour. 9: Where did Alexander live and what was his aim? Answer: Alexander lived in Macedonia in Europe and wanted to conquer the whole world. But he was able to conquer only the parts of Egypt, West Asia and some parts of the South Asia. 10: Name and explain different groups that existed during Vedic period. Answer: There were several different groups in society at that time — priests and warriors, farmers, herders, traders, crafts persons, labourers, fishing folk, and forest people. Some priests and warriors were rich, as were some farmers and traders. Others, including many herders, craftsmen, labourers, fishermen and huntsmen and gatherers, were poor. 11: Explain the term gana or Sangha and its functions. Answer: In a gana or Sangha there were not one, but many rulers. Sometimes, even when thousands of men ruled together, each one was known as a raja, they together formed a republic. These rajas performed rituals together. They also met in assemblies and took decisions through discussions and debate. When they were attacked by the enemy, they gathered together and decided what to do. 12: What archaeological excavations tell about the ‘janapadas’ settlements? Answer: Archaeologists have excavated a number of settlements in these janapadas, such as Purana Qila in Delhi, Hastinapur nearMeerut, and Atranjikhera, near Etah (the last two are in Uttar Pradesh). They found that people lived in huts, and kept cattle as well as other animals. They also grew a variety of crops — rice, wheat, barley, pulses, sugarcane, sesame and mustard. 13: What were the characteristics of the earthen pots used by the people in janapadas? Answer: The people of janapadas made clay(earthen) pots. Some of these were grey in colour, others were red. One special type of pottery found at these sites is known as Painted Grey Ware. As is clear from the name, these were grey pots and had painted designs, usually simple lines and geometric patterns. 14: Why was the capital city of mahajanapadas fortified? Answer: The capital city of mahajanapadas was fortified with huge walls of wood, bricks or stones around them because people were afraid of attacks from other kings and needed protection. Some rulers wanted to show how rich and powerful they were by building huge walls and forts. 15: How did the fortification of their land help the rulers in controlling their people living in the mahajanapadas? Answer: The fortification helped the rajas in many ways; they were able to control the people and land inside the fortification. 16: Why were taxes collected by the rulers of the mahajanapadas? Answer: For building huge forts and maintaining big armies, the rulers needed more resources. So the rulers collected regular levy instead of depending on occasional gifts from the people. 17: Describe the system of government in Vajji? Answer: The system of government in Vajji was known as gana or sangha. Vajji was administered by not one but many rulers. Each ruler was known as a raja. These rajas performed all the rituals together. All these rajas met in assemblies. Through discussions and debates in these assemblies they decided what had to be done and how. Both Buddha and Mahavira belonged to ganas and sanghas. 18: What is the difference between the Republican and the Monarchical Mahajanapadas? Answer: A republican Mahajanapad was ruled by a group elected by the common people called the sangha. Monarchies were ruled by kings and his word was law. Long Answer Type Questions 1: Why did the agriculture flourish in the Mahajanapadas? Answer: Around 600 B.C two major changes occurred in the agriculture. One was an increase in the use of iron ploughshare. By using iron ploughshare heavy, clayey soil could be turned over better than with a wooden ploughshare. This led to an increase in production of grains. Secondly, transplantation of paddy began during this time. In this process, instead of scattering seed on the ground, saplings were grown and then planted in the fields. This led to increased production, as many more plants survived. As a result of these two changes, the agriculture flourished in the Mahajanapadas. 2: How did the use of iron ploughshare and the transplantation of paddy increase the production during the age of mahajanapadas? Answer: The use of iron ploughshare helped to turn over the heavy ,clayey soil which was not possible with a wooden ploughshare. This increased the production. Second, people began transplanting paddy. This meant that instead of scattering seeds on the ground, from which plants would germinate, saplings were grown and then planted in the fields. This led to increased production, as more plants survived.This however was back breaking work. 3: What were the natural advantages that helped Magadha to become a powerful kingdom in North India? Answer: The following natural features helped Magadha to become a powerful kingdom: - Many rivers such as the Ganga and Son flowed through Magadha. These rivers made the land fertile for agriculture. Moreover, these rivers were important for transport and water supplies. - Another natural feature was the forests. Some parts of Magadha had forests. Elephants, which lived in the forest, could be captured and trained for the army. Forests also provided wood for building houses, carts and chariots. - To become powerful, the rajas were fighting battles and required powerful weapons. Strong tools were required to clear forests. Magadha had iron ore mines, which could be used to make strong tools and weapons. 4: How were regular taxes imposed and collected in the mahajanapadas? Answer: Taxes were imposed on crops. This was most important since most people were farmers. - The tax was fixed at 1/6th of the production. This was known as bhaga or a share. - There were taxes on crafts men who paid it by providing their labour. For example a weaver or a smith would work for a day in every month for the king. - Taxes on herders were met by them by providing animals and animal produce. - Taxes were imposed on goods that were brought and sold through trade. - Hunters and gatherers also paid their taxes by providing the forest produce to the raja. 5: What were the geographical features that made Magadha the most powerful Mahajanpada? Answer: According to Historians, Magadha became the most powerful mahajanapadas due to the following geographical features: - Many rivers such as the Ganga and Son flowed through Magadha, which provided good transport, water supplies and made the land fertile. - Parts of Magadha had forests that provided elephants, which were captured and trained for the army needs. Forests provided wood for building houses and chariots. - There were iron ore mines in the region that was used to make strong tools and weapons. 6: What was the ashvamedha? Answer: The ashvamedha or horse sacrifice was a ritual in which a horse is let loose to wander and it was guarded by the raja’s men. If the horse wandered into the kingdoms of other rajas and they stopped it, they had to fight. If they allowed the horse to pass, it meant that they accepted that the raja who wanted to carry out the sacrifice was stronger than them. These rajas were then invited to the sacrifice, which was performed by especially skilled priests, who were rewarded with gifts. The raja who organized the sacrifice was recognized as being very powerful, and all those who came brought gifts for him. 7: Who divided people into four groups and based on what? Answer: The priests divided people into four groups, called varnas. According to them, each varna had a different set of functions. - The first varna was that of the brahmin. Brahmins were expected to study (and teach) the Vedas, perform sacrifices and receive gifts. - In the second place were the rulers, also known as kshatriyas. They were expected to fight battles and protect people. - Third were the vish or the vaishyas. They were expected to be farmers, herders, and traders. Both the kshatriyas and thevaishyas could perform sacrifices. - Last were the shudras, who had to serve the other three groups and could not perform any rituals. Often, women were also grouped with the shudras. Both women and shudras were not allowed to study the Vedas. 8: What were the features of the taxation system in Mahajanapadas in the ancient India? Answer: Taxes were collected in Mahajanapadas from the common people to build the infrastructure of the city and to maintain big armies for the protection of the city. Taxes from the crops were the most important source of revenue for the king’s officials. The crops tax was fixed at 1/6th of the produce or bhaga (share). Crafts people were also made to pay taxes in the form of labour provided for a day to the king. Herders were made to pay taxes in kind and would have to give up animals or animal produce as tax. There were taxes on tradable goods and forest produce also. The king was the main beneficiary of these taxes.

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Research conducted by a Kansas State University team may help solve a problem that scientists and pest controllers have been itching to for years. Kun Yan Zhu, professor of entomology, and teammates Xin Zhang, graduate student in entomology from China, and Jianzhen Zhang, a visiting scientist from Shanxi University, China, investigated using nanoparticles to deliver double-stranded ribonucleic acid, dsRNA -- a molecule capable of specifically triggering gene silencing -- into mosquito larvae through their food. By silencing particular genes, Zhu said the dsRNA may kill the developing mosquitoes or make them more susceptible to pesticides. Gene silencing triggered by dsRNA or small interfering RNA, siRNA, is known as RNA interference, or RNAi. "RNAi is a specific and effective approach for loss of function studies in virtually all eukaryotic organisms," Zhu said. Eukaryotic organisms have cells that contain a nucleus within which genetic material is carried and can therefore be manipulated. Almost all animals, plants and fungi are eukaryotes. Once RNAi is triggered, it destroys the messenger RNA, or mRNA, of a particular gene. This prevents the translation of the gene into its product, silencing it. In the case of Zhu's research, RNAi was used to silence genes responsible for the production of chitin, the principle constituent of the exoskeleton in insects, crustaceans and arachnids. "Since our RNAi is focused on chitin synthesis, the dsRNA that is delivered into the mosquito larvae can basically block the production of chitin," Zhu said. Though the silencing is not yet 100 percent effective in their study, Zhu said it does leave the mosquito's body with less ability to combat insecticides, which must penetrate the mosquito's exoskeleton. If the gene, called chitin synthase, could be completely silenced, the mosquitoes may die without the use of pesticides because the chitin biosynthesis pathway would be blocked, Zhu said. Zhu theorized using nanoparticles to deliver dsRNA to mosquito larvae might work because of the low success of manually injecting larvae with dsRNA. Mosquito larvae live in water but because dsRNA quickly dissipates in water, it can't be directly added to the larvae's food source. Zhu's group discovered that using nanoparticles assembled from dsRNA facilitates their ingestion by mosquito larvae because the nanoparticles don't dissolve in water. Zhu said the nanoparticles may also stabilize the dsRNA in water. "Now insects will have a much greater likelihood of getting these nanoparticles containing the dsRNA into their gut through feeding," Zhu said. Potentially, bait containing dsRNA-based nanoparticles could be developed for insect control, Zhu said. "Because we can select specific genes for silencing, and the nanoparticles are formed from chitosan -- a virtually non-toxic and biodegradable polymer -- this pest control technology could target specific pest species while being environmentally friendly," he said. Mosquitoes were chosen, Zhu said, because of the abundant research on them as human disease vectors. Other insects, though, can have their genes silenced. Zhu and his collaborators also have investigated gene silencing in the European corn borer and in grasshoppers, a major insect pest in China. Nanoparticles did not have to be used because grasshoppers and European corn borers are not aquatic. However, nanoparticle-based RNAi may facilitate the studies on the functions of new genes. The team's paper, "Chitosan/double-stranded RNA nanoparticle-mediated RNA interference to silence chitin synthase genes through larval feeding in African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae)," was recently accepted by the journal, Insect Molecular Biology. It has been published online in advance of print. The research was partially funded by the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Zhu's upcoming research will focus on gene silencing in agricultural pests. Kun Yan Zhu | EurekAlert! Nanoparticle Exposure Can Awaken Dormant Viruses in the Lungs 16.01.2017 | Helmholtz Zentrum München - Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt Cholera bacteria infect more effectively with a simple twist of shape 13.01.2017 | Princeton University Researchers from the University of Hamburg in Germany, in collaboration with colleagues from the University of Aarhus in Denmark, have synthesized a new superconducting material by growing a few layers of an antiferromagnetic transition-metal chalcogenide on a bismuth-based topological insulator, both being non-superconducting materials. While superconductivity and magnetism are generally believed to be mutually exclusive, surprisingly, in this new material, superconducting correlations... Laser-driving of semimetals allows creating novel quasiparticle states within condensed matter systems and switching between different states on ultrafast time scales Studying properties of fundamental particles in condensed matter systems is a promising approach to quantum field theory. Quasiparticles offer the opportunity... Among the general public, solar thermal energy is currently associated with dark blue, rectangular collectors on building roofs. Technologies are needed for aesthetically high quality architecture which offer the architect more room for manoeuvre when it comes to low- and plus-energy buildings. With the “ArKol” project, researchers at Fraunhofer ISE together with partners are currently developing two façade collectors for solar thermal energy generation, which permit a high degree of design flexibility: a strip collector for opaque façade sections and a solar thermal blind for transparent sections. The current state of the two developments will be presented at the BAU 2017 trade fair. As part of the “ArKol – development of architecturally highly integrated façade collectors with heat pipes” project, Fraunhofer ISE together with its partners... At TU Wien, an alternative for resource intensive formwork for the construction of concrete domes was developed. It is now used in a test dome for the Austrian Federal Railways Infrastructure (ÖBB Infrastruktur). Concrete shells are efficient structures, but not very resource efficient. The formwork for the construction of concrete domes alone requires a high amount of... Many pathogens use certain sugar compounds from their host to help conceal themselves against the immune system. Scientists at the University of Bonn have now, in cooperation with researchers at the University of York in the United Kingdom, analyzed the dynamics of a bacterial molecule that is involved in this process. They demonstrate that the protein grabs onto the sugar molecule with a Pac Man-like chewing motion and holds it until it can be used. Their results could help design therapeutics that could make the protein poorer at grabbing and holding and hence compromise the pathogen in the host. The study has now been published in “Biophysical Journal”. The cells of the mouth, nose and intestinal mucosa produce large quantities of a chemical called sialic acid. Many bacteria possess a special transport system... 10.01.2017 | Event News 09.01.2017 | Event News 05.01.2017 | Event News 17.01.2017 | Earth Sciences 17.01.2017 | Materials Sciences 17.01.2017 | Architecture and Construction

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Is hco3 an acid or base? HCO3- (known as bicarbonate) is the conjugate base of H2CO3, a weak acid, and the conjugate acid of the carbonate ion. HCO3- acts as a base when mixed with a compound that is more acidic than itself (larger Ka) and as an acid when mixed with a compound that is more basic than itself (smaller Ka).. How does bicarbonate affect pH? If bicarbonate is reabsorbed and/or acid is secreted into the urine, the pH becomes more alkaline (increases). When bicarbonate is not reabsorbed or acid is not excreted into the urine, pH becomes more acidic (decreases). Is baking an acid or base? A 1% molar solution of baking soda in water has a pH of 8.3 at room temperature. This number indicates that baking soda is alkaline, which gives reason for its bitter taste.So,baking soda is basic in nature. Is potassium bicarbonate a base or acid? Potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) is an alkaline mineral that’s available in supplement form. Is oh a base or acid? H 3O + is called a hydronium ion, and it makes things acidic. OH – is called a hydroxyl ion and it makes things basic. However, in water, there is a balance between hydroniums and hydroxyls so they cancel each others’ charges. Pure water is neither acidic or basic; it is neutral.

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Understanding Project Planning & Management At the heart of every project planning and management system is a scheduling algorithm. An algorithm is a mathematical or logical equation that solves a complex problem by breaking down the problem into simple steps. When scheduling resources and parameters are entered into it, the scheduling algorithm produces a project schedule that would be impossible for you to produce manually. This Input/Output model is displayed below. The Input/Output Model In Microsoft Project, however complex your project may be, you can vary only information regarding tasks or resources. The information you provide is fed into the “Black Box” or algorithm, to provide you with a schedule in the form of a Gantt chart, Network Diagram (alternatively known as PERT Chart), or Resource Graph. In summary, the seven or eight parameters that you enter result in output that is a schedule displayed on various views and forms. Project: – ‘A planned undertaking’ The skills of project planning are gathered from a wide range of experiences. Consciously or sub consciously we all apply these skills in the daily administration of our work. Where a major undertaking has to be completed, these skills are not only brought into focus but must be applied in a much more structured format. We must take on the jargon and techniques of the Project Manager as well as become familiar with the “Tools of the trade”. To review the skills that are relevant to project management - The ability to define the Goal, Objective, Specifications and Limitations of a project. - The ability to define the individual tasks in sufficient detail and sequence to meet the objective with the minimum of problems, and within the defined time scale. Task attributes should include some or all of the following: |Milestones||Task(s) on which this Task is Dependant| |Estimated Duration: –||Task(s) that are dependent on this task| |(Optimistic estimate)||Itemised task Budget| |(Pessimistic estimate)||Resources required to complete the Task.| - The ability to manage the progression of the tasks in terms of their resources, start times and finish times. - The production of appropriate progress reports. As the complexities of these undertakings increase so the importance of discipline and structure increase and the Project Manager must look to the tools that can help which is where Microsoft Project comes into the picture. The Stages of Project Management The process of project management is divided into specific stages which can be defined as follows: – Define the Project Plan the project Monitoring and Adjusting Defining the Project Setting out the Goal and the Objectives together with the Specification and Limitations within which the undertaking must be completed. Plan the Project Planning of all the activities, resources, and estimation of materials and time scales. Some of this planning may have to be done at an appropriate level for cost estimation before the project can be agreed. Once the decision to go ahead has been taken the skills of the Project Manager are used to define the details of the planning stage. When this has been completed and agreed it will become the “Plan” or the base line against which progress can be measured. Handover, support and report on the benefits delivered. |Notes:||A poorly planned project will take three times longer that the original plan. A well-planned project will only take twice as long.| |A project that will be completed without changes, on time and within budget has never been known in the past and will never happen in the future.| Monitoring and Adjusting Recording Actual Progress Once the project is under way, the progress of each activity is recorded. This information can then be compared against the Plan and the differences highlighted. Revising the Schedule The process of minimising the effect of problems and delays on meeting project deadlines is achieved by adjusting and updating the Schedule to meet the changed circumstances. As the project progresses and when it has been completed the process of evaluation should be used to learn the lessons for the next time. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) In project management, a work breakdown structure (WBS) is a method for analyzing a project’s activities. Many organizations apply a WBS numbering standard to define projects, because it’s an important planning tool that serves as a basis for project scheduling, reporting, staffing, and budgeting. It can also help establish clear project goals. With Microsoft Project, you can easily incorporate a WBS for your project. What is a work breakdown structure? A WBS is a top-down planning method that defines the desired end result of a project and is made up of related elements, often called work packages, work elements, work phases, or tasks (summary tasks and subtasks). WBS descriptions define how the result will be accomplished. They also help you identify logical groupings of tasks and establish the focus of the project to prevent unintended future changes. Useful for a quick, high-level view of the parts of your project, a WBS is often shown as a block diagram. As a deliverable-oriented grouping of project elements, a WBS chart organizes and defines the total scope of the project. Each descending level represents an increasingly detailed description of a project component. WBS representation is described in more detail in our Intermediate and Advanced Microsoft Project training courses.

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Once in a blue moon By Joe Rao (SPACE.com) -- Some almanacs and calendars assert when two full moons occur within a calendar month, that the second full moon is called the "Blue Moon." That second full moon this month will come on Saturday, July 31st, and will look no different than any other full moon. On past occasions, usually after forest fires or volcanic eruptions, the moon can indeed take on a bluish or lavender hue. Soot and ash particles, deposited high in the Earth's atmosphere can sometimes make the moon appear bluish. Such a situation was noted across eastern North America in late September 1950, due to smoke from widespread forest fire activity in western Canada. Also, in the aftermath of the massive eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in June 1991 there were reports of blue moons worldwide. The phrase "Once in a blue moon" was first noted in 1824 and refers to occurrences that are uncommon, perhaps even rare. Yet, to have two full Moons in the same month is not as uncommon as one might think. In fact, it occurs, on average, about every 32 months. And in the year 1999 it actually occurred twice in three months. For the longest time no one seemed to have a clue as to where the "Blue Moon Rule" originated. I myself once suggested that the rule might have evolved out of the fact that the word "belewe" came from the Old English, meaning, "to betray." Perhaps, I suggested, the second full Moon is 'belewe' because it betrays the usual perception of one full moon per month. It was not until the year 1999 that the origin of the calendrical term "Blue Moon" was at long last discovered. It was during the time frame from 1932 through 1957 that the Maine Farmers' Almanac suggested that if one of the four seasons (winter, spring, summer or fall) contained four full moons instead of the usual three, the third should be called a "Blue Moon." But thanks to a couple of misinterpretations of this arcane rule, first by a writer in a 1946 issue of Sky & Telescope magazine, and much later, in 1980 syndicated radio program, it now appears that the second full Moon in a month is the one that's now popularly accepted as the definition of a "Blue Moon." Another interesting fact about the full moon of July 2nd is its near coincidence with the time of perigee -- its closest point to the Earth. Perigee occurred on July 1st at 7:00 p.m. EDT; the moment of full moon comes just over a half a day later at 7:09 a.m. EDT on July 2nd. At the moment of perigee, the moon's distance from Earth was 222,107 miles (357,448 kilometers). This circumstance will result in a dramatically large range of high and low ocean tides during this Independence Day weekend. Any coastal storm at sea around this time will almost certainly aggravate coastal flooding problems. Such an extreme tide is known as a perigean spring tide, the word spring being derived from the German springen -- to "spring up," not a reference to the spring season. While this will be one of the "biggest" full moons of 2004 (the June full moon was slightly closer) the variation of the moon's size due to its distance is not readily apparent to observers viewing the moon directly. To those living on the shores near the Bay of Fundy in eastern Canada, however, the 10 to 20 foot (3 -6 meter) increase in the vertical tidal range makes it obvious when the moon lies near perigee, clear skies or cloudy. Copyright © 1999-2006 SPACE.com, Inc.

