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(Image credit: Dustin Cole, a Seoul based photographer) If you’re traveling to Korea, you might be curious if you’ll be understood by local Koreans. So if your Korean isn’t perfect yet, and you’re more comfortable with another language, read this to see if you’ll be understood! Note: Of course these are generalities. Not everyone is the same, but here are some general truths about Korean people and the languages they speak. Explanation: Korean people are crazy about education, and English is compulsory education for all students in public schools. In addition to that, the majority of Korean students attend after-school English academies to improve their English conversation, reading and writing skills (providing the majority of jobs for English speaking foreigners in Korea). That means from a very young age to even after graduating college, many Korean people study English. Of course there are people that aren’t as good as say this dude, but almost everyone knows the basics. Actually, it might even be difficult to find people that don’t understand the basic travel phrases you’ll be using in Korea, such as: “Where is the bathroom?,” “How much?,” and “What is the meaning of life?” (jk! ;)). Explanation: Just look at a map. Korea is right in the middle of these two countries. So naturally, Koreans have been exposed to the languages of these two countries for centuries. Because Korea used to use Chinese characters for its writing system for centuries, many Korean words come from Chinese characters. And since Japan still uses Chinese characters in its writing, many of the Chinese-based words in Japanese also sound the same in Korean as well (who else just got confused?). On top of that, the majority of immigrants to Korea are Chinese (or Chinese-born Koreans), many of whom work at restaurants serving you. For Japanese, many people consider Japanese and Korean to be grammatical cousins. They’re so similar that many Koreans think Japanese is the easiest language to learn for them. Koreans who understand Chinese and Japanese are not as numerous as Koreans who can understand English, but there are definitely a good number of people that speak Chinese or Japanese. Just ask! Tip: If you’re dying for a full conversation in Chinese or Japanese, head to Myeongdong, Seoul. There you’ll find as much Japanese and Chinese tourists as there are Korean people. And the Korean people there speak these languages too! Holla! Unfortunately, finding Korean people that speak languages other than English, Chinese and Japanese is a crapshoot. French, German and Spanish are popular languages to study, mostly for college educated Koreans. But you’ll have to do a little bit more digging. If you’re in Seoul, we suggest you check out a cool language meetup, languagecast! But really… if you’ve read this far, you’ll be understood in Korea! Your English is bomb! 😀

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Early in the summer of 1991, the conservation biologist Jack Putz received a peculiar call from the owner of a vacation home out in Yankeetown, a village on the Gulf Coast of Florida. According to the caller, there was something wrong with the cabbage palms on his property. “They’re sick, you mean?” Putz asked. “No,” the man replied. “They’re dead.” Putz, a young associate professor at the University of Florida in nearby Gainesville, was accustomed to local residents ringing him at all hours of the day. As an academic at a state institution, it was a hazard of the trade. “Most of the time,” he recalls, “you just listened, and redirected the person to someone else.” But this call resonated with him. A few months earlier, he’d returned from a research trip to Malaysia, where he’d seen firsthand the deleterious effects that climate change could have on a sensitive ecosystem. Even a quarter-century ago, it was clear that something big and dangerous was happening all over the world. Perhaps the dead palm trees in Yankeetown represented another clue. Putz agreed to visit the man, arranging for two colleagues, a tree pathologist and a swamp specialist, to join him. The drive from Gainesville to Yankeetown takes less than two hours, traffic permitting, but one might as well be traveling from one country to another. Gainesville is densely populated—built in concentric circles of strip-mall sprawl. Yankeetown, by contrast, is kaleidoscopically, violently wild. Located in Levy County, on the 220-mile Big Bend of the Gulf Coast—the longest stretch of undeveloped shoreline in the continental United States—it is a place of undulant seagrass and crooked timber, of pelicans and ruby-throated hummingbirds. The winters are mild; the summers are prehistoric-jungle hot, with a humidity that envelops the county like a drenched quilt. Putz and his team found the right home without much trouble. It was modern and dun-colored and parked on 400 acres of salt marshland. The owner, a plastic surgeon who lived most of the year in Orlando, gave them a tour. Putz saw immediately that the damage was much worse than the man realized. It wasn’t just the cabbage palms—famously durable trees that grow across the Southeast—that were withered and desiccated. It was the tall, proud red cedars, too. “The tree pathologist and I had a talk, and we figured that there were no diseases that would kill both trees,” Putz recalls. “It was obvious to both of us that something else was going on here.” To size up the extent of the damage, the scientists used a helicopter for an aerial tour of the coast. “As we flew up and down the Big Bend, we could see this band of dead trees, always fringing a salt marsh,” Putz says. “And so we thought, ‘Hey, maybe that has something to do with it: the salinity levels, the proximity to the Gulf.’ And that’s how all this research got started.” What began that day in Yankeetown evolved into one of the lengthiest active investigations into the effects of climate change ever undertaken in the United States. For the past 25 years, Putz and a cadre of scientists have shuttled between the university and a handful of sites in Levy County, measuring the creep of the tide, the types of vegetation growing along the Gulf, and the salinity of the water. The findings were as unambiguous as they were startling: A dramatic spike in the salinity of the water—which has been conclusively linked to global warming—was killing acres of trees. The rates of mortality among cabbage palms and red cedars was soaring; new vegetation, better suited to salt, was springing up in their place. “We could see how fast it was happening,” Putz says. “In these relatively short periods of time, we could see whole patches of forest on the coast, full of all these different species of plant life, become salt marsh.” In a peer-reviewed paper published in September, a colleague of Putz’s, Amy Langston, reported that tidal flooding on Levy County’s coast has more than doubled since 1992. Some of the nearby islands are now continually swamped; on others, a single live tree remains, alone in a cemetery of timber. “If the rate of sea-level rise continues increasing,” Langston warns, “even healthy stands will be replaced by salt-tolerant communities, potentially within a matter of decades. Forest islands, unique to a small portion of the coastal network of the United States, will completely disappear.” Over time, the water will almost certainly keep rising. At first, it will chew at the fringes of Yankeetown, leaving the downtown intact. Tourists will continue to flock to the area to fish and kayak. Then one day in the future, whether in fits and starts or propelled by a Category 5 hurricane, the ocean will roar past the marina and the town hall annex and the shed that houses the volunteer fire department, and all of Yankeetown will slip permanently under the surface of the sea. We tend to think of climate change as a vast and monolithic force: a threat that will affect all corners of the globe equally, eventually rendering the entire planet uninhabitable. If current scientific projections are any indication, that may well happen in a century or two. But in the meantime, the impact of climate change will be geographically uneven. Some of us are going to be hit earlier, harder, and at a much greater cost than others. In a new paper published in June in the journal Science, a team of economists and public policy analysts, incorporating a wide range of climate-modeling data, quantified the economic damage that climate change could wreak on the United States in the years to come. What they found was a clear bifurcation: In the North and West, agricultural yields will stay more or less constant, as will energy expenditures and direct damage from storms. The South and Southeast—the region stretching from South Carolina down through Georgia and Florida and out to Texas—are another matter. The electrical grid will be overwhelmed by an increased need for air conditioners. Crops will wither and die. Heat-related illnesses and deaths will soar: By the end of this century, the study predicts, mortality rates in parts of the South could surge dramatically. What the heat doesn’t harm, the storms will. Exacerbated by warming waters, cyclones and hurricanes will pummel the shorelines. Picture Texas after Harvey—the wide Houston boulevards converted to canals, the confused horses wading through the blue-gray floodwater, the shudder of explosions at the flooded chemical plant, the three-year-old girl who was found by rescue teams clinging to her mother’s drowned corpse. Now picture the same scenes playing out in city after city, several times a year. Billions will be spent on relief, rebuilding, and prevention efforts. In the space of a decade, according to the Science study, direct damage from storms may cost many Southern counties at least 10 percent of their GDP—annually. By the last years of this century, an unprecedented redistribution of wealth could take place, as climate refugees flee north. “People living in the South are going to be much poorer, and people in the North are going to be much richer,” says Solomon Hsiang, the lead researcher on the study. “That will lead to a widening of inequality. In essence, one group will get a big boost.” Hsiang stresses to me that he is not in the business of politics. “As researchers,” he says, “our aim is to get people to understand what’s coming down the road. We provide the information, and society looks at it, and discusses it, and makes a decision on how to move forward as a country.” Still, one does not have to be a policy analyst to see the contradictions raised by Hsiang’s work: The counties marked in red on his map—those that will pay the highest price for climate change—are also the deepest red politically. In locations ranging from the tiny coastal towns of South Carolina to the sprawling suburbs of Arizona, those who support Donald Trump are the very Americans who will be hurt the most by his climate denial. In Levy County, according to the Science study, residents could lose more than 28 percent of their GDP to global warming every year—one of the highest rates in the nation. Last November, 71 percent of those same residents cast a ballot for Trump. Nowhere is this “red-red” paradox more pronounced than in Florida, a hurricane-prone state with a Republican legislature and a staunchly conservative governor. Although Rick Scott likes to frame himself as a defender of the environment, his administration has ordered staff at the Florida Department of Environmental Protection not to use the terms “global warming” or “climate change” in official communications. Scott declared as recently as 2011, in fact, that he does not believe in man-made climate change. He has since taken to telling reporters that he “is not a scientist,” a sly riposte so popular among Republicans that it has its own Wikipedia page. (Mitch McConnell, Bobby Jindal, and Marco Rubio have all used the line at one time or another.) Republicans like Scott know how to cater to their base: Polls show that just 15 percent of Republicans believe that humans are responsible for climate change, compared to 79 percent of Democrats. If conservatives are aware of the scientific consensus, they simply dismiss it as some sort of conspiracy by liberal elites, turning to a steady diet of right-leaning media for reassurance. “In the official meteorological circles, you have an abundance of people who believe that man-made climate change is real,” Rush Limbaugh, a resident of Florida, scoffed in September. “And they believe that Al Gore is correct when he has written—and he couldn’t be more wrong—that climate change is creating more hurricanes and stronger hurricanes.” One week later, the strongest hurricane ever recorded swept across the Atlantic and slammed into Florida, putting more than 90,000 people in shelters, and knocking out electricity to nearly two-thirds of the state. Levy County—locals pronounce it lee-vee—is named after David Levy Yulee, a railroad man and slave owner of Sephardic Moroccan origin, who in 1845 became the first Jew to serve in the United States Senate. The area is sparsely populated (roughly 40,000 people), relatively poor (per capita income hovers around $20,000), and geographically bifurcated. Inland, along a phalanx of rippled hills, residents tend cattle or raise timber and legumes; the farm town of Williston, near the center of the county, hosts a popular Peanut Festival each year, complete with a contest to crown a Little Peanut King and Queen and Baby Peanut. But nearer the coast, in small villages like Yankeetown, the main trade is in tourism and shellfish. One afternoon in late August, as the sun is setting over the Gulf, I follow Route 24 out to a place called Cedar Key, the center of the county’s oyster and clam operations. Connected to the mainland by a narrow bridge, the island is less than a mile across, and surrounded on three sides by apparently endless shallow sea. In the four-square-block downtown, the buildings are salt-flecked, their flanks bowed from years of moisture. A sign outside the Eagles Lodge advertises a “We Survived Hermine Party,” a reference to last year’s hurricane that swamped the town, nearly destroyed the only grocery store, burst into restaurants on the pier, and caused about $10 million in damage. This afternoon, the Marathon gas station is bustling, full of locals making their end-of-day beer run. In a fishing town, people talk about the ocean the way farmers keep tabs on the rain. At the register, a clam farmer named Troy regales me with a story about how he had almost burned the skin off his ankles in the ocean the other day. “It was like you was over in Daytona, with the 92 degree water,” says Troy, who’s wearing jeans and a loose-necked camouflage T-shirt. “It’s like you put Epsom salt in your tub and got in it.” And hot water, he adds, isn’t good for the clams. “When the heat and the freshwater from the storms combine, it’s trouble,” he explains. “Everyone out here, in the spring, I bet they lost 15 to 20 percent of their business.” The next morning at seven-thirty, I head down to the marina to board a clamming boat captained by Ed Stokes, an employee of the shellfish company Southern Cross. Stokes, who is in his early sixties, has silver hair and creased skin the texture of hardened resin. Since graduating from high school, he’s had all sorts of jobs: contractor, photographer, captain of a charter fishing boat. But he’d fallen in love with the freedom of farming shellfish, the small joys it affords him. Holding the wheel with one hand, he jams a Marlboro in his mouth and holds out his phone for me to inspect. On the screen is an image that looks like a garish abstract painting: a sprawl of cotton-candy pastels and burnt blacks. “That’s a sunset!” Stokes shouts above the motor roar. “No filter!” The boat scuds out across the Gulf and veers west toward the horizon. After 15 minutes, the two junior members of the crew, Tim Beville and Bryan Holm, holler for Stokes to slow down: We are drawing close to the lease. Last year, Stokes explains, Southern Cross deposited hundreds of spats—young clams—on the ocean floor, draping them in a nylon bag to keep away fish and crabs. Now the clams are ready to be retrieved. For the next hour, Stokes mans a winch, bringing up the dripping and encrusted bags for Holm to spray free of debris. After the clams are clean, Beville stacks the bags amidships, one after another, distributing the weight so the boat won’t tack. The haul today is 80 bags, hard and straining work. Once the last bag is on board, Holm leaps into the sea to rinse off. Around us churn a handful of boats, some affiliated with Southern Cross, others run by competitors. Even as Levy County begins to feel the effects of climate change, the clam business is likely to remain in good shape: Rising seas won’t harm the leases, and flooding is likely to claim Cedar Key before it destroys the area’s booming business in farmed clams and oysters. But the same can’t be said for wild oysters, which have long been a major industry on the Big Bend. “What we’re seeing with wild oysters is just a tremendous, frightening decline,” says Peter Frederick, an ecologist at the University of Florida who has been harvesting oysters on a recreational basis for years. Twenty years ago, he began noticing a substantial dip in the local oyster population. “One of the most mysterious things about oysters, once they die, their shells disappear quickly,” he says. “And I’d get out to these places where there’d once been a lot of oysters, and there were just big holes blown in the reefs. Just mud.” According to one study, oyster reefs in the Big Bend have declined by 66 percent since the 1980s. A massive die-off is underway. Together with Bill Pine, another scientist at the University of Florida, Frederick conducted a series of field studies. The problem, they concluded, lay with the saltiness of the water: The oysters in this region need a very specific grade of salinity to thrive, a balance historically achieved on the Big Bend by the mixture of the salty Gulf and the freshwater discharge from the rivers and streams that spill into it. But now the discharge is decreasing, an issue Frederick attributes to increased water usage by inland farmers and residents, as well as drought conditions across the state. “It’s a pie,” he says. “Less rainfall takes away some of the pie, and increased water usage takes away more.” At the end, all the wild oysters are left with is a tiny sliver of the freshwater they need to survive. Frederick and his colleagues were recently awarded an $8.3 million grant from the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation to help rebuild the reefs off the shore of Cedar Key, to protect the oysters. But increasing salinity of the water throughout the region has set off a chain reaction: In recent years, harvesters from other bays have encountered the same die-off, and have started to poach from the waters of Cedar Key. As climate change kills off the oysters, everyone is fighting over the few that remain. “You’ve got arguments over harvests, you’ve got young guys going up into the creeks trying to find more oysters—the old rules are going out the window,” Frederick says. “It’s a Wild West situation, and it’s difficult for everyone.” Crisscrossing Levy County, I repeatedly hear an argument I take to calling the Cycle Theory. There are variations, but generally, the Cycle Theory goes something like this: The climate may be changing. But people don’t have anything to do with it. And sooner or later, things will swing back around again, I promise—just give it a little time. The appeal of the logic is hard to deny: If climate change isn’t influenced by man, then there is no need to alter your daily habits or routines. The weather changes naturally, so at some point it will change back naturally. There’s no need to curb carbon emissions or reduce water usage or submit to the kind of regulations that you, as a conservative Trump supporter, are constitutionally inclined to view as “government overreach.” Even as the residents of Levy County grapple with the very real and costly effects of climate change on a daily basis, they cling ever more fiercely to the Cycle Theory. Freddy Bell, a 76-year-old peanut farmer in Williston, traces his roots in the area all the way back to the mid-nineteenth century, around the time Florida achieved statehood. “My people came down from the Carolinas,” he tells me one afternoon. “Florida is where the money and the land were.” When Bell was growing up, his father and mother managed a small plot of peanuts, just a few acres, that were harvested and fed directly to their hogs. Bell studied to be a mechanic, and took a job in a local repair shop after high school. But he was growing vegetables on the side, and in 1970, married with a couple of kids, he decided he was better with the crops than he was with the machines. “I’m living proof you can start from absolutely nothing and succeed if you just make up your mind,” Bell says. “I know you won’t believe this, but the day I quit my job, I had $62 in my pocket. One week’s pay.” The early years were lean. Bell grew everything he could, warehousing the stuff in rusted sheds. Gradually, he narrowed his focus. Peanuts were where the real money was—the legumes were well suited to the county’s damp soil and they didn’t require much fussing. You planted them in the spring, harvested them a few months later, and sent them off to Georgia to be shelled. Every year, the crop got bigger. Bell bought more land. Today he owns 6,500 acres, more than the bottom third of the island of Manhattan. Spitting a chunk of Red Man tobacco on the ground, Bell leads me into the warehouse he constructed not long ago to hold his crop. The structure, which cost $3 million to build, is the size of a commercial airplane hangar. At its peak, Bell’s peanut harvest was 12 tons per year, enough to fill the warehouse and then some. Today the building is almost empty. Over the past few years, Levy County has grown sharply hotter and drier. This spring, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, two-thirds of Florida experienced a drop in rainfall, with many towns suffering from extreme drought, a condition characterized by major crop losses and widespread water shortages. “For growing peanuts, you want rain,” Bell explains. “They need an inch of water a week.” Without it, the crop winds up being much, much smaller than normal. “The heat hurts, too,” Bell adds. As we walk back outside, Bell pulls the bill of his hat further down on his head. The afternoon sun is ferocious. Anticipating my question, Bell dismisses global warming before I can even raise the subject. “Now, I don’t want you to think that I don’t believe in climate change somewhat,” he says. “But to me it’s nothing like they want to make out.” I remind him what he has just said about the heat. “Yes,” he concedes, “but it’s a natural occurrence as far as I’m concerned, over a period of years. I bet if you look back in history, it was hotter in 1900 than it is now.” His peanut crop may be roasting in the midst of a brutal drought, but there’s nothing to worry about. It’s all explained by the Cycle Theory. Since there’s no man-made cause at work—no way, in short, to slow or stop climate change—Bell contents himself with adapting to what he sees as the normal vicissitudes of nature. For now, he has converted some of his peanut pasture for use by a few hundred head of cattle, trying to make up for his lost income. He hasn’t come this far to give up what he built, or to abandon land that has been in his family for centuries. Later that day, I stop for a drink at a nearby canteen. Gunsmoke is playing on the television; the darkened bar is busy with contractors on their way back from Gainesville. Outside, at a motel across the street, sit two men. The older one identifies himself as Dan. He manages the motel’s 16 units, many of which are occupied by long-term tenants. “Where do the tenants come from?” I ask. “They’re local people on disability,” Dan replies. “And they’re getting like $800 a month. So they come here for $400 in rent, and all their electricity and cable and trash and stuff, it’s all paid for. It’s a deal.” Dan’s friend is named Shawn. His arms are laced with elaborate tattoos, and he wears a pentagram around his neck. He makes his living as a short-order cook and uses his weekly paycheck of $300 to support his wife, his wife’s parents, and his three small children. As convicted felons, neither Shawn nor Dan can vote. But they don’t have much use for politics anyway. “Politicians don’t give a shit about us,” Shawn says, “and so we don’t give a shit about them.” Dan recalls, with approval, a story he recently saw on Fox News. “That Paris thing,” he says, referring to the international climate accord that sought to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. “Trump got us out of that, and I think that’s good. It was really smart.” Shawn nods. “I mean, why are you asking ordinary Americans, working Americans, to do something that people in China won’t?” he says. “In my mind, it’s making me pay for a problem that no one can fix.” That, in a nutshell, is how many residents in Levy County see it: Even if climate change is real, it can’t be solved. And even if it could be solved, it would only result in a bunch of foreigners getting rich off the backs of hardworking Americans. Bronson, the seat of Levy County, is a town of Spanish-moss-draped oaks and aging churches. The business district is clustered around the intersection of East Hathaway Avenue and Route 24, which connects directly with Gainesville. The local court and the offices of the county commissioner sit nearby, flanked by a massive relief of the Ten Commandments. “We’re being sued for that,” says Wilbur Dean, the county coordinator, reclining in a chair in his office. The pride is evident in his voice: The lawsuit was filed by a local atheist group; Dean is rooting for it to fail. “To me,” he explains, the Ten Commandments “say a lot about the values that America originated from, if you get me.” Dean is tall and affable, with grayish-white hair he wears swept across his head. A seventh-generation resident of Levy County, he started off as a farmer and still keeps almost 100 head of cattle and a pine tree farm. “But that’s just messing around,” he says. There’s nowhere in the world, he adds, where he would rather have grown up. “This is a rural area,” he says, his gaze wandering to a display case of fishing lures he built himself. “An area with very independent people who are very set on home rule. The people here, we’re just against the state or the feds interfering.” Historically, Dean points out, Levy did not always sway red: Up until 2012, registered Democrats outnumbered Republicans. But things changed during the Obama administration, when many residents of Levy found themselves at the receiving end of what they saw as government overreach. “You had things like regulations on surface water treatment,” Dean says, “on farming and fishing. And that just wasn’t accepted very well.” Last year, eight in ten voters in the county cast their ballots for Trump. And those voters made their distaste for government regulations clear. Did that distaste extend to laws that would combat climate change? Dean flashes me a wry smile. It was a smile that said, I know what you’re thinking, and I’m not going to let you condescend to me. “Look,” he says, “I accept that there’s erosion happening. I accept that there’s some drought.” But the science hasn’t been established to his satisfaction. “You know, in the 1970s, they were saying it was fixing to be an Ice Age.” (Forty years ago, a small number of scientists did forecast global cooling, but that theory had nowhere near the consensus that global warming does today.) Why act on a wild theory? As far as Dean is concerned, the local economy is on the upswing. Undeterred by the threat of hurricanes and the decline in local fisheries and the empty peanut warehouses, people are building more houses in Levy County. “We’re not exactly seeing as many as I’d like,” Dean says. “But after the 2008 recession, new businesses are opening, older businesses are expanding. People are spending money again on homes.” Dean stands up. It’s a Monday, and there’s a line of residents waiting outside his office to speak with him. But if I want more, he tells me, I could try John Meeks, the chair of the Levy County board of commissioners: “He’ll talk your ear off.” I find Meeks in the back room of the local Ace Hardware, where he works as a floor manager. He had run for office in 2008, as a Democrat. “I actually got defeated,” he laughs. In 2011, he switched parties, and “the man who defeated me, he got indicted by a grand jury for bribery, so here I am.” Meeks has a good handle on the climate-related threats facing Levy County. “Seems like when I was a kid, in the summer it rained at least every other day in the afternoon,” he says. “It would get hot and rain and that kind of cooled things off, and it would be humid.” Now the periods of drought routinely last, unbroken, for weeks on end. Meeks is eager to meet the threat head-on: Under his watch, Levy County has joined Resiliency Florida, a statewide conservation network, and he has taken part in a conference call with the group. “I’m interested in hearing what they have to say,” he says. “Because there’s money out there, there’s grants out there, there’s technology we can use in Levy.” He also supported a law passed by the state legislature last year that requires Florida’s environmental regulators to monitor and shield natural spring waters from pollutants. “That was a prime example of a policy that was designed to protect what you’re trying to protect,” Meeks says, “but while still not handcuffing private citizens and businesses from being able to do what they need to do.” The problem with climate change, he argues, is that the conversation about its causes has gotten so damn politicized, it’s hard for him to separate the reality from the politics. “These stories, are you telling me them because they’re true, or because they further your agenda?” Meeks says. “I had this friend, and he told me something I’ve never forgotten. He said, ‘Figures don’t lie, but sometimes liars do the figuring.’ ” What Meeks fears most is “overreach.” “The thing that drives me nuts is when someone moves into an area and sets about trying to change it,” he says. “See that bar over there? It would be like if someone moved next door to that bar, and then complained the bar was open too late. Well, it’s a bar. Bars stay open late. Don’t come here and try to change things to the way you want them. Don’t come here and regulate the hell out of us. When you overregulate, you put our businesses at a competitive disadvantage.” The days I spend in Levy County run concurrent to the arrival of Hurricane Harvey in Houston, and everywhere I go, in bars and restaurants and hotel lobbies, images of the destruction play out on a continuous, muted loop. Most locals are deeply sympathetic. They’ve been through bad hurricanes before; they’ve learned to appreciate the violence such storms can wreak. And they understand that sooner or later, if they stay in Florida, they’ll be smacked again, whether it’s an oblique hit, as was the case with the electric-grid-crippling Irma, or something direct and much more devastating. On my last day, I drive out to Yankeetown, to visit the salt marshes that ignited Jack Putz’s interest in the Big Bend decades earlier. In late 2002, the mansion owned by the plastic surgeon who called Putz had been sold back to the county, which converted it into a visitors center for the Withlacoochee Gulf Preserve, a 413-acre parcel of undeveloped wetlands. On this particular day there are no visitors—but that’s probably because the heat is so brutal: It’s a heavy and relentless thing that weighs on your shoulders, a breeze-free torridity that the mosquitoes and black flies seem to find pleasant. Every few moments I feel a new bug bite into my flesh. Or maybe it’s just the same bug, refueling. It’s difficult to tell. Together with Kent Gardner, a volunteer at the preserve, I climb to the top of a wooden observation post overlooking the marsh. From that height, I can see the islands of dead trees that have been studied for so many years by Putz and the scientists who followed in his footsteps. The sun has bleached the trunks to a bony, gnarled white. In recent years, a team led by David Kaplan, an environmental engineer from the University of Florida, has been monitoring an incursion of a new type of plant: The mangrove, which traditionally grows much further south, appeared to be making its way up the Gulf as a result of the overheating climate. The link between climate change and hurricane frequency has not been firmly established by scientists, but rising seas and scorching heat seem to worsen the damage the storms incur. Standing on the observation post, looking at the miles of flat, shallow marshes, I can’t help but think how little stands between Yankeetown and disaster. “With Hermine, quite a few people here lost their houses,” Gardner recalls. And Hermine was a Category 1 storm. With a bigger and more destructive hurricane—like Harvey (Category 4) or Irma (Category 5)—the damage in Levy County could be catastrophic. “We’d be more or less flattened,” Gardner says. A native of California, Gardner used to create digital content for colleges and textbook companies. A few years ago, he moved down to Yankeetown with his wife to care for his mother-in-law. Now he spends his time capturing footage for what he calls a “virtual preserve”—an interactive web site that will allow users to navigate through imagery of the area and click on icons to learn about native flora and fauna. In that way, the digital ghost of Yankeetown will survive long after the tides wash it away. Gardner hefts his tripod and camera and leads me out to a nearby stream. In the sand, fiddler crabs are busy digging thousands of holes, depositing the leftover dirt into small piles. The ground seethes; it is alive. While we walk, I mention the Cycle Theory I’ve been hearing from other residents of Levy County—the palpable fear of government regulation and federal intervention, the fact that this hugely vulnerable region is, in so many ways, resistant to the only type of intervention that might ultimately save it. Gardner nods. Climate change doesn’t come up that much in conversation here. “What’s disheartening is a lot of these folks are investing in a party, in politicians, that if anything are going to make their lives worse,” he says. “They’re voting against their own interests.” And so Gardner focuses on his volunteer work, on the preservation of this little undeveloped parcel of wetlands along the coast. You can’t change everyone’s minds, so you do what you can, for as long as you can do it, and hope you made a difference. In the meantime, Donald Trump and Rick Scott and all the other climate deniers in the Republican Party will continue to make things as easy as possible for America’s big polluters and developers, hastening the storm to come. And when it arrives, it will descend first, and most brutally, on the residents of Yankeetown and all the other “red-red” counties across the South who have placed their faith in the president. After saying goodbye to Gardner, I climb in my car and drive back along the sinuous dirt track, toward the paved road that bisects Yankeetown. Near the gates of the preserve, I spot a sign that was invisible to me on my way in. Its tone is plaintive, pleading: please tell your friends.

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Every year, a new batch of college students gears up for their first year away from home. Along with boxes of clothing and school supplies, care packages from mom and a few mementos, almost every new student brings along a computer. It might be a desktop, laptop or even a tablet, but is essential in any form — not having Internet access is out of the question, both for socializing and for studying. Amid the excitement of new classes, new friends and life on their own, however, many college students don't think about computer security, and as a result leave personal data open to attack. Here are three tips on how to play IT safe on college campuses. The ubiquity of these networks makes that seem an odd statement, but most college networks are insecure. In other words, although students require a username and password to log on, the data traffic transmitted over most college Wi-Fi networks is completely unencrypted. This means clever hackers looking for personal data like banking information, names, birthdates or passwords can set up a "man in the middle" attack, where they intercept and examine your traffic on the way to its destination. Just like someone intercepting and reading your mail (even adding or deleting a few lines), man-in-the-middle attacks can prove disastrous to students just getting set up at their new school. In fact, the FBI recommends that Internet users avoid Wi-Fi networks altogether. You'll find unencrypted Wi-Fi everywhere; it's far easier for colleges to maintain these insecure networks and leave students responsible for their own Web traffic. Ideally, you want a network that's secured using WPA or WPA2 security, and look for "secure browsing" settings offered by most websites. Facebook, for example, lets you do this in your account's Security Settings. College students are often overwhelmed by the pieces of data they need to memorize just to use campus services, not to mention all the new coursework they're facing. As a result, password strength suffers, leaving a computer vulnerable to attack. Whether you're using a school-provided computer in the library or study hall, or if you're accessing your own desktop, it's important to create passwords that aren't easily guessed and change those passwords every few months. A few rules of thumb: Never use your name, birthdate or any variation of that information. Never use a string of consecutive characters or numerals like "abcdefg" or "123456." And please — please — never use "password" as your password. Hackers, both remote and those living in your dorm or lurking around your school, are smart enough to try common words and phrases to access student computers, and are successful more often than you'd think. Just because you browse securely and have strong passwords, your college computer is not necessarily safe. Computer viruses are another common problem for students; these usually come from legitimate-looking websites that ask you to download small files, or file-sharing sites that include Trojan or malware programs along with downloaded songs or movies. To make sure your desktop or laptop is safe, turn on your operating system's firewall option and also make sure to run regular virus scans. With students' disposable income tied up in things like supplies or textbooks, they might consider a free antivirus trial; many high-caliber companies now offer 30-day versions of their full virus protection suites, giving you the chance to find out if they're worth the investment. These antivirus scanners help beef up your computer security by examining your entire system for evidence of worms, bots, malware, adware, Trojans and other threats, and then safely disposing of them. While some viruses are largely innocuous and serve only to slow down your computer, others can covertly collect your personal information and then upload it the next time you access the Internet. Campus computer security is a critical lesson for students. But by being wary about Wi-Fi, paying attention to passwords and scanning sooner rather than later, you can avoid most common computer pitfalls and keep your personal information under wraps.

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To be updated with the latest in the beekeeping industry to may visit our beekeeping latest news. On the other hand if you’re new to apiculture and desire to begin professional beekeeping today download a copy of our beekeeping for beginners ebook. Beekeeping can be a full time profession or a hobby that is simple. Nevertheless, more often than not, what started as a hobby would become a profession. But you cannot just determine and tell yourself you will begin to do beekeeping. Before starting on any hobby or profession, you need to have sufficient knowledge and comprehension on the field that you are going to enter. Then it is about time to indulge yourself in your line of interest, if you have been putting off your interest in beekeeping for quite a while. Bee farming may seem simple; by learning the basic beekeeping lessons, you can be got off to a good start. What does a beekeeper need to understand? First, you should have interest that is total on beekeeping to begin at the right foot. You should have consented to share your dwelling space with the bees. There are potential dangers in beekeeping that can hurt you but your family also. If you decide to allow the bees inside your living space, then you must understand gear and the supplies that you will use for beekeeping. Your focus isn’t just to earn money by selling honey; a great beekeeper should have passion and a keen interest in rearing bees. An apiarist should know the right location for the beehives. You need certainly to make sure beekeeping is allowed in your town if you decide to put your beehives at your backyard. There are several areas confined to beekeeping; you need to get permission concerning this. Beekeepers must understand whether beekeeping supplies can be found in the region where the beehives are situated. You may never understand when you need to visit a neighborhood beekeeping shop; it’s best that a nearby beekeeping shop is not inaccessible. Protective supplies and equipment can also be essential for beekeepers to understand. This will lessen the odds of being stung by your bees. Know the appropriate suit to choose to keep you from any potential danger in beekeeping. Last but definitely not the least, among the beekeeping lessons you need to find out is that: it’s not unimportant for the beekeeper to know the appropriate manner of picking honey. All the beekeeping attempts would be useless if you’re incapable to harvest honey from your bees. The approaches should be known by a beekeeper in gathering the honey from your comb; beeswax is also part of the returns in beekeeping.

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A Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack is an attack meant to shut down a machine or network, making it inaccessible to its intended users. DoS attacks accomplish this by flooding the target with traffic, or sending it information that triggers a crash. In both instances, the DoS attack deprives legitimate users (i.e. employees, members, or account holders) of the service or resource they expected. Victims of DoS attacks often target web servers of high-profile organizations such as banking, commerce, and media companies, or government and trade organizations. Though DoS attacks do not typically result in the theft or loss of significant information or other assets, they can cost the victim a great deal of time and money to handle.

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In this article: In TerraExplorer you can add and edit graphic entities, each with its own styling properties. Objects include: labels, lines, polygons, 2D/ 3D shapes, 3D models, and buildings. More about: Editing an object > More about: Object operations > Creating an Object - Objects tab > Click the object you want to create. - Click and draw the object in the 3D Window. Right-click to finish. For 2D and 3D shapes, left-click to finish. Selecting an Object After selecting a single object, a yellow frame surrounds the object and the object’s property sheet opens. When selecting multiple objects, a yellow frame surrounds each of the selected objects and the Multi Edit property sheet opens. Selecting a Single Object - From Project Tree: In Project Tree, right-click object > from the shortcut menu, select Properties. - From 3D Window: On Home tab, click Select > In 3D Window, select object. Selecting Multiple Objects - From Project Tree: In Project Tree, select the required objects (Use SHIFT and CTRL to select sequential and non-sequential tree items) > right-click > from the shortcut menu, select Properties. - From 3D Window: On Home tab, click Select > Press and hold the CTRL key > In 3D Window, select each of the objects you want > In 3D Window, right-click and select Properties. - From 3D Window (all objects in a selected area): On Home tab > Select > Area Selection > In 3D Window, draw area polygon by clicking (at least three points) and right-click to finish > In 3D Window, right-click and select Properties. Adding 3D Models - Objects tab > Click 3D Model. - In dialog, browse to the required file to load. - In the 3D Window, click mouse to define position of model’s pivot point on terrain. - Adjust the model’s position and size in the 3D Window or from property sheet. - Using the property sheet, set the parameters of the 3D object. - Drag any of the three arrow resizers in/ out to adjust any of the model’s dimensions.

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Compare and contrast the absorption spectrum of pigments of Cyanobacterium vs. the various purple bacteria. What wavelengths are preferentially absorbed by the pigments of each group of bacteria & how do the absorption properties of these molecules compare with the regions of the spectrum visible to our eye? How do they explain Jill plans to expand her business and add gastrointestinal (GI), renal, and OB/GYN physicians as clients. Jill plans to expand her business and add gastrointestinal (GI), renal, and OB/GYN physicians as clients. She is also planning to hire additional physician billing associates. She asks you to develop some materials to help with their orientation. She wants you to develop a table that lists the body systems, organs in each body s I need answers for the following questions: 1. Why is water essential to health maintenance? 2. What are the functions of water in the body? 3. What happens to the body when it does not get the water it needs? 4. Compare and contrast how different electrolytes - sodium, potassium, and chloride-function in the body. 5. Problem 1: Dalmatian dogs occur in two colors - normal black spots and bown (liver) spots. Assume that the black-spotted condition is dominant over the brown-spotted condition. Please determine the following: a) The letters you would use to identify the alleles for a black-spotted dog and the alleles for a brown-spotted Why do the alleles for red/green color blindness, Duschenne muscular dystrophy and hemophilia not follow typical inheritance patterns? Two questions on a word attachment. Why do the alleles for red/green color blindness, Duschenne muscular dystrophy and hemophilia not follow typical inheritance patterns? List and briefly explain two other exceptions to simple Mendelian inheritance You are given two true-breeding pea plants, one for the dominant characteri I have using sterile technique, made up in an eppendorf tube the following: Sterile water 15 ul, primer 1 @ 30ng/ul, primer 2 @ 30 ng/ul, DNA Preparation (listeria or e.coli 5 ul), Mastermix 25 ul. I mixed the tubes and heated them, and carried out the elecrophoresis for staining to obtain a photograph. I need to 1. The pharynx is common to what 2 systems? 2. What is the voice box? Of what is it composed? What is the Adam's apple? 3. Describe the structure and function of the trachea. 4. Describe respiratory physiology. 5. What is the main respiratory muscle? 6. List the principal and accessory organs of the urinary system Will be as brief as I can! - any help would be appreciated. used 3 lanes on my gel and ran in each: lane 1: hyperladder (linear fragments) lane 2: EcoR1 digested recombinant pUC18 (size of insert unknown) lane 3: undigested recombinant pUC18 plasmid Results obtained from gel and standard curve: lane 2: 2 bands app What is intelligence? Early and contemporary theories on intelligence. How is it measured? Characteristics of a good intelligence test? Original Student Questions: What is intelligence? Compare the early and contemporary theories of intelligences? How do we measure intelligence? What are the characteristics of a good intelligence test? How is asthma affecting children and what is being done about it. a short cause and effect study in asthma and its ramifications with the children and the environment An 8 gram sample of cream cheese was homogenised in sterile Ringer's solution to give a total volume of 20 cm3. 6. An 8 gram sample of cream cheese was homogenised in sterile Ringer's solution to give a total volume of 20 cm3. The homogenate was then serially diluted and 0.2 cm3 aliquots of a number of dilutions were spread plated on duplicate nutrient agar plates. After incubation, the following colony counts were recorded: Dilution R THE PROBLEM you have decided to study DNA repair and recombination in E.coli. your best buddy from graduate school sends you a clone of the recA gene. she has told you that the gene is included in 3.266 Kb Bam HI genomic fragment that she has cloned into the pBC vector. however, she has neveer checked the orient Bacteria used to degrade a contaminant in a bacth reactor are found to grown on the contaminant with Monod Kinetics. Assuming Umax (the max specific growth rate)=10 per day, and Ks (called half velocity constant)=5mg/L and Kd (the decay constant)=0.05 per day. At what value of S (the substrate concentration) will dX/dt=0. (X Hundreds of human diseases are characterized by a genetic component, such as familial breast cancer. These diseases may run in your family and can currently be tested for. Prepare a 200-word report for your own family members about the current state of knowledge on any such diseases and the tests available. Describe the disease, In the United States, many states now impose taxes on tobacco to discourage smoking and to help offset the health costs associated with smoking. However, heart disease, which has been linked to a high-fat diet, is the country's number one killer. In addition, more cancer cases in the United States are related to diet than to smo Explain how physical and chemical laws affect a living organism. Also, provide an example of how an organism has evolved to adapt to its physical or chemical environment. Then, answer the following question: Why do you think physical and chemical laws relate functions to structures and vice versa? In lab, you try burning marshmallows to estimate their caloric content. a) if a large marshmallow, when burned completely, raises the temperature of 1L of water 40 degrees, what is the approximately caloric content measured in nutritional calories (kcal or Cal)? b) how many calories would be required to raise 500g of water 3 de One of the concerns mentioned in the chapter regarding the use of genetic technology centers around privacy issues such as "genetic discrimination." Once we improve our ability to screen the human genome for disease susceptibility, is there any level of testing that should be required by society as a means of reducing health car Companies that sell sport supplements make billions of dollars each year claiming by consuming their products the person can lose or gain weight. Assume the body weight is genetically determined and that any gain or loss in weight will cause the body to activate homeostatic mechanisms to cause the body to return to the original The text notes that an alternate allele of the hemoglobin gene can cause sickle-cell anemia when a person is homozygous for this allele, but that a person who is heterozygous for the allele actually can derive a benefit from it--protection from malaria. In the United States, 8 percent of African Americans are carriers for the si Many physiological changes occur during exercise. a. Design a controlled experiment to test the hypothesis that an exercise session causes short-term increases in heart rate and breathing rate in humans b. Explain how at least three organ systems are affected by this increased physical activity and discuss interactions among t What are the environmental benefits (i.e. pollution and garbage since the filters don't biodegrade) for quitting smoking? The human body manifests physiological changes in every organ system throughout the process of eating, from the time a person first anticipates food to the elimination of waste. a) design a controlled experiment where you test the hypothesis that the body's reaction to eating begins before food enters the body. b) descri Introduction We know the features of our physical lives that determine they will be finite; they will die. Scripture clearly teaches that a small remnant of people with these bodies will be given new ones that cannot die. Perhaps you have imagined that these future bodies will be so "bionic" as to be unrecognizably amazing in I have already categorized the following "Groups of Organisms," except for DOLPHINS. Where would it be placed in the problem below? bats monkeys Euglena lemurs sponges amphibians dolphins Ginkgo biloba jellyfish reptiles birds beavers echinoderms tarsiers photosynthetic bacteria a) production of mi Evaluation: Blood Pressure Control Sometimes during traumatic injury, the kidneys must take action to regulate blood pressure in order for the individual to survive. When would this action necessary? Explain in detail how the kidneys regulate blood pressure. Some people have high blood pressure. How do the drugs (cal Listed below are several characteristics that are used to classify animals in general and humans in particular: a) production of milk for the young (reproductive, physiological) b) high cognitive ability, to reason, to fashion tools (neurological) c) inability to generate carbohydrates by means of photosynthesis (metabolic) You work in an orthopedic physician's office as a medical assistant and are responsible for filling out insurance forms and following through on denials. You have become friendly with an insurance company representative in the office of an insurance company with whom you regularly submit claims. You are finding that many of th This job considers the following statements about human evolution. Which are well supported by scientific evidence and which are misconceptions? a. Humans evolved from apes. b. Human evolutionary history is more like a multibranched bush rather than a single unbranched ladder, our species being the tip of one human branch th Since you forgot to label the fatty acid and the only experimental apparatus you have is a freezer how could you tell which one is which, explain? You have three fatty acid in your kitchen but you forgot to label them. They are all the same length (they all have 20 carbons each)One is a saturated fatty acid, the other two yo

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In this Article Last Updated on The pregnancy experience is distinctive to each couple. Along with happiness and excitement, the entry of the baby can also bring with with it physical, financial, and emotional stress. You can see that there will be more disputes between your partner and you, than usual. While fighting is common in couples, you should know that disagreements could be harmful for your baby. Read on to know how. How Does Fighting and Yelling Affect Your Unborn Baby? It is overwhelming to think that fighting with your husband during pregnancy can affect the baby’s well being. Fighting causes anxiety and depression, and that can harm your baby. Arguing during pregnancy affects the baby, from the brain to the immune system. Some of the effects are listed below 1. Constricted Brain Development Keep shouting and screaming to a minimum. Anger prohibits the development of your baby’s brain. It not only affects the baby’s IQ, but also his/her ability to manage emotions later in life. Babies who are exposed to high levels of stress during pregnancy are prone to anxiety and have a larger amygdala, which is the section of the brain responsible for regulating response to frightening stimuli 2. Physical Deformities A physical squabble can harm your child. It results in the highest risk of stillbirth. Physical abuse during pregnancy can cause low birth weight, physical injuries, and bleeding, as well. 3. Compromised Immune System An increase in stress, during or after a fight, can also suppress a child’s immune system, leading to illness and health problems in the future. 4. Physiological and Biological Development Anger increases our heart rates and blood pressure, as well as adrenaline and epinephrine, contributing to growing tension and causing blood vessels to constrict. This results in reduction of oxygen to the uterus, compromising foetal blood supply. It can also cause, ulcers, asthma, high blood pressure (hypertension), heart problems, headaches, skin disorders and digestive problems. 5. Addiction or Overindulgence There is a direct link between uncontrolled anger and crime, emotional and physical abuse, and other violent behaviours, with fighting during pregnancy. In the future, these people tend to indulge in habits that are dangerous to their health, such as smoking, excessive alcohol use, and overeating. Common Fights Expectant Couples Have While each couple is different, and often has their own set of issues they tend to fight about, there are a few sensitive topics that are bound to raise an argument between the husband and wife. Here are common fights that expectant couples tend to have: 1. Being Selfish Once you’re pregnant, everything revolves around the baby, and rightly so. However, many husbands may feel their wives are obsessed, and can’t talk about anything else, causing a fight, On the other hand, the husband could be caught up with work and miss out on important events such as doctors appointments, angering the wife. Financials are a huge cause for fights between expectant couples. Of course, none of you would have a clear idea of how much your expenses would increase, causing a huge difference in opinion on spending and saving. 3.Name of the Baby Naming the baby is a huge deal, and most couples want to choose a name that’s unique, meaningful, and fit for the baby. Agreeing on a name can be a task, especially if your family members wish to have a say. Effects of Arguing and Screaming, on the Mother As the pregnancy progress, the mother experiences significant emotional changes and mood swings that lead to an argument with the partner. These changes are due to rapidly changing levels of the estrogen and progesterone hormones. Yelling, shouting or fighting can be inimical for the mother. Stress may lead to cramping, headaches, nauseous and sleep apnea. It may also lead to premature labour. Arguing while pregnant, in the first trimester, can lead to depression and irritability, as well. Hence, avoiding fights with your partner is the best solution for a peaceful pregnancy. Tips to Avoid Fighting and Arguing During Pregnancy A good partnership is very challenging during pregnancy. Besides hormonal changes, lack of sleep and energy, and the changing body shape of the mother, there is a huge life shift for the couple. These changes affect even sturdy relationships, and arguments can pop up more than usual. Here are some tips to avoid a dispute with your partner. Compliment Each Other More Often Husbands can compliment their pregnant wife by telling her how excellent she is managing things, or thank her for taking care of the developing child. On the other hand, wives can compliment their husbands for supporting them. This leads to lesser fight. Be More Understanding A better understanding with your partner helps avoid arguments. Help each other out with routine tasks in the house, so you both get extra time to rest and rejuvenate. Talk About Fear, Anxieties, and Future Plans During pregnancy, there are so many unknown things to be scared of. The wife may be worried about pregnancy, labour, and parenthood. Whereas, the husband may be worried about finances, responsibilities, etc. the Discussion about pregnancy planning strengthens your bond and helps you get into each other’s mind. Go for Activity Classes Together Do some additional fun things that make you feel better. Joining a yoga or a meditation group gives you the chance to meet other people who share your situation. Exercise keeps you both physically fit and mentally relaxed. It is normal to have arguments sometimes, which is not likely to cause any harm, but any excessive argument should be avoided, since it may cause serious consequences to both the mother and the baby. Using tips and proper medical therapy can pacify these arguments for a smooth pregnancy.

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If you’re researching ways to protect the privacy, you might have come to the right place. There are numerous things you can do to generate your data more secure. The most important stage is to produce regular back up copies of your data, and store these people outside your office or main workplace. By doing this, https://datahotelroom.info/best-data-rooms-for-investment-banking/ in case you have a disaster, you simply won’t lose the important do the job. It’s also important to make sure that any external devices you use for back up copies are encrypted and stored in a locked room. Keeping your data safeguarded is more difficult than you may well think. You could have multiple devices that store your own information, including smartphones, laptops, and even daily news files. Possibly businesses can store your data on their hosts and impair storage, and their security measures range. If you’re uncertain of how to protect your personal info, you can always talk to your supplier about the ultimate way to keep it secure. This will ensure that the information you store is definitely not released to unauthorized parties. While websites may possibly claim to end up being safe, the simple truth is that the internet is not really. You should make sure that you just encrypt details that you send out or receive over the internet. It’s also advised that you how to use encrypted virtual data storage solution, just like Google Drive. Smart account details are also another important aspect of data protection. A strong password is critical for every bill. A good way to remember your account details is to use a password manager.

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Today we are discussing how to talk to kids about treating each other with dignity and respect. What are the cultural messages that our kids receive? Are their differences between how boys deal with their relationships and girls cope with their relationships? How do kids bond and what do betrayals look like? How do we talk to other parents when our child has been an instigator of aggressive or bullying behavior and their child is the target AND how do we talk to the other parents when our child has been on the receiving end of aggressive or bullying behavior from their child. These are complicated questions and relationships. - Young people don’t want to talk about bullying—and often find it unrelatable. - BoyWorld vs GirlWorld. Rules they learn about what is expected of us. They think differently about this culture. Boys and girls are not a monolithic group. Cultural message “girls are hard” and “boys are easy.” But if, as a boy, you have a complicated relationships or are reactive to something going on, then there’s a stereotype that there is something wrong with you. We are saying to boys, roll everything off your back. - Make sure to widen your expectations of responses from boys (emotionally, etc) and stop putting girls’ relationships in a box and labeling them as “mean” or “complicated” as a rule. - Group of boys on a couch- gaming- this might not look as close—but this is tight! And they can have complicated relationships and close relationships. - If a boy doesn’t want to talk to you about something- it might not mean that it’s not bothering him but rather that he doesn’t want to talk about something that is painful for him. - Don’t emasculate a boy when he is emotional- they are not being “girly” when showing a complex feeling—and then we are surprised that they don’t want to talk to us! Bad stuff is happening as they get older and they don’t have the words to speak out because we didn’t talk about this stuff when they were younger. - The boys explode- and we think there is something pathologically wrong- but we just haven’t given them the skills and we have cut them off or belittled them when the feeling wasn’t as intense or overt. - Help your kids, don’t take over. - Aggression, relationships and kids: “We have to understand the context in which these things are happening. Because if we want the chance to actually address the problem so young people can learn from it then we have to have an understanding, as best we can, of what happened that created the dynamic. In know it does happen that kids go after another kid for “no reason,” I get that, but in my experience, the vast majority of times when I’ m dealing with kids, there’s at least some stuff going both ways.” - Boys: Boys have friendships that mean something to them. When boys express their anger, a lot of time they are sitting on their feelings and bottle it up, then lash out and get out of control. We haven’t given them the skills (or we have dismissed their feelings or made boys feel that they shouldn’t express them) to deal with these feelings before they get so frustrated or upset that they can no longer keep these feelings inside. Then we judge their actions when they explode. - Girls: When we send the message to girls that girls are mean and the relationships are negative and full of drama, we set this message as the standard. - Script when your child is involved in a problem with other kids: Email or text “Hey, I’ve got something that I think you would think is important to talk about – I think it’s important too- when is a good time to talk today or tomorrow?” Don’t go into a long email. Professional, mature email. Don’t explode on them. - In prep for that: Three most important things for them to know. Don’t send it as an email—that’s not what it’s for. “What are the top 3 things I need to communicate in this conversation no matter what happens?” - Script when talking directly to the person: “I have this thing that’s a little uncomfortable for me to talk about but I thought it was important for you to know.” - Just because it’s happening all the time, if it’s demeaning or degrading, then it’s still not right. - Remember: Say exactly what you don’t like, and exactly what you want. Add how you are disciplining your child if s/he is part of it. - End script: “Think about it, if you want to talk about it further, I’m around…” - Communicate: Here are my standards, here are my values, here is the discipline. “Here are the rules, here is - the rule I perceive was broken, and here is how I am disciplining the situation.” “I love all of our kids, yay kids, here’s my cell if you want to talk further.” - Script when your child is on the receiving end of aggression: “It is possible that my child contributed to this problem in some way. Or perhaps there is something I don’t know about this situation that would help me understand what’s going on.” And you might not know! - We tend to see this bullying stuff as so “one way.” Often there are two sides contributing. Rosalind tells a story of a girl being nasty to a group of girls for an extended period of time. The group of girls retaliate in a horrible way—and they are at fault- but there is more than just this one side involved here. There is at least some stuff going both ways. - With text or email- stick to who, what, where and when—if you need to get into “why” you are going down the wrong path! - Nobody wants to hear the laundry list. When approaching another parent about bullying, drama or aggression: Pick one or two things or a pattern of behaviors rather than a laundry list of ways the other person’s child is being a brat. - Avoid the laundry list AND avoid saying “and all the other parents feel like this too” even if you feel that you are not being believed or need more ammunition. Makes people freak out. And then they ask who. No way to win. No way to get closer to the goal of being heard. - Convo with kids: “People are going to annoy you. People are going to abuse their power. That’s just a fact. The goal for you is to be able to navigate that so that it doesn’t take over your feelings or you lose your words or you don’t have choices in your friendships. Your job is to learn how to manage that. That doesn’t happen over night. And it’s also about being able to have adults help you but not do the work for you.” Separate the difference between drama and bullying. - Bullying: Going after somebody for what they are or what they are perceived to be or how they identify. - Drama: Conflict, going both ways, and people think it’s entertaining. It can still be painful. Just because it’s not bullying doesn’t mean it’s not painful. Like not being included on an IG post- not bullying. Not invited to birthday party- drama or rejection. But not bullying. - Convo: I can’t get you down from 100% misery to 0% misery overnight but I can get you from 100% misery to maybe 96% misery- and that’s better. Going in the right direction. Builds confidence and shows you can handle it. Also shows that people who are making you miserable don’t have mythological power. - Parents have their own reality show moments. - The way adults are managing social media has a profound effect on how kids manage and understand social media. Use, over-use, branding, authenticity– Watch the hypocrisy! - Kids look at us being on the phone and while we think our work is really important, they think their social life is really important. - Look at what you are posting—all beautiful, perfect and get amazing comments. Getting attention. Then the girls might try to do all that. Trying to create a PR campaign? Also, don’t be boring- don’t only post about your children! Also, don’t bully others online- that’s a terrible example! - Give yourself a break, give other people a break before judging and assuming other people’s bad intentions. Ask a question before assuming the worst about people. People make mistakes. Assuming that someone is stupid or have nothing to stand on- creates toxicity. Includes how we think about ourselves. From the blog of Dr. Robyn Silverman. If your child needs help please click the link below.

