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{ "aliases": [ "Rocky Balboa (character)", "Rocky balboa", "Rocky Balboa, Sr.", "Robert Balboa Sr.", "Robert Balboa", "Rocky Balboa Sr.", "Rocky Balboa", "Robert Balboa, Sr.", "Rocky 8", "Rocky Balboa (Character)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "rocky balboa character", "robert balboa sr", "rocky balboa sr", "rocky 8", "rocky balboa", "robert balboa" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "rocky balboa", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Rocky Balboa" }

[ { "answer": "Rocky Balboa", "passage": "A brawler's most important assets are power and chin (the ability to absorb punishment while remaining able to continue boxing). Examples of this style include George Foreman, Rocky Marciano, Julio Cesar Chavez, Roberto Duran, Danny García, Wilfredo Gómez, Sonny Liston, John L. Sullivan, Max Baer, Prince Naseem Hamed, Ray Mancini, David Tua, Arturo Gatti, Micky Ward, Brandon Ríos, Ruslan Provodnikov, Michael Katsidis, James Kirkland, Marcos Maidana, Jake Lamotta, Manny Pacquiao, and Ireland's John Duddy. This style of boxing was also used by fictional boxers Rocky Balboa and James \"Clubber\" Lang.", "precise_score": -6.542031764984131, "rough_score": -8.37842845916748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Rocky Balboa", "passage": "The name, iconography, and fighting style of Rocky Balboa were inspired by the legendary heavyweight champion Rocky Marciano from Brockton, Massachusetts and from the 5 times world champion Roberto 'Manos de Piedra (Hands of Stone)' Duran, from Panama, where the Balboa is the official currency.. Balboa was also inspired by other fighting legends: Joe Frazier, for his Philadelphia origin, training methods and victory against Muhammad Ali (the inspiration for Apollo Creed), and Jake LaMotta, for his Italian-inner city roots, ability to absorb many blows and his rivalry with Sugar Ray Robinson, which heavily resembled Rocky and Apollo's. However, it was the not-so-legendary Chuck Wepner who inspired the movie and Balboa's underdog personality.", "precise_score": -8.049416542053223, "rough_score": -7.629975318908691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rocky Balboa" }, { "answer": "Rocky Balboa", "passage": "The film begins on November 25, 1975, in the slums of the Kensington section of Philadelphia. Rocky Balboa is fighting Spider Rico in a local boxing ring called the Cambria Fight Club (nicknamed \"The Bucket of Blood\") inside a chapel. In the second round, Rico hits Balboa with a headbutt, leaving a gash on his forehead. Enraged, Rocky delivers a vicious barrage of punches, knocking Rico out. The next day, Rocky stops by the local pet store and tries to talk to the shy pet-shop worker Adrian Pennino, younger sister of his friend Paulie. Adrian is very shy and scared of Rocky's tough appearance. Afterwards, Rocky goes to collect a loan for his boss Tony Gazzo. Even though the client didn't have all the money, Rocky didn't break his thumb, even though Gazzo ordered him to do so. Later, Rocky stops by the local boxing gym and finds that he lost his locker to a contender. Unknown to him, the gym's owner and grizzled former boxer, Mickey Goldmill, doesn't hate him, but instead always considered Rocky's potential to be better than his effort. When Rocky leaves for home that night, he sees a young girl named Marie, hanging around a bad crowd and walks her home. On the way, Rocky lectures her about staying away from the wrong people. However, once they get to her house she tells Rocky \"Screw you, creep'o.\" Rocky walks home, frustrated how nothing is going right in his life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.469889640808105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rocky Balboa" }, { "answer": "Rocky Balboa", "passage": "In 1985, Apollo Creed comes out of retirement and agrees to fight Soviet World Amateur Champion and Olympic Gold Medalist-turned-professional fighter Ivan Drago (Dolph Lundgren) in Las Vegas with Rocky Balboa and Tony \"Duke\" Evers in his corner. Creed, past his prime but in the best shape of his retirement, again not taking his opponent seriously, was brutally beaten by massive Drago in the first round but begged Rocky not to stop the fight. In the second round, Creed continued to be beaten by Drago, falling limp in the ring and succumbing to his injuries. Feeling responsible for Apollo's death, Balboa sets up a match with Drago, which was held on Christmas Day in Moscow. Rocky had to surrender his World Heavyweight Championship title to accept this bout. With Evers assuming the role as his new trainer, Balboa trained hard using old-school methods within the mountainous terrain of Krasnoyarsk, Siberia, while Drago was shown being trained with state-of-the-art equipment and steroid enhancement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.857701301574707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rocky Balboa" }, { "answer": "Rocky Balboa", "passage": "Rocky Balboa (setting 2006)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2943115234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rocky Balboa" }, { "answer": "Rocky Balboa", "passage": "Rocky Balboa fights as a southpaw (left-handed). In the second film, against Apollo Creed, he comes out \"orthodox\" and Mickey intends for him to switch back to southpaw late in the last round, but Balboa refuses saying \"no tricks, I ain't switching\". Mickey tells him that Apollo is ready for him (if he continues using his right) and so towards the end of the round, he does indeed lead with his left. The real reason for this is Sylvester Stallone tore his pectoral muscles in training, but the idea was probably taken from the great left-handed boxer \"Marvelous\" Marvin Hagler who would sometimes come out orthodox to confuse opponents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.475348472595215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rocky Balboa" }, { "answer": "Rocky Balboa", "passage": "Rocky Balboa was named the 7th greatest movie hero by the American Film Institute on their 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains list. Additionally, he was ranked #34 on Empire Magazine's compilation of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters. Premiere magazine ranked Rocky Balboa #64 on their list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.225469589233398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rocky Balboa" }, { "answer": "Rocky Balboa", "passage": "In 2011, Sylvester Stallone was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame for his work on the Rocky Balboa character, having \"entertained and inspired boxing fans from around the world\". Additionally, Stallone was awarded the Boxing Writers Association of America award for “Lifetime Cinematic Achievement in Boxing.” ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.401647567749023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rocky Balboa" }, { "answer": "Rocky Balboa", "passage": "In 2014, Rocky Balboa was the Inaugural Induction to the Fictitious Athlete Hall of Fame. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.491625785827637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rocky Balboa" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Katheryn Watterson", "Bill Watterson", "Bill Waterson", "William Watterson" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "katheryn watterson", "william watterson", "bill waterson", "bill watterson" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "bill watterson", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Bill Watterson" }