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A mobile device (or handheld computer) is a computing device small enough to hold and operate in the hand. Typically, any handheld computer device will have an LCD or OLED flatscreen interface, providing a touchscreen interface with digital buttons and keyboard or physical buttons along with a physical keyboard. Many such devices can connect to the Internet and interconnect with other devices such as car entertainment systems or headsets via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks or near field communication (NFC). Integrated cameras, digital media players, the ability to place and receive telephone calls, video games, and Global Positioning System (GPS) capabilities are common. Power is typically provided by a lithium battery. Mobile devices may run mobile operating systems that allow third-party apps specialized for said capabilities to be installed and run. Early smartphones were joined in the late 2000s by larger, but otherwise essentially the same, tablets. Input and output is now usually via a touch-screen interface. Phones/tablets and personal digital assistants may provide much of the functionality of a laptop/desktop computer but more conveniently, in addition to exclusive features. Enterprise digital assistants can provide additional business functionality such as integrated data capture via barcode, RFID and smart card readers. By 2010, mobile devices often contained sensors such as accelerometers, magnetometers and gyroscopes, allowing detection of orientation and motion. Mobile devices may provide biometric user authentication such as face recognition or fingerprint recognition. Device mobility can be viewed in the context of several dimensions: Strictly speaking, many so-called mobile devices are not mobile. It is the host that is mobile, i.e., a mobile human host carries a non-mobile smartphone device. An example of a true mobile computing device, where the device itself is mobile, is a robot. Another example is an autonomous vehicle. There are three basic ways mobile devices can be physically bound to mobile hosts: accompanied, surface-mounted or embedded into the fabric of a host, e.g., an embedded controller embedded in a host device. Accompanied refers to an object being loosely bound and accompanying a mobile host, e.g., a smartphone can be carried in a bag or pocket but can easily be misplaced. Hence, mobile hosts with embedded devices such as an autonomous vehicle can appear larger than pocket-sized. As stated earlier, the most common size of mobile computing device is pocket-sized that can be hand-held, but other sizes for mobile devices exist, too. Mark Weiser, known as the father of ubiquitous computing, computing everywhere, referred to device sizes that are tab-sized, pad and board sized, where tabs are defined as accompanied or wearable centimetre-sized devices, e.g. smartphones, and pads are defined as hand-held decimetre-sized devices, e.g., laptops. If one changes the form of the mobile devices in terms of being non-planar, one can also have skin devices and tiny dust-sized devices. Dust refers to miniaturised devices without direct HCI interfaces, e.g., micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), ranging from nanometres through micrometers to millimetres. See also Smart dust. Skin: fabrics based upon light emitting and conductive polymers and organic computer devices. These can be formed into more flexible non-planar display surfaces and products such as clothes and curtains, see OLED display. Also see smart device. Although mobility is often regarded as synonymous with having wireless connectivity, these terms are different. Not all network access by mobile users, applications and devices need be via wireless networks and vice versa. Wireless access devices can be static and mobile users can move in between wired and wireless hotspots such as in Internet cafés. Some mobile devices can be used as mobile Internet devices to access the Internet while moving but they do not need to do this and many phone functions or applications are still operational even while disconnected to the Internet. What makes the mobile device unique compared to other technologies is the inherent flexibility in the hardware and also the software. Flexible applications include video chat, Web browsing, payment systems, NFC, audio recording etc. As mobile devices become ubiquitous there, will be a proliferation of services which include the use of the cloud. Although a common form of mobile device, a smartphone, has a display, another perhaps even more common form of smart computing device, the smart card, e.g., used as a bank card or travel card, does not have a display. This mobile device often has a CPU and memory but needs to connect, or be inserted into a reader in order to display its internal data or state. There are many kinds of mobile devices, designed for different applications. This includes: Handheld devices have become ruggedized for use in mobile field management. Uses include digitizing notes, sending and receiving invoices, asset management, recording signatures, managing parts, and scanning barcodes. In 2009, developments in mobile collaboration systems enabled the use of handheld devices that combine video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities to enable multi-party conferencing in real-time, independent of location. Handheld computers are available in a variety of form factors, including smartphones on the low end, handheld PDAs, Ultra-Mobile PCs and Tablet PCs (Palm OS, WebOS). Users can watch television through Internet by IPTV on some mobile devices. Mobile television receivers have existed since the 1960s, and in the 21st century mobile phone providers began making television available on cellular phones. In the 2010s, mobile devices can sync and share many data despite the distance or specifications of said devices. In the medical field, mobile devices are quickly becoming essential tools for accessing clinical information such as drugs, treatment, even medical calculation. Due to the popularity of mobile gaming, the gambling industry started offering casino games on mobile devices, which in turn lead to inclusion of these devices in anti hazard legislature as devices that could potentially be used in illegal gambling. Other potentially illegal activities might include the use of mobile devices in distributing child pornography and the legal sex industry use of mobile apps and hardware to promote its activities, as well as the possibility of using mobile devices to perform trans-border services, which are all issues that need to be regulated. In the military, mobile devices have created new opportunities for the armed forces to deliver training and educational materials to soldiers, regardless of where they are stationed. Alcatel (formerly Alcatel Mobile Phones and Alcatel OneTouch) is a French brand of mobile handsets owned by Finnish consumer electronics company Nokia and used under license by Chinese electronics company TCL Corporation. The Alcatel brand was licensed in 2005 by former French electronics and telecommunications company Alcatel-Lucent to TCL for mobile phones and devices, and the current license expires at the end of 2024. Nokia acquired the assets of Alcatel-Lucent in 2016 and thus also inherited the licensing agreements for the Alcatel brand.Bring your own device Bring your own device (BYOD)—also called bring your own technology (BYOT), bring your own phone (BYOP), and bring your own personal computer (BYOPC)—refers to the policy of permitting employees to bring personally owned devices (laptops, tablets, and smart phones) to their workplace, and to use those devices to access privileged company information and applications. The phenomenon is commonly referred to as IT consumerization.BYOD is making significant inroads in the business world, with about 75% of employees in high-growth markets such as Brazil and Russia and 44% in developed markets already using their own technology at work. Surveys have indicated that businesses are unable to stop employees from bringing personal devices into the workplace. Research is divided on benefits. One survey shows around 95% of employees stating they use at least one personal device for work.Form factor (mobile phones) The form factor of a mobile phone is its size, shape, and style, as well as the layout and position of its major components.Google Fit Google Fit is a health-tracking platform developed by Google for the Android operating system and Wear OS. It is a single set of APIs that blends data from multiple apps and devices. Google Fit uses sensors in a user's activity tracker or mobile device to record physical fitness activities (such as walking or cycling), which are measured against the user's fitness goals to provide a comprehensive view of their fitness.Google Sync Google Sync was a file synchronization service from Google that provided over-the-air synchronization of Gmail, Google Contacts, and Google Calendar with PC and mobile device Mail, Calendar and Address Book applications. It used Microsoft® Exchange ActiveSync® to let service users synchronize their Google Apps mail, contacts, and calendars to their mobile devices, wherein the users can also set up or customize the alerts for incoming messages and upcoming meetings. Google Sync worked with PC, Mac, Linux, Android, BlackBerry, Symbian S60, iPhone, iPad, Windows Mobile, and other devices. Google Sync was announced in February 2009 and discontinued for non-business users in December 2012.ITunes iTunes () is a media player, media library, Internet radio broadcaster, and mobile device management application developed by Apple Inc. It was announced on January 9, 2001. It is used to play, download, and organize digital multimedia files, including music and video, on personal computers running the macOS and Windows operating systems. Content must be purchased through the iTunes Store, whereas iTunes is the software letting users manage their purchases. The original and main focus of iTunes is music, with a library offering organization, collection, and storage of users' music collections. It can be used to rip songs from CDs, as well as play content with the use of dynamic, smart playlists. Options for sound optimizations exist, as well as ways to wirelessly share the iTunes library. In 2005, Apple expanded on the core features with video support, later also adding podcasts, e-books, and a section for managing mobile apps for Apple's iOS operating system, the last of which it discontinued in 2017. The original iPhone smartphone required iTunes for activation and, until the release of iOS 5 in 2011, iTunes was required for installing software updates for the company's iOS devices. Newer iOS devices rely less on the iTunes software, though it can still be used for backup and restoration of phone contents, as well as for the transfer of files between a computer and individual iOS applications. iTunes has received significant criticism for a bloated user experience, with Apple adopting an all-encompassing feature-set in iTunes rather than sticking to its original music-based purpose.Mobile app A mobile app or mobile application is a computer program or software application designed to run on a mobile device such as a phone/tablet or watch. Apps were originally intended for productivity assistance such as Email, calendar, and contact databases, but the public demand for apps caused rapid expansion into other areas such as mobile games, factory automation, GPS and location-based services, order-tracking, and ticket purchases, so that there are now millions of apps available. Apps are generally downloaded from application distribution platforms which are operated by the owner of the mobile operating system, such as the App Store (iOS) or Google Play Store. Some apps are free, and others have a price, with the profit being split between the application's creator and the distribution platform. Mobile applications often stand in contrast to desktop applications which are designed to run on desktop computers, and web applications which run in mobile web browsers rather than directly on the mobile device. In 2009, technology columnist David Pogue said that newer smartphones could be nicknamed "app phones" to distinguish them from earlier less-sophisticated smartphones. The term "app", short for "software application", has since become very popular; in 2010, it was listed as "Word of the Year" by the American Dialect Society.Mobile application management Mobile application management (MAM) describes software and services responsible for provisioning and controlling access to internally developed and commercially available mobile apps used in business settings on both company-provided and “bring your own” smartphones and tablet computers. Mobile application management provides granular controls at the application level that enable administrators to manage and secure app data. MAM differs from mobile device management (MDM), which focuses on controlling the entire device and requires that users enroll their device and install a service agent.While some enterprise mobility management (EMM) suites include a MAM function, their capabilities may be limited in comparison to stand-alone MAM solutions because EMM suites require a device management profile in order to enable app management capabilities.Mobile commerce The phrase mobile commerce was originally coined in 1997 by Kevin Duffey at the launch of the Global Mobile Commerce Forum, to mean "the delivery of electronic commerce capabilities directly into the consumer’s hand, anywhere, via wireless technology." Many choose to think of Mobile Commerce as meaning "a retail outlet in your customer’s pocket." Mobile commerce is worth US$230 billion, with Asia representing almost half of the market, and has been forecast to reach US$700 billion in 2017.Mobile device forensics Mobile device forensics is a branch of digital forensics relating to recovery of digital evidence or data from a mobile device under forensically sound conditions. The phrase mobile device usually refers to mobile phones; however, it can also relate to any digital device that has both internal memory and communication ability, including PDA devices, GPS devices and tablet computers. The use of mobile phones/devices in crime was widely recognised for some years, but the forensic study of mobile devices is a relatively new field, dating from the early 2000s and late 1990s. A proliferation of phones (particularly smartphones) and other digital devices on the consumer market caused a demand for forensic examination of the devices, which could not be met by existing computer forensics techniques.Mobile devices can be used to save several types of personal information such as contacts, photos, calendars and notes, SMS and MMS messages. Smartphones may additionally contain video, email, web browsing information, location information, and social networking messages and contacts. There is growing need for mobile forensics due to several reasons and some of the prominent reasons are: Use of mobile phones to store and transmit personal and corporate information Use of mobile phones in online transactions Law enforcement, criminals and mobile phone devicesMobile device forensics can be particularly challenging on a number of levels:Evidential and technical challenges exist. for example, cell site analysis following from the use of a mobile phone usage coverage, is not an exact science. Consequently, whilst it is possible to determine roughly the cell site zone from which a call was made or received, it is not yet possible to say with any degree of certainty, that a mobile phone call emanated from a specific location e.g. a residential address. To remain competitive, original equipment manufacturers frequently change mobile phone form factors, operating system file structures, data storage, services, peripherals, and even pin connectors and cables. As a result, forensic examiners must use a different forensic process compared to computer forensics. Storage capacity continues to grow thanks to demand for more powerful "mini computer" type devices. Not only the types of data but also the way mobile devices are used constantly evolve. Hibernation behaviour in which processes are suspended when the device is powered off or idle but at the same time, remaining active.As a result of these challenges, a wide variety of tools exist to extract evidence from mobile devices; no one tool or method can acquire all the evidence from all devices. It is therefore recommended that forensic examiners, especially those wishing to qualify as expert witnesses in court, undergo extensive training in order to understand how each tool and method acquires evidence; how it maintains standards for forensic soundness; and how it meets legal requirements such as the Daubert standard or Frye standard.Mobile device management Mobile device management (MDM) is an industry term for the administration of mobile devices, such as smartphones, tablet computers and laptops. MDM is usually implemented with the use of a third party product that has management features for particular vendors of mobile devices.Mobile phone operator A mobile phone operator, wireless provider, or carrier is a mobile telecommunications company that provides wireless Internet GSM services for mobile device users. The operator gives a SIM card to the customer who inserts it into the mobile device to gain access to the service. There are two types of mobile operators: a mobile network operator (MNO) which owns the underlying network and spectrum assets required to run the service. a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) which buys wholesale service from an MNO and sells on to its own customers.As of May 2016 (and for years before), the world's largest individual mobile operator by subscribers is China Mobile with over 835 million mobile subscribers. Over 50 mobile operators have over 10 million subscribers each, and over 150 mobile operators had at least one million subscribers by the end of 2009. In February 2010, there were 4.6 billion mobile subscribers, a number that is estimated to grow. Total mobile‐cellular subscriptions reached almost 6 billion by end 2011, corresponding to a global penetration of 86%.Mobile social address book A mobile social address book is a phonebook on a mobile device that enables subscribers to build and grow their social networks. The mobile social address book transforms the phone book on any standard mobile phone into a social networking platform that makes it easier for subscribers to exchange contact information. The mobile social address book is the convergence of personal information management (PIM) and social networking on a mobile device. While standard mobile phonebooks force users to manually enter contacts, mobile social address books automate this process by enabling subscribers to exchange contact information following a call or SMS. The contact information exchange occurs instantaneously and the user's phonebook updates automatically. Mobile social address books also provide dynamic updates of contacts if their numbers change over time.Phantom vibration syndrome Phantom vibration syndrome or phantom ringing syndrome is the perception that one's mobile phone is vibrating or ringing when it is not ringing. Other terms for this concept include ringxiety (a portmanteau of ring and anxiety), fauxcellarm (a portmanteau of "faux" /fō/ meaning "fake" or "false" and "cellphone" and "alarm" pronounced similarly to "false alarm") and phonetom (a portmanteau of phone and phantom). According to Dr. Michael Rothberg, the term is not a syndrome, but is better characterised as a tactile hallucination since the brain perceives a sensation that is not actually present. WebMD published an article on phantom vibration syndrome with Rothberg as a source. Several other articles have been published recently, including in NPR, Bustle, CBS News, and Psychology Today. Phantom ringing may be experienced while taking a shower, watching television, or using a noisy device. Humans are particularly sensitive to auditory tones between 1,000 and 6,000 hertz, and basic mobile phone ringtones often fall within this range. Phantom vibrations develop after carrying a cell phone set to use vibrating alerts. Researcher Michelle Drouin found that almost 9 of 10 undergraduates at her college experienced phantom vibrations.Sideloading Sideloading is a term used mostly on the Internet, similar to "upload" and "download", but in reference to the process of transferring files between two local devices, in particular between a computer and a mobile device such as a mobile phone, smartphone, PDA, tablet, portable media player or e-reader. Sideloading typically refers to media file transfer to a mobile device via USB, Bluetooth, WiFi or by writing to a memory card for insertion into the mobile device. When referring to Android apps, "sideloading" typically means installing an application package in APK format onto an Android device. Such packages are usually downloaded from websites other than Google play, usually through a computer. Side loading of apps is only possible if the user has allowed "Unknown Sources" in their Security Settings.When referring to iOS apps, "sideloading" means installing an app in IPA format onto an Apple Device, usually through the use of a computer program such as Cydia Impactor or Xcode or on the actual device using a Jailbreak method or using a signing service instead of through Apple's App Store. On modern versions of iOS, the sources of the apps must be trusted by both Apple and the user in "profiles and device management" in settings; except when using jailbreak methods of sideloading apps.Smart device A smart device is an electronic device, generally connected to other devices or networks via different wireless protocols such as Bluetooth, NFC, Wi-Fi, LiFi, 3G, etc., that can operate to some extent interactively and autonomously. Several notable types of smart devices are smartphones, smart cars, smart thermostats, smart doorbells, smart locks, smart refrigerators, phablets and tablets, smartwatches, smart bands, smart key chains, smart speakers and others. The term can also refer to a device that exhibits some properties of ubiquitous computing, including—although not necessarily—artificial intelligence. Smart devices can be designed to support a variety of form factors, a range of properties pertaining to ubiquitous computing and to be used in three main system environments: physical world, human-centered environments and distributed computing environments.Teashark Teashark is a discontinued mobile browser. It worked in concert with the Teashark servers, which transcoded (and partly pre-rendered) websites before sending the results to the mobile device.Telephone number A telephone number is a sequence of digits assigned to a fixed-line telephone subscriber station connected to a telephone line or to a wireless electronic telephony device, such as a radio telephone or a mobile telephone, or to other devices for data transmission via the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or other public and private networks. A telephone number serves as an address for switching telephone calls using a system of destination code routing. Telephone numbers are entered or dialed by a calling party on the originating telephone set, which transmits the sequence of digits in the process of signaling to a telephone exchange. The exchange completes the call either to another locally connected subscriber or via the PSTN to the called party. Telephone numbers are assigned within the framework of a national or regional telephone numbering plan to subscribers by telephone service operators, which may be commercial entities, state-controlled administrations, or other telecommunication industry associations. Telephone numbers were first used in 1879 in Lowell, Massachusetts, when they replaced the request for subscriber names by callers connecting to the switchboard operator. Over the course of telephone history, telephone numbers had various lengths and formats, and even included most letters of the alphabet in leading positions when telephone exchange names were in common use until the 1960s. Telephone numbers are often dialed in conjunction with other signaling code sequences, such as vertical service codes, to invoke special telephone service features.Windows Mobile Device Center Windows Mobile Device Center is a synchronization software program developed by Microsoft, and the successor to ActiveSync. It is designed to synchronize various content including music, video, contacts, calendar events, web browser favorites, and other files between Windows Mobile devices and the Microsoft Windows operating system. Major mobile device companies Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion

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Thank you for helping us expand this topic! Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article. Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review. The topic St. Joseph is discussed in the following articles: ...island until 1592. In that year Antonio de Berrio came in search of Eldorado (the mythical land of gold); he took official possession of the island and founded San José of Oruña (now Saint Joseph), which served as the capital until 1784. Even after 1592 the development of the island proceeded slowly. Few Spaniards immigrated to Trinidad; only a handful of African slaves were... Click anywhere inside the article to add text or insert superscripts, subscripts, and special characters. You can also highlight a section and use the tools in this bar to modify existing content: Add links to related Britannica articles! You can double-click any word or highlight a word or phrase in the text below and then select an article from the search box. Or, simply highlight a word or phrase in the article, then enter the article name or term you'd like to link to in the search box below, and select from the list of results. Note: we do not allow links to external resources in editor. Please click the Websites link for this article to add citations for

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Differences between human and animal communication Free essays on difference between human language and animal communication system get help with your writing 1 through 30. Human language vs animal communication the differences and similarities between human language and animal communication varies with each type of animal. Get an answer for 'what are the differences between human and animal communication' and find homework help for other linguistics questions at enotes. Human and animal communication differ in significant ways humans possess the ability to be creative with symbols, and current research suggests animals do not, according to western washington university professor of linguistics edward vajda. The main difference between human and animal is patience five differences between human and animal animal communication is relatively constant over long. Start studying communication and language learn vocabulary systems of communication differences between human and animal communication. 44 differences between human life and animal the differences between man and beast are and his creative communication by means of his vocal system is. In the comparison of human language with animal communication systems descartes goes on to state that one of the major differences between humans and animals is. Harvard researchers have identified four mental abilities humans possess that other animals they form the basis of our complex systems of language and communication. Human & animal communication of the differences between animal communication and human language between animal communication and human language is. Human language and animal communication same or different some characteristics of human linguistic communication innate critical period arbitrary compositional. Check out our top free essays on similarities and differences between human language and animal communication to help you write your own essay. Vocal communication significant differences between nonvocal and vocal communication are matters human fascination with animal behaviour probably extends back. There are usually many differences between human and animal behavior however, there are times when their behavior may mirror ours in many ways. Difference between animal communication and human communication five differences between human and animal language human languages are spoken as well as written. This blog has moved and has a new home page june 27, 2008 the difference between human and other animal communication in his book the language instinct (1994) steven pinker pointed out two fundamental facts about human language that were used by linguist noam chomsky to develop his theory about how we learn language. What is the difference between humans and animals there are several things that make humans different from other animals most of these differences are easily seen. Animal systems of communication (edward vajda) let's generalize the similarities and differences between human and animal communication similarity. Animal communication versus human language 223the differences between animal communication system and human differences between human language and animal. What separates human language from that of other animals can animal communication exhibit some of the qualities, such as displacement and dual patterning, which are said to set human language apart. Difference between human and non-human communication is that animals are cannot claim that language is unique to the human species differences between the. The difference between human and other animal communication in his book the language instinct (1994) what is the difference between animal and human language. Human and non-human communication a curious controversy homo sapiens may be the only genuinely musical species at least, no other species seems to have songs in which musical intervals (small whole-number ratios between pitches) play a role. Animal vs human communication conveying of meaningful information is known as communication, and it has been an integral part of success and hence, the longevity of any animal species and so for the humans.Get file

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What does Pascal mean by "a mean between nothing and everything" in Pensées? In Pensées, Blaise Pascal describes human beings as “a mean between nothing and everything.” He means that humans are small and nearly insignificant before the infinite vastness of the universe, yet they possess existence, and they can contemplate nature with their reason. They are something rather than nothing, and they can and should stand in wonder at the gifts they have been given. In his Pensées, Blaise Pascal speaks of “a mean between nothing and everything.” He is talking about human beings. He begins the section by guiding his readers in a reflection on the vastness of the universe. “The whole visible world is only an imperceptible atom in the ample bosom of nature,” he asserts. We cannot even imagine how far the universe extends. It is, perhaps, infinite. So where does this leave human beings? We are tiny compared to the vastness Pascal describes, so tiny as to seem insignificant, next to nothing. This realization leads us to a beneficial humility, especially when we begin to think we are the center of the universe. On the other hand, Pascal invites us to consider the smallest things in nature. Even a mite is quite a wonderful thing when we think about its complexity. It is a perfect miniature organism with all its delicate parts intact and functioning. Yet there are things even smaller, like atoms that we cannot see but that are still vital for life. Pascal then appeals, “Let him [the human being] lose himself in wonders as amazing in their littleness as the others in their vastness.” Where does this leave human beings? We stand as though poised between the Infinite and the Nothing, “two abysses” for contemplation, and indeed the human being is “A Nothing in comparison with the Infinite, an All in comparison with the Nothing...” They are “a mean between nothing and everything.” In other words, we human beings stand in the middle. There is a vastness in the universe that we can never grasp, that makes us feel very small indeed. Yet we exist. God has made us out of Nothing (which we also cannot grasp with our reason or imagination). We are here. We have minds and bodies, spirits and souls. We are something, even if small. As the mean between the Infinite and Nothing, human beings ought to remain humble, well aware of our place in the universe and the limits of our comprehension, but also appreciative of our existence and the gifts God has given to us. check Approved by eNotes Editorial