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Adults may have a higher blood pressure than the infants and teenagers. People who are obese usually have high blood pressure. From age 45 to 64, men and women get high blood pressure at similar rates. To know what exercise is ideal for your condition, it is still best to get some advice from your physician. At least 30 minutes of aerobic exercise per day is typically recommended. Physical activity - Perform aerobic physical activity for at least 30 minutes per day, most days of the week. Physical activity and weight loss are also key factors in lowering your numbers. Chinese medicine practitioners believe that depression, anger, obesity, and high intake of fatty foods are some of the causative factors. The good news is that high blood pressure can be kept in check, and it need not always be done using drugs. Did you notice every one of the side effects these drugs results in? This study was designed to assess effects of Transcendental Meditation on blood pressure using objective quality assessments and meta-analyses. To prevent cardiovascular disease and other possible effects of high blood pressure, it is important to have your blood pressure checked regularly. Learn about the symptoms of high blood pressure, the effects high blood pressure can have on your health and more. When measuring blood pressure, a fabric cuff is wrapped around your arm and then slightly inflated. Even though you should have your blood pressure checked if you have this symptom, there are those with problems unrelated to their blood pressure that causes frequent nose bleeds. The DASH diet recommends up to six to eight servings of whole grains daily, but my opinion is to emphasize things like fresh produce, lean proteins and healthy fats even more, considering their nutrient density. Rather than just performing one bp measurement, or taking three and averaging them, the professional automatic high blood pressure monitor by BpTru takes six measurements, discards ever wondered, and averages others. Choose a home blood pressure monitor that you can afford. And you may thus monitor your blood pressure levels. For this reason, the measurement of a person's blood pressure is recorded as two different numbers '” the systolic blood pressure and the diastolic blood pressure. The primary way that high blood pressure causes harm is by increasing the workload of the heart and blood vessels '” making them work harder and less efficiently. Train also cuts down on excess weight, which is another issue that pushes up blood pressure above normal levels. When the vessels in the liver are blocked due to liver damage, blood cannot flow properly through the liver. It is important to do that as a result of in any other case chances are you'll carry out innaccurate measurements and this must be avoided. It is also possible to feel well, but have a very mild case of malaria, especially if you have lived for extended periods of time in parts of the world where malaria is found. These are simple ways you can reduce your risk of developing hypertension over time. Your blood pressure is expressed in two numbers, for example, 120/80 (120 over 80) mmHg (millimeters of mercury). People with prehypertension are likely to develop high blood pressure unless steps are taken to control it. People with a diastolic reading within the range of 80-89 are considered to have prehypertension. There are so many to choose from. Typical reductions in systolic blood pressure are 15-20 mm Hg in subjects with initial readings of 140 mm Hg. High blood pressure is responsible for approximately 60% of strokes. This will follow this link depend on the severity of your high blood pressure and whether or not pre-eclampsia is present. Visibly ATACAND will be done periodically to be a self righteous jerk right here in public? ATACAND was just dizygotic on. The main topics are the cause, prevention, and cure for diabetes and heart disease which have become major health concerns in the United States and many other developed countries. Health will suffer directly with the percentage of carbohydrates reintroduced back into the diet. Let's talk about why this particular benefit is so important to your overall health. Some are easier than others to use by yourself, a less important feature if you have a friend or mate who will do it for you. Repeat above procedure as necessary until the nose has stopped bleeding 3- You don't have to put your head between legs or laying flat. Stretch and relax your arms and legs to help 'wake up' your bloodstream. Whatever happened to the good old days when a normal systolic pressure was 100 plus your age? But too much stress may contribute to increased blood pressure. Take the quiz, How Much Do You Know about High Blood Pressure? This is the pressure when the heart rests between beats. Severe hypotension can be caused by sudden loss of blood Home page (shock), severe infection, heart attack, or severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis). Kidneys Arteries It can cause the It's associated with kidneys to fail, stiffer arteries, resulting in dialysis causing the heart and or a kidney kidneys to work transplant. The pressure of the blood against the walls of the blood vessels, especially the arteries. Blood pressure is the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your arteries. Having an excessive blood pressure can be a debilitating condition because it could inhibit an individual's lifestyle. And stress can contribute significantly to hypertension. It's much easier and safer for them to prescribe a pill, since everyone knows that hypertension is the "silent killer". Usually, hypertension does not directly cause symptoms. What are the warning signs and symptoms of High Blood Pressure? The physical symptoms of excessive blood pressure can embrace giddiness, complications, blurry vision, tremors, convulsions and issue in walking or exerting oneself and scientific melancholy, among different things. You want to choose one that's straightforward so that you can use and read. One top budget pick, the ReliOn BP200 (Est. One of the centerpieces of this method is changing a sedentary life-style with a more active one. However, many neglect this simple check until their problems become serious. However, research has developed some stem cells that do encourage your existing cells to heal, regenerate, multiply, and propagate. Check the parish calendar for dates or contact the parish office (763.757.6910). Garlic - Medical studies confirmed the presence of allicin which helps in the lowering of cholesterol level.

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Blood Test May Detect Tumor-Derived DNA in Early-Stage Cancers Researchers have developed a test that detects tiny amounts of cancer-specific DNA in the blood and used it to accurately identify more than half of 138 people with early-stage colorectal, breast, lung, or ovarian cancers. The findings were published in Science Translational Medicine (http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/9/403/eaan2415). Although blood tests to detect cancer are in the preliminary stages of clinical development, circulating DNA alterations have been targeted as guideposts for detecting cancer early, in seemingly healthy people—but without risking high rates of false positives. For example, as blood cells divide, some acquire mutations, but in many cases they are not cancer-initiating. Researchers also need to weed out germline mutations, which occur as a result of normal variations between individuals and are usually not indicative of cancer. In the current study, researchers looked for mutations in 58 genes linked to various cancers in blood samples from 200 patients with breast, lung, ovarian, or colorectal cancer. They detected 86 (62%) of the stage I and II cancers, with specificity varying by cancer type: - Colorectal: 50% in stage I, 89% in stage II, 90% in stage III, and 93% in stage IV - Lung: 45% in stage I, 72% in stage II, 75% in stage III, and 83% in stage IV - Ovarian: 67% in stage I, 75% in stage II and III, and 83% in stage IV - Breast: 67% in stage I, 59% in stage II, and 46% in stage III No mutations were found in the blood samples of 44 healthy controls. The researchers noted that the test needs to be validated in larger studies before it could be used clinically.

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Context: The Andaman and Nicobar administration is promoting sustainable and environment-friendly transportation in the region. Paradigm Shift to Green Transport (Andaman & Nicobar) Background - The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are a group of islands located in the Bay of Bengal, which are known for their biodiversity and natural beauty. - However, like many other regions around the world, the islands have been facing a number of environmental challenges, including air and water pollution, climate change, and loss of biodiversity. - One of the major contributors to these environmental challenges has been transportation. The islands have a limited road network, and most of the transportation is done by petrol and diesel-powered vehicles, which contribute to air and noise pollution. - To address these challenges, the administration has been promoting green transport in the region, which includes the use of electric vehicles, bicycles, and other non-motorized modes of transport. Challenges faced during Implementation Process - One of the major challenges was the lack of awareness among the people about the benefits of sustainable transport. Another challenge was the limited availability of charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. - The islands have a limited power supply, and the administration had to invest in renewable energy sources to support the charging infrastructure. - Additionally, the administration had to invest in non-motorized modes of transport, such as bicycles, and create dedicated lanes for them to promote their use. Solutions to the Problem - The administration introduced a policy to promote the use of electric vehicles in the region. The policy included incentives such as tax exemptions and subsidies to encourage people to buy electric vehicles. - The administration also invested in charging infrastructure for electric vehicles and installed charging stations in various locations across the islands. - The administration also promoted non-motorized modes of transport, such as bicycles, and created dedicated lanes for them. - The administration launched a bicycle-sharing program in the region, which allowed people to rent bicycles for short periods of time. This encouraged people to use bicycles for short trips, which reduced the demand for petrol and diesel-powered vehicles. - The efforts made by the administration to promote green transport in the region have yielded positive results. - The use of electric vehicles has increased significantly in the region, and the administration has set a target of replacing all petrol and diesel-powered vehicles with electric vehicles by 2030. - The use of bicycles has also increased, and the administration has created a network of bicycle lanes across the islands to promote their use.

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Watch out for potential trigger foods. When it comes to your diet, eating smaller meals is by far the most important step you can take to prevent reflux, more so than changing the foods you eat. That said, there are specific foods that can aggravate symptoms in certain individuals. The most common culprits are fried or fatty foods, alcohol, caffeinated beverages like coffee and tea, chocolate, mints and mint-flavored items, citrus juices and fruits, tomatoes and tomato sauce, spicy foods, onions, garlic, and carbonated beverages. Everyone has different triggers, though, so if you find that these foods don't cause you any discomfort, you can continue to enjoy them.

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Lacrosse has many similarities to both basketball and hockey. Simply put, the lacrosse team that ends the game with the most goals wins. A game clock dictates the length of the game, and scoring goals is the sole determiner of who wins and who loses. The following list offers a few of the technical essentials that you need to know to better understand the game. • Four quarters equals a game: The length of a box or field lacrosse game is 60 minutes, which 4 quarters lasting 15 minutes each. Unless . . . • Two halves do make a whole (game): Depending on the age and/or gender of the teams playing, variations on the length of a lacrosse game do exist. Women's lacrosse matches are divided into halves instead of quarters, and can range in length from 50 to 60 minutes. Minor league lacrosse games offer a wide variety of lengths and divisions, from 8-or 12-minute quarters to three 20-minute periods, much like a hockey contest. High-school field games have 12-minute quarters. • Whatever the length of the game, remember that any individual contest will include at least one intermission. There's a lot of running and bumping and hitting and missing to recuperate from. • Facing down the opposition: A faceoff at the center circle starts each game and each quarter, and it begins play after every goal scored. • A faceoff is one of the many areas where lacrosse resembles both hockey (the only other with faceoffs) and basketball (with its jump-ball set-up at the beginning of games). In a box lacrosse faceoff, the teams surround one of the lined circles on the floor, with two players in the center of the circle awaiting the referee's whistle to being play and go for the ball. Essentially, a faceoff is an organized, if sometimes frenetic, way to initiate play at the beginning of a game, or to restart play that has been stopped for some reason (opening a new playing period, after a scored goal, in a dead-ball situation, and so on). Any game can present many faceoff opportunities, so you better be pretty good at it to have a chance of controlling the ball and therefore giving your team more scoring opportunities. • Faceoffs in field lacrosse come at the start of each quarter and after each goal. They consist of two players at the center X and two players from each team perched on the wing area lines (20 yards from the middle of the field and 20 yards long, parallel with the sideline). Once possession is gained by one of these eight players, the rest of the players can cross the restraining lines that are perpendicular to the sideline and 20 yards from the midline. Information sourced from www.Dummies.com

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The Eurovision song contest voting patterns is a popular theme for the analysis of European identity and culture. In an article for the “In Focus” section of Political Insight (September 2013, Volume 4, Issue 2) Dimitris Ballas, Danny Dorling and I looked at the voting patterns of this year’s contest that was held in Malmö (Sweden). It has long been argued that there are clear patterns based on geographical region as well as cultural and linguistic bonds and there has typically been labelling of groups of countries that give their votes to each other as ‘blocs’ such as the ‘Scandinavian bloc’, the ‘Mediterranean’, ‘Western’, ‘Eastern’, ‘Scandinavian’, the ‘Balkan’ bloc etc. It can also be argued that political considerations may also affect these voting patterns and this may be particularly interesting in the recent Eurovision song context with voting patterns possibly influenced by the on-going political and economic crisis in the European Union (EU). This map series puts a focus on those countries being closely associated with the EU, either by being current members or official candidate member states (or official potential candidate for EU accession) and/or signed up to any of the following agreements: European Economic Area, the Schengen Zone, the European Monetary Union. The maps are based on European states that currently meet at least one of these criteria, leaving the remaining participants of the song contest aside. The reference map shows a population cartogram of this area where each country is resized according to its total population. All other maps are drawn relative to the number of Eurovision points a country received. It should be noted that not all countries took part in the final round of the contest or in the voting. Each country has to give 12 points to its favourite song, 10 points to the second favourite, 8 to the third and 7 to 1 points in descending order to the remaining seven ranked songs. These points are allocated via telephone voting and all countries taking part in the final and the two semi-finals are eligible to vote. The map of the total number of votes is dominated by the winner Denmark, which received a total of 281 points, 90 more than the second country in our focus area, Norway. The remaining maps show the number of points that all countries gave to an individual country. They highlight these patterns for the votes that were given to Denmark, Germany (18 points), the United Kingdom (23 points) and Greece (152 points). The voting behaviour for Germany and the United Kingdom show a very polarised pattern which – putting aspects of the quality of the performance aside – also reflects some of the persisting affinities but also very contemporary hostilities or irrelevance in a European context. Germany mainly relies on its neighbours and places where there may be a larger numbers of German expats or tourists at the time of the contest, the latter of which could also apply to the British result. Germany is widely seen as a political scapegoat at the moment, while the relevance of Britain within Europe is seen less important, which could help to explain why the received so few votes. The map of votes for Greece, which at many times has also been at the very centre of political and economic attention within Europe and internationally in the past three years, shows a total of 152 points. Greece received 12 points from Cyprus and San Marino, 10 from Albania and 8 from Montenegro, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Here are the bibliographic details: - Hennig, B. D., Ballas, D. and Dorling, D. (2013). Voting for Europe: Eurovision 2013. Political Insight 4 (2): 38. Article online (Wiley)

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Researchers at Washington State University have made it possible to carry ready-to-eat macaroni and cheese to Mars. They have come up with a new packaging method that will triple the life of the food content inside it. “We need a better barrier to keep oxygen away from the food and provide longer shelf-life similar to aluminum foil and plastic laminate pouches. We’ve always been thinking of developing a product that can go to Mars, but with technology that can also benefit consumers here on Earth.”, said Shyam Sablani, lead researcher in the project. The food packed inside these new packages will be sterilized using a process called “microwave-assisted thermal sterilization”. After this, the food will be fit for consumption for three years. Cool, right? A trip to Mars from Earth will take approximately nine months. The researchers claim that NASA is aware of their efforts. “NASA knows about our work, but we’re just now getting to the point where we can talk to them with a proven product. We hope to work out a way to test these products on the International Space Station in the future to show that the food is safe after long-term storage.”, explained Sablani. In case you’re wondering, you actually don’t have to wait for years to test if it will withstand and stay fresh. Instead, the process can be simulated by keeping the packaged food in a 100-degree Fahrenheit incubator. The researchers claim to have tested this theory with a color-based measurement system using mashed potatoes. So, what are your thoughts on this new development? Will you be interested in a Mars trip if you were offered Mac and Cheese throughout the journey? Tell us in the comments section down below.

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These concepts are from CISSP - Domain -3 Security Engineering. Trusted Computing Base (TCB) / TCSEC As the name suggests, TCB establishes the security of a computing device (e.g. a computer). In other words, TCB defines a security profile including hardware, software, inter- process communication and will ensure a computing device will maintain the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the data residing on that system. TCSEC (Trusted Computer Security Evaluation Criteria) is just another term for TCB. The term TCB was coined by the US Department of Defence in the Orange book – this book was part of the Rainbow Series of books that defined various computer security standards and guidelines. The Rainbow Series of books was published by the US Department of Defence itself. Please see table below – that has a list of these security requirements and depending upon the number of requirements, a computing device would comply, a rating (A1 – C1) can be assigned (A1 – highest rating, C1 – lowest rating). Fig 1 TCSEC rating matrix Also, worth noting for your CISSP exam is that the TCB framework includes reference monitor, security domain and security kernel – see next This term means (at a theoretical level) that all subject to object access should be controlled. It establishes an access control security policy around a computing device. This term means the same as reference monitor with the only difference being that it is the physical implementation (to be remembered) of the access control security policy (Reference Monitor). This term means establishing the access control security policy by grouping the objects a user can access into a security domain. This stands for Information Technology – Security Evaluation Criteria. This framework was from the Europeans and was an enhancement to the TCSEC assessment criteria. The ITSEC framework along with the security functions (required security features) also established the security assurance requirements – the level of operating effectiveness of the security function for a duration of time. The ITSEC framework also had ratings that were later mapped to TCSEC ratings. For exam, IT SEC ratings are not important to be learned as ITSEC was soon replaced by Common Criteria. As the US had TCSEC and the EU had the ITSEC, the rest of the world demanded a universal framework around computing/ technology security evaluation. The Common Criteria information security evaluation framework was adopted as the next and final information security evaluation framework. Common Criteria allows organisations to specify their security functional requirements and security assurance requirements. This is similar to coming up with a requirement document. In the common criteria framework - this is referred to as Protection Profiles (PPs). Technology suppliers can then implement these requirements and with the support of testing laboratories can get their products (also called “Target of evaluation” in Common Criteria language) evaluated to determine if they really meet these requirements. Similar to TCSEC and ITSEC, Common Criteria also has a strict rating criteria (please see below). Once this process is completed successfully, a vendor achieves Common Criteria rating for the product. Fig -2 Common Criteria rating matrix TCSEC, ITSEC and Common Criteria are the three security evaluation frameworks (That one is required to study for CISSP) that define multiple security requirements that a computing device should comply with, and depending upon the number of requirements complied to, a rating is assigned to them. TCSEC was replaced by the ITSEC which was later replaced by the global security evaluation framework - Common Criteria. The author is a professional CISSP trainer within Cyber Management Alliance’s training pool. He is CM-Alliance’s CISSP/CISA/ISO 27001/SOX/Information Risk Management/SAP Cyber security trainer. He has an MBA (Finance), along with qualifications in Computer Engineering, CISSP, CISA, ITIL (expert), COBIT (foundations), and SAP security. If you are interested in exploring our CISSP Training & Mentorship programme details and register for your Free CISSP session – click here or contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org. For more information on Cyber Management Alliance, ISO 27001 Certification, our Live Online CISSP Training & Mentorship program, GDPR consultation and workshops, and other courses, webinars, the Wisdom of Crowds live and virtual events, and Insights With Cyber Leaders series of executive interviews, click here or contact us today.

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The Importance of Chemistry in Life and Society Chemistry as a subject has a significant importance in our daily lives and the society in general. Everything on the earth is made of chemicals. Chemistry helps us understand how items around us are made e. g cooking gas. In our daily life, we fall sick and consequently need drugs which are made by scientists through chemistry. This helps to know what drugs to take by showing their contents and their impacts on our bodies. (Lagowski, J. J, 1991). Through chemistry, we get to understand how food gives energy to our bodies; this enables us to be careful regarding contaminations and also their consequences afterwards such as diseases. Chemistry helps to understand and observe the changes around us since such changes are caused by chemistry, for example, changes of the colors of leaves. It helps in day-to-day decisions that affect our lives e.g. mixing the household chemicals such as tealeaves and sugar. It also describes various chemical elements preset in the environment, their reactions, and effects on the environment. It illustrates environment segments, their interrelationships, and significances. In our daily lives, we wear clothes that are made of fabrics such as nylon which is learned in chemistry. It also boosts the industry sector through extraction of valuable metallic such as copper, zinc, and magnesium and also helps in understanding the chemical reactions of such metals. We use soaps that are made through a process called saponification in chemistry, these soaps help in carrying out daily activities such as laundry. Difference between Accuracy and Precision Accuracy is termed as the degree of veracity, it describes the closeness to the target. The closeness the measurement to the target makes a system to be around 98 accurate and vice versa. Accuracy is how correctly a test identifies or excludes a condition. It also means that the measured values are exactly the same as the given value; it is also determined by sensitivity . Precision is the degree of reproducibility. Refutability is the variation that arises when all efforts are made to keep conditions constant by using the same instruments and operators and repeating during a short-time period. Reproducibility is the variation arising when all efforts are made through having all required measurement of all different instruments by using given operators over a longer period of time. It is the ratio of true positives to the sum of all positives(true positives and false positives). Explaining How Society Depends On Accuracy and Precision The society in general depends on accuracy and precision in many ways. In the society, there exist media organizations. Accuracy and precision are of great use here since the media should enhance them. Reliability is presenting strongly evidenced, examined and tested clear and unambiguous information for it to be accurate. It must have verified facts, not rumors or speculation. The society, therefore, uses accuracy to rate the media organizations. The society comprises of organizations and institutions which keep records and notes. Such records and notes need accuracy for the organizations and institutions to be reliable and contemporaneous. Such accurate records help organizations make wise decisions. Accuracy and precision determine the kind of relationships people will have in the society. What we say is reflected on us. If we are accurate, people will have confidence in the veracity of our statements thus relate well and boost togetherness in the society. Comparison and Contrast of Accuracy And Precision Used in 3 Types Of Measures in Life Accuracy here can be employed as a statistical measure of how well binary classification test correctly identifies and classifies a condition. Accuracy is known to be the ratio of the number of true positives + the number of true negatives, calculating the number of all true positives adding all false negatives and also true negatives will give precision which means the number of true positives or the number of true positives + false positives. Any accuracy in real sense demonstrates the closeness of any arrow to a given target centre. Arrows that are closer to the bulls eye are more accurate. It means that the measurement is rather close to the given value (www.nottingham.ac.uk David Garner). Precision includes larger numbers of arrows being shot, and it is the cluster’s size. When the arrows are set in one area, the calculated cluster is generally referred to as precise because they are always stuck together although not to the given target. The measurement precision and accuracy is usually a process established by repeated measuring the same reference standard. It is maintained and done by the national organizations of standards. It is applied when the same measurements are averaged and repeated. In this case, the common error is usually applied. When calculating the average precision of any matter, it is said that average precision is the same as a given standard (SD) and through division using the squire root of any given measurement. Using accuracy, it is possible to establish the difference between the reference value and the mean of the measurement. Correcting and establishing for the bias is a necessary thing for calibration as well as combined effect of aid precision. Precision (repeatability) is the variation arising when all efforts are made to keep conditions by using the same instrument and operators over the long period of time. - Preventing Prison Riots - Moby Dick: Argument on Whaling - Polyvinyl Chloride - Islam and Judaism - Innovation Ecology Big thanks to your writing team for coming through for me with my last order. I didn’t give them a lot of notice, but they were able to come up with a superb paper for me. This is the kind of service that I love. Sometimes, I get forgetful, and I forget when my paper due dates are. It is so comforting to know that I can be in a rush and contact Essays-Writer.net and that you will deliver a great paper for me, no matter what. The fact that you include an anti-plagiarism report is great, too. I appreciate knowing that my work is totally original. Essays-Writer.net rocks! Your writers are masters at time management. 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IN THE UNITED STATES acquired immunodeficiency syndrome case rates are approximately 8 times greater among African American men compared with their white counterparts.1,2 African American men have the highest prevalence and incidence rates of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome relative to other demographic classifications of US residents.3–5 African American men are also disproportionately affected by sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). In 2004, for example, the rate of gonorrhea was nearly 20 times greater for African Americans compared with whites.6 Given these health disparities, an improved understanding of African American men’s sexual protective behaviors is a public health imperative. This is true for African American men who have sex with men and those having sex with women. Less research, however, has been devoted to the latter population.7–9 A critically important aspect of men’s sexual protective behavior is their consistent and correct use of male condoms.10–12 One facet of this behavior is the multiple errors that people may make when using condoms and the relationship of these errors to condom breakage.13–24 However, only 2 studies specifically investigated these issues among African American men.19,20 One was a qualitative investigation (clinic based) suggesting that tight-fitting and poorly lubricated condoms may be prone to breakage.19 The other was a quantitative investigation (also clinic based) that identified 3 significant behavioral correlates of breakage: condoms contacting sharp objects, problems with the fit of condoms, and not squeezing air from the tip. Unfortunately, the study did not use an event-specific analysis, thereby detracting from the strength of evidence. An event-specific analysis is important because condom-use errors are assessed for the same sexual encounter used to assess breakage. This design feature provides the ability to link user errors to breakage. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence and behavioral correlates (user errors) of condom breakage, using an event-specific analysis, among a clinic-based sample of young, heterosexual African American men. Materials and Methods Participants and Procedure Baseline data from an human immunodeficiency virus prevention trial were utilized. Recruitment occurred at a public STD clinic (located in the southern United States) from September 2004 to April 2006. Men were recruited after clinical diagnosis of any STD. Additional eligibility criteria were self-identification as African American, 18 to 29 years of age, English speaking, reporting that a male condom had been used in the past 3 months for sexual intercourse (defined as “penis in the vagina”), and indicating they were not knowingly human immunodeficiency virus positive. Study procedures were approved by the Office of Research Integrity at the University of Kentucky. After providing written informed consent, men completed a brief self-administered questionnaire. To minimize problems with poor literacy, the questions were recorded to a compact disk that men could play using a portable headset. Men were compensated $40 for this assessment. The outcome measure was assessed by asking men, “The last time you had sex using a condom, did the condom you were using break?” Six forms of user error were assessed. Each question began with the stem: “The last time you had sex using a condom …” Errors were (a) reusing condoms during the same sexual encounter; (b) letting condoms contact sharp jewelry, fingernails, or teeth; (c) use of an oil-based lubricant such as Vaseline; (d) needing to add a water-based lubricant but not doing so; (e) attempting condom application without full erection; and (f) completely unrolling the condom before putting it on the penis. To assure that men understood the item pertaining to oil-based lubrication, several examples other than Vaseline were provided: mineral oil, baby oil, cooking oil, body lotions, and massage oil. The item pertaining to adding a water-based lubricant when needed has not been asked in previously published studies; however, this study was preceded by qualitative research that clearly informed us about experiences reported by young African American men with condoms becoming dry and uncomfortable during coitus.19 Thus, this item assessed whether men experiencing this problem resolved it by adding lubrication. In addition to age, we examined frequency of condom use as a potential important covariate. We speculated that men using condoms more frequently may be more adept at averting breakage. To assess this, men were asked how many times they had used condoms for vaginal or anal sex with women in the past 3 months. First, we examined the statistical association between the covariates and condom breakage by using independent groups t-tests. Next, bivariate associations were assessed by prevalence ratios, their 95% confidence intervals, and respective P values. Correlates achieving a screening level of significance (P <0.10) were entered into a hierarchal logistic regression model using a forward entry procedure. The first block entered into the model contained the covariate (age) and the second contained the user errors. Characteristics of the Sample Two hundred ninety-six eligible men were identified. Of these, 271 (91.5%) participated. Upon excluding from the analyses men recently having sex with men (n = 7), the remaining analytic sample was 264 men having sex exclusively with women in the past 3 months. Average age was 23.2 years (SD = 3.3). The majority (70.4%) reported earning less than $1000 per month after taxes, with 26.3% earning between $1000 and $2000 per month. Nearly one-half of the men (46.6%) reported that they were currently in an exclusive, monogamous sexual relationship. Just over one-third of the men (35.2%) indicated that they had not experienced any of the 6 assessed errors the last time they used a condom. Slightly fewer men (30.7%) reported 1 error, 20.5% reported 2 errors, 6.1% reported 3 errors, 4.2% reported 4 errors, 1.9% reported 5 errors, and 1.5% reported making all 6 errors. Prevalence of Errors and Breakage More than one-fifth of the sample (21.2%) reported breakage the last time they used a condom. Men reporting breakage (n = 56) were compared with those not reporting breakage (n = 208) with regards to the 6 types of user error. Of the 56 men reporting breakage, 7 (12.5%) had not used a new condom, and 7 had allowed condoms to contact sharp objects. Also, 15 (26.8%) used an oil-based lubricant, and 15 did not add a water-based lubricant when needed. Nineteen men (33.9%) had attempted application without a full erection, and 26 (46.4%) had completely unrolled condoms before application. Frequency of condom use in the past 3 months did not differ between men indicating breakage had or had not occurred [t = 0.38 (df = 262), P = 0.70]. However, age approached significance as a covariate. Men reporting condom breakage were about 1 year younger (mean = 22.5 years) than those not reporting breakage (mean = 23.4 years) [t = 1.93 (df = 262), P = 0.05]. To control for this potential source of confounding, age-adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were calculated. Table 1 displays the observed bivariate associations. Breakage occurred among 46.7% of the men indicating that they had reused a condom compared with 19.7% among those not reusing condoms. Just over one-third of the men (36.8%) indicating contact of condoms with sharp objects reported breakage compared with 20.1% not indicating this contact. About 1 of every 4 men (40.5%) reporting use of an oil-based lubricant experienced breakage compared with 18.4% among those not using oil-based lubrication. About 35% of those not adding a water-based lubricant when needed reported breakage compared with 18.6% among the remaining men. Of men indicating that they tried to apply condoms without a full erection, 34.5% reported breakage compared with a 17.8% breakage rate among men not having this difficulty. Finally, 36.1% of the men unrolling condoms before application experienced breakage compared with 18.6% among those not making this error. Using the data from Table 1, the number of breakage events attributable to each of the 6 errors was calculated. Four cases of breakage could have been averted by not reusing condoms. Three breaks would have been averted by not contacting sharp objects and 8 by not using oil-based lubricants. Further, 7 breaks would have been averted by using water-based lubricants, 9 by applying condoms when the penis was fully erect, and about 14 (14.25) by unrolling condoms as they are applied to the penis. The model was significant (χ2 with 3 df = 25.3, P <0.0001), and achieved a satisfactory fit with the data (goodness of fit χ2 with 8 df = 6.61, P = 0.58). Age was the only variable entered in the first block of the model. Each year of advancing age decreased the odds of breakage by 10% (AOR = 0.90, 95% confidence interval = 0.81–0.99, P = 0.028). Table 2 displays the age AORs for the 2 correlates achieving multivariate significance in the model. Men who reported using oil-based lubrication were about 3.2 times more likely to report breakage, and men indicating that they had completely unrolled the condom before application were about 3.3 times more likely to report breakage. The concept of attributable risk was then used to estimate the breakage that would be averted had the 2 errors not occurred. Eight cases of breakage (14%) would have been averted if men had not used oil-based lubricants and just over 14 breaks (25%) would have been averted if men had not unrolled condoms before application. Thus, the combined attributable risk was 39%. In this study of 264 young, African American men newly diagnosed with an STD, we observed that condom breakage rate was high, with 21.2% self-reporting condom breakage the last time a condom was used. The observed condom breakage rate far exceeds national estimates of 3% to 425 and 8.3% among African Americans26 and exceeds rates (ranging from 2.3% to 7.3%) reported from clinic-based samples of persons from other populations.13,15,27 The observed rate also exceeds nonrate values reported in studies using multiple events to aggregate the percent of men experiencing one or more episodes of breakage.14,18,20 For example, a clinic-based study of African American men found that 15% reported breakage at least once during their last 3 sexual encounters.20 Prevalence of condom-use errors was also quite high given that only a single event was used as the recall period. For example, 5.6% of the men reported reuse of condoms during this one event and 28.1% reported unrolling the condom before application. In contrast, the corresponding values of 3.3% and 23.4%, for a 30-day recall period, were reported from a sample of men attending an STD clinic.23 The study also observed that breakage declined with advancing years of age. In addition, we identified 2 user errors that independently contributed to breakage after adjusting for age. First, men using oil-based lubrication such as Vaseline were more than 3 times as likely to report breakage. Although the deteriorating effect of oil-based lubricants on latex condoms is well known, it is noteworthy that nearly 1 of 7 men (14.0%) applied an oil-based lubricant the last time they used a condom. Second, men (n = 72; 27% of the sample) who reported they had completely unrolled the condom before application were also more than 3 times as likely to report breakage. Although the mechanics of this finding should be explored in detail, perhaps using qualitative investigations, it is reasonable to speculate that men may excessively stretch and pull an unrolled condom in an effort to place it on their penis. It is also reasonable to suspect that the previously unrolled condom is misapplied and the result is an ill-fitting condom (perhaps with air pockets) that is prone to undue friction and thus breakage. Regardless, however, of the reason that previously unrolled condoms are prone to breaking, the finding represents an intervention opportunity that can easily be incorporated into postdiagnostic counseling protocols. The process of using a penile model to show men how to correctly unroll a condom as it is being applied should consume only a brief amount of time during the clinical encounter. These findings suggest an ideal clinical opportunity for prevention counseling and education may exist. Clearly, the diagnosing clinician can inform men that oil-based lubricants can significantly destroy latex during coital activity and then describe various examples of such lubricants (e.g., baby oil, Vaseline, chocolate syrup). Given that 14% of the sample reported use of oil-based lubricants and that 27% reported unrolling condoms before application, it is conceivable that effective intervention for these 2 errors could substantially reduce breakage rates. To illustrate this point, we calculated breakage rates for men indicating: (a) both errors, i.e., use of an oil-based lubricant and unrolling the condom before application (11 men); (b) either error (87 men); and (c) neither error (164 men). Breakage rates were 54.5%, 33.3%, and 12.8%, respectively. As is true for most sexuality research, findings are limited by the validity of retrospective self-report. In particular, the ability of men to accurately recall condom-specific events is critical to the validity of the study findings. The use of a convenience sample means that our findings may not be generalizable to other populations of young, African American men newly diagnosed with an STD. Finally, it should be noted that we assessed a limited number (i.e., 6) of user errors that may plausibly relate to breakage; thus other potentially important errors may have been neglected. Condom breakage among this sample of men newly diagnosed with an STD was common. This problem could be mitigated by counseling African American men attending STD clinics to avoid the use of oil-based lubricants and by teaching correct condom application skills such as how to unroll it down the shaft of the penis. Even in time-restricted clinical encounters the modest requirements of these 2 prevention messages make their implementation feasible. 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance, 2004 (year-end edition). Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2004. 2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. African Americans and AIDS. Atlanta, GA: Department of Health and Human Services, 2006. 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Among African Americans. Fact Sheet. Available at: www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/afam.htm . Accessed March 5, 2006. 4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health disparities experienced by African American or African Americans, United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005; 54:1–3. 5. National Institutes of Health. NIH Fiscal Year 2007 Plan for HIV-Related Research. Available at: www.nih.gov/od/oar/public/pubs/fy2007/VIIIRacialEthnic.pdf . Accessed March 9, 2006. 6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2003. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2004. 7. Seal DW, Ehrhardt AA. HIV-prevention-related sexual health promotion for heterosexual men in the United States: Pitfalls and recommendations. Arch Sex Behav 2004; 33:211–212. 8. Seal DW, Exner TM, Ehrhardt AA. HIV sexual risk reduction intervention with heterosexual men. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163:738–739. 9. Elway AR, Hart GJ, Hawkes S, et al. Effectiveness of interventions to prevent sexually transmitted infections and human immunodeficiency virus in heterosexual men: A systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162:1818–1830. 10. Holmes KK, Levine R, Weaver M. Effectiveness of condoms in preventing sexually transmitted infections. Bull World Health Organ 2004; 82:454–461. 11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002; 51:1–60. 12. Cates W Jr. The NIH condom report: The glass is 90% full. Fam Plann Perspect 2001; 33:231–233. 13. Spruyt A, Steiner MJ, Joanis C, et al. Identifying condom users at risk for breakage and slippage: Findings from three international sites. Am J Public Health 1998; 88:239–244. 14. Yarber WL, Graham CA, Sanders SA, et al. Correlates of condom breakage and slippage among university undergraduates. Int J STD AIDS 2004; 15:467–472. 15. Richters J, Donovan B, Gerofi J. How often do condoms break or slip off in use? Int J STD AIDS 1993; 4:90–94. 16. Lindberg LD, Sonenstein FL, Ku L, et al. Young men’s experience with condom breakage. Fam Plann Perspect 1997; 29:128–131. 17. Crosby RA, Yarber WL, Sanders SA, et al. Condom discomfort and associated problems with their use among university students. Am J Coll Health 2005; 54:143–148. 18. Crosby RA, Sanders S, Yarber WL, et al. Condom-use errors and problems among college men. Sex Transm Dis 2002; 29:552–557. 19. Crosby RA, Graham CA, Yarber WL, et al. If the condom fits, wear it: A qualitative study of young African American men. Sex Transm Infect 2004; 80:306–309. 20. Crosby RA, Yarber WL, Sanders SA, et al. Men with broken condoms: Who and why? Sex Transm Infect 2007; 83:71–75. 21. Mukenge-Tshibaka L, Alary M, Geraldo N, et al. Incorrect condom use and frequent breakage among female sex workers and their clients. Int J STD AIDS 2005; 16:345–349. 22. Paz-Bailey G, Koumans EH, Sternberg M, et al. The effect of correct and consistent condom use on Chlamydial and gonococcal infection among urban adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005; 159:536–542. 23. Grimley DM, Annang L, Houser S, et al. Prevalence of condom-use errors among STD clinic patients. Am J Health Behav 2005; 29:324–330. 24. Warner L, Clay-Warner J, Boles J, et al. Assessing condom use practices: Implications for evaluating method and user effectivness. Sex Transm Dis 1998; 25:273–277. 25. Trussell J, Warner L, Hatcher RA. Condom slippage and breakage rates. Fam Plann Perspect 1992; 24:20–24. 26. Grady WR, Tanfer K. Condom breakage and slippage among men in the United Sates. Fam Plann Perspect 1994; 26:107–112. 27. Macaluso M, Kelaghan J, Artz L, et al. Mechanical failure of the latex condom in a cohort of women at high STD risk. Sex Transm Dis 1999; 26:450–457.

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Jesus tells us to love our enemies (Matt. 5:44). Such a command seems impossible to fulfill when we understand “love” to mean having positive feelings about something and “enemy” as someone we don’t like. If that is what those words mean, then Jesus is telling us to like people we don’t like! In order to avoid a contradiction, we would have to understand Him to be saying, “stop disliking people and like them a lot instead.” Unfortunately, we don’t have that much control over our emotions. Fortunately, though, there are better ways to understand the biblical concept of an enemy (click here for our study on love). The main OT word is ‘oyeb and the direct NT equivalent is echthros (the latter is almost always used to translate the former in the Greek translation of the OT). ‘oyeb essentially refers to hostility, and thus an “enemy” is one who is hostile to, or opposes, another. In light of this, Ex. 23:4-5 is particularly interesting. The Israelites were commanded to return the donkey or ox of their ‘oyeb if they found it wandering. Moses then says that if a person were to find the donkey of “one who hates you” fallen down, he was to help. The hating person is parallel to the ‘oyeb, which means that they have similar ideas. From this, we see that an enemy is one who hates another (the primary concept of hatred is opposition). This meaning is demonstrated repeatedly throughout the OT. It primarily refers to the enemies of God and His people (i.e., the Egyptians, Ex. 15:9; the Canaanites, Deut. 12:10; etc.), though it also refers to personal enemies (as above, Ex. 23:4-5; of David—and ultimately Jesus, 2 Sam. 7:9-11; Ps. 110:1, etc.). Even Israel is called God’s enemy is passages like Isa. 63:10 when they fell into sin. In all of these, the idea is the same: a person or nation opposed to another, usually God. Echthros is very similar to ‘oyeb except, due to the theological emphasis of the NT, it focuses more on personal enemies (in the OT, the focus was usually on the nation of Israel and her relationship with other nations. Thus, enemies, of individuals, Israel, or even God, are usually national in character. In the NT, the focus is greatly shifted to the individual and their relationship to Christ). Yet clear parallels are found with OT usage. We may have personal enemies, but this is especially the enemies of God becomes our enemies (Phil. 3:18; James 4:4, etc.). Every Christian was once God’s enemy in that they opposed His will (Rom. 5:10). Death is our enemy because it stands in opposition to both our will and God’s (1 Cor. 15:26). An “enemy” is simply a person or thing who opposes, persecutes, hinders, or hates another. We naturally have ill feelings for those who oppose us. That does not mean, however, that an enemy is someone we don’t like. It just so happens that we don’t like our enemies! Further, people may be our enemies for several reasons. The main reason the Bible is concerned with is spiritual. People will oppose us because we follow Christ. Christian brothers ought not to oppose one another at all, but should live at peace in unity with one another. In light of this, Jesus’ words in Matt. 5:44, while still not easy, make sense. He is not commanding us to have nice feelings for people we don’t like. He is commanding us to take care of even those who persecute us. After all, that is just what God did for us when we were His enemies (Rom. 5:10). When was the last time you loved an enemy? How did you do so?

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Cyanobacteria, often called blue-green algae, are bacteria that are naturally found in Ohio lakes, ponds, and slow-moving streams. Although many species of algae do not produce toxins, some species of blue-green algae can cause Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Ohioalgaeinfo.com is a one-stop shop for algae information in Ohio. You can view a list of current advisories or sampling data, report potential algal blooms, and get tips about HABs. You can also watch the HAB informational video to see pictures of blooms and learn more about advisories. The State has also developed standards for the posting of Ohio Recreational Use Advisories. - The public health advisory would be posted when tests conclude microcystin levels are at least six parts per billion (ppb). At this point, the public would be advised that swimming and wading are not recommended, water should not be swallowed and surface scum should be avoided - A no contact advisory would recommend the public to avoid all contact with the water at that location. A no contact advisory would be posted if test results show microcystin levels at least 20 ppb and there has been a report of human illness or pet death. If a no contact advisory is posted for a recreational contact area, the State may sample the lake to determine if an open water no contact advisory should be posted. Once an advisory is posted, the State will periodically sample until microcystin is below acceptable thresholds or the end of the beach season in Ohio. To view a map of the current HAB advisories click here. What are HABS? HABs can produce neurotoxins (which affect the nervous system) and hepatotoxins (which affect the liver). These toxins can potentially impact the health of people who come into contact with water where HABs are present in high numbers. Under the right water conditions, which usually occur in the warmer months, the number of these blue-green algae can dramatically increase, or “bloom.” Scientists do not fully understand what causes the same species of algae to trigger toxin production during one bloom and not produce toxin during the next. Some cyanobacterial blooms can look like foam, scum, or mats on the surface of fresh water lakes and ponds. The blooms can be blue, bright green, brown, or red and may look like paint floating on the water. Some blooms may not affect the appearance of the water. Humans and pets can get sick from exposure to cyanobacteria toxins. However, the development of illness will depend on the type of cyanobacteria, the levels in the water and the type of contact an individual has had with this “algae.” What types of health problems can people and pets experience from exposure to high numbers of Blue-Green Algae and HABs? - Skin contact: Contact with the skin may cause rashes, hives, or skin blisters (especially on the lips and under swimsuits). - Breathing of water droplets: Breathing aerosolizing (suspended water droplets-mist) from the lake water-related recreational activities and/or lawn irrigation can cause runny eyes and noses, a sore throat, asthma-like symptoms, or allergic reactions. - Swallowing water: Swallowing HAB-contaminated water can cause: - Acute (immediate), severe diarrhea and vomiting - Liver toxicity (abnormal liver function, abdominal pain, diarrhea and vomiting) - Kidney toxicity - Neurotoxicity (weakness, salivation, tingly fingers, numbness, dizziness, difficulties breathing, death) How can I protect protect myself, family and pets from exposure to HABs? - Don’t swim, water-ski, or boat at high speeds in areas where the blooms are occurring – avoid direct contact with the lake water or aerosolizing the water. - Don’t water lawns, gardens, or golf course with water from HAB-impacted lakes or ponds. - Report unpleasant tastes or smells in your drinking water to your local water utility. - Follow posted water body advisories announced by state agencies or local public health authorities. How do you treat people or animals that have been exposed to HAB toxins? Local health districts can report suspected human illnesses associated with exposure to a HAB to the Ohio Department of Health (ODH) at 614-995-5599. Reports of suspected animal illnesses can be reported to ODH at 614-752-1029, select option 2. - If you do come into contact with the HAB contaminated water, rinse off with clean, fresh water as soon as possible. - Pets that have been swimming in an area with a HAB may ingest significant amounts of toxins by licking their fur after leaving the water. Thoroughly rinse of your pets with clean, fresh water. - Seek medical treatment ASAP if you think you, your pet, or your livestock might have been poisoned by toxic HAB. - Remove people from the exposure and seek medical treatment if symptoms occur. What types of odors are associated with blue-green algae? Some of the blue-green algae produce an odor generating byproduct, named geosmin. The human nose is extremely sensitive to geosmin and is able to detect it at concentrations at very low levels. These odors are not chemically toxic but do have a very unpleasant smell which can cause sensitive individuals to become nauseous (upset stomach, vomiting) and have headaches. The chemical toxins produced by these blue-green algae do not change from a liquid to a gas and they are not released as vapors to the outside air. However, recreational activities like power boating, water-skiing, jet-skiing and tubing can whip up the surface of the water and create aerosols – toxin-containing water droplets – that can be inhaled or ingested, potentially resulting in negative health effects. Other activities that have the potential to aerosolize the lake water include using the lake water to irrigate lawns/gardens and golf courses. State of Ohio Algae Web site: www.ohioalgaeinfo.com Ohio Department of Natural Resources HAB Website Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Environmental Hazards & Health Effects, Harmful Algal Blooms HABs ODH Photo Examples of Cyanobacteria Blooms ODH Blue-Green Algae Fact Sheet ODH Health Care Provider Fact Sheet ODH Odors and Your Health Fact Sheet ODH Privately Owned Bodies of Water Fact Sheet ODH Pond Water - Drinking Water Treatment of Blue-Green Algae ODH HAB human illness reporting form ODH HAB animal illness reporting form

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History of the Rosary By Tracy Gregory The Holy Rosary has been a powerful instrument of prayer for more than 1,000 years. As defined by the Roman Breviary, the Rosary “is a certain form of prayer wherein we say fifteen decades or tens of Hail Marys with an Our Father between each ten, while at each of these fifteen decades we recall successively in pious meditation one of the mysteries of our Redemption." The Rosary can be traced back to Irish monks who, back in the ninth century, incorporated the Bible’s 150 Psalms as a part of their worship ritual. This form of religious chanting quickly became popular with the masses, many of whom were uneducated and needed a way to track their recited prayers. Small stones that were placed one by one into leather sacks were initially used. However, this soon proved to be rather cumbersome, and was quickly replaced with a rope of 50 knots that would be used three times to represent the 150 Psalms. This subsequently evolved into a much more effective and easily transportable stringing of beads to count prayers. With the increased popularity of the Virgin Mary, the’ Hail Mary’ was incorporated into recitation of prayers originally referred to as the “Angelic Salutation”. In the twelfth century, Europe was under constant siege from foreign invaders. Heretics took advantage of the vulnerable masses and threatened the morality and faith of the Catholic Church. Vice became increasingly prevalent, and priests were widely dispatched to offer spiritual solace. One such priest was Dominic Guzman (1170-1221), who served as the spiritual emissary for King Alfonso VIII of Castile. While preaching the teachings of Jesus Christ, Mary reportedly visited Dominic in a dream. Inspired by the vision of the Blessed Mother, he applied the recitation of the Rosary to convert the Albigensians, a heretic sect in southern France. While historians continue to debate St. Dominic’s role in forming the modern-day Rosary, its powerful effects in the restoration of faith cannot be denied. By the late sixteenth century, Eastern Europe was under assault by Turkish Moslems of the Ottoman Empire. A fleet was established under the spiritual leadership of Pope Pius V, despite being heavily outnumbered, the Christian ship, under the command of Don Juan of Austria, sailed confidently into combat. Proudly displaying a blue-bannered flag that portrayed the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, the vessel entered what historians later depicted as a classic showdown between Eastern and Western religions. The significance of the Moslem defeat at the Battle of Lepanto on October 7, 1571 cannot be underestimated. It united the fragmented peoples of Europe and preserved Christianity throughout the region. The following year, Pope Pius V introduced the Feast of the Holy Rosary to the Catholic Church calendar to celebrate the role the Rosary played in the victory. St. Louis de Montfort is credited with transforming the Holy Rosary into a series of narratives or meditations that contemplated the mysteries of the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The first series, the Joyful Mysteries, was comprised of five narratives, and as the name implies concentrates on the happiness associated with the birth of the Son of God; the five Sorrowful Mysteries recount the suffering and crucifixion of Jesus Christ; and finally, the five Glorious Mysteries revel in Christ’s resurrection and Blessed Mary’s Assumption into Heaven. In 2002, Pope John Paul II added the five Luminous Mysteries to the Rosary in October 2002. These focus on The Baptism of Jesus Christ, The Wedding at Cana, The Proclamation of The Kingdom, The Transfiguration, and The Eucharist. Although the Rosary is recited differently to reflect the changing times and new narratives have been added, its spiritual powers remain as strong today as they were in the ninth century. The Rosary symbolizes the healing capacity of prayer in daily life, the gospels of Jesus Christ, and perhaps most importantly, recognizes the importance of the Virgin Mary as an enduring source of strength, comfort, and maternal love that continues to unify and strengthen the Catholic family in the twenty-first century. The Catholic encyclopedia (Vol. XIII). (1912). New York: Robert Appleton Company. Ciriaco, D. G. (2007). Witnesses to the Gospel: Reflections on Saints and others who inspire. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. Petrisko, T. W. (2001). Fatima's third secret explained. McKees Rocks, PA: St. Andrew’s Productions. Rudden, D. (2013). A brief history of the Rosary. Saunders, W. (1994). History of the Rosary.