[ { "answer": "Bill Watterson", "passage": "Calvin and Hobbes is a daily comic strip by American cartoonist Bill Watterson that was syndicated from November 18, 1985 to December 31, 1995. Commonly cited as \"the last great newspaper comic,\" Calvin and Hobbes has evinced broad and enduring popularity, influence, and academic interest.", "precise_score": 9.661937713623047, "rough_score": 9.820314407348633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Calvin and Hobbes" }, { "answer": "Bill Watterson", "passage": "A complete collection of Calvin and Hobbes strips, in three hardcover volumes totaling 1440 pages, was released on October 4, 2005, by Andrews McMeel Publishing. It includes color prints of the art used on paperback covers, the treasuries' extra illustrated stories and poems, and a new introduction by Bill Watterson in which he talks about his inspirations and his story leading up to the publication of the strip. The alternate 1985 strip is still omitted, and two other strips (January 7, 1987, and November 25, 1988) have altered dialogue. A four-volume paperback version was released November 13, 2012.", "precise_score": 2.465737819671631, "rough_score": 5.6895060539245605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Calvin and Hobbes" }, { "answer": "Bill Watterson", "passage": "In contrast, a comic strip tends to be the work of a sole creator, usually termed a cartoonist. However, it is not unusual for a cartoonist to employ the studio method, particularly when a strip become successful. Mort Walker employed a studio, while Bill Watterson disliked the studio method, based on the influence of Charles Schulz, who also was in dislike of the studio method. preferring to create the strip himself. Gag, political, and editorial cartoonists tend to work alone as well, though a cartoonist may use assistants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.415943145751953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cartoonist" }, { "answer": "Bill Watterson", "passage": "Calvin and Hobbes was conceived when Bill Watterson, working in an advertising job he detested, began devoting his spare time to cartooning, his true love. He explored various strip ideas but all were rejected by the syndicates. United Feature Syndicate finally responded positively to one strip called Critturs, which featured a side character (the main character's little brother) who had a stuffed tiger. Told that these characters were the strongest, Watterson began a new strip centered on them. Though United Feature rejected the new strip, Universal Press Syndicate eventually took it. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9954235553741455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Calvin and Hobbes" }, { "answer": "Bill Watterson", "passage": "Bill Watterson insists that cartoon strips should stand on their own as an art form, and has resisted the use of Calvin and Hobbes in merchandising of any sort. Watterson explained in a 2005 press release:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.913691520690918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Calvin and Hobbes" }, { "answer": "Bill Watterson", "passage": "To celebrate the release (which coincided with the strip's 20th anniversary and the tenth anniversary of its absence from newspapers), Bill Watterson answered 15 questions submitted by readers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.194024085998535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Calvin and Hobbes" }, { "answer": "Bill Watterson", "passage": "In 1993, paleontologist and paleoartist Gregory S. Paul praised Bill Watterson for the scientific accuracy of the dinosaurs appearing in Calvin and Hobbes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.262808322906494, "source": "wiki", "title": "Calvin and Hobbes" }, { "answer": "Bill Watterson", "passage": "The first book-length study of the strip, Looking for Calvin and Hobbes: The Unconventional Story of Bill Watterson and His Revolutionary Comic Strip by Nevin Martell, was first published in 2009; an expanded edition was published in 2010. The book chronicles Martell's quest to tell the story of Calvin and Hobbes and Watterson through research and interviews with people connected to the cartoonist and his work. The director of the later documentary Dear Mr. Watterson referenced Looking for Calvin and Hobbes in discussing the production of the movie, and Martell appears in the film. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2474247217178345, "source": "wiki", "title": "Calvin and Hobbes" }, { "answer": "Bill Watterson", "passage": "A novel entitled Calvin by CLA Young Adult Book Award-winning author Martine Leavitt was published in 2015. The story tells of seventeen-year-old Calvin — who was born on the day that Calvin and Hobbes ended, and who has now been diagnosed with schizophrenia — and his hallucination of Hobbes, his childhood stuffed tiger. With his friend Susie, who might also be an hallucination, Calvin sets off to find Bill Watterson, in the hope that the cartoonist can provide aid for Calvin's condition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.1787337362766266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Calvin and Hobbes" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Destiny Hope Cyrus (Miley)", "MCyrus", "Miley Cirus", "Miles Cyrus", "Destiny Hope Cyrus", "Billy Ray Cyrus Daughter", "Miley", "Milly Cyrus", "Maili Sairus", "Miley Ray Cyrus", "Myley Cyrus", "Mily Cyrus", "Brandi Glenn Cyrus", "Miley Cyprus", "Billy Ray Cyrus' Daughter", "Mileymandy", "Miley Cyrus", "Mairi Sairasu", "Mylie cyrus", "Miley yrus", "Mylie Cyrus", "M Cyrus", "Miley & Mandy", "Miley cryus", "Miley and Mandy Show", "Miley cirrus", "Smiley cyrus", "Destiny Cyrus", "Amanda Jiroux", "Milie Cyrus", "Miley Cyrus tours", "List of Miley Cyrus concert tours", "Miley cyrus", "Mandy Jiroux", "Miley Cyrus (entertainer)", "Destiny Ray Cyrus", "Cyrus, Miley", "Ciley Myrus", "Happy Hippie Foundation", "Miley and Mandy", "Myley cyrus", "The Miley and Mandy Show", "MileyRayCyrus", "The