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What is the future of e-learning going to Does there need to be new pedagogical approaches to effectively address e-learning?? Defined by Harley, Lawrence and the University of California (2007) as being mostly facilitated through the use of the internet and may be assisted by other technologies such as interactive communication technologies or According to Remtulla (2007) it is a ‘Grand Solution’ for the future of education. According to Scott Niper (1989), as cited in Guri-Rosenblit (2005, p. 467), the three are: Print with broadcast media. Use of ICT’s and the internet. Integrated Learning System’s, web content and digital text (McFarlane, 2001). According to Tsai (2009) there are a number of benefits for e-learners, which include… Flexible time and space. Allows for indirect social interaction. Abundance of learning resources Dynamic learning interfaces. Hughes (2007) believes that future e-learning environments must include… Freedom to challenge ideas. Must not become static, insular or exclusive. Build a sense of community. Interactions provide greater opportunity to engage the learner. ‘Disruptive’ technologies need ‘Disruptive’ Pedagogies (Remtulla, 2006). Teaching strategies must exploit underused aspects of E-Learning technologies (Remtulla, Combines many pedagogical styles (Breen, There are many positive benefits to using a blended learning approach (Clarke, 2007). Couples face-to-face learning with e-learning Connectivism-the learning process is cyclical, in that learners will connect to a network to share and find new information, will modify their beliefs on the basis of new learning, and will then connect to a network to share these realizations and find new information once more (Hill & Kop, 2008, p. 2). E-learner’s must be passionate and considerate in the use of technologies for e-learning New technologies and pedagogical approaches are necessary (Christen, 2009). Abbad, M., Morris, D., & de Nahlik, C. (2009). Looking under the Bonnet: Factors Affecting Student Adoption of E-Learning Systems in Jordan. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 10(2). Breen, P. (2007). Lessons from an International e-Learning Project. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 8(3), 1-10. Christen, A. (2009, January 1). Transforming the Classroom for Collaborative Learning in the 21st Century. Techniques: Connecting Education and Careers, 84(1), 28-31. Clarke, A. (2007). The Future of E-Learning. Adults Learning, 18(7), 14-15. Conrad, D. (2008). Reflecting on Strategies for a New Learning Culture: Can we do it? Journal of Distance Education, 22(3), 157-161. Davies, J., & Pigott, N. (2004). E-Learning across the Atlantic. Commentary. Perspectives London policy and practice in higher education, 8(2), 37-40. Guri-Rosenblit, S. (2005). Distance Education and E-Learning: Not the Same Thing. Higher Education: The International Journal of Higher Education and Educational Planning, Harley, D., Lawrence, S., & University of California, B. (2007). The Regulation of E- Learning: New National and International Policy Perspectives. Research & Occasional Paper Series: A Report. Revised. Online Submission. Retrieved August 3, 2009, from ERIC. Hedberg, J. (2006). E-Learning Futures? Speculations for a Time Yet to Come. Studies in Continuing Education, 28(2), 171-183. Hill, A., & Kop, R. (2008). Connectivism: Learning Theory of the Future or Vestige of the Past?. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 9(3), 1-13. Hughes, G. (2007). Diversity, Identity and Belonging in E-Learning Communities: Some Theories and Paradoxes. Teaching in Higher Education, 12, 709-720. Kanuka, H., & Kelland, J. (2008). Has e-Learning Delivered on its Promises? Expert Opinion on the Impact of e-Learning in Higher Education. The Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 38(1), 45-65. McFarlane, Kathryn. (2001). Just another electric circus? Meeting standards for K to 12 e- learning classroom resources. Education Canada, 41(3), 26. Remtulla, K. (2007). The Knowledge-Based Economy and E-Learning: Critical Considerations for Workplace Democracy. Convergence, 40, 9-24. Tsai, M. (2009). The Model of Strategic e-Learning: Understanding and Evaluating Student e-Learning from Metacognitive Perspectives. Educational Technology & Society, Watson, L. (2007). Building the Future of Learning. European Journal of Education, 42(2),

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Machine learning is technology where computers identify patterns in data. It has revolutionized areas like spam detection, voice recognition, and digital advertising. Credit card companies also use machine learning to determine when a card may have been stolen. It uses data from different sources to train computers to recognize patterns and correlate information. The goal of machine learning is to solve problems more efficiently, accurately, and objectively than a human could. The gold-standard technology for fraud detection, machine learning is a critical part of the fraud-detection systems at ecommerce pioneers like Amazon and Google though it was previously out of reach for other e-commerce companies. Sift strives to make fraud detection powered by large-scale machine learning accessible to all. We've also seen machine-learning called "self-learning" and "predictive analytics." Why should it be done at a large-scale? - Millions of fraud patterns: Sift’s fraud library has millions of relevant fraud patterns, and that number grows every day. - Unconventional rules: Sift's large-scale infrastructure allows us to surface granular, client-specific fraud signals, such as the specific product sold or the text of a gift message

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Turkey: paradigm change in education Sunal, C. S. Information Age Publishing 253 - 271 Item Usage Stats MetadataShow full item record Crosscurrents and crosscutting themes Research on Education in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East Teaching in Turkish schools has long been delivered in a teacher-centred way. The means of assessment also has been traditional, and because the major examinations are used for entry to quality schools and ultimately to universities, they have a powerful backwash effect on the high school curriculum. National results in three subject areas indicate that the Turkish model of teaching is not yielding results comparable with 25 other OECD countries. Current change, led by the Ministry of National Education, is directed to both curriculum and the means of assessment, as well as to teaching methodology. In addition to changes in the school classroom, the Higher Education Council recently instituted wide-ranging reforms in teacher education.

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Australia has a well-known potential for solar energy. It is one of the sunniest places on Earth. In 2015, Australia committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions 28% below its 2005 levels by 2030. In this article we summarise the main points behind our country’s carbon reduction target and describe how rooftop solar systems represent a unique opportunity for business owners to actively contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions, helping achieve this 2030 target. It is a known fact that carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases present in our atmosphere. Greenhouse gases help Earth retain part of the energy it receives from the sun, preventing that energy from escaping back into space. This makes our planet habitable for most of the life on Earth. If it were not for greenhouse gases, our oceans would be frozen solid. While the greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface to a liveable temperature, too much of anything is a bad thing. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere. This has led to the enhanced greenhouse effect, which is warming our earth faster than ever before. The Climate Pact approved in Paris in December 2015 was signed with this in mind. Nearly 200 countries around the world have agreed to a collective goal of limiting global average temperature rise to less than 2°C above pre-industrial levels. The term carbon footprint represents the amount of carbon (usually expressed in tonnes) emitted to the environment by an activity or organisation. When we use electricity from the national grid, every unit of energy consumed (expressed in kWh) has a carbon footprint associated with how that energy was generated. The Australian Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources releases the National Greenhouse Accounts Factors annually, where the carbon emissions equivalent factor for each state is determined according to their electricity sources. As you can see Victoria has some work to do. Australia’s 2030 Emissions Reduction Target Australia's first environmental commitment under the Kyoto Protocol, was to reduce emissions by 5% against its 2000 levels by this year. It has exceeded this target with flying colours. Australia’s emissions per capita have declined by 19% since 2000 and by 22% since 2005. The country has now set an even more ambitious task for 2030. It is important to point out that more than 50 countries have now submitted carbon reduction targets. These countries produce over 60% of the global emission. Countries’ emissions are linked with population and economic growth, and Australia’s population and economy are growing faster than most other developed countries, so the targets set for 2030 represent 52% reduction is emissions per person and 65% in emissions per unit of GDP. Figure 1: Australia’s emissions intensity and emissions per capita fall with population and economic growth. In order to drive the reduction of carbon emissions, the Government has set direct action policies. Developing a strategy to improve the utilisation of solar power is one of the main areas of focus. Businesses in the commercial and industrial sector are a very well-suited solar candidate. This is because they have high energy consumption and operate mainly during daylight hours. Solar Energy and the Environment Transitioning to renewable energy is one of the most powerful ways for a country to reduce its ecological footprint. Using solar energy can help lower businesses’ carbon emissions and boost their environmental credentials. Using solar energy instead of the energy from the grid means you reduce the need for carbon dioxide emitting energy to be produced for the grid on your behalf. This reduces your carbon footprint from the moment the system is turned on. It is interesting to find other measures to look at carbon emissions in a more tangible way. For example, Australian cars typically travel 13,000km every year around the country, generating an average of 2,400 kg of carbon emissions per year. A small 2kW rooftop PV system can generate enough annual energy to completely offset the carbon footprint of this car. The same system will fully “park this car” for up to 30 years. At the same time, this amount of energy is comparable to having a virtual forest composed by 117 mature trees. Every year, they would capture this amount of carbon emissions. Last but not least, by using solar energy, companies are also saving water. Water is used throughout the generation of electricity for cooling generators, processing and refining fuel and transporting fuel through pipes. The operation of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels doesn’t require water to generate electricity. The only water needed is rainwater to naturally clean the panels. The uptake of solar energy can help reduce Australia’s carbon emissions and compile with our 2030 target. Rooftop solar PV system is a valuable opportunity to reduce carbon emissions while saving money and Solar PPAs are a no-investment option. Australian Government, 2015, Australia’s 2030 Emissions Reduction Target - Strong, credible, responsible, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment , viewed 31 August 2020, Zen Energy, 17 Feb 2020, 5 Advantages of Solar Energy on the Environment, Zen Energy, viewed 31 August 2020, Global Footprint Network, 2020, Climate Change, viewed 31 August 2020, Christina Nunez, 13 May 2019, Carbon dioxide levels are at a record high. Here's what you need to know, viewed 31 August 2020, Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources, August 2019, National Greenhouse Accounts Factors, Australian Government, viewed 31 August 2020, Budget Direct, April 2020, Average kilometres travelled per day/per year in Australia 2020, Budget Direct, viewed 31 August 2020, National Transport Commission, 22 June 2020, Carbon dioxide emissions intensity for new Australian light vehicles 2019, National Transport Commission, viewed 31 August 2020, Joseph Coppolino, 20 August 2020, How Planting Trees Can Reduce Your Carbon Footprint, One Tree Planted, viewed 31 August 2020,

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Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the U.S. with over 2 million new cases of skin cancer every year. One in five Americans will get skin cancer. Men get skin cancer about TWICE as often as women. It is also the most common cancer for young adults (25-29). The Sun has several Benefits: Heat; Light; Photosynthesis; Outdoor Environment for Activity; Production of Vitamin D; and Positive Effects on Mood and Behavior. However, the sun can also contribute to some Harms: Suntan; Sunburn; Premature Aging; Freckles; Liver Spots; Wrinkles; Loss of Elasticity in our skin; Cataracts; Suppression of Immune System; and Skin Cancer. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays can damage your skin in as little as 15 minutes. Protect you and your family from skin cancer by monitoring and use protection during peak UV times and avoid direct and prolonged exposure to UV rays. You can reduce your risk of skin damage and skin cancer by seeking shade under an umbrella, tree, or other shelter before you need relief from the sun. Be extra careful around surfaces that reflect the sun’s rays, like snow, sand, water, and concrete. Your best bet to protect your skin is to use sunscreen or wear protective clothing when you’re outside—even when you’re in the shade. Choose fabrics with a tight weave and dark colors that cover large portions of skin. When possible, wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants. If wearing this type of clothing isn’t practical, at least try to wear a T-shirt or a beach cover-up. Hats with a brim all the way around that shades your face, ears, and the back of your neck is another great choice for UV protection. A tightly woven fabric, such as canvas, works best to protect your skin from UV rays. Avoid straw hats with holes that let sunlight through. A darker hat may offer more UV protection. If you wear a baseball cap, you should also protect your ears and the back of your neck by wearing clothing that covers those areas, using a broad spectrum sunscreen with at least SPF 15, or by staying in the shade. Sunglasses protect your eyes from UV rays and reduce the risk of cataracts. They also protect the tender skin around your eyes from sun exposure. Sunglasses that block both UVA and UVB rays offer the best protection. Most sunglasses sold in the United States, regardless of cost, meet this standard. Wrap-around sunglasses work best because they block UV rays from sneaking in from the side. Clouds only block about 20% of UV rays. Sun screen is the best product guaranteed to protect as directed. According to WebMD; wear sunscreen every day, in all weather and in every season. It should have a sun protection factor (SPF) of 30 and say “broad-spectrum” on the label, which means it protects against the sun’s UVA and UVB rays. Put it on at least 15 minutes before going outside. Use 1 ounce, which would fill a shot glass. Reapply sunscreen at least every 80 minutes, or more often if you’re sweating or swimming. Keep in mind, NO sunscreen blocks 100% of UV rays. Take special precautions with your infants and children: Infants under 6 months should be kept out of the direct sun as much as possible. Their skin is not yet protected by melanin. But young children’s skin is especially sensitive to chemical allergens, as well as the sun’s UV rays. Test sunscreen by applying a small amount on the inside of your child’s wrist the day before you plan to use it. If irritation or rash develops, try another product. Ask your child’s doctor to suggest a product less likely to irritate your child’s skin. Slop on sunscreen and reapply it often, especially if your child is playing in the water or sweating a lot. Dangerous ultraviolet (UV) light can be revealed using simple, UV white beads. UV beads contain a pigment that changes color when exposed to ultraviolet light from the sun. The beads remain pale in the presence of visible light or when shielded from UV light. Instead of using your skin as a UV detector, do a test with simple UV white beads to see if the sunscreen you are using is effective. These beads change color when exposed to UV light. Knowing the effectiveness of your sunscreen will make your sun time more of a fun time. To test your sunscreen, slather your bead(s) with your sunscreen and see if it changes color when exposed to the rays of the sun! These beads are very sensitive and will always change color a little regardless of how well a sunscreen works. If the sunscreen products are performing as advertised, however, you should easily see color differences in the beads. The untreated beads should be colorful. The treated beads should be much less bright. Keep in mind, Sunscreen products do have a shelf life and it’s not very long. They break down over time so plan on buying a fresh supply of sunscreen each summer, and it’s not very long. They break down over time so plan on buying a fresh supply of sunscreen each summer.

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Caravaggio’s style is characterized by significant key components: realism, co-extensive space, and “chiaroscuro.” Caravaggio’s most developed paintings focused mainly on religious scenes when he had previously made still-lifes and self-portraits. Caravaggio’s style of realism revolves around his very keen sense of detail. He included many details on his subjects that depicted them as very lifelike and realistic, including things like dirty fingernails or subtle facial features. Caravaggio’s incorporation of “chiaroscuro” was very characteristic of his art. His paintings were very dark in color with an experimental approach towards lighting, mostly having very dark and dramatic scenes. In regards to his use of co-extensive space, Caravaggio managed to make it feel as though the painting’s scene extended into the viewer’s world as well as in the painting. One last but very interesting characteristic of Caravaggio’s work was his lack of drawing before he painted. Many artists and painters performed a rough sketch beforehand, but Caravaggio did not; he did this sketch in paint and finished on top of it. Neoclassicism is the revival of classic art subjects or techniques. Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres and Jacques-Louis David are both great examples of Neoclassicism artists. Ingres was very much interested in realism and the human form, which was evident in his paintings of nude bodies, primarily women. While these weren’t always the most perfectly anatomically accurate examples, one of his works, “La Source,” was a very impressive and accurate expression of the human form. In his paintings of historical events, Ingres was criticized for having “flat” dimensions in his expressions of the characters. This characteristic of “flatness” comes from his undeveloped use of lighting and lack of the use of conventional modeling. Ingres did have accuracy in his portrait painting and conveyed a great amount of detail and ability to express the subtle emotions of his subjects. Jacques-Louis David also was a painter of classical themes. He became the painter for Napoleon Bonaparte and painted many historical scenes from both his own present times, as well as far back as the ancient times, such as his painting, “The Death of Socrates.” David’s most evident style characteristics were his paintings’ lack of distractions of “pictorial flourishes.” He is known for his paintings’ moral ideas and messages. David’s own Neoclassicist style was emulated by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, who is his most famous pupil. Courbet, being a realist in his artistic style, depicted objects as they truly were, although that was oftentimes considered “plain and blemished.” Courbet was very politically invested, and a lot of this was depicted through his art. He chose to paint simple country scenes with minor, humble subjects. Courbet’s realism emerges in his ability to portray subjects with great detail and exactly as they were, blemished and all, including their imperfections. He chose not to “glorify” the peasant subjects in his paintings but instead just presented them as they truly existed. These characteristics greatly aligned with the realistic understanding of the world and art; no frills, only things how they really are. Impressionist art style is very distinct. Impressionists attempt to capture their subjects as if they had only “just caught a glimpse of it.” Typically, they are characterized by bright, bold, and vibrant colors rather than great detail. Most commonly, they are of outdoor scenes and everyday objects and scenes. Some notable Impressionists are Manet, Pissaro, Sisley, and Monet. This movement was characterized by a change in the styles of painting. Rather than broader strokes, small applications of color were applied with paint. A great distinguishing factor of Impressionist art was the lightening of the colors and alteration in painting technique. Due to this changing technique and diminishing realism and detail in the art, Impressionists could capture what looked like the passing time or just a glimpse of a moment. Cubism was a more recent art style in which artists shifted away from the characteristics of realism. Cubists used sharp figures in their art and “abandoned perspective”. These artists meshed the background with the main focus of the art and conveyed objects from multiple perspectives and angles. The Cubist art movement strayed from traditional realism and three-dimensional perspectives; they often appeared two-dimensional and flat to the viewers. Some very influential and important Cubist artists include Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. Dada was both a literary and artistic movement that included many art forms, from photography, poetry, paintings, and sculptures. The main purpose of Dada art was to raise questions about the artist, the art, and society. Dadaists wanted to “challenge artistic norms.” With this in mind, Dadaist artists often composed works of art with everyday objects with a few manipulations to challenge the viewer and the definition of what constitutes art and its influence and interpretation in society. Very influential and important Dadaists include Francis Picabia, Hugo Ball, and Hans Arp. A professional writer will make a clear, mistake-free paper for you!Get help with your assigment Please check your inbox I'm Chatbot Amy :) I can help you save hours on your homework. Let's start by finding a writer.Find Writer

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Diameter Chord Center and Radius 5 Pack – Find all those values in each circle. In many cases of this worksheet set you will be given a single measure and be asked to draw upon your knowledge of circle geometry to complete the unknown angles within it. Arcs And Angles From Central And Inscribed Angles Geometry Circle Theorems Geometry Review Acti Education Quotes For Teachers Education Quotes Education Math Circles arcs and angles worksheet We can play another game the circle and angles arcs in a worksheet contains finding arc or vertical angles they are. Circles arcs and angles worksheet. Circles And Arcs Worksheet. Arcs And Angles In Circles Some of the worksheets for this concept are 11 arcs and central angles Arcs and angles formed by secants and tangents from a Inscribed angles date period Assignment Nag10110 to Circles angle relationships date block Geometry of the circle Angles and arcs of circles. Formulas are sorted by the location of the vertex inside on or outside. Special line segments in triangles worksheet. Circles Arcs And Angles Displaying top 8 worksheets found for – Circles Arcs And Angles. Displaying top 8 worksheets found for – Arcs Of A Circle. Arcs and Central Angles Date_____ Period____ Name the arc made by the given angle. Circles And Arcs Some of the worksheets for this concept are Angles and arcs of circles work Arcs and angles formed by secants and tangents from a Circles sectors and arcs 11 arcs and central angles Angles arcs and segments in circles polygons and circles g Arc length and area of a sector 1 Circles perimeters and sectors Arc length and sector area. This worksheet summarizes all of the angle-arc relationships in circles as well as the segment relationships in circles. The file is in pdf format. Some of the worksheets for this concept are 11 arcs and central angles arcs and angles formed by secants and tangents from a find the length of the segment round your nag10110 to circles angle relationships date block inscribed and central angles in a circle angles and arcs of circles work. _____ 5 Measure the angle BEC. Arc length and sector area 3 Arcs and chords 3 Circumference and area 3 Inscribed angles 3 Measures of arcs and central angles 3 Naming arcs and central angles 3 Secant-tangent angles 3 Segment measures 3. M BDE 72. Probably would have been good to add that in the directions. Find the measure of the arc widehat IKH. In the case of a pentagon the interior angles have a measure of 5-2 1805 108. Area and perimeter worksheets. Therefore each inscribed angle creates an arc of 216. Proving triangle congruence worksheet. Some of the worksheets for this concept are 11 arcs and central angles Arcs and angles formed by secants and tangents from a Arc length and sector area Length of arc 1 Nag10110 to Geometry of the circle Inscribed angles Inscribed and central angles in. 1 FQE F E D Q FE 2 1 H I J 1 HI Name the central angle of the given arc. Vertical angles are equal. _____ 7 What is the relationship between the angle created by two secants meeting outside the circle and the two intercepted arcs of the secants. Students in circles arcs arc of angle challenge the nearer intersection of. G Q2C0 81R4T sKzu tMaK oS ko TfQtow ra Dr fe n JL FL XCH3 V kAClql5 1rri 4gVh rt1s A orTe 9s5e fr XvDeZde. Use the inscribed angle formula and the formula for the angle of a tangent and a secant to arrive at the angles. Properties of parallelogram worksheet. Discover learning games guided lessons and other interactive activities for children. Discover learning games guided lessons and other interactive activities for children. The measure of a major arc an arc greater than a semicircle is equal to 360circ minus the measure of the corresponding minor arc. Complementary and supplementary word problems worksheet. The measure of a central angle is equal to the measure of the arc it intersects. Proving trigonometric identities worksheet. Arcs of Circles. _____ 6 Compute arc AD arc BC2. The circle in circles and assignment will be used to share it so we can i use lessons to teachers who can think past yourself and. 3 ML M L K 1 1 4 ML M L K Q MQL If an angle is given name the arc it makes. Arcs of circles worksheet five pack find arc lengths minor arcs and circumference too. M BFC 72. 3 Measure the arc AD using the central angle. 0 d LMza5dre N AwPi BtVhw YI9n tfgiJnQiXtkeV CG2e 7ohm le XtLr 1yQN Worksheet by Kuta Software LLC-5-Answers to Circles arcs and angle measures 1 170 2 110 3 88 4 128 5 185 6 79 7 8 8 1. Ad Download over 20000 K-8 worksheets covering math reading social studies and more. _____ 4 Measure the arc BC using the central angle. Some of the worksheets for this concept are Angles and arcs of circles work Geometry of the circle Arcs and angles formed by secants and tangents from a 11 arcs and central angles Geometry circles review honors Circles 7 secant and tangent angles Assignment Angles arcs and segments in circles polygons and circles g. If an arc is given name its central angle. Matching Worksheet – Match the angles and measures to diagrams your are presented with. Ad Download over 20000 K-8 worksheets covering math reading social studies and more. Angles and Arcs in Circles 5 Pack – In a few cases you can negate the circle entirely. 5 RS R S T Q RQS 6 Major arc for 1 A B C 1 2 3 ACB 7 KQL I J K L Q. Sum of the angles in a triangle is 180 degree worksheet. Types of angles worksheet. These worksheets explain how to find the length of an arc and the measure of an angle. Central Angles And Intercepted Arcs Worksheets Printable Worksheets Are A Valuable Classroom Tool The In 2021 Area Worksheets Word Problem Worksheets Area Worksheet Circles arcs and angles worksheet Pin On Geometry Worksheets Circles arcs and angles worksheet Angles In A Circle Worksheet Lovely Circle Theorems Match Up By Debbs Bridgman Chessmuseum Template Library Circle Theorems Circle Worksheet Circle Geometry Circles arcs and angles worksheet Ideas And Resources For The Secondary Math Classroom Mtbos30 Central Angles And Arcs Circle Math Teaching Geometry Geometry Worksheets Circles arcs and angles worksheet Related Posts for 10+ Ideas Circles Arcs And Angles Worksheet - 7+ Ideas Atomic Structure Review Worksheet Answer Key - 5+ Ideas Articles Of Confederation Worksheet Pdf - 5+ Popular Functional Behavior Analysis Form - 6+ Ideas Independent And Dependent Variables Worksheet - 5+ Popular 1st Grade Reading Passages - 9+ Creative Printable Worksheets For Toddlers - 7+ Ideas Coloring Page Hello Kitty - 7+ Fresh Synonyms And Antonym Activities - 7+ Creative Pre Ap Calculus Worksheets - 8+ Fresh Tectonic Plates Worksheet Pdf

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Convert KibiBits to PetaBytes and vice versa with speed and accuracy A petabyte (PB) is a unit of digital information equal to 1 quadrillion bytes. It is commonly used to measure the size of extensive datasets, storage capacities, and large-scale data processing. Petabytes are frequently employed in computing contexts, such as describing the capacity of data centers, cloud storage, and high-performance computing systems. The petabyte is part of the metric system, where each petabyte consists of 1,000 terabytes or 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes. This term is often associated with managing and analyzing vast amounts of information, showcasing the capabilities of modern data storage and processing technologies. A kibibit (Kibit or Kib) is a unit of digital information representing 1,024 bits. It is part of the binary-based system of data measurement and is often used in computing contexts, especially in relation to data storage and memory capacities. The use of kibibits acknowledges the binary nature of digital systems, providing a precise measurement in powers of 2.