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- » Key resources and services by Menzies School of Health Research ||Menzies School of Health Research No smokes study guides provide teachers with culturally relevant lesson plans about the impact of smoking on Indigenous communities. These educational resources can be used in upper primary and throughout high school to support teachers in preparing individual lessons and/or creating units of work using the No Smokes program material. The writers are aware of the diverse nature of Indigenous education, and so these resources can be applied and modified to suit Indigenous students in urban settings, as well as those in rural and remote contexts where English may be a second, third or fourth language. This resource package contains six study guides: - 'introduction' study guide - explains the resource package and how it fits within the curriculum - 'the facts' study guide - looks at smoking in the context of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, including the history of tobacco use, tobacco legislation, the cost of smoking and what's in a cigarette - 'smoking calculator' study guide - an interactive online tool to highlight the real cost of cigarettes to health and the wallet (this guide requires an internet connection) - 'your health' study guide - highlights the health effects of smoking on each part of the body, and explores topics such as smoking during pregnancy, passive smoking, smoking's effect on appearance, mental health and the benefits of quitting - 'quitting' study guide - looks at quitting, starting with an explanation of the process of addiction and moves onto other areas, such as changing how a person thinks about smoking, ways to quit, why people relapse and helping others quit - 'stories' study guide - contains personal and inspirational video stories from smokers, non-smokers, successful quitters and more, with the majority of the videos featuring Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. These stories can be used to reinforce and contextualise the information covered in any of the other units. Abstract adapted from Menzies School of Health Research

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A section of the brain involved in memory grew in size in older people who regularly took brisk walks for a year, researchers reported Monday. The new study reinforces previous findings that aerobic exercise seems to reduce brain atrophy in early-stage Alzheimer's patients, and that walking leads to slight improvement on mental tests among older people with memory problems. The new analysis, led by researchers at the University of Pittsburgh and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, appears in Tuesday's edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The study involved 120 sedentary people, ages 55 to 80. They were divided into two groups: Half began a program of walking for 40 minutes a day, three days a week to increase their heart rate; the others only did stretching and toning exercises. The hippocampus, a region of the brain involved in memory, tends to shrink slightly with age and that's what happened in the group that only did stretching. But among people who took part in the walking program, the hippocampus region of the brain grew in size by roughly 2 percent. Researchers found that there was some memory improvement in both groups, but "in the aerobic exercise group, increased hippocampal volume was directly related to improvements in memory performance." "We think of the atrophy of the hippocampus in later life as almost inevitable," Kirk Erickson, professor of psychology at the University of Pittsburgh and the paper's lead author, said in a statement. Added Art Kramer, director of the Beckman Institute at the University of Illinois and the senior author: "The results of our study are particularly interesting in that they suggest that even modest amounts of exercise by sedentary older adults can lead to substantial improvements in memory and brain health." Dr. Jeffrey Burns of the neurology department at the University of Kansas School of Medicine, said he was "enthusiastic" about the paper. Burns, who wasn't involved in the new research, said that while previous studies have pointed to the relationship between exercise and memory, this rigorous, yearlong study advances what's known about the brain and exercise. The Associated Press

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by Miguel Ángel Saona Vallejos @masaonav Text based on the video: UN (2015): “THE PRICE OF EXCLUSION: Free & Equal (New York) In 2017 we will celebrate the 69th anniversary of two important events: a historical-political one and a scientific one. Since I know that number 69 is a favourite for many, I have decided to wish you the best for this year with the following comments. 1948: publication of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 1: “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.” 1948: publication of the Kinsey Report about male sexuality in the United States, which determines that at least 10% of interviewees are homosexual, 46% are bisexual, and 37% has had at least one homosexual experience in their lives. A report about women was published in 1953. However, Alfred Kinsey, principal investigator for this project, preferred not to use such labels as homo/bi, or heterosexual. From his point of view, sexuality is not a fixed concept and it can change with time, as it is not ruled only by biological factors but also psychological ones. 1973: The American Psychological Association stops considering homosexuality a mental disorder, and in 1990 the World Health Organisation does the same. Eventually, it was clear that one’s sexual orientation is a feature like being left-handed or right-handed, or having eyes or skin of one colour or another. I have decided to publish these new year resolutions for 2017 because, according to recent surveys, between 50% and 66% of young Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transsexual and Queer people (LGBTQ) all over the world suffer bullying while in school; and that is the reason why 33% of them decide to skip classes or abandon their studies. In the XXI century, many of those youngsters are rejected by their parents and relatives, they are thrown out of their home and end up living in the streets. In the USA, at least 40% of young homeless people in major cities identify as LGBT or queer. As a consequence, bullying, isolation and rejection push them to drug abuse and alcohol addiction, with severe consequences in their lives. The number of homosexual youths who contemplate suicide is four times higher than their heterosexual peers, and the number of those who have attempted suicide is ten times higher among transsexual people compared to heterosexuals. When LGBTQ people start working, they also experience discrimination at work, everywhere in the world. A European study has established that at least 20% have claimed to be victims of discrimination. By the same token, it is easy to imagine what the situation of LGBTQ workers is like around the world. Moreover, recent research has also proved that unemployment, poverty, food insecurity and depression rates are higher among LGBTQ people than among heterosexuals. These individual tragedies affect society too with loss of creativity, talent, human potential, and productivity. Essentially, they affect both local and global economies, according to a 2014 study that has established a clear link between LGBTQ discrimination and corresponding loss of potential economic output for the 39 countries examined. Nevertheless, some people dare say that the world would be a better place without LGBTQ people. To these people I would like to say: try to imagine the world without painters such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo or Frida Kahlo; or without writers such as Virginia Woolf, Sappho, Shakespeare, Oscar Wilde, Audre Lorde, García Lorca, Alice Walker, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Proust, James Baldwin o Marguerite Yourcenar; or without musicians such as Tchaikovskij, Britten, Schubert, Ethel Smyth or, among contemporaries, Ani DiFranco, Beth Ditto, Anohni, Michael Stipe, Morrissey, Rufus Wainwright o Amanda Palmer. As for those people who are not interested in the arts, could we do without scientists like Alan Turing, Magnus Hirschfeld or Louise Pearce? or without philosophers such as Michel Foucault or Judith Butler or economists like Keynes? Would the world really be a better place if all those people had not existed? And do not let them say that homosexuality is “a new and imported thing”. For example, in pre-Columbian Peru, there are plenty of ceramic objects depicting homosexual behaviour proving that it was equally common back then. With relation to globalisation, the World Bank has established, through a pilot study, that LGBTQ discrimination costs the world economy the annual amount of at least $32billion, which means less money in taxes, education, health, and other essential services. All this motivated the United Nations, in 2011, to create a Commission to analyse LGBTQ rights worldwide and to start the Free and Equal Campaign in 2013 to fight against discrimination, violence, torture, kidnapping and murder due to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI). In June 2016, a SOGI Independent Expert was appointed for the protection against violence and discrimination. Shall, therefore, us homosexuals, be satisfied with these achievements? Definitely not. It is not enough yet. According to a 2016 study by the International Lesbian, Gay, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA), of the 195 sovereign states recognised by the UN, there are still 73 countries in which homosexuality is a crime; 13 punish it with the death penalty; only 47 have legalised same-sex marriage and only 27 allow gays to adopt children. We still have a lot to fight for, in the name of freedom and equality. In the same way that racial segregation was abolished, people still have to fight for gender equality. To those religious people who do not accept homosexuality “because the Bible says so”- and I am absolutely sure they have read and analysed it thoroughly – I’d like to remind them that the term ‘homosexual’ appeared for the first time in 1868 (19 centuries after Christ was born) thanks to Karl-Maria Kertbeny, an Austrian-Hungarian journalist. Ironically, this man was a fervent advocate for human rights, but the term was later used in a derogatory way. Generally speaking, the Bible condemns any sexual act outside of marriage. The text refers to homosexuality indirectly, among other activities, only a few times. On the other hand, other terms are referred to much more frequently: hatred, lying and false testimony, greed, theft, adultery, murder, hypocrisy and idolatry. Let me remind you that homosexuality is not mentioned in the Ten Commandments, nor is it one of the seven capital sins. Therefore, I expect it to be clear how unimportant this subject was for those who compiled those stories. Finally, to those who prefer the ‘natural’ argument against homosexuality, let me tell you that at least 1,500 animal species display homosexual behaviour, while homophobia exists only among humans. To conclude, I hope that in 2017, all over the world, regardless of nationality, ethnicity, religion, socio-economic or cultural background, everyone will make use of The Golden Rule of human relationships: “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you”. Or, if you prefer, live your life and let other live theirs. In two words, reciprocity and respect. That is the only thing I ask my relatives and friends for. I also expect all workplaces to be safer, fairer, more inclusive and not to discriminate against their LGBTQ workers in 2017 and that all countries educate their citizens and create freer, more equal and more prosperous societies.

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How do you break down the barriers? Cecibel Roldan is the coordinator of a women’s organisation from Santa Tecla in El Salvador. They work on violence against women, rape and economic growth. This women’s group is just one of 1200 organisations who represent the 13 local municipalities in El Salvador. The groups meet nationally as a congress to make decisions on future strategy. Incentive for Social Democracy (ISD), a Christian Aid partner, supports them with whatever training the committee feel is needed to become active citizens. In Cecibel’s group they have started small income generating projects, such as jewellery and handicrafts, to raise money for travel to these meetings as many can’t afford to go but want to participate. The people of El Salvador are keen to have a voice in their own future and are beginning to understand the need to make their local and national government accountable to the people they serve. Cecibel is 43, married with a son, 23, and daughter, 16. Much of her work is with the Catholic Church but she finds raising the issues surrounding gender inequality and violence very difficult. Central America, of which El Salvador is a part, has become the most violent region in Latin America and the Caribbean. ‘Femicide’ (the intentional killing of women because they are female) is prevalent. Violence towards women is increasing and is often alcohol fuelled. El Salvador is a male dominated society where machismo, or the sense of power or the right to dominate, is held by men. Boys are encouraged to see themselves as better than women so girls grow up being subservient. Women feel voiceless and less educated, with their role in the home as little more than baby-making machines. There is much resistance to women’s groups, especially when they want to change things and it can also cause friction in the home. Although change is beginning to happen (mostly in the middle and upper classes) it is far harder in rural society and in some church communities. Cecibel knows that talking about gender issues means breaking down long held traditions. She has asked the church to reflect on these issues and finds it hard when they object. It makes it difficult for change to happen when many are fearful about such issues. She is outspoken on the issue, a rarity amongst El Salvadoran women. “Women are scrutinised in all they do. Our lives are controlled through many pregnancies. If a girl is raped, it is considered her sin. She is not allowed an abortion even if there is danger to her life. The law on femicide is hard to enforce and there are those who want it repealed. So how do you break down these barriers? “You need to empower women to take leadership roles. They need to have a vision. Gender is mentioned in schools but only a minimum. I believe change needs to happen there and within the family. “I believe that the violence can be changed.” Cecibel was just one of many who praised the excellent support from ISD to help make change. Using the training she received from ISD, she was able to speak honestly to her own daughter, as well as her group, about the many dangers they could face as women in a machismo society and give them strategies to deal with situations. This preparation came in very useful when someone attempted to rape her daughter. The training on social health, gender and leadership had enabled her to talk to her daughter and provide the right support when it happened. Cecibel had a heartfelt thanks to those that support Commitment for Life which has enabled ISD to give the training they do. “Thank you, because you supported me through this training. I was able to stop my daughter being raped. You have created a woman’s rights defender.”

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Its first official release being in 2012, Go is a refreshingly new programming language. What is Golang used for? Google – the name behind the development of Go – had hoped that Golang applications could empower developers and the systems they worked with. And for all intents and purposes, this goal continues to be reached as programmers routinely rely on the language for their projects. Many Go projects demonstrate that Golang is commonly used for the following applications: - Distributed Network Services - Cloud-Native Development - Replacements for Existing Infrastructure - Utilities and Stand-Alone Tools - News Outlets - Media Platform Take a closer look at where Go is being used and why. What Is GoLang? Go, often called GoLang, was designed to respond to heated critiques against other languages used at Google. In fact, Go’s designers have a noted animosity towards C++ with a long list of simplifications they developed through Go. All the features of Go contribute to its primary benefit – stability. For example, static typing promotes flexibility by not requiring the explicit initialization of variables. This plays into the prevention of runtime errors, improving runtime efficiency. Syntactically similar to C, you can also find memory safety, garbage collection, structural typing, and concurrency in Go. Structural typing extends more flexibility towards Go users by determining class via structure rather than declarations. Garbage collection encourages memory safety by cleaning up unused memory. Concurrency signifies that multiple processes can happen at the same time, meaning programming processes execute with exceptional speed. Some other perks of Go include its high-performance networking and multi-processing. This also allows for overall faster computing. And of course, these features stand alongside code that is made to be easy to use and easy to read. Go produces code that “will continue to compile and run without change, in many environments, on a time scale of years”, in the words of Andrew Gerrand. 6 Advantages of GoLang Go comes equipped with just about everything you need such as a basic test library, synchronization primitives, templating, and more. The result is using fewer dependencies while coding in Go. Forward compatibility is one feature of Golang applications that keeps things simple. The concept ensures that new Go updates don’t cause any broken gears in your programming. 2. Small Learning Curves The learning curve for Go is notably shallow. The documentation is easy to read and utilizes a no-frills syntax. Some go as far as to say that you could learn Go in one evening. There are less than 30 keywords which might be an indicator of how simple the language is. Creating a small Golang application should be easy as pie. Go is a compiled language. In contrast to interpreted languages, compiled languages are directly translated to machine code before execution. This means faster and more efficient code. Golang’s static types and effective garbage collectors also make it a bit more speedy than other high-level programming languages. Even when compared to Java, one of the penultimate programming languages, Go is still faster on almost every benchmark. You’re all set to build Golang applications on Windows, Linux, and Mac. There are also many integrated development environments (IDEs) and editors that support Go, including the following: 5. Extensive Tooling As an open-source language, Go is no stranger to tools and modifications that strengthen its usefulness. Golang’s GitHub repository, for instance, hosts various plugins to enhance your Golang applications. A couple of tools worth noting are Gotests and Revive. Gotests provides an easy way of generating table-driven tests via core logic. Revive extends a framework for the development of custom rules in Go. 6. Large Talent Pool According to the 2020 State of Software Engineers report by Hired, Go is among the hottest programming languages being used today. In consequence, you’ll have many developers to choose from when you need to hire someone for your project. And to that same end, quite a few of them will be talented. What Is Golang Used For? Golang’s support for concurrency makes it an excellent choice for handling bottlenecks that prevent scalability. One particular feature of Go, goroutines, offers concurrency by allowing functions or methods to run concurrently with other functions or methods. A complimentary feature, channels, works to link goroutines together. Backend developers can reap the most benefits from Go. Using the language, developers can handle heavy requests on the server-side with minuscule memory usage. If you want a better idea of how you can use Go, take a look at the following companies using Go right now: Below are some more specific examples of where Go can be used. Here are seven Golang applications. Distributed Network Services Concurrency thrives in any networking environment. Using goroutines and channels, Go is naturally suited for developing network services such as APIs, web servers, and mini frameworks for web applications. The same concurrency and networking features align with its high portability across various platforms make Go an exceptional language for cloud computing. As a matter of fact, many stand-out cloud platforms like Kubernetes were built with Go. Google Cloud also uses Go to enhance scalability and performance. Replacements for Existing Infrastructure Many old infrastructures were rewritten using Go in an attempt to modernize what’s become obsolete over time. A new version of the Network Time Protocol (NTP) – an internet protocol for clock synchronization among networks – relies on Go. Utilities and Stand-Alone Tools Since Go is fully functional with little to no dependencies, the language is well-suited for building small tooling items. These can launch quickly and be packaged for redistribution at a moment’s notice. The British Broadcasting Corporation, more commonly known as simply BBC, has been using Go on its backend for some time now. It’s probably safe to assume Go’s capacity for multithreading to maximize CPU usage helps more often than not when it comes to managing a massive multimedia website. Similarly, Youtube, SoundCloud, and Netflix all run on Go. Capable data processing is one of the main advantages of Go, so it’s no surprise that these online platforms which control tons of data to distribute to their patrons have chosen to work with Go. The busy bustle of everyday life requires technology that can accommodate the everyday person who needs fast and reliable service. The best example of a service like this is Uber which uses Go to get to users in the nick of time for just about every request. What Are the Limitations of GoLang? Despite its simplicity, Go still has some setbacks. Perhaps because Go is so simple, it is less descriptive than other languages. What can be accomplished with a few lines of Python, may take several lines in Golang applications. Developers may feel that their code is a bit disorganized as a result. Go is also extremely young. Before its official release, the language was publicly announced in 2009 after being developed in 2007. Thus, the language is over a decade old. But this is relatively new compared to the most traditional languages like Java and Python, which were released in the 1990s. The downside to this youth is that Go can be difficult to implement with older platforms that aren’t quite ready for it, so to speak. And programmers using the language may not be as well-adjusted either. Yet another pitfall is that you can’t build generic functions in Go. This severely limits code reusability and efficiency. Developers must take extra time to think about workarounds for this issue. How To Hire the Right Go Developer When it comes to hiring developers, there is always more brunt work than expected. Hiring developers, whether they be Go developers or something else entirely, requires enough technical expertise to understand what exactly you will need for your development project and recognize which developers can provide that. Thankfully, Trio offers several resources explaining how to do just that. Check out the Trio blog for a complete guide that will take you through the steps and important tidbits to remember about hiring a software engineer. Hopefully, the information you learned today not only answered, “What is Golang used for?” but gave you some insight into future Golang projects for your business. Go can garner you many advantages, namely concurrency, and simplicity. As such, you can use Golang in any environment where speed and networking power need to be priorities. It goes without saying that nearly every tech company would treasure these abilities. The one snag with Go, or any technology for that matter, is hiring professionals who have the skills to use it to its full potential. If hiring developers on your own proves to be too strenuous, don’t fret. Trio has a team of highly qualified Go developers ready to meet your project’s needs when you need them. Tell us all about it and we’ll get you started!

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Ten years ago, D.C. Public Schools (DCPS) had 65,000 students. Today it has fewer than 45,000. The severe enrollment decline was a wake-up call for the district. Starting in 2007, DCPS focused on operations and effective staffing. Then, in 2010, once the right infrastructure and people were in place, DCPS adopted rigorous, information-age standards, which were later followed by effective curricula, instructional strategies, and assessments to help students meet those standards. Early evidence shows that the district is moving in the right direction. “In 2007, only 8% of 8th graders were proficient in 8th-grade math, and we had one of the highest achievement gaps in the U.S.,” explains Brian Pick, Chief of Teaching and Learning, D.C. Public Schools (DCPS). Not surprisingly, more than half of urban DC students were enrolled in public charter schools, the second-highest percentage in the nation (after New Orleans), which DCPS has no jurisdiction over. To prevent further enrollment decline, the district recognized that they had to radically reform their school district to improve the quality of its education. They adopted Common Core Standards in 2010, but the challenge was to meet them. Historically, DCPS had never had a viable curriculum. Instead, teachers were required to create their own lessons from scratch. There was little guidance on what to teach, when to teach it, or how to teach it. The new standards set new expectations about what students should learn and laid the foundation for student assessment, professional development, and curriculum. The goal of the standards was to prepare students to think critically, creatively, and collaboratively, as well as provide resources to teachers to teach these complex skills to their students. But DCPS wasn’t even close to meeting the new standards. “As important as curriculum is, without effective teachers, you’re just throwing money to the wind,” says Pick. “But great teachers have to be supported with rich content and professional development assessment tools. Our goal was to help the district understand what good instruction looks like.” DCPS implemented an innovative academic plan to support the day-to-day instructional core. Its school reform effort was grounded in a set of instructional tools that fall into four buckets: curriculum, professional development, assessment, and interventions and extensions. Curriculum Focused on Common Core Today, whether it’s ELA, math, science, or social studies, the curriculum is largely built off of Common Core standards. “The idea is to provide a wealth of resources in a central location to help teachers know what to teach every day, so they don’t have to go home and Google a topic to figure out how to teach it,” explains Pick. He also recommends focusing. “If everything is a priority then nothing is a priority. You need to have hard discussions about where to focus resources, and you need to measure results. Last year we focused on Common Core reading. This year it’s Common Core math. Next year we’ll be doing Common Core writing. Without focus, it’s hard to see real change.” Job-embedded Professional Development “As part of the school reform, DCPS moved away from professional development that takes place in an auditorium listening to a talking head, to something much more practical,” says Pick. Today, DCPS has 113 full-time in-classroom instructional coaches who spend their time working with teachers to help them improve their craft. For instance, a teacher may teach a vowel sound one day and get feedback on the lesson from his or her instructional coach that same day. The next day that teacher can adjust his or her lesson accordingly. “The instructional coaching system is all home-grown, although we partnered with Learning Forward to raise the bar for professional development standards,” adds Pick. Additionally, DCPS recently launched an online educational portal that offers teachers access to videos of high-quality instruction and curriculum documents that can be shared. “While teachers need to know where their students are in terms of achievement levels, the onus should not be on them to figure this out,” says Pick. Today, the coaches lead a six-week engagement where they work individually with teachers on a topic that is tied to the curriculum, such as evidence-based writing. At the end of the six weeks, students are assessed. Then DCPS has a professional development day where teachers come together as a group to review what their students have learned, talk about results, develop action planning for re-teaching, and celebrate successes. “It’s not helpful to wait for the D.C. CAS–our annual assessment test. Our teachers need more frequent measures of learning so they can adjust and reteach accordingly,” adds Pick. Interventions and Extensions While the goal is toreach students through the core curriculum, Pick and his team know there are students who need more, particularly in the area of reading. “We’ve invested in proven research-based reading programs that give more support to struggling readers,” says Pick. They’ve also invested in Nooks for students who are reading at an advanced level, and they have trained teachers on how to accelerate and enrich the curriculum. “Big goals require big changes. We’re thinking boldly about how we can make the most of all our resources: time, talent and technology.” “If you walk into a classroom today versus three years ago, you’ll see students engaged and groups of teachers working together,” says Pick. When last assessed, 43% of DCPS students in the lowest-performing 40 schools were proficient in reading and math–a significant improvement since the single-digit proficiency in 2007. But DCPS has big goals for 2017: Now with national support evolving from Common Core Standards and their new instructional tools in place, Pick is confident that they are on their way. “We partnered with ERS to help us peel back the onion and understand how we were using our resources to make sure that all of those components were supporting teaching and learning. It’s been really illustrative to look at the numbers and discuss how our choices impact the classroom. Our conversations lead to very important decisions that we hope will make our teachers’ jobs easier, ensure that students needs are being met, and make the most of our resources.” Want to talk to someone directly? Send us an email at: firstname.lastname@example.org

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Greening in Action: Promoting Environmental and Behavioural Sustainability by Greaning in Action Promoting environmental sustainability in learning institutions through youth led initiatives in institutions and communities Greening in Action (GRINA) is an environmental accreditation and awards scheme initiated by ACX an organization that promotes environmental sustainability among citizens, the public and private sector. Therefore, GRINA Program is a comprehensive environmental action plan for institutions that provides support, strategic direction and promotes the engagement of institutions/schools in Africa. It will help to integrate environmental sustainability in the institutions’ long term planning (environmental education program). Through the GRINA program – which is a flexible program for country-driven action engaging different stakeholders on education, training and public awareness on climate change, we will offer simple practical steps that can have huge impacts in the long run. The awareness of the effects of climate change will help all staff, students and stakeholders including persons with special societal groups (youth, women & people with disabilities) to develop positive attitude towards their environment. The GRINA Program was developed to reach out to staff and students from learning institutions and their stakeholders so as to raise awareness on environmental sustainability and behavioral changes. Therefore, the Mission of GRINA is “To enable stakeholders in learning institutions actively involve themselves in environmental sustainability issues within their institutions and extend this to their surrounding communities”. In addition, they also incorporate behavioral changes that will be transmitted to the staff and students and carried over after they leave the institution to their work places or home. Finally, the program will enable students and staff to develop and implement viable sustainable business ideas that could be scaled up. As a result, the vision of ACX Africa will be accomplished as the GRINA Program will have empowered citizens; public and private sectors to make sustainable environmental decisions as well as behavioral changes. Category of action Youth Leadership on Climate Change What actions do you propose? The global scientific and policy community now unequivocally accepts that human activities cause global climate change (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007). The scientific consensus has been translated for a broad public and policy makers in a variety of recent reports both globally and locally (National Climate Change Response Strategy (2013); National Climate Change Action Plan Kenya (2013). Although information on climate change is now readily available, the nation still seems unprepared or unwilling to respond effectively to climate change, partly due to a general lack of public understanding of climate change issues and opportunities for effective responses. The reality of global climate change lends increasing urgency to the need for effective education on earth system science, as well as on the human and behavioral dimensions of climate change, from broad societal action to smart energy choices at the household level. While education at all levels and in both formal and informal settings is needed, instilling climate change awareness and understanding at a young age is ultimately the best way to change behaviors and attitudes. What children learn today will shape tomorrow’s world. However, the public’s limited understanding of climate change is partly the result of some critical challenges that have slowed development and delivery of effective climate change education. First, research over the past years has demonstrated that the underlying science of climate change is inherently difficult for most learners and the general public to comprehend and for educators or schools to competently teach. Furthermore, the connection between science and society that is implied in climate change education aimed at changing people’s behavior makes the task of teaching and learning more difficult still (Leiserowitz and Smith 2010). Secondly, achieving the broad range of goals of climate change education requires a cross-disciplinary approach, blending education with social, behavioral, and practical application. Third, the myriad of Government ministries and parastatals, nongovernmental organizations, and businesses investing in climate change education are duplicating efforts and wasting limited resources without effective forum for coordination, cooperation, and alignment to overall education strategies. Fourth, like evolution, climate change has become a highly politicized topic in the policy arena and in education, and people’s willingness to be educated or to learn is greatly dependent on their political attitude toward the issue itself (Leiserowitz and Smith 2010; Forrest and Feder, 2014). Therefore, the following physical actions will be undertaken to make this program a reality 1. We will create a stakeholders forums ranging from the government with representatives from the education, environment, public works and infrastructure ministries, education sector such as university management boards and staff, oversight bodies, Environmental authorities, conservation bodies, students representatives, and the private sectors to be able to deliberate and discuss issues dealing with environmental and behavioral sustainability. 2. We will engage members of university and colleges especially the boards and management on importance of developing environmental sustainability policies as well as allocating resources on environmental management to reduce their negative environmental impact. 3. Support, conduct and offer advice to the institutions in partnership with their students to conduct environmental impact assessment, energy audits, waste management systems and measure their impact. 4. Conduct assessment of the top five most negative environmental impact and work towards reducing the institution’s impact by applying sustainable green solutions, reallocating necessary resources, continuous evaluation and monitoring. 5. Training and capacity building of the staff, students and communities on environmental management, sustainable development, environmental advocacy and communication and project management. 6. Conduct energy audit and management throughout the institution in order to identify, implement, evaluate and monitor green solutions to save energy. 7. Develop waste management solutions that will help the institution recycle, reuse and reduce their waste, as well as the rethink, restructure and redistribute resources. 8. Create forums where institutions staff and students can engage youth and women in their communities in activities that will increase sensitizations and awareness of climate change issues 9. Engage staff and students in environmental and climate change research in their communities and environment so as to help the members of the community mitigate and adapt to climate change without losing their livelihoods. 10. Engage the youth in planting of trees especially fruit trees first, in their institutions, surrounding communities and finally in conservation areas such as forests, water catchment areas etc Who will take these actions? The main beneficiary of this program will be the institutions themselves. The GRINA Program is designed to help and support institutions and its departments improve their environmental performance. The program will work on an annual cycle, to enable yearly development and longer term sustainability. Institution staff members will therefore be key participants in implementing actions arising from the program. Historically, students have played a significant role in campaigning on various key issues that have shaped societies and the world. From the struggle against apartheid in South Africa to the civil rights movement in the USA and even to the multi-party democracy in Kenya, students have been on the frontline, using their indignation and energy to achieve real change. We believe students have the potential to play a critical role in the fight to prevent catastrophic climate change. Other than advocacy, the program will encourage students and institutions to engage the community and other stakeholders in environmental sustainability project through training and implementation of scalable projects in water and waste management, energy management, agribusiness and lifestyle changes. This is expected to assist in creation of employment opportunities and green enterprises for the community members and the youth. One of the program’s goal is to nature a generation of students that will spread the message of environmental conservation and sustainable development to the various sectors and areas they will be involved in, even after they leave their current institutions. Government, NGO’s and private sector players, are invited to play a supportive role by encouraging and rewarding action from the students. Business can offer financial incentives, for example, to support student projects in waste and water management or energy efficiency. Government can also offer grants or student bursaries to those that show the greatest drive and passion for environmental conservation. What are other key benefits? - The program will reduce the ecological footprint by greening institutions activities and premises. - Potential cost savings through activities leading to; energy and water savings, health benefits (improved indoor air quality, reduction in exposure to chemicals and other similar improvements) - Enable the institution to prepare a sustainable environmental policy (if it exists help in implementing or amending the already existing ones). - Provide the institution with simple and proven framework for promoting sustainability. - Promote employment creation by encouraging development of green business, manufacturing and distributing green products. - Equip students with knowledge on; project management, Environmental training and auditing experience to improve their CV and enhance employability. What are the proposal’s costs? Finacial Budget for the Program Item Amount ($) Workshops and seminars 3000 Publicity and relations 2100 Travelling and Subsistence 1200 Training and Activities 700 Team Support and follow-up 500 Assessment and Awards 2500 Total amount 10000 5-15 years: We intend to conduct a pilot run of the project in 10-15 institutions in the first 5 years. Then role it out to the rest of the country covering over 65 public and private institutions i the country. 15-50 Years: We will focus in rolling out the program in the rest of Africa starting with the east and Central Region, Then Western and Northern Region, and finally Southern region of Africa. 50-100 years from now we hope to have impacted all of Africa region and set up camp in over 80% of all public and private learning institutions. Also our main goal is to have built strong and responsible proactive institutions that will not only educate graduates but also raise responsible Citizens all over Africa who care about their Environment and Mitigate and adapt easily to climate change. Goldin, N., Patel P., and Perry, K, (2014) The Global Youth Wellbeing index: A Report of the CSIS Youth, Prosperity, and Security Initiative and the International Youth Foundation, Center for strategic and International Studies Leiserowitz, A., Smith, E., Roser-Renouf, C., and Smith, N.,( 2010) Yale project on Climate Change Communication: Global Warming’s Six Americas, obtained from http://environment.yale.edu/climate-communication/files/SixAmericasJune2010.pdf 23rd June 2014 National Research Council. Climate Change Education: Engaging Family Private Forest Owners on Issues Related to Climate Change: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2014. · National Capacity in Forestry Research (2002) Committee on National Capacity in Forestry Research, National Research Council National Research Council. Hydrologic Effects of a Changing Forest Landscape. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2008. TakingITGlobal (2007) Climate Change: Youth Action, TakingITGlobal, Toronto Unicef ( ) Chlimate change: Take Action Now, A guide to supporting the local actions of children and young people, with special emphasis on girls and young women.

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By Drs. Sally Robinson and Keith Bly Teaching your child how and when to call 9-1-1 can be one of the easiest and most important lessons that she will ever learn. Because time is important during an emergency, your child should be prepared beforehand so that she will know what to do. Children need to know exactly what constitutes an emergency. Ask your child what he thinks an emergency is and what he should do in an emergency situation. Questions like, "What would you do if someone tried to break into the house?" or "What would you do if there was a fire?" will give you a chance to talk about the child's role in these situations. If you have special circumstances in your house, such as a person with a heart condition, epilepsy or diabetes, or if an elderly grandparent lives with you, make sure that your child is prepared to spot specific emergencies that require a call to 9-1-1. It's also a good idea to practice emergency procedures by role-playing, or acting out different emergency situations with an emphasis on the steps a child will need to take. Talking about emergency workers, such as police officers, firefighters and paramedics will also help children get an idea of what kinds of emergencies can happen and who can help them in those situations. Teach your child the difference between an emergency and a non-emergency. For example, if there is a fire, an intruder in the house or an unconscious family member, 9-1-1 should be called, but if the child skins a knee or wants to report a stolen bicycle, 9-1-1 is not necessary. Make sure your child knows that calling 9-1-1 as a joke is unacceptable and often considered a crime. Make it clear that an unnecessary call to 9-1-1 can delay a response to someone who needs help and that, in most areas, a call to 9-1-1 can be traced. This means that emergency workers may be sent to the location from which the prank call came, while there is someone across town in a real emergency situation. Your child should know your street address and phone number to give to the 9-1-1 operator. However, make sure children know that a 9-1-1 operator is the only stranger they should give this information. Tell your child that the operator will probably ask where she lives, what type of emergency is happening, who needs help and whether the person in need is awake and breathing. Let children know that it is okay to be afraid in an emergency, but that they need to stay calm and speak slowly and clearly to the 9-1-1 operator. If your child is old enough to understand, explain that the operator may offer first-aid instructions before emergency workers arrive. Also, keep a first-aid kit on hand and make sure that your child knows where it is and how to use it when he is old enough. Keep a list of emergency phone numbers near the phone, as well as a number where you or other family members can be reached. On this emergency list, also write important medical information about each family member, such as medical conditions, allergies to medications and insurance information. If you have a young child who understands the list, instruct her to give it to the emergency workers when they arrive. Dr. Sally Robinson is a pediatrician in the division of children's special services at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. She teaches medical students about caring for children with chronic medical conditions. Dr. Keith Bly is a hospitalist and assistant professor of pediatrics at UTMB. This column is not intended to replace the advice of a physician. The Your Health column is written by health and medical experts at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. The column focuses on topical health issues that we believe are of interest to your readers. It is e-mailed every Tuesday. If you have any questions about the column, or would like to suggest topics, please contact John Koloen, media relations specialist, at (409) 772-8790 or email email@example.com.

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Happy Fourth of July! Here are some photos from Bandelier National Monument in New Mexico. Cliff dwellings are always fun to see and this is one of the best places to experience them. There’s more info on the captions and in order to see them and the photos at original size, click on the first photo and scroll to the right. Be careful with those fireworks! Looking down into the canyon where the Native American cliff dwellings are. Diorama of some of the dwellings that were not attached to the cliff. “Bandelier National Monument protects over 33,000 acres of rugged but beautiful canyon and mesa country as well as evidence of a human presence here going back over 11,000 years. Petroglyphs, dwellings carved into the soft rock cliffs, and standing masonry walls pay tribute to the early days of a culture that still survives in the surrounding communities.” (nps.gov) This diorama shows how the dwellings were attached to the cliff and connected to the alcoves. “The Ancestral Pueblo people lived here from approximately 1150 CE to 1550 CE. They built homes carved from the volcanic tuff and planted crops in mesatop fields.” (nps.gov) The actual cliff wall. If you look closely there appears to be some holes in the cliff wall. The first ruins you come to, a circular building that was a religious gathering place. The circular diorama in the visitor center was of these ruins which were made up of many individular dwellings, some of which were at least 2 stories high. The holes next to the square entrances were for posts that supported man-built dwellings that stuck out from the side of the cliff. Jack, showing the size of the entrance. Inside the alcove. Looking back toward the visitor center. “By 1550, the Ancestral Pueblo people had moved from this area to pueblos along the Rio Grande. After over 400 years the land here could no longer support the people and a severe drought added to what were already becoming difficult times.” (nps.gov) Judy, climbing a ladder to check out an alcove. These steps were put in by the park service, as were the ladders. Looking down on the circular ruins, some of which were at least 2 stories high. Inside an alcove where the soot built up from years of fires. Imagine dwellings made of rock standing high enough to cover those cave entrances. “Corn, beans, and squash were central to their diet, supplemented by native plants and meat from deer, rabbit, and squirrel. Domesticated turkeys were used for both their feathers and meat while dogs assisted in hunting and provided companionship. ” (nps.gov) Post holes for supporting the rock buildings that leaned against the cliff wall. (The engraving may be vandalism.) The artwork to the right has been covered with plexiglass for safe-keeping. What a great day. Leaving the visitor center and other buildings of Bandelier National Monument. Thanks for looking!

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Table of Contents Part II: A Study of the Names in Genesis The Descendants of Ham of Japheth and the descendants of Shem are traced reasonably clearly in subsequent history, but the descendants of Ham present problems which are not shared by these other two. It is true that a certain number of listed descendants of Ham are also easily traceable, for example, Mizraim, Canaan, and Heth. And a number of tlle cities related to Ham in Genesis 10 present no problems, having become household words to Bible students. But there are many names here, about which we have very little information, yet which may have been ancestors of very substantial portions of the present world's population. It is certain of these names we propose to examine, for they bear upon the origin of the so-called We have already proposed that Japheth was indeed "enlarged" to an exceptional degree in his descendants, not merely in the number of nations ultimately derived from his family but in their very wide spread over the face of the earth. Also, this enlargement was gradual enough to occur without seriously disrupting the natural development of dialectic differences, which in due course became distinct languages within the family. In another Doorway Paper (96) it is suggested that the confusion which occurred at Babel served chiefly as an affliction for the children of Ham, whose languages have proliferated bewilderingly from very early times to the present day, a proliferation contributing in no small measure to the fragmentation of the original family. The changes which took place in the Semitic family of languages were remarkably small. And though the changes which took place in the Japhetic family of languages were somewhat 96. Custance, Arthur, "The Confusion of Languages", Part V in Time and Eternity , vol. 6 in The Doorway Papers Series. 1 of 12 greater, they were nevertheless so orderly as to allow linguists to reconstitute both families with considerable assurance. In neither of these two families of language is there any real evidence of "confusion" in their development. On the other hand, in the languages of the Hamitic line there is a great deal of confusion, if by "confusion" we allow the term to mean that dialects rapidly developed between neighbouring and related tribes as they multiplied, rendering their speech unintelligible to one another in a remarkably short space of time. This subject is explored in the Doorway Paper mentioned above and will not be pursued here, but it is necessary to introduce this because it bears on the lack of persistence through passing centuries of Hamitic ancestral names compared to those in the lines of Japheth and Shem. This makes it much more difficult to establish lines of connection by the means of names. In fact, the most important members of Ham's family bore names which disappeared completely except as preserved in ancient documents. The names of Ham's sons are not preserved even in corrupted form in modern times. The sons of Ham were Cush, Mizraim, Phut, and Canaan, but not one of these is held today by any living representatives in any recognizable form whatever. Cush subsequently became identified with Ethiopia, Mizraim with Egypt, Phut with Libya, and Canaan with Palestine, but the old names passed completely out of use. On the other hand, many of the names were bywords for a long time not because there were numerous descendants, as in the case of Japheth, but rather because of some single notable achievement. Nimrod was remembered for his hunting prowess. Many of the cities which are listed as having been founded by Ham's descendants had notable histories. But they, too, for the most part ceased to have importance long before modern times. A notable exception is the city Jerusalem, which of course is not actually mentioned at all even under its older How, then, can one provide substantiating evidence for the claim that from Ham were descended the coloured races? The answer is, Only by inference. For example, while there was a Cush in or near Mesopotamia at the very beginning, the most prominent settlement established by descendants of this patriarch was in Ethiopia. The Ethiopians have been habitually considered true blacks, which is recognized indirectly in Scripture when the prophet asks, "Can the Ethiopian change his skin?" (Jeremiah 13:23) . The first son of Cush was Seba, and according to Jervis, this patriarch was reputedly the founder of the Kingdom of Jemameh in Arabia. He says: (97) extending eastward, occupied the coast of Oman, from Cape Musandam to tle neighbourhood of Ras-el-Had, on the extreme east border of the peninsula: they are mentioned by Ptolemy under the name of Asabi. The commercial greatness of this nation is attributed to their possession of Littus Hammaeum or Gold Coast, and of tlle port of Maskat, which, from the infancy of navigation, must have attracted and cornmanded the commerce of India. It appears that, from thence, they spread into Africa, across tlle straits of Bab-el-Mandeb. Josephus attests that Saba was an ancient metropolis of the kingdom of Meroe, in the very fertile region between the Nile and Astaboras (or Bahr-el-aswad); and that it ultimately received the name of Meroe after a sister of Cambyses King of Persia, although Meroe seems rather to be a word of Ethiopic derivation. The ruins of the ancient Meroe lie four miles to the north-east of Shendy, There are other native African tribes which trace themselves back traditionally to Ham. The Yoruba (98) who are black skinned, for example, claim to be descendants of Nimrod, whereas the Libyians, who are "white" skinned, are usually traced back to Lehabim, a son of Mizraim. And the Egyptians were direct descendants of Mizraim. It is therefore possible that all of Africa, despite the different shades of colour of its native populations, was initially settled by various members of this one Hamitic family. There still remains, however, the vast aggregate of peoples who are generally classified as Mongoloid, who settled the Far East and the New World. Do they really appear in this genealogical tree, or must we admit that the Table of Nations is not comprehensive here? There are two names which I think may conceivably provide us with clues. That they should be so briefly referred to in the genealogy may seem surprising if ‹ as we are proposing ‹ they gave rise to such enormous populations. We are referring specifically to Heth, a son of Canaan, and the Sinites, a tribe presumably descended from Sin, a brother of Heth was, without question, the father of the Hittites. Except for the work of archaeologists, however, we should never have known how important the descendants of this man really were at one point in history, for the Hittite 97. Jervis, J. J-W., Genesis Elucidated, Bagster, London, 1872, p.167. 98. Yoruba: see K. C. Murray, "Nigerian Bronzes: Work from Ife," Antiquity, England, Mar., 1941, p.76. completely from view -- or nearly completely. This qualification is necessary if we allow any weight to an observation made by C. R. Conder. (90) It was his contention that when the Hittite empire crumbled, all the Hittites of importance were either killed or fled eastwards. Conder's view was that the word "Hittite," which appears in Cuneiform as " Khittae," was borne by the fleeing remnant of this once powerful nation to the Far East and was preserved through the centuries in the more familiar form ''Cathay.'' (100) He assumes that they became a not unimportant part of early Chinese stock. Certainly there are curious links between them, for example, their modes of dress, their shoes with turned-up toes, their manner of doing their hair in a pigtail, and so forth. Representations show them to have possessed high cheekbones, and craniologists have observed that they had not a few characteristics of the Mongoloids. More recently, another possible corroborating link appears in the discovery that the Hittites mastered the art of casting iron and the taming of horses, two achievements of great importance, and recurring very early in Chinese history (101) ‹ long before reaching the West. It should be observed that linguistic evidence exists for a Japhetic component in the Hittite empire. (102) In view of the fact that their initial expansion took place in Asia Minor, it is not too surprising that there may have been a mixture of races within the Empire. It could well be that there was an Indo-European aristocracy, just as at one point in Egyptian history there was a Shepherd King (Shemite) aristocracy. George Barton observed: features of their speech clearly resemble features of the Indo-European family of languages, but other features seem to denote Tartar (i.e., Mongol) affinities. In a number of instances the influence of the Assyrian language can clearly be traced. The same confusion presents itself when we study the pictures of Hittites as they appear in Egyptian reliefs. Two 99. Conder, C. R., "The Canaanites," Transactions of the Victoria lustitute, London, vol.24, 1890, 100. Chinese used rocket weapons for the first time, called them "Alsichem Al-Khatai" or "Chinese Arrows". See Willey Ley, "Rockets", in Scientific American, May, 1949, p.31. 101. Needham, J., Science and Civilization in China, Cambridge, 1954, vol.1, for horses, pp.81, 83, etc., for cast iron, pp.I, 102. Hittite Indo-Europeans: See for example, O. G. Gurney, The Hittites, Pelican Books, London, 1952, chap. 6, p.117. And see the conclusion of George Barton, Archaeology and the Bible, American Sunday 8chool Union, Philadelphia, 6th edition, 1933, 103. Barton, George, ibid., pp.90, 91. distinct types of face are there portrayed. One type has high cheekbones, oblique eyes, .and wears a pigtail, like the people of Mong,olia and China. The other has a cleancut head and face which resemble somewhat tlhe early Greeks. us to Heth's brother whose name was, presumably, Sin. Of this name there are many occurrences in variant forms through the Middle East and towards the Far East. One of the characteristics of Hamitic peoples -- using the term "Hamite" in its strictly biblical sense and not as anthropologists currently employ it ‹ is a tendency to deify their ancestors. It has been suggested that the Ammon of the Egyptians is a case in point, in which Ham himlself has been deified: the combination in that same land of No-Ammon may be an extension of this practice back to Noah himself, who is then associated with his son in the dual title. The point of direct concern here is that the word "Sin" became the name of a very important deity, appearing frorn quite early times until quite late in Assyrian history. The last King of Sumerian Ur was named "Abi-Sin." The word appears, of course, in the name Sennacherib (Sin-ahe-erba, i.e., "May the god Sin multiply [my] brothers''), and as Naran-Sin, etc. Sin was important enough not only to have been deified but to have been given the title "I,ord of Laws". (104) In a hymn from Ur, it is said of him that it was "he who created law and justice so that mankind has established laws," and again, "the ordainer of laws of heaven and earth." Another remarkable circumstance may stem from this, for if some of his descendants travelled south into Arabia and settled in a district subsequently known as Sin-ai, then possibly his reputation as a great codifier of law led to a tradition which associated Sinai as a place where law was originated. It is possible that there is some connection between this circumstance andl God's choice of Mount Sinai as the place where He gave the Ten Commandments. Moreover, according to Boscawen, the title "Lord ot Laws," attributed to the deified Sin is, in the original hymn of Ur, Bel-Terite, and the first syllable is a gotm of the more familiar ''Baal." And the word "Terite" is the plural of the form "tertu" meaning "law," which itself is the equivalent of the Hebrew ''torah" ("law"). In spite of the fact, therefore, that the patriarch Sin receives scant mention in Genesis 10, he was a very important individual. 104. Boscawen, W. St. Chad, The Bible and the Monuments, Eyre ancl Spottiswoode, London, 1896, p.64. He may further have had his name preserved in the modern term "China." Although Perry espoused a view of culture growth which has corne into general disrepute because of its over-simplification, he nevertheless rnay be essentially correct in the statements which he makes showing the Chinese civilization as having come from the West. Not a few Cuneiform scholars have noted how similar, in some respects, was Sumerian to Chinese. Now, Perry says: (l05) There is one significant feature concerning the possible mode of origin of Chinese civilization tlat well merits attention. Tlle place most closely associated by tle Chinese themselves with the origin of their civilization is the capital of Shensi, namely, Siang-fu (Father Sin). Siangfu, on the Wei, a tributary of the Yellow River, is near important gold and jade mines. It is surely significant that Sinai was equally important as a place of mines. The name "Sin," according to Dillmann, (106) is met with in Assyrian in the form "Sianu." It would not be difficult for "Father Sin" to become "Father Sian" or, with a slight nasalization, "Siang," in Chinese "Sianfu." The Chinese have a tradition that their first king, Fu-hi, made his appearance on the Mountains of Chin immediately after the world had been covered with water. (107) Sin himself was the third generation from Noah, a circumstance which, if the identification is justified, would provide about the right time interval. Moreover, the people who early traded with the Scythians and who came from the Far East were called "Sinae," and their most important town was "Thinae," a great trading emporium in western China. (107) This city is now known as "Thsin" or simply "Tin," and it lies in the province of Shensi. The Sinae became independent in western China, their princes reigning there for some 650 years before they finally gained dominion over the whole land. In the third century B.C. the dynasty of Tsin became supreme in the Empire. The word itself came to have the meaning of "purebred." This word was assumed as a title by the Manchu Emperors and is believed to have been changed by the Malays into the form "Tchina" 105 Perry, W. J., The Growth of Civilization, Pelican Books, London, 1937, p125. 106. Dillmann, A., Genesis: Critically and Exegetically Expounded, T, & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1897, vol.1, p.367. 107. Inglis, J., Notes on the Book of Genesis, Gall and Inglis, London, 1877, p.89, footnote to verse 28. 108. Fausset, A. R., "Sinim," Bible Cyclopedia: Critical and Expository, Funk and Wagnalls, London, no date, from them through the Portuguese brought into Europe as "China." Some years ago the newspapers regularly carried headlines with reference to the conflict between the Japanese and Chinese in which the ancient name reappeared in its original form, for they commonly spoke of the Sino-Japanese war. Arrian in A.D. 140 (109) speaks of the Sinae or Thinae as a people in the remotest parts of Asia. One is reminded of the reference to the Sinim in Isaiah 49:12 as coming "from afar," but specifically not from the north and not from Reverting once more to Conder's observation with respect to the "far Cathay" of Medieval reference, it would make sense to suppose that the remnants of the Hittites after the destruction of their Empire travelled towards the East and settled among the Sinites who were relatives, contributing to their civilization certain arts, chiefly metallurgy (especially the casting of iron) and being so absorbed subsequently as to disappear entirely from history as a distinct people. The finding of prehistoric man in the Choukoutien Caves with skeletal remains variant enough to bridge from the western limits of types in China to types in the Nev World has seemed to many to be clear evidence that those who settled the New World passed through Cllina. That the New World was peopled by a Mongoloid stock is generally agreed, although there is some evidence of a small Negroid component. (1l0) The evidence, it is true, is slim, but what evidence there is appears to me to point consistently in the same direction, supporting our initial contention that not only Africa with its black races, but the Far East and the Americas with their coloured races were all descendants of Ham. There is one further illustration of how the descendants of Ham may have contributed uniquely to Japhetic civilization, in this case, the Roman. The contribution made to Japhetic culture by the Sumerians, the Egyptians, the Cretans, and later the Chinese, and the American Indians, is explored in detail in Part IV of this volume, "The Technology of Hamitic People." The contribution made by the Etruscans is similarly pointed out in that Paper. The origin of the Etruscans, even though they have 109. Arrian: as quoted by C. A. Gordon, "Notes on the Ethnology and Ancient Chronology of China,'' Transactions of the Victoria Institute, London, vol.23, 1889, p.170. 110. Taylor, Griffith, Environment, Race and Migration, University of Toronto, 1945, p.256. See also E. A. Hooten, Apes, Men and Morons, Putnam's Sons, London, 1937, p.185. been studied and puzzled over intensively for over a hundred years, is still a mystery. I should like to suggest that there is one name in the list of Ham's descendants which might conceivably be a reference to their forebear, namely Resen (verse 19). Resen is said to have been a city. It is characteristic of the earliest towns and cities mentioned in Genesis that they were named after their founders or their founders' children. Cain built a city and called it after the name of his son, Enoch, according to Genesis 4:17. There is little doubt that the Unuk, and later Uruk, of Cuneiform inscriptions reflects this. As we have shown elsewhere, this early settlement became known as Erech in due time, and much later as Warka. It gave rise to a word meaning "city" (111) which has come into English as "burg." We have noted also that Sidon is first mentioned as the firstborn son of Canaan, but a few verses later as the name of a city (verses 15 and 19). Similarly, the Jebusites, presumably descendants of a man named Jebus, lived in a stronghold named originally after their ancestor. So I think it quite probable that when Nimrod went up from southern Babylonia into Assyria and built Nineveh and Resen, among other tovns, he was naming the city of Resen either from a forebear or after an immediate relative. It is not strictly required to demonstrate that the Etruscans were a kind of colonizing fragment originating from this particular settlement founded by Nimrod. All I am proposing is that an ancestor whose name was Resen not only achieved sufficient importance to have an ancient city named after him in Assyria, but also to have given rise to a people who grew powerful enough and large enough to migrate up into Europe and into the north of Italy, from which they multiplied, and became wealthy and cultured enough to inspire the Japhetic Romans to adopt a very large part of their art, law, custom, and technology as their own, making scarcely any improvement on it. The question is, Can we reasonably establish the propriety of deriving the more familiar word "Etruscan" from an ancient Resen; of tracing these same people back to the Middle East and close proximity to Assyria; and of establishing their racial affinity as neither Indo-European nor Shemitic. The answer to all three of these questions can be stated in the affirmative with some assurance on the following grounds. To begin with, it can be stated simply that the people of 1l1. City: Eisler, R., "Loan Words in Semitic Languages Meaning 'Town'," Antiguity, Dec., Etruria or Tuscany were called by the early Greeks Tyrsenoi. By the early Romans they were called Etrusci. But in classic Latin times, they called themselves Rasena. (112) According to Herodotus, (113) these people came from Lydia. They claimed to have invented, during a very protracted famine in the land, a series of games, including dice. These were subsequently introduced into northern Italy and into Greece as a result of the following circumstance. The situation finally became so serious that it was decided to divide the nation in half, one half emigrating from Lydia in the hope of saving the other. The king's son was named Tyrrhenus, and he became the leader by appointment of that half of the nation which left Lydia. After sailing past many "countries," they came to a place which Herodotus calls "Umbria" (apparently almost the whole of northern Italy is intended) where they built cities for themselves. They laid aside their former name of Lydians and called themselves after the name of the king's son, Tyrrheneans. That these people, the Etruscans, did come from Asia Minor is confirmed on linguistic and other grounds. Professor Joshua Whatmought says, "There is scarcely room any longer to doubt the Anatolian aflmities of the Etruscans." Raymond Bloch (115) on the basis of linguistic evidence believes that the Etruscans belonged to a loosely interrelated family of people who inhabited the shores of the Mediterranean, including those of Asia Minor, before the Indo-European invasion upset the patterns of the region, an invasion which came in the second millennium B.C. He considers the Etruscans to be a "pocket" of such displaced people, and that this explains the similarity between their religious and social customs and those of certain peoples of Asia Minor. Many years ago, Prof. E. St. John Parry (116) presented evidence to show that the Pelasgians who, like the Etruscans, built Megalithic monuments, may have been disturbed at the same time by the same circumstance and moved out from Asia Minor along with them, subsequently being confused with them by early historiographers. 112. Rouse, M. L., "Bible Pedgree of the Nations of the World", Transactions of the Victoria Institute, vol.38, 1906, p.93. 113. Herodotus, History, vol.1, Everymans, London, 1936, 114. Whatmough, Joshua, in a review of "The Foundations of Roman Italy," Antiquity, vol.11, 1937, p.363. 115. Bloch, Raymond, "The Etruscans," Scientific American, Feb., 1962, p.87. 116. Parry, E. St. John, "On Some Points Connected With the Early History of Rome," Canadian Journal, Apr., 1854, thing seems well established, and that is their language was neither Indo-European nor Semitic. (117) It seems fairly safe to assume (though language is by no means a safe guide in the matter) that they were themselves racially distinct from the Indo-Europeans. (118) A relationship has also been proposed with certain other "pockets" ‹ the Basques, for example. (119) We have mentioned the tradition which ascribes to the Etruscans or Racena the invention of dice. Years ago a pair of dice were found with the numbers apparently written out upon them instead of merely being indicated by dots. Shortly after their discovery, the Rev. Isaac Taylor presented a paper (120) before the Victoria Institute in London in which he showed that the most probable interpretation of the numerals was to be found by reference to allied terms in Finnic, Altaic, and Basque. A few years later, while the subject was still a very live issue ‹ as indeed it still is ‹ a paper was presented by a Mr. R. Brown (121) before the same Institute in which, in an appendix, some further Etruscan words are compared to certain Sumerian words. We are, then, coming perhaps even nearer to the ancient Resen of Genesis In his Origin of Nations, draws attention to the fact that certain Etruscan bronzes are decorated or adorned with figures in rows, exhibiting sphinxes and human beings which, he suggests, are not unlike similar processions of figures found near Nineveh. These Assyrian parallels were discovered by Layard and reported in his famous work, Discoveries in the Ruins of Babylon and Nineveh. Of these, Layard wrote as follows: (123) bowl, 7/2 inches in diameter and 3/4 inches deep, has in the centre a medallion and on the sides in a very high relief two lions and two sphinxes . . . wearing a collar, feathers, and a headdress formed by a disc with two uraei. Both bowls are remarkable for the boldness of the relief and the archaic 117. Fiesel, Eva, "The Inscriptions on the Etruscan Bulla," American Journal of Archaeology, June, 118. MacIvor, D. R., "The Etruscans," Antiquity, June, 1927, p.162. 119. Basques: Everyman's Encyclopedia, vol.5, Dent, London, 120. Taylor, Isaac, "On the Etruscan Languages," Transactions of the Victoria Institute, London, vol.10, 1876, p.179-206. 121. Brown, R., special note on "The Etruscans," Transactions of the Victoria Institute, London, vol.14, 1881, p.352-354. 122. Rawlinson, G., The Origin of Nations, Scribners, New York, 1878, p.123. 123. Layard, A. H., Discoveries in the Ruins of Babylon and Nineveh, Murray, London, 1853, p.189. treatment of the figures, in this respect resembling tbe ivories previously discovered at Nimroud They forcibly call to mind the early remains of Greece, and especially the metal work and painted pottery found in very ancient tomls in Etruria, which they so closely resernble not only in design but in subject, the same mythic animals and the same ornaments being introduced, that we cannot but attribute to both the same origin. this impression by illustrating his point with woodcuts in the text, which show that the figures found on a bronze pedestal at Powledrara in Etruria "are precisely similar to those upon a fragment of a dish brought from Nineveh." A thread of evidence carries us back, therefore, to the very environs of Nineveh where the city of Resen was situated. There is a further piece of evidence leading us back to the same earlier source. It is of a slightly different nature though equally suggestive. The Romans annually celebrated a festival called the "Festival of Saturnus," or "Saturnalia," during which law courts were closed, school children had a holiday, and all business was suspended. One remarkable custom was the "liberation" or "freeing" of all slaves, who were allowed to say whatever they wished about their masters, took part in a banquet attired in their masters' clothes, and were waited upon by them at table. This period of freedom lasted about one week. The origin of this festival, according to Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, is not certain. (124) In one legend it was attributed to the Pelasgians. In view of the fact that so many of the features of earlier Roman culture, including their ceremonies, are directly attributable to the Etruscans, and that the Etruscans and Pelasgians were sometimes confused with one another, it seems possible that this strange practice of giving slaves a week of complete liberty, indeed of licence, was originally introduced by the Etruscans. It is therefore highly significant, I think, that when Prof. Pinches read a paper before the Victoria Institute entitled, "Notes upon Some of the Recent Discoveries in the Realm of Assyriology," he referred to one inscription of the famous Gudea who stated that after he had built Eninnu (a house or temple), he "released bonds and confirmed benefits. For seven days obedience was not exacted, the maid was made like 124. "Saturnalia": Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, vol.2, Murray, London, 3rd edition, 1901, p.600. and the manservant like his lord." In commenting on this, Prof. Pinches (125) remarks: Of course, the Sumerians were slave-holders, but they seem to have been of a kindly disposition, and to have treated their slaves well. In this case seven days' holiday are said to have been given them, and this is the only Cuneiform record known of such a thing. It is indeed remarkable that there should be such a hiatus of so many centuries of absence of reference to this custom from Gudea to Roman times, yet evidently the custom was transmitted somehow, and it would seem most logical to assume that the transmitters were the Racina, the descendants of a certain Resen who were familiar with Assyrian In summary, then, we have a people calling themselves Rasena, after an ancestor whose name could easily be a form of the more ancient Resen, starting in Assyria, settling in Lydia from which they later emigrated to northern Italy, speaking a language neither Semitic nor Indo-European, pre-eminently city-builders (as though continuing the tradition of their ancestor), and still producing works of art for which quite exact parallels have been found in the very locality in which Genesis 10 states the city of Resen was built. It may be that just as Sidon was remembered by a city named for him, so the city of Resen commemorated a patriarch whose descendants, long after the city had disappeared from view, multiplied and carried on their inherited tradition of city life as well as the name of their forebear and settled in Etruria, where they made a tremendous contribution to the basic Roman civilization which has become in time our own. 125. Pinches, T. G., "Notes Upon Some of the Recent Discoveries in the Realm of Assyriology with Special Reference to the Private Life of the Babylonians," Transactions of the Victoria Institute, London, vol.26, 1892, p.139. Copyright © 1988 Evelyn White. All rights Previous Chapter Next