Miley & Mandy Show", "MileyWorld", "Mileycyrus", "Milie cyrus", "Destiny Hope", "Somebody's Gotta Hurt (EP)", "Destiney Cyrus", "Miley Sirus" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "miley cirus", "destiny cyrus", "miley cryus", "myley cyrus", "cyrus miley", "somebody s gotta hurt ep", "destiny hope cyrus", "miley", "miley cyprus", "destiny hope", "mily cyrus", "billy ray cyrus daughter", "m cyrus", "miley cirrus", "happy hippie foundation", "mandy jiroux", "maili sairus", "miley mandy show", "amanda jiroux", "miley mandy", "miley ray cyrus", "miley cyrus entertainer", "miley sirus", "miley and mandy show", "miley and mandy", "mileyraycyrus", "list of miley cyrus concert tours", "mylie cyrus", "miley cyrus", "miles cyrus", "ciley myrus", "mileymandy", "milie cyrus", "miley yrus", "destiny hope cyrus miley", "miley cyrus tours", "brandi glenn cyrus", "destiny ray cyrus", "destiney cyrus", "mairi sairasu", "mileyworld", "mileycyrus", "smiley cyrus", "milly cyrus", "mcyrus" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "miley cyrus", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Miley Cyrus" }

[ { "answer": "Miley Cyrus", "passage": "The earlier success of The Cheetah Girls led to the creation of other music-themed original programming: 2006 saw the debut of the hit original movie High School Musical (on January 20) and the series Hannah Montana (on March 24), the latter of which launched the career of its star Miley Cyrus (who starred opposite her father, country singer Billy Ray Cyrus, in the series). On July 28 of that year, the channel saw the debut of the its first multiple-series crossover, That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana (which involved That's So Raven, The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and Hannah Montana).", "precise_score": -9.297439575195312, "rough_score": -7.691149711608887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Disney Channel" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Seattle, Washington.", "Seattle Weekly news", "Jet City", "Seattle, Washington, USA", "Seattle WA", "Seattle, United States of America", "舍路", "City of Seattle", "Seattle Washington", "Seattle, US-WA", "Seattle (WA)", "Seattle, Wa", "Seattle, WA", "Seattle, Washington", "St. Anne Seattle", "Seattle (Wash.)", "The weather in Seattle", "Seattle, Washington (State)", "Emerald City, Washington", "Seattleans", "Seattle's", "Seattle, Wash.", "Duwamps", "St. Anne School, Seattle, Washington", "Seattle, wa", "Seattleites", "Seattle, Washington Territory", "Seattle, United States", "Seatle", "Seattle, USA", "UN/LOCODE:USSEA", "St. Anne School (Seattle, Washington)", "Seattle", "Seattle, WA, USA" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "seattleites", "seatle", "jet city", "seattle wash", "seattle washington usa", "seattle us wa", "weather in seattle", "emerald city washington", "seattleans", "seattle united states", "city of seattle", "舍路", "st anne seattle", "seattle weekly news", "seattle", "seattle s", "seattle wa usa", "seattle wa", "seattle usa", "seattle washington state", "seattle washington", "un locode ussea", "duwamps", "st anne school seattle washington", "seattle united states of america", "seattle washington territory" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "seattle", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Seattle" }

[ { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "In their 2011 MLS season, RSL's home unbeaten streak ended at 29 games on May 28, 2011, with their loss to the Seattle Sounders FC. Real finished the regular season with a 15–11–8 record and finished third in the western conference. In the MLS playoffs, RSL defeated Seattle Sounders 3–2 on aggregate. In the conference finals, RSL lost 3–1 to the LA Galaxy and were eliminated. RSL qualified for the 2012–13 CONCACAF Champions League, since LA had won both the 2011 MLS Cup and Supporters' Shield, since RSL had the next best record. ", "precise_score": -6.412925720214844, "rough_score": -2.1367127895355225, "source": "wiki", "title": "Real Salt Lake" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "LA finished the 2009 season top of the Western Conference and runners-up in the MLS Supporters' Shield, qualifying for the 2009 MLS Cup. They reached the final by beating Chivas USA 3–2 on aggregate in the quarter-final, and Houston Dynamo 2–0, after extra time, in the semi-final. In the final they drew 1–1 with Real Salt Lake at Qwest Field in Seattle, but lost 5–4 on penalties. By reaching the final, they qualified for the 2010–11 CONCACAF Champions League Preliminary Round.", "precise_score": 0.8094228506088257, "rough_score": -0.7198624610900879, "source": "wiki", "title": "LA Galaxy" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Following the defeat to Seattle Sounders FC in the final game of the season with the Supporters' Shield on the line, the team entered the 2014 MLS playoffs defeating Real Salt Lake, advancing to face Seattle once again in the Western Conference Finals, advancing to the MLS Cup by away goals. They played the New England Revolution in the 2014 MLS Cup and won 2–1 in overtime, thereby becoming five-time champions, a league record. At the end of the season, longtime LA Galaxy player United States national team player Landon Donovan retired. ", "precise_score": 0.5788262486457825, "rough_score": 2.426995277404785, "source": "wiki", "title": "LA Galaxy" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Several teams compete annually for secondary MLS rivalry cups that are typically contested by two teams, usually geographic rivals (e.g., Portland vs. Seattle vs. Vancouver). Each cup is awarded to the team with the better regular-season record in games played between the two teams. The concept is comparable to minor trophies played for by American college football teams. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.088804244995117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Major League Soccer" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "By 2008, San Jose had returned to the league under new ownership, and in 2009, the expansion side Seattle Sounders FC began play in MLS. The 2010 season ushered in an expansion franchise in the Philadelphia Union and their new PPL Park stadium. The 2010 season also brought the opening of the New York Red Bulls' soccer-specific stadium, Red Bull Arena, and the debut of French striker Thierry Henry. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.68809700012207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Major League Soccer" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Beginning in summer of 2013 and continuing in the run up to the 2014 World Cup, MLS began signing U.S. stars based abroad, including Clint Dempsey from the English Premier League to Seattle, DaMarcus Beasley from the Liga MX to Houston, Jermaine Jones from the German Bundesliga to New England and Michael Bradley who returned from Italy to join Toronto who also signed England International Striker Jermain Defoe. By the 2014 season, fifteen of the nineteen MLS head coaches had previously played in MLS. By 2013, the league's popularity had increased to the point where MLS was as popular as Major League Baseball among 12- to 17-year-olds, as reported by the 2013 Luker on Trends ESPN poll, having jumped in popularity since the 2010 World Cup. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.550936222076416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Major League Soccer" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Several remaining clubs play in stadiums not originally built for MLS and have not announced plans to move. The Seattle Sounders play at CenturyLink Field, a dual-purpose facility used for both American football and soccer. The Vancouver Whitecaps FC joined the league with Portland in 2011 and temporarily held matches at Empire Field before moving into the refurbished BC Place in October 2011, a retractable-roof stadium that hosts Canadian football as well as soccer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.870187282562256, "source": "wiki", "title": "Major League Soccer" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "By 2012, the league had shown a marked improvement in its financial health. In November 2013, Forbes published its first valuation of MLS teams since 2008, and revealed that ten of the league's nineteen teams earned an operating profit in 2012, while two broke even and seven had a loss. Forbes estimated that the league's collective annual revenues were $494 million, and that the league's collective annual profit was $34 million. Forbes valued the league's franchises to be worth $103 million on average, almost three times as much as the $37 million average valuation in 2008. The Seattle Sounders FC franchise was named the most valuable at $175 million, a 483% gain over the $30 million league entrance fee it paid in 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.39867877960205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Major League Soccer" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "Originally, in the style of other U.S. sports leagues, teams were given nicknames at their creation. Examples include the Columbus Crew, the San Jose Clash and the Los Angeles Galaxy. Several of the club names in MLS originated with earlier professional soccer clubs, such as the 1970s-era NASL team names San Jose Earthquakes, Seattle Sounders, Portland Timbers and Vancouver Whitecaps. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.454063415527344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Major League Soccer" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "In 2012, Real finished second in the Western conference during the regular season. In the playoffs, RSL lost to Seattle in the conference semifinals, and were eliminated from the playoffs. In the 2012–13 CONCACAF Champions League, RSL were placed in Group 2 with Herediano of Costa Rica and Tauro of Panama, but were eliminated at the group stage. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.191211700439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Real Salt Lake" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "In their early years, the Galaxy played their home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, but since 2003 they have played at the StubHub Center in Carson, California. The club's current head coach is former US national team coach Bruce Arena. The team holds a fierce rivalry with the San Jose Earthquakes in the California Clásico, and used to play the SuperClasico against city rivals Chivas USA before they folded in 2014. More recently, a new rivalry has begun with Seattle Sounders FC.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2143964767456055, "source": "wiki", "title": "LA Galaxy" }, { "answer": "Seattle", "passage": "The Heritage Cup with Seattle Sounders FC was begun in the 2009 MLS season by the respective supporters' groups. Any present or future MLS teams that carry on the names of their NASL predecessors are eligible for the Cup, but supporters of the other eligible MLS teams (Portland Timbers and Vancouver Whitecaps) have chosen not to participate. San Jose and Seattle have had a rivalry since the NASL. However, it did not completely resurface during the 2009 season with fans of both teams viewing other clubs as bigger rivals. That season, the first MLS meeting of the teams was not considered for the competition due to the schedule consisting of two games in Seattle and only one in San Jose. Seattle won the initial meeting at home 2–0 and the second 2–1. The Earthquakes won the inaugural cup on goals scored after a 4–0 home victory on August 2, 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.361730098724365, "source": "wiki", "title": "San Jose Earthquakes" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "RHPC", "Frank-N-Furter", "The rocky horror picture show", "Brad Majors", "Rocky Horror Picture Show/Riff Raff", "The Denton Affair", "Revenge of the Old Queen", "Frank N. Furter", "The Rocky Horror Picture Show", "TRHPS", "RHPS", "Dr. Frank-N-Furter", "Dr. Everett Scott", "Rocky horror picture show", "Rocky Horror Picture Show", "Doctor Everett Scott", "Janet Weiss (Rocky Horror)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "rhps", "trhps", "brad majors", "rhpc", "revenge of old queen", "doctor everett scott", "dr everett scott", "frank n furter", "rocky horror picture show riff raff", "rocky horror picture show", "janet weiss rocky horror", "denton affair", "dr frank n furter" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "rocky horror picture show", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Rocky Horror Picture Show" }