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61. Particle size range in which dust catcher (gravity settling chamber) works most effectively and efficiently is __________ microns. 62. Which of the following relationships between co-efficinet of friction (μ) between rock & roll and a (half of the angle of nip) of the particle to be crushed is correct ? 63. Float and sink test determines the possibility of cleaning of coal by a process based on the 64. Which of the following represents the plot of filtrate volume versus time for constant pressure filtration? 65. Wet seiving is employed, when the product contains __________ materials. Read More Section(Mechanical Operations) Each Section contains maximum 70 questions. To get more questions visit other sections.

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Mandela Day is an international observance celebrated each year on 18 July the day of Nelson Mandela’s birth in 1918. Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid political leader who was convicted and imprisoned in 1962 and lived for 27 years in various prisons, most notably Robben Island. When Frederick Willem de Klerk became president of South Africa in 1989, he freed political prisoners, including Nelson Mandela. Mandela and de Klerk jointly won the 1993 Nobel Prize for Peace. Mandela Day is not meant as a public holiday, but a day to honour the legacy of Nelson Mandela and his values. The Nelson Mandela Goals are Education, Nutrition, Sanitation, Shelter, and Active Citizenship and the Mandeladay website offers educational resources and information about each of these goals. The 2021 Mandela Day theme is #actionagainstpoverty Disclaimer: The information on this website is accurate to the best of my knowledge at the time of writing. I make no guarantee as to its accuracy. Its purpose is to inform, educate, amuse, and raise awareness about causes and opportunities around the globe. I also encourage civil debate in the comments.

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Group leadership is a process of providing a focus and direction to a particular organization or a social group with the aim of achieving a goal (Rice, 2013). To better understand this process, it is important to discuss thoroughly the style and techniques of an effective leader. A strong leader should be aware of the concepts and techniques behind the success of a group. Since time immemorial, the discussion on whether the leadership is genetic or learned behavior has continued (Northouse, 2014). This concept is especially important in counseling groups where people want to find help. Professionals in the helping career such as psychiatrists, teachers, counselors, psychologists, ministers, managers and social workers lead groups to enhance the better relationship and work efficiently with people. The experts prefer to work with the groups since it is more efficient from the economic perspective. In fact, there are many individuals who share the related problems. Currently, administrators in schools and agencies encourage their counselors to lead the groups. In prisons and other correctional facilities, there is a bigger need for creating groups to solve and help the inmates (Jacobs & Spadaro, 2003). Group counseling approaches treatment of a problem through interactions with those who have experienced the same problem. These interactions are critical to interventions and the healing process of the group members. Good leaders constantly develop trying to boost their self-improvement and educational activities. Being a leader, one should use certain important concepts to inspire a team to show a high level of teamwork and cooperation. According to Bass theory of leadership, an individual becomes a leader after three basic ways (Miner, 2015). Starting with the trait and transformational theories and finishing with the theory of Great events, one can become a leader. Trait theory explains that the leadership appears with the personality traits of an individual. Though, the Great events theory shows that, in the case of a significant event occurring in a lifetime of an individual, a person can start acquiring the leadership tendencies. The transformational theory explains that the leadership is based on an individual choice. People become leaders by learning certain skills (Miner, 2015). A good leader has an honorable character and offers a selfless service to an organization. Every action that a leader undertakes will affect the members of the group and its objectives and well-being (Berg, Landreth, & Fall, 2013). The strategies of a leader define the leadership style he or she adopts. The common leadership styles are authoritarian, laisseza–faire, and democratic. Authoritarian type is leader-centered, democratic type is participant-centered, and laissez-faire type has no designated leader. Leaders should possess unique characteristics that can help them in achieving the group’s objectives. These qualities are considered to be key in maintaining a healthy environment in the group. Among the most important personal characteristics that a leader should have in maintaining a productive performance are persistance, active listening, confidence, trust, and integrity. Additionally, empathy should be a core component of the leadership. It communicates acceptance that encourages group members to support each other. It also focuses on the respect for the group member. Leader-directed or group-directed approaches in the leadership styles are conflicting when one should decide the ultimate method to use in a group. The leader-directed approach makes the members of the group understand their supervisor (Capuzzi & Gross, 2013). Leaders who follow this type never demand support from the members of the group directly; they lead in a manner that is valuable to the members of the respective group. The leader-directed style prescribes that the leader should be able to understand the members’ needs and structures of the group to fulfill the objectives of the organization. If compared with the leader-directed style, the group-directed approach requires the leaders to work with the members and have them regulate the direction and content of the group (Capuzzi & Gross, 2013). This approach might be valuable to different groups, but it is time-consuming, especially when the frequency of the meetings is low. Another way to view the leadership style is to consider the functions of a supervisor. He or she can emotional stimulate, praise, protect, accept, explain, and interpret everything to the group. A good leader may serve as a model through self-disclosure, but one who sets the limits manages time and enforces the rules. Thus, a manager can perform different roles and functions in a group that show his full dedication to the goals of the group (Yalom & Leszcz, 2005). Corey (2008) suggests that although individual counseling is the preferable method of the healing process, practitioners should realize the uniqueness of the group processes during the process. The American School Counselor Association recognizes the groups which make them the key problem solvers during the treatment of the psychological disorder (Bowers, 2012). Research shows that there are two common reasons for all groups. Thus, these groups offer more resources and viewpoints. Therefore, groups are efficient in problem-solving and decision-making strategies. The feelings of cohesion, the experience of belonging to a particular group, the chance to conform behaviors, the opportunity for feedback from a counterpart are aspects that a group might reveal while finding the solution to a problem. Moreover, the teamwork enables its participants to obtain knowledge by listening and observing the others. It is important to choose this form because it corresponds to the reality and offers the genuine pressure to sustain obligations. Finally, the group techniques are the ways to solve daily problems and make decision meaningfully (Nelson, 2013). Group leadership concepts and techniques can incorporate the counseling process to help treat a client. The group counseling consists of displaying the leadership skills and techniques. There are different types of this representation. Task group is formed to perform an actual task. Psycho-educational groups target on the preventative task while educational groups aim at learning information about a particular topic or issue to help the group members cope with problems. For example, the following groups were created: a support group for suicide, a transition group to prepare students to enter high school, and many others. Counseling or problem-solving groups help participants resolve problems of living through social support and actual experience in the environment. Psychotherapy groups focus on personalities with the psychological disorder (Capuzzi & Gross, 2002). Book The Best TOP Expert at our service Your order will be assigned to the most experienced writer in the relevant field. The highly demanded expert, one of our top-10 writers with the highest rate among the customers.Hire a TOP Writer for $10.95 An effective leader must be aware of ethical considerations and a certain moral standard. In the past, scholars studied ethics in counseling and behavior in the group work. According to their research, most ethical problems and situations are experienced in the therapy process, although ethical standards relate to the leaders of the groups. Unprincipled behavior highlights that the leaders are not competent to lead the groups, and, thus, they do not reach the goals and do not care for their members (Avey, Wernsing, & Palanski, 2012, p. 25). It is the ethical responsibility of the team leader to make sure that the members are aware of proper treatment possibilities and services. The leader may see members for coming counseling or refer members to the other therapists. To check on a client is necessary because very frequently in therapy groups, members need additional individual or family counseling. Too often, ethical standards are desecrated so badly that no follow-up treatment could be administered. When it is necessary to solve the problem of confidentiality, there are two problems regarding this issue that any group leader should understand. The leader’s ethical obligation is to keep information and problems in the group confidential. However, the leader is not able to take total control of all the members (Avey, Wernsing, & Palanski, 2012, p. 23). Group leaders in an organization, who help the individuals fight the mental issues, should integrate with other health care professionals, such as psychologists and psychiatrists. The leaders of theses groups should primarily coordinate the treatment plan and keep important interpersonal matters alive in both settings. They should be aware of medical hazards and needs of their clients; they should also know the types of drug therapy and the possible side effects. At times, clients are unable to follow consistently the objectives of a group (Capuzzi & Gross, 2013). Though, eliminating a client from the group is a grave mistake. A leader should, therefore, be careful and take into consideration all measures to help this client. Obviously, a group always experiences conflicts. The resolutions of conflict among group members should be done through empathy. Finally, respectfully disagreeing and managing the emotions as a leader are the most important ways to resolve the conflicts. The leader has to facilitate the interaction between the members and eliminate the harmful patterns. Save 25%: Make your first order with 15% discount (with the code "elitenew15") and get 10% OFF MORE for ALL orders by receiving 300 words/page instead of 275 words/page Group concepts and techniques are valuable tools in the field of professional counseling. Working as a group is better than working alone, even if it is time-consuming. The leadership skills and techniques are an obligation in the development of a good treatment plan for the group counseling procedures. How one leads his or her members one the group determines the success of goals’ management. Leadership concepts and techniques are, indeed, important to the achievement of a good counseling treatment plan (Berg, Landreth, & Fall, 2013). Group counseling as one of the most used techniques should reassure that the client does not face any disregard from the other members. With this knowledge, psychologists have formed psycho-educational groups that address the need to help the counterparts in fighting the problems they encounter in life.

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There is considerable confusion about ‘amnesty’ in East Timor. Following South Africa’s precedent and responding to high level talk about amnesty for militias, some have concluded that reconciliation necessarily means granting amnesty and are therefore hostile to the new CRTR because it is seen to be an instrument of absolution from wrong-doing and responsibility. It is important, therefore, to state clearly that reconciliation and amnesty are not the same thing. East Timor’s CRTR is based on the principle of individual accountability and will not offer amnesty. The following paper is intended to help clarify the issue by providing clear definitions of the relevant technical/legal terms, the arguments for and against amnesty (including why the UN rejects the notion), and how amnesty has been used in other Amnesty (from the Greek amnestia, ‘forgetfulness’) is the act of ‘forgetting’ a crime. A person who has been granted amnesty will not be prosecuted for a crime covered by the amnesty. The legal effect of an amnesty is to treat the crime as if it had never occurred and to extinguish the person’s criminal as well as civil liability. Because prosecutions do not take place, criminal responsibility for those acts covered by the amnesty is never established. Amnesties have been granted on both a collective basis (a ‘general amnesty’) and on the basis of individual applications. Self-amnesty is the granting of amnesty by government officials to themselves. An amnesty may be either overt or implied. It is express when so declared in direct terms; it is implied when a treaty of peace is made between contending parties, or when a government simply fails to act. The right to grant amnesties is usually held by a head of state or A pardon is granted only after judgment and conviction. The effect of a pardon is to exempt the convicted criminal from punishment. Pardons are usually only given to individuals on a case-by-case basis. The conviction remains unaffected – only the punishment is remitted and this may be done in whole or in part. The right to grant pardons is usually given to the head of state. Immunity is the freedom or exemption from arrest and/or legal proceedings. It usually refers to the exemption of privileged groups such as sovereign leaders, members of parliament or diplomats. Amnesties for international war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide are not permissible under international human rights law. The status under international law of amnesties issued for war crimes committed in internal armed conflicts is less clear. However, recent case law of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia makes clear that such crimes are international crimes subject to universal jurisdiction. The statutes of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Criminal Court give those courts jurisdiction over serious war crimes/violations of humanitarian law committed during internal armed conflicts. Amnesty for gross violations of human rights, including torture, disappearances, and extra-judicial executions, may be incompatible with some human rights conventions and may also undermine principles endorsed in General Assembly are permissible under international human rights law so long as the pardon does not deny effective remedy to the victim. A pardon issued the day after a convicted murderer has begun to serve an extended sentence, for example, would not constitute effective remedy. The UN Guidelines for United Nations Representatives on Certain Aspects of Negotiations for Conflict Resolution state that: amnesty may be made on behalf of different elements. It may be necessary and proper for immunity from prosecution to be granted to members of the armed opposition seeking reintegration into society as part of a national reconciliation process. Government negotiators may seek endorsement of self-amnesty proposals; however, the UN cannot condone amnesties regarding war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide or foster those that violate relevant treaty obligations of the parties in this field.’ Precedent under local The concept of amnesty does not feature in local justice processes in East Timor. In contrast, such processes typically involve the perpetrator facing up to the crime and making amends by compensating the victim or the victim’s family. There is a consensus amongst observers of local justice processes across East Timor that local communities keep very clear account of ‘who did what’ and that disputes over political crimes and offences, like all others, will remain unresolved unless justice is seen to be done. At a minimum, the issuing of amnesties would not remove the expectation that the perpetrators or their families should compensate the victim at the local level. Communities will pursue this until justice is done. Some local leaders have pointed to the risk that failing to provide for acceptable processes of justice may lead to broader community upheaval. No precedents for the granting of amnesty or pardon appear to have been set under Portuguese rule, although the Portuguese Constitution (1974, Art 137(f)) allowed for the President to grant pardons and commute sentences after having heard the government. Amnesties and presidential pardons are a feature of the Indonesian legal system. Article 14 of the 1945 Indonesian Constitution provided for Presidential authority to grant clemency, amnesties, absolutions, and restoration of rights. This was revised in October 1999 to authorise the President to grant amnesty and abolition after taking into account House of Representatives considerations and to grant grace and restoration of rights after taking into account Supreme Court In 1977, Soeharto offered an amnesty to Fretilin troops, which they did not accept. Xanana Gusmao and other East Timorese political prisoners were released in 1999. Pardons have also been offered to senior TNI officers for atrocities in East Timor – for example the offer by Wahid in 2000 of a pardon to Wiranto should he ever be convicted, for example. East Timorese leaders have made offers of amnesty to their opponents in the past – including by Fretilin to UDT in 1975 and by Xanana Gusmao periodically during the independence struggle, including to militia leaders in 1999. On current indications (24/11/01) the Constitution will include provision for a presidential pardon, but not general amnesty. Amnesty lies at one end of the range of justice instruments available to decision-makers in post-conflict transitions. Amnesties are generally adopted by two groups – those who issue self-amnesties to avoid prosecution, and those who see amnesty as a necessary compromise to ensure stability and national unity. Arguments used in support of issuing amnesties include: Prosecutions may be destabilising for fragile transitional governments, particularly where the new government is reliant on or must cooperate with elements of the old regime. Perpetrators may resist punishment, resort to violence, or conduct a coup. Supporters of amnesty argue that stability must be the number one priority - it is better to compromise on justice in the short term by granting amnesty, in order to meet the longer-term objectives of peace, stability, and respect for human rights. Amnesties may improve prospects for survival of the new regime, by strengthening its relationship with officials of the old regime, particularly the military. Amnesties may be the only practical measure available in countries where the judicial system lacks sufficient capacity to conduct prosecutions. granting amnesties include: Amnesty condones impunity. By bringing perpetrators to justice, a government sends a powerful message of deterrence that human rights violations will not be tolerated and that those who commit such crimes will be held accountable. Amnesties devalue the rule of law, by signaling that society condones the breaking of rules, particularly those designed to protect the vulnerable. Bringing perpetrators to justice helps establish the legal underpinnings of The granting of amnesty may result in widespread public disillusionment with and suspicion of the new government, weakening its legitimacy. General amnesties remove any possibility of individualizing guilt. The offering of amnesty to groups or classes may intensify sectoral hatred in deeply divided societies through collective absolution from Amnesties may entrench the power of human rights violators, either by allowing them to stay in government or by leaving opponents of the government - particularly the military - with the power to undermine the new leaders. The granting of amnesty without truth-seeking removes the opportunity to create a concrete and public record of events, opening up the potential for governments or other elements to distort or deny the facts. Revealing systematic and institutional patterns of violence helps dismantle the institutional support base of the perpetrators, instills a sense of accountability on the part of the new government, and helps the healing process. By putting the rights of both the state and the perpetrators before those of the victims, amnesty deprives victims of any sense of justice or catharsis, particularly if not accompanied by some form of reparation. This may leave victims politically alienated and undermine efforts at social recovery and Amnesty for serious crimes violates international human rights law. In 1987, in response to the report of the Truth Commission that named over 40 high-level officials responsible for serious abuses, the President of El Salvador introduced a bill to parliament to award a ‘broad, absolute and unconditional amnesty’ to ‘all those who in one way or another participated in political crimes, (or) crimes with political ramifications.’ Parliament passed this law five days after the publication of the Truth Commission Report. In 1978, the Chilean military granted itself a broad amnesty that covered most of its crimes from 1973 (when it took power) until 1978. The amnesty remained in effect even after the military lost power in 1990. Notwithstanding the amnesty, trials have been conducted regarding the 1973-78 atrocities, with courts interpreting the amnesty law to prohibit punishment for crimes only (similar to a pardon), rather than prohibiting the trials to establish criminal The Mozambique Parliament adopted a general amnesty for ‘crimes against the state’ 10 days after the signing of the 1992 Peace Agreement, which brought an end to 16 years of armed conflict between the warring parties in became the central focus of the transition to a new political order and there has been little call for accountability for past crimes. The Lomé Peace Agreement of July 1999 provided a general amnesty for all acts committed during the armed conflict. In signing the agreement, the UN stated that it did not recognize amnesty for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other serious violations of international law. The amnesty was reconsidered following the breakdown of the Lomé Agreement in mid-2000, but remained part of Sierra Leonean law. In response to a request from the Sierra Leone government, the UN passed a resolution in August 2000 to establish a Special Court to try human rights The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission was given the power to grant amnesty for political crimes to those individuals who fully disclosed all acts in respect of which amnesty was sought. When granted, the amnesty exempted individuals from criminal prosecutions and barred civil suits for damages. It also indemnified the state from liability that might flow from acts committed by those persons granted amnesty. Prepared by Carolyn Bull for Interim Office, Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor, November 2001 Copyright © 2001 Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor

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While the enslavement of African people was undoubtedly one of the central features of the Southern economy for nearly two centuries, it shouldn’t be forgotten that slavery thrived in all of the original colonies. Enslaved people were auctioned openly in the Market House of Philadelphia, in the shadow of Congregational churches in Rhode Island, in Boston taverns and warehouses and weekly, sometimes daily, in Merchant’s Coffee House of New York. At some point in their lives, such American “heroes” as John Hancock, Benjamin Franklin, Abraham Lincoln (when he was a child his family enslaved people) and William Henry Seward — Lincoln’s anti-slavery secretary of state during the Civil War — owned Black people. These are some of the features of slavery in the North you probably didn’t know. The Enslaved Population Had Northern Whites Frightened That They Were on the Verge of Insurrection When the minutemen marched off to face the redcoats in Lexington, Massachusetts, in 1775, the wives, boys and old men they left behind in Framingham took up axes, clubs and pitchforks and barred themselves in their homes because of a widespread, and widely credited, rumor that the local enslaved population planned to rise up and massacre the white inhabitants while the militia was away. Slavery Could Be Just as Brutal in the North Practices such as the breeding of enslaved people like animals for market or the crime of enslaved mothers killing their infants testify that slavery’s brutalizing force was at work in New England. Northerners Attempted to Erase Their Slavery from the History Books It was possible to read American history textbooks at the high school level in the 1950s and never know that there was such a thing as a slave north of the Mason-Dixon Line. Families Were Also Torn Apart in Northern Slavery One Boston ad of 1732, for example, lists a 19-year-old woman and her 6-month-old infant to be sold either “together or apart.” Advertisements for runaways in New York and Philadelphia newspapers sometimes mention suspicions that they had gone off to try to find wives who had been sold to distant purchasers. Northern Masters Often Differed in How They Treated Older Enslaved People Colonies had to resort to laws to prevent masters from simply turning their enslaved men and women out in the streets when they grew old or infirm. New Jersey Held Onto Its Enslaved Population Longer Than the Other Northern States Though the Revolutionary War broke the Northern slave owners’ power and drained off much of the enslaved population, in New Jersey the population of enslaved people actually increased during the war. Slavery lingered there until the Civil War, with the state reporting 236 enslaved Black people in 1850 and 18 as late as 1860.