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Nippon Steel Corporation, (MD) is an American steel manufacturing company known for its cutting systems for steel. The company has been engaged in steel production for more than 30 years. The company has owned and operated a number of steel manufacturing facilities in the United States, including the Hanford, Logan, and Longford-Brickyard steel plant. The company also owns and operates a number of facilities in the region, including the Milwaukee Iron and Steel Plant, New Orleans Iron and Steel plant, and the Indianapolis Industrial Iron and Steel Company. History The Steel Industry Steel industry was created in 1872 by the United States Steel Commission. The Commission was formed in 1881 by a panel of six judges, including John Adams of the United States. In 1882, the Commission was empowered to consider the business of steel. The rules of the Industrial Commission formed the basis for the United States’ Steel Act, which enacted the Steel Act of 1882. Evaluation of Alternatives In 1883, the Commission approved a class of steelmakers by which Steel Workers could become authorized to engage in the manufacture of steel. In 1884, the Commission met for the first time in the steel industry. In 1885, the Commission established the American Steel Company, Read More Here company whose products were to be used in the American steel industry. The company was established as the American Steel & Iron Company in 1885. 1966 The first steelmakers were established in Chicago, Illinois, and New Jersey. The company had its first meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1887 The company was acquired by the United Steel Contracting Company in 1887. The company’s office was located in New York City. Problem Statement of the Case Study During this time, the company grew to be a major supplier of steel for the United Steel Company. The company owned and operated the Detroit Steel plant, which opened in 1891. article source In 1974, the company was acquired and the company was informed of a possible merger with Consolidated Steel Company. In April 1975, the company’s former president and CEO died. The merger was confirmed by the United Kingdom government. 1979 The steel industry in the United Kingdom was the subject of a major industrial revolution. The start of the 1980s saw the introduction of an industrial steel production system. 2010 The United Kingdom Government announced a steel industry merger to enable the United Kingdom to enter the steel industry in 2010. Problem Statement of the Case Study The government is said to have set up a steel manufacturing corporation in the UK to continue the legacy of the steel industry and to provide the public with the benefits of steel production. The United Kingdom government confirmed this in 2011. 2012 Steel industry in the UK was announced as an Australian company. The Australian was incorporated in the new state of Queensland in 2012. The company is an Australian company based in Brisbane. 2015 Steel manufacturing is in Australia. The company consists of a number of manufacturing facilities in Australia, including the Brisbane Ironworks, the Southport Iron Works, and the Hunter Iron Works. The company currently produces 15. Porters Model Analysis 3 million tonnes of steel. 2016 The Australian government announced the purchase of 33.9 million tonnes of aluminium. The Australian government announced a steel manufacturing facility in the state of Victoria. The Australian company is also a company based in Victoria. 2017 The government announced the sale of 53.3 million metric tons of steel. A federal governmentNippon Steel Corporation Nipponsteel Corporation was founded in India in 1947 by the Indian steel industry as a joint venture between Nippon Steel and Mahindra Steel. It has been for some time a world-renowned brand of steel manufacturing. It is one of the few steel companies owned by the Indian government. The company has a strong history and strong tradition of steel manufacturing, and its products are manufactured in India by Mahindra Industries Limited (MIL) and Nipponsteel. History Nippone Steel was founded in 1947 by NipponSteel as a joint name for the steel manufacturing facility of the Indian steel company Mahindra. The project was completed in 1947 and the name Nippon steel was passed on to Nippon after the collapse of the British Empire in 1947. The first product of the project was a M18 steel carload. In 1952, the company was formed and the first company to ship a carload of steel. In 1956, the company started the construction of the new facility at Mahindra, and in 1961, the company built a steel plant at that time. The first steel factory was built in the steel fields of Mumbai and New Delhi. In 1964, the company began to manufacture steel in India and later in the 1980s, a steel factory in Delhi. When the steel industry was in decline, the steel production was shifted from Mumbai to Delhi. The first ship of steel to India was a large number of ships following shipbuilding. more info here 1970, the shipbuilding activity was concentrated on the construction of a factory at Mumbai and New York. A steel company was established in Bangalore in 1984. It is now a brand name of Nippon, and it has its main factories at the site of the facility. In 1985, the company became a subsidiary of Mahindra Industrial Co. Ltd. and later in 1990, a subsidiary of Nippo Steel, and later a subsidiary of the same company. In 1992 a new steel plant was built at Nippon for testing purposes. In 1993, the company also became a subsidiary and in 1994, Nippon became a subsidiary. In 2005, a new steel factory was started at Nippo including a steel factory, Check This Out factory’s facilities, steel factory in Mumbai and the steel factory in New Delhi. Numerous steel and carloads of Nippoon steel were manufactured by the company in the years from 1950 to 1963. At that time, the steel plant was devoted to the production of steel. The facility was built in three phases: Phase One: Production of steel Phase Two: Construction of the steel plant Phase Three: Production of the steel plants The first steel plant was launched in 1949. Case Study Help Nippon was awarded the Iron and Steel Medal in 1955. It was also awarded the National Steel Medal in 1962. In 1968, Nippono was renamed Nippon and in 1987, a steel plant was started at the site. In 1987, the steel facilities were renamed Nippo and in 1992, the steel factory was renamed to Nippo. In 1998, the steel industry started visit this web-site move from the site of Mahindrad Industrial Corp. for testing purposes and in 2000, a steel mine was built at the site where the facility was built. In 2004, a steel production facility was started at Mahindrad. In 2005 Nippon’s steel plants were moved to Delhi. Case Study Analysis In 2008, Nippo raised its steel production from 4,300 tonnes to 8,000 tonnes. In 2009, the steel plants were renamed Nänigwe, Nänemes, Näng, and Nippo The steel plant is a family of five steel plants, which were established in 1996 and 2001. The steel plants are situated on the outskirts of Mumbai, New Delhi. The plant is located near the central city of Mumbai. The plant manufactures steel for the steel industry, and it is used in the steel-making industry in India. The plant has several facilities for testing purposes, including a steel plant for testing purposes in India and an iron plant and a steel plant in New Delhi for testing purposes for the steel-industry. The plant was renamed Nännji in 2002 and Nännjaya in 2005. The plant is a large steel plant in the city of Mumbai, and is one of several steel plants in India. It has several facilitiesNippon Steel Corporation, the world’s most innovative company, has started an ambitious program to boost its global sales to a level unprecedented, and its global sales are forecast to reach $1.6 trillion by 2023. The New York Times reports that the company’s mission is to “make the world healthier by supporting the growth of a global economic order.” The Times notes that the company has already set up a $1.5 trillion sales force to meet this challenge. “Not only has the industry been driven to this stage by massive growth in manufacturing, but it’s also been driven by a remarkable increase in the number of manufacturing companies that are currently manufacturing in the United States,” the Times notes. Although the number of new manufacturing companies is growing at a faster rate than that of the previous generation, the Times notes that it is still better to find new manufacturing companies with the kind of growth that is expected to be achieved in the near future. A new industry study is expected to make it possible to obtain at least $1. Case Study Help 7 trillion in revenue by 2023, the Times reports. While the Times is not surprised at the success of the New York Times report, it is happy at its failure to report the success of its report. Though the Times has stated that it “will not stop to look at the report,” it is also happy at the failure to find new companies with the kinds of growth that could be achieved in 2023. The Times notes the following: The new industry report may be a bit more surprising. Although the New York State Bureau of Economic Research estimates that the industry would take 4.3 percent of its global sales in 2023, that number could be as high as 10.0 percent of the total sales of the United States. That is 10. 1 percent of the world” of sales. However, if the New York City Times report were accurate, it would be the first time that the industry has met its target of $1.1 trillion in new sales in 2024. I can only assume that the Times will be able to expect the New York report to make the New York market in 2023 very significant. The Times is very happy that the New York economy is doing well in 2023 and the local economy is doing very well, as is the fact that many of the former manufacturing companies have been able to achieve their goals and are now benefiting from this success. As the Times notes, the New York city market is an extremely strong market and is very likely to see significant growth. The New York Times also notes that new manufacturing companies have increased their domestic and foreign business, and the number of traditional manufacturing companies is increasing. Despite the success of New York City as a market, the New Jersey Times ignores the fact that the New Jersey economy is in a state of flux and is in a very good position to meet the New York company’ s targets. Recommendations for the Case Study That is why I think the New Jersey City market is very strong, and I have to believe that the New New York market will be very strong in 2023 once the New Jersey city market is completely up and running. Featured image courtesy of Getty Images Meanwhile, the New England Journal of Medicine on Monday also reported that the New England market is in a “high-risk area”

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Riots have made a huge mark on American history. Whether incited by racial conflicts, perceived injustices, or police brutality, a riot can cause such destruction that it blights the landscape and destroys burgeoning progress in an area. Sometimes, however, in the aftermath of violence, social movements begin that result in improved conditions. Eight of the most significant riots in American history follow. 1 & 2) The Civil War: Baltimore and New York A riot in Baltimore in April 1861, just days after Confederates fired on Fort Sumter, began when a Union Army regiment marched through Baltimore en route to Washington D.C. and a crowd of Confederate sympathizers blocked the way. Soldiers fired into the mob and a brawl ensued; four soldiers and twelve civilians were killed and many more injured. Several buildings were destroyed including a newspaper office. The New York draft riots, in July of 1863, were the worst examples of civil unrest to date. What started as a demonstration against the draft turned into the largest and bloodiest civilian uprising to date in the United States. New York City police were quickly overwhelmed by the rioters, and the governor ordered the state militia back to the city. Federal troops were dispatched from West Point and from the recent fighting at Gettysburg as well. African Americans were targeted and attacked by the rioters, many of whom were poor immigrants who feared freed slaves would compete with them for jobs. The death toll has been placed at anywhere between 120 and 2,000 people killed, with over 2,000 injured. Property damage was estimated at between $1 and $5 million. 3) Chicago: Haymarket Square, 1886 The Haymarket riot of May 1886 began as a rally in support of striking workers in Chicago. A bomb was thrown at police as they were dispersing the until-then peaceful meeting; in the ensuing melee eight police officers and four civilians were killed and over 60 were wounded. Eight people were tried and four executed for inciting the bombing with inflammatory speech and the burgeoning labor movement had a massive setback as a result. 4) Springfield 1908 The transfer of two African-American prisoners out of the Springfield, Illinois city jail by the county sheriff was the spark that lit the riot in August of 1908. The prisoners were transferred for their own safety after accusations of sexual assault against white women brought racial tensions to a boiling point. When the crowd that had formed outside the jail learned the prisoners had been moved, they were enraged. Eventually over 60 homes and business were destroyed and seven people were confirmed dead, at least two of whom were lynched by the crowd, although the actual toll was thought to be much higher. Much of the African American population of Springfield, fearing for their lives, were forced to leave after losing homes and business. With racial conflict at the heart of this and other riots at the turn of the last century, a meeting was held in New York City several months later which led to the formation of the NAACP. 5 & 6) 1960s: Race Riots in Los Angeles and Detroit Race riots became front page news in the 1960s. The Watts riots began in August 1965 in Los Angeles, when a white California Highway Patrol officer pulled over a black man, Marquette Frye, on suspicion of drunk driving. A crowd grew as the officer questioned Frye and his brother, who was also in the car; their mother showed up at the scene as well and the officer ended up arresting all three. As more officers arrived to control the crowd, fighting inevitably broke out. Five days of violence, fires and looting ensued, with 34 deaths, more than 2,000 injured and nearly 4,000 people arrested. The National Guard was eventually called in to gain control of the situation. Detroit was another area of racial tension and on July 23, 1967 a police raid of an illegal bar turned deadly. Police confrontations with bar patrons and witnesses to the raid grew into five days of violence and destruction among the worst in the history of the United States. Vandalism, looting and fires spread across the city as the Michigan National Guard and the Army were called in to restore order. The eventual toll was 43 dead and nearly 1,200 injured, including civilians, Detroit police officers and firefighters, National Guardsmen, state police officers and Army soldiers. There were 7,231 arrests, including 703 juveniles, and over 2,500 business looted or burned. Damage was estimated at somewhere between $40 and $80 million. 7) New York City, 1969: Stonewall The Stonewall riot in New York’s Greenwich Village is a landmark moment in gay history. Police raided a gay bar called the Stonewall Inn on June 28, 1969, expecting to clear the place and make a few arrests. Bar patrons refused to cooperate or leave, however, and a crowd of around 400 gathered to witness the spectacle of police officers attempting to quell an impromptu kick-line of protesters. Violence ensued; 13 people were arrested, many were hospitalized. The two nights of rioting united the gay community in New York; within months, several activist organizations and three newspapers were established in New York to fight discrimination. The first Gay Pride marches took place one year later on the anniversary of the raid. 8) Los Angeles, 1992: Rodney King Racial tension in south central Los Angeles exploded in April 1992 after the four police officers accused of beating of Rodney King were acquitted. The officers were white; King was a black man on parole who had led them on a high-speed chase. Outrage at the verdict triggered nearly a week of rioting, looting, and violence that eventually required the deployment of U.S. Army soldiers and Marines to quell. In the end, 54 people were killed, over 2,000 injured, and property damages were estimated at nearly $1 billion. What do you think will spark the next major riots in America? And when do you think they will happen?

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Europe’s heaviest cargo ship launched to Space Station ESA’s fourth Automated Transfer Vehicle, Albert Einstein, was launched into orbit last evening from Europe’s Spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana. Europe’s autonomous supply ship will perform a series of manoeuvres to dock with the International Space Station on 15 June. The Ariane 5 rocket, operated by Arianespace, lifted off at 21:52:11 GMT (23:52:11 CEST, 18:52:11 local time) and delivered ATV-4 into the planned circular parking orbit at 260 km altitude about 64 minutes later. ATV then deployed its four power-generating solar wings and antenna boom. The ship is being monitored by the ATV Control Centre, jointly operated by ESA and CNES, the French space agency, in Toulouse. It will complete the Launch and Early Orbit Phase in some six hours after launch and is due to rendezvous and dock automatically with the Station at 13:46 GMT (15:46 CEST) on 15 June. Heaviest spacecraft ever launched by Ariane At 20 190 kg, ATV Albert Einstein is the heaviest spacecraft ever launched by Ariane, beating predecessor ATV Edoardo Amaldi by some 150 kg. ESA’s resupply and reboost vehicle is the largest, most advanced and most capable of the vehicles servicing the orbital outpost. “With another successful launch of the ATV, and another record in lifting capacity, European industry demonstrates its capacity to produce unique spacecrafts, providing ESA with a key role among the partners of the International Space Station,” noted Jean-Jacques Dordain, ESA Director General. “This adventure is still in the making – ATV-4 is flying but ATV-5 is following and ATV technologies will survive beyond them in promising new programmes, such as NASA’s Orion Multipurpose Crew Vehicle, for which ESA is developing the service module. "From ATV to Orion, ESA is building up capabilities which will provide Europe the capacity to be a key partner in future international exploration programmes," said Thomas Reiter, ESA Director of Human Spaceflight and Operations. “Today, we’re supporting long-term settlement and scientific research in low orbit. Tomorrow, we will take this expertise beyond Earth orbit together with our partners.” Delivering record payload ATV-4 is carrying a record payload of 2480 kg dry cargo, including 620 kg of ‘last minute’ items, which were installed while on top of Ariane, less than two weeks before launch. Stored in ATV’s pressurised section, this cargo is also the most diverse ever, with more than 1400 items. In addition, ATV-4 has 2580 kg of propellants for reboosting the Station’s orbit and 860 kg more to refill the tanks of the Zvezda module. It will also pump 570 kg of drinking water and 100 kg of gases (two tanks of oxygen, one of air) into the Station’s tanks. Fully autonomous docking ATV was developed for ESA by European industry, with Astrium as prime contractor, to deliver goods and propellants under a barter agreement with NASA to support Europe’s share of the Station’s operating costs. It features high-precision navigation systems, highly redundant flight software and a fully autonomous self-monitoring and collision-avoidance system with independent power supplies, control and thrusters. No other spaceship approaching the Station has demonstrated such a level of autonomous control. Albert Einstein is the fourth in a series of five ATVs. It will spend over 4 months docked to the Zvezda module, during which it will provide extra storage room and a quiet rest area for the astronauts. It also offers a powerful manoeuvring capability to raise the Station’s altitude to combat natural orbital decay and, if required, to steer it out of the way of dangerous space debris. At the end of its mission, filled with waste, it will undock on 28 October and make a safe controlled reentry over the South Pacific. The last ATV, Georges Lemaître, is being prepared for launch in 2014.

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Book for June 2018 first published in 1937, is the best known work by African-American writer Zora Neale Hurston. The main character Janie Crawford, an African-American woman in her early forties, tells the story of her life to her best friend Pheoby Watson in an extended flashback. Readers learn the story of her life in three major periods corresponding to her marriages to three very different men. As a young woman she comes to realize that people must learn about life 'fuh theyselves' (for themselves), just as people can only go to God for themselves. Set in central and southern Florida in the early 20th century, the novel was initially poorly received and forgotten until the 1970ies. Today it has come to be regarded as a seminal work in both African-American literature and women's literature.

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There are now plenty of studies, economic analyses and investigations, and related work showing that government regulation is harmful, stifling, inefficient, and otherwise destructive. Despite this, the actual regulatory onslaught continues full-force, and more is to be expected. Why is this so? The research has shown that the regulation rarely achieves the goals set for it by Congress. Studies indicate that it has undermined productivity and competition and increased political favoritism and corruption. What used to be called market imperfections have not been eliminated by way of government regulation. Why do millions still continue to believe in the desirability of this discredited system? Even those few prominent individuals who have come to doubt that regulation is useful consider it a proper function of government where it can achieve its goals. Many more believe that even where government regulation has proven to be ineffective and harmful, the task is simply to muster up greater effort, to "clean up" the agencies, to tighten regulatory specifications—never to abandon the task. In a recent article in Commentary, Paul H. Weaver points out that Americans overwhelmingly support "the full range of present-day public programs to which [the New Deal] has given birth. Indeed, something like half the population would like to see the government provide even more benefits and intervene in more areas of social life than it already does.…Yet by almost equally large margins, Americans also say that the institutions responsible for creating and running the New Deal state are currently in the hands of liars, cheats, frauds, and profligates." Never mind that economists and social scientists have produced an enormous body of evidence that discredits the very activity of regulating! WHY MORE REGULATION? Some solutions have been offered to the resulting puzzle about the persistent belief in regulation's desirability. Since it is mostly economists who study regulatory activity, they are also the ones interested in why their studies fail to alter policy. The explanation usually offered is that regulation has not been discontinued because the legislators and regulatory bureaucrats are like all other people—they work to benefit themselves. It's self-interest that accounts for the continuation of regulatory activities. This explanation, however, is vacuous. We can't get anything from it, any more than we can from an explanation of animal behavior by reference to instincts. It doesn't explain anything. Why do cats swim in water? Well, they have the instinct to swim in water. What does that mean? It means simply that if you throw them in water they will swim. Why do regulators continue with regulation? Because they continue their regulatory schemes. This is not at all enlightening. Of course, this misrepresents the complexity of the theory that underlies such explanations. But instead of dwelling on this here, let's consider an alternative explanation. People often act as they do because they are guided by certain ideas and ideals. Ideas have consequences! And many of the central ideas guiding people in their personal conduct are moral or ethical ideas. Ralph Nader, for example, often makes reference to justice. He insists that it is unjust not to prevent product failures. He insists that certain people are being victimized. He argues that certain kinds of corporate activities are evil. Freely using these concepts to explain political and economic affairs, he reflects the views of many in our culture. These kinds of ideas and ideals are powerful guidelines and motivators of human action. And there is something distinctive about moral or ethical ideals—as opposed to, say, scientific, technological, or legal ideas—as principles of human action. A moral idea (and idea and ideal are interchangeable here) is one that provides guidelines to human beings simply as human beings. Why should I be honest? Because human beings as such ought to be honest. Why should I be just? Because human beings as such should be just; if an action, policy, or entire institution recommends itself on the grounds that it is just, any human being in the community should support it. This is very different from offering an economic explanation for what I do. "It paid well" is not comparable to "It was the just thing to do." Nor is it the same as referring to my preferences. Why did I select that ice cream? Well, I prefer it. That I selected it or that I prefer it does not imply that everyone should do the same thing. Why then is government regulatory activity continued? Because, despite what economists and many others have demonstrated, people believe that the goals that regulation aims to accomplish are just goals; they are morally justifiable goals to strive for. A person who believes that to defend his community or to educate his children is a matter of justice is not likely to be moved—and, if his belief is correct, he shouldn't be moved—by the fact that these will be very expensive. He will say: "I'm sorry. Those sacrifices are justified because this is a moral goal; it is one's duty to do it." We can talk endlessly to Mr. Nader & Co. about how costly and inefficient government regulation is. If he believes that the goals are morally superior to the other goals that have to be sacrificed so as to pursue them, he will insist that economic concerns can be discounted. This view has been voiced by David Ferber, solicitor with the SEC, in a reply to free market economist Henry Manne, both writing in the Vanderbilt Law Review. Commenting on the regulations imposed by the SEC, Ferber observed, "Since I believe Congress was attempting to improve the morality of the marketplace, I think that the economic effect is largely irrelevant." Edwin M. Zimmerman, assistant attorney general with the antitrust division of the Justice Department, made the same point in his essay in Promoting Competition, a Brookings Institution volume. He denies that economic efficiency was ever the impetus for regulatory laws. Plainly put, many who support regulation believe this to be the correct way to try to achieve valued goals. They are dead-serious about this. And if they are right, they are also on target when they counter that objections based on inefficiency and high cost are trivial, if not outright callous. So moral ideas are important in this area, so important that there are some who even feign moral reasons for supporting government regulation. When lobbyists and corporate executives appear before Congress and ask for handouts or subsidies or tariffs, often the bottom line is that these would be in the public interest, the public good, the national destiny—or for God and country, as the old saying goes. Those are usually ornaments for shortcuts on the marketplace. But unless people took such ideas seriously, those asking for favors would not bother even to mention them. These are crucial moral terms that count. There are enough people everywhere motivated by just such moral ideas. Can anyone doubt, then, that deregulatory policies would also require moral support? It's not enough to say, "Well, regulation costs too much and it's inefficient." An alternative moral perspective is needed to conclusively establish the propriety of deregulation. Economic arguments alone do not suffice. But is there anything in the way of ethics that might support deregulation? If we look at prominent and widely articulated beliefs about what is right and wrong, we find that altruism is pervasive. Altruism literally means "other-orientedness." This morality is a sort of grab-bag for all the various moral systems the bottom line of which is that one's life must be led so as to secure the welfare of others, either today or tomorrow. It is the view that every person's prime purpose is to live for others—humanity, one's country, one's race. There are variations on this view, but they all come to this. JUST HELPING OUT When made to apply to political policy, the altruist ethic implies that government must try at all costs to achieve the goal of helping people, however bungling, inefficient, or otherwise objectionable such efforts might be. In a debate in Analog magazine (April 1975), we find this attitude well illustrated in the words of Alan E. Nourse, a fervent defender of national health insurance. He tells us that it is "not a new concept nor is it a particularly efficient concept as far as health care delivery is concerned, because many many precious dollars will be dribbled away to administration." Does this suffice to dissuade Mr. Nourse? Do such economic considerations lead to the conclusion that national health insurance is a bad idea? No, counters Nourse, because "it is a concept that might—repeat might—meet some of the desperate health care needs that exist today." If the primary responsibility of government is to engage in helping other people, then trying, even in the face of evidence that it will not do any good, is quite justifiable. People who share those values will simply continue in the face of disastrous performance records. But we need to consider whether altruism is really the system that should guide us in our lives. The question is not whether certain of our virtues are other-oriented, nor whether in certain circumstances we are obligated to look out for others. The question is whether we are to live our lives primarily for other people. In a few paragraphs, all the issues involved cannot be covered. There is one interesting point to be raised against altruism, however. Why is it that everyone deserves this prime consideration from others, but not from themselves? Why is it supposed to be this daisy chain of my doing benefit to you, your doing benefit to him, his doing benefit to her, etc.? It clearly engenders a meddlesomeness in human affairs. It invites more rigorous attention to other people's circumstances than to one's own; because if one is first morally obligated to benefit other people, then their circumstances, their needs, their aspirations, and their wishes must be known. One must obtain the maximum amount of information about those people, and one must do everything possible to find out what will indeed benefit them. This explains why there is such widespread government information-intrusion in people's lives. Government, too, must know about others in order to help others. It must be able to walk into private homes, for example, to make sure that welfare recipients get the right care. It is its obligation, according to altruism. Although altruism claims that individuals should live their lives so as to benefit others but not primarily to benefit themselves, they would, just on the face of it, seem to know much more about themselves to start with. So if people do deserve a lot, why is it that others should do it for them as opposed to their doing it for themselves? This is a puzzle, and it's worth considering. But let's leave aside the full criticism that could be offered against altruism and take up an alternative moral theory that, not surprisingly, is going to be called ethical egoism. Now egoism is not the same as egotism. Egotism is an excessive concern with your image or at least with your pleasures and desires. Ethical egoism, in contrast, is a rational concern with one's own happiness. It holds that every human being's prime moral purpose in living is to achieve happiness in life—the fulfillment, throughout one's life, of one's potential as a human being. Happiness is the result of excellence at being human. Here, a person's primary responsibility is not to do good for others, although it may still be true that on many occasions human beings should do good for others. The primary moral responsibility of individuals is to achieve their own happiness in life. So we have here an alternative ethics. Is it possible, in terms of this ethics, that in the process of regulating our commercial and many other activities, government is violating certain moral and political principles? Government regulation usually involves the following. Some activity by some commercial agents, manufacturers, or industrialists might be of harm to someone who is going to buy their product. If it is possible—just barely possible—that these activities will produce some harm to others, the activity is prohibited or regulated. As Senator Javits once put it in a personal communication on the subject of Vitamin C, the government must protect citizens against potential possible hazard. Now watch those qualifiers. Potential, possible hazards. Even a hazard is only a possible harm. A hazard doesn't guarantee harm. A lot of people have hazardous jobs, meaning that the likelihood of getting hurt in those jobs is considerable. Now imagine a possible hazard. What then it a potentially possible hazard? To be safe in life from "potentially possible hazards," one must be protected in everything. If, however, one's primary obligation in life is to achieve happiness, and if one shares this obligation with other people—so that they should achieve their happiness—then, what must first of all be protected and preserved in a social context are the conditions that make it possible for people to strive for or to pursue their happiness. For example, the Declaration of Independence refers to the protection and preservation of rights we have as human beings—the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. If these are indeed rights that we have and that ought to be protected, then in the pursuit of our happiness, someone else's interference would be wrong, morally wrong. Not just inefficient and very costly, but morally wrong—wrong because human beings should not act that way. In most of the criminal law this point is observed carefully, even if not fully consistently. The burden of proof rests with the prosecution—those who believe they have reason to impose burdens on citizens. Unfortunately, the same principle goes by the wayside when it comes to administering government regulations. If members of an industry, profession, or trade engage in "potentially possible hazardous" activities, there are now legal grounds for placing heavy burdens upon them. A RISKY BUSINESS The most persuasive argument in support of this practice involves what Ralph Nader never tires of citing—the famous thalidomide case. The drug was taken by many Europeans during pregnancy, but the FDA barred its distribution in the United States. It had tragic results in Europe; but in America, almost no one was hurt from the drug. This is constantly noted by Nader in his numerous talks and essays in support of federal regulation of the food and drug industry. Now it is clear that if guaranteed safety is the highest value we should aim for in life, then Mr. Nader & Co. are on the right track. If it is our prime duty to make certain that other people are safe, then we should never profit from nor allow others to profit from selling them some goods or services that just might be hazardous. But if freedom to seek our own well-being, the political and economic liberty to make our own way in life, is the highest political good, then even the tragic events associated with the thalidomide case do not suffice to give support to government regulation. Life is undoubtedly a risky business. Those who want to accept risks may not be prevented from doing so regardless of how convinced we are that they are foolish to take these risks. We may not prevent mountain climbers, auto racers, horseback riders, fire fighters, and even plain, ordinary consumers of voluntarily acquired drugs and foods from doing what they have chosen to do. Nor may we gather into majorities and legislate these wise prohibitions for them. We can, however, point out how life can be made safer! Hazards can be overcome in a free society, even when other people pose them by their sloppiness, negligence, greed, or stupidity. Government regulations preempt a crucial human virtue: the willingness of industrialists, manufacturers, professionals, to do well at what they have promised themselves to do well—their jobs. By usurping the field of morality, by forbidding the risky business of people's developing themselves and getting on in society through mutual self-development, government regulation is a gross denigration of human dignity itself. Altruism is the main moral game in town. The only place it is not advocated very much is in psychotherapy sessions and books on self-help therapy, because in these areas people have come to face up to the debilitating consequences of living by such a moral point of view. Entire political institutions, however, are built on the doctrine of altruism. Among these, governmental regulation of people's productive, trading, or consuming activities is just one. Others include all the victimless crime laws, "blue laws," involuntary mental hospitalization statutes; and the list could go on. But altruism is a view that does not prepare one for coping with life on earth. It stifles personal growth, ambition, self-development; and it encourages deceit. We must claim that everything we want to do will be good for others, just so we can "get away with doing it." And it also gives perfect excuses for our failures—"I did it for you. I lied, killed, maimed, stole, cheated, only because I meant well for you." Without affirming, with utmost confidence, the alternative moral position—so that each person can realize that the prime moral goal in life is to excel as a person, to become the best one can become in life, given one's human nature and one's personal potentials as an individual human being—the case for stopping all this meddling in people's lives cannot be made conclusively. Sure, governmental regulation is inefficient, devours our income, breeds corruption, centralizes enormous power, stifles production, leaves people overburdened with bureaucratic trivia; but if its goals are morally superior to others, so what? We must be heroic; we must sacrifice for the great good that we might—"repeat might"—achieve. We must toss aside this materialist concern for efficiency, thrift, and prudence. We must march on the noble trail of doing good for our fellow human beings, whether they want it or not. If, however, we should aspire to our own happiness, if this is our primary moral task, then others should abstain from interfering with us; then regulation is not just uneconomic, but wrong. Government regulation violates our rights—period. And we have those rights because it is we, individually and in voluntary cooperation, who should strive to live, produce, trade, and consume. Only by realizing that this is a matter of profound moral truth—not merely of convenience, efficiency, cost, or pleasure (although not without rewards in these respects)—can we overcome the intellectual and basic moral force of the case for regulation. That will not lead to instant deregulation. But it will have robbed the meddlers of their most potent weapon—the appeal to people's frequent, even if not fully consistent, concern for doing what is right in personal and political matters. Senior Editor Tibor Machan teaches philosophy at SUNY College Fredonia. This article is adapted from his contribution to a conference on government regulation held at Hillsdale College in 1976.

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Placenta accreta (PA) is both the general term applied to the abnormal placental adherence and also the condition seen at the milder end of the spectrum of abnormal placental adherence. This article focuses on the second, more specific definition. In a placenta accreta, the placental villi extend beyond the confines of the endometrium and attach to the superficial aspect of the myometrium but without deep invasion. It is the most common form of placental invasion (~75% of cases). It is thought to occur in approximately 1 in 7,000 pregnancies. The incidence is increasing due to increased practice of caesarean sections. The combination of previous caesarean section and an anterior placenta previa should raise the possibility of a placenta accreta. This disease has a maternal mortality of up to 7% depending on location. The abnormal implantation is thought to result from a deficiency in the decidua basalis, in which the decidua is partially or completely replaced by loose connective tissue. In a placenta accreta, chorionic villi and/or cytotrophoblasts directly attach to the myometrium with little or no intervening decidua. Recognised primary risk factors for placenta accreta include: - placenta previa - prior caesariean section - uterine anomalies - previous uterine surgery - dilation and curettage - maternal age greater than 35 years Accurate prenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta is vital because this abnormality is an important cause of significant haemorrhage in the immediate post-delivery period with resultant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. However, the diagnosis is not often made prospectively. According to one study 9, ultrasound has the sensitivity of 89.5%, positive predictive value of 68% and negative predictive value of 98% for the diagnosis of placenta accreta. Several sonographic criteria for the diagnosis of placenta accreta have been reported: - marked thinning or loss of the retroplacental hypoechoic zone - interruption of the hyperechoic border between the uterine serosa and bladder - presence of mass-like tissue with echogenicity similar to that of the placenta - visualization of prominent vessels or lakes within the placenta or myometrium When a placenta accreta occurs on the posterior or lateral walls of the uterus, it may be difficult to detect by ultrasound. Magnetic resonance imaging has also been used to diagnose placenta accreta. Specific fast acquisition sequences (i.e HASTE, true FISP) may minimise fetal and maternal motion artefacts. The demonstration of uterine bulging and loss of normal uterine contour. - on T2 weighted MR images, the mass is hyperintense and may be heterogeneous - also, T2 weighted MR images are useful in the assessment of focal thinning of the myometrium and interruption of the junctional zone Treatment and prognosis A definitive treatment for placenta accreta consists of a hysterectomy with possible resection of adjacent organs if percreta is present. A placenta accreta is reported to be the most common indication for emergency peripartum hysterectomy. In certain instances, however, conservative treatment may be used, especially if uterine preservation is desired. Conservative measures include curettage, oversewing of the placental bed, and ligation of the uterine arteries or the anterior divisions of the internal iliac arteries. - 1. Avva R, Shah HR, Angtuaco TL. US case of the day. Placenta increta. Radiographics. 19 (4): 1089-92. Radiographics (full text) - Pubmed citation - 2. Baughman WC, Corteville JE, Shah RR. Placenta accreta: spectrum of US and MR imaging findings. Radiographics. 28 (7): 1905-16. doi:10.1148/rg.287085060 - Pubmed citation - 3. Dwyer BK, Belogolovkin V, Tran L et-al. Prenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta: sonography or magnetic resonance imaging? J Ultrasound Med. 2008;27 (9): 1275-81. J Ultrasound Med (full text) - Free text at pubmed - Pubmed citation - 4. Elsayes KM, Trout AT, Friedkin AM et-al. Imaging of the placenta: a multimodality pictorial review. Radiographics. 29 (5): 1371-91. doi:10.1148/rg.295085242 - Pubmed citation - 5. Sentilhes L, Ambroselli C, Kayem G et-al. Maternal outcome after conservative treatment of placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115 (3): 526-34. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181d066d4 - Pubmed citation - 6. Oyelese Y, Smulian JC. Placenta previa, placenta accreta, and vasa previa. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107 (4): 927-41. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000207559.15715.98 - Pubmed citation - 7. Woodring TC, Klauser CK, Bofill JA et-al. Prediction of placenta accreta by ultrasonography and color Doppler imaging. J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal. Med. 2011;24 (1): 118-21. doi:10.3109/14767058.2010.483523 - Pubmed citation - 8. Hull AD, Resnik R. Placenta accreta and postpartum hemorrhage. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2010;53 (1): 228-36. doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181ce6aef - Pubmed citation - 9. Esakoff TF, Sparks TN, Kaimal AJ et-al. Diagnosis and morbidity of placenta accreta. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2011;37 (3): 324-7. doi:10.1002/uog.8827 - Pubmed citation - placental anatomy - placental developmental abnormalities - placenta previa - spectrum of abnormal placental villous adherence - abnormalities of cord insertion - abruptio placentae - placental pathology - vascular pathologies of placenta - placental infections - placental masses - molar pregnancy - twin placenta Ultrasound - obstetric - ultrasound (introduction) - obstetric ultrasound first trimester and early pregnancy - gestational sac - yolk sac - Beta-hCG levels - ectopic pregnancy - multiple gestations - subchorionic hematoma - failed early pregnancy - fetal biometry - fetal morphology assessment - fetal echocardiography views - nonvisualisation of the fetal stomach - nuchal fold thickness - absent nasal bone - choroid plexus cysts - enlarged cisterna magna - shortened fetal long bones - echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF) - echogenic fetal bowel - aberrant right sublavian artery - fetal pyelectasis / fetal renal pelvic dilatation - single umbilical artery - sandal gap toes - Doppler ultrasound - umbilical artery Doppler assessment - fetal middle cerebral arterial Doppler assessment - ductus venosus flow assessment - umbilical venous flow assessment - nuchal translucency - chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis - first trimester and early pregnancy

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Although the news about pollution, climate change and habitat loss can be overwhelming, every step you take to go green helps the environment. The steps don't have to be large to make a difference. Recycling paper instead of throwing it away saves trees, reduces air pollution and conserves water. Within a weekend, you can finish a few other household projects that will make your home more eco-friendly, save you money and positively affect the environment. Change Your Light Bulbs If you can unscrew five incandescent light bulbs and replace them with compact fluorescent ones, you can reduce greenhouse emissions by using less electricity. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, switching only five light bulbs in every home would be like taking 10 million cars off the roads. You can also save money around the house by turning off electronics when they aren't in use, turning off lights when you leave a room and turning down the thermostat a few degrees in the winter. (See Reference 1) Install Rain Barrels In many cities, rain water caught by gutters flows into the sewer system and can cause sewage spills. Saving some of this water in rain barrels not only reduces the strain on the sewer system, but provides you with water for your garden rather than using fresh water from the hose. Rain barrels can be made from wine barrels or large plastic drums, or you can purchase them through your local environmental group. Make Natural Cleaners Many cleaners we use in our homes contain toxic, corrosive and flammable ingredients and are considered household hazardous waste (HHW) products by the EPA (See Reference 4). When these chemicals wash into streams during disposal or when you pour them down the drain, they can harm fish and other wildlife. Many of the cleaners you use on a regular basis can be made using a few household ingredients such as lemon juice, salt, vinegar and baking. (See Reference 3) Fix Leaking Faucets If your home has one leaking toilet, you could be wasting more than 200 gallons of fresh water every day. Add another 10 gallons a day for every leaking faucet. Once you identify the source of a leak, a home repair manual can guide your through the repair steps. To save even more water, consider replacing your standard toilet with a high-efficiency toilet that uses only 1.3 gallons per flush. (See References 1, 2) - Jupiterimages/Goodshoot/Getty Images

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Germany's Zoo am Meer Bremerhaven announced the arrival of its first Siberian Red Squirrel offspring. The five healthy youngsters were born seven weeks ago and are now old enough to begin exploring their habitat. This Siberian subspecies (Sciurus vulgaris exalbidus) is rarely kept in European zoos, so getting a chance to see these rambunctious and playful little red babies is a treat for zoo visitors. Red Squirrels of all kinds are found across most of Europe, into northern Asia and Siberia. In the last 60 years, there has been a dramatic decline of the native Red Squirrel due to loss of habitat, disease, and, in particular, competition from its larger cousin, the American Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). The Grey Squirrel debarks mature native trees, which results in the trees dying. They can also eat and digest the fruit and flowering parts of plants while they are still green in the spring, whereas the Red Squirrel cannot, thus going hungry in the late summer and autumn with no stock left on the trees or plants to ripen. Also, the Grey Squirrel carries the Squirrel Pox Virus without being affected by it, but the virus can be passed onto Red Squirrels with devastating results. So these zoo-born babies are very important to preserving the species.