[ { "answer": "Rocky Horror Picture Show", "passage": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show is a 1975 British musical comedy horror film directed by Jim Sharman. The screenplay was written by Sharman and Richard O'Brien based on the 1973 musical stage production The Rocky Horror Show, music, book and lyrics by O'Brien. The production is a parody tribute to the science fiction and horror B movies of the 1930s through early 1970s. The film stars Tim Curry, Susan Sarandon and Barry Bostwick along with cast members from the original Royal Court Theatre, Roxy Theatre and Belasco Theatre productions.", "precise_score": -5.012185096740723, "rough_score": -4.515930652618408, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" }, { "answer": "Rocky Horror Picture Show", "passage": "A Super 8 version of selected scenes of the film was made available. In 1983, Ode Records released \"The Rocky Horror Picture Show, Audience Par-Tic-I-Pation Album\", recorded at the 8th Street Playhouse. The recording consisted of the film's audio and the standardized call-backs from the audience. ", "precise_score": -6.201874732971191, "rough_score": -5.628283977508545, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" }, { "answer": "Rocky Horror Picture Show", "passage": "Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert noted that when first released, The Rocky Horror Picture Show was \"ignored by pretty much everyone, including the future fanatics who would eventually count the hundreds of times they'd seen it\". He considered it more a \"long-running social phenomenon\" than a movie, rating it 2.5 out of 4 stars. Bill Henkin noted that Variety thought that the \"campy hijinks\" of the film seemed labored, and also mentioned that the San Francisco Chronicle John Wasserman, who had liked the stage play in London, found the film \"lacking both charm and dramatic impact\". Newsweek called the film \"tasteless, plotless and pointless\" in 1978. ", "precise_score": -5.101421356201172, "rough_score": -3.506955623626709, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" }, { "answer": "Rocky Horror Picture Show", "passage": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show helped shape conditions of cult film's transition from art-house to grind-house style. The film developed a cult following in 1976 at the Waverly Theatre in New York, which developed into a standardized ritual. According to J. Hoberman, author of Midnight Movies, it was after five months into the film's midnight run when lines began to be shouted by the audience. Louis Farese Jr., a normally quiet teacher who, upon seeing the character Janet place a newspaper over her head to protect herself from rain yelled, \"Buy an umbrella you cheap bitch\". Originally Louis and along with the other Rocky Horror pioneers Amy Lazarus, Theresa Krakauskas and Bill O'Brian who all sat in the balcony, did this to entertain each other. Each week trying to come up with something new to make each other laugh. This quickly caught on with other theater goers and thus began this self-proclaimed \"counter point dialogue\" became standard practice and was repeated nearly verbatim at each screening. Performance groups became a staple at Rocky Horror screenings due in large part to the prominent New York City fan cast, and fans are credited with the talk back lines. The cast was originally run by former schoolteacher and stand-up comic, Sal Piro and friend Dori Hartley. Dori was one of several performers in a flexible, rotating cast to portray the character of Frank N. Furter, shadowing the film above.", "precise_score": -1.4316356182098389, "rough_score": -1.2888849973678589, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" }, { "answer": "Frank N. Furter", "passage": "The story centres on a young engaged couple whose car breaks down in the rain near a castle where they seek a telephone to call for help. The castle is occupied by strangers in elaborate costumes celebrating an annual convention. They discover the head of the house is Frank N. Furter, an apparent mad scientist who actually is an alien transvestite who creates a living muscle man in his laboratory. The couple is seduced separately by the mad scientist and eventually released by the servants who take control.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.656306266784668, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" }, { "answer": "Frank N. Furter", "passage": "The film's creative team also produced Shock Treatment in 1981, a standalone feature using the characters of Brad and Janet and featuring some of the same cast. This second film was produced as a musical stage production for a 2015 premier on the London stage. A modern-day reimagining of the film, directed by Kenny Ortega and us the original script from the film, is set to air on television in October 2016. The special will feature an ensemble cast starring Laverne Cox as Dr. Frank N. Furter, Ryan McCartan and Victoria Justice as Brad and Janet, and Tim Curry as The Criminologist.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.371549606323242, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" }, { "answer": "Brad Majors", "passage": "A criminologist narrates the tale of the newly engaged couple Brad Majors and Janet Weiss who find themselves lost and with a flat tire on a cold and rainy late November evening, somewhere near Denton, Ohio. Seeking a telephone, the couple walk to a nearby castle where they discover a group of strange and outlandish people who are holding an Annual Transylvanian Convention. They are soon swept into the world of Dr. Frank N. Furter, a self-proclaimed \"sweet transvestite from Transsexual, Transylvania\". The ensemble of convention attendees also includes servants Riff Raff, his sister Magenta, and a groupie named Columbia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.868470191955566, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" }, { "answer": "Dr. Everett Scott", "passage": "After discovering that his creation is missing, Frank returns to the lab with Brad and Riff Raff, where Frank learns that an intruder has entered the building. Brad and Janet's old high school science teacher, Dr. Everett Scott, has come looking for his nephew, Eddie. Frank suspects that Dr. Scott investigates UFOs for the government. Upon learning of Brad and Janet's connection to Dr. Scott, Frank suspects them of working for him. Frank, Dr. Scott, Brad, and Riff Raff then discover Janet and Rocky together under the sheets in Rocky's birth tank, upsetting Frank and Brad. Magenta interrupts the reunion by sounding a massive gong and stating that dinner is prepared.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.41411018371582, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" }, { "answer": "Frank N. Furter", "passage": "* Tim Curry as Dr. Frank N. Furter, a scientist", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.245074272155762, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" }, { "answer": "Brad Majors", "passage": "* Barry Bostwick as Brad Majors, a hero", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14945125579834, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" }, { "answer": "Rocky Horror Picture Show", "passage": "Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 80% based on 41 reviews. A number of contemporary critics find it compelling and enjoyable because of its offbeat and bizarre qualities; the BBC summarized: \"for those willing to experiment with something a little bit different, a little bit outré, The Rocky Horror Picture Show has a lot to offer\". The New York Times called it a \"low-budget freak show/cult classic/cultural institution\" and considered the songs featured in the film to be \"catchy\". Geoff Andrew of Time Out noted that the \"string of hummable songs gives it momentum, Gray's admirably straight-faced narrator holds it together, and a run on black lingerie takes care of almost everything else\", rating it 4 out of 5 stars. Dave Kehr of Chicago Reader on the other hand considered the wit to be \"too weak to sustain a film\", and thought that the \"songs all sound the same\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.42615032196045, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" }, { "answer": "Frank N. Furter", "passage": "The Los Angeles area performance groups originated in 1977 at the Fox Theatre, where Michael Wolfson won a look-alike contest as Frank N. Furter, and won another at the Tiffany Theater on Sunset Boulevard. Wolfson's group eventually performed in all of the LA area theaters screening Rocky Horror, including the Balboa Theater in Balboa, The Cove at Hermosa Beach and The Sands in Glendale. He was invited to perform at the Sombrero Playhouse in Phoenix, Arizona.