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The study is the culmination of six years of basic research into the fundamental processes of viruses and the cells they target, conducted by senior author Anthony van den Pol, PhD, and his team at Yale University School of Medicine. They set out to test the vesicular stomatis virus, which was selected for its ability to attack brain tumors and leave healthy tissue largely uninfected. Tumor cells from brain cancers commonly found both in people and in mice were implanted into immune-compromised mice, which then received an injection of the virus in the tail. By viewing fluorescent proteins embedded in both tumor and virus cells in the brains of living mice, van den Pol’s team watched as the virus infected multiple sites in the brain, spreading across an entire tumor within three days, killing tumor cells in its wake. The virus did not target normal mouse tissue or non-cancerous human brain cells transplanted into the mouse brain, the team found. They speculated that, unlike those in healthy brain tissue, blood vessels within brain tumors may leak, allowing the virus to cross the usually impenetrable protective barrier around the brain. The virus was equally effective in destroying tissue from cancers that start in the breast or lung and spread to the brain and targeted tumors at different sites throughout the body. Future research will focus on understanding potential safety risks, such as whether the virus could eventually infect normal brain cells, as well exploring potential changes to the virus that could mitigate such risk. “We have some ideas for making the virus safer in the human brain,” says van den Pol. “This is important to prevent the virus from potentially infecting normal brain cells after it has targeted the brain tumor.” MEDICA.de; Source: Society for Neuroscience

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How To Support Your Child With Food Anxiety Food anxiety or avoidance is a common issue in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Global Developmental Delay (GDD) as well as other learning and developmental needs. If not addressed early, food anxiety can have longlasting impacts on your child’s physical health and nutrition as well as mental well-being. However with early intervention by a trusted child therapist in Singapore, you and your family can learn useful long-term strategies to support your child in achieving healthy eating habits. Causes and Symptoms of Food Anxiety It is important to note that while many children experience picky eating during their early childhood, food anxiety occurs when a child becomes severely selective about their food. Severe food selectivity is typically charactertised by substantial weight loss, failure to gain weight, nutritional deficiencies, or if it affects your child’s social habits and functioning; in contrast, picky eaters are able to maintain and meet healthy growth and weight parameters. Another common misconception behind food anxiety is that it stems from anxiety or excessive worrying surrounding one’s weight or body image. However for children with higher neurological needs, food anxiety is typically caused by: Sensory overload when feeding or swallowing Poor or underdeveloped impulse control (such as in children with ADHD or GDD) Physical issues such as chewing difficulties, dental caries, or acid reflux These sensations can be overwhelming for young children, leading to feelings of anxiety or fear and negative associations with the process of eating. Without early intervention it’s possible for these symptoms to develop further into Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) which can lead to poor nutrition and growth. Symptoms of food anxiety may include: Repulsion or anxiety due to smell, taste, texture, or other aspects of food Physiological symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, shakiness, or rapid breathing during mealtimes How to Help and Support your Child with Food Anxiety If you notice your child exhibiting food anxiety symptoms, a child development assessment can help to determine and understand your child’s needs. It’s also the first step to developing a long-term plan which may involve one or a combination of services like Early Intervention Programme, Occupational Therapy, Speech Therapy, and Child Psychology sessions to empower your child with essential skills for day-to-day living. Apart from structured sessions with a professional child therapist, it is essential to support your child’s progress at home. One approach suitable for children with food anxiety is the Get Permission Approach, which takes a responsive and permission-based approach to feeding based on clinical experience and research. Other strategies that can help support your child include: Exposure to food through sensory-based treatments (e.g. encouraging your child to touch, smell, or taste food even if they don’t finish it) Introducing new foods with preferred or favourite foods to lessen anxiety over changes to diet Exposure via offering new foods without expecting your child to eat the food at first One-bite rules that encourage and reward your child for taking just one bite of a new or non-preferred food Many of these strategies rely heavily on time and patience, so it’s important that as the parent or caregiver you are also able to control your emotions during the feeding process. Your child may take dozens of sessions before finally feeling comfortable to try a new or non-preferred food, or they may never grow comfortable with the sensation. In these scenarios, it is important to focus on supporting your child’s emotional and mental needs rather than forcing them to eat the food regardless. MindChamps Allied Care is dedicated to assessing and providing suitable therapeutic options for children facing such food and feeding difficulties in Singapore. Our team of specialists includes trained child therapists and psychologists who are trained to recognise and support the higher developmental and neurological needs of children from all backgrounds. Reach out to us today to find out more about our therapy services begin your child’s early intervention journey.

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A recent study has identified multiple loci associated with general addiction risk. The research, published this week in Nature Mental Health, could lead to the identification of drugs that could treat addiction for multiple substances, rather than for one specific substance use disorder. Substance use disorders – more common than we think Substance use disorders are among some of the most common ailments found in the adult population. Over 46 million individuals in the US are thought to have an addiction to one or more dangerous substances. Drug and alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for premature death and comes with significant socioeconomic strain. Furthermore, addiction to one substance often goes hand-in-hand with abuse of others, yet treatment for general substance abuse is scarce. Propensity to addiction is somewhat heritable, with substance use disorders often seen to run in families. However, this familial association could be due to genetic or environmental risk factors, and as of yet the biological aspects are not fully understood. In the largest study of its kind, the researchers from Washington University in St. Louis carried out a meta-analysis of previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS), totalling over one million genomes, in a bid to find molecular mechanisms underpinning addiction. One million genomes Overall, the meta-analysis revealed that 19 genetic loci were associated with the risk of general addiction, whilst various others were linked to individual substances such as alcohol, opioids and cannabis (Figure 1). Among these significant genes were various regulators of dopamine signalling. Dopamine is already implicated in addiction, with the “happy hormone” released at elevated levels when someone takes an addictive substance. Eventually, an individual may require more and more of the substance to obtain the same feeling. To test whether the genes were predictive for future addiction risk, the team analysed the genomes of young children. Those with close relatives suffering from addiction were more likely to harbour the relevant risk loci and exhibit impulsive behaviours. The risk loci were also associated with other physical and mental health disorders. This further validated a known link between substance abuse and psychiatric illnesses. Substance abuse can have considerable effects on not only the individual but also their families, friends and the wider community. There is also a significant public health burden associated with drug use. Currently, medications exist that can target addiction to specific substances, but none that combat substance use more generally. To combat this, the team assessed whether any approved pharmaceutical drugs could be used to target the loci identified in this study, with a view to identify therapies that could be used to treat general substance abuse. Discussing how the results could help treat those suffering from addiction, co-senior author Arpana Argawal stated: “This study represents a major advance in understanding how genetic factors predispose people to substance use disorders. While we have known for a while that many genetic factors are shared between different substance use disorders, our study identified some of the contributing genes, providing avenues for future biological and therapeutic discoveries for individuals with multiple addictions.”

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and anxiety are closely related mental health conditions that can significantly impact a person’s life. OCD is an anxiety disorder marked by unwanted thoughts called obsessions. Such thoughts can lead to repetitive behaviors, known as compulsions. These patterns are attempts to alleviate anxiety caused by intrusive thoughts. Anxiety disorders, like panic disorder, stem from fears and suspicions. Both conditions share common symptoms, like racing hearts and restlessness. Understanding this connection is vital for an individual dealing with OCD and anxiety. Effective mental health treatment exists at Indiana Center for Recovery, and various holistic approaches are applied for lasting recovery. OCD and anxiety are interrelated mental illnesses, as OCD falls under the category of anxiety disorders. It is characterized by distressing obsessions triggering compulsive behaviors. - Anxiety disorders, like panic disorder, share common symptoms with OCD, such as rapid heart rate and restlessness. - Understanding the connection between OCD and anxiety empowers individuals to seek help and manage their conditions effectively. - Anxiety and OCD share common psychological mechanisms with addiction, creating a challenging cycle that impacts mental health and well-being. - Holistic approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), exposure and response prevention (ERP), medications, and alternative treatments offer effective options for managing OCD and anxiety symptoms. If you or someone you know struggles with OCD, anxiety, or addiction, contact Indiana Center for Recovery today at (844) 650-0064. A Deep Dive: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clarified Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health problem where patients experience persistent, distressing thoughts known as obsessive thoughts. These thoughts trigger intense anxieties, leading to compulsive behaviors as a way to relieve the distress. For example, someone fearful of germs may compulsively wash their hands. OCD’s roots lie in the brain, where specific circuits don’t function as they should, causing these repetitive actions. Understanding OCD helps us comprehend why individuals struggle with seemingly irrational rituals and fears. Life with OCD The struggle of individuals with OCD affects various aspects of their daily life. Performing compulsive behaviors takes time, making tasks more time-consuming and challenging. Social situations can be daunting; they may fear judgment or embarrassment, causing isolation. Family members may struggle to grasp why their loved ones perform these procedures, leading to frustration and tension. OCD can also contribute to depression, as the constant obsessions and compulsions drain mental health. However, with therapies like ketamine therapy and response prevention, patients can learn to manage OCD and lead fulfilling lives. OCD and Anxiety: Untangling the Co-Occurring Challenges There’s a strong link between OCD and anxiety, as OCD is, in fact, a type of anxiety disorder. People with OCD experience persistent, disturbing thoughts, leading to repetitive activities. Such individuals constantly seek reassurance from others to alleviate anxiety caused by obsessions. People with OCD feel compelled to engage in rituals, such as counting or repeating words, to reduce anxiety. The fear of uncertainty and the need to control situations contribute to OCD and anxiety symptoms. Understanding this connection helps us recognize that OCD is not just about excessive cleanliness or orderliness. It runs deeper and affects many aspects of daily life. How Does OCD Trigger Anxiety OCD triggers anxiety through obsessive thoughts constantly intruding on a person’s mind. These thoughts can be distressing and irrational and lead to overwhelming fears. Individuals with OCD feel compelled to perform rituals to reduce their anxiety and prevent something terrible from happening. However, these compulsions only provide temporary relief as the anxiety returns, leading to a vicious cycle of repetitive behaviors. The constant fear of facing their obsessions can make daily life challenging, affecting relationships, work, and self-esteem. Role of Anxiety in OCD Rituals Anxiety plays a significant role in OCD rituals. When individuals attempt to resist performing their compulsions, anxiety levels skyrocket. They might worry that something terrible will occur if they don’t complete their rituals, intensifying their need to perform them. For example, someone might repeatedly check if doors are locked due to a fear of burglary. This anxiety-driven behavior can become time-consuming, isolating, and interfere with routine activities. Proper treatment, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help manage OCD and anxiety, allowing individuals to regain control over their lives. The Trio of Risk: Anxiety, OCD, and Addiction Risk Anxiety, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and addiction are intertwined in complex ways, significantly impacting mental health and well-being. According to The Centers for Disease Control, around 12.5 percent of adults aged 18 and over regularly experience feelings of worry, suspicion, or anxiety. Mental health disorders can lead someone to develop substance abuse. Let’s dive deeper to understand the link between mental illness and addiction. Link of Anxiety and OCD with Addiction Anxiety and OCD share common psychological mechanisms that contribute to addiction risk. Individuals struggling with anxiety may turn to substances or addictive behaviors as a coping mechanism to alleviate distressing emotions. The temporary relief these substances provide reinforces the addictive behavior, increasing vulnerability to drug or alcohol addiction. Similarly, those dealing with OCD may seek momentary relief from intrusive thoughts and anxiety through addictive substances, inadvertently promoting the cycle of addiction. The Role of Dual Diagnosis Dual diagnosis is crucial in understanding the complex relationship between anxiety, OCD, and substance addiction. Dual diagnosis refers to the coexistence of a mental disorder, such as anxiety or OCD, alongside a substance use disorder, like addiction. The presence of both conditions can intensify each other, making treatment more challenging and requiring a holistic approach. Healthcare providers can develop a personalized dual-diagnosis treatment by recognizing and addressing dual diagnosis. This holistic approach effectively targets mental health and substance use, leading to improved outcomes and a higher likelihood of sustained recovery. Holistic Approaches: OCD and Anxiety Treatment When it comes to treating anxiety and OCD, various effective options exist. The most common treatment approach includes cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), exposure and response prevention (ERP), medications, and alternative treatments. These methods aim to alleviate distressing symptoms, empowering individuals to regain control of their lives. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a first-line treatment for OCD and anxiety. This talk therapy helps individuals recognize and modify negative thought patterns and behaviors. Patients learn coping strategies and healthier responses to challenging situations by working with a skilled therapist. CBT can be adapted to target specific OCD symptoms, such as common obsessions like fears of contamination or harm. It equips patients with valuable skills to manage anxiety effectively, fostering a sense of empowerment and progress. Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) ERP is a powerful technique for treating OCD symptoms. It involves exposing patients to situations or things that trigger their obsessions while preventing them from engaging in compulsive behaviors. This process helps individuals confront their fears directly, gradually reducing anxiety and breaking the OCD cycle. ERP can be challenging but is considered one of the most effective treatments for OCD, leading to long-lasting results and improved daily functioning. Medications can be essential to OCD and anxiety treatment, especially when symptoms are severe. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed, as they help regulate serotonin levels in the brain. SSRIs ease anxiety and reduce obsessive thoughts. Working closely with a healthcare provider, individuals can find the right medication and dosage that suits their needs, complementing other therapeutic approaches for comprehensive treatment. You can explore alternative treatments in addition to traditional therapies. Mindfulness practices like meditation and yoga may help individuals manage persistent thoughts and anxiety. Physical activities and hobbies can also be healthy distractions, redirecting focus from obsessions. While alternative treatments may not replace first-line therapies, they can complement and enhance overall well-being. Navigating Life’s Maze: Living With OCD and Anxiety Living with OCD and anxiety can be challenging for individuals, especially adolescents, who experience recurrent thoughts and persistent worries. These conditions can create a constant struggle, impacting daily life and relationships. The intrusive thoughts trigger intense anxiety, compelling affected individuals to perform repetitive behaviors to alleviate distress. In their quest for relief, they may find themselves caught in a cycle where the temporary comfort from the compulsions is short-lived, leading to further anxiety and more rituals. Simple tasks become time-consuming and exhausting because they need to repeat actions until they feel “just right.” The burden of OCD and anxiety can extend beyond personal struggles, affecting family members and friends who might find it challenging to understand the underlying reasons for these behaviors. Loved ones may inadvertently enable the compulsions or struggle to provide adequate support. Social situations may be anxiety-inducing, as those with OCD fear judgment or embarrassment, leading to isolation and loneliness. However, it’s important to recognize that living with OCD and anxiety alone does not mean facing these challenges. Support, understanding, and effective treatment can make all the difference. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Can you have OCD with anxiety? Yes, it is possible to have OCD with anxiety. Anxiety is a core feature of Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Individuals with OCD experience intrusive and distressing thoughts called obsessions, which trigger intense anxiety. To alleviate this anxiety, they engage in repetitive behaviors known as compulsions. These rituals are performed to neutralize or prevent the feared consequences of the obsessions. However, the relief from compulsions is temporary, leading to a cycle of anxiety and repetitive actions. It’s essential to recognize and address OCD and anxiety to provide comprehensive treatment and support for those affected. What does OCD anxiety feel like? OCD anxiety can be profoundly distressing and overwhelming. It’s characterized by intrusive and persistent thoughts that evoke intense worry, fear, or doubt. These thoughts are unwanted and create a sense of powerlessness as they involuntarily intrude upon the person’s mind. The anxiety caused by these obsessions can be so stressful that individuals may feel compelled to perform rituals or compulsive behaviors to reduce the anxiety temporarily. However, these compulsions only offer brief relief and often lead to a cycle of repeated actions. What is the difference between Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and anxiety? The main difference between OCD and anxiety lies in the specific symptoms and nature of the conditions. OCD is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurring, distressing thoughts (obsessions) and the urge to perform repetitive behaviors (compulsions) as a response. On the other hand, anxiety is a broader term encompassing various conditions where individuals experience excessive worry, fear, or nervousness about everyday situations or events. OCD is a specific type of anxiety disorder, and while anxiety is a common feature of OCD, they are not interchangeable terms. Choose Sobriety: Connect With Indiana Center for Recovery If you or a loved one are struggling with anxiety, or OCD, don’t fight this battle alone. Indiana Center for Recovery offers comprehensive mental health treatment, including specialized services like TMS Therapy for OCD. Take the first step towards regaining control of your life and achieving sustained recovery. Our compassionate team will support you through life’s maze, providing understanding and guidance for you and your loved ones. Contact us by calling (844) 650-0064.

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Loiasis is a parasitic infectious disease caused by specific roundworms, the Loa loa filariae, and primarily manifests itself as inflammatory, allergy-related swelling reactions. An estimated 3 to 30 percent of the population is infected with Loa loa worms in the distribution areas (West and Central Africa). What is loa loa? According to Deluxesurveillance, loiasis is an infection with the nematode (roundworm) Loa loa, which is transmitted by diurnal horseflies of the genus Chrysops and is primarily found in the tropical rainforest of West and Central Africa (Congo Basin). About two to twelve months after infection with the Loa loa, the parasite circulates in the subcutaneous tissue and connective tissue and occasionally in the subconjunctival tissue (eye connective tissue). Allergic reactions to the Loa loa worm result in sudden, itchy swellings of the skin (called calabar rashes), particularly on the face and legs, which may persist for several days and may recur (return) at irregular intervals. If the larynx is invaded by the Loa loa parasite, life-threatening glottic edema (acute swelling of the larynx) can manifest itself. Loa loa is a parasitic nematode (filaria) transmitted by infected diurnal horseflies of the genus Chrysops. The microfilariae (larvae of the Loa loa worm) transmitted by the horsefly mature within the incubation period (2-9 months) in the infected human body into sexually mature, adult filariae that live in the subcutaneous tissue and connective tissue of the skin, mucous membranes and possibly the eyes and inside of these structures can migrate (so-called “migratory filariae”). The adult (full-grown) filariae also produce a large number of infectious microfilariae in the connective tissue, which enter the bloodstream via the lymphatic system and circulate there during the day. Due to allergies, the inflammatory reactions and swellings characteristic of loiasis are caused by the spread of adult filariae and microfilariae. If an infected person is bitten by a diurnal horsefly at this stage of the disease, the horsefly becomes infected and can transmit the infectious Loa loa microfilariae to other humans or great apes. However, direct transmission of the Loa loa worm from person to person can be ruled out. Symptoms, Ailments & Signs Loa Loa or Loiasis is a worm infection found in West Africa, which mainly causes severe itchy skin swelling. The swellings are soft and can produce bumps up to four inches in size. However, the bumps usually disappear after two to three days, only to reappear elsewhere. Usually only one arm or one foot is affected. The swellings represent an allergic reaction of the body to the nematode. The migration of the nematode also causes the swellings or bumps (Cameroon bumps or Calabar swellings) to migrate over the body. The disease is usually harmless. Often, however, there is also a chronic course of more than ten years because the roundworm is very long-lived. During this time, however, other organs such as the heart or kidneys can also be affected. Heart valve defects, renal insufficiency or even meningitis can occur as long-term effects. In rare cases, the crawling worm is also seen. This is especially true when it travels through the eye. Because of this property, Loa Loa is also known as the eyeworm. Although the disease is very protracted, it usually heals well after the worm has died. The worm can be removed surgically or killed medically with diethylcarbamazine. Diagnosis & History Infection with Loa loa parasites can usually be diagnosed based on the characteristic symptoms. The diagnosis of loiasis is confirmed by the detection of Loa loa microfilariae in the blood. The blood should be taken during the day to prove that the microfilariae have adapted to the diurnal brake as an intermediate host and only circulate in the bloodstream at this time. In addition, an immunofluorescence test to detect the infection antibodies and diethylcarbamazine (DEC), which triggers itching after a single dose and represents indirect evidence of the microfilariae, can be used. In the majority of cases, infection with Loa loa is easily treatable and has a good prognosis. In rare cases, long-lasting loiasis can lead to late complications such as endocarditis, meningoencephalitis or kidney damage. Loa loa causes various symptoms and complications that can appear anywhere on the patient’s body. In most cases, this leads to an allergic reaction of the body, so that those affected suffer from reddened skin or itching on the skin. Scratching usually only makes the itch worse. Especially on the face, the itching and redness can be very uncomfortable for those affected and lead to reduced self-esteem. Not infrequently, the eyes also water and it comes to eye pain. Complications from Loa loa usually only occur if treatment is not provided or if treatment is initiated very late. The patients can also suffer damage to the kidneys, so that in the worst case it can lead to kidney failure. The patient is then dependent on dialysis or a kidney transplant. Loa loa treatment is carried out with the help of medicines. There are no complications. Those affected often appear tired and exhausted as a result of the disease and can no longer actively participate in life. In most cases, however, there is a positive course of the disease. When should you go to the doctor? Swelling of the skin and itching are signs of an existing disease. If the symptoms persist for several days or weeks, a doctor should be consulted. If the itching causes open wounds, the affected person needs sterile wound care. If this cannot be adequately guaranteed, a doctor should be consulted. If pus forms or the affected parts of the body hurt, a doctor’s visit is necessary. The person concerned is threatened with blood poisoning, which without medical care can lead to a life-threatening situation. If you notice the formation of bumps, which recede on their own after a few days and then appear again on another part of the body, the observations should be discussed with a doctor. In most cases, the diseased regions are located on the patient’s arms or feet. If left untreated, kidney function will be impaired in the long term. Therefore, a doctor should be consulted if there are functional disorders of the kidneys, problems with urination or changes in the urine. If there are abnormalities in heart activity, changes in blood pressure or heart rhythm, the affected person needs a doctor. If you feel generally ill, feel unwell, have an inner weakness or lose your usual ability to perform, you should also see a doctor. Treatment & Therapy Loiasis is generally treated medicinally with diethylcarbamazine, an anthelmintic or vermifuge, which kills the Loa loa microfilariae and some of the adult filariae by interfering with the metabolism of the pathogen. A lower dosage that is gradually increased is recommended initially, since the very high number of dying Loa loa parasites releases toxic substances that can cause pronounced allergic reactions such as rashes, asthmatic attacks, fever and fatigue in the human organism (so-called Mazzotti -Reaction). Antihistamines or corticosteroids should be taken at the same time to inhibit or weaken such allergic reactions and to reduce itching and inflammatory reactions. In some cases, other anthelmintics such as ivermectin or albendazole are used prior to the diethylcarbamazine therapy. Diethylcarbamazine is contraindicated in the presence of pregnancy and the simultaneous presence of other parasitic infectious diseases such as Dirofilaria immitis or onchocerciasis due to the allergic reactions triggered by the toxins released. The proteinuria (excretion of proteins in the urine) that sometimes accompanies diethylcarbamazine therapy is usually transient in loiasis. If loa loa parasites are visible in the conjunctiva of the eye, they can be surgically removed under local anesthesia (numbness). Outlook & Forecast The prognosis of the Loa loa depends on the time of diagnosis and treatment, but also on the basic course of the disease. In many cases, the pathogen has already been in the organism for a few months before health problems become more apparent. Because of this, by the time the worm is detected, it can spread and already cause internal damage. If the disease is discovered at an early stage, drug treatment can be initiated. This usually leads to an alleviation of the symptoms within a short time and a subsequent freedom from symptoms. If the course of the disease is unfavorable, the first internal organ damage has already developed. In severe cases, renal insufficiency can occur. This poses a potential threat to human life. A donor organ is often required in order to have a chance of recovery. Transplantation is complex and associated with numerous side effects. The donor organ is not always well received by the organism. It can lead to reactions of rejection and thus to a further deterioration in the general state of health. The prognosis is also worse if the disease becomes chronic. Despite the administration of medication, there is a possibility that the pathogen will not be completely killed. Therefore, it is not uncommon for therapy to have to be carried out for up to ten years. Since there is no vaccine against Loa loa to date, preventive measures are limited to exposure prophylaxis. These include wearing light-colored clothing that covers the skin, and using repellents (sprays, creams, lotions to repel insects) and mosquito nets to protect against bites from horseflies infected with Loiasis. You can do that yourself If you suspect a loasis, you should first consult a doctor. A doctor must clarify the disease and, if necessary, initiate treatment. Some self-help measures and various household and natural resources support the healing process. Drug therapy can be supported by an active and healthy lifestyle. While rest and bed rest still apply in the first few days after the illness, light sport can be practiced after the acute phase. Exercise in the fresh air strengthens the immune system and relieves symptoms such as fatigue and asthma. If serious complications occur, the doctor must be informed. Although Loa Loa is easily treatable, close medical monitoring is still required. Otherwise, complications can develop. The drug treatment can also be supported by a complaint diary. The patient should record any side effects and interactions as well as the effects of the preparation on skin rashes and other typical symptoms. With the help of these notes, the doctor can optimally adjust the medication and ensure rapid healing. Alongside this, reinfection must be avoided by taking the necessary precautionary measures.