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One of the questions that we get asked as beginner journalism students is “what are the qualities of a good journalist?”. Very early on we start to define the profession of journalist. The qualities we associate with the term “good journalist” are often of an ethical nature, which is fine, by all means. Nowadays however we live in a world where “journalist” isn’t an obvious definition. It used to be easy. Someone who works for a newspaper, for example. But now, when someone live tweets what goes on at a crisis (i.e. the bombing at the Boston Marathon), are they being a journalist as well? Or do we only speak about an act of journalism in this case? And if we follow this reasoning, instead of saying that anyone can be a journalist, should we say that anyone can perform an act of journalism? I agree that the term “journalist” should only be reserved for those who are the actual professionals. So in the most conservative meaning of the word; someone who is employed at a newspaper, online newssite or radio/tv station. Everything else is citizen journalism – not ignoring the fact that citizen journalism can indeed be proper journalism. On first sight it might be a question easily answered, but when you think about it, there’s a lot of grey area. Diving further into this subject can only help clear it up a bit. Here’s a couple of articles on the same subject, that might be interesting to look into. Why defining a journalist is messy, but crucial, by Jonathan Peters Why journalism needs to ‘do’ ethics, not focus on defining journalists, by Stephen J.A. Ward Let’s stop defining who is a journalist and protect all acts of journalism, by Josh Stearns

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How the velodrome found its formSubmitted by Rachel on July 22, 2011 The Velodrome, with its striking curved shape, was the first venue to be completed in the London Olympic Park. Plus talked to structural engineers Andrew Weir and Pete Winslow from Expedition Engineering, who were part of the design team for the Velodrome, about how mathematics helped create its iconic shape. Round and round Sir Chris Hoy leads the GB Cycling Team during the official opening of the Velodrome (Photograph by David Poultney) During the Games all eyes in the Velodrome will be on the curled ribbon of wooden track at its centre. The track was designed by world famous track designer Ron Webb. While the exact geometry of the track is top secret, Weir and Winslow can tell us that like any competition track it has to conform to the International Cycling Union's rules. Therefore it has to be 7 metres wide. It can be be made out of materials other than timber (eg it could be made out of concrete) as long as it is planar (ie its cross-section is flat) and a line circling around the track has to be 250 metres long. "So it doesn't have to be banked," says Weir. "The whole thing could be flat, circular or almost anything." (You can read more about why velodrome tracks usually do have steeply sloped turns in Leaning into 2012.) The track in the London Velodrome doesn't have the usual reflection symmetry you find in buildings. "If you folded the track in half lengthwise, the two halves wouldn't match," says Weir. The track does have rotational symmetry, it looks the same if you spin it by a half-turn. But the slope of the track going into and out of the turns is not the same. "This is simply because you always cycle the same way around the track, and you go shallower into the turn and steeper out of it." Although the difference in the banking going into and out of the turns is only fractional this does place constraints on the building. In particular the differences in height mean that the track is not symmetrical when you look at each end in isolation. "The difference in height means that the way we've arranged the seating [around the turns] isn't symmetrical. But obviously to make a building effecient you want to get back to symmetries as much as possible. So just a couple of rows back from the front seat we've got back to symmetry." Designing from the inside out Traditionally buildings were designed by thinking of their final form and making sure the building then suited its purposes. But the Velodrome was designed in the opposite way. Instead of starting from a final form Weir, Winslow and their colleagues at Hopkins Architects focussed on the constraints placed on the building by its use as a velodrome. "One of the key things in any sporting venue is basically how good the sight-lines are," says Weir. "There are ways of measuring sight-lines, effectively what you see in a line from your eye over the head of the person below. Very steep terraces are very good, in that the person below is a lot further down. But there are access issues and you can only have a certain staircase inclination. " Ensuring all spectators had good sight-lines onto the track was one of the constraints on the design (Photograph by Richard Davies) To resolve all these constraints the design team used a computer aided design method called parametric modelling. "Traditionally computer aided drawing works the same way you would draw the designs on paper," says Winslow. "Rather than a pencil and a ruler you have a mouse and draw a particular object with specific dimensions. And then afterwards you can check: Do we have sight-lines? Do we have the right space for the structure and so on." "But in parametric modelling you don't start off by drawing lines; you start off by saying, what are the rules that we need to apply?" The rules Winslow and his colleagues had to apply included things like that the seating pitch can not be greater than a certain angle for safety, and that every seat needs to have a sight-line onto the track. "And you can imagine there is a whole bunch of rules you can build up from that. And then, there is only a small number of ways you can resolve all those rules at the same time, and that gives you your geometry."So, rather than containing a fixed shape of the final building, the computer model contains the relationships between all the variables that constrain the final geometry. This allows the designers to play with the building and explore many different options. For example small changes, such as changing the distance between seats from 800 to 850 millimetres, ripple through the model. "If you made the seats slightly further back you could see the effects on everything else in the building," says Weir. "What's good is you can cover a lot of ground very quickly with parametric design, to know if you're heading in the right direction." It's better to be curved Two rows of seating were included around the turns to create a "wall of sound" And although one of the most striking features of the velodrome is it's doubly curved roof, again this shape is a by-product of this inside-out design process. Although many factors contributed to the roof's final form, it was essentially down to making the best possible venue for spectators and cyclists. "What we're looking for is a fantastic experience for those people inside the stadium. But equally we don't want to build a stadium that is twice as big as we need to," says Weir. "We've always had this idea that we'd shrinkwrap the building to the form that's inside. We have to put in a track, we have to put 6,000 seats around it, each one of those seats being a nice place to sit. But we didn't want to build anything more than that." Normally velodromes have very few, if any, seats at the ends of the track. This is because at this point the track is very steeply banked at 42 degrees. "It's not a particularly good place to sit. The track is so steep you can't really look down and see what's going on in front of you," says Weir. "And as the maximum rake of a seating tier is about 34 degrees that is going to get worse the more seats you put at the ends." But this concern for spectators also had to be balanced with the interests of the competing cyclists. "The feedback we had from the cyclists is when they are going around a velodrome you get a lot of excitement on the straights but when you get to the ends it's almost like a deathly silence." So the designers compromised; they included two rows of seats at each end, providing the "wall of sound" the cyclists were looking for. The roof curves in the opposite way to the rise and fall of the track (Photograph by David Poultney © ODA 2008) "So there is some continuity of spectators but the bulk of the 6,000 seats are at each side. And as you can imagine that builds up the height of the building at the sides of the track, but at the ends there is very little. So you get two high points [at the sides] and two low points [at the ends]." Surprisingly, the rise curves in an opposite way to the rise and fall of the banked track it covers. "Shrinkwrapping [the track and surrounding seats] gives you a building that's pulled down at the ends but pulled up on the sides." And an added benefit is that this doubly curved shape is the most efficient structural form for a roof. The roof of the Velodrome was constructed using a cable net design. The cables that hang down in one direction pull against those cables laying across them in the other direction and the opposite curvatures of these two sets of cables play off against each other. "One set really wants to go up and the other really wants to go down and they hold each other in place," says Weir. This is an incredibly efficient design in terms of materials needed to construct the roof. If you imagine a cable hanging between its two suspended ends it naturally falls into a shape called a catenary curve, where each bit of steel in the cable is working at its highest efficiency. "In structural engineering we call this process of finding the [system's] minimal energy form finding, " says Winslow. In comparison, if you have a roof that isn't curved you need a different way to carry the load. In a flat roof the load is carried by the stiffness of the beams resisting any bending. "On a simple level if you look at a structure that's flat, say the ceiling in every office or school, then the material in the top of the beams is in compression and the material in the bottom is in tension. The material in the middle does very little," says Winslow. In contrast, every bit of steel in the cable net roof of the Velodrome is providing essential support. Modelling one piece at a time Any roof has to withstand anything that nature might throw at it— the roof might be lashed by heavy gales or heavy snow might pile on one side. As well as checking that the roof of the Velodrome would hold up in all these different situations, called load cases, the engineers had the added complication of dealing with movement. "Imagine a tennis racket. As a ball hits the racket you can imagine each square in the net deforms a little bit. And our roof does exactly that," says Weir. "And you can imagine every little square between the cables moves a different way," says Winslow. Traditionally movement in a cable net roof isn't so much of a problem as they are usually covered by flexible material. "But because we are trying to meet very high levels of sustainability we have a very heavily insulated roof." The insulation sits above the wooden ceiling panels that hang underneath the cable net structure. "In addition the planners [of the Olympic park] wanted us to use a particular type of roof called an aluminium standing seam roof," says Weir. This roof is basically lots of long panels of aluminium laid side by side along the roof and joined by rolled seams. "And it is a system that really doesn't like movement" The wooden ceiling panels are attached to the cable net with specially designed articluated joints "So we've got a cable net that does move around a little bit, then we've got lots of insulation, then we've got this roof system on top that doesn't like movement but looks very nice." Winslow's job was to make sure all the movements resulting from all the different possible loading cases would be isolated from the delicate ceiling panels and unmoving aluminium roof. To see how it would react he mathematically modelled the whole structure in terms of its stiffness and strength properties. "In structural engineering you use a lot of finite element models which break down the structure into lots of small components — lots of small steel elements and lots of small cable elements — and we know very precisely what the stiffness of that small element will be." The equations describing the movement of these small parts can be solved exactly but they become too complex to solve when you consider the whole structure as a sum of these small pieces. Instead finite element analysis creates a mathematical model of how all these small pieces fit together and simulates how the roof as a whole will move. And Winslow didn't just have to consider all the different load cases the environment might place on the roof; he also had to consider the many different loading situations that would occur during the construction process. Each time one of the thousand timber ceiling panels was hung in the hole between crossing cables those cables would move slightly. Similarly installing every light, pulled up by a pulley, caused a local deformation of the roof. Once Winslow understood how the roof was going to move, he could solve the problem of how the solid timber panels and delicate standing seam roof would cope with that movement. The timber panels are attached to the metal clamps that hold the cables together at each crossing point. The design team devised an ingenious articulated joint, sitting at each clamp, that allows the cable net to move without crushing or cracking the timber panels. And to isolate the aluminium roof from the movement of the cable net Winslow had to carefully align these articulated joints, orientating these connections to make sure movement only happened in the directions that the alumnium roof could cope with. In modelling the roof, Winslow used vector calculations to analyse the movements of the structure: "Dot products and cross products to work out how much movement occurs in certain directions. So it turns out that all the fundamental maths I learned long ago does have some applications!" And although the mathematics may have been straightforward, the volume of calculations involved in modelling the roof was enormous."There's a thousand [ceiling] panes and there's hundreds of load cases, and the interelationship between one panel and all it's neighbours," says Weir. "We're not aware of any other roof that has had that level of analysis." (Image by Richard Davies) Finding the right form One of the most striking features of the final design is the way its sweeping shape gives a sense of the curved track within. "When you look at the velodrome there is a really nice relationship between the track and its banking and the roof's curvature. It wasn't planned like that but it's a happy by-product of the design," says Weir. The final design of the building is the solution to a large set of competing problems – optimising the structure, accommodating the geometry of the track, optimising the seating and temperature for both spectators and athletes. And by successfully dealing with all these constraints, the final form of the velodrome gives you a similar sense of satisfaction and correctness that comes from finding the exact solution to a mathematical equation. "All of us look at this form and think it's optimal," says Weir. "The architects like it for the architecture. The service engineers thinks the building is fantastic for how it works for them. And structurally we think it is great." "It's good design to be honest and it comes from getting [the constraints] right at the beginning. Maybe there's a bit of luck in it. Or maybe this structure was just really crying out for this form." About this article Andrew Weir has a wide range of experience in structural and civil design varying from large multi-disciplinary transport schemes to high quality architectural engineering. He also has an MSc in Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics. Since joining Expedition Engineering, Andrew has worked with the Richard Rogers Partnership on designs for the Capodichino Metro Station in Naples and with Renzo Piano Building Workshop on a 45 storey tower in Turin. As well as working with Hopkins Architects on the 2012 London Olympic VeloPark he is also currently working with RPBW on the Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Centre in Athens. Pete Winslow joined Expedition Engineering in mid-2009 after studying for a PhD on multi-objective optimization of free-form structures. Prior to joining Expedition Pete has worked as a specialist sub-consultant, applying his advanced knowledge of complex geometry, optimization and pedestrian dynamics on a diverse range of projects; from the Infinity Footbridge, UK, to a 180m diameter dome in Abu Dhabi. He is now working on the design of a large photovoltaic-covered canopy in Athens, and advising on research projects at UCL and Bath University. Rachel Thomas, Co-editor of Plus, interviewed Andrew and Pete at the Expedition Engineering offices in London. Find out how the geometry of the Velodrome track contributes to speed with our article Leaning into 2012.

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Nature has a juvenile sense of humor. That, at first, seems like the only explanation for why certain turtles, among them the Australian Fitzroy river turtle and the North American eastern painted turtle, breathe through the back end. Both turtles can breathe through their mouths if they so chose. And yet, when scientists placed a small amount of food coloring in the water near these turtles, they found that the turtles were drawing in water from both ends (and sometimes just the hind end.) Technically, this hind end isn't an anus, it's a cloaca — an opening through which the turtle excretes, urinates, and lays its eggs. Still, the entire situation begs the question: why? If the turtle can use its anus like a mouth to breathe, why doesn't it just use its mouth to breathe? The possible answer to the question lies in the turtle's shell. The shell, which evolved from ribs and vertebrae that flattened out and fused together, does more than keep the turtle safe from bites. When a turtle hibernates, it buries itself in cold water for up to five months. To survive, it has to change a lot of things about the way its body works. Some processes, such as fat burning, go anaerobic — or without oxygen — in a hibernating turtle. Anaerobic processes result in the build up of lactic acid, and anyone who has seen Aliens knows that too much acid isn't good for a body. The turtle's shell can not only store some lactic acid, but release bicarbonates (baking soda to the acid's vinegar) into the turtle's body. It's not just armor plating, it's a chemistry set. It is, however, a fairly restrictive chemistry set. Without ribs that expand and contract, the turtle has no use for the lung and muscle set-up that most mammals have. Instead it has muscles that pull the body outwards, towards the openings of the shell, to allow it to inhale, and more muscles to squish the turtle's guts against its lungs to make it exhale. The combination makes for a lot of work, which is especially costly if every time you use a muscle your body's acid levels go up and oxygen levels go down. Compare this to the relatively cheap butt breathing. Sacs next to the cloaca, called bursa, easily expand. The walls of these sacs are lined with blood vessels. Oxygen diffuses through the blood vessels, and the sacs are squeezed out. The entire procedure uses little energy for a turtle that doesn't have a lot to spare. Dignity has to play second-fiddle to survival sometimes. Top Image: Geoff Gallice.

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Korean Society Celebrations - Main Page Korean funeral rites reveal a great deal about how Koreans view death, and in particular, how they cope with the death of a close family member. Koreans held that if a person had succumbed to either illness or from natural causes outside the comforts of the home, the deceased spirit would roam aimlessly to eventually become a ghost or, kaekkwi. To ensure that their dead would not become wandering ghosts, family members took many precautions; among them, being present during the last moments of a dying relative was particularly important. Korean families went to great lengths to transport the weak and the weary back to the comforts of their own homes when they felt that death was near or imminent. Traditionally, funeral rites also adhered to strict Confucian norms delineating clear and fixed hierarchial lines between the genders. For example, women were restricted from entering or witnessing the death throes of a male relative; likewise, men were not permitted to observe the last moments of a female, regardless of the relationship. When death arrived, it was customary for the family members who had been present during the last moments of the departed one to wail (kok). The purpose of kok involved a combination of factors. While it obviously provided a means of expressing the sorrow and sadness of the mourners at losing a close relative, it also involved the expression of guilt by the mourners who might believe that it was because of their lack of pious actions toward the departed which had caused his or her ultimate demise. Mourners donned simple garbs appropriate to the occasion. The men wore a sleeveless coat and the women, freed of all jewelry and accessories, refrained from combing their hair. The corpse would be laid with its hands and feet bound tightly together. One of the relatives would then take a coat of the deceased to the roof of the house and called out his or her name three times. Then, the coat was taken back into the house and used as a cover for the corpse. This ritual was called ch'ohon or kobok. Obituary notices were sent to all clan members, friends and acquaintances. Newspapers and mailed funeral invitations are often utilized for this purpose today, but in the past, servants or hired messengers delivered these notices directly by hand. When the obituary notice was received, it was read out loud near the entrance gates of the house as it was thought bad luck to bring obituary notices into the house itself. The notice was then hung on the walls of outhouses. The day following the death of the deceased, preparations for burying the corpse were made. The first of these preparations involved sCup, or bathing and dressing the corpse. The bath water was perfumed and after drying the corpse the hair was combed and fallen hair carefully collected. Finger and toe nails were carefully manicured. These clippings were also collected. The fallen hair and the clippings were then placed in five small pouches called, choballang. Later, choballang was placed in the coffin along with the corpse. With a wooden spoon made from a willow tree, three spoonfuls of rice were fed to the corpse. As the first spoonful was fed, a close person to the deceased called out, "rilch'lonsogiyo," meaning one thousand bushels of rice. At the second spoonful "oich'eonsogiyo" was called out, meaning two thousand bushels; lastly "psamch'consogiyo" was called out, meaning three thousand bushels of rice. At this time, metal coins were inserted in the cavity. It was thought that the journey by the deceased soul to the next world could be eased by the rice and money the family had bestowed upon the departed. After sup had been completed came the whole process of wrapping the corpse as well as placing it into the coffin. This process was referred to as yom. Bathed and combed, the corpse was fully dressed in suui, the traditional death dress, which was made from either hemp cloth or silk. Often, the suui was woven well in advance of death. It was also common to make the suui on a leap lunar Moon for good luck. After the corpse was dressed in the suui, the corpse was wrapped up into a quilted cloth called yompo which was made of hemp cloth; the corpse was then bound with ropes seven times. The coffin's lid was tightly sealed. The coffin was then placed carefully in a dry and secure place within the house. A make-shift shrine was then set up called pinso where pictures and written documents about the deceased were placed. It was here that the mourners received guests. After these proceedings, the family of the deceased dressed themselves in the appropriate mourning attire, called sangbok, which varied in length according to the family member's relationship with the deceased. The mourning period was based on a variety of factors, including the social standing of the family, the social position of the deceased, and so on. It frequently lasted about three days. In the 18th century, however, the duration of the mourning period was over a month, and called yuwoljang, a ritual timing that was common for scholars. Others lasted in odd-numbered days (three, five, or seven days). During the mourning period, the sangju (the eldest male mourner) spent the entire days lying on a carpet with only an armrest made of rough straws. If the mourners were to wander outdoors, they had to wear a large-brimmed headpiece made out of bamboo called pangkat so as to obstruct the view of the heavens. Enduring these very uncomfortable living conditions was viewed as an expression of filial piety. On the last day of the mourning period, the funeral procession was held. On this day, a bier was used for transporting the coffin to the grave site. Before the coffin made its way to the grave site, those who carried the bier out of the house had to stop before the gate and lower the coffin three times as a form of ritual bowing to signal the deceased's final departure from the household premises. The carrying of the bier to the grave site was done with much fanfare. Leading the procession were persons carrying funeral banners. The bier was decorated with dragons and Chinese phoenix paintings. Around the bier, colorfully decorated dolls were placed to guard the deceased. The procession was led by someone who would sing a deep and mournful song; at the back of the bier, family members, relatives and friends would follow. At the grave site, a shaman who had been called upon for the occasion performed a special ritual to exorcise the evil spirits from grave. At a predetermined time, the coffin was then lowered and the eldest male mourner (usually an eldest son, or in the case of the death of a child, the father) would take a deep bow. Then, taking some earth, he would cast it upon the coffin. He did this twice. Other family members would then follow, in turn, this same ritual proceedings, referred to as chwit'o. After the chwit'o was complete, hired workers finished covering the grave with earth. The earth was packed into a mound shape to prevent water seepage. Called dalgujil, this process of packing the earth by stamping on it was done with the accompaniment of music. It also had to be done in odd-number layers (usually three to five layers). Often, a tombstone was erected at the grave site. As soon as the mourners returned home from the funeral service, they placed a picture and an ancestral tablet on a wall at the front of their house. This was done for three consecutive days. After the third day, family mourners visited the grave once again with food and drink for the deceased, placing them in front of the grave site, where they again made a deep bow. Only then did the family members return to their respective homes. cholgokche, another memorial service, was performed one or two days after the second visit to the grave site. On this day, family members would put away all of the funeral paraphernalia and the mourning ritual would come to an end. On the first anniversary of the funeral, family members held a memorial service called sosang. On this day, family mourners dressed in same cleaned sangbok which they had worn one year before. On the second anniversary a similar memorial service called taesang was performed. Several more services followed in subsequent months. Only after all these services had been observed could the family have returned to normal life. Many of these practices have disappeared in recent years; others have been merely modified and simplified. Nowadays, the three-year mourning period is no longer observed or, at least, has been drastically shortened. Often too, people die in the hospitals and families do not escort sick or dying persons back to the place of their birth as they had once done in the past. Many different styles of funeral services are also performed, due to the religious conversion of many Koreans to Catholicism or Protestantism. Male mourners today will also most likely wear dark suits and an armband made of hemp cloth while the women mourners now often wear small ribbons made of hemp cloth on their hair. Koreans have greatly changed and modified many of their traditional customs; nevertheless, these old ways are still very important to them and are faithfully observed through some symbolic gesture or other. Back to Top Information provided by the Korean Embassy

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Articles based on Wikipedia content “SourceForge is a collaborative software development management system. SourceForge software is...SourceForge “Fedora is an RPM-based Linux distribution, developed by the community-supported Fedora Project...Fedora “Frozen Bubble is a free Puzzle Bobble style computer game which is available on several...Frozen Bubble “Wiki software is a type of collaborative software that runs a wiki system. This typically allows...Wiki software “Open source hardware refers to computer and electronic hardware that is designed in the same...Open source hardware Pages in category "Wikipedia based articles" The following 24 pages are in this category, out of 24 total.

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ari, katangian, propyedad, kabukiran, klase, uri, bienes, byenes, ari-arian, pag-aari - ari-arianmga pag-aari Noun(1) something owned; any tangible or intangible possession that is owned by someone(2) a basic or essential attribute shared by all members of a class(3) any area set aside for a particular purpose(4) a construct whereby objects or individuals can be distinguished(5) any movable articles or objects used on the set of a play or movie (1) Valuable property was stolen, but worst of all was the trail of damage that was left behind.(2) What we think of as property , as ownership, is about to change.(3) The second major element in communist doctrine was the social ownership of property and central planning of the economy.(4) It provides reinsurance coverage to the commercial property insurance market in Britain.(5) The higher negative charge is a property that seems to be characteristic of mitochondria in many cancer cells.(6) residential property(7) The flamboyant loyalist has been accused of possessing and concealing criminal property .(8) Security coding property helps police identify and return stolen property to the owner.(9) The figures are contained in the latest Land Registry report into property sales across the country.(10) It was, they said, far too risky and was overexposed to the commercial property market.(11) When arrests were made stolen property was recovered that belonged to two victims of a robbery in the town centre.(12) this is private property(13) Generally, the more damage you do to property, or the more property you steal, the worse the punishment.(14) Just because of the abuse of property ownership, private property should not altogether be eliminated.(15) She stole my company's property , which she knew very well belonged to me.(16) The fire had caused serious smoke and heat damage to the property , he said. (1) intellectual property :: intelektuwal na ari-arian 3. quality :: 4. holding :: na may hawak na 5. place :: 6. dimension :: 7. prop :: Different Formsproperties, property Word Example from TV Shows The best way to learn proper English is to read news report, and watch news on TV. Watching TV shows is a great way to learn casual English, slang words, understand culture reference and humor. If you have already watched these shows then you may recall the words used in the following dialogs. He was headed for destruction of PROPERTY. Breaking Bad Season 4, Episode 7 and make no further attacks on my people or their PROPERTY. Vikings Season 1, Episode 7 of the New Mexico Real Property Code, Breaking Bad Season 2, Episode 4 I was his PROPERTY. Game of Thrones Season 4, Episode 6 the King referred to the people as his PROPERTY. The Big Bang Theory Season 10, Episode 7 English to Filipino Dictionary: property Meaning and definitions of property, translation in Filipino language for property with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of property in Filipino and in English language. Tags for the entry "property" What property means in Filipino, property meaning in Filipino, property definition, examples and pronunciation of property in Filipino language.

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How To Write A Comic Book Outline A step-by-step guide can assist new writers conquer the daunting parts of composing a book, permitting them to stay concentrated and maximize their creative thinking. Learn From the Best Share on twitter Share on facebook Share on pinterest Share on your network Dive To Section What to Consider Before Writing a Book Exactly how to Write a Book Intend to Learn More About Writing? Dan Brown Teaches Writing Thrillers Composing an entire publication can be a complicated task, especially for new writers. It calls for hard work, severe aspiration, as well as intense technique. Even for effective authors of bestsellers, the hardest part of the creating procedure can be merely taking a seat to write the very first page. If you take it one action each time, however, creating a publication is an obtainable goal. Meet One of Your New Instructors What to Consider Before Writing a Book Whether you’re a bestselling author working with your next book or a first time author whose objective is self-publishing, there are a few necessary questions to ask yourself before starting work on your publication idea. - Do you have the time and mental energy to commit to creating a entire book? You should be prepared and also able to stick to a day-to-day writing routine as well as sacrifice various other searches in the process of creating. - Are you prepared to establish potentially strange abilities, like self-editing as well as re writing? Creating a new publication will commonly expose your weak points and staminas , and also a lot of time will be devoted to refining those abilities. - Do you have a standard grip of your main personalities, story, or subject? You don’t need to have everything worked out, however it’s practical to have a affordable concept of the shape as well as instructions of your book before you the real writing begins. How to Write a Book The actual book writing can start when you’ve sculpted out the time and also considered your plot and also personalities. Adhering to these step-by-step composing pointers will certainly aid you write your own publication: 1. Develop a consistent creating room. If you’re going to write a fantastic book, you’re mosting likely to require a great space to create. It does not need to be a soundproof room with a sensational view. All you actually require is a peaceful area without disturbances where you can constantly get good writing done. Whether it’s a office, your couch, or a coffeehouse, the environment where you function should permit you to focus, undisturbed, for hrs at once. 2. Hone in on your book idea. Possibly you already know exactly what your publication is about, or perhaps you’re attempting to determine in between a million different big concepts. Either way, to ask yourself a few easy questions prior to you begin composing. If you’re still browsing for a publication concept or struggling with writer’s block, try utilizing composing triggers to get begun. 3. Outline your story. Great writers spend plenty of time outlining prior to creating books. Overviews can be outlined chapter details or easy beat sheets in which each section of guide is plotted out. They can be aesthetic maps that function as a graphic representation of where your book is headed. No matter your approach, what’s crucial is that you have a roadmap for your future writing sessions. 4. Do your research study. Study is an essential tool for specialist authors. If you’re composing a non-fiction book, you’ll likely want to hang out in libraries and also archives , absorbing everything you can about your subject. Research is handy for fiction authors as well, as it can offer handy context for the time period or personality archetypes that you’re writing about. Listen or review publications to podcasts that cover subject comparable to yours. 5. Start writing as well as adhere to a routine. Research, detailing, and concept development are all important actions to writing your first book, yet there may come a time when prep work ends up being procrastination. At a particular point, it’s time to begin writing your rough draft. Schedule writing time and also put it in your schedule so that you won’t skip it. 6. Finish your first draft. As you’re creating your initial draft, you’ll run into insecurity, lack of motivation, as well as writers’ block. Your first book is most likely not going to be a generational work of art or New York Times bestselling publication, and also that’s alright. All you can do is maintain creating up until you reach the end. 7. Revise and also edit . Every excellent publication goes with many rounds of alterations. Either method, you need to have an sincere, ruthless eye on your writing so that you can know what needs re-working. If you’re writing fiction, try to figure out where there are character incongruities, plot holes, or gaps in reasoning. 8. Write your second draft. The second draft is your opportunity to use your alterations and edits . It’s likewise a chance to consider larger, overarching concerns that can just be responded to after you already finished your initial draft. Does your book have a regular tone? Is there an overarching motif that can be established as well as strengthened? Exist weak parts of the book that can be cut entirely? The 2nd draft is likewise a possibility to attend to even more granular inquiries. Does the book have a solid opening hook? An impactful verdict? 9. Release your publication. Once you’ve completed your last draft, it’s time to release. With the surge of online markets as well as e-readers like the Kindle, self-publishing is much easier than ever. Conversely, if you wish to go the standard path, you can submit a publication proposition to a posting house, preferably with the help of a literary agent. Once you’ve successfully released, all that’s left to do is sit back, kick back, and also start working with your second book. Also for effective authors of bestsellers, the hardest part of the writing procedure can be merely resting down to create the very first web page. Composing a brand-new book will usually expose your strengths as well as weak points , and also a whole lot of time will be dedicated to refining those abilities. If you’re going to write a wonderful book, you’re going to require a great area to create. Excellent writers spend lots of time detailing prior to writing books. Study, detailing, as well as concept growth are all crucial steps to writing your first publication, but there might come a time when preparation ends up being procrastination.

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The Health Education Trust developed the ‘whole school approach’ as a framework that guides the development of a healthy food culture in schools. This approach is endorsed by the head teacher, enshrined in the school development plan, and permeates the whole school experience. The approach ensures consistency: what is taught about food and healthy eating in lessons is reflected throughout the school day with a particular focus on the food provided by the school. Pupils are empowered to help guide the process, with the programme reaching out beyond the school gates into the wider community. For more information read our SNAG Frequently Asked Questions leaflet. The SNAG process forms the basis of transforming food culture championed in the Food for Life programme with Health Education Trust leading on school leadership. Since then the importance of a whole school approach has also been recognised in the School Food Plan and the SFP Ofsted guidance.

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Body Mass Index (BMI) is a commonly used and one of the easiest screening tools to determine healthy body weight. As easy as it is, many healthcare experts question its accuracy because it's only based on height and weight. It doesn't count on gender and age. That's why muscular men might have high BMI yet looking fitter than women or less muscular men with the same BMI. Bare in mind, muscle cell is heavier than fat cell. Nonetheless, when it comes to evaluating weight and it's impact on health, combining all the information (BMI, body fat percentage, waist-hip ratio, and physical activity) provides the best assessment. Hence, knowing you BMI is the easiest step to get the idea where you're at. So, let's do this simple calculation! Do you know that our brain cell can only use glucose as fuel and nothing else? By promoting stable blood glucose levels, wholegrain promotes optimum brain function, memory recall, and concentration. A cereal breakfast is especially helpful for fueling the brain as it boosts glucose levels at crucial time of the day, after the long overnight fast. Researchers have found that adults who regularly eat a cereal breakfast are less depressed, less emotionally distressed, and have lower stress levels. Important note here, carbohydrates only have a beneficial, alerting effect, on mood if eaten in the morning on waking, and not when you eat them later in the day. We can go on and on on the importance of breakfast, but then the message is only one; do not skip breakfast! And always pick the wholegrain whenever you can for optimum benefits.

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Ricardo, David Ricardo(noun) English economist who argued that the laws of supply and demand should operate in a free market (1772-1823) David Ricardo was a British political economist and stock trader. He was often credited with systematizing economics, and was one of the most influential of the classical economists, along with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith, and John Stuart Mill. He was also a member of Parliament, businessman, financier and speculator, who amassed a considerable personal fortune. Perhaps his most important contribution was the theory of comparative advantage, a fundamental argument in favour of free trade among countries and of specialisation among individuals. Ricardo argued that there is mutual benefit from trade even if one party is more productive in every possible area than its trading counterpart, as long as each concentrates on the activities where it has a relative productivity advantage. The numerical value of david ricardo in Chaldean Numerology is: 9 The numerical value of david ricardo in Pythagorean Numerology is: 9 Images & Illustrations of david ricardo Find a translation for the david ricardo definition in other languages: Select another language: Discuss these david ricardo definitions with the community: Word of the Day Would you like us to send you a FREE new word definition delivered to your inbox daily? Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography: "david ricardo." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2017. Web. 26 Sep. 2017. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/david ricardo>.

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Anti-bullying awareness Speak Out! Sing Out!: an innovative, creative, one-day workshop devised through Living Song. We work with a whole class, or group, yr 5, 6, or 7 to compose a song collaboratively, developing language of emotional literacy. This special day has been extended to East London schools after its popular success in Waltham Forest for the past two years. If you book and confirm before the end of June 2015 Who is this workshop for? - Yr 5, 6, or 7 pupils - Teachers for their CPD How much will it cost? £1230 per school, this includes: - 3 artists working with one class for the day - A copy of the anti-bullying song written by the children and professionally recorded - Resources for teachers. How to apply: Contact Living Song to book your date between Sept and Dec 2015. Your school will be invoiced for a deposit of £50 to secure the date. Speak Out! Sing Out! Anti-Bullying Awareness through Music & Literacy workshop overview This is a one-day workshop specifically developed for all pupils with a particular emphasis on nurture groups and children who are at risk of being bullied, or who use bullying behaviour. It also Read more »

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Most kids are familiar with the fairytale stories of Rapunzel, Beauty and the Beast, Jack and the Beanstalk, Rumpelstiltskin, and Cinderella. Usually written for children, fairy tales tell about the adventures of imaginary beings in faraway lands. This activity will help you teach your kids how to write a fairy tale. What Is a Fairy Tale? The fairy tale genre needs to include certain basic elements. Otherwise, it may not be a fairy tale at all! These characteristics mark a story as a fairy tale: - It usually begins with “Once upon a time,” “Long ago,” or “Once there was a …” - The story takes place in a distant or make-believe land. - It features imaginary characters such as dragons, fairies, elves, and giants. - Things happen in threes and sevens (three bears, three wishes, seven brothers). - Wishes are often granted. - A difficult problem is solved at the end of the story. - Good triumphs over evil. - The story has a happy ending. In addition, a fairy tale will often include: - Royal characters such as kings and princesses - Talking animals - Magical elements such as magic beans, fairy dust, enchanted castle How to Write a Fairy Tale 1. Who is the hero or heroine? Children naturally want to see the main character succeed against the odds! Help your child pick a likeable character for her story. Usually it is someone humble, innocent, or kind-hearted. As you talk about familiar fairy tales, point out how the “good” character is someone the reader cares about—the hero of the story! Examples: Aladdin, Snow White, Rapunzel, the Three Little Pigs 2. Who is the villain? Every fairy tale has a villain, someone who has evil intentions toward the main character. This evil character wants to control or harm the main character, sometimes using magic powers to do so. Examples: Big bad wolf, evil queen, Cinderella’s stepmother 3. What is the magical element of the story? Most fairy tales include a magical ingredient. Guide your child to choose a friend, guardian, or magic element that helps the hero and adds enchantment to the story. This is a good place to include those magic numbers of three or seven. Examples: Fairy godmother, genie in a magic lamp, three gifts 4. Where will the story take place? The setting can affect the mood of the story. For example, a forest can be filled with friendly critters and patches of sunlight, or it can be dark, gloomy, and scary. Ask your child to choose a setting and decide what the mood will be. Examples: woods, castle, tower, cottage, garden 5. What lesson will the story teach? A fairy tale usually teaches a lesson about excellence in conduct or character. Help your child decide on the lesson her fairy tale will teach. Examples: loyalty, bravery, kindness, integrity, hard work, sacrifice 6. What is the story plot? Our hero needs to face a challenge. The obstacle might be a destination the character must reach. There may be a person to rescue or a spell to break, or the main character may need to find true love. Examples: Snow White must stay safe from the evil queen, the giant wants to eat Jack, true love will break the Beast’s spell 7. What is the happy ending? It isn’t a fairy tale without a happy ending! How is the challenge resolved? What leads to happily ever after? How does the villain get what is coming to him? Examples: The glass slipper fits Cinderella’s foot, the Beast turns back into a prince, the Ugly Duckling turns into a lovely swan If you’re just beginning to explore this genre with your kids, and they’re not quite ready to write a fairy tale on their own, encourage them to rewrite a favorite story instead. Changing some of the elements in a familiar story is a great way to learn more about how to write a fairy tale! If you’re looking for more inspiration, one of my favorite products is Warfare by Duct Tape. Imagine the fun your boys will have writing a heroic fairy tale and then fashioning swords out of duct tape! Photo: Carl Offterdinger, courtesy of Creative Commons

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Preface: Tickborne Borrelia Infections: Beyond Just Lyme Disease ix Elitza S. Theel Ecology and Epidemiology of Lyme Borreliosis 723 Anna M. Schotthoefer and Holly M. Frost Lyme borreliosis is a zoonotic, tick-borne disease that infects humans worldwide. The disease is currently recognized as the most common vector-borne disease in Europe and North America. Disease is caused by several genospecies of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. Humans are at high risk of infection in regions where highly competent reservoirs are the primary hosts for the subadult stages of the tick, in contrast to regions where less competent or refractory animals feed ticks. Human infections are also most frequently associated with spring and summer months when the nymph stage of the tick is active. Borrelia burgdorferi Pathogenesis and the Immune Response 745 Mary Petzke and Ira Schwartz Borrelia burgdorferi is the tick-borne etiologic agent of Lyme disease. The spirochete must negotiate numerous barriers in order to establish a disseminated infection in a mammalian host. These barriers include migration from the feeding tick midgut to the salivary glands, deposition in skin, manipulation or evasion of the localized host immune response, adhesion to and extravasation through an endothelial barrier, hematogenous dissemination, and establishment of infection in distal tissue sites. Borrelia burgdorferi proteins that mediate many of these processes and the nature of the host response to infection are described. Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of Lyme Disease 765 Joyce L. Sanchez Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne illness in the United States and is also seen in areas of Europe and Asia. The growing deer and Ixodes species tick populations in many areas underscore the importance of clinicians to properly recognize and treat the different stages of Lyme disease. Controversy regarding the cause and management of persistent symptoms following treatment of Lyme disease persists and is highlighted in this review. Nervous System Lyme Disease 779 John J. Halperin Nervous system involvement occurs in 10% to 15% of patients infected with the tick-borne spirochetes Borrelia burgdorferi, B afzelii, and B garinii. Peripheral nervous system involvement is common. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement, most commonly presenting with lymphocytic meningitis, causes modest cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis. Parenchymal CNS infection is rare. If the CNS is invaded, however, measuring local production of anti– B burgdorferi antibodies in the CSF provides a useful marker of infection. Most cases of neuroborreliosis can be cured with oral doxycycline; parenteral regimens should be reserved for patients with particularly severe disease. Lyme Disease Diagnosis: Serology 797 Martin E. Schriefer Serology is the mainstay of confirmation of Lyme borreliosis; direct detection has limited application. Because standardized 2-tier testing (STTT) has been commonly used since the mid 1990s, standardization and performance have improved. STTT detection of early, localized infection is poor; that of late disease is good. The best indicator of stage 1 infection, erythema migrans, is presented in the majority of US cases and should prompt treatment without testing. Clinical and epidemiologic correlates should be carefully assessed before ordering STTT. STTT has great value in confirming extracutaneous infection. Recent developments promise to improve performance, particularly in early disease detection. Alternatives to Serologic Testing for Diagnosis of Lyme Disease 815 Kevin Alby and Gerald A. Capraro Although serologic testing remains the gold standard for laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease, the antibody response may take several weeks to increase greater than the limit of detection. Because of this extended time frame, it is necessary to identify new diagnostic methods for earlier diagnosis and appropriate treatment of Lyme disease. Alternative diagnostic modalities, such as Borrelia culture or nucleic acid amplification testing, may be beneficial in specific clinical scenarios. In early phases of acute infection, before the development of an immune response, detection of Borrelia DNA from clinical specimens may help establish the diagnosis sooner than serologic methods. Lyme Disease Coinfections in the United States 827 Adam J. Caulfield and Bobbi S. Pritt Lyme disease in North America is caused by infection with the spirochetal bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted by Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus ticks. These ticks also have the potential to transmit a rapidly expanding list of other pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites, including Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti, deer tick (Powassan) virus, Borrelia miyamotoi, and the Ehrlichia muris–like organism. Coinfections with B burgdorferi and these other agents are often difficult to diagnose and may go untreated, and thus contribute significantly to patient morbidity and mortality from tick-borne infections. Relapsing Fever Borreliae: A Global Review 847 Sally J. Cutler Relapsing fever borreliae were notorious and feared infectious agents that earned their place in history through their devastating impact as causes of both epidemic and endemic infection. They are now considered more as an oddity, and their burden of infection is largely overshadowed by other infections such as malaria, which presents in a similar clinical way. Despite this, they remain the most common bacterial infection in some developing countries. Transmitted by soft ticks or lice, these fascinating spirochetes have evolved a myriad of mechanisms to survive within their diverse environments. Borrelia miyamotoi Disease: Neither Lyme Disease Nor Relapsing Fever 867 Sam R. Telford III, Heidi K. Goethert, Philip J. Molloy, Victor P. Berardi, Hanumara Ram Chowdri, Joseph L. Gugliotta, and Timothy J. Lepore Borrelia miyamotoi disease (BMD) is a newly recognized borreliosis globally transmitted by ticks of the Ixodes persulcatus species complex. Once considered to be a tick symbiont with no public health implications, B miyamotoi is increasingly recognized as the agent of a nonspecific febrile illness often misdiagnosed as acute Lyme disease without rash, or as ehrlichiosis. The frequency of its diagnosis in the northeastern United States is similar to that of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. A diagnosis of BMD is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analysis of acute blood samples, or by seroconversion using a recombinant glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase enzyme immunoassay. BMD is successfully treated with oral doxycycline or amoxicillin. Methods to Prevent Tick Bites and Lyme Disease 883 Nick H. Ogden, L. Robbin Lindsay, and Steven W. Schofield Current approaches for prevention of tick bites, Lyme disease, and other tick-borne diseases are described. Particular attention is paid to 4 risk-reduction strategies: (i) avoiding risk areas; (ii) personal protective measures that reduce the risk of tick bites or transmission of the agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi; (iii) reducing the number of infected ticks in the environment; and (iv) use of prophylactic antibiotic treatments following a bite to prevent clinical Lyme disease.

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Achebe or Soyinka?: a study in contrasts This is a controversial new study on Africa's two most widely read and, arguably, her finest writers. Despite their shared levels of prestige, each represents a distinct pole of Nigerian writing. On the one hand, there's Soyinka, the playful imagist steeped in the myth and magic of his native Yoruba culture; at the other end of the spectrum, Achebe's internalized Igbo cultural traditions. Kole Omotoso - himself a prolific writer and prize-winning Nigerian novelist - explores and defines the differences in style, background, and vision between the two men. Individual chapters describe their childhood, their cultural influences, political involvement, their stand during the Nigerian civil war, their attitudes to the world at large, their contribution to the language debate in African literatures, and there is also a chapter devoted to Achebe's and Soyinka's responses to their critics. The works of Achebe and Soyinka are considered against three main agendas: the pan-African agenda, the Nigerian nation-state agenda, and the ethnic national agenda. Despite their shared nationality, their contribution towards creating 'a community of sensibilities' in Nigeria is questioned by the author in terms of the instability that has bedevilled Nigeria and, by extension, other African countries. 24 pages matching position in this book Results 1-3 of 24 What people are saying - Write a review We haven't found any reviews in the usual places. Living on the Seam of Two Worlds The Nigerian Elite Achebe and Soyinka Achebe Soyinka and the Gods 8 other sections not shown Achebe and Soyinka Achebe and Wole Achebe's African countries African cultures African languages African literatures African writers Anthills aspect Awolowo Biafra Bibliography British Chinua Achebe Christian Church civil colonial community of sensibilities Creation Day critics of African economic educated elite encounter essay ethnic nationalities Europe and North European and North European languages existence experience fact father fiction Ghana guage Hausa Hausa-Fulani Heinemann Hopes and Impediments ibid Igbo language Imam independence individual insist intellectuals Irish Isara Islam issue King's Horseman Kwame Nkrumah Lagos literary lives London Longer at Ease Longman Mbari minority ethnic nationalities missionaries Mongo Beti Mphahlele nation-state Ngugi wa Thiong'o Nigeria Nigerian writers North American novel Obafemi Ogoni Osundare Ousmane pan-African play poems poetry political position problem publication published religion role Saro-Wiwa Savannah Sembene society Sokoto Caliphate songs struggle theatre tion traditional western Wole Soyinka Yorubaland Zaynab Alkali

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The carbon dioxide (CO2) released in producing building materials is also substantial and has been targeted as a leading contributor to global climate change. Each ton of cement emits about 800kg (1,763 lb.) of CO2 during manufacture. This is because cement is made from limestone, which releases a huge amount of carbon when it's dug up and then releases even more when it's heated to 1,400 degrees Celsius (2,552 degrees Fahrenheit) [as part of its manufacture.]Sounds good, but as always in looking at greener materials and processes, what does it cost? It is still the case that virtually no business decision is made on the basis of being greener unless it can also be justified by its concomitant cost savings. Novacem's cement, by contrast, is based on magnesium silicates that contain no stored carbon. [Novacem CEO Stuart] Evans says there are world reserves of more than 10,000 billion tons of such silicates, which are the basis for materials such as asbestos and talc. Making cement from these silicates also consumes less energy, because it's only heated to 600 degrees Celsius (1,112 degrees Fahrenheit), and in the process, carbon is absorbed and fixed into the material. The net result: For every ton of Portland cement replaced by Novacem, the atmosphere would be spared up to 850kg (1,873 lb.) of CO2. Saturday, September 4, 2010 Novacem is one of several companies making a cement that decreases, rather than increases carbon emissions as part of its manufacture. It absorbs atmospheric carbon. Buildings and building materials are responsible for a signifiant part of the carbon emissions annually:

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PBS MediaShift | Free Press Media lawyer and University of Dayton assistant professor Jonathan Peters and Edson C. Tandoc Jr., of the Missouri School of Journalism tried to answer the question "Who is a journalist?" through a new study. The two "culled a variety of sources that conceptualize a journalist, and they analyzed each one to identify its elements." In the study (which you can read here), the authors write they "do not offer a normative definition, but we do offer normative comments on the descriptive definition." Such a description is timely, they write, as the U.S. considers a reporter's shield law. They consulted three "domains" -- academic, legal, industry -- for commonalities in definitions of journalism, among them federal laws about professions, state shield laws and the criteria of journalism organizations like the National Association of Black Journalists and the Regional Reporters Association. Most centered around activities, output and what they call the "social role" of journalists (e.g., being a watchdog). Here's the definition they came up with:

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Leaves come in many shapes, sizes, textures and shades of green. They are one of the first things we notice about a plant and one of the main identifying features, especially from a distance. As tools in plant identification, they need to be supported by flowers and fruit since similarly shaped leaves can be found in unrelated plants. Certain features such as placement of veins and pattern of leaf attachment to the stem are key characteristics. One of the most obvious characteristics of a leaf is its shape. This can be narrow and sword-shaped, like a blade of grass, or oval, round or spear-shaped. Many are lobed, some terminating in sharp points, some with blunt or rounded ends. The parts may be divided into smaller lobes, giving a ferny effect. Instead of a whole leaf, six or more leaflets may be attached to the midrib, called a "pinnate" arrangement, or the leaflets may be attached to each other at the base, called "palmate." Pay attention to the surface of the leaf, noting whether it is soft and velvety or somewhat waxy, dull or shiny, covered with hairs or finely ribbed. Turn the leaf over and look at the bottom. Sometimes there is soft down attached. Note the thickness of the leaf and its color. Often, if you're familiar with a plant, just the shade of green can let you identify it from a distance. Plants in the group containing lilies and grasses have veins that run parallel to each other. These are called dicots, or dicotyledons. Monocots, or monocotyledons, have netted veins, like lace-work. Certain families have characteristic veining. Dogwoods, for instance, have veins that curve around the oval leaves to meet at the tip. Some plants, such as hostas, have prominent veins that give an interesting texture to the leaf. The edge of a leaf may be smooth or toothed, finely or coarsely serrated. It may be wavy or lobed, crinkled or curled. It may also be edged with hairs. One of the most important things to note about a plant's leaves is how they are arranged along the stem. Each group of species, in general, has similar leaf attachment patterns. They can be grouped together in whorls, paired in an opposite arrangement or placed alternately along a branch. Usually a small bud is found at the base of each leaf, pointed or rounded in shape.

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A magnificent zoo island with an unconventional design will be soon seen on the South Korean island of Dochodo. JDS Architects has come up with a groundbreaking design of a zoo that will offer an exceptional visitor experience by providing tourists with an all-natural environment. The idea behind this innovative plan was to create a self-sustaining network of buildings, which would each provide the energy they require. The island will behave as a region based on sustainable development only, where natures and structures function in equilibrium, symbiotically feeding one another. Blending the immense beauty of natural peaks and valleys with the zoo’s ingenious design, JDS will house a number of animals in the flat valley, while the high mountainous areas will be reserved for nature reserves. As far as the transportation, energy sources and buildings are concerned, they would be placed 20 meters off the ground, in a “green belt” which would be topped by solar panels, and would support a tram system for ogling the wildlife. The Dochodo zoo will also incorporate features like zero-carbon transport systems, renewable energy sources, rainwater collection sites and waste conversion methods into fertilizer or biofuel. All of these will contribute toward reducing the environmental impact.

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CC-MAIN-2020-24

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“SF₆ gas is used to insulate electrical installations like wind turbines and was quoted as the industry’s “dirty secret” in the BBC article.” How much does generating electricity using renewables boost global warming? You’d probably think not at all, but according to a BBC article published in September 2019, emissions of sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), “the most powerful greenhouse gas known to humanity”, have been rising rapidly in recent years, and the likely culprit is “the green energy boom”. SF₆ gas is used to insulate electrical installations like wind turbines and was quoted as the industry’s “dirty secret” in the BBC article. The article also claimed that SF₆ emissions to the atmosphere in 2017 had the same warming effect as adding an extra 1.3 million cars to roads across the UK and the EU. Since then, concerns about the climate impact of SF₆ have cropped up in a few different stories. The facts about SF₆ in these articles are mostly accurate, but in our view, they give the general impression that the environmental threat of rising SF₆ emissions is on an equal footing with carbon dioxide (CO₂). So, let’s set the record straight. SF₆ is a man-made, colourless, odourless gas and is indeed the strongest greenhouse gas in the Earth’s atmosphere. On a per molecule basis, SF₆ is approximately 23,500 times more effective at trapping heat than CO₂ and lasts in the atmosphere for about 1,300 years. SF₆ is an effective electrical insulator for circuit breakers and switches (collectively known as switchgear) and helps prevent accidents and fires. Switchgear is leaky and inevitably emits some SF₆ to the atmosphere. Renewable energy installations require more switchgear in the electricity grid than fossil fuels, because it takes more solar panels and wind turbines to produce the same electrical output as a single coal power station. So as renewable power generation grows, emissions of SF₆ to the atmosphere should grow too. Measurements show that SF₆ has been increasing in the atmosphere. While SF₆ emissions across Europe have more than halved since the mid-1990s, global emissions are increasing, mostly owing to increases in SF₆ emissions from the electrical industry, which are predicted to continue. Even so, it’s important to put the role of SF₆ as a greenhouse gas into context with other greenhouse gases. The most important sentence in the BBC’s article is this: Concentrations in the atmosphere [of SF₆] are very small right now, just a fraction of the amount of CO₂ in the air. Unfortunately, this critical point isn’t developed. The global concentration of atmospheric CO₂ today is about 410 parts per million, whereas the global concentration of SF₆ is only about 10 parts per trillion. In other words, there is 41 million times more CO₂ in the atmosphere than SF₆. But since SF₆ is 23,500 times stronger at trapping heat than CO₂, doesn’t this still mean it’s a bigger problem than CO₂ for the climate? CO₂ is actually a very weak greenhouse gas and is much less efficient at trapping heat compared to other greenhouse gases, such as methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O). The reason why CO₂ has the largest impact on the climate is partly because, like SF₆, it is very long-lived. But mostly, it is because there is so much more CO₂ in the atmosphere than other greenhouse gases (except for water vapour, which is not the main driver of anthropogenic climate change because it is so short-lived). Global warming potential Scientists can compare the strength of different greenhouse gases using global warming potentials (GWPs). We say that SF₆ is 23,500 times stronger than CO₂ because this is the value of its GWP on a 100-year timescale, whereas CO₂ has a GWP of 1. So over 100 years, one molecule of SF₆ will have a similar warming effect as 23,500 molecules of CO₂. But crucially, GWPs do not include any information about how much of a gas there is in the atmosphere. A crude way to assess the impact of each gas on the climate is to multiply the current atmospheric concentration by the GWP. Read: Growing Global Emissions Gap Calls For Switch Into Crisis Mode, Warns Academics While this approach is very simplistic, it’s still useful for putting the impact of SF₆ in context. The result looks like this. From the previous table, we can also say that every year the CO₂ humans add to the atmosphere has 350 times more warming impact than the SF₆ that’s added. Even if the global installed base of SF₆ increases by 75%, as stated by the BBC article, the impact on the climate will be very small compared to the impact from other greenhouse gas emissions. SF₆ is a very powerful greenhouse gas and its long lifetime will mean that it affects the climate for thousands of years. Its emissions should be regulated and reduced, and governments should encourage the development of alternative electrical insulators to SF₆. It’s important to continue monitoring this gas in the atmosphere to ensure that strategies to reduce emissions are working, but the contribution of SF₆ to climate warming is a very small fraction (0.04%) and decarbonisation should remain the world’s key focus. CO₂ emissions are still rising every year and if they don’t rapidly fall then limiting the global average temperature increase to 1.5℃, an international priority, could slip out of reach by 2027. In her 1993 Nobel Prize lecture, the writer Toni Morrison said that language is an act with consequences. Journalists know this: working with words is their trade. We feel that the BBC’s SF₆ article sowed unreasonable doubt about the overall climate benefits of renewable energy. In fact, the climate benefits arising from generating more renewable energy are clear and, in this case, we believe the BBC dangerously prioritised a catchy headline over content by neglecting to put the facts about SF ₆ in context. Senior Research Associate in Environmental Science, University of East Anglia Research Fellow in Atmospheric Science, University of East Anglia Chair Professor in Atmospheric Science, University of East Anglia Read the original article on The Conversation Republished under the creative Commons licence.