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.881332874298096, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" }, { "answer": "Frank N. Furter", "passage": "In San Francisco, Rocky Horror moved from one location to the Strand Theatre located near the Tenderloin on Market Street. The performance group there would act out and perform almost the entire film, unlike the New York cast at that time. The Strand cast was put together from former members of the Berkeley group, disbanded due to less than enthusiastic management. Their Frank N. Furter was portrayed by Marni Scofidio, who, in 1979, attracted many of the older groups from Berkeley. Other members included Mishell Erickson and her twin sister Denise Erickson who portrayed Columbia and Magenta, Kathy Dolan playing Janet and Linda Woods as Riff Raff. The Strand group had performed at two large science fiction conventions in Los Angeles and San Francisco. They were offered a spot at The Mabuhay, a local punk club, and even performed for children's television of Argentina.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.932823181152344, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" }, { "answer": "Revenge of the Old Queen", "passage": "Ten years later, O'Brien wrote another script intended as a direct sequel to the cult classic entitled Revenge of the Old Queen. Producer Michael White had hoped to begin work on the production and described the script as being \"in the same style as the other one. It has reflections of the past in it.\" Although the script has not been published, bootleg copies can be read on the Internet. The script is currently owned by Fox, which produced the two original films. Most individuals associated with the project, including O'Brien, agree that the film will probably never be made, owing to the failure of Shock Treatment and the aging of the cast. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.627580642700195, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" }, { "answer": "Rocky Horror Picture Show", "passage": "On 10 April 2015, it was announced that the Fox Broadcasting Company would air a modern-day reimagining of the film, tentatively titled The Rocky Horror Picture Show Event. On 22 October 2015, it was announced that the role of Dr. Frank N. Furter will be played by actress Laverne Cox. Ryan McCartan and Victoria Justice will play the roles of Brad and Janet, alongside Reeve Carney as Riff Raff and singer/model Staz Nair as Rocky. Adam Lambert will portray Eddie. Tim Curry, who portrayed Dr. Frank N. Furter in the film, will portray The Criminologist. On 1 February 2016, it was announced that Broadway veteran Annaleigh Ashford will portray Columbia. On 5 February 2016, Ben Vereen joined the cast as Dr. Everett von Scott.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.113349914550781, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" }, { "answer": "Rocky Horror Picture Show", "passage": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show has been featured in a number of other feature films and television series over the years. Episodes of The Venture Bros. Glee, The Drew Carey Show, That '70s Show and American Dad! spotlight Rocky Horror, as well as films like Vice Squad, Halloween II and The Perks of Being a Wallflower. The 1980 film Fame featured the audience reciting their callback lines to the screen and dancing the Time Warp, the dance from the stage show and film, which has become a common novelty dance at parties. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.08209753036499, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" }, { "answer": "Rocky Horror Picture Show", "passage": "\"Bisexuality, The Rocky Horror Picture Show, and Me\", by Elizabeth Reba Weise, is a piece in Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out (1991), an anthology edited by Loraine Hutchins and Lani Ka'ahumanu which is one of the seminal books in the history of the modern bisexual rights movement. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.508203506469727, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" } ]

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[ { "answer": "1986", "passage": "One of the buyers of Pixar Image Computers was Walt Disney Studios, which was using it as part of their Computer Animation Production System (CAPS) project, using the machine and custom software written by Pixar to migrate the laborious ink and paint part of the 2D animation process to a more automated method. The Image Computer never sold well. In a bid to drive sales of the system, Pixar employee John Lasseter—who had long been working on non-for-profit short demonstration animations, such as Luxo Jr. (1986), to show off the device's capabilities—premiered his creations at SIGGRAPH, the computer graphics industry's largest convention, to great fanfare. ", "precise_score": -5.416572570800781, "rough_score": -6.176584243774414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pixar" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "Five operational OVs were built: Columbia (OV-102), Challenger (OV-099), Discovery (OV-103), Atlantis (OV-104), and Endeavour (OV-105). A mock-up, Inspiration, currently stands at the entrance to the Astronaut Hall of Fame. An additional craft, Enterprise (OV-101), was built for atmospheric testing gliding and landing; it was originally intended to be outfitted for orbital operations after the test program, but it was found more economical to upgrade the structural test article STA-099 into orbiter Challenger (OV-099). Challenger disintegrated 73 seconds after launch in 1986, and Endeavour was built as a replacement from structural spare components. Building Endeavour cost about US$1.7 billion. Columbia broke apart over Texas during re-entry in 2003. A Space Shuttle launch cost around $450 million. ", "precise_score": 0.5194201469421387, "rough_score": -3.8176865577697754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "In 