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Sometimes, cities lack large greenspace not only for people but for wildlife — the insects, birds and other animals that make for a balanced ecosystem. One answer to this issue? Pop-up parks, according to a new study examining their effects on biodiversity. Pop-up parks can last a day, for weeks or on a permanent basis, but they are smaller green spaces, usually nestled in an urban area. They can be as small as the size of a planter box or span up to 30,000 square feet. (The median size of a park in the 100 largest U.S. cities is about 165,500 square feet.) Pop-up parks do not replace their larger counterparts, but they are a relatively low-cost way to add green space to vacant or underutilized spaces. Cities around the world and U.S. have done this: Budapest, Hungary, Philadelphia, San Francisco. “The more we learn about pop-up parks, we will know exactly what works where,” says Luis Mata, ecologist with the People, Nature, Place research program at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University’s Centre for Urban Research. For the study, lead author Mata and his team studied Grasslands, a six-week park in Melbourne. Like many pop-up parks, Grasslands is not what many people envision when they think of greenspace. Artist Linda Tegg situated planters containing native grasses around the State Library of Victoria, recreating the grassland once found in Melbourne. Mata and his team found out about the project and after speaking with Tegg, they studied the insect and spider activity at the pop-up park. For six weeks, the research team tried to find every species of insect and spider at the site, eventually detecting 90 species during the six weeks. To compare, in a parallel study across the whole city of Melbourne, Mata found a total of 560 species. “If you think about all those insects occurring across a whole city, the fact that there were about 90 just at this one small pop-up park, it’s very impressive,” he says. That heightened biodiversity means an increase in pollination and nutrient cycling, an essential process in an ecosystem, Mata says. Pop-up parks can also lead to more social cohesion. Mata says at Grasslands, people sat on benches in spaces near the planters and used it as a social space. Pop-up parks can fit into areas that may not be large enough for a more traditional greenspace, as evidenced by the Pop-Up Urban Park in Wichita, Kansas. Wichita’s park began as a large hole in the ground, left behind after the previous property owner’s development plans fell through in 2007 with the start of the Great Recession. This hole, on downtown Wichita’s main east-west thoroughfare, was the most frequent topic brought up by residents, says Jason Gregory, executive vice president of Downtown Wichita, a nonprofit focused on strengthening the city’s core. So Downtown Wichita spearheaded a project turning that hole into a pop-up park. (Despite its name, the Pop-Up Park is now in its 4th year.) “How do we make this a destination and change this whole concept of this being a place that the community essentially avoided because it was an eyesore?” Gregory says. Wichita’s park opened in 2015 at only 6,000 square feet. It has artwork, chairs and planter beds with trees and flowers, in addition to food trucks regularly serving customers in the back of the park. Though Downtown Wichita hasn’t done a formal study of biodiversity at the park, Gregory notes that, in an area that didn’t use to have plant life, he now sees bees and butterflies. “I can tell you that that property was devoid of that before,” he says. “The addition of vegetation just softens it.” The trees at the park create shade, so it isn’t as hot as a paved surface, Gregory says. “You have this kind of relief in the urban landscape.” In addition to adding more nature into downtown Wichita, the park has also had social effects. Food is now closer by because of the trucks, so people walk to the park instead of getting in their car. “You’ve just seen the vitality come back to the street,” Gregory says. Every pop-up park is different. For example, Mata says a two-hour park won’t be ideal for increasing biodiversity, but it could provide shade or lead people to engage with nature at an underutilized space in the city. “Not all of the functions are going to be able to be delivered at each pop-up park,” he says. “Each one has specific designs.” Mata says in order for a pop-up park to have the greatest ecological effect, it should have elements for humans — benches, tables or anything that fosters interaction with other people — along with elements for wildlife. That means using organic materials as much as possible and adding lots of plants, especially native species. “Ideally, you would like to strike a balance between the design elements that are for people to interact and to develop those social interactions,” he says. “You really want to carefully trade that off with the same kind of habitat, resource and food provision for non-human species, for the insects, for the birds.” This story is part of The Power of Parks, a series exploring how parks and recreation facilities and services can help cities achieve their goals in wellness, conservation and social equity. The Power of Parks is supported by a grant from the National Recreation and Park Association. Adina Solomon is a freelance journalist based in Atlanta. She writes on a range of topics with specialties in city design, business and death. Her work has appeared in The Washington Post, CityLab, U.S. News & World Report, and other national and local outlets.

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Giving attention to our children’s emotional health is a key element in reducing school violence, elevating academic performance and fostering positive student behavior. While the two terms are often used interchangeably, new medical research makes an important distinction between “mental health” and “emotional health.” Mental illness is related to organic and neurological health, e.g., bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and clinical depression. Emotional illness, on the other hand, reflects social and emotional health, e.g., feeling unwanted and unloved, lack of empathy and inability to control emotions. Nowhere is that distinction more important than in addressing the problem of school violence. Many experts in the mental health field consider the perceived role of mental illness in mass shootings to be greatly overstated. In a Columbia University study of 235 mass killers, only 22 percent, showed signs of being mentally ill. A 2014 University of Southern Illinois Medical School study of 157 school shooting incidents concluded that only 17 percent of the shooters showed signs of mental illness. Mental illness is not the root cause of the vast majority of school shootings. In almost all instances, shooters are teens who suffer from an acute emotional illness that reflects heart-shattering feelings of being unwanted and unloved. Shooters usually come from a dysfunctional home of origin, and they typically are shunned, rejected and bullied at school. Tormented by feelings of resentment and revenge, shooters vent their rage by “making the world pay” for their soul-shattering feelings of emotional isolation. As one teen-age killer was quoted in Newsweek, “I’d rather be wanted for murder than not wanted at all.” While we may have little, if any, influence over what occurs in a young person’s home, we can take steps to address the problem through our schools. A Harvard study shows that a key element in helping a child confront adversity is to have a stable, supportive relationship with at least one caring adult. Utilizing a technique called “empathetic teaching,” teachers, coaches and counselors can provide students with the unconditional love and respect that allow them to feel valued and wanted. Kids who feel valued and wanted do not shoot up schools. A definition is in order. Unconditional love is not a soft, sentimental emotion. It involves an intentional decision to discipline misbehavior and at the same time show care for the student. In educational circles, its application is called “empathetic teaching.” A significant study on empathetic teaching was conducted by a Sam Houston State University research team in the Aldine Independent School District in Houston. Titled the “Aldine ISD Middle School Dropout Prevention Project,” the study involved 15 schools and 20,852 students over a six-year period from 2011-2016. Its purpose was to test the impact of empathetic teaching on student behavior as the district implemented a research-based program featuring empathetic-teaching tools. The project revealed a 49 percent reduction in 9th grade out-of-school suspensions for students exposed to empathetic-trained teachers during their entire middle school experience compared to those students who had not experienced empathetic teaching. In addition, the 9th grade to 10th grade dropout rate was reduced by 25 percent over a three-year period. The study offered powerful evidence that caring teacher-student relationships are a key factor in influencing positive student behavior. The reality is that many kids suffer from emotional illness — feeling unwanted and unloved — not just potential school shooters. All children would benefit from a school program that helps teachers provide unconditional care and respect to every child on the campus. The Aldine study revealed that students who had a caring relationship with at least one teacher were more than twice as likely to pass the state-mandated 9th grade Algebra I exam compared to students who did not. Dr. Sandra Higareda’s paper indicates that caring teacher-student relationships even have an impact on improving reading skills. Kids behave better and perform better for teachers they think like them. The implementation of ongoing, research-based programs that help teachers create nurturing classroom environments and caring relationships with students should receive wide, bipartisan support. We urge our political leaders to move forward with legislation mandating this simple, practical approach to enhancing the emotional health of our children. Brooks is a clinical psychologist on the part-time faculty of Harvard Medical School. Wilkerson is founder and president of the ARKGroup.

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“I pray to the great spirit guide me through this pain this world conflicts show me a world that holds no lies that treats us like convicts abandoned by society in a world we once walked so free Show me a setting sun where blood never flows like rivers turned red where another one dies underneath these blood red skies Guide me through this land so dead where visions stay in my head teach me things nobody knows when this day is gone and all has come undone Give me the strength I need to make this a better place when my people bleed from this world falling from grace”.A prayer made by the Cherokee people inspired by the hardships they experienced because of the white settlers that came to the Native’s land looking for religious and financial freedom. Theses settlers did not come in peace, they forced the natives into war, shedding blood, sweat, and tears. The events like Trail of Tears that forced the Natives to move further west off their land forced the nation to deal with the great tribes of Native Americans. The Natives lived mostly in the western territories for hundreds of years. The white settlers and cattle farmers pushed the Indians out of their homelands. The Europeans and Native Americans had utterly different views about how the land should be used. The Settlers definitely believed that people should develop the land to provide for personal and economic growth. Now, the Natives didn’t believe in personal ownership that was extremely selfish in their eyes. Basically Natives viewed land as something that was to be used communally by all the members of the tribe and people of the land.A Native leader gave a speech to William Henry Harrison who’d later become president Tecumseh, said “Unite in claiming a common and equal right in the land as it was at first and should be now, for it was never divided but belongs to all.” With that being said you can clearly see the different perspectives the Natives had vs. the settlers had when it came to the land. Native Americans also used land for hunting and gathering food, plants and other supplies essential to their way oflife. The Europeans mindset of having land like I said earlier was that it should be developed and divided for personal economic growth by extracting minerals and other natural resources that’s in the land itself. They had planned to use the land for farming, ranching and mining. They believed that uncultivated land and land with no permanent homes was being wasted. But needless to say that simple difference in opinion in such a controversial subject that caused an led to many battles, clashes and eventually to a war.The Cherokee are an indigenous people of the southeastern woodland. Prior to the 1th century, they were concentrated in south western North Carolina, southeastern Tennessee, northeastern Georgia, and the tips of western South Carolina. The “Cherokee” name comes from a Muskogee word meaning, “Speakers of another language”. Cherokee Americans originally called themselves Aniyunwiya, which translates to “The Principle People”. But today they accept the name Cherokee which is spelled and pronounced Tsalagi in their native tongue. The federally recognized Cherokee nation has a 7,000 square mile jurisdictional area in fourteen countries of Northeastern Oklahoma. It’s not a reservation. The eastern band of Cherokee, also recognized by the Federal Government holds 56,000 acres within the Qualia Boundary of western North Carolina.

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This June marked the 30th year since the first case of what became HIV was reported. An infection that was a death sentence is now treated around the world as a chronic disease. Just ten years ago, experts argued that treating people in Africa was not possible because they were too poor and uneducated. That slander was compounded by myths that Africans were too promiscuous and could not control their instincts. In fact, Africans have fewer lifetime partners than Americans. In 2003, President Bush rejected the morally indefensible position of ignoring scientific advances and allowing the then-estimated 27 million HIV-positive Africans to die. He launched the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), the largest international initiative in history to combat a single disease. Large, bipartisan Congressional majorities provided the money to both bilateral programs and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Today, more than 5.2 million people are receiving life-saving antiretroviral therapy in low- and middle-income countries. The compassion and generosity of the American people supports 3.2 million of them, nearly all in Sub-Saharan Africa. PEPFAR succeeded because it trusted the innovative, talented and dedicated people of Africa to solve the difficult issues of how to provide effective chronic care with limited personnel and poor infrastructure. Together, Africans and Americans seized the opportunity that science provided. Opportunity is knocking at the door a second time. PEPFAR was not just about treatment. It also supported a massive expansion of programs to prevent new HIV infections and slow the rapidly expanding pool of people needing treatment. Again, Africans responded to the challenge: more than 33 countries have reduced the rate of infection by more than 25 percent -- 22 in Sub-Saharan Africa. In countries where extensive evaluations have been done, there has been more than a 50 percent decline in new infections among difficult populations of young adults. But until recently, we have been relying on behavior change and the use of condoms, which can be difficult to maintain. Science has significantly expanded the options. Studies have shown that circumcising males can reduce infections in men by 60 percent, a protective effect that is increasing over time. The drugs used to treat HIV can also prevent the spread of HIV. The amount of virus a person carries is directly related to the likelihood that it will be spread during sex. Most HIV positive people live for many years before they require treatment for their own clinical benefit. Because therapy reduces viral levels, researchers evaluated the impact of treatment at the time of HIV diagnosis compared to waiting until it was needed. Transmission to regular, uninfected partners was reduced by a whopping 96 percent with earlier treatment. People who are not infected with HIV can also benefit by taking drugs to prevent contracting the virus in the first place. In a recent study, transmission was reduced by more than 40 percent in HIV-negative gay men assigned to take daily medication -- more than 90 percent among those who regularly took it. A clinical trial among women did not have such compelling results. Because of the way the trial was conducted, it is not possible to determine if the lack of effectiveness was due to a biological cause or to poor adherence to the drug regimen. Research underway should provide clarity. But there is already good news for women. When the pills used for treatment are reformulated as a gel and applied before and after sex, infection rates in women were reduced by more than 40 percent -- the effect significantly increased when the product was used as intended. We are entering a new era in HIV prevention. PEPFAR promoted a "combination prevention" strategy from the beginning. But the tools were limited. Scientific advances could give individuals the ability to determine the prevention intervention that works best for them. Preliminary mathematical models suggest that combining a full range of prevention interventions is additive -- and could drive the epidemic down to a manageable level so that when a vaccine is available, it could mop up what remains. Achieving that vision will not be easy. It requires resources at a time when money is scarce. But few programs domestic or international can draw a straight line from dollars invested to lives saved. Implementing programs will be difficult. But the problems are not remarkably different than those the skeptics claimed made treatment impossible. If we seize the opportunity science has provided, history could be made again and the HIV epidemic could be driven into the ground. The American people have led the fight against global HIV for nearly a decade. Africans will know who we are as a people and what we stand for if we continue to stand with them. Opportunity rarely knocks a third time. Ambassador Dybul is a Distinguished Scholar at the O'Neill Institute of Global and National Health Law, Georgetown University and is the inaugural Global Health Fellow at the George W. Bush Institute. He was US Global AIDS Coordinator from 2006 to 2009. Follow Dr. Mark Dybul on Twitter: www.twitter.com/GlobalFund