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From the Preamble to the IWW Constitution: The working class and the employing class have nothing in common. There can be no peace so long as hunger and want are found among millions of the working people and the few, who make up the employing class, have all the good things of life. The IWW is a member-run international union for all workers, a union dedicated to organizing on the job, in our industries, and in our communities. IWW members are organizing to win better conditions today and build a world with economic democracy tomorrow. We want our workplaces run for the benefit of workers and communities rather than for a handful of bosses and executives. We are the Industrial Workers of the World because we organize industrially. This means employees working in the same industry (or for the same employer) are organized into one union rather than dividing workers by skill or trade, so we can pool our strength to win our demands together. So if you work at a hospital, whether nurse, technician, clerical worker, or custodial staff, you would all stand together as health care industry workers. For effective working-class solidarity, it is necessary that workers be able to plan jointly with their fellow workers in their own industries and all other organized workers. Since the IWW was founded in 1905, we have made significant contributions to the labor struggles around the world and have a proud tradition of organizing across gender, ethnic, and racial lines – a tradition begun long before such organizing was embraced by other labor organizations like the American Federation of Labor (and society as a whole). We invite you to become a member whether or not the IWW happens to have representation rights in your workplace. We seek to win gains and build power through direct action tactics, rejecting concessionary bargaining and the prevalent 'no-strike' and 'management rights' clauses most traditional trade unions are all too willing to accept. We strive to build unions based on the direct strength of workers in the shop. This is called Solidarity Unionism. We organize the worker, not just the job, and recognize that unions are not about government certification or employer recognition, but about workers coming together to address common concerns. Sometimes this means refusing to work with dangerous equipment and chemicals. Sometimes it means striking or negotiating a contract. Other times it means agitating around particular issues or grievances in a workplace or industry. Sometimes it means breaking the rules and refusing work you know is wrong and harmful to others. It ALWAYS means talking to your fellow workers about how your job could be better and building camaraderie with each other! The IWW is a democratic, member-run union. That means members decide what issues to address, and which tactics to use. It also means we all directly appoint office holders, from delegates to international officers. All of these duties are performed voluntarily by rank-and-file working class members rather than paid staff organizers from the outside the workforce. ABOUT THE IWW A Union For All Workers: Join the IWW and organize for a better future! Minimum Dues = $11.00 (US) per month - if you make less than $2,000.00 (US) per month; Regular Dues = $22.00 (US) per month - if you make between $2,000.00-$3,500.00 (US) per month; Maximum Dues = $33.00 (US) per month - if you make more than $3,500.00 (US) per month. If you are unemployed, and have limited funds, but wish to remain a member in good standing, you may make special arrangements with your branch or with General Head Quarters to pay subminimum dues at $6.00 (US) per month. If you wish pay subminimum dues, please contact us to explain your situation, and make arrangements to pay sub-minimum dues. TO JOIN THE IWW or for more information, please contact us and one of our local Delegates will reply promptly.

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CC-MAIN-2020-34

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How to set wireless client and Ethernet Assume that we have 2 mikrotik's.The first mikrotik is a AP (access point) and the second mikrotik is a wireless client (wlan1) that is connected via lan to you'r computer. And you wanna connect to a AP (Access Point) with wireless client card (wlan1) but because we can't bridge wireless client and ethernet, we must build a routing protocol. The easy way is to this is with rip routing... Let us assume that the AP have ip address 192.168.10.250/24 the wireless client card have ip address 192.168.10.9/24 and the ethernet clinet (bridge,see next step) have the ip 192.168.8.1/24 First you can add the ethernet interface to bridge...It's not necessary but in the future if you update your mikrotik with another ethernet or make a Access Point you can just add to the same bridge those others interfaces. Next you have to set the ip of the wlan1 client card and the ethernet card (eth1). Next ensure that wlan1 is connected to AP,on mikrotik 2 (client site) Next step: go to IP > rip > settings and set the first 3 Redistribute to yes, and set to interfaces list only bridge and wlan1 interface...Don't set eth1 or any other interface that you have set it to interface bridge1. After that set to the network the 2 subnets (192.168.8.0/24 and 192.168.10.0/24). Next go to Neighbours and set the ip of the AP that you are connecting (192.168.10.250) And that's it... to be sure that the RIP is working go routes and there must be some updates. But to be absolutely sure you can go to Tools>ping> and ping the ip od the AP 192.168.10.250

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Outstanding Science Series 2010 marks the 50th anniversary of this outstanding series created in 1960 by Franklyn M. Branley, Roma Gans, and Elizabeth Riley. Branley was an astronomer, teacher, and author, Gans was an educator, and Riley was a children’s book editor. Since its inception, the series has served as an introduction for children to a wide range of scientific subjects, combining read aloud narrative with appealing illustrations. Let's-Read-and-Find-Out titles cover subjects in the standard K–3 school curriculum such as The Human Body, Plants and Animals, The World Around Us (physics), Dinosaurs, Space, Weather and Seasons, and Our Earth. Recently published titles include environmental and ecological topics. Anne Rockwell, Steve Jenkins, Aliki, and Patricia Lauber are just some of the highly-respected nonfiction authors and illustrators who have contributed to the Let's-Read-and-Find-Out series. Designed and revised to be developmentally appropriate for preschool to age 8 readers, the series has remained a preeminent science book resource for schools and libraries worldwide. More than 100 titles are currently in print.

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Thesis: In The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho, the influences that impact Santiago help with the relationships and decision making. These elements are also seen in The Bible, Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, and the song Listen to Your Heart by D.H.T. Evidence 1: "'Always heed omens,' the old king had said. The boy recalled what he had seen in the visions, and sensed that it was actually going to occur," ( Coelho 104). Commentary: The King had played a big part of Santiago's journey to finding his treasure because throughout the book Coelho referenced back to the King and what he said about the omens. Like the King, Jesus played a big part on influencing the people around him. This quote reflects how Jesus feels about people who have doubted him and what he has to say. This reflects back to how Santiago doubted that a king would come up to him a and advise him to get the treasure like how Jesus was advising people how to believe and receive eternal life with Him. For example in The Bible it says, " Verily, verily, I say unto thee, we speak that we know, and testify that we have seen; and ye receive not our witness. If I have told you Earthly things, and ye believe not, how shall ye believe, if I tell you of heavenly things," (John 3: 11-12 King James Version). Jesus guiding those in the selfless way Evidence 2: "At that moment, it seemed to him that time stood still, and the Soul of the World surged within him. When he looked into her dark eyes, and saw that her lips were poised between a laugh and silence, he learned the most important part of the language that all the world spoke- the language that everyone on earth was capable of understanding it in their heart. It was love," ( Coelho 95). Commentary: When Santiago first saw Fatima it was love at first sight just like it was with Romeo and Juliet. I believe that the Englishman was an influence because Santiago trusted him enough that he went around a village to find the Alchemist for him thus leading him to Fatima, his true love like an omen. This quote from Shakespeare shows how when his friends dragged him to the ball he ended up falling at first sight. When Romeo saw Juliet from afar he was star struck and like Santiago describes her beauty like they had never seen anything so beautiful in their lives before. In Romeo and Juliet it says, O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night Like a rich jewel in an Ethiope's ear; Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear! So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows, As yonder lady o'er her fellows shows. The measure done, I'll watch her place of stand, And, touching hers, make blessed my rude hand. Did my heart love till now? forswear it, sight! For I ne'er saw true beauty till this night, ( 1.5.42-51). Evidence 3: "The alchemist smiled. The wind approached the boy and touched his face. It knew of the boy's talk with the desert, because the wind knows everything. They blow across the world without a birthplace, and with no place to die..." "'Who taught you to speak the language of the desert and the wind?' 'My heart,' the boy answered," ( Coelho 156). Commentary: The Alchemist, desert, and wind all played an important role of influence with how Santiago grew as a person and his coming of age. They all taught him how to speak the language of the desert with trials and omens to help him recognize the real meaning behind the message. A connection I made while reading this scene was the song Listen to Your Heart by D.H.T because the point that the alchemist and the wind were trying to make was for the boy to listen to his heart. I really like the part in the song where they say, Listen to your heart when he's calling for you listen to your heart there's nothing else you can do I don't know where your going and I don't know why listen to your heart before you tell him goodbye Likewise, these lyrics to me related to that section in the book because at this point they have already have taught the boy as much as they can and they want him to listen to his heart to be able to do all things that they taught him to do. Conclusion: In conclusion all of these influences have shown that through The Alchemist and other sources like The Bible, Romeo and Juliet, and Listen to Your Heart your relationships and decision making depend on the omens that show up in your life and its up to you to follow the right sign.

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Inside this course you will learn the important lessons that will help you structure and organize any IELTS General Training letter task. This course will show you how to write the three different styles of letter and how to begin and end each type of letter. By following the steps in these lessons you will be able to write your letters quickly and easily achieve the word count requirement. The course not only includes practical steps and advice but it also gives example questions and answers for you to use as a model. Get the IELTS writing score you need without worrying that the structure of your letters. Good question! Here’s why I’m qualified to teach you how to improve your IELTS band scores … I have been helping students prepare for IELTS for more than 7 years. In that time I have helped hundreds of students increase their band score. Over the years I have seen what works and what doesn't work when it comes to being successful in all skills of the IELTS exam. I really want my students to succeed so I developed step by step strategies that help students get the results they need. Most of my online IELTS courses include email support from me so you can ask for any help you need. In each course, students have the opportunity to ask questions about anything in the course that they are unsure of. I will respond to all course questions within 48 hours and add new lessons to all courses when necessary.

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In the morning of August 16, 1832 a 19 year old James McCune Smith stepped onto the wooden ship Caledonia on the piers of NY and set sail for Glasgow University across the sea to Scotland. He was leaving behind a world of prejudice, racial tension, and discouraging barriers to pursue his dream of becoming a physician in Europe where people of “colored skin” could be allotted the opportunity. Years later he would return home to a hero’s welcome in New York, as the first African American MD in the US. His story of struggle and perseverance is made more amazing by the social circumstances of 19th century America. Even as a young and optimistic man, just beginning to come to terms with a world that wouldn’t give him a chance, he never let the negativity around him quell his thirst of knowledge and improvement. Instead, he himself forged his own identity and set out to change his surroundings to the tune of what he saw as the truth, that young African Americans were just as competent as their white brethren and that the inequalities of the West must be demolished. In a time when Congress was writing legislation to send young Black men out of the country, when leaders like Thomas Jefferson were questioning if the African American race had similar “intellectucal endowments” as others, James McCune Smith stood out as a progressive thinker and compassionate physician whose legacy has unfortunately been forgotten. Here are 3 dimensions to James McCune Smith. He was many things in the brilliance of his later years, but at the start he was a bright kid growing up in New York City a decade before the state passed laws for emancipation. Born to a woman who he himself refers to as “a self-emancipated bond woman” and father whom he barely mentioned in future letters Smith remembers those days being marked with “constant apprehension and jeopardy”[1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2594637/pdf/jnma00311-0106.pdf] He would go on to attend African Free School No. 2 on Mulberry Street and quickly be noticed for his articulate speech and intelligence. So much was his talent that he was chosen to speak in front of famed abolitionist Marquis de Lafayette. The elaborate words he used that day would foreshadow his prolific writing career to come, which he would use to disprove long-held ideas of prejudice and racial inferiority. Sir, you behold hundreds of poor children of Africa sharing with those of a lighter hue in the blessings of education; and, while it will be our great pleasure to remember the great deeds you have done for America, it will be our delight also to cherish the memory of General Lafayette as a friend to African emancipation and as a member of this institution. At the end of his tenure as a high school student he would apply to Columbia University and Geneva College only to be denied based on his race. His mentor would encourage him to study abroad and years later he would set up a practice in Manhatten and officially become the first African American MD in the United States, paving the way for future doctors and changing how the elite of the time viewed race. He was fierce intellectual. Smith studied at Glasgow University during a time when advances in quantitative public health were being made. He used his sophisticated statistical thinking to great effect as both a physician and abolitionist. In his work “Lay Puffery of Homeopathy” he would express his orthodox view of medicine by critiquing the claims of homeopathic physician William K. Lothorp (really homeopathic medicine at large) that such treatments had led to a lower death rate among children in New York orphanages. Smith would reexamine the records of the orphanages, revise erroneous figures, and reanalyze the mortality statistics to include only those who had the specific treatments since the beginning of the data collection. In doing so he demonstrated a very sophisticated understanding of controlled comparison (what we use today) and technical skill in quantitative measure. Later in his life he would continue to refute popular opinion with his scientifically sound principles, specifically taking issue with racially biased statistics. In what would be known to be his most profound work, A Dissertation on the Influence of Climate on Longevity, he would refute the 1840 census which was constructed to be racially biased and used by prominent politicians to promote their views on slavery. His work would be featured in Harvard University committee focusing on such issues and his recognition as a savant would be further bolstered. He was an abolitionist. James McCune Smith was a key player during the Anti-Slavery Movement, even Fredrick Douglas was quoted to say that the physician was the most important influence over his life. Unfortunately much attention hasn’t been allotted to Dr. Smith, possibly because he preferred writing over establishing a public persona.[1. http://www.boston.com/news/education]. His early writings such as “Destiny of the People of Slavery” and “Freedom and Slavery for the Africans” thrust him into the limelight of discussion and he was very involved at all levels of the anti-slavery movement. He served as director of the Colored People’s Educational Movement to the Memory of Abraham Lincoln but most interestingly [at least to me] he wrote a regular column for Douglas’s newspaper under the name “Communipaw” where he would involve himself in more radical political activities. Over his life he became the scholarly presence of the anti-slavery movement and was a relevant force for justice leading towards the fall of slavery in 1865 near the end of his life. He was a physician. In spite of his busy activist and writing life he was still primarily a doctor, and the first African American MD at that. He had a busy general medical/surgical practice in Manhattan where he would perform the common procedures of his time [bleeding, tooth-drawing, cupping, and leeching]. He catered to all races and opened an evening school for children later in his life. He was also the appointed physician at an orphanage for young African American Children, located on 44th and 5th. It was later burned down by draft riots in 1836 [all the children escaped] but before then it had admitted over 1300 kids and provided residence for over 200. So important was his role that when the railroads refused to provide him transport to and from the orphanage, the directors interceded on his behalf and bought him a private escort at their own expense. On 1832 Smith presented the trustees with a 5000 acre plot of land to be held in a trust and later sold for the benefits of the orphans. On September 3rd, 1840 he authored the first case report by a black physician entitled, “Case of ptyalism with fatal termination”[AKA tongue swelling]. A surgeon who consulted on the case would read it before the New York Medical and Surgical Society. He would later go on to also publish the first medical scientific paper by an African American physician in the New York Journal of Medicine [on the cessation of menses coincident with use of opium]. Needless to say his actions opened doors for the people that would come after him, and to me belongs on the pantheon of heroes in Black American History, amongst the Jackie Robinsons, Rosa Parks, and Martin Luther Kings of our world.

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Seventeen months before the end of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln stood to dedicate a Pennsylvania cemetery and delivered “a perfect gem,” the Gettysburg Address. This description of the address was given by a Massachusetts newspaper, the Springfield Republican, in 1863, and for over 150 years Gettyburg Address has been revered by Americans. Included are these poignant sentences: “The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.” In observation of Memorial Day, visit FamilySearch.org/civil-war. The FamilySearch Civil War Era Records page provides an impressive collection of free genealogical records that include military service records, unit histories, and pension records for both the Union and Confederate soldiers. You may also be interested in reviewing the many articles and links relating to the Civil War found on the FamilySearch Civil War landing page. On this page you will find photos, records, and information about key figures of the Civil War. You can see the marriage document for Ulysses S. Grant and Julia Dent, accounts of the capture of John Wilkes Booth, and the 1880 census that lists Harriet Beecher Stowe. On the Civil War landing page, click the picture of President Lincoln to see his tax and probate records and his death certificate. There are also instructional videos, including “Civil War Genealogical Research” and “Finding the Slave Generation.” Decoration Day: The First Memorial Day Did you know that as early as 1862, families of soldiers and others met at cemeteries to decorate the graves of soldiers killed in battle and soldiers who died as prisoners of war? These memorials took place at various times of year and in cemeteries in many states, north and south. In 1868, the commander of the Grand Army of the Republic, an organization for Union veterans, called for the nationwide observance of “Decoration Day.” By 1890, it was an official holiday in many states. After World War I, the observances of the day were broadened to honor Americans who had died serving in all wars. In 1971, Memorial Day was designated by act of Congress as a national holiday to be observed on the last Monday in May. This Memorial Day, honor loved ones and ancestors by permanently preserving priceless gems of your family’s history as digital artifacts. FamilySearch invites you to remember your ancestors by storing and sharing their memories, records, and photographs online for future generations. At no cost to you, you can upload family documents, pictures of ancestors, voice recordings, and written journals.

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American Medical Biographies/Barton, Edward H. Barton, Edward H. (——1859) Edward H. Barton was born at Fredericksburg, Virginia. He was a non-graduate member of the class of 1813 at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., and received the honorary degree of A. M. from that college in 1830. He went to the University of Pennsylvania, where he received the degree of A. M. and in 1817 that of M. D., when his thesis was on "Epilepsy." The founders of the Medical College of Louisiana (1834) were Thomas Hunt, professor of physiology and anatomy; John Harrison, adjunct professor and demonstrator of anatomy; A. H. Cenas, professor of midwifery; C. A. Luzenberg, professor of surgery; T. R. Ingalls, professor of chemistry; E. B. Smith, professor of materia medica. Before the session began, Professor Smith withdrew and Dr. Barton accepted the chair. He was dean from 1836 to 1841, when he resigned. Barton's writings were chiefly on meteorology and vital statistics and the hygiene of New Orleans and Louisiana. He wrote "The Cause and Prevention of Yellow Fever at New Orleans and Other Cities in America." The third edition (282 pp.) was published in 1857; he wrote on this subject in the Report on Yellow Fever of the Sanitary Commission (1853). He died of heart disease at New Orleans in 1859.

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Investigating Rape at the International Criminal Court: The Impact of Trauma Ellie Smith, 2012 The conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has been characterised by the widespread and systematic perpetration of rape and other forms of sexual violence. Rape has been committed by all actors in the conflict, including those operating in the Ituri region of the country, and the use of rape by Lubangas Union des Patriotes Congolais (UPC) in particular has been widely reported and documented by the UN and NGOs alike. Updated March 6, 2018.

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For an introduction to your project essay , please see Writing Your Essay. Do you know what resources you need for your classroom, and why you need them — but just aren’t sure how to say it? If you’re feeling stuck, check out the below essay template. You are welcome to adjust and add on to this template as needed, but if you answer each and all of the below questions, you should be set up for success! Who are your students and what are they like? Why are they special? What do they/you need for your classroom? What specific items are you requesting for this need? How will your students use these resources? Why are you requesting any other materials that haven’t been previously mentioned? Let’s say you’re an elementary school teacher and need a variety of books, an assortment of snacks, a rug, and some basic supplies (paper towels, construction paper, and markers) for your classroom. Here’s an example essay using the above template: My students are in third grade and are curious and playful. They’re always ready to explore something new and love hands-on materials in the classroom. This year, we need more books for our library corner, especially hardcover books that will last longer than paperbacks. I’m requesting several different picture books and chapter books for the variety of reading levels in my classroom. My students also need a new rug where they can comfortably sit to read these books during their free time and work on their reading skills throughout the year. I’m also requesting crackers, breakfast bars, and other snacks to keep them full so they can focus on learning. The paper towels will be used to clean up after the snacks, and we will use the construction paper and markers to make bookmarks as well. Here’s an example of an essay for the above materials that would not get approved: My students are in third grade and are curious and playful. This year, we need new books, and a lot of them, so I’ve asked for a few different kinds. The books are The Lemonade Wars, Skin Like Mine, the Magic Schoolbus series, and My Very Own Room. We also need snacks because everyone gets hungry and some other items just to have in our classroom for the year. These materials will be really helpful for my classroom and will make sure my students can do their best. Why would this essay be drafted? 1) It doesn’t specifically explain how all the materials will benefit the students. How are the students going to be using the books? How will they be using the “other items”? 2) It also doesn’t mention the construction paper, markers, and the most expensive single item, the rug, and donors won’t know how those materials are being used or why they’re included in this project. An effective essay will directly say what you are requesting and why. If your project was drafted after submission with a request for edits, check out How we screen classroom projects for additional help on editing and resubmitting!

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Tutorials > " . "XUL Tutorial"; $pagetitle="6.6 - Templates"; $customsidebar = "xultu-sidebar.php"; include "header.php"; ?> In this section, we'll find out to populate elements with data. XUL provides a method in which we create elements from data supplied by RDF, either from an RDF file or from an internal datasource. Numerous datasources are provided with Mozilla such as bookmarks, history and mail messages. More details on these will be provided in the next section. Usually, elements such as treeitems and menuitems will be populated with data. However, you can use other elements if you want although they are more useful for specialized cases. Nevertheless, we'll start with these other elements because trees and menus require more code. To allow the creation of elements based on RDF data, you need to provide a simple template which will be duplicated for each element that is created. Essentially, you provide only the first element and the remaining elements are constructed based on the first one. The template is created using the template element. Inside it, you can place the elements that you want to use for each constructed element. The template element should be placed inside the container that will contain the constructed elements. For example, if you are using a tree, you should place the template element inside a tree element. This is better explained with an example. Let's take a simple example where we want to create a button for each top-level bookmark. Mozilla provides a bookmarks datasource so it can be used to get the data. This example will only get the top-level bookmarks (or bookmark folders) as we're going to create buttons. For child bookmarks, we would need to use an element that displays a hierarchy such as a tree or menu. To view this example, you will need to create a chrome package and load the file from there. You can then enter the chrome URL into the browser URL field.Example 6.6.1: Source <vbox datasources="rdf:bookmarks" ref="NC:BookmarksRoot" flex="1"> <template> <button uri="rdf:*" label="rdf:http://home.netscape.com/NC-rdf#Name"/> </template> </vbox> Here, a vertical box has been created that will contain a column of buttons, one for each top-level bookmark. You can see that the template contains a single button. This single button is used as a basis for all the buttons that need to be created. You can see in the image that the set of buttons has been created, one for each bookmark. Try adding a bookmark in the browser while you have the example window open. You'll notice that the buttons in the example get updated instantly. (You may have to focus the window for it to change.) The template itself is placed inside a vertical box. The box has two special attributes that allow it to be used for templates, which are used to specify where the data comes from. The first attribute on the box is the datasources attribute. This is used to declare what RDF datasource will be providing the data to create the elements. In this case, rdf:bookmarks is used. You can probably guess that this means to use the bookmarks datasource. This datasource is provided by Mozilla. To use your own datasource, specify the URL of an RDF file for the datasources attribute, as indicated in the example below: <box datasources="chrome://zoo/content/animals.rdf" ref="http://www.some-fictitious-zoo.com/all-animals"> You can even specify multiple datasources at a time by separating them with a space in the attribute value. This can be used to display data from multiple sources. The ref attribute indicates where in the datasource you would like to retrieve data from. In the case of the bookmarks, the value NC:BookmarksRoot is used to indicate the root of the bookmarks hierarchy. Other values that you can use will depend on the datasource you are using. If you are using your own RDF file as a datasource, the value will correspond to the value of an about attribute on an RDF Bag, Seq or Alt element. By adding these two attributes to the box above, it allows the generation of elements using the template. However, the elements inside the template need to be declared differently. You may notice in the example above that the button has a uri attribute and an unusual value for the label attribute. An attribute value inside the template that begins with 'rdf:' indicates that the value should be taken from the datasource. In the example earlier, this is the case for the label attribute. The remainder of the value refers to the name property is the datasource. It is constructed by taking the namespace URL used by the datasource and appending the property name. If you don't understand this, try re-reading the last part of the previous section. It explains how resources in RDF can be referred to. Here, we only use the name of the bookmark but numerous other fields are available. The label of the buttons is set to this special URI because we want the labels on the buttons to be set to the names of the bookmarks. We could have put a URI in any of the attributes of the button, or any other element. The values of these attributes are replaced with data supplied by the datasource which, in this case, is the bookmarks. So we end up with the labels on the buttons set to the names of the bookmarks. The example below shows how we might set other attributes of a button using a datasource. Of course, this assumes that the datasource supplies the appropriate resources. If a particular one is not found, the value of the attribute will be set to an empty string. <button class="rdf:http://www.example.com/rdf#class" uri="rdf:*" label="rdf:http://www.example.com/rdf#name"/> crop="rdf:http://www.example.com/rdf#crop"/> As you can see, you can dynamically generate lists of elements with the attributes provided by a separate datasource. The uri attribute is used to specify the element where content generation will begin. Content earlier will only be generated once whereas content inside will be generated for each resource. We'll see more about this when we get to creating templates for trees. By adding these features to the container the template is in, which in this case is a box, and to the elements inside the template, we can generate various interesting lists of content from external data. We can of course put more than one element inside a template and add the special RDF references to the attributes on any of the elements. The example below demonstrates this.Example 6.6.2: Source <vbox datasources="rdf:bookmarks" ref="NC:BookmarksRoot" flex="1"> <template> <vbox uri="rdf:*"> <button label="rdf:http://home.netscape.com/NC-rdf#Name"/> <label value="rdf:http://home.netscape.com/NC-rdf#URL"/> </vbox> </template> </vbox> This creates a vertical box with a button and a label for each bookmark. The button will have the name of the bookmark and the label will have the URL. The new elements that are created are functionally no different from ones that you put directly in the XUL file. The id attribute is added to every element created through a template which is set to a value which identifies the resource. You can use this to identify the resource. You can also specify mutliple resource values in the same attribute by separating them with a space, as in the example below. More about resource syntax.Example 6.6.3: Source <vbox datasources="rdf:bookmarks" ref="NC:BookmarksRoot" flex="1"> <template> <label uri="rdf:*" value="rdf:http://home.netscape.com/NC-rdf#Name rdf:http://home.netscape.com/NC-rdf#URL"/> </template> </vbox> There are two different types of builders. The first is a content builder and is used in most situations, and the other is a tree builder which is used only for trees. The content builder takes the content inside the template element and duplicates it for each row. For instance, if the user had ten bookmarks in the example above, ten label elements would be created and added as children of the vbox element. If you were to use DOM functions to traverse the tree, you will find these elements there and can query their properties. These elements get displayed, but the template itself is not displayed, although it still exists the the document tree. In addition, the id of each of the labels will be set to the RDF resource for that row. The content builder always starts at the place where uri="rdf:*" is specfied. If the uri attribute is placed on an element lower in the element tree, the elements outside are only created once. In the example below, one hbox will be created and it will be filled with a label for each item. <template> <hbox> <label uri="rdf:*" value="rdf:http://home.netscape.com/NC-rdf#Name"/> </hbox> </template> If there is other content inside the element with the datasources attribute but outside the template, that content will also appear. This way, you can mix static content and dynamic content from a template. The tree builder, on the other hand, doesn't generate the DOM elements for the rows. Instead, it gets the data directly from the RDF datasource whenever it needs it. Since trees are often expected to display thousands of rows of data, this is much more efficient. Creating an element for every cell would be too costly. However, the tradeoff is that trees may only display text, and, since no elements are created, you can't use CSS properties to style tree cells in the same way. The tree builder is only used for trees. Other elements use only the content builder. This isn't a problem though, since other elements such as menus wouldn't be expected to display too many items. It's also possible to use the content builder for trees as well, and a treeitem element and related elements will be created for each row. In the image of the earlier example, you may have noticed that the third button is simply a button with hyphens on it. This is a separator in the bookmark list. In the way that we have been using it, the RDF bookmarks datasource supplies the separators as if they were just regular bookmarks. What we would really like to do is add a small amount of spacing instead of a button for separator resources. That means that we want to have two different types of content be created, one type for regular bookmarks and a second type for separators. We can do this by using the rule element. We define a rule for each variation of elements that we want to have created. In our case, we would need a rule for bookmarks and a rule for separators. Attributes placed on the rule element determine which rules apply to which RDF resource. When scanning for which rule applies to the data, each rule element is checked in sequence for a match. That means that the order in which you define rules is important. Earlier rules will override later rules. The following example demonstrates the earlier example with two rules:Example 6.6.4: Source <window id="example-window" title="Bookmarks List" xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http://www.mozilla.org/keymaster/gatekeeper/there.is.only.xul"> <vbox datasources="rdf:bookmarks" ref="NC:BookmarksRoot" flex="1"> <template> <rule rdf:type="http://home.netscape.com/NC-rdf#BookmarkSeparator"> <spacer uri="rdf:*" height="16"/> </rule> <rule> <button uri="rdf:*" label="rdf:http://home.netscape.com/NC-rdf#Name"/> </rule> </template> </vbox> </window> By using two rules, we have allowed the contents of the template to be selectively generated. In the first rule, bookmark separators are selected, as can be seen by the rdf:type attribute. The second rule does not have any attributes so all data matches it. All of the attributes placed on the rule tag are used as match criteria. In this case, the bookmarks datasource supplies a rdf:type property to distinguish separators. This attribute is set to a special value for separators in the RDF bookmarks datasource. This is how we can distinguish them from non-separators. You can use a similar technique for any attribute that might be on an RDF Description element. The special URL value given in the example above for the first rule is used for separators. That means that separators will follow rule one and generate a spacer element, which will display a 16 pixel gap. Elements that are not separators will not match rule one and will fall through to rule two. Rule two does not have any attributes on it. This means that it will match all data. This is, of course, what we want to have happen to the rest of the data. You should also have noticed that because we wanted to get an attribute from the RDF namespace (rdf:type), we needed to add the namespace declaration to the window tag. If we didn't do this, the attribute would be looked for in the XUL namespace. Because it does not exist there, the rule will not match. If you use attributes in your own custom namespace, you need to add the namespace declaration in order to match them. You should be able to guess what would happen if the second rule was removed. The result would be a single spacer displayed but no bookmarks because they don't match any of the rules. Put simply, a rule matches if all of the attributes placed on the rule element match the corresponding attributes on the RDF resource. In the case of an RDF file, the resources would be the Description elements. There are some small exceptions however. You cannot match based on the attributes id, rdf:property or rdf:instanceOf. Because you can just use your own attributes with your own namespace, it probably doesn't really matter anyway. Note that a template with no rules in it, as in the first example, is really equivalent functionally to a template with a single rule with no attributes. (Next) Next, we'll look at using templates with trees. Examples: 6.6.1 6.6.2 6.6.3 6.6.4

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The ISO 9000 is a family of standards that refers to quality management systems and its role is to help organizations meet the needs of their customers and stakeholders. At the same time, organizations have to meet statutory and regulatory requirements related to the product. These standards are published by ISO, which is the International Organization for Standardization and is available through National standards bodies. ISO 9001 is one of the most widely used management tools in the world today. Nonetheless, it has been criticized as being wasteful and not useful for many organizations. ISO 9001 benefits are: - return on assets - superior performance - operational performance for the US motor carrier industry - financial performance - superior stock market performance - cycle time reduction - inventory reductions Some specialists say that these improvements result from the tendency of many companies to seek ISO 9001 certification. ISO 9001:2008 Quality management systems — Requirements is a document of 30 pages that is available from the national standards organization of each country. There are two other supplements such as: ISO 9000:2005 Quality management systems — Fundamentals and vocabulary and ISO 9004:2009 Managing for the sustained success of an organization — A quality management approach. Nevertheless, ISO itself doesn’t certify organizations. There are many other bodies that audit organizations and issue ISO 9001 compliance certificates. When an organization applies for ISO 9001 certification, there have to be audited extensive samples of functions, products, services, processes and sites. ISO 9001 standard has evolved very much as it was revised by standing technical committees and advisory groups. The revision is also based on the feedback from those professionals who are implementing the standard. There are two types of auditing that are required to become registered to this standard: audits by internal staff trained for this process (internal audits) and external certification body (external audit). Despite criticism, ISO has the following advantages: - increased profit - enhanced marketing - reduced audits - creates a more efficient and effective operational common tool for standardization - promotes international trade - increased customer satisfaction and retention - improved employee awareness, motivation and morale Thus, there are many different opinions related to ISO 9001, so it depends on each company what decides.

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Plantar Fascia: The Foot Pain That's In Your Heel And In Your Head Plantar fasciitis is commonly diagnosed foot pain that continues to baffle medical science, since there is no solid cause or natural treatment -- until now. Approximately 10% of the population will suffer from plantar fasciitis in their lifetime, which means plantar fasciitis is quite common.The plantar fascia runs beneath your foot and is the flat band of tissue that connects your heel bone to your toes supporting the arch of your foot. This part of the foot is often prone to tenderness and pain, making natural plantar fascia treatment quite popular. What surprises most people about the condition is that while the pain is located in the foot, the origin of the condition is largely neurological. As any soldier would tell you, the most important body part to take special care of is the feet. This is because, if the feet aren’t kept warm, protected and cared for, there is no mobility and thus, a soldier whose feet aren’t cared for, can be left behind and made vulnerable. In the same way, when there’s foot pain, life as you know it stops – you can’t walk, climb stairs, run, exercise or stand for any length of time. Your shoes hurt and you find yourself vulnerable, relying on other people or means to get around. Not surprisingly, the feet are the most taken for granted, until there’s foot pain. More subtle types of foot pain – pain that runs through the heel and worsens after rest, or when you hit the floor first thing in the morning – is characteristic of plantar fasciitis. If you happen to be athletic or active, it’s easy to attribute plantar fasciitis to your training or workout, but there’s another not so obvious cause, and it’s all in your head. Plantar Fascia Is Not An “itis”. Plantar fascia is not a condition of inflammation or injury. This is why the name of the condition was changed from plantar fasciitis to plantar fascia. In fact, there is no known cause or cure for plantar fascia. Sure, there are many theories about what causes the pain that runs through your foot, but despite all the research, science has come up short as to exactly why plantar fascia occurs. This may be likely why a visit with your doctor may end with a steroid injection, which translates to “We don’t know how to cure this.” Plantar fascia Linked To Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) If you’ve ever had mononucleosis or glandular fever, you have the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). This is important to know because EBV is now being linked to plantar fascia. If you are being told by your practitioner that you “had” EBV, but no longer have EBV, you have been misinformed. You will still have EBV because EBV doesn’t leave the body. What is more, even if you never had mononucleosis, but had frequent sore throats as a child or teen, it's still very possible that you contracted EBV. Either way, EBV leads to many neurological symptoms and plantar fascia is one of them, according to EBV expert Anthony William, New York Times Best Selling Author Of Medical Medium: Secrets Behind Chronic and Mystery Illness and How to Finally Heal. EBV Linked To Central Nervous System Issues EBV is a growing epidemic that’s really getting on everyone’s nerves -- literally. Studies have shown EBV, the herpes virus that causes infectious mononucleosis or glandular fever, also causes various central nervous system issues. While the far-reaching effects of this inconspicuous virus are still being studied, EBV expert Anthony William asserts that the main goal of EBV is to commandeer the central nervous symptom. EBV does this unrelentingly over time, feeding off the foods you enjoy as well as the accumulated heavy metals in your body. This is why neurological symptoms such as vertigo, ringing in the ears, mystery stomach pains, plantar fascia and more appear. Plantar Fascia linked to Neuropathy A study done in 2007, and published in the journal Clinical Neurophysiology – and perhaps the only study done linking foot pain with neuralgia, confirmed the link between medial calcaneal neuropathy in patients with plantar fasciitis. The Medial Calcaneal Nerve is a branch of the Posterior Tibial nerve, which supplies the skin of the heel and medial side of the sole of the foot. Twenty-six patients with clinical and ultrasound diagnosis of plantar fasciitis participated in the study. An antidromic nerve impulse method for sensory of Medial Calcaneal Neuropathy was performed in each patient and in 30 controls. The conduction latency, sensory nerve conduction velocity and amplitude of the sensory nerve action potential were measured. The correlation of the sensory nerve action potential of neuropathy with both body weight and body mass index was studied. Of most significance, study results confirmed that Medial Calcaneal Neuropathy is, in fact, associated with Plantar Faciitis. Plantar Fascia Treatment That Works Effective plantar fascia treatment includes eating more anti-inflammatory and nervous system supporting foods that are high in natural sugar and mineral salts, as it is these foods that are what the nervous system needs to function optimally. By increasing the amount of fresh fruit eaten daily, you are fully supporting your nervous system and helping it heal. This especially works well for those with neuropathy. Foods That End Plantar Fasciitis Naturally Foods such as spinach, celery, and lettuce of every kind are helpful in supporting nervous system function. Herbal natural treatments such as ginger, turmeric and lemon balm, work exceptionally well to calm the nervous system and relieve plantar fascia pain together with cat’s claw and red clover. These wild foods and herbs are available in teas and tinctures and work effectively together to relieve plantar fasciitis naturally. Only non-alcoholic tinctures should be used. It is worth saying that plantar fascia does ultimately heal on its own, but can reoccur when the nervous system doesn’t get the nourishment it requires. Always work closely with your practitioner, Naturopath or Holistic Nutrition Practitioner to get an Epstein Barr Test and monitor incidences when foot pain or other associated symptoms appear, and to secure an eating plan that is “nervous system friendly, to avoid reoccurrence of plantar fascia and other EBV symptoms.

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Health - Food - Science - Community Following a high seaweed diet may diminish the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, including ischemic heart disease. Frequent consumption of generous portions and different types of vegetables may brighten an individual's chances of evading coronary heart disease. Consistent consumption of eggs and other cholesterol-rich foods may increase cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality risk. Consuming generous portions of buckwheat regularly may help to improve the cardiovascular disease risk profile of an individual. Indulgence in whole grains may help slash the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Strict adherence to plant-based diets may have favorable effects on cardiovascular and metabolic health. Increase in the frequency of consumption of dietary fiber, especially cereal fiber, may help to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease in the elderly population. Frequent consumption of berries may help to maintain a healthy cardiovascular profile and thwart the development of cardiovascular disease. Habitual consumption of fiber-rich foods, such fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, may lessen the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in women.

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Researchers are bringing maths to life by telling the human stories behind important breakthroughs, and using music to illustrate complex mathematical problems. “I wanted to show the human side of the work. I wanted to show that maths can be exciting, that there are lots of problems out there that still need solving and that being a mathematician can be interesting and rewarding.” - Dr Nina Snaith, School of Mathematics Making mathematics sound exciting and interesting can sometimes be a challenge, particularly when the theory behind the mathematics is complex. Researchers at Bristol are using a variety of public engagement activities to inspire people of all ages about the beauty and fascination of mathematics. These range from Dr Nina Snaith’s lectures on random matrix theory across the UK to an installation that explains quantum graphs. Using stories to inspire audiences from school children to fellow academics Snaith’s lectures tell the personal story behind an important advance in number theory made by Snaith and her colleague Professor Jon Keating. The Riemann Hypothesis is a longstanding mathematical problem about the distribution of prime numbers. For over 150 years, mathematicians have tried, and failed, to prove it. This hypothesis is so challenging that a US mathematics institute is offering a $1 million prize to anyone who can prove it. While Snaith and Keating were not working on proving the Riemann Hypothesis, they were working on problems relating to it. They found that a technique used in physics – random matrix theory – could be used to calculate a particular sequence of numbers which until then pure number theorists had been struggling to calculate. Random matrix theory was developed in the 1950s and used by physicists to model the excitation states of atomic nuclei - pure mathematicians found it very hard to believe that it could be used in number theory. Snaith’s lectures relate how eminent mathematicians challenged Keating to prove that random matrix theory could be used for this purpose and how he and Snaith did finally prove it. “I wanted to show the human side of the work,” says Snaith. “I wanted to show that maths can be exciting, that there are lots of problems out there that still need solving and that being a mathematician can be interesting and rewarding.” The very positive feedback from school children to fellow mathematicians shows just how widely she’s achieved this. The music of quantum Another activity that has inspired numerous people whether they are academics or not, is an exhibit designed for the Royal Society Summer Exhibition. This demonstrates the theory behind quantum graphs, based on work led by mathematician Dr Ram Band. Over several decades mathematicians and physicists at Bristol have contributed significantly to the field of quantum chaos: the study of quantum properties of systems that classically display chaos. The two subjects are closely connected and ideas from random matrix theory underpin the area of quantum chaos. “Everyone understands that plucking strings of different lengths gives different sounds,” explains Pete Shadbolt, one of the joint team from the Schools of Mathematics and Physics involved. “But what happens if these strings are tied together in a web? Can you listen to the sound and tell the structure of this web?” This quantum graph theory is important for many different fields of science. For example it can be used in chemistry to work out shapes of molecules, or in ultrasound engineering to work out human physiology. To bring these ideas to life, the team developed an interactive touchtable that enabled users to create their own graphs and listen to the sound they would make. It proved to be anarchic fun for young children, interesting and accessible for secondary school students, yet challenging and surprising to academics. This range of positive responses came from the thousands of visitors to the Exhibition, as well as the extensive press coverage and numerous visits to the Royal Society’s website. The work of Bristol mathematicians has also been featured in a prize-winning TV documentary. Professors Brian Conrey and Jon Keating, with physicist Professor Sir Michael Berry, were interviewed about their research on random matrix theory and number theory for a Japanese TV documentary. This was subsequently dubbed into English as “The Cosmic Code Breakers” and won awards in France, China, Japan and Canada as well as being syndicated by American Public Television.

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By NATALIE SCOTT Boardman librarian John Yingling hosted a story time for toddlers all about the beach and the sea March 27. He began by reading “At the Beach,” which was about the different objects one might see while at the beach, such as a pail and shovel, crabs, sunglasses, umbrellas, and more. He also read “Who’s Hiding? At the Beach” by Christiane Gunzi, which was a lift-the-flap book about where different animals hide at the beach. Other books read at the story time included “The Rainbow Fish” by Marcus Pfister and “Beach Party!” by Harriet Ziefert and Simms Taback, which asked children to crawl and move like the sea animals mentioned in the book. Yingling performed different activities and rhymes at the story time as well, such as “Five Little Seashells,” which involved using a large clap to simulate a wave coming from the tide. Yingling told a story using the magnetic board about a giant squid that thought he was the biggest animal in the ocean. He remained the largest animal against the jellyfish, clams, octopi, crabs, and even turtles, until the whale came along. The children also danced to a song about diving into the ocean and all of the sea life seen when diving into the ocean. Yingling ended the story time with a craft of making a rainbow fish using colored papers, stickers, glitter, and a paper plate.