1983, Enterprise had its wing markings changed to match Challenger, and the NASA \"worm\" logotype on the aft end of the payload bay doors was changed from gray to black. Some black markings were added to the nose, cockpit windows and vertical tail to more closely resemble the flight vehicles, but the name \"Enterprise\" remained on the payload bay doors as there was never any need to open them. Columbia had its name moved to the forward fuselage to match the other flight vehicles after STS-61-C, during the 1986–88 hiatus when the shuttle fleet was grounded following the loss of Challenger, but retained its original wing markings until its last overhaul (after STS-93), and its unique black wing \"chines\" for the remainder of its operational life.", "precise_score": -2.5455405712127686, "rough_score": -5.298708915710449, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "On January 28, 1986, Challenger disintegrated 73 seconds after launch due to the failure of the right SRB, killing all seven astronauts on board. The disaster was caused by low-temperature impairment of an O-ring, a mission critical seal used between segments of the SRB casing. The failure of a lower O-ring seal allowed hot combustion gases to escape from between the booster sections and burn through the adjacent external tank, causing it to explode. Repeated warnings from design engineers voicing concerns about the lack of evidence of the O-rings' safety when the temperature was below 53 °F (12 °C) had been ignored by NASA managers. ", "precise_score": 2.435960531234741, "rough_score": -3.0748581886291504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "Space Shuttle Challenger (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-099) was the second orbiter of NASA's space shuttle program to be put into service following Columbia. The shuttle was built by Rockwell International's Space Transportation Systems Division in Downey, California. Its maiden flight, STS-6, started on April 4, 1983. It launched and landed nine times before breaking apart 73 seconds into its tenth mission, STS-51-L, on January 28, 1986, resulting in the death of all seven crew members, including a civilian school teacher. It was the first of two shuttles to be destroyed in flight, the other being Columbia in 2003. The accident led to a two-and-a-half year grounding of the shuttle fleet; flights resumed in 1988 with STS-26 flown by Discovery. Challenger itself was replaced by Endeavour which was built using structural spares ordered by NASA as part of the construction contracts for Discovery and Atlantis.", "precise_score": -0.8482874631881714, "rough_score": -1.3458387851715088, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle Challenger" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "Pixar began in 1979 as the Graphics Group, part of the Lucasfilm computer division, before its spin-out as a corporation in 1986, with funding by Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs, who became the majority shareholder. Disney purchased Pixar in 2006 at a valuation of $7.4 billion, a transaction that resulted in Jobs becoming Disney's largest single shareholder at the time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.937719821929932, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pixar" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "In 1982, the team began working on special effects film sequences with Industrial Light & Magic. After years of research, and key milestones such as the Genesis Effect in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan and the Stained Glass Knight in Young Sherlock Holmes, the group, which then numbered 40 individuals, was spun out as a corporation in February 1986 by Catmull and Smith. Amongst the 38 remaining employees, there were also Malcolm Blanchard, David DiFrancesco, Ralph Guggenheim and Bill Reeves, who had been part of the team since the days of NYIT. Tom Duff, also a NYIT member, would later join Pixar after its formation. With Lucas' 1983 divorce, which coincided with the sudden drop-off in revenues from Star Wars licenses following the release of Return of the Jedi, they knew he would most likely sell the whole Graphics Group. Worried that the employees would be lost to them if that happened, which would prevent the creation of the first computer animated movie, they concluded that the best way to keep the team together was to turn the group into an independent company. But Moore's Law also said that the first film was still some years away, and they needed to focus on a proper product while waiting for the computers to become powerful enough. Eventually, they decided they should be a hardware company in the meantime, with their Pixar Image Computer as the core product, a system primarily sold to government agencies and the scientific and medical community. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.8967084884643555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pixar" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "A sixth orbiter, Enterprise, was built in 1976 for use in Approach and Landing Tests and had no orbital capability. Four fully operational orbiters were initially built: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, and Atlantis. Of these, two were lost in mission accidents: Challenger in 1986 and Columbia in 2003, with a total of fourteen astronauts killed. A fifth operational orbiter, Endeavour, was built in 1991 to replace Challenger. The Space Shuttle was retired from service upon the conclusion of Atlantiss final flight on July 21, 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.108023643493652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "The solid rocket boosters underwent improvements as well. Design engineers added a third O-ring seal to the joints between the segments after the 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.821633338928223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "Space Shuttles have been features of fiction and nonfiction, from children's movies to documentaries. Early examples include the 1979 James Bond film, Moonraker, the 1982 Activision videogame Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space (1982) and G. Harry Stine's 1981 novel Shuttle Down. In the 1986 film SpaceCamp, Atlantis accidentally launched into space with a group of U.S. Space Camp participants as its crew. The 1998 film Armageddon portrayed a combined crew of offshore oil rig workers and US military staff who pilot two modified Shuttles to avert the destruction of Earth by an asteroid. Retired American test pilots visited a Russian satellite in the 2000 Clint Eastwood adventure film Space Cowboys. In the 2003 film The Core, the Endeavours landing is disrupted by the earth's magnetic core, and its crew is selected to pilot the vehicle designed to restart the core. The 2004 Bollywood movie Swades, where a Space Shuttle was used to launch a special rainfall monitoring satellite, was filmed at Kennedy Space Center in the year following the Columbia disaster that had taken the life of Indian-American astronaut KC Chawla. On television, the 1996 drama The Cape portrayed the lives of a group of NASA astronauts as they prepared for and flew Shuttle missions. Odyssey 5 was a short lived sci-fi series that featured the crew of a Space Shuttle as the last survivors of a disaster that destroyed Earth. The 1997- 2007 Sci-fi series Stargate SG-1 had a shuttle rescue written into an episode. The 2013 film Gravity features the fictional space shuttle Explorer, whose crew are killed or left stranded after it is destroyed by a shower of high speed orbital debris.