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Health Effects of Noise Exposure in Children Environmental noise exposure, such as road traffic noise and aircraft noise, is associated with a range of health outcomes in children. Children demonstrate annoyance responses to noise, and noise is also related to lower well-being and stress responses, such as increased levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Noise does not cause more serious mental health problems, but there is growing evidence for an association with increased hyperactivity symptoms. Studies also suggest that noise might cause changes in cardiovascular functioning, and there is some limited evidence for an effect on low birth weight. There is robust evidence for an effect of school noise exposure on children’s cognitive skills such as reading and memory, as well as on standardised academic test scores. Environmental noise does not usually reach levels that are likely to affect children’s hearing; however, increasing use of personal electronic devices may leave some children exposed to harmful levels of noise. KeywordsNoise Well-being Mental health Cognitive ability Reading Blood pressure Hearing Sleep Annoyance Cortisol Children are exposed to environmental noise, and a range of different health effects have been described . Yet, there has been less research on the effects of environmental noise in children than in adults. Children have been described as a group vulnerable to the effects of noise . This is because children are exposed to environmental noise and associated pollutants at a time of rapid growth and cognitive development and will perhaps have less developed coping repertoires than adults to deal with environmental noise and less control over noise. This paper examines each of the different health outcomes in which environmental noise has been found to have an impact on children and reports details of illustrative studies in Appendix 1. Measurement of Noise External noise exposure metrics are generally used in studies of noise effects on children’s health. These measure the average sound pressure over a specific period using dBA as the unit (dBA is the unit of A-weighted sound pressure level in decibels where A-weighted means that the sound pressure levels in various frequency bands across the audible range have been weighted in accordance with differences in human hearing sensitivity at different frequencies) [3, 4]. L Aeq16 and L day indicating noise exposure over a 16-h daytime period are the most often used. The daytime period is most often defined 7 am–11 pm; L night indicating night-time noise exposure (11 pm–7 am); and L dn that is a combination of day-time and night-time noise exposure averaged over 24 h. This includes a 10-dB penalty added to the night-time indicator. The 10-dB penalty reflects people’s greater sensitivity to noise exposure at night, and assumes that the effects of noise at night are equivalent to 10 dB more than the same level of exposure during the daytime. In recent studies, noise modelling is used employing geographical information systems, whilst older studies as well as some contemporary studies measure community noise exposure. Direct measurements over brief time periods can be less reliable because noise levels often vary by time of day, and short-term measures may not accurately capture long-term average exposure. More recently, there has been a trend towards measuring exposure to maximum noise levels (e.g. L Amax). It is still not certain whether the ‘dose’ of overall sound energy, the number of events or the peak sound pressure level of key events is most important for human health effects These are relevant distinctions as, for instance, the number of aircraft overflights and cars on the road are increasing, whilst individual noise emission levels for each event are declining. ‘Noise’ is usually used to refer to the child’s exposure to sound in research on non-auditory effects of noise exposure. This term is used, for both high and low exposure: lower levels in particular may strictly be better described using the term sound. Noise typically implies that the sound exposure is unwanted and that it is a source of environmental stress. We follow this convention in our review. The Effects of Noise on Low Birth Weight and Prematurity Low birth weight and prematurity have been the outcomes most examined in relation to environmental noise. Two recent reviews have been published [5, 6]. No consistent associations were found between chronic noise exposure and pregnancy outcomes, but the studies included in both of these reviews varied in study design and measurement of exposure, confounding factors and outcomes. Occupational noise levels assessed in these studies range from above 78 dBA, to 85 dB L eq8h, to above 90 dBA. In the aircraft noise studies, levels are lower with high noise exposure defined as above 65 and 87 dBA. Assessment methods for noise exposure varied using dosimetry, assessments by occupational hygienists, questionnaires and aircraft noise contour maps. The second review found some suggestive evidence of an association between environmental noise and low birth weight but certainly no definitive evidence . Modelled road traffic noise exposure has been linked to low birth weight in a Canadian study of 70,000 administrative birth records [7•]. This association remained after adjustment for air pollution exposure, suggesting that noise has an effect on low birth weight, independent of air pollution. Road traffic is a source of both noise and air pollution both of which have been implicated in health effects. Air pollution is usually measured in terms of gases such as nitrogen dioxide and particulate emissions of different sizes, e.g. PM2.5 and PM10. A small significant risk was also found for noise and gestational age but not pre-term birth. There is scope for further studies in this area using standardised measures of noise exposure and birth outcomes. Endocrine Responses to Noise Exposure In adults, the mechanism for noise effects on health is thought to be related to the stress hypothesis where noise exposure increases physiological arousal through repeated stimulation of the endocrine system and autonomic nervous system . It is likely that the same mechanism pertains to children as well. Catecholamine and cortisol secretion have been studied as indicators of chronic stress in children exposed to aircraft and road traffic noise. Levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline were raised in both cross-sectional and longitudinal reports from the Munich Study in relation to aircraft noise exposure above 68 dBA and increases in aircraft noise exposure to 62 dBA around the newly opened Munich Airport [9, 10]. This is strong evidence of effects in children because of the longitudinal nature of the study and the increased hormone levels with lengthening duration of noise exposure. However, urinary catecholamines were not raised in the aircraft noise-exposed sample from the West London Schools Study (high noise group >63 dBA, low noise group <57 dBA) , albeit a cross-sectional study, and there are insufficient studies to be certain whether noise exposure is related to increased catecholamines. None of these studies have consistently showed a relationship between aircraft noise and urinary cortisol exposure [9, 10, 11]. There is undoubtedly a need for further studies in this area where perhaps measures of prolonged raised cortisol might be appropriate. Blood Pressure Responses to Noise Exposure There have now been a number of studies investigating the association between road traffic and aircraft noise exposure and blood pressure in children. Whilst it is premature to examine cardiovascular risk in children, studies from adults suggest that repeated elevation of blood pressure in relation to noise exposure might have pathological effects on health in the long term [12•]. Thus, it is appropriate to examine whether noise might be having an effect on blood pressure in children. A recent review found small positive relationships between aircraft noise and blood pressure in children. In this review, road traffic noise studies, although methodologically diverse, showed a stronger relationship with systolic blood pressure. The studies varied in methodology and control for confounding factors. In one study, traffic noise exposure was classified in terms of traffic volume; children whose bedrooms were facing a street with low traffic had the lowest blood pressure readings, whilst the highest readings were found in the group where the children’s bedrooms were facing a street with high, or extremely high traffic volume. The difference in blood pressure between the two groups was 1.8 mmHg, (95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.1–3.5, P = 0.036) for systolic and 1.0 mmHg (95 % CI −0.4–2.4, P = 0.148) for diastolic blood pressure . These sorts of differences are not unlike those seen in other studies of road traffic noise, although in some studies, the differences were as great as 4–5 mmHg . Diastolic blood pressure was related to a 5-dBA increase in L den and L night in 10-year-old children from the GINI-plus, LISA-plus studies adjusting for nitrogen dioxide and three types of particles including PM 2.5 . In adjusted analyses, road traffic noise, ranging from 27–86 dBA, measured in front of the child’s bedroom, was independently and positively associated with blood pressure, whereas air pollution was not [16•]. In contrast, another study of 12-year-old children found associations between long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and PM 2.5 and diastolic blood pressure but no association with noise exposure, although there were trends with diastolic blood pressure . This could be because traffic noise levels were quite low (45–70.5 dBA L den) with a limited range of exposure in this study. Also, noise measurements made only at the façade of the building may not accurately assess noise exposure in bedrooms at the back of the dwelling. Future studies could adopt a more standardised methodology, but overall, there is increasing evidence of associations between transport noise and blood pressure. Even if these associations are small, the long-term consequences of these blood pressure increases across the lifecourse are unknown and should be studied. Children may be annoyed by environmental noise in the same way as adults. In the cross-sectional multi-country RANCH study, a curvilinear exposure response relationship was demonstrated between exposure to aircraft noise at school and severe annoyance in children adjusting for confounding factors . The percentage of severely annoyed children increased from about 5.1 % at 50 dB to 12.1 % at 60 dB. Similar associations were found with exposure to aircraft noise at home. In the same study, a linear relationship was found between road traffic noise exposure and annoyance responses. In general, children were less annoyed than their parents at levels above 55 dB, but the shapes of the exposure response relationships were comparable to those in their parents. These associations have also been demonstrated longitudinally in a South African study, where aircraft noise exposure was related to increased levels of annoyance in children over time . Generally, it seems that children are less annoyed by road traffic noise than adults. In a large German study, 7.3 % of 8- to 10-year olds were annoyed by road traffic noise during daytime (yes on a dichotomous scale) compared to 16.4 % of 11- to 14-year olds (collapsed 5-point scale) . This may partly be because of different time activity patterns of children and adults, but also various types of environmental noise may have a different meaning for children and adults. For instance, in this German study, noise from neighbours and noise from family were reported as more annoying for children than road traffic noise. Additionally, children of lower socioeconomic status were more annoyed by road traffic and also those who lived in larger agglomerations of more than 100,000 inhabitants. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Environmental noise does not usually reach levels that are likely to affect hearing in the community. Tinnitus, often associated with hearing loss, has been reported in community surveys of young people associated not only with occupational noise exposure but also with other sources of noise exposure . For young people, the risks to hearing are more likely to result from leisure noise from clubs and rock concerts, and recently, there has been concern over sound levels from personal listening devices. Over the last 20–30 years the number of young people with social noise exposure has tripled to around 19 % . Recently, the sales to young people of personal electronic devices for listening to music have increased enormously. The risks of noise-induced hearing loss from these devices have been compared to the European Noise at Work Regulations recommending an equivalent noise exposure level to 80 dBA for an 8-h working day. The equivalent sound pressure levels of personal electronic devices at maximum volume range from about 80–115 dBA with a mean exposure time ranging from 1 to 14 h a week. On average, it has been estimated that the sound exposure levels from personal electronic devices range from 75 to 85 dBA, so for the majority of personal electronic device users, the risk to hearing is minimal. However, approximately 5–10 % of listeners are considered to be at higher risk due to listening at high level and the long duration of their listening . There may be differences in effects by country, and a much greater prevalence of audiometric notches was demonstrated in the USA than in Germany, although this could also relate to methodological differences between studies . However, it would be fair to say that the risk of hearing loss from these devices is as yet uncertain, and further research will be needed in the future when there is greater experience with these devices. Suffice it to say, there is a need for monitoring hearing over time in young people to check for hearing loss as, although there may be no risk of hearing impairment, if there were a risk it could involve large numbers of young people. Noise and Sleep Disturbance in Children Surprisingly, there have been relatively few studies on environmental noise and sleep in children, although children have been identified as a group vulnerable to the effects of sleep disturbance . Prolonged sleep disturbance in children may result in tiredness, difficulties in focussing attention, increased irritability and lowered frustration tolerance . A cross-sectional study of 12-year-old children found a moderate exposure response relationship between road traffic noise exposure at night and sleep quality and problems with sleepiness during the day, but no significant association with difficulties falling asleep . The level of noise exposure at the least exposed façade of a dwelling, perhaps more associated with levels of noise exposure within bedrooms, than noise exposure on the most exposed façade, has been associated with difficulties falling asleep and sleeping problems in a recent community study [27•]. However, night-time aircraft noise exposure did not increase the risk of cognitive impairment beyond the effects of day-time noise exposure in the RANCH and Munich studies . Vulnerable young people may be more at risk of sleep disturbance: ill children in hospital were both more likely to have disturbed sleep before admission, probably related to existing illness and were also found to be woken by noise such as alarms, and attention of hospital staff, potentially disturbing their recovery . Noise and Psychological Health in Children Quality of Life and Well-being There have been several studies examining well-being or quality of life in children assessing less severe aspects of psychological disturbance than psychiatric disorder. In Munich, children living in areas exposed to high aircraft noise had lower levels of psychological well-being than children living in quieter environments . The longitudinal data from around Munich showed that after the inauguration of the new airport, the newly noise-exposed communities demonstrated a significant decline in self-reported quality of life, measured on the Kindl scale, after being exposed to the increased aircraft noise for 18 months, compared with a control sample . These studies suggest that noise does not influence children’s mental health, though it may affect their stress responses and sense of well-being. Psychiatric Disorders and Noise Exposure Anxiety and depression (measured with psychometrically valid scales) were not associated with chronic aircraft noise exposure adjusting for socioeconomic factors in the Schools Health & Environment Study around the Heathrow Airport , although road traffic noise at the least exposed façade has been associated with a small increased risk of emotional symptoms on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) [27•, 31]. In a further study of children’s health around Heathrow Airport—the West London Schools Study —an association was found between aircraft noise exposure levels and increased scores on the hyperactivity subscale measured by the SDQ. These analyses were revisited in the RANCH Study of 2844, 9- to 10-year-old children living around the Schiphol Airport in the Netherlands, Barajas Airport in Spain and Heathrow Airport in the UK . There were no overall effects of aircraft noise or road traffic noise on children’s mental health, measured by the SDQ, but a small association was found with increased hyperactivity subscale scores as in the earlier West London Schools Study . Recent German studies of road traffic noise exposure in 10-year-old children have also shown an association between noise exposure measured as L den at the most exposed façade and increased scores on the hyperactivity subscale of the SDQ [27•], suggesting that this is not an isolated finding. Overall, there is reasonable evidence that noise impairs quality of life in children but does not cause more serious mental health problems. The mechanism by which noise exposure might influence hyperactivity deserves further attention. Noise and Cognitive Impairment in Children Studies suggest that the evidence of the effects of noise on children’s cognition has grown stronger over recent years, with over 20 studies showing detrimental effects of noise on children’s memory and reading outcomes . Recent advances include the use of larger samples, longitudinal studies, the examination of exposure-effect relationships and more thorough assessment of a range of relevant confounding factors . Social deprivation is often associated with high levels of noise exposure; it is also associated with poorer cognitive achievement. Thus, there is considerable potential for confounding in these associations and measures of socioeconomic position must be adjusted for in analyses of noise exposure and cognition and health. Studies have shown that children exposed to chronic aircraft or road traffic noise at school have poorer reading comprehension and memory than children who are not exposed [11, 30, 35]. A study of 9- to 10-year-old children from rural Alpine areas found that modest levels of ambient community noise (train and road traffic noise above 60 dBA) were associated with poorer memory performance, but not with performance on a test of attention. Several studies have suggested that the effects of noise on children’s cognition are not uniform across all cognitive tasks: tasks which involve central processing and language comprehension, such as reading, problem solving and memory appear to be most affected by exposure to noise [37, 38]. Robust evidence for noise effects on children’s cognitive performance comes from intervention studies and natural experiments where changes in noise exposure have been accompanied by changes in cognitive performance, such as the Munich Airport study [9, 10, 39]. Prior to the relocation of the airport in Munich, high noise exposure was associated with deficits in long-term memory and reading comprehension in children of 10 years of age. Two years after the airport closed, these cognitive impairments were no longer present, suggesting that effects of noise on cognitive performance may be reversible if noise stops. Furthermore, in a new cohort of noise-exposed children living around the newly opened airport, impairments in memory and reading comprehension developed over the following 2 years. The Munich study remains one of the few longitudinal studies in the field, providing important evidence for a cause-effect relationship between noise exposure and cognitive deficits. Demonstrating exposure-effect relationships between aircraft noise exposure and children’s cognition and learning is important for confirming causal associations between noise and cognition, as well as for identifying thresholds for the effects that can be used by policy makers. The RANCH study found a linear exposure-effect relationship between chronic aircraft noise exposure experienced at school, but not road traffic noise exposure, and impaired reading comprehension and recognition memory, after adjusting for a number of relevant socioeconomic and confounding factors including mother’s education, long-standing illness, the extent of classroom insulation against noise, and acute noise during testing . A 5-dB LAeq16 increase in aircraft noise exposure at school was associated with a 2-month delay in reading age in the UK and a 1-month delay in the Netherlands : this association remained after adjustment for aircraft noise annoyance and other cognitive abilities including episodic memory, working memory and attention, as well as air pollution [41•]. The RANCH study suggests that reading comprehension begins to fall below average at aircraft noise exposure greater than 55 dB LAeq16, but as the association is linear, any reduction in aircraft noise exposure should improve reading comprehension. Long-term exposure to road traffic noise was not associated with cognitive performance. The exception to this was conceptual recall and information recall, which unexpectedly demonstrated better performance in school pupils exposed to higher levels of road traffic noise. Attention and working memory were not consistently influenced by either aircraft noise or road traffic noise. The development of cognitive abilities such as reading is important not only in terms of educational achievement but also for subsequent life chances and adult health . However, few studies have examined the effects of persistent noise exposure throughout the child’s education. The UK sub-sample of the RANCH study was followed up longitudinally to examine the associations of aircraft noise exposure at primary school on children’s reading comprehension at secondary school. This 6-year follow-up of 461 children aged 15 to 16 years, who attended primary and secondary schools around London Heathrow Airport, found that aircraft noise exposure at primary school was associated with a nonsignificant decrease in reading comprehension at follow-up . There was also a weak nonsignificant association between aircraft noise at secondary school and reading comprehension after adjustment for sociodemographic factors. This was a small-scale study, where the small sample size could potentially limit and influence the power to detect significant effects. Further longitudinal lifecourse studies of noise exposure at school and educational outcomes should be conducted. Studies have also shown effects of noise on standardised achievement tests. Over 40 years ago, Bronzaft and McCarthy demonstrated that children who were taught in classrooms on the noisy side of a school near a railway line had poorer performance on the school achievement tests than those taught in classrooms on the quiet side of the same school in New York. The mean reading age of children in the classrooms on the noisy side of the school was 3 to 4 months behind the children in the low noise-exposed classrooms. A more recent study of national standardised test scores (SATs) carried out around the Heathrow Airport , examined test scores for 11,000 11-year-old children in relation to aircraft noise exposure contours for their school. The results showed that there was an exposure-effect relationship between noise exposure and performance on reading and math tests, but that this was influenced by socioeconomic factors. There have been less studies that include assessments of the effects of noise exposure within classrooms as well as external noise exposure, although Shield and Dockrell found associations with both sources of noise at school in relation to national tests for primary school children aged 7–11 years . Older children’s performance was most affected by external noise. As the strongest association of test scores was with L Amax, this may be interpreted as individual noise events being important in effects on children’s cognition. The Federal Interagency Committee on Aviation Noise (FICAN) funded a study which assessed the relationship between aircraft noise reduction and standardised test scores in the USA [47, 48]. The study evaluated whether abrupt aircraft noise reduction within classrooms, caused either by airport closure or newly implemented sound insulation, was associated with improvements in test scores, in 35 public schools near three US airports in Illinois and Texas. The study relied on computed noise exposure metrics, which were converted to indoor values, making a comparison with other studies, which use outdoor exposure values, difficult. Overall, this study did find some evidence for effects of aircraft noise reduction and improved standardised test results, although it must be acknowledged that some associations were null and some associations were not in the direction hypothesised. This was a pilot study, and the authors stress that the airports and schools selected for the study may not be representative; that further, larger studies are required; that future studies should utilise airport data for noise exposure assessment; and that outdoor to indoor noise measurements at each school should be considered. The findings of studies of noise effects on children’s cognitive performance suggest that noise may directly affect reading comprehension or that noise effects could be accounted for by other mechanisms including teacher and pupil frustration , learned helplessness and impaired attention [38, 50]. Noise might interfere with the interactions between teachers and pupils. In the noisiest schools, teachers may have to stop teaching whilst aircraft fly over, and if this is frequent, it may contribute to interruptions in communication and fatigue in teachers and children and to a reduction of morale and motivation in teachers. Noise also causes annoyance, especially if an individual feels their activities are being disturbed or if it causes difficulties with communication. In some individuals, this annoyance may lead to stress responses. However, at present, there is little evidence to directly support the annoyance pathway as a mechanism for effects on cognition. Another pathway is that of sleep disturbance caused by noise exposure at home. Where catchment areas for schools are fairly small, there is a strong correlation between home and school aircraft noise exposure . The consequences of sleep disturbance may include poorer well-being resulting in a range of responses: annoyance, irritation, low mood, fatigue and impaired task performance . Overall few studies have examined sleep disturbance as a mediator of noise effects on cognitive performance. A recent analysis of the cross-sectional Munich and RANCH datasets found that self-reported sleep disturbance did not mediate the association of aircraft noise exposure and cognitive impairment in children . Overall, several plausible pathways and mechanisms for the effects of noise on children’s cognition have been put forward, but in general evidence for these mechanisms is fairly sparse. Given the mounting evidence that environmental noise is related to impairment of school performance, the question of what can be done to reduce noise-induced learning impairments becomes salient. One possibility is a reduction of external sound in the classroom through sound insulation. Overall, few studies have examined the influence of noise abatement, via insulation schemes or airport relocation, on children’s learning and cognition. Overall, these studies suggest that a reduction of noise exposure can eliminate previously observed cognitive deficits associated with noise but further studies in this area remain a priority. Further knowledge about exposure-effect relationships would enhance decision-making concerning the design of physical, educational and psychological interventions for children exposed to high levels of noise. Such relationships can be assessed using either individually collected cognitive performance data or via standardised school test data. It may also be productive and informative to derive relationships for a range of additional noise exposure metrics, such as the number of noise events. Recent advances in noise modelling can only further enhance our knowledge about noise effects upon children’s learning outcomes. Environmental noise has multiple effects on children’s health. Some of these effects such as raised blood pressure and cognitive impairments may have implications for adult health as well. Noise and children’s health: strength of evidence Low birth weight/prematurity Elevated blood pressure Noise induced hearing loss Anxiety and depression Reading comprehension and long-term memory Standardised achievement tests There is need for studies in the future which take a lifecourse perspective partly because noise exposure can have different effects at different developmental stages, and partly, because that allows consideration of the effects of cumulative exposure to pollutants and how these might influence developmental trajectories and health into adult life. Compliance with Ethics Guidelines Conflict of Interest Stephen Stansfeld reports personal fees from High Speed 2 Ltd., Arup Engineering, and the World Health Organisation. Charlotte Clark reports personal fees as an expert panel member of the UK Airport’s Commission, personal fees from WHO Europe Community Noise Guideline revisions, and a grant from the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK. Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors. Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance - 3.Clark C, Stansfeld SA. The effect of nocturnal aircraft noise on health: a review of recent evidence. Report prepared for the London borough of Hounslow. September 2011. Available at www.hounslow.gov.uk. - 4.Kuczaj S (ed), Wright AJ, Highfill L (guest eds): Considerations of the effects of noise on marine mammals and other animals. Int J Comp Psychol. 2007; 20(2–3):89–316.Google Scholar - 7.•Gehring U, Tamburic L, Sbihi H, et al. Impact of noise and air pollution on pregnancy outcomes. Epidemiology. 2014;25:351–8. A very large prospective cohort study with good control for confounding factors.Google Scholar - 12.•Munzel T, Gori T, Babisch W, et al. Cardiovascular effects of environmental noise exposure. Eur Heart J. 2014;356:829–36. An excellent contemporary update on the association between environmental noise and cardiovascular diease from experts in the field.Google Scholar - 16.•Liu C, Fuertes E, Tiesler CM, et al. The associations between traffic-related air pollution and noise with blood pressure in children: results from the GINIplus and LISAplus studies. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2014;217:499–505. An important study examining the effects of air pollution measured in several different ways and road traffic noise on children’s blood pressure.Google Scholar - 17.Bilenko N, Rossem LV, Brunekreef B, et al. Traffic-related air pollution and noise and children’s blood pressure: results from the PIAMA birth cohort study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013.Google Scholar - 22.European Commission. Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. Potential health risks of exposure to noise from personal music players and mobile phones including a music playing function. 2008. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/docs/scenihr_o_017.pdf . - 25.World Health Organization Europe. Night noise guidelines for Europe. WHO, 2009.Google Scholar - 27.•Tiesler CM, Birk M, Thiering E, et al. Exposure to road traffic noise and children’s behavioural problems and sleep disturbance: results from the GINIplus and LISAplus studies. Environ Res. 2013;123:1–8. The most recent study employing excellent cohort data examining both daytime and night time noise children’s mental health and sleep.Google Scholar - 34.Evans GW, Hygge S. Noise and performance in children and adults. In: Luxon L, Prasher D, editors. Noise and its effects. London: Whurr Publishers; 2007.Google Scholar - 38.Evans G, Lepore S. Non-auditory effects of noise on children: a critical review. Child Environ. 1993;10:42–72.Google Scholar - 41.•Clark C, Crombie R, Head J, et al. Does traffic-related air pollution explain associations of aircraft and road traffic noise exposure on children’s health and cognition? A secondary analysis of the United Kingdom sample from the RANCH project. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176:327–37. A pioneering study contrasting the effects of environmental noise and air pollution on children’s learning using RANCH Study data.Google Scholar - 47.Eagan ME, Anderson G, Nicholas B, et al. Relation between aircraft noise reduction in schools and standardized test scores. Washington: FICAN; 2004.Google Scholar - 48.FICAN. Findings of the FICAN pilot study on the relationship between aircraft noise reduction and changes in standardised test scores. Washington: FICAN; 2007.Google Scholar - 51.HCN. The influence of night-time noise on sleep and health (2004/14E). The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands; 2004.Google Scholar

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Data Interpolation is a statistical technique used to estimate or predict unknown values within a known range of data points, based on existing data. Interpolation assumes that there is a consistent trend or pattern between the known data points and uses this to fill gaps in the data. Its accuracy relies on the assumption that the trend between existing points extends to unknown points. An example of data interpolation in Python Interpolation is often used in data engineering to fill missing values or to make predictions within the range of existing data. A common method for doing this is using polynomial interpolation. Let's consider an example where we use numpy's polyfit function to fit a polynomial to some data, then use this polynomial to interpolate some values. import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # Set a random seed for reproducibility np.random.seed(42) # Define the true function def f(x): return np.sin(2 * np.pi * x) # Generate some synthetic data X = np.sort(np.random.rand(10)) y = f(X) + np.random.normal(scale=0.3, size=10) # Fit a polynomial of degree 3 to the data coefficients = np.polyfit(X, y, 3) polynomial = np.poly1d(coefficients) # Generate points for interpolation X_interp = np.linspace(0, 1, 100) y_interp = polynomial(X_interp) # Plot the original data plt.scatter(X, y, label='Original data', color='blue') # Plot the interpolated data plt.plot(X_interp, y_interp, label='Interpolation', color='red') # Set title and legend plt.title('Polynomial Interpolation') plt.legend() # Show the plot plt.show() Here we first define a function f(x) which is the true underlying function that we are trying to learn. We then generate some data by sampling x values randomly, calculating the corresponding y values using the function, and adding some random noise. Next, we fit a 3rd degree polynomial to the data using np.polyfit, and use this polynomial to interpolate y values at 100 points evenly spaced between 0 and 1. The resulting plot shows the original data as blue points and the interpolated values as a red line. As you can see, the interpolated values fit the original data well, suggesting that the polynomial is a good model of the underlying function.

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31. Consider the formula in image CR is called as compression ratio n1 and n2 denotes the number of information carrying units in twodatasets that represent the same information. In this situation RD is called as relative _________ of the first data set. (A) Data Compression (B) Data Redundancy (C) Data Relation (D) Data Representation Answer : B Explanation : Data compression ratio is defined as the ratio between the uncompressed size and compressed size Thus a representation that compresses a 10 MB file to 2 MB has a compression ratio of 10/2 = 5, often notated as an explicit ratio, 5:1 (read "five" to "one"), or as an implicit ratio, 5/1. Note that this formulation applies equally for compression, where the uncompressed size is that of the original; and for decompression, where the uncompressed size is that of the reproduction. Sometimes the space savings is given instead, which is defined as the reduction in size relative to the uncompressed size: Thus a representation that compresses a 10MB file to 2MB would yield a space savings of 1 - 2/10 = 0.8, often notated as a percentage, 80%. 32. Find the false statement : (A) In Modern Cryptography, symmetric key algorithms use same key both for Encryption and Decryption. (B) The symmetric cipher DES (Data Encryption Standard) was widely used in the industry for security product. (C) The AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) cryptosystem allows variable key lengths of size 56 bits and 124 bits.(D) Public key algorithms use two different keys for Encryption and Decryption. Answer : C Explanation : Advanced encryption algorithm would be unclassified and had to be "capable of protecting sensitive government information well into the next century," according to the NIST announcement of the process for development of an advanced encryption standard algorithm. The selection process for this new symmetric key algorithm was fully open to public scrutiny and comment; this ensured a thorough, transparent analysis of the designs submitted. NIST specified the new advanced encryption standard algorithm must be a block cipher capable of handling 128 bit blocks, using keys sized at 128, 192, and 256 bits; other criteria for being chosen as the next advanced encryption standard algorithm included: Security: Competing algorithms were to be judged on their ability to resist attack, as compared to other submitted ciphers, though security strength was to be considered the most important factor in the competition. Cost: Intended to be released under a global, nonexclusive and royalty-free basis, the candidate algorithms were to be evaluated on computational and memory efficiency. text source :http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/Advanced-Encryption-Standard 33.The message 11001001 is to be transmitted using the CRC polynomial x3 + 1 to protect it fromerrors. The message that should be transmitted is Answer : D 34. _________ comparisons are necessary in the worst case to find both the maximum and minimum of n numbers.(A) 2n – 2 (B) n + floor (lg n) – 2 (D) 2 lg n – 2 35. Let A and B be two n × n matrices. The efficient algorithm to multiply the two matrices has the time complexity Answer : B 37.The longest common subsequence of the sequences X = <A, B, C, B, D, A, B> and Y = <B, D, C, A, B, A> has length 38.Assuming there are n keys and each key is in the range [0, m – 1].The run time of bucket sort is (B) O(n lgn) (C) O(n lgm) (D) O(n + m) 39. A _________ complete subgraph and a _________ subset of vertices of a graph G = (V, E) are a clique and a vertex cover respectively. (A) minimal, maximal (B) minimal, minimal (C) maximal, maximal (D) maximal, minimal 40. Pumping lemma for context-free languages states : Let L be an infinite context free language. Then there exists some positive integer m such that any w ∈ L with |w| ≥ m can be decomposed as w = uv xy Z with |vxy| _________ and |vy| _________ such that uv .z xy .z Z ∈ L for all .z = 0, 1, 2, ....... . (A) ≤ m, ≤ 1 (B) ≤ m, ≥ 1 (C) ≥ m, ≤ 1 (D) ≥ m, ≥ 1

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The volume of planet-warming carbon dioxide in the atmosphere broke a history in May, continuing its relentless climb, researchers claimed Friday. It is now 50 percent better than the preindustrial regular, ahead of humans started the prevalent burning of oil, fuel and coal in the late 19th century. There is extra carbon dioxide in the atmosphere now than at any time in at the very least 4 million years, Countrywide Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration officials said. The focus of the gas attained nearly 421 sections for each million in May, the peak for the year, as electricity crops, cars, farms and other resources all-around the entire world continued to pump enormous amounts of carbon dioxide into the ambiance. Emissions totaled 36.3 billion tons in 2021, the highest degree in background. As the quantity of carbon dioxide boosts, the planet keeps warming, with results like greater flooding, additional extreme […] Source website link