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Thyroid Storm: Critical Care In Obstetrics WHEC Practice Bulletin and Clinical Management Guidelines for healthcare providers. Educational grant provided by Women's Health and Education Center (WHEC). Thyroid disease is the second most common endocrine disease affecting women of reproductive age, and appropriate management of the pregnant patient with thyroid disease is important. Thyrotoxicosis (thyroid storm) is a generic term referring to a clinical and biochemical state resulting in over-production of and exposure to thyroid hormone. Exacerbation of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy is an obstetric emergency. It demands accurate diagnosis and a prompt therapeutic response in order to minimize risk to mother and fetus. Only about 1% to 2% of women with hyperthyroidism who receive thionamide experience thyroid storm -- but it is a devastating complication (1). In years past, up to 25% of pregnant patients with thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy perished. Maternal mortality for this condition is currently approximately 3%. Nevertheless, obstetricians and gynecologists need to know how to spot a brewing "storm" and treat it promptly so as to ensure the best possible outcome for mother and fetus. Pregnancy is associated with significant but reversible changes in maternal thyroid physiology that can lead to confusion in the diagnosis of thyroid abnormalities. Further complicating the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy are the effects that several abnormal pregnancy conditions such as gestational trophoblastic disease and hyperemesis gravidarum have on thyroid function studies. The purpose of this document is to review evidence-based research and approaches for diagnosis and management of thyroid storm during pregnancy. Especially relevant is the intimate relationship between maternal and fetal thyroid function, particularly during the first half of pregnancy. Significant fetal brain development continues considerably beyond the first trimester, making thyroid hormone also important later in gestation. Importantly, although overt maternal thyroid failure during the first half of pregnancy has been associated with several pregnancy complications and intellectual impairment in offspring, it is currently less clear whether milder forms of thyroid dysfunction have similar effects on pregnancy and infant outcomes. Thyrotoxicosis is a generic term referring to a clinical and biochemical state resulting from overproduction of the exposure to thyroid hormone. Overt hyperthyroidism complicates approximately 2 in 1,000 pregnancies. Pregnant women with hyperthyroidism are at increased risk for spontaneous pregnancy loss, congestive heart failure, thyroid storm, preterm birth, preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality (2). Grave's disease, the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy, is an autoimmune condition characterized by production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) and thyroid-stimulating hormone binding inhibitory immunoglobulin (TBII). These two antibodies facilitate the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor in the mediation of thyroid stimulation and inhibition, respectively. Hyperthyroidism is thyrotoxicosis resulting from an abnormally functioning thyroid gland. Thyroid storm is an acute, severe exacerbation of hyperthyroidism. Although only 0.2% of pregnancies are complicated by hyperthyroidism and the thyroid storm is considered rare, but it can be life threatening if not diagnosed and managed early. In pregnant women with a history Grave's disease, however, thyroid-stimulating antibody activity may actually decline, leading to chemical remission during pregnancy (3). Other causes of overt hyperthyroidism include functioning adenoma or toxic nodular goiter, thyroiditis, and excessive thyroid hormone intake. There is a unique form of hyperthyroidism associated with pregnancy called gestational transient thyrotoxicosis. It is typically associated with hyperemesis gravidarum, and can be due to high levels ofhuman chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) resulting from molar pregnancy. These high hCG levels lead to TSH receptor stimulation and temporary hypothyroidism. Women with gestational transient thyrotoxicosis are rarely symptomatic and treatment with antithyroxine drugs has not been shown to be beneficial (4). With expectant management of hyperemesis gravidarum, serum free T4 levels usually normalize in parallel with the decline in hCG concentrations as pregnancy progresses beyond the first trimester. Notably, TSH levels may remain partially depressed for several weeks after free T4 levels have returned to normal range. Gestational transient thyrotoxicosis has not been associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. Impact of Pregnancy on Thyroid: Thyroxine (T4), the major secretory product of the thyroid gland, is converted in peripheral tissues to triiodothyronine (T3), the biologically active form of this hormone. T4 secretion is under the direct control of pituitary TSH. The cell surface receptor for TSH is similar to the receptors for luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). T4 and T3 are transported in the peripheral circulation bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), transthyretin (formerly called "prealbumin") and albumin. Less than 0.05% of plasma T4, and less than 0.5% of plasma T3, are unbound and able to interact with target tissues (4). Routine T4 measurements reflect total serum concentration and may be altered by increases or decreases in concentrations of circulating proteins. By 20 weeks' gestation, plasma TBG increases 2.5 folds because of reduced hepatic clearance and an estrogen-induced change in the structure of TBG that prolongs serum half-life (5). This TBG alteration causes significant changes in some of the test results in pregnancy. There is a 25% to 45% increase in serum total T4 (TT4) from a pregravid level of 5 to 12 mg to 9 to 16 mg. Total T3 (TT3) increases by about 30% in the first trimester and by 50% to 65% later (6). The increase in available protein binding induced by pregnancy causes a transient change in free T4 (FT4) and free thyroxine index (FTI) in the first trimester (possibly related to an increase in hCG). Increased concentrations of TSH stimulate restoration of the free serum T4 level, such that FT4 and FTI levels are generally maintained within the normal non-pregnant range. Ultrasound evaluation of the thyroid gland during pregnancy shows an increase in volume, whereas its echo structure remains unchanged (4)(7). Plasma iodide levels decrease in pregnancy due to fetal use of iodide and increased maternal renal clearance. The result in many pregnant women is a 15% to 18% increase in size of the thyroid gland. The enlargement usually resolves after delivery and is not associated with abnormal thyroid function tests. Mild hyperthyroidism mimics symptoms of normal pregnancy, and can be present as fatigue, increased appetite, vomiting, palpitations, tachycardia, heat intolerance, increased urinary frequency, insomnia, and emotional instability. The suspicion increases if patient has tremor, nervousness, frequent stools, excessive sweating, brisk reflexes, muscle weakness, goiter, hypertension, or weight loss. Grave's ophthalmopathy (stare, lid lag and retraction, exophthalmos) and dermopathy (localized or pretibial myxedema) are diagnostic. The disease usually gets worse in the first trimester but typically moderates later in pregnancy. Untreated hyperthyroidism poses considerable maternal and fetal risks, including preterm delivery, severe preeclampsia, heart failure, and thyroid storm (8). Although nausea is common in early pregnancy, the occurrence of hyperemesis gravidarum together with weight loss can signify overt hyperthyroidism. Thyroid testing may be beneficial in these circumstances. Potential Maternal and Fetal Complications in Uncontrolled Hyperthyroidism: |Preterm delivery||Neonatal hyperthyroidism| |Congestive heart failure||Intrauterine growth restriction| |Thyroid storm||Small for gestational age| Characteristics of Thyroid Storm: The characteristics of thyroid storm, which is a hypermetabolic complication of hyperthyroidism, and hyperpyrexia (temperature >41ºC), cardiovascular compromise (tachycardia out of proportion to the fever, dysrhythmia, cardiac failure), gastrointestinal upset (diarrhea), and central nervous system changes (restlessness, nervousness, changed mental status, confusion, and seizures). Thyroid storm is a clinical diagnosis, and treatment should be initiated before confirmatory test results are available. In many patients there is absence of classic symptoms. Be alert for other signs of thyrotoxicosis in any patient with postpartum congestive heart failure, tachycardia, and severe hypertension (9). Occasionally, the diagnosis may be obfuscated by central nervous system (CNS) features, such as coma after cesarean section or seizures suggestive of eclampsia. The resulting delay in diagnosis can increase the risk of maternal mortality. Thyroid storm is usually seen in patients with poorly controlled hyperthyroidism complicated by additional physiologic stressors, such as infection, surgery, thromboembolism, preeclampsia, and parturition (10). The laboratory profile of a mother with thyroid storm reveals leukocytosis, elevated hepatic enzymes, and occasionally hypercalcemia. Thyroid function test results are consistent with hyperthyroidism (elevated FT4/FT3 and depressed TSH) but they may not always correlate with the severity of the thyroid storm. Laboratory investigations should include baseline electrolyte, glucose, renal and liver function testing, and the coagulation studies. If patient is unconscious or has focal CNS signs, it may be helpful to do a CT or MRI of the brain. Patients with focal CNS signs that do not respond to specific thyroid storm therapy are at risk of atrial fibrillation and CNS embolization, so investigate for cerebral emboli and prescribe anticoagulants if necessary. Tailor blood, uterine and wound cultures (as appropriate), and chest x-ray are essential. To define a patient's cardiac rhythm, do a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and continuous cardiac monitoring. An echocardiogram is helpful for management in cases where cardiac decompensation is suspected. Pulse oximetry should be used to monitor peripheral arterial oxygen saturation, and blood gas analysis will help acid-base balance assessment. Management of Thyroid Storm: Thyroid storm is a clinical diagnosis based on severe signs of thyrotoxicosis, with significant hyperpyrexia (>103ºF or >41ºC) and neuropsychiatric symptoms that are essential for the clinical diagnosis. Tachycardia with a pulse rate exceeding 140 beats/min is not uncommon, and congestive heart failure is a frequent complication. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, accompanied by liver compromise, have been reported. Management of thyroid storm is best accomplished in an obstetric intensive care unit (ICU), or an ICU that has continuous fetal monitoring and can handle an emergent delivery. Therapy is designed to: - Reduce the synthesis and release of thyroid hormone; - Remove thyroid hormone from the circulation and increase the concentration of TBG; - Block the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3; - Block the peripheral actions of thyroid hormone; - Treat the complications of thyroid storm and provide support; - Identify and treat potential precipitating conditions. Supportive adjunctive care for the patient in thyroid storm are: - IV fluids and electrolytes; - Cardiac monitoring; - Consideration of pulmonary artery catheterization (central hemodynamic monitoring to guide beta-blocker therapy during hyperdynamic cardiac failure); - Cooling measures: blanket, sponge bath, acetaminophen, avoid salicylates (risk of increased T4). Acetaminophen is the drug of choice; - Oxygen therapy (consider arterial line to follow serial blood gases); - Nasogastric tube if patient is unable to swallow (may be only avenue for propylthiouracil administration). Medication to reduce synthesis of thyroid hormones are: thionamides (propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole); iodide and glucocorticoids. These drugs should be started as soon as diagnosis of thyroid storm is made. PTU and methimazole inhibit iodination of tyrosine -- leading to reduce synthesis of thyroid hormones and block peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 (11). These drugs alone can reduce the T3 concentration by 75%. Iodide can be in the form of Lugol's iodine, SSKI (Strong Solution of Potassium Iodide), sodium iodide, orografin, or lithium carbonate (for use in patients allergic to iodine). These drugs function by inhibiting proteolysis of thyroglobulin and thereby blocking the release of stored hormone. Because one of the side effects is an initial increase in production of thyroid hormone, it is therefore very important to start PTU before you give iodides. Glucocorticoids block release of stored hormone (as do iodides), and peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 (as do thionamides). They may also bolster adrenal function, and prevent adrenal insufficiency, although data in support of this particular benefit are few (12). Start PTU before giving iodides. Propylthiouracil (PTU) followed at least 1 hour later by iodides to block T4 release (IV sodium iodide or oral Lugol's): - PTU orally or via nasogastric tube, 300-800 mg loading dose followed by 150-300 mg every 6 hours; - One hour after instituting PTU give: Sodium iodide, 500 mg every 8-12 hours or oral Lugol's solution, 30-60 drops daily in divided doses. Iodides may be discontinued after initial improvement. Give adrenal glucocorticoids to inhibit peripheral conversion of T4 to T3. Consider any of the following options as appropriate: - Hydrocortisone, 100 mg IV every 8 hour, or - Prednisone, 60 mg PO every day, or - Dexamethasone, 8 mg PO every day Glucocorticoids may be discontinued after initial improvement. Medications to control maternal tachycardia: beta-blocker agents -- propranolol can be used to control autonomic symptoms (especially tachycardia). Beta-adrenergic blockade may have some effect on inhibition of peripheral conversion of T4 to T3, but will not alter thyroid hormone release nor prevent thyroid storm. Use propranolol with caution because it has a tendency to increase pulmonary diastolic pressure, and cardiac failure is a frequent presentation of thyroid storm. Treatment with a beta-blocker to control tachycardia is usually reserved for heart rates of 120 beats per minute or higher. Propranolol, labetalol, and esmolol have all been used successfully in pregnancy (13). Commonly following dosages are used: - Propranolol, 1-2 mg/min IV or dose sufficient to slow heart rate to 90 bpm; or 20-80 mg PO or via nasogastric tube every 4-6 hourly; - Esmolol, a short-acting beta-acting antagonist given IV with a loading dose of 250 to 500 µg/kg of body weight followed by a continuous infusion at 50 to 100 µg/kg/min may also be used. - Consider a echocardiogram and/or pulmonary artery catheter to help guide management, especially in cardiac failure; - If patient has severe bronchospasm -- give 1-5 mg reserpine every 4-6 hours or 1 mg/kg orally of guanethidine every 12 hours. Heart failure due to cardiomyopathy from excessive thyroxine in women with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism is more common in pregnant women (14). Treatment of thyroid storm or thyrotoxic heart failure is similar. They both should be treated as medical emergencies. Phenobarbital: 30 to 60 mg orally every 6-8 hours as needed to control restlessness. After initial clinical management, iodides and glucocorticoids can be discontinued. Reserve plasmapheresis or peritoneal dialysis to remove circulating thyroid hormone for patients who do not respond to conventional therapy. Prescribe anticoagulants if appropriate. If conventional therapy is unsuccessful: consider subtotal thyroidectomy (during second-trimester pregnancy) or radioactive iodine (postpartum). Women with Grave's disease should be followed up closely after delivery, because recurrence or aggravation of symptoms is not uncommon in the first few months of postpartum. Most asymptomatic women should have a TSH and free T4 performed approximately 6 weeks postpartum. Both PTU and methimazole are excreted in breast milk, but PTU is largely protein bound and does not seem to pose a significant risk to the breastfed infant. Methimazole has been found in breastfed infants of treated women in amounts sufficient to cause thyroid dysfunction. However, at low doses (10-20 mg/d) it does not seem to pose a major risk to the nursing infant. The American Academy of Pediatricians considers both compatible with breastfeeding (9)(15). In mothers with a history of Grave's disease previously treated with ablation therapy, either surgery or radioactive iodine, concentrations of TSI may remain elevated, in spite of maternal euthyroidism. The concentration of these IgG immunoglobulins is low early in normal pregnancy, reaching a level in the fetus similar to that of the mother around 30 weeks of gestation. Therefore, the symptoms of fetal hyperthyroidism are not evident until 22 to 24 weeks of gestation. When TSI levels are present in high concentrations, fetal hyperthyroidism may result, characterized by fetal tachycardia, intrauterine growth restriction, oligohydramnios, and occasionally, a goiter identified on ultrasonography (16). The diagnosis may be confirmed by measuring thyroid hormone levels in cord blood obtained by cordocentesis. Serial cordocentesis for monitoring drug therapy has been proposed, but its value has been questioned (16)(17). Fetal goiter can be detected by ultrasonography. Treatment consist of antithyroid medication given to the mother, PTU 100 to 400 mg/day or Tapazole (MM) 10 to 20 mg/day. The dose is guided by the improvement and resolution of fetal tachycardia and normalization of fetal growth, both of which are indicators of good therapeutic response. It is infrequent, with an incidence of less than 1% of infants born to mothers with Grave's disease, therefore affecting 1 in 50,000 neonates. In the vast majority of cases, the disease is caused by the transfer of maternal immunoglobulin antibodies to the fetus. These stimulating thyroid antibodies to the TSH receptor (TSIs), when present in high concentrations in maternal serum, cross the placental barrier, stimulate the fetal thyroid gland, and may produce fetal or neonatal hyperthyroidism (15)(17). When the mother is treated with antithyroid medications, the fetus benefits from maternal therapy, remaining euthyroid during pregnancy. However, the protective effect of the antithyroid drug is lost after delivery, and neonatal hyperthyroidism may develop within a few days after birth. High titers of TSI receptor antibodies, a three- to five-fold increase over baseline, in the third trimester of pregnancy are predictors of neonatal hyperthyroidism. If neonatal hyperthyroidism is not recognized and treated properly, neonatal mortality may be as high as 30%. Because of half-life of the antibodies is only a few weeks, complete resolution on neonatal hyperthyroidism is the rule (17). A few cases of familial neonatal Grave's disease have been reported. The pathogenesis is not clearly understood. This condition may persist for several years. Sporadic cases of neonatal hyperthyroidism without evidence of the presence of circulating TSI in mother or infant have recently been published. Activation of mutations in the TSH receptor molecule are the cause of this entity (1)(15)(17). It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, and in contrast to Grave's neonatal hyperthyroidism, the condition persists indefinitely. Treatment with antithyroid medications followed by thyroid ablation therapy are eventually needed. Teratogenic effects of Antithyroid Medications: PTU, methimazole and whole category -- there is general consensus among clinicians that the lowest dose needed to keep T3 and T4 within the upper normal range for these women should be used (18). Because women previously ablated with either radioactive iodine or thyroidectomy may still be producing thyroid-stimulating antibodies (even though they are themselves euthyroid), the fetus remains at risk and should be monitored with serial ultrasonography for growth and early detection of goiter. No deleterious effects on neonatal thyroid function or on physical and intellectual development of breastfed infants have been described (19). PTU: it is first-line treatment for Grave's disease in pregnancy due to lower risks of teratogenicity than methimazole. It crosses the human placenta and associated with fetal hypothyroidism, and rarely aplasia cutis. Cordocentesis is sometimes recommended to test fetal thyroid function. It does not readily crosses membranes and milk concentrations are quite low. Methimazole (Thiamazole, Mercazole, Tapazole): it is the second-line treatment of Grave's disease. It crosses the human placenta and can induce fetal goiter and even cretinism in a dose-dependent fashion. It is also commonly associated with fetal anomalies such as aplasia cutis, esophageal atresia, and choanal atresia (20). Long-term follow-up studies of exposed children reveal no deleterious effects on their thyroid function or physical and intellectual development with doses up to 20 mg/d (19). It is excreted in breast milk. Propranolol, labetalol and whole category: approximately 3% of women take an antihypertensive during pregnancy. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends treatment for women with a systolic blood pressure higher than 170 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure above 109 mmHg. There is no consensus whether lesser degrees of hypertension require treatment during pregnancy because antihypertensive therapy improves only the maternal, not the fetal, outcome in women with mild to moderate chronic hypertension (22). Radioactive iodine (iodine-131; I-131): it is contraindicated in pregnant women. It is cost-effective, safe, and reliable treatment for hyperthyroidism in non-pregnant women (21). Although excreted from the body within 1 month, the ACOG recommendation is that women should avoid pregnancy for 4-6 months following treatment. No adequate reports or well-controlled studies in human fetuses are available. Detrimental effects on the thyroid of the developing fetus as a result of I-131 treatment for thyrotoxicosis of the mother in the first trimester of pregnancy are reported. Breast-feeding should be avoided for at least 120 days after treatment. Thyroid storm is a life-threatening condition, requiring early recognition and aggressive therapy in an intensive care unit setting. During gestation, women with hyperthyroidism should have their thyroid function checked every 3-4 weeks. Grave's disease represents the most common cause of maternal hyperthyroidism during pregnancy. Fetal reaction is often unpredictable and different than the maternal response. Only 0.2% of gestations are complicated by thyroid storm and more than 90% of cases are caused by Grave's disease. Increased production of thyroid hormone occurs when autoantibodies (thyroid-stimulating antibody [TSAb] -- formerly known as LATS [long-acting thyroid stimulator]) against TSH receptors -- acts as TSH agonists. The diagnosis of fetal hyperthyroidism should be suspected in the presence of fetal tachycardia with or without Grave's disease treated by ablation therapy and with high titers of serum TSI antibodies. Fetal ultrasonography in experts' hands may be a valuable diagnostic tool. The diagnosis may be confirmed by the determination of fetal thyroid hormones by cordocentesis. Whether to prescribe a drug to a pregnant or breast-feeding woman is a decision that must be made in consideration of many factors, including, but not limited to, gestational age of the embryo or fetus, route of administration, absorption rate of the drug, whether the drug crosses the placenta or is excreted in breast milk, the necessary effective dose of the drug, molecular weight of the drug, whether monotherapy is sufficient or if multiple drugs are necessary to be effective, and the mother's genotype. However, accurate weighing benefit against risk requires a thorough understanding of the benefits and risks. - Weetman AP. Graves' disease. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1236-1248 (Level III) - Millar LK, Wing DA, Leung AS et al. Low birth weight and preeclampsia in pregnancies complicated by hyperthyroidism. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:946-949 - Kung AW, Jones BM. A change from stimulatory to blocking antibody activity in Grave's disease during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:514-518 - Stagnaro-Green A, Chen X, Bogden JD et al. The thyroid and pregnancy: a novel risk factor for very preterm delivery. Thyroid 2005;15:351-357 - Girling JC. Thyroid disorders in pregnancy. Curr Obstet Gynecol 2006;16:47-53 - Creasy RK, Resnik R, Lams J. Maternal-Fetal Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2004:1063-1082 - Gharib H, Tuttle RM, Baskin HJ et al. Consensus Statement: a joint statement on management form the American Association of clinical Endocrinologists, the American Thyroid Association, and The Endocrine Society. Thyroid 2005;15:24-28 - Idris I, Srinivasan R, Simm A et al. Effects of maternal hyperthyroidism during early gestation on neonatal and obstetric outcome. Clin Endocrinol 2006;65:133-135 - Casey BM, Leveno KJ. Thyroid disease in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:1283-1292 - Ecker JL, Musci TJ. Thyroid function and disease in pregnancy. Curr Probl Obstet Gynecol Fertil 2000;23:109-122 - Mandel SJ, Cooper DS. The use of antithyroid drugs in pregnancy and lactation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:2354-2356 - Luton D, Le Gac I, Vuillard E et al. Management of Grave's disease during pregnancy: the key role of fetal thyroid gland monitoring. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:6093-6098 - Zeeman GG, Wendel GD Jr, Cunningham FG. A blueprint for obstetric critical care. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:532-536 - Sheffield JS, Cunningham FG. Thyrotoxicosis and heart failure that complicate pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;190:211-217 - American Academy of Pediatricians, Committee on Drugs. American Academy of Pediatricians 2001;108:776-789 - Cohen O, Pinhas-Hamiel O, Sivan E et al. Serial in utero ultrasonographic measurements of the fetal thyroid: a new complementary tool in the management of maternal hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. Prenat Diagn 2003;23:740-742 - Mestman JH. Thyroid and parathyroid diseases in pregnancy. In Obstetrics normal and abnormal pregnancies; 5th ed. Publishers: Churchill, Livingstone, Elsevier 2007; p.1025 - American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin. Clinical management guidelines for obstetricians and gynecologists. Number 37, August 2002. Thyroid disease in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:387-396 - Azizi F, Bahrainian M, Khamesh ME et al. Intellectual development and thyroid function in children who were breast-fed by thyrotoxic mothers taking methimazole. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2003;16:1239-1243 - Buhimschi CS, Weiner CP. Medications in pregnancy and lactation -- Part 1. Teratology. Obstet Gynecol 2009;113:116-188 - Iagaru A, McDougall IR. Treatment of thyrotoxicosis. J Nucl Med 2007;48:379-389 - Buhimschi CS, Weiner CP. Medication in pregnancy and lactation -- Part 2. Drugs with minimal or unknown human teratogenic effect. Obstet Gynecol 2009;113:417-432 Hospital Campus Medical Building 300 Stafford Street #265 Springfield, MA 01104 United States of America

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I just received word this morning about a new database, and this one will interest people if they have ancestor's who immigrated to Canada 1819 to 1838. TORONTO (Sept. 26, 2013) – Ancestry.ca, Canada’s largest family history website, announced today the launch of almost 200,000 passenger records dating from 1819 to 1836, documenting passengers travelling between Quebec City and Montreal on the ships of the St. Lawrence Steamboat Company. The St. Lawrence River is one of the world's great waterways and has played a vital role in the history of Canada, serving as the main route into the continent for French explorers in the 17th century. Throughout the 19th century and well into the 20th, the river carried hundreds of thousands of immigrants to Canada in search of a new life in a new land. For this reason, the St. Lawrence Steamboat Company passenger lists are significant source of information for genealogists and family historians. “The passenger lists can offer Canadians rich information about their ancestors but also help paint a picture of the changing face of Canada through one of our most significant bodies of water,” says Lesley Anderson, a genealogist and Content Manager for Ancestry.ca. “The St. Lawrence River is an important part of our history, and we are proud we can offer the only known surviving historical records of the ships that operated on the river in the 1800s. This collection is truly a national treasure.” The history of the St. Lawrence Steamboat Company is an important part of Canada’s history. Following the successful launch of his brewing company in the 1780s, John Molson and his sons expanded into the shipping industry by creating the St. Lawrence Steamboat Company. The vessels transported passengers and freight along the St. Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City. Travellers during this time, who were mostly English speaking, often used the vibrant thoroughfare as a stepping stone to make their way into the United States. One method of entering the U.S. from Canada was to take a steamer from Quebec City to Montreal and proceed south by sleigh, foot or horse and buggy. In this new collection of historical records, users can find the name of a passenger departure city and the amount paid for a ticket. Members can also see whether a passenger travelled in steerage or cabin, travel dates and if they travelled with family. The collection will help provide users with context for when their ancestors arrived in Canada or the U.S. This new collection supplements Ancestry.ca’s vast database of millions of historical passenger and immigration records, which also includes: · Canadian Passenger Lists and Ocean Arrivals – These collections consist of all records of immigration to Canada by ship or overland between 1865 and 1935, a period of 70 years that saw the largest influx of immigration into Canada ever, from all parts of the world. · Pre-Confederation Passenger Lists – These lists contain correspondence and dispatches regarding emigration from the British Isles from 1758 to 1851. The collection also includes letters from many people requesting information and assistance to immigrate to Canada. It showcases the waves of immigration to Canada in the century before Canada became a nation. . U.S. and Canada, Passenger and Immigration Lists – These collections relate to immigration for the U.S. and Canada prior to the 1820s. Housing more than four million records of individuals who arrived on U.S. and Canadian ports from the 1500s through the 1900s. To check out the new St. Lawrence Steamboat Company records please visit http:www. ancestry.ca.

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The site was originally established in the 12th century by the Cistercians as a grange of the nearby Fontfroide Abbey. Fontfroide was dissolved and its buildings and assets, including the grange at Gaussan, were sold off in 1791 during the French Revolution. During the later 19th and 20th centuries the buildings were refurbished by the proprietor, Charles Lambert de Sainte Croix, who also developed the land for viticulture The monks also produce wine. |This article about a church building or other Christian place of worship in France is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.| |This article about a Christian monastery, abbey, priory or other religious house is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|

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Crack The Code: Military’s Modern Methods of Encryption Came From Groundbreaking Minds The Veterans Site Keeping messages secret and safe has been a concern for generals throughout all ages of history. The only difference during centuries of war has been the increasing sophistication of these safeguards. At one time, invisible ink and secret pouches were the only ways to secrete a message from point A to point B. But unwritten languages, electrical impulses, and technology have upped the ante. Here are a few of the coolest examples of old encryption methods. Many are available for modern use, should you decide to give them a try! 8. Invisible Ink Invisible ink is one of the oldest methods of communicating in code, stretching back not just decades and centuries, but millennia. Although it played an important role in George Washington’s spy ring during the American Revolution of the late 1700s, it was also used back in the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans. 7. Caesar Cipher Almost as old as invisible ink, the Caesar cipher was created by none other than Julius Caesar to protect sensitive information. It’s also one of the most simple ciphers to use. Each letter in the alphabet is replaced by another depending on a pattern or key. For instance, a key that is “left shift three” means that each letter in the alphabet is replaced by the character that is three places ahead of it. An F becomes a C, a G becomes a D, and so forth. 6. Vigenère Cipher Other ciphers are based on the Caesar cipher, such as the Vigenère cipher. Invented in the 1500s, the Vigenère cipher is based on a table that is 26 letters across, 27 letters down and is filled with shifting alphabets, or Caesar ciphers. Another form of the Vigenère cipher features two concentric discs, each with a full alphabet. Instead of an entire message existing in a single cipher like Caesar’s, which can be figured out relatively easily, a message written with a Vigenère cipher uses its different alphabets, making it more secure. The Veterans Site is a place where people can come together to support our veterans. In addition to sharing inspiring stories, shopping for the cause, and signing petitions, visitors can take just a moment each day to click on the blue button to provide free meals for homeless veterans in need. Visit The Veterans Site and click today - it's free!

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Caribbean corals struggling to produce enough calcium carbonate to survice By Summit Voice SUMMIT COUNTY — Many coral reefs in the Caribbean are struggling to keep pace with erosion, as their ability to produce and accumulate calcium carbonate declines in the face of human-caused impacts, researchers from the University of Exeter reported this week. That inability to grow raises serious questions about whether the reefs will be able to adapt to rising sea levels, the researchers reported. Coral reefs are important ocean biodiversity hotspots and serve as nurseries for a profusion of marine life. In a sweeping decision several weeks ago, federal biologists said at least 66 species of coral in the Caribbean and Pacific are in danger of going extinct because of threats linked to global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Coral cover on reefs in the Caribbean has declined by an average of 80 percent since the 1970s, driven mainly by human disturbance, disease and rising sea temperatures, and are only expected to intensify as a result of future climate change. (more…) Filed under: air quality, biodiversity, climate and weather, coral reefs, global warming, greenhouse gases, Marine biology, ocean conservation | Tagged: Caribbean, Coral reef, coral reef decline, Nature Communications, University of Exeter | 3 Comments »

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Adding Detail and Support There are a number of ways to develop your paragraphs to make them longer and What should you do if your paper needs to be three to five pages and it is only two pages long? Include Facts and Statistics Facts and statistics are statements like "About 18 million people, mostly children, die from starvation, malnutrition, and related causes." This type of statement helps you prove your main points. You can find this type of statement in reference materials or by observation. Specific examples are a good way of explaining your idea to a reader. A well-developed paragraph that begins with a topic sentence like "A college dorm is an excellent venue to experience diversity first hand" could be followed with a number of examples in support of such a statement. Examples might include the following statements: For example, my roommate is an exchange student from Korea. He is here for one year studying business. Down the hall is another student who is a Mormon from Idaho. We also have several Hispanic students on our floor. Quotations from expert sources add authority to your writing. Quotations can come from a primary source like a short story or essay or from a secondary source such as a journal, a website, or a reference book. Make sure to incorporate the quotation smoothly and correctly and do a correct MLA or APA Add specific details Depending on the type of essay, adding sensory details can be a good way to elaborate on your original material. Try adding details that appeal to the readers' sense of sight, smell, hearing, touch, or taste. Other types of essays might include graphs, maps, tables, or timelines. Still others might benefit from the addition of anecdotes, related incidents, lists of

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What do we mean by "design patterns"? Luke Wroblewski Bill and Martijn both did a great job articulating the differences between general design patterns (principles) and prescriptive design solutions (guidelines). So I won’t chime in with yet another set of definitions. Besides, what’s interesting to me is the context and implications of the origins and usage of both types of patterns. As an interface design consultant, I’ve spent over ten years researching the business goals and user needs of different domains so I could provide the right design solutions for my clients. From hospital operations to professional educator training to radar traffic monitoring, the only constant across my work has been my medium: Web-based applications. As I put together interface design solutions for these different industries, underlying patterns began to emerge at many levels -all the way from application frameworks down to icon semiotics. It turned out that despite different contexts, users, and businesses, many basic requirements for Web applications were the same. When I began to recognize this consistency between requirements, I naturally migrated to some degree of consistency in my solutions. After all, what was thought through, tested, and worked in a similar context had a higher likelihood of success than something unproven and unique. Though I never formally defined these solutions as patterns they did become my “design vocabulary” (as defined by Martijn). This vocabulary was built up through my process of breaking design problems down into their basic components, recognizing similarities and differences between them, and mapping them to a particular solution. Some would call this a deconstructive approach. My experiences within large design organizations, however, have been a bit different. When many different design teams work on a single large product of a suite of products, consistency is important. Everyone needs to know the same “design language”. In other words, when faced with the same design problem, different designers should apply the same solution. In this context, patterns are useful when they are prescriptive solutions. Because large design organizations tend to move through a lot of products quickly, assembling patterns through deconstruction is often not an option. Few people have enough breadth of responsibility to see the same problem played out in different contexts and there isn’t time for principles to “naturally” emerge. Instead, a particular solution may be generated or embraced as a pattern simply because people need an answer fast. This constructive approach creates guidelines that many organizations “require” designers to apply. How well it actually works is open for debate. In terms of implications, something I always struggle with is to what degree does my “design vocabulary” influence my designs. At this point in my career, I have a long list of valid solutions for many requirements. So of course it is easier for me to apply one of these solutions then to take the time to create something new. (As a consultant, it’s financially better for me to as well.) But am I doing my client and the users of their product a disservice by falling back on proven solutions? Isn’t there merit to wiping the table of known solutions clean and building from the ground up? Isn’t that what “capital D” design is? Bob Baxley recently told me a story from a design management book he read. A an architect found out the building he had designed required budget cuts that that would cost him a large number of square feet thereby making his current design unusable. Frantic, the architect’s clients flew out and the team spent all day fitting the previous design’s features into the reduced space. After a grueling day, the team was celebrating their accomplishment, when the architects took the plans they designed and ripped them to shreds. Shocked, the clients asked: “Why did you do that?” The architect responded: “Now that we know we can do it, how do we want to do it?” Jenifer Tidwell My “ten words or less” definition of patterns is that they describe best practices in design. So do guidelines and other approaches, of course. But the pattern form is unique — patterns span the very abstract and the very concrete, while residing somewhere between those extremes. They describe common semi-abstract design elements; they explain why those elements work in terms of abstract principles, and they’re illustrated by a variety of concrete visual examples that can span the range of the pattern. That breadth is a lot more useful to a thoughtful practitioner than ordinary lists of principles or guidelines. I think one of the most valuable aspects of UI patterns is their independence of technologies and trends. Patterns that work well in Web apps should also work in desktop apps, for the same reasons; patterns that worked for paper forms 30 years ago should still work in online forms now. The principles don't change, after all. This is why I don’t include code in my UI patterns — code unnecessarily ties them to one technology. Why not go for “timeless” if we can? Recently, I’ve begun to suspect that some UI patterns might capture cognitive schemas: abstract mental constructs that people use to make sense out of a novel UI. Two-Panel Selector is one of these. Everyone recognizes them; everyone has a mental model for how to use them, even when they come in many different guises. I’d like to explore the pattern/schema concept further, and maybe do some experiments to test its validity. If it’s true, then we can say with conviction that patterns really do help users understand UIs! But patterns also have a subjective component: they must improve the user experience. They might do that by aiding understanding, or maybe by evoking senses of playfulness, rich interaction, stability, or other emotional responses. This is one of the few ways in which I adhere strongly to Alexander’s original vision. (I’m not that dogmatic otherwise.) To me, a pattern isn’t worth writing down unless it clearly benefits the user’s state of mind; and designers who use patterns should carefully judge whether a pattern works to do so in a given context. Getting away from the theoretical stuff for a moment, I want to talk a bit about why I started writing patterns and what I’ve used them for. I’ve used them as design vocabulary, as brainstorming tools, and in other ways described by the participants in this conversation. Not mentioned so far: pedagogy. Teaching, in other words. A lot of people who build user-facing software haven’t been taught graphic design or interaction design. These two domains have built up canons of principles and exemplary works that show the application of those principles, but if the people creating UIs haven’t “done their time” studying such, then their own solutions are not as rich or well-informed. They suffer from a lack of perspective: “Microsoft did it this way, therefore so should I, down to the exact detail.” Or, “Apple just did this incredibly cool thing in the newest OS X, and we’ve got to find a way to use that idea in our product!” I’ve heard developers say things like this. Copying isn’t so bad, but they didn’t know how to break down the good idea in question into that which was essential and that which was not (like exact phrasing or layout). And they often didn’t recognize that the essential core of the idea was the same as one they’d just seen in a different application. So — knowing that there are no shortcuts around actual experience and training — how do you give people enough perspective and knowledge to design reasonable interfaces from the get-go? I found the pattern form to work exceedingly well. It’s not preachy, it doesn’t come across as a “style guide,” and it’s eye-opening for people who haven’t yet thought about UI design at a higher level of abstraction. It ties theory to practice, without over-prescribing design to the point of being reductive. When done right, patterns give less-experienced designers much of what they need to know: what the best design practices are, how to spot them, why they work, and how to use them while allowing for local creativity and variation. The Conversation Continues... Check out part three of Design Patterns

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Indian Architecture Style Hope you guys are doing well, imagine you go somewhere in the south of India and before you, you see a legendary temple tower that is 216ft in height with 14 stories you may ask yourself why is it the vimana(tower) is higher than the gopuram(entrance tower) that too in the Dravidian architecture..? you must be wondering and confused at the same time, we are speaking about one of the oldest temple in India which is built by King Raja Raja I during the time of 1003-1010AD, which means the temple is 1000 year old, Brihadeeswara temple which is also a Unesco announced world heritage site located in the south Indian state of Tamilnadu. What is so special about the architecture of the temple is that every basic construction require a deep foundation in the south Indian architecture style, but this temple is different both in the architecture from base to the outlook, the temple has a long(flat) foundation rather than deep foundation, the size of the temple shorten from lower to the final edge of the temple, the engineer who built this temple called as Kunjara Mallan and it is believe that he and his assistant did all the blueprint and entire construction of the temple, in today’s date lot of legendary architectures are wondering with the structure of the temple till date, the temple been built with the help of elephants and horses along with Ten thousand plus soldiers and people, the lingam in this temple is also one of biggest in entire world and the size of the lingam is bigger than the gate itself.. if you ever wondering and have an affection toward the love for architecture do visit this temple once and be amazed by the thousand-year-old traditional Dravidian architecture… The structure of the temple has about three main entrance gopurams(towers) Keralanthakam, Rasarasan, and Tianukkam after crossing all this you can able to see the legendary shrine of Tanjore big temple also called Peruvudayar temple(which means having large size lingam), the beauty is that the entire temple is made out of a single type of stones alone and there are no woods you can found in the temple’s structure after thousand years even today the temple is shining with its amazing architectural and rich heritage site..

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Smoking & tobacco Facts about smoking Is there a safe tobacco No. There is no safe tobacco. Tobacco is the only product in the world that kills half of the people who use it exactly as directed. Tobacco contains more than 4,000 chemicals; many of them cause cancer. Whether you smoke tobacco in a pipe or a cigar, or chew it in your mouth, it's still harmful to your health. Here are some facts on some of the most common tobacco products and their health risks: Cigars and pipes Smoking tobacco in a cigar or pipe has many of the same health risks as smoking cigarettes. Cigars and pipe contain nicotine, which is addictive. And you are still breathing in the same harmful chemicals as people who smoke cigarettes. Smoking cigars and pipes raises your risk for a number of serious diseases: - Cancer of the lungs, larynx, mouth, throat, lips, tongue and pancreas - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Heart disease More information on cigars and pipes Spit, chew and snuff are all types of smokeless tobacco products. Chew or spit tobacco is a leafy tobacco sold in pouches or brick form. It is often sweetened with molasses and sugar to make it taste good. Snuff, another form of spit tobacco, is ground into a fine powder. It is sold in small tins. The moisture in your mouth and nose releases the nicotine, which goes through the lining of your mouth and nose and into your bloodstream. Like cigarettes, smokeless tobacco is also highly addictive. Some people believe that using smokeless tobacco is safer because you chew or snort it instead of smoke it. Smokeless tobacco, however, has a number of serious health risks: - Cancer of the mouth, throat, lip, tongue and cheek - Severe tooth and gum disease - Ulcers and upset stomach Some athletes believe spit tobacco gives them more energy and isn't harmful. They are wrong. The short boost from nicotine actually puts stress on your heart and lungs, which limits your athletic ability. What about light cigarettes? Many smokers think light cigarettes have less nicotine, tar and other harmful chemicals than regular cigarettes. In fact, someone smoking a light cigarette absorbs just as much or more tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide. The word "light" is very misleading. It refers only to the way the cigarette tastes. There's no standard that says how much tar or nicotine a "light" cigarette should have. Light cigarettes taste lighter because tiny holes in the filter (called vents) allow more air to enter the cigarette. The smoker inhales "air-diluted" smoke, which makes the cigarette taste lighter but doesn't change the actual amount of chemicals in the smoke. Studies show that people smoke light cigarettes differently than regular cigarettes because they still crave the same amount of nicotine. They tend to: - Take longer puffs - Take more puffs - Smoke the cigarette down to the filter - Block the tiny ventilation holes in the filter - Hold the smoke in their lungs longer By changing the way you smoke, you get your usual dose of nicotine. But you can end up getting more tar, carbon monoxide and other dangerous chemicals as well. There are no health benefits to smoking "light" cigarettes. Switching to a light brand is not a substitute for quitting. Like smoking regular cigarettes, light cigarettes increase your risk for cancer, lung disease, heart attack and other health problems. Roll-your own cigarettes Some people buy loose tobacco in tins or pouches and roll their own cigarettes. These are not safer than regular cigarettes. In fact, they may even be more harmful because they don't burn as well as manufactured cigarettes and may actually be worse for your health than manufactured cigarettes. "Natural" or organic tobacco Some people grow their own tobacco and think it's safer because it's "natural." Smoking homegrown tobacco doesn't make it any safer. You're still breathing in hot, dirty, toxic smoke into your lungs. Waterpipe smoking (also called hookah, sheesha, or hubble-bubble) Some people smoke tobacco or other substances through a waterpipe. Originally used in the Middle East, watrerpipes are becoming more popular in Canada. They consist of a large bowl connected to a vase of water with a long tube or mouthpiece used for smoking flavoured tobacco. Some people believe that smoking from a waterpipe is safe, but this is not true. According to the World Health Organization, “using a water pipe to smoke tobacco is not a safe alternative to cigarette smoking." Smoke from waterpipes contains many toxic substances known to cause lung cancer, heart disease, and other diseases. These include nicotine, carbon monoxide, tar and heavy metals. Learn more about waterpipe smoking Health effects of water pipe smoking, from the World Health Organization (a report in PDF format) City of Ottawa fact sheet on water pipe smoking US Center for Disease Control hookah fact sheet (hookah is another word for water pipe)

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February is Lactose Intolerance Awareness MonthPrint St. PAUL, Minn. – February is Lactose Intolerance Awareness Month, a time dedicated to educating people about a condition that is often misunderstood. What many individuals don’t realize is that a person can have lactose intolerance and still enjoy the taste and nutritional benefits of dairy foods. A primary goal for Lactose Intolerance Awareness Month is to deliver this message: Lactose intolerance doesn't have to mean dairy avoidance. According to an expert panel convened by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to examine lactose intolerance and health, eliminating dairy foods may not only be unnecessary to manage lactose intolerance, but also may lead to nutrient shortcomings which may result in adverse health effects. Many health professionals, as well as the as the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, encourage individuals with lactose intolerance to choose dairy foods first as a key source of essential nutrients, including those of most concern: calcium, potassium and vitamin D. Lactose is the sugar naturally found in milk and many milk products. In order to digest lactose, the body needs lactase, an enzyme that is made by the body. Lactose intolerance occurs when a person does not make enough lactase to break down lactose, which may cause them to experience physical symptoms when consuming foods that contain lactose. It is important to consult a doctor if a person perceives they are lactose intolerant. Often, a doctor will order a breath hydrogen test, which is considered the “gold standard” for diagnosis. Self-diagnosis is not recommended as it can lead to an unnecessary restriction of dairy foods, an inadequate intake of dairy’s nutrients, and a missed opportunity to detect other manageable disorders characterized by similar symptoms (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, milk protein allergy). Because tolerance for lactose varies from person to person, lactose intolerance is a highly individualized condition. A person should talk to their doctor or a registered dietitian about a management approach that best suits him or her. Here are some practical tips that may be recommended: Sip It. Start with a small amount of milk daily and increase slowly over several days or weeks to tolerance. Stir It. Mix milk with other foods, such as smoothies, soups or sauces, or pair it with meals. This helps give your body more time to digest it. Slice It. Top sandwiches or crackers with natural cheeses such as Cheddar, Colby, Monterey Jack, Mozzarella and Swiss. These cheeses are low in lactose. Shred It. Shred your favorite natural cheese onto soups, pastas and salads. It’s an easy way to incorporate a serving of dairy that is low in lactose. Spoon It. Enjoy easy-to-digest yogurt. The live and active cultures in yogurt help to digest lactose. Try It. Drink lactose-free milk. It is real cow’s milk with the same nine essential nutrients, just without the lactose. Also, try using it in recipes, such as this Rice Pudding with Praline Topping. Find more dairy recipes and nutrition information on DairyMakesSense.com. Midwest Dairy Council®, an affiliate of National Dairy Council, is the nutrition education division of Midwest Dairy Association. The Council is dedicated to dairy nutrition research and education through the investment of more than 9,100 dairy farm families across 10 Midwestern states, and is committed to child health and wellness through our collaborative program, Fuel Up to Play 60. For more information, visit www.midwestdairy.com. Follow us on Twitter and find us on Facebook at Midwest Dairy.

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Republican theorists of the 16th and 17th centuries recognized the merits of sortition, and included the practice when drawing up their ideal constitutions. In 1520, Niccolò Machiavelli, in a proposal to the Medicis, published the Discourse on the Government of Florence , arguing that none of the previous governments worked for the common good and merely represented the interests of one faction at the expense of the other, be they Medici, aristocratic, or popolo. Florence’s history of successive short-lived regimes occurred because those classes excluded from participation always became a source of discontent that destabilized these regimes. To remedy this, Machiavelli outlined a mixed constitution, which he argued would satisfy all classes and utilize their specific talents. He held that when it came to politics there were three types of men, the primi or leading citizens whose ambition required some outlet, the mezzani, a middle-ranking group of important citizens, and the univeralita dei cittadini, or rest of the citizenry who had little ambition or ability for politics but whose interests must be taken into account. The Signoria, an executive body of 8 should be staffed by the primi on a rotational basis. The mezzani should make up a legislative council of 200. Both bodies should be appointed by the Medici for life, ensuring that they would exercise their duties competently and be loyal to the Medici dynasty. But also the security of tenure would give them independence to speak their minds and not be merely yes men. To satisfy the univeralita dei cittadini he argued that the Consiglio be restored and the 1000 members should be selected by lot from the entire citizen body, who would form a lottery pool to fill by lot all the minor offices of the Republic. The unpredictable nature of the lottery would break up the patterns of patronage preventing the will of the universalita dei cittadini from being distorted. Finally he recommended the creation of a Provost office, modeled on the Roman Plebian tribune, The Consiglio acting in its role as an electoral college would elect 16 Gonfaloniers and from these 4 would be selected by lot to serve as Provosts on a monthly rotational basis. The Provosts would sit as silent witness on the proceedings of the Signoria and legislative council their power of veto designed to prevent the elite from abusing their power and ruling in their own interests at expense of the common good. The use of the lot was to prevent the office of the Provost being subjected to partisan interference and corruption. The proposal, however, was ignored by the Medici who were not interested in sharing any power. and Machiavelli would die in 1527 within weeks of the Medici’s expulsion and so had no influence on the formation of the last of the Florentine Republics. The writings of Machiavelli and the practice of sortition in Italy were built upon by James Harrington, an English Republican Theorist who lived through the English Civil War and the interregnum when England was in the process of defining a new political order and ideologies like Republicanism were discussed as a serious possibility. In his youth, Harrington had studied Machiavelli and had traveled throughout Europe personally witnessing the very different regimes in practice during this period. When he traveled to Italy he became greatly impressed with the Venetian Republic and sought to use key elements of it as a model for the ideal constitution for England. This ideal constitution was outlined in his book published in 1656 called The Commonwealth of Oceana and promoted by the Rota Club. The club, which Harrington ran, was a key part of the radical coffee house culture of the period and attracted a wide cross section of English society to debate and discuss republicanism and democratic theory and its application in Rome and Athens. In The Commonwealth of Oceana, Harrington argued for a bicameral parliament which was to be divided between the senate composed of the aristocracy and a popular assembly of the people. The representatives in both houses were to be selected by using the Brevia, i.e., an electoral college where sortition is used to determine the committee who would nominate candidates and then by secret ballot vote for the individuals nominated – political parties being forbidden. Access to the senatorial lottery pool was restricted to men of wealth to insure that the senate would be formed of men from the elite who had the necessary background and education for informed deliberation on the issues brought before them. The popular assembly, drawn from a far broader lottery pool, would not take an active part of the deliberation but would make the actual decision as to whether to accept or reject the proposed law. The reason for this division is that although Harrington believed that while the wisdom of the aristocracy was superior to the common people, he believed that man was ultimately selfish and that the aristocrats, if given full power to implement laws, would draft them in such a way that would personally benefit them at the expense of the common good. As to the common people, Harrington believed their ignorance and lack of competence was the main reason why they would derail the pursuit of the common good. However, the division of power forces the two to compromise for the common good. Harrington illustrated this compromise by providing an example of two girls dividing a cake equally. The first girl would slice the cake and the second girl would then choose which slice she would have. This practice ensured that the first girl had the incentive to slice the cake equally. Furthermore, the division of political labor plays to each group’s strengths: the aristocracy make excellent advocates to debate legislative proposals and so are useful as senators, the common people on the other hand may not be educated or articulate enough to debate properly but they are competent enough to follow a line of argument and use their common sense to pass good judgements on the proposals brought before them. In addition to the political institutions that Harrington argues for in the Commonwealth of Oceana he also recognized that the stability of the commonwealth is dependent upon ethnic homogeneity and relative economic equality between the people of England (Oceana). To achieve this he proposed an agrarian law which stipulated that a man could not accumulate through purchase, inheritance, or dowry any property valued greater than £2,000.00. As a result of this law large estates would be gradually broken up over time. Furthermore, Harrington’s concern for homogeneity is expressed in his opposition to Cromwell’s decision, made in the same year of the publication of The Commonwealth of Oceana, to permit Jews to settle in England, arguing that “To receive the Jews after any other manner into a commonwealth were to maim it; for they of all nations never incorporate, but taking up the room of a limb, are of no use office to the body, while they suck the nourishment which would sustain a natural and useful member.” As a solution to the Jewish question he urged England to provide them a homeland in Ireland (Panopea), where would be permitted to establish plantations similar to those of the Protestants and given full toleration to practice their religion. Although the ideas presented in The Commonwealth of Oceana and popularized through the Rota Club were largely metapolitical, and Harrington took no active part in the politics of the period, his work was considered subversive by the establishment. The initial print run of the book was seized by order of Cromwell and only overturned through a personal appeal made via one of Cromwell’s daughters. Harrington’s treatment when the monarchy was restored in 1661 was far worse. He was arrested on a charge of conspiracy against the government and imprisoned without trial for several months. The traumatic experience caused Harrington to lose his mind. He never recovered and spent the remainder of his life as an invalid, dying in 1677. Sortition in the American Colonies and the United States Sortition as an ingredient in political selection was not implemented in the American colonies that would later become the United States. Geography was certainly a factor, as it was impractical at that time to gather together the scattered rural populations together in meetings to draw lots, as was favored by Harrington and practiced in Venice. However, by far the most likely explanation was that the colonists were ignorant of it. Machiavelli and Harrington advocated sortition in their republican texts, but neither devoted any time to explain the rationale lying behind sortition in their constitutions. They had personally witnessed sortition and seem to have operated on the assumption that its merits were self-explanatory. But an American colonist, having no practical tradition to draw upon, can be forgiven for failing to understand its merits, especially when preference voting by secret ballot was emerging as a the default mode of representation in the colonies, which seemed an answer to the corruption endemic to the electoral process. The secrecy of the ballot was designed to eliminate corruption in elections by preventing third parties exercising any undue influence over the voter, who would be alone to vote according to his conscience and answerable only to God. However, without drawing lots to randomly select nominators, as was the case in Venice, this meant that corruption was merely transferred to the nomination and scrutiny process itself. Here powerful individuals or groups, through a mix of patronage and intimidation, could ensure that the only serious candidates who presented themselves to the electorate favoured their interests. Despite ignorance of the use of sortition in political institutions, the American colonies did, however, discover the merits of sortition in selecting members for jury service. Until 1682, when South Carolina first adopted this method, juries had been handpicked by sheriffs of the local court from amongst the population of male property owners. Impartiality was supposedly guaranteed by the traditional right of the accused to mount as many as thirty-six challenges to ensure that the sheriff was even-handed in their selections. This system was still open to abuse, as unscrupulous lawyers could arrange for juries to be packed with men guaranteed to deliver a verdict favorable to the lawyer, and corrupt sheriffs could use their power of selection to obtain bribes by threatening to repeatedly call the same person for jury service over and over again. Selecting juries by sortition prevented jury packing and shared the burden of jury service equally across the community. Jury Nullification and Freedom of Dissent Juries across the English speaking world are a useful protection for individuals or groups persecuted by the state. If an individual is charged under a law that the community deems illegitimate, then the jury may acquit the individual through jury nullification. In 18th century, Britain the then ruling class attempted to control the press through seditious libel law, however, they were dismayed to see that juries would often acquit these men even though the factual evidence pointed to their guilt under the law. Today the state persecutes White Nationalists in Britain under the various race relations and public order acts for dissenting against the ongoing genocide of the white race, also it increasingly polices dissent voiced by ordinary Britons such as Emma West who was filmed denouncing mass non-white immigration on the London underground. In the rest of Europe the decision to convict or acquit individuals charged under hate speech laws lies with state appointed judges who by their very nature are creatures of the ruling anti-white regime. In Britain the case is different, and the crown prosecution service responsible for charging individuals under the many hate speech laws cannot always assume the co-operation of the jury. In 2006, Nick Griffin was acquitted on charges of inciting racial hatred for referring to Islam as a wicked and vicious faith and accurately predicting Islamic terror attacks on Britain. The conviction of Emma West also cannot be considered a foregone conclusion by the anti-white political establishment, Miss West intends to plead not guilty to the charge, and the repeated delays in bringing the case to trial indicate that the anti-white ruling class is fearful of the potential fallout. There are doubtless other cases where the Crown Prosecution Service has decided not to bother prosecuting individuals under the race relations act because they believe that a jury would never convict them. This may be the reason for the common practice of the media reporting that police officers are investigating “racist” incidents, even though the majority do not actually result in prosecution. Although it has not happened yet, there is always the possibility that a smart defendant charged with the racial hatred could use his jury trial to get himself acquitted through jury nullification by challenging the legitimacy of the law in question and using it as a platform to further attack mass immigration as a fundamental act of treason by the anti-white political elite. 1. John M. Najemy, A History of Florence, 1200-1575 (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006), 437-39. 2. Oliver Dowlen, The Political Potential of Sortition (Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2008), 118-20. 4. Keith Sutherland, A People’s Parliament (Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2008), 63. 5. Ibid., 64-66. 6. James Harrington, The Commonwealth of Oceana (1656), Kindle Location, 1531. 7. Ibid., Location 4309-4324. 9. Dowlen, The Political Potential of Sortition, 151. 10. Ibid., 163. 11. Ibid., 164. 12. Ibid., 173-77. 13. Ibid., 178.

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Moon and Companions The Moon and a couple of prominent companions form a bright triangle this evening. Spica, the brightest star of the constellation Virgo, is to the left or upper left of the Moon as night falls, with the planet Saturn farther to the upper right of the Moon. If you look closely, you'll see that Saturn looks like a double point of light. That's not a case of double vision -- there really are two objects there. Saturn is the brighter one. The other is another star of Virgo, known as Gamma Virginis or Porrima -- the name of a Roman goddess of the future. And Porrima itself is also two points of light, although lately it's been hard to separate them. The star is a binary -- two stars locked in a mutual orbit around each other. They're so far away, though, that you need a telescope to see them as individual stars. The distance between the stars varies by billions of miles. They were closest together about six years ago -- so close that it was hard to see them as two separate stars. They're starting to move away from each other again, but it's a slow process -- they won't reach their greatest separation for decades. But as they move apart, it'll get easier to see Porrima as two stars, not one. For now, look for Porrima huddling about a degree from the planet Saturn. In fact, they're at their point of closest approach right now. After tonight, Saturn will start to move eastward -- leaving Porrima to face its future alone. Script by Damond Benningfield, Copyright 2011 For more skywatching tips, astronomy news, and much more, read StarDate magazine.

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One hundred years on from the armistice that ended it all, this week the museum proudly opened its new exhibition, ‘Erewash Remembers: 100 Years of Commemorating the First World War’. Curated by Kate Crossley-Halls, the exhibition turns not only to the conflict itself but also to its devastating aftermath and the cultures of remembrance that grew out of unthinkable international catastrophe. Global war had very local ramifications, and in towns like Ilkeston huge labour shortages were caused when men went away to the Front, many of which were filled by women. Following the armistice of November 11th, 1918, the struggles were by no means over, and industrial regions like ours faced ongoing challenges. Despite the fact that the women who had taken over work in the factories were laid off in their droves, many returning soldiers still struggled to find jobs, so a scheme was launched locally to encourage employers to take on disabled soldiers. In Erewash, as elsewhere, new homes were promised that would be fit for returning heroes, but in reality many ex-servicemen struggled to find a suitable place to live. The mechanisation of war, causing death and destruction on a previously unimaginable scale, also disrupted funerary customs and mortuary rites. Without a body to bury, families could not express their grief in the traditional way. Because of this, war memorials bearing the names of the dead became an important focal point for mourning. The most famous example is the London Cenotaph, but communities across Erewash erected their own monuments. Of course no public monument is ever entirely neutral – some names were left off the memorials, including those seen as ‘deserters’. ‘Erewash Remembers’ looks to some of the other traditions of remembrance that now seem so natural to us. Our annual two minutes silence on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month has long been a national institution, but when it was originally suggested on the first anniversary of armistice in 1919, some doubted it would work. The exhibition also considers the important role that the Royal British Legion played, and continues to play, in advocating for soldiers and their families. Their iconic Poppy Appeal serves as an annual reminder of all that was, and is, lost in times of conflict. Exhibitions commemorating the First World War are themselves acts of public remembrance, inevitably shaped by a century of mourning and remembering and influenced by our shifting sensibilities as a nation. ‘Erewash Remembers’ gives us pause to remember. At the same time it challenges us to think again about how we remember. You are warmly invited to remember with us at this free exhibition which runs until December 15th.

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- 1.1 (deform) [metal/object] deformar his face was distorted by o with anger/pain tenía el rostro crispado por la ira/del dolorMore example sentences1.2 [Opt] [image/reflection] deformar, distorsionar a distorting mirror un espejo deformante More example sentences1.3 [Electron] [signal/sound] distorsionar - The shadows warped and distorted as a humanoid shape detached itself. - It was gnarled like a tree branch, twisting and distorting in places. - It twisted in sickening slow motion, distorting out of shape. More example sentences1.4 (misrepresent) [facts/statement] tergiversar, distorsionar - Her face was distorted with agony, and small squeaks erupted from her mouth. - Their faces were distorted with fear and anguish. - His face was distorted with tension, sweat dripping from his temples to the tiny cheap pin on his shirt: manager. More example sentences - Heat made the air thick - it must be distorting the sound waves, slowing them down. - These air pockets can distort the sound waves and produce an unclear image. - She screams at him until the volume of her voice is distorting the phone signal and he cannot comprehend a word she says. - Many investors now distrust pension accounting because it distorts reported earnings. - In addition, the probability of the results being distorted by confounding factors has not been adequately addressed. - The nature of adulation does not distort his impression of reality. - [Audio] distorsionar Find out how to write letters in Spanish, including advice on greetings, layout, endings... Churro is a typical Spanish food, consisting of a long thin cylinder of dough, deep-fried in olive oil and often dusted with sugar. Churros are usually eaten with a thick hot drinking chocolate, especially for breakfast.