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Introduction to the teaching secondary students to write effectively practice guide example 17 adapting a persuasive writing strategy when writing essays. Both are teaching units on persuasive writing that allow students to write about topics class how to develop and organize an effective persuasive essay. Sign up for either our middle school essay writing or high school essay writing persuasive essays require good research, awareness of the reader's biases,. We also added some tips on how to write a piece that will make others agree with you on the other side, having a list of good persuasive essay topics is not enough a student must persuasive essay topics for middle school children. 5 places to write my cheek in middle school, research high school academic papers, 2017 mr jul 04, as a place a good persuasive writing persuasive essay. Persuasive writing is a form of nonfiction writing that encourages careful word students can work together to generate at least three good reasons to this list of persuasive words (44k pdf) and phrases from the site teaching ideas may. To write an effective persuasive essay, students need a basic understanding of with the content you are teaching and should illustrate the specific elements,. I identified what i consider critical skills for writing solid persuasive essays to my view, the cherry-on-top skills like voice, word choice,. Middle school and high school students are often assigned to write a list of good persuasive essay topics and a detailed writing guide with. Persuasive essay for high school students - get an a+ grade even for the most urgent buying an essay writing activities for her to think high school essay personal essay 7 teaching middle school concluding a good way realize. Practicing persuasive writing helps kids become accustomed to stating their appeals children should be able to use cellphones in school there are a few simple guidelines to follow in order to be able to write a good persuasive essay teacher & parent resources (44) teaching activities (9) writing (24) writing. Reference: adapted from waterford uhs's “writing the persuasive essay”, waterford union high school writing a persuasive/argumentative essay what you must do to produce an effective argument • know your topic thoroughly. Explicitly and systematically teaching strategies for planning and drafting and write persuasive essays using the self-regulated strategy development model. Argument essay #7 - mark lyles for school vouchers sample argument essay #1 click here to view essay the single parent struggle (pdf document. Check out our persuasive essay samples to get acquainted with this popular form of essay all of us have received advice to “take a good rest” at least once in our lives probably why sexual education in schools is not needed in america. Informative, compare and contrast, and persuasive essay composing of fifth and much of school writing involves writing summaries of what has been read or writing reports effective learning and teaching of writing 2. This unit was developed to give starting points for teaching persuasive reading and writing characteristics of an effective persuasive letter lesson 10 if you were to read a persuasive essay titled “darkness at noon,” what might it. As you progress through school, you'll be required to write essays it's important that you learn early on how to write effective essays that communicate argumentative - these type of essays, also known as persuasive essays, make a get started by drawing a circle in the middle of a paper just big enough to write in. It's their skill with persuasive writing that's the problem i spend three years teaching my high school students how to write a persuasive essay and while the effective blogger still uses transition words, as many aren't. It contains a number of the good persuasive speech topics high school the rest of the skills are gained during the elementary & middle school education write your paper on one of the interesting persuasive essay topics based on the. Find more resources for teaching persuasive writing in my unit on teacherspayteachers: yeah,it looks nice and good, but it's reallyterrible. Learning how to write a persuasive essay has life long benefits link for a detailed explanation on how to write an effective thesis statement. This is an example of a persuasive essay by a student student model the author also offers eight techniques to become an effective persuasive writer. A good number of students integrate these activities with their school work on a as well as persuasive essays, students are required to answer open ended questions current persuasive writing at the middle school level. That educators need to provide effective writ- constructing effective persuasive composi- tions that teaching children with asd to write persuasive essays. Writing an effective persuasive essay requires research, organization, and passion fully grasping your topic and knowing your audience are enormous factors. While persuasive essays are usually required in high school, they are more prominent modern classrooms have not done a good job matching a child's individual fast food restaurants should list calorie count on display the middle -class. 1 importance of writing a good persuasive essay whether you are learning to write persuasive essays for middle school or college, remember. The resources below will assist you in teaching persuasive writing in the classroom in order for students to become effective persuasive writers, a well-written persuasive essay should include the following elements. In order to write an effective persuasive essay, the writer must understand the reader's of a persuasive essay written by a professional writer for middle school.

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The principles of Impact Extrusion have been used for well over 100 years. The earliest written record of the process is a patent granted in 1797 to Joseph Bramah in which a press was used to form tubing from soft metals or molten lead. In 1820 Thomas Burr constructed a hydraulic press for the production of pipe by extruding cast cylinders of lead. J. & C. Hanson developed an improved hydraulic press in 1837 for the extrusion of lead pipe. In 1894, Alexander Dick developed a press capable of hot extruding harder alloys such as copper, and in 1903 George W. Lee developed a process for cold extruding hollow bodies. Modern cold extrusion of steel is rooted in the 1930s when a shortage of brass led to military demands for ordnance components from steel. Neumeyer Cable & Metalworks and Collis Metalworks in Germany developed phosphate coating and cold extrusion of steel with patents granted in 1937. A technical industrial intelligence committee sponsored by the U.S. military visited Germany immediately after World War II and learned of these developments. Initial applications in the U.S. were for the military in which high volume capability, material conservation, and reduction of machining time were key requirements. Since then, the process of impact extrusion has grown to encompass multiple materials such as low-to-medium carbon steel, nearly all grades of aluminum, copper, brass, magnesium, and even stainless steel and titanium. Applications have grown within ordnance and expanded into automotive, truck, aerospace, agricultural, industrial, and recreational markets. Impact extrusion has evolved into a technology well suited to the high quality, lean manufacturing culture in industrialized nations due to the inherent conservation of raw material through near-net shapes, the excellent mechanical properties achieved through cold work, and the high repeatability of the process Formability of Metals Low-carbon steels - Carbon steels up to 18 points are easily cold formed and can be case hardened or coated to improve wear characteristics. Medium-carbon steels - Carbon steels 18 to 40 points are cold formable and respond to heat treatment, but generally cannot hold tolerances as tight as low-carbon steels. High-carbon steels - Carbon steels over 40 points are not recommended for cold forming. Alloyed steels - Alloy steels can be well suited for cold forming and respond well to heat treatment. Formability is somewhat comparable to medium-carbon steels. Stainless steels - 302, 304, 316, and 321 stainless steels are cold formable to a limited extent. Aluminum alloys - Many grades of aluminum alloys can be cold formed with the most common being 6061, 7075, and 1100. Formability in general is excellent. Copper alloys - Copper and its alloys are well suited for cold forming with excellent formability. Formability of Metals METALS IMPACTED BY CECA · 1518 MOD · 8610 MOD OTHER METALS THAT CAN BE COLD FORMED Stainless steel: 302, 304, 316, 321

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By Rajinder Nagi, Esri Research Cartographer We are pleased to announce the release of the new ArcGIS Bump Map Tools! This new toolbox contains tools to help you create and symbolize “bump maps” which are used by cartographers to add texture to a hillshaded surface. This technique is most often used to give the illusion of a realistic vegetated surface, though Jeff Nighbert has also talked in some of his papers and presentations about using it to represent rocky outcrops and other surfaces as well. Jeff introduced the technique to ArcInfo users at the 2003 Esri User Conference (see links to his papers and presentations on the Mapping Center – Other Resources page). Bump mapping is done by first creating a random point pattern, using that pattern to create bumps as a raster surface, adding the bumped surface to the underlying DEM, hillshading the DEM, and then symbolizing the results. Symbolizing the results includes two steps – 1) symbolizing the hillshade, and 2) symbolizing the vegetation overlay with a layer tint or other color. We will talk about this on our next blog post, Symbolizing the bump map. The bump map model that Esri developed creates an output raster that represents the combination of multiple “bumped” surfaces, each relating to a different type of vegetation. It allows users to specify the parameters for each type of vegetation, including cones (for coniferous vegetation) or domes (for deciduous vegetation), as well as vegetation density (spacing), radius, and height. The model was built using two scripts that were written in the open source Python scripting language so they can be modified with ease. You can use other outputs from the model to symbolize the bumped areas that were created by the model. In addition, we build a No Bumps script that you can use to symbolize the areas where there are no bumps in the texturized surface. We will talk more about symbolizing the bump map in our next blog entry. With these resources, you can easily and quickly create and symbolize data that gives a more realistic impression of hillshaded vegetated surfaces. Let’s look the Bump Map model in a little more detail. How the model is structured The model was built using two scripts “Bump Map Script – Part 1″ and “Bump Map Script – Part 2″, where Part 1 creates the random point pattern(s) based on user defined inputs about how the bumps for the vegetation should appear, and Part 2 creates the bumps (figure 1). Each vegetation type is represented by “bumps” that are defined by type (cones for coniferous vegetation or domes for deciduous vegetation), density (spacing), radius, and height. The vegetation pattern or patterns are then added to the DEM and hillshaded to create the final output. If necessary, the DEM is resampled, so the smaller the “bumps” (i.e., the user-defined radius), the longer the DEM will take to resample. Figure 1. The structure of the Bump Map model. Users should not run the scripts (Parts 1 and 2) individually as these are embedded in the Bump Map Model for seamless functionality. Using the Bump Map model First unzip the Bump Map Tools download from the ArcGIS Resources-Model & Scripts page of Mapping Center. Take a moment to review the contents of the file once you unzip it. You will see the following (figure 2): Figure 2. The contents of the download Take a minute to read the readme.txt file for some detailed information on the contents of the download. Note that there is a ToolData directory and a Scratch directory. If you look in the ToolData directory, you will find some DEM and vegetation data that you can use to try out these tools. Intermediate data will be written to and deleted from the Scratch directory automatically when you run the tools. One preparatory step is to make sure that the DEM and vegetation mask rasters you want to use are in the same coordinate system, and that they are projected so that the linear units are in either meters or feet. Now you are ready to use the model. In ArcMap, right click in the ArcToolbox window and select “Add a Toolbox”. Navigate to the location of your download and select the BumpMapTools toolbox. Open the toolbox and double click the Bump Map Model. The user interface will look like figure 3: Figure 3. The user interface for the Bump Map model. The input parameters include: - Input Raster(s) (Vegetation Mask): The vegetation mask raster is a binary raster with the same value for cells in which the vegetation is present and NoData for all other cells. Here are two examples: - Cones or Domes: This is a drop down menu option where the user can select cones (to create a surface that represents coniferous vegetation) or domes (to create a surface that represents deciduous vegetation). - Vegetation Density: This parameter will dictate how dense or sparse the cones/domes will be. Input a lower value to create a pattern that is denser and a higher value to create a pattern that is sparser. In essence, what happens is that a point will be placed randomly within each quadrilateral of an array that is defined by the value you input. If you input a value of 10, one point will be randomly placed within each quadrilateral of an array that is comprised of quadrilaterals that are 10 units by 10 units in size. The units for the value that you input to define the size of the quadrilaterals in the array is derived from the coordinate system for the input vegetation mask raster (usually either meters or feet). - Vegetation Radius: Input a value that relates to how wide you want the bumps to appear. The value is the radius of each bump. The unit for the value that you input is derived from the coordinate system for the input vegetation mask raster. This value could have an impact on the amount of time it takes for this tool to run. If you input multiple vegetation masks, the LOWEST value for this parameter will be used to dictate the resampling for the DEM, if necessary, to which the bumps will be added. The new cell size will be the lowest radius value divided by 11 so that the bumps will appears to be nice and smooth. This means that if you input a 10 meter DEM and set a radius of 10, the output cell size for the final bump map and all the vegetation bump rasters will be less than one meter (i.e., 10/11). - Vegetation Height (optional): Input a value that relates to how high you want the bumps to appear. This is a required value for creating cones, but not for domes. The unit for the value that you input is derived from the coordinate system for the input vegetation mask raster. - Input Raster (DEM): This is the input DEM (not the hillshade!) - Output Raster (Bump Map): This is the output raster that includes bumps for all the vegetation classes as well as the hillshade for the underlying DEM. An input raster for vegetation that is only conifers. An input raster for vegetation that is only sedge. The model was developed to work in batch mode so that you can input parameters for multiple vegetation types. As with any other ArcGIS geoprocessing tool that runs in batch mode, each row represents a process and within each row, each cell represents one of the tool’s parameter (figure 4). Figure 4. Typical interface for batch mode processing Tip: Before running the model, please make sure the DEM and vegetation mask raster’s are in the same coordinate system and are projected so that the linear units are in either meters or feet. This model creates a hillshaded raster that represents the combination of multiple “bumped” surfaces atop with the underlying DEM, where each type of bumped surface relates to a different type of vegetation, as shown in figure 5. Figure 5. The output from the Bump Map model — in this example, the taller cones represent conifers and the lower domes represent sedge In our next blog entry, Symbolizing the bump map, we will talk about how you can symbolize the output from the model to create a stunning looking bump map (figure)! Figure 6. A symbolized bump map Buckley, A. and R. Nagi. 2009. “ArcGIS Bump Map Model”, presentation at NACIS PCD 2009 – Sacramento, http://mappingcenter.esri.com/index.cfm?fa=resources.gateway#ArcGISBumpMap Nighbert, J. 2007. “Making Noise with ArcGIS”, presentation at the 27th Esri UC, http://mappingcenter.esri.com/index.cfm?fa=resources.gateway#MakingNoiseWith. Nighbert, J. 2003. “Characterizing Landscapes for Visualization through Bump Mapping and ESRI’s Spatial Analyst”, presentation at the 23rd Esri UC, http://mappingcenter.esri.com/index.cfm?fa=resources.gateway#CharacterizingLandscapesFor Nighbert, J. 2002. “Using ArcGIS to Apply Textures and Materials to Relief Backdrops in Cartographic Presentations”, presentation at the 22nd, Esri UC, http://mappingcenter.esri.com/index.cfm?fa=resources.gateway#UsingArcGIS Nighbert, Jeffrey. 2003. “Characterizing Landscapes for Visualization Using ArcView Spatial Analyst.” Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Esri User Conference, July 7-11, San Diego, CA. Nighbert, Jeffrey. 2002. “Using ArcGIS to Apply Textures and Materials to Relief Backdrops in Cartographic Presentations.” Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Esri User Conference, July 8-12, San Diego, CA. Nighbert, Jeffrey. 2002. “Using Remote Sensing Imagery to Texturize Layer Tinted Relief.” Cartographic Perspectives, Number 36, Spring 2000, pp. 94-96.

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Fungal infections, while often underrated, can manifest in varied forms and intensities. They can present as minor inconveniences or escalate to life-threatening complications. The microscopic fungi responsible for these infections exist abundantly in our environment. While many of them are harmless, a select few find ways to invade our bodies and wreak havoc. The challenge is not just to treat these infections, but to do so with the utmost efficacy. Here’s a deep dive into understanding and addressing fungal infections effectively. A Glimpse into the World of Fungi Contrary to popular belief, not all fungi are detrimental. Many play vital roles in ecological systems, aiding in decomposition or forming symbiotic relationships with plants. However, the few that are pathogenic to humans can lead to conditions ranging from skin infections like ringworm to systemic issues like candidiasis. Prevention: The Proactive Approach An old adage goes, “Prevention is better than cure,” and it stands true for fungal infections. Some preventive measures include: Personal Hygiene: Regular hand washing and bathing are essential. Ensure you thoroughly dry yourself, especially areas prone to moisture like the feet or underarms. Wearing Appropriate Clothing: Breathable fabrics like cotton can prevent excessive sweating and moisture buildup. Avoid Sharing Personal Items: Items such as towels, combs, or shoes can harbor fungi and transmit them. Public Places Precautions: Wearing protective footwear in communal showers or pools can prevent fungal transmission. Symptoms: Recognizing the Invasion Identifying a fungal infection early can make a significant difference in treatment outcomes. Some red flags to watch out for include: - Itchy and flaky skin patches - Redness or inflammation - White patches in the oral cavity - Persistent cough or fever (suggesting a more systemic invasion) OTC Medications: Over-the-counter creams and ointments can be effective for superficial fungal infections. Prescription Drugs: Potent antifungal agents might be needed for stubborn infections. These can range from oral medications to injections. In studies involving a rat model tailored to a particular fungal infection, MC-1R displayed notable anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory properties. According to Peptides Sciences PT-141, a type of melanocortin, predominantly binds to both the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC-4R) and MC-1R. This discovery is of paramount importance as existing antifungal therapies have constraints in their functional processes and can lead to severe side effects, restricting treatment possibilities for some patients. Introducing an innovative treatment methodology for fungal infections holds the potential to dramatically reduce sickness and death rates, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Natural Remedies: Ingredients like garlic, tea tree oil, and apple cider vinegar have been historically praised for their antifungal properties. They can be complementary but should not replace medical treatments unless advised by a healthcare professional. Stay the Course: One of the most common mistakes in treating fungal infections is discontinuing medication once symptoms recede. It’s crucial to complete the entire course of treatment to ensure the fungi are entirely eradicated. Navigating the Challenges While there are numerous antifungal treatments available, many come with their own sets of challenges: Resistance: Just like bacteria, certain fungi develop resistance to commonly used medications, making treatment more challenging. Side Effects: Some antifungal medications can have adverse effects, especially when used long-term. The Importance of Comprehensive Care For immunocompromised individuals, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or with conditions like HIV, fungal infections can be especially perilous. It becomes essential to have a comprehensive care approach, including: Regular Check-ups: Regular medical examinations can help in early detection and treatment. Tailored Treatment Plans: A personalized approach considering the individual’s health status, type of fungal infection, and other factors can enhance treatment efficacy. Addressing fungal infections with efficacy requires a multi-pronged approach. It’s not just about treating the existing infection but doing so in the most effective manner while also taking steps to prevent future occurrences. With awareness, prompt action, and the right treatment strategy, we can combat these microscopic invaders and ensure optimal health and well-being. Interesting Related Article: “What are the most common uses for peptides?“

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Astronomy Picture of the Day APOD: 1998 September 20 - Isaac Newton Explains the Solar System Explanation: Sir Isaac Newton changed the world. Born in 1643, Newton was only an above-average student. But he went home from Cambridge one summer in 1665, thought a lot about the physical nature of the world, and came back two years later with a revolutionary understanding of mathematics, gravitation, and optics. A Professor of his, upon understanding what Newton had done, resigned his own position at Cambridge so Newton could have it. Newton's calculus provided a new mathematical framework for the rapid solution of whole classes of physical problems. Newton's law of gravitation explained in one simple formula how apples fall and planets move. Newton's insights proved to be so overwhelmingly powerful he was the first scientist ever knighted. APOD: 2000 January 8 - Albert Einstein Describes Space and Time Explanation: Albert Einstein (1879-1955) is considered by many the greatest astrophysicist and single most significant Person of the 20th Century. He is pictured here in the Swiss Patent Office where he did much of his defining work. Einstein's many visionary scientific contributions include the equivalence of mass and energy (E=mc^2), how the maximum speed limit of light affects measurements of time and space (special relativity), and a more accurate theory of gravity based on simple geometric concepts (general relativity). One reason Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics was to make the prize more prestigious. APOD: 1998 October 27 - Henrietta Leavitt Calibrates the Stars Explanation: Humanity's understanding of the relative brightness and variability of stars was revolutionized by the work of Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868-1921). Working at Harvard College Observatory, Leavitt precisely calibrated the photographic magnitudes of 47 stars to which all other stars could be compared. Leavitt discovered and cataloged over 1500 variable stars in the nearby Magellanic Clouds. From this catalog, Leavitt discovered that brighter Cepheid variable stars take longer to vary, a fact used today to calibrate the distance scale of our universe. Authors & editors: & Jerry Bonnell (USRA) NASA Technical Rep.: Jay Norris. Specific rights apply. A service of: LHEA at NASA/ GSFC & Michigan Tech. U.

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Hello educators! Last week I continued with my ‘shifts in practice’ journey, moving on to shifts in the role of curriculum and instruction. Roles of curriculum and instruction Having spent a couple of weeks focused on shifts with respect to teacher and student roles and learning a lot about my students and myself, I wanted to explore this next shift in practice and spend some time on the roles of the curriculum and my instruction. Learning transfer depends on curriculum and instruction that supports young people to see the organising patterns in the world around them, so how does the way I am organising and planning for learning meet this goal? One of the strategies I worked with was Expansive Framing. I planned to use this strategy with my Grade 6 class who are investigating types of forces, and I decided this would be a good lesson for students to expand their understanding of the concepts of magnetism, friction, tension, electricity, and gravity using examples that aren’t necessarily, or obviously, connected to science. First, we discussed some options as a class to help everyone understand what expansive framing is and collectively came up with a couple of examples. Then, in partners, the students created cards with their descriptions of examples of each concept. In Learning That Transfers the definition for expansive framing is “the ways teachers and students integrate everyday experiences and different contexts into the main content of the curriculum” p. 38. Directing student attention to the broader uses and examples of concepts helps them learn to see the world through concepts, a foundational aspect of transferring understanding. Check out my students examples of expansive framing for their forces concepts: One of the benefits of expansive framing is the lines between the classroom and the “real world” become less defined and learning that happens in lessons is more explicitly connected to everyday lived experiences. One of our favorite examples of this is from one of English Language Arts Lead, Trevor Aleo’s students who made the meme below. We love that this student took the time to create this and also how it demonstrates the impact of strategies like expansive framing for student learning and building connections between prior and new knowledge. If you would like to explore LTT more deeply, find our in-depth disciplinary courses here – we are almost sold out so be sure to grab your spot! As always, do get in touch if you have any questions or comments. Take care and see you next week.

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A. Make an arrangement with Britain for the use of British bases in the Pacific, particularly Singapore. B. Make an arrangement with Holland for the use of base facilities and acquisition of supplies in the Dutch east Indies [now Indonesia]. C. Give all possible aid to the Chinese government of Chiang Kai-shek. D. Send a division of long-range heavy cruisers to the Orient, Phillipines, or Singapore. E. Send two divisions of submarines to the Orient. F. Keep the main strength of the U.S. Fleet, now in the Pacific, in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands. G. Insist that the Dutch refuse to grant Japanese demands for undue economic concessions, particularly oil. H. Completely embargo all trade with Japan, in collaboration with a similar embargo emposed by the British Empire. – Office of Naval Intelligence memo authored by Lieutenant Commander Arthur H. McCollum, October 7, 1940, putting forward a plan to provoke Japan into committing an overt act of war that could be used to mobilise public support for America’s entry into WW2. Many Americans who had experienced the first bloodbath, said at the time to be ‘a war for democracy’ and the ‘war to end all wars,’ were opposed to sending their sons to die in another. All of the suggestions were adopted; the attack on Pearl Harbour came two months later. (source: Robert Stinnett, Day of Deceit: The Truth about FDR and Pearl Harbour)

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