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Ogopogo . . . the famed sea monster of Lake Okanagan, Canada. Titled "Nessie's Canadian Cousin," the sightings of this mysterious creature abound still more and more as the years go by. Many legends and myths abound in the Okanagan Valley concerning Ogopogo. It is a fact that all legends and myths originate from some source, and also that most Indian legends were related following an actual happening. From here they were handed down from generation to generation and later recorded. The Kelowna Chamber of Commerce has the following information for those interested in the Ogopogo: "Before the white man came to the Okanagan Valley, the Indians knew of the lake monster which they called N'ha-a-itk. This monster lived in a cave close to Kelowna at a place called Squally Point. "Indians would never paddle a canoe or raft near this area because often a storm would spring up and from the water would rise N'ha-a-itk to claim another life. If it was necessary to go within the area it was better to carry a small animal and throw it overboard as a sacrifice to appease the monster. "The first white settlers heard of N'ha-a-itk from the Indians, but these sturdy citizens were not superstitious, and many of them saw the monster and experienced phenomena that were rather unusual. "One instance tells of two horses swimming behind a boat and mysteriously being pulled beneath the waves; another of a girl and her horse getting the scare of their lives as a huge black serpent-like creature slithered off the rocks into the lake. "In the past 30 years many reputable persons have seen 'Ogopogo,' but as most of the roads are high above the lake, it is almost impossible to photograph anything one might see. "In a two-year period 21 reputable citizens have seen our friendly lake monster, and the general descriptions all agree: 20 to 50 feet long with a heavy snake's body, a horse's or goat's head - well bearded, and traveling at a fast speed or lazily sunning himself. "This is all we know of Ogopogo. Perhaps someday we may see him ourselves, but in the meantime it's nice to know he's there keeping a benevolent eye on his favorite city." KELOWNA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE It would take an entire book in itself to recount in full detail the numerous sightings of Ogopogo from 1872 to the present. Reported sightings of the Okanagan USO (Unidentified Swimming Object) occur in almost every area of the lake, the descriptions being almost invariably the same: a snake-like body varying from 20 to 70 feet in length, darkish green or brown in color, moving in an undulating motion through the water, with two or more visible humps an equal distance apart. During the days when the early settlers considered the Ogopogo a source of sheer evil, the shoreline of Mission Creek was patrolled daily by the men, armed with guns and ready to protect their homes from an attack by Ogopogo. Over time this viewpoint changed, and now the Ogopogo is far from being considered an enemy. The John Allison family came into the Okanagan Valley before the turn of the century and eventually settled at Westbank, a small community directly south of Kelowna. For John, it was necessary to make numerous trips across the Okanagan Lake to obtain supplies for his family's maintenance. On one special occasion a terrible storm arose and he was unable to return home on schedule. Mrs. Allison, understandably, became very alarmed when her husband failed to return. Running anxiously to the lake's edge, she peered into the threatening storm and feared that she might never see her husband again. As she searched the lake frantically, she suddenly caught sight of a large motionless object a good distance out. Suddenly it began to move against the storm, increasing its speed as it churned through the waters despite the heavy wind and waves which lashed and foamed against its wake. After watching the object for some time, Mrs. Allen saw the creature submerge, then disappear. After the storm subsided John returned home and found his wife stunned though extremely fascinated by what she had witnessed. Another early settler, John McDougall, who came into British Columbia as a guide for Donald Smith of the CPR, had a most unusual experience. John settled in the Kelowna area. On one particular day he was swimming a team of horses across the lake to help Mr. Allison with the haying. McDougall was part Indian, and therefore had adopted the way of the Indians and made a practice of never going out onto the lake without a sacrifice. In his haste to help his friend he gave no thought to the usual offering. As he was leisurely towing the horses behind his canoe, they were suddenly drawn down by some unknown force below. The tugging rope began to pull the canoe under and John quickly took out his sheath knife and severed the bond. He paddled away fearing for his life. No trace of the two horses was ever found. In 1900, Mrs. Ruth Richardson, now a resident of Cashmere, Washington, recalled seeing the legendary Ogopogo near a beach at Okanagan Landing as a child of ten while playing near her family's home. "All of a sudden I heard a swish of water and it drew my attention, so I looked out on the water and here was this Ogopogo sitting up there as big as life. "He stood about three feet of him out of the water; he was quite a way out in the water but was very still and looking at me as though I was as big a curiosity to him as he was to me. "I watched for quite a while, and then he went down in the water; he rather backed down. So then I thought that was all of him and went on playing. Soon there comes another swish of water and he was much too close and he frightened me terribly. "I had a good close look at him and he still sat there very still and just stared at me. Well, that was just too much and I made a run to the house, you can be sure." Mrs. Richardson said the monster had scales "that looked like shale rock" and three points or fins on the back of its neck. "I kept my secret to myself, for if I had told my parents they would have spanked me for telling a tale, but later other people around the Landing saw the same kind of monster. You could never get me out on the water in a boat for any money. Lots of people dispute the Ogopogo story but I know what I saw and will swear to it." Ogopogo: The Species Ogopogo, if she exists (they), is unquestionably an animal unknown to science. Those who make her out to be a type stergeon or "exceptionally large beaver" are either terribly misguided or are simply wishing to play the devil's advocate. New species are being found all the time. Journalist Ivan Sanderson estimated in a National Geographic Society report that each year scientists discover and classify 15 new reptiles or amphibians, 50 new mammals, 100 new fish, 15 new birds, and at least 5,000 new insects. For more in depth information, see The Ocean: A World of Mystery. It is extremely interesting to note that so many witnesses who claim to have seen strange lake creatures, many years apart and in widely separated parts of the world, agree so closely as to the shape, the color, the movements, and the speed of the unidentified creatures. Unlike the monsters of medieval times that took a variety of forms over time, the marine animals described in a more recent period of history are of only two or three shapes. The modern sea monster is likely to belong to a type with a slender, snake-like body, a large wide-jawed head, and perhaps multiple fins. Another animal often described has an extremely small head, a curving swan-like neck, a bulky body like a barrel, two pairs of flippers, and a heavy tail which all paints the clear picture of a "pre-historic plesiosaur," as people so enjoy to call it. Ogopogo, from the reports, best fits into the first category. However, this is far from en exact description, as the frequent mention of humped coils would discount this. Regardless, unlike Nessie of the Loch Ness, Ogopogo has been described in a much more snake-like fashion. The closest resemblance to the Okanagan USO is one that Kondrad von Gesner of Zurish, Switzerland, published in his Historia Animalium in 1558. Both he and Olaus Magnus spoke of gigantic snakes 300 feet long which wrapped their immense coils around small vessels and destroyed the ships and their crews. How ironic. Any mention of this today would leave a person as the laughing-stock of society, and yet these two highly respected men of the scientific community devoted an entire section to these amazing creatures. It only goes to prove that, given enough time, knowledge of our past can easily be lost . . . and the same is true for the dinosaurs of whom people knew as 'dragons.' None of the modern witnesses who have encountered sea serpents thought of the creatures as real snakes. The serpents differed in several ways from real snakes, the most significant difference being in the way the serpents traveled through the water. Any sea-serpent resembling a snake moved with vertical undulations so that the creatures revealed a series of humps above the surface of the water as they swam (as Ogopogo). This, amazingly, was how Gesner described the giant sea snakes of his time. The report goes on to say: "True snakes must swim with horizontal wiggling of their bodies. Also, the sea serpents seemed to be propelled by flippers or fins which were concealed from the observers. True snakes do not, of course, have flippers." An affidavit by a ship's captain of Gloucester, Massachusetts, signed before a Justice of the Peace in 1817 helps shed light on the speciation of Ogopogo. "I, Solomon Allen II, of Gloucester, in the County of Essex, Shipmaster, dispose and say: that I have seen a strange marine animal, that I believe to be a sea serpent, in the harbor of Gloucester. "I should judge him to be in length between 80 and 90 feet and about the size of a half barrel, apparently having joints from his head to his tail. I was about 150 years from him when I judged him to be of the size of a half barrel. "His head was formed something like the head of a rattlesnake but nearly as large as the head of a horse. (This fits the frequent description of the Ogopogo head and this account was given in 1817.) When he moved on the surface of the water, his motion was slow, at times playing about in circles, and sometimes moving nearly straight forward. When he disappeared, he sunk apparently directly down, and would appear at 200 years from where he disappeared, in two minutes (identically similar to the submerging and resurfacing of the Okanagan USO). His color was dark brown and I did not see spots upon him." Numerous other historical accounts give almost identical descriptions to an Ogopogo-like "sea monster." The creature that inhabits Okanagan Lake possesses many characteristics of the sea serpents described by Gesner, Allen, and of the Loch Ness Monster, but no one description fits the Okanagan USO exactly. Frank Lillquist of the Kelowna Corrier staff years ago provided a satisfactory and well-put summary of the famed Ogopogo: "Outside of the spike-backed dragon whose effigies appear from one end of the lake to the other, the most common description of Ogo is sort of a long, slithery creature, with serpentine neck and vaguely bullet-shaped body. "That sounds like it could be some kind of plesiosaurus, which first appeared in the Rhaetic and 'last seen' in the Upper Cretaceous - last seen that is except maybe for one inspired member of the dying tribe who found refuge in a deep cavern in our lake. "If this is the case, than Ogopogo is hardly a tourist attraction - modern-day alligators and boa constrictors are terrible enough, but their prehistoric ancestors make them look tame. "Suppose Ogopogo was a Kronosaurus, the giant of his plesiosaur family. Then he would have a head about eight feet long, a body about 30 feet long, and be capable of running down a slow motorboat. "Of course Kronosaurus was mostly found in Australia and if some of his kin are in Okanagan Lake they are most likely the typical long-necked version which fed mainly on fish and small prey. "These creatures had necks 19 feet long and caught their dinner by lightning-like strikes rather than sheer speed. "As mentioned, this breed ate mostly fish, but with kokanee dying by the hundreds of thousands and pollution reportedly cutting into all fish populations, perhaps there isn't enough seafood left to sustain the brute. "If that's the case he probably wouldn't be adverse to changing diets; for instance, crocodiles have been known to eat and digest garbage can lids smeared with beef blood. "But if a plesiosaurus doesn't fit your mental image of Ogo, then how about Giganthopis? "He was a constrictor-type snake that lived some 50 million years ago and attained a length of about 60 feet. "Of course there are many varieties of shark which grew upwards of 70 feet long and would fit the bill for a sea monster any time. There is a picture which periodically appears in magazines of a full-grown man sitting inside the jaws of one of these sharks. "He could probably swallow the RCMP launch whole. "Now everyone knows dinosaurs of any type were not the impregnable beasts portrayed tromping through bombs and cannon fire in Hollywood thrillers. "A welter-weight Tyrannosaurus Rex wouldn't last two rounds with a Sherman tank currently in retirement at the armories. "But a beast, any beast, about 30 to 50 feet long is capable of a fair amount of havoc, and even if he was hesitant about eating DDT-ridden human beings he might step on you in passing. "By no stretch of the imagination am I an expert on prehistoric monsters, but I know enough not to want to come face to face with the Oknagan's greatest tourist attraction - at least not without the B.C. Dragoons along for company." A 1925 news report stated that huge bones were discovered in Lake Okanagan and sent to Victoria, where fisheries experts claimed they were whale bones. Later circulated was a story that one of the large bones was taken to Vernon and displayed at city hall, to disappear a short time later. Another story eventually came to light about the body of a 20-foot hammerhead shark found in Okanagan. Neither of these creatures, of course, are inhabitants of fresh-water lakes and are most commonly found in the oceans. If the stories are true, it shines an intriguing light upon Lake Okanagan . . . and not only that, but upon Ogopogo herself. In essence, if the stories are valid, it would give almost unanimous support that underground passages exist between Lake Okanagan and the ocean far to the west. Ogopogo-like creatures have on numerous occasions been reported in the sea, as written about earlier. However, could it just be that she's simply the freshwater cousin of a salt-water relative? As we all know, salt and fresh water crocodiles exist, as well as dolphins, sharks, and numerous other species. Regardless, whether or not "the Ogopogos" came or continue to come from the sea, evidence seems to indicate that underground water veins do exist between the two bodies of water. Okanagan Lake and the Loch Ness in Scotland are remarkably similar, lying at almost the same latitude and both very long and narrow, having areas of great depth. Both are also believed to have been created by cataclysmic shifts of the earth's crust. They have similar water temperatures and contain almost identical types of fish. Most important of all, of course, is the fact that both lakes have innumerable sightings of an unusually large unknown species which sometimes surfaces from great depths - Nessie in Loch Ness and Ogopogo in Lake Okanagan. For those skeptics who continue to believe that people who report such creatures are hyperactive liars, consider the following: Not one report to date has yet come from a lake whose depth doesn't fit the criteria to house such a creature. Nearly a thousand feet deep, the Loch Ness, the Okanagan, Lake Champlain, etc, are all extremely large bodies of water whose bottom we know very little about. It was only discovered recently that the sea floor of the Loch Ness contains several caverns and valleys, described by some as being "like a raisin." There exists a very false conception in our day that man knows everything about his world . . . that the last and final frontier is space, the earth having already been conquered. Nothing could be further from the truth. Man knows more about the surface of the moon then he does about our oceans. Ogopogo . . . does she . . . do they . . . really exist? It would be foolish to say no, as we take into account how very little we know about Lake Okanagan. 300 foot sea snakes are said to have existed in the 1500s. Credible men throughout the ages have sworn to their death beds of seeing strange and unusual creatures. Animals unknown to science are being found every single year to this day. Friends, with all due respect, something does exist in Kelowna Valley, Lake Okanagan, and only time will reveal to us what exactly it is.

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Weresnakes are carriers of the snake strain of lycanthropy. This can be passed on via a bite wound given while the weresnake is in snake or hybrid form, or via an exchange of blood. The disease can also be contracted from the vaccine, and this was once far more common than people think, but advances in medicine have begun reducing the likelihood of this occurring. Lycanthropy is passed from mother to child, and weresnakes are among the few lycanthropes who can have children, as they can choose to lay eggs instead of giving birth. A weresnake father can pass on Mowgli Syndrome to the child if he was in snake or hybrid form during intercourse. Once turned, lycanthropes are immune to other strains of lycanthropy (aside from the 30 or so panweres existing in the world, only four of which are in the United States), and to vampirism (with the notable exception of the line of hybrids created by the Mother of All Darkness). Like all lycanthropes, weresnakes possess strength and speed far beyond anything a human is capable of - they can bench press a car easily, and can move fast enough to seem like a blur to the human eye. Lycanthrope metabolisms are much faster than human metabolisms, which is why weresnakes need to consume more calories, and why they heal so quickly. Unlike other lycanthropes, weresnakes have average to low body temperatures, as they are partially cold-blooded. Cold temperatures and ice baths, sometimes used to bring down fevers in humans, can be fatal to lycanthropes if given to them while they are healing serious injuries - they require high temperatures to heal, and recover best when surrounded by their clan. This is especially true for weresnakes. Aside from wounds which sever the brain stem, lycanthropes can heal from almost anything. Although they are immune to poisons and diseases, lycanthropes are highly allergic to silver, and most will be burned by any external contact with the metal - some powerful lycanthropes, however, are not harmed unless the silver breaks the skin or is otherwise ingested. Wounds created by silver heal at human speed, if the lycanthrope does not shift before they are healed. As a result, silver is the only metal that can be used for body piercing on a lycanthrope - the holes will close up around other metals. However, doing this causes the lycanthrope constant mild pain as the 'wounds' stay fresh. Wounds made by other lycanthropes or fire will also heal slowly. A weresnake's natural form is human. In appearance, they are typically impossible to distinguish from any other human, although their faster metabolisms mean they are always fit. If they spend too much time in snake form, some characteristics may linger - for instance they may have slitted eyes, unusually long and sharp canine teeth, and perhaps a hissy voice or lisp. Weresnakes shapeshift into snakes (cobras are the most common, but there are also clans of anacondas in South America), though in size they are closer to large boa constrictors (anacondas are even larger than normal anacondas). They are also capable of taking a bipedal hybrid "snakeman" form which is human from the neck down with a snake head. Although the ability is rare, some alpha lycanthropes can shift isolated portions of their body if they choose, rather than their whole body. Weresnakes do not return to human form upon their death. The transformation itself is a violent process - bones snap and reform, skin splits, fur spills out, and a hot, sticky liquid is produced (which manages to get everywhere except the fully transformed weresnake). The process can take some time, depending on the age and ability of the weresnake involved. Powerful alpha weresnakes can sometimes shift very smoothly and rapidly, whereas newer or weaker weresnakes often take several minutes for their bodies to break down and reform. Changing form always takes a lot of energy, and changing to snake form causes a hunger for meat. A shape change will heal all fresh wounds - even scars will fade gradually, if they were attained after the lycanthrope was infected. If the shift is brought on naturally (by the full moon), typically a weresnake will spend six to eight hours in snake form, followed by six to eight hours of comatose sleep. This coma time increases if a weresnake chooses to shift back early, although alpha weres require only a few hours of comatose sleep, if any at all. Staying in snake form for a longer period is possible, but spending too long in snake form hampers the ability to shift human - at first only small features will remain serpentine, but the longer they stay changed the less of their human instincts they retain, and eventually insanity can result. The risk of this lessens with a weresnake's power. All of a lycanthrope's senses are heightened. They can hear a person's pulse just by standing nearby, they need minimal light to see, and they can track by scent (although all of these abilities are improved more if they are in snake form rather than in human). They can use their sense of smell to determine if a person is agitated or calm, and this helps them determine if someone is lying, although it is not universal. Weresnakes are especially sensitive to heat differences and vibrations, when in snake form. The moon is a potent influence on any lycanthrope. During the full moon, all lycanthropes must shift, though with more power and control comes the ability to delay this shift. The closer the moon is to being full, the harder it is for any lycanthrope to resist the shift. Many things can trigger a weresnake's shift, if they do not have full control: heightened emotional states (including during sex) and the scent of blood are among the most common things to bring the snake to the surface and strain a weresnake's control. Sex - also referred to as "the killing dance" - can be a dangerous situation for a lycanthrope, as it can trigger an unwilling shift. Between two lycanthrope partners, this is considered normal - in fact not shifting during sex is considered holding back (some lycanthropes take it as an insult). However, when a lycanthrope has sex with a human, a shift can be disastrous: at best they will severely injure and infect their partner, at worst they will maul them to death. The more control a lycanthrope has, the more they are able to choose when to shift and when not to shift - though it is always easier to change into snake form than resist the urge. A triggered (rather than conscious) change usually results in a lack of control over a weresnake's beast, and can also create memory loss. For the first six months of forced full moon transformations, a weresnake will not remember anything, and will be unable to control their actions during the night (their snake's instincts are in charge). The next six months begin the gradual development of control. All weresnakes are able to control natural snakes (to an extent - they can at least calm them, though alpha weresnakes can get the snakes to do their bidding), and have what is in some senses an aura but in other senses an additional personality - except not a human personality, but rather that of a snake. 'The snake' or 'the beast' is what takes over during a weresnake's first several full moons, and represents animal instincts rather than human ones. Control over their snake can be developed with practice - the better a snake's control, the more their snake becomes simply a facet of their personality, rather than a separate personality whose memories they do not share. The beast makes a weresnake's aura hot and aggressive - sensitives of any kind who are around lycanthropes often find it to be an uncomfortable sensation, a type of hot prickling along their skin. Other lycanthropes are even more receptive to the aura, sometimes even feeling it as if it were a tangible snake, though other times simply feeling it as a dominating strength. More powerful weresnakes can mask and subdue this aura, with concentration, making it more difficult for sensitives to discern that they are a lycanthrope. However, the more powerful the were, and the more of their snakish senses and instincts being used, the stronger this aura will be. Especially powerful and dominant weresnakes are referred to as alphas (sometimes, the line between alpha and dominant is blurred, but only an alpha can truly lead a clan). Whether or not a weresnake becomes alpha depends largely on their own strength of will and personality. Alphas have better control of their beast than other weres, and they have a resistance to psychic and vampiric abilities. Some alphas can also control the beasts of those around them, either forcing other weresnakes to shift or forcibly repressing the beast. Another rare ability is the sharing of power through their own blood. Even more rare is the ability to heal, usually through physical contact and sexual energy. Two true leaders, alphas powerful enough to lead the clan (a true Kashyapa and a true Kadra), are powerful enough to pass their beasts through each other during sex (a highly pleasurable experience for both parties which can bring orgasm without any physical stimulation). A strong enough Kashyapa can shield their clan from a vampire's call, but being Kashyapa creates a metaphysical bond between leader and clan. This bond works both ways: the Kashyapa can draw strength from the clan, and sense clan members, but the entire clan can be controlled or fed upon via the Kashyapa. As with most lycanthropes, weresnakes form territorial clans based around urban centers. The rules vary based on territory (and who's in charge at any given time), but most clans permit visitors to their territory without too much ritual, as long as the visitors don't have dealings with the clan. If the visitor plans to have dealings with the clan, they must first present themselves to the Kashyapa, along with a gift for either the Kashyapa or the Kadra. Becoming a resident in the clan's territory requires the permission of the Kashyapa - anything else is a challenge to the Kashyapa's authority, which establishes the newcomer as rogue (effectively, outlaw to the clan). Some Kashyapas also require a tithe from their clan members. The clan is organized in a strict hierarchy of dominance. The Kashyapa and Kadra are at the top. Among unranked snakes, strength and power decide position: alpha snakes are above more submissive snakes. When a more dominant snake gives a more submissive snake an order, the submissive is expected to follow it - within reason. Dominance cannot be used to force a submissive to engage in illegal activity (although all rules are invalidated if the Kashyapa gives an order). Non-weresnakes can be considered dominant to clan members, but cannot be considered alpha. Dominance affects greetings between lycanthropes. A formal greeting between equal lycanthropes, or in a situation where dominance doesn't need to be established, is performed when one lycanthrope rubs cheeks with another, and both bury their noses in each other's hair. A submissive, when in public, will greet a dominant with a soft kiss, gently cupping their face in their hands. When not in public, the submissive will run their tongue along the dominant's lower lip. When a powerful alpha weresnake meets a powerful alpha of another species, their beasts will sometimes fight for dominance, if there is tension between them. The sensation is violent - as if the other lycanthrope's claws or fangs are ripping at the weresnake's insides - but no physical damage is done. Physical contact makes the sensation more powerful. Either one beast wins, or the fight ends in a standstill. Narcissus in Chains, Ch. 35 (Merle speaking) "When two such different beasts meet, and they are both strong dominants - such as a true Nimir-Ra, and a true Ulfric - the two animals must fight and test each other… it is a type of taming of one beast by the other." When disputes occur, they are decided by dominance battles or challenges - which can range from a battle of wills to hand to hand combat, and end when one of the combatants backs down and acknowledges the other as dominant to them. Challenges are much like duels, in that it is left between the two combatants. Using weapons other than teeth and claws (or knives) invalidates the challenge. Submissive weres can seek the protection of a more powerful were - if the dominant were grants this protection, they must accept all challenges on behalf of the submissive were they protect. To request protection, the submissive moves in closer to the dominant, without touching them. If the dominant offers their protection, they reach out and touch the submissive. This process means that the protectee automatically acknowledges the protector as dominant to them - and the clan must recognize this relationship as well. Challenges for rank are even more formal - these can be duels to the death, in which case the winner inherits the property of the loser. Such challenges must be issued at a formal clan gathering. Generally, challenges for a rank less than Kashyapa are not fought to the death, but it can happen. When one weresnake wishes to give their word in a formal manner to another, they present their throat to them. Symbolically, they are trusting the other snake not to take their life. Traditionally, the response is to lightly kiss or bite the pulse of the offered throat. The harder the bite, the less the second snake trusts the word being given, and/or the more dominant they see themselves to the first snake. A hard bite can be an insult to an alpha weresnake. Blue Moon, Ch. 37 (Marianne speaking) "A healthy pack or pard is built up of a thousand gentle touches. A million small comforts. It's like building a relationship with a boyfriend. Every touch builds and strengthens it… It is like building your relationship with a newborn baby. Every touch, every time you feed him when he's hungry, change him when he's wet, comfort him when he's frightened—the everyday intimacies forge a bond between you. True parenthood is built over years of interdependency. The bond between the pack is built much the same way." Lycanthropes are very casual about things like nudity and personal space. They tend to be comfortable lounging on or beside each other, at least as long as they are within their own strain - a weresnake is far more comfortable around another weresnake than they would be around any other lycanthrope. The touch of their clan is a metaphysical as well as emotional reassurance. Most clans will assign a sponsor to a newly turned were. This sponsor helps teach the new lycanthrope how to keep control, how to keep the secret, and how to cope with the change. In addition, the sponsor is often responsible for teaching the new lycanthrope about the different risks inherent in sex. Calling a lycanthrope "noseblind", or insinuating that their sense of smell/taste is useless, is a grave insult - it essentially translates to saying that they are in denial. Interaction with Human Society Although lycanthropy is a recognized disease, and discrimination based upon it is illegal, prejudicial practices are common. Six states in the U.S. have "varmint laws", which make it legal to kill a lycanthrope in animal form on sight (and a bounty is offered for their corpse). Lycanthropy is considered a contagious disease, and as such disqualifies someone from Federal Marshal status, as well as the Armed Forces. Lycanthropes working in medicine or as teachers lose their jobs almost immediately upon being outed, and the same generally applies for government jobs or emergency services. It is against the law to deliberately infect someone with lycanthropy. Many hospitals are uncomfortable treating lycanthropes, but they do offer vaccines for the disease. Known lycanthropes are encouraged to enter 'safe houses', which are government-run facilities advertised as clinics where a lycanthrope can learn control. While admission is voluntary for anyone over the age of 18 (minors may be forcibly admitted), and lycanthropes are supposed to be welcome to return to society after they have achieved control, once a lycanthrope checks in they are never seen again. Lycanthropes, naturally, view these places as worse than prisons, and the ACLU is fighting their existence in the Supreme Court. Due partially to this widespread discrimination, almost all lycanthropes live a life of secrecy, even from their own families. Generally, the only lycanthropes who don't keep their status a secret are those who do not socialize with humans - and particularly those in the service of vampires. Lycanthropes who use their condition to perform (whether in a specialty stage act or on screen) are also exceptions to this practice. However, even outed lycanthropes are generally reluctant to tell humans any details about lycanthrope culture. |Kashyapa||Cobra King||From the Hindu Kashyapa/Kasyapa. An ancient sage and rishi of Hindu myth. Kashyapa had thirteen wives (including Kadra/Kadru), and by them fathered all living creatures (especially demons, reptiles, and nagas).||An alpha male, the highest rank in a clan of werecobras. Challenges for this position are always to the death.| |Kadra||Cobra Queen||From the Hindu Kadra/Kadru. A Hindu goddess, the daughter of Daksha. She was one of thirteen wives of Kashyapa, and gave birth to the nagas.||The mate of the Kashyapa. This rank cannot be challenged for; it may only be decided by the Kashyapa.|

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Condensed Matter Physics What is Condensed Matter Physics? Condensed matter physics (CMP) is the fundamental science of solids and liquids. As the largest branch of physics, it has the greatest impact on our daily lives by providing foundations for technology developments. For example, the invention of transistors and semiconductor chips have led to the widespread use of a variety of data storage, telecommunication, and multi-media devices (e.g., cellular phones, digital still and video cameras, MP3 players, GPS, flat panel HDTVs, DVDs, hard disk drives, flash drives, Blue-ray players, iPod and iPad, etc.), and personal computers. Almost every aspect of our daily life benefits from research in condensed matter physics: for example, composite materials are used in jet turbines and modern tennis rackets; superconducting magnets are used in MRI tomography for medical diagnostics; various solid state sensors and detectors for space exploration and homeland security, and lasers for entertainment, broadband communication, and various medical procedures. Today, condensed matter physics is one of the most active and exciting research area in both basic sciences and technological applications. At the fundamental level, condensed matter physics is intellectually stimulating due to the continuing discoveries of many new phenomena and the development of new concepts and tools that are necessary to understand them. It is the field in which advances in theory can most directly be confronted with experiments. It has repeatedly served as a source or testing ground for new ideas (e.g., Josephson effect, integer and fractional quantum Hall effects, Aharanov-Bohm effect, mechanism of high-Tc superconductors, dissipative quantum physics, critical phenomena, mesoscopic physics, nonlinear dynamics, etc.). As a result, over the past 50 years, 22 Nobel Prizes in Physics were awarded to condensed matter physics and related areas, and 5 Nobel Prizes in Chemistry were awarded for subjects in condensed matter physics. In addition to its scientific value, condensed matter physics is intimately connected with industry. Condensed matter physics is one of the foundations of most modern technologies, like energy, information, defense, and manufacturing. A large number of scientists trained in condensed matter physics work in industry and found the training they received in university very rewarding. Research topics in KU Condensed Matter Physics Program Superconductivity was discovered in 1911. It is a phenomenon of great intricacy, diversity, and elegance. It is one of the most interesting and challenging subfields of CMP. For instance, the mechanism of high-Tc superconductors remains unsolved despite two decades of persistent efforts by some of the leading scientists in the world. On the other hand, significant progress has been made in the technical application of superconductivity. Large scale applications include the world's fastest experimental magnetically levitated train, superconducting magnets in MRI (Magnetic Resonance Image) systems, the world's largest electromagnets for thermonuclear fusion experiments, and bending and focusing magnets for the world's most powerful particle accelerators. Small-scale electronic applications include the fastest operating and the least-power consuming digital logic devices and circuits - the Rapid Single Flux Quanta (RSFQ) logic family, the most sensitive and lowest-noise electronic and magnetic sensors (SQUIDs), the most accurate voltage standard (the Josephson voltage standard), and the highest resolution x-ray detectors, just to name a few. Superconducting devices are also studied in our group in the context of quantum computing. Quantum Information Science Quantum mechanics, which often being described as non-intuitive and weird, is one of the greatest achievements and corner stones of modern physics. On one hand, it is the theoretical foundation to many great scientific discoveries and technological inventions such as atomic structures, transistors, lasers, etc while on the other hand there are still many open questions in our understanding of quantum mechanics. Recently, it is found that applying quantum mechanics to information processing one can exponentially increase computing power with the same amount of resources. In addition, coding information quantum mechanically can make communication absolutely secure against all eavesdropping. At KU we are developing solid state quantum bits (a.k.a. qubits) as the elementary building blocks for quantum computers. A qubit has two quantum states |0> and |1> which represents a bit of binary information. However, unlike a transistor which can either being in state |0> or state |1> at a time a qubit can be in both |0> and |1> states simultaneously – a direct consequence of quantum superposition. Together with a unique property of multi-partite quantum systems called quantum entanglement a quantum computer can solve certain class of mathematical problems that are intractable to any classical computers human can build. Our research is focused on design, simulation, fabrication, and characterization of qubits based on Josephson junctions. One of the goals is to increase their coherence time so that they are more robust against external disturbances. Another approach is to couple them to superconducting cavities to investigate quantum electrodynamics (QED) – an very active research area for which we are one of the pioneers. Recently, we have demonstrated coherent state control of a tripartite quantum system using Landau-Zener-Stuckelberg interferometry and quantum interference of photon dressed qubit states. In addition, we are interested in develop hybrid qubit systems that combine and exploit the advantages of nature-made and artificial qubits. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Nanoscience and Nanotechnology are emerging disciplines that seek to understand the nanoscale processes that govern the behaviors of materials and devices. While the bulk properties are well understood the properties of nanostructured materials can differ considerably from them. Considering the trend of devices’ size gets smaller the knowledge of these properties becomes more important. This new direction of nanoscience is rather multi-disciplinary, spanning physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, and materials science, as well as many other fields. KU CMP faculty members are actively involved in interdisciplinary projects in synthesis of nanostructured materials and fabrication of novel nanoscale devices. The department runs a state-of-the-art nanofabrication facility that allows to create structures on this scale. Very recently, some of our faculty members are working together, also with researcher from other disciplines, on developing high efficient and low cost solar cells using nanotechnology. Thin films (thickness typically in the range of 1 nanometer to hundreds of nanometers) in particular are the basis for a large number of technologies. Growth and characterization of thin films are important subjects for basic as well as applied research. Many examples exist in the literature and technology which prove that the important physical properties of thin film materials are strongly affected by their structure. Advanced approaches have been emerging for the need of controllable growth, in situ characterization and quantitative correlation of structural , morphology, electronic and optical properties. A large number of techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy (TEM and SEM), Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM), electrical transport, optical spectroscopy, and a variety of surface techniques have been used for many years to characterize the physical properties of thin films. Development of sufficient clean energy represents the one of society’s foremost challenges in this century. Sunlight is a compelling solution to our need for clean, abundant sources of energy, with potential capacity to supply all the world’s current energy needs. Disappointingly, solar energy accounts for <2% of the current world’s energy use. Reducing this huge gap demands technology developments in high performance and low-cost photovoltaics (PV) and other related technology such as energy storage, distribution and usage (built environment, electrical cars, etc). The KU CMP group has established a broad collaboration through the NSF EPSCoR Kansas Center for Solar Energy Research with primary focuses on: (1) acquiring fundamental understanding of the electronic and photonic behaviors of novel graphene-based plasmonic nanostructured transparent conductors (TCs); and (2) to develop high efficiency, low-cost plasmonic graphene-based thin film and nanostructured PVs. One of interesting research area is to study the critical phenomena in low-dimensional physics at nanoscale. For example, among eight allotropes of carbon, single-walled carbon nanotubes are one-dimensional conductors, acting as quantum wires; the intrinsic resistance of high-quality samples has been observed to be close to quantum conductance h/4e2. Likewise, graphene is an atomic-layered planar semimetal and its charge carriers propagate in the reduced dimension with effectively zero mass and constant velocity. There are numerous fundamental intriguing properties of these aforementioned carbon structures, i.e., Coulomb blockade phenomena in quantum dot systems, the strong electron-electron interactions in 1D lead to Luttinger liquid behavior and the formation of a 1D Wigner crystal phenomena emerges in a dilute electron system. Recently the anomaly quantum Hall effect in few layers of graphene has been observed and a symmetrically biased graphene p–n junction has been shown theoretically to create a negative refractive index medium analogous to a Veselago lens, which could potentially lead to an innovative electronics. Besides the exquisiteness of fundamental physics study, the group also engages in building frontier technology based on new physics and materials. Therefore, one of the research directions is to develop state-of-the-art sensors for applications in various fields. All in all, we rigorously push the performance of high mobility novel electronics, optoelectronics and nanoelectromechanical system (NEMs). The particular experimental techniques are to perform DC/RF electrical transport measurement at various temperatures and magnetic fields to study device characteristics of these nanostructure materials, and in-situ electrical and optical characterization of optoelectronic nanomaterials for device purposes. Optical spectroscopy of condensed matter systems Another research area involves optics and ultrafast lasers. In particular, we are interested in semiconductor nanoelectronics, nanophotonics, and nanospintronics. In these research topics, we use ultrafast laser techniques to manipulate and monitor the motions of charge and spin of electrons in nanoscale devices. The control and detection can be done as fast as 100 fs (1 fs = one millionth of billionth of a second) in time, and as small as 0.02 nm in space. These research activities provide building blocks for the next generation electronic devices that are faster, smaller and more powerful. Furthermore, studies of nanoscale transport provide information and knowledge on quantum and coherent properties of electrons that are of fundamental importance. We are also interested in using the laser techniques to study new research topics in CMP like graphene and topological insulators. Organics semiconductors have become promising candidates for next generation electronics, ranging from photovoltaics to light emitting devices. These materials are abundant in nature, relatively cheap to produce, and devices can be printed on flexible substrates by roll-to-roll processes. These characteristics make them extremely attractive for producing large scale devices such as a solar cell array. Fundamentally, these materials are also of great interest as elementary excitations in these materials are often highly correlated. For instance, light interacts with molecules or conjugated polymer to form tightly bound electron-hole pairs – the so called excitons instead of free charge carriers. In addition, the electronic excitations are not quite free in these materials and they interact strongly with the vibration mode of individual molecules and the phonon mode of crystal. The complexity of these interactions results in the many unexpected and interesting phenomena observed in these materials. To name a few, electronic excitations can be ‘multiplied’ by processes such as multi-exciton generation or singlet fission; metallic phase can be found at the interface of some organic semiconductors; in some organic crystals, the charge mobility can be changed by a significant amount by applying a small strain to the crystal. At KU, we study the fundamental electronic processes in these materials using various ultrafast time-resolved techniques. In particular, we use time-resolved photoemission to observe how excited electrons in a solid relax in a fs timescale. These new experimental tools give us a direct view on how electron excitation evolves after photoexcitation, which is instrumental to further our understandings on the fundamental interactions in these materials. We are also using a technique called angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) to directly determine the band structure of various new materials. If you are interested in taking part in this research, please check the links for the members of the group in the right column for more information on our research projects. Post Docs/Research Associates - Maogang Gong - Xin (Melissa) Xin - Mohammed Alamri - Brent Cook - Suman Dhamala - Samar Ghopry - Ryan Goul - Sakthisundar Kasthurirengan - Bhupal Kattel - Bo Liu - Victor Ogunjimi - Mohan Panth - Fatimah Rudayni - Sierra Seacat - Pavel Valencia-Acuna - Shanika Wanigasekara - Katherine Beech - John Pace - John Waters Additional information about our graduate program

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Guava may have been domesticated in Peru several thousand years ago; Peruvian archaeological sites have revealed guava seeds found stored with beans, corn, squash, and other cultivated plants. Guava fruit is still enjoyed as a sweet treat by indigenous peoples throughout the rainforest, and the leaves and bark of the guava tree have a long history of medicinal uses that are still employed today. The Tikuna Indians decoct the leaves or bark of guava as a cure for diarrhea. In fact, an infusion or decoction made from the leaves and/or bark has been used by many tribes for diarrhea and dysentery throughout the Amazon, and Indians also employ it for sore throats, vomiting, stomach upsets, for vertigo, and to regulate menstrual periods. Tender leaves are chewed for bleeding gums and bad breath, and it is said to prevent hangovers (if chewed before drinking). Indians throughout the Amazon gargle a leaf decoction for mouth sores, bleeding gums, or use it as a douche for vaginal discharge

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Low oxygen levels are rarely a problem, if an aquarium is well maintained and not overstocked. However, if your fish are gasping at the surface of the water, it should set off a red flag prompting further investigation. Here is what to look for, and how to fix it. Symptoms of Low Oxygen There is no flashing light or blaring alarm that goes off when oxygen levels drop too low in an aquarium. Aside from actually testing the water for dissolved oxygen, the only indication of trouble will be the behavior of your fish. Fish will initially react to lower oxygen levels by simply moving around less. They will swim less, and even eat less. As oxygen levels drop further, the fish begin to show labored breathing, and more rapid gill movement as they desperately attempt to get enough oxygen from the water by passing more water through their gills. Eventually the fish will begin gasping at the surface of the water. This surface breathing should not be confused with fish feeding at the surface, or fish that can normally take some air at the surface, such as labyrinth fish. Certain species of fish, such as Bettas and Gouramis, will periodically take a leisurely gulp of air from the surface. That is perfectly normal behavior, and the fish will not remain at the surface taking breath after breath. When fish go to the surface of the water for oxygen, they will gasp repeatedly, often with a widely open mouth. If all of the fish are gasping at the top, the problem is critical, and swift action should be taken. Action should also be taken in cases where only some of the fish are gasping at the surface, because eventually the problem will get worse. Those that aren’t gasping for air are probably stronger fish, or those that require less oxygen. If left unattended eventually they too will be affected by low oxygen levels. The initial action to take is to perform a large water change of as much as 50%. At the same time, increase the water movement by adding a power head, airstones, or even an additional filter on a temporary basis. The newly added water will introduce more oxygen to the tank, while the increased water movement will improve the oxygen exchange, buying some time to address the underlying cause. After that, additional corrective steps will depend on the root cause, which should be determined to assure the problem is permanently corrected. Root Cause of Low Oxygen Overcrowding is the number one reason for low oxygen in an aquarium. In fact, other factors rarely cause fatalities by themselves if the aquarium is not also overstocked. That’s not to say the other factors should be ignored, but if the tank remains overstocked, correcting the other factors will not permanently resolve the issue. Causes for low oxygen include: - Elevated water temperature - Lack of water movement - Excess waste - Low lighting with live plants - Use of certain chemicals High Water Temperature Warm water cannot hold as much oxygen as cooler water can. In warm times of the year, this can cause oxygen depletion in the water. Performing a water change with cooler water will help by lowering the temperature and introducing fresh oxygen. Heaters should be turned off, as well as lights. Remove the aquarium cover and blowing air across the surface from a fan will also help cool the water. It is wise to place a piece of screen over the top to keep fish from jumping out. A few ice cubes placed in a zip close bag can be placed in the tank to help keep the water cooler. Water that is stagnant will have lower oxygen levels. This is particularly true lower in the water column, where no oxygen exchange is occurring. Water at the surface will have more oxygen, but because it’s not moving, that oxygen doesn’t reach the lower portion of the tank. Filters go a long way towards increasing oxygen in the water, as they cause water movement at the surface where oxygen exchange occurs. Filters also move water from the top to the bottom of the tank, thus distributing oxygen throughout the aquarium. Increasing water movement will increase oxygenation of the water. This can be done by adding an additional filter, or replacing the existing filter with a higher capacity one. Before you do that, though, make sure your current filter is operating at full capacity. Often, the underlying problem is simply a badly clogged filter that is no longer moving much, if any, water through it. All that is needed in such cases is a good cleaning. Adding a power head, putting a spray bar on the outlet of the filter, or using airstones will also help. In a pond a fountain will do wonders for aerating the water. Anything that moves the water at the surface, or through the air, will increase oxygenation. This is another common root cause of low oxygen, often in conjunction with overstocking. Excess waste, clogged filters and algae overgrowth all can cause decreased dissolved oxygen as well as lowered oxygen carrying capacity in the aquarium. A thorough tank cleaning will turn that around, and good ongoing maintenance will help prevent the problem from reoccurring. Although it is not a common occurrence, live plants can be a root cause of low oxygen in an aquarium. Plants use CO2 and give off oxygen when exposed to light. When the tank is dark the process reverses and the plants use oxygen. If the aquarium has reduced no light for a lengthy period of time, the plants could deplete enough of the oxygen to cause the fish to be affected. The obvious solution is to increase the lighting. Keep in mind that algae does the same thing as your live plants, so even if you don’t have live plants, this problem can occur in a tank that is heavily overgrown with algae. Some chemicals used to treat disease or modify water parameters can also impact the oxygen carrying capacity of the water. Whenever using chemical additives, always read product literature to ensure it doesn’t have a negative effect on oxygen capacity. When troubleshooting an oxygen problem, discontinue the use of any chemicals that are not absolutely needed.

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CC-MAIN-2014-10

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Since this month’s focus is ‘Teaching Reading with iPads,’ our weekly ‘Techie Lunch’ iPad/tech training session concentrated on Character Analysis and Predictions. We have already covered Active Reading for Main Idea and Sequencing. The educators in attendance during their lunch period were 2nd and third grade teachers, so we had a conversation geared toward this level of students. After some discussion about Bloom’s Taxonomy, and the importance of students being able to show understanding by accessing the higher levels, we came up with some ideas for lessons on Character Analyis: 1. (Character’s Description) – Whiteboard, Doodle Buddy or Jot! – Students draw a picture of the main character using a whiteboard app. 2. (Character’s Language/Dialogue) - PaperDesk, NoteMaster, ScreenChomp, Skitch or Notability – Students take a picture from their printed story, and then highlight something that the character said that illustrates one of their character traits. 3. (Other Characters’ Reactions to Character in Question) – ToonTastic or PuppetPals – Have students assign characters from their story to figures in the apps. Have them re-enact scenes from memory from their story. For Predicting, students have to understand all the elements of the story AND have a good grasp on human nature in order to predict what will happen next in a story, which is why active readers should always be pausing to try and figure out what will happen next, just as we try to solve the case in less time than it takes Bones and Booth. 1. (Predicting Character Actions) - ToonTastic or PuppetPals – Similar to #3, above, but give them a situation NOT in the story, and have them show you how the characters in the story might react to the new situation, or if you are only part way through the text, what they think the characters might do next in the story. 2. (Predicting Plot) – iBrainstorm, Popplet or Corkulous - Plot out main parts (even as simple as beginning, middle, end), of the plot on either poppies or sticky notes, and put them in the right order. Change the color of the notes or popples and have them continue on with the story sequence. They could even then change the colors all back to the original color, exchange iPads, and have their neighbor put them all back in order, changing the color of the predicted ones once they get there (so you know they know which parts haven’t really happened yet). If the students understand cause/effect the plot so far, and any characters involved, they should be able to put them all back together. What other lessons have you found to be successful?

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CC-MAIN-2013-20

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Lasers are the secret weapon of science - they're incredibly powerful, super versatile, and they can travel across incredible distances. But as this simple experiment shows, for all that power, it's actually possible to 'trap' a laser beam in water. And, yes, you can try this at home (as long as you keep that laser away from everyone's eyes). As the University of Utah's Department of Physics and Astronomy shows in the video above, all you need is a plastic bottle filled with water, a pin, and a laser pointer (once again again, not for eyes). Just poke a hole in the side of your bottle, allowing a stream of water to smoothly shoot out, and then aim your laser through the bottle, and you'll see it get caught up in the cascading waterfall and curve downwards with it, interrupting its usually straight path. "Placing one's hand into the stream should reveal the laser light shining on your skin, and mixing in a little scattering agent (such as Pine-Sol or milk) can make the beam more visible," writes the department's YouTube channel. So what's going on here, other than a bad-ass party trick? This is an example of total internal reflection, which occurs when a beam of light hits a medium boundary (the edge of the water spout) at a particular angle, so it reflects, rather than passes straight through. This happens over and over again as the light hits each boundary, so the laser remains caught in the waterfall. From a physics perspective, there are two requirements for total internal reflection to happen. First of all, the light must be inside a more dense medium, and also approaching the boundary of a less dense medium - so travelling from water into air, for example. And secondly, the light must hit that medium boundary at an angle greater than something called the 'critical angle'. That angle changes depending on what type of mediums you're working with, but you can see a diagram of how that works below. (For those who are really keen, you can calculate the critical angle of a particular medium boundary using Snell's law.) That's all fascinating, but the coolest part about this whole experiment is that it's actually a perfect demonstration of how optical fibres work - you know, the fibres that're inside those cables that give us the internet. Because they're made up of long fibres of glass or plastic, these fibre optic cables can trap beams of light, just like the waterfall does in the video above, and can guide it anywhere its needed. And that's useful, because we can encode things like the latest episode of Game of Thrones in that light. So next time you stream something on your computer or download (legally, of course) an episode of your favourite TV show, remember to thank the poor laser that got stuck inside your cable to deliver that information to you. Physics, you're awesome.

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CC-MAIN-2017-39

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Fireworks CS4 Tutorials Free Fireworks Resources Other Fireworks Resources In this tutorial you will learn how to a create colorful baubles, a Christmas tree and finally a beautiful Christmas card design with bokeh effects. 1. Create a new document in Adobe Fireworks with the size of 730px by 630px. Draw a rectangle using the "Rectangle Tool" to cover the entire canvas area. Then select it, and change the color mode to Radial as shown in the image below. 2. Now lets create the Christmas bauble. 3. Draw a circle for the bauble using the "Ellipse Tool (U)" and fill it with radial gradient color as below. 4. Now create an ellipse smaller than the circle by using "Ellipse Tool (U)", then apply radial gradient color(i.e, lighter red). 5. Fill this new tiny ellipse with the solid light red color "#F47777" instead of the gradient color to form a shiny effect. 6. Now we must draw the bauble support element on top of it, use the Rounded Rectangle Tool (U)" to draw the rounded rectangle and choose the Pen Tool (P) to correct on its shapes as below. 7. Similarly using the Pen Tool (P) adjust the points and create the ring of the bauble as below. 8. Select now the Rectangle Tool (U) to draw the shaded part of the top bauble. Make 4 copies of the rectangle and select Free Transform (Ctrl+T) option to change the copies sizes and place them as below. Draw 4 rectangles and position them one below other. 9. Now go to Modify > Group or press "CTRL + G" to group all the elements of the bauble. Yes, We have done the Christmas bauble. This is how the final Christmas bauble will look like 10. Here we are going to teach how to create multiple Christmas bauble with various color & size. First duplicate the created Christmas bauble element (i.e, Ctrl + C for copy and Ctrl + V for paste). 11. We can change the color of the Christmas bauble element manually by changing the gradient color else to get your desired color go to Filters > Adjust Color > Hue/Saturation and adjust/modify the values as shown in the image below. Note: If you are changing the color of a vector object using Hue/Saturation, Then the vector object will convert into "Bitmap" 12. Duplicate it and make a free transformation with the Scale Tool (Q) and Hue/Saturation. You can make different combinations of Christmas bauble with different sizes and colors using these tools to your preference. OK, now you have done the Christmas bauble with variation of size & color to fit inside the Christmas tree. 13. Next, we’ll create a Christmas tree. Select now the Pen Tool (P) and try to draw the outline of a Christmas tree. 14. We are getting close to the Christmas tree shape. 15. Adjust the outline of the tree using the Pen Tool (P) to form a Christmas tree, like on the below image. Use your creativity and imagination here. 16. Select the outline of the Christmas tree and change the "stroke/ Tip size" into 12px. And also change the "Stroke Category" into "Paint Splatter" Hence using the above technique we got the look of the the Christmas tree as below. 17. Make several copies of the Christmas bauble with different size & colors, spread them and fill them inside the Christmas tree inside space. You don’t need to place them exactly as shown in the image. Group all the Christmas bauble shape objects by "Ctrl + G" and paste them inside the Christmas tree by "Ctrl + Shift + V" 18. So the final image of the Christmas tree filled with bauble shapes will be as the following image 19. One star should be placed on the Christmas tree’s top, draw a star by using the "star tool" from the Tool Panel. Now change the "Stroke Category" into "Confetti" and select"Outer Glow" with the below Values. 20. Let’s add the Bokeh Effect here. Create some blue color circles in our canvas, as in the image below. Select those circles, and go to Filters > Blur > Gaussian Blur and also give them different Opacity value. Then configure as show in the image below or as you prefer. Finally, We have got a Christmas tree with wonderful Bokeh effect. 21. Type out the text "Merry Christmas" with the Text tool (T) and choose a font. I am using the awesome font : Hanford Script and Size : 57px 22. Select the typed text and fill the stroke color as #9FECFF, next go and change the "Stroke Category" into "Fluid Splatter". 23. Finally, You’re done with your colorful Christmas card! Hope you like the tutorial and learned some new techniques!

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CC-MAIN-2020-29

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Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a species of parasitic protozoa and is the causative agent of the disease Toxoplasmosis. The parasite lives intracellular in various tissues of vertebrates and is transmitted via raw food or direct contact. Usually Toxoplasmosis is minor or self-limiting but it can have serious or fatal effects on a fetus if the mother contracts the disease during pregnancy. Also for people with compromised immune system, the disease can have severe consequences. In the United States, Toxoplasmosis is considered to be the third leading cause of death attributed to foodborne illness. The Toxoplasma gondii (T.gondii) antigen suspension consists of about 3x107 tachyzoites per ml. These are killed by heating and then washed and suspended in PBS with 0.1% formalin. - Ready-to-use suspension - High antigenicity For laboratory use only. Directions for use The product is a ready-to-use suspension. Use lab coat, gloves and safety goggles when handling. Shipping and storage Store at 2°C to 8°C. Antigenicity will last for 2 years or more. If you cannot find the answer to your problem below then please contact us or telephone 01954 210 200

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CC-MAIN-2020-34

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Binge Eating Disorder In binge eating disorder, a person often eats an unusually large amount of food and feels that eating is out of control. Binge eating disorder often occurs ... A person with binge eating disorder often eats an unusually large amount of food and feels that eating is out of control. Binge eating disorder often occurs with bulimia nervosa, another eating disorder that may involve purging. In other cases, binging can happen without other eating disorders. For example, the person may feel upset about binging, but may not try to undo these feelings by vomiting, exercising, or taking laxatives. It is not clear exactly what causes binge eating disorder. Since about half of people with binge eating disorder have a history of depression, it may be related to that condition. Studies also suggest that people with binge eating disorder may have other emotional problems, including low self-esteem, anger, and/or obsessive compulsive behavior. Factors that may increase your risk of developing a binge eating disorder include: - Gender: women - Becoming overweight at a young age - Yo-yo dieting - History of depression and/or substance abuse - History of sexual abuse - Excess concern with body shape Female FigureCopyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc. Symptoms of binge eating disorder include: - Eating quickly - Eating until you are uncomfortably full - Eating large amounts when you are not hungry - Eating alone due to embarrassment - Feeling disgusted, depressed, or guilty after eating Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. You may be referred to a mental health professional or eating disorder specialist. Binge eating is diagnosed when there are an average of at least two binge-eating episodes a week for six months, along with a lack of control over eating behavior. Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Treatment options include:Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy In cognitive-behavioral therapy, a mental health professional will teach you how to keep track of your eating and change your unhealthy eating habits. This may involve learning how to respond to tough situations and how to feel better about your body shape and weight.Interpersonal Psychotherapy In interpersonal psychotherapy, a counselor will help you look at your personal relationships and make changes in areas that are negatively affecting your life.Medications Certain antidepressant medications may be helpful for some people with binge eating disorder. There is no known way to prevent binge eating disorder. If you have young children, however, it is important to display positive and healthy attitudes about eating and body image.

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CC-MAIN-2014-41

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