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.415111541748047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Space Shuttle" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "Rivera was hired by WABC-TV in 1970 as a reporter for Eyewitness News. In 1972, he garnered national attention and won a Peabody Award for his report on the neglect and abuse of patients with intellectual disabilities at Staten Island's Willowbrook State School, and he began to appear on ABC national programs such as 20/20 and Nightline. After John Lennon watched Rivera's report on the patients at Willowbrook, he and Rivera put on a benefit concert called \"One to One\" (released in 1986 as Live in New York City).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.35149097442627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Geraldo Rivera" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service. The statue was closed for renovation for much of 1938. In the early 1980s, it was found to have deteriorated to such an extent that a major restoration was required. While the statue was closed from 1984 to 1986, the torch and a large part of the internal structure were replaced. After the September 11 attacks in 2001, it was closed for reasons of safety and security; the pedestal reopened in 2004 and the statue in 2009, with limits on the number of visitors allowed to ascend to the crown. The statue, including the pedestal and base, was closed for a year until October 28, 2012, so that a secondary staircase and other safety features could be installed; Liberty Island remained open. However, one day after the reopening, Liberty Island closed due to the effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York; the statue and island opened again on July 4, 2013. Public access to the balcony surrounding the torch has been barred for safety reasons since 1916.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.520956039428711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986. In 1982, it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration. Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure. It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure. In addition, the head had been installed 2 ft off center, and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind. The armature structure was badly corroded, and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced. Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936, when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed, much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.025833129882812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "In 1984, the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation. Workers erected the world's largest free-standing scaffold, which obscured the statue from view. Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades, leaving two layers of coal tar, originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion. Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper. The restorers' work was hampered by the asbestos-based substance that Bartholdi had used—ineffectively, as inspections showed—to prevent galvanic corrosion. Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear, dubbed \"moon suits\", with self-contained breathing circuits. Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired, and new copper was added where necessary. The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs, which had a patina that closely resembled the statue's; in exchange, the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing. The torch, found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations, was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi's unaltered torch. Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead. The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one, whose flame is covered in 24-carat gold. The torch reflects the sun's rays in daytime and lighted by floodlights at night.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.609434127807617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "July 3–6, 1986, was designated \"Liberty Weekend\", marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening. President Reagan presided over the rededication, with French President François Mitterrand in attendance. July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail, and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5. In Reagan's dedication speech, he stated, \"We are the keepers of the flame of liberty; we hold it high for the world to see.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8420000076293945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "*In 1903, a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus's sonnet, \"The New Colossus\" (1883), was presented by friends of the poet. Until the 1986 renovation, it was mounted inside the pedestal; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum, in the base. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.240880966186523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "As an American icon, the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country's coinage and stamps. It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial, and on New York's 2001 entry in the state quarters series. An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997, and it was placed on the reverse, or tails, side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins. Two images of the statue's torch appear on the current ten-dollar bill. The statue's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.078266143798828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions. Between 1986 and 2000, New York State issued license plates featuring the statue. The Women's National Basketball Association's New York Liberty use both the statue's name and its image in their logo, in which the torch's flame doubles as a basketball. The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue's head on their third jersey, beginning in 1997. The National Collegiate Athletic Association's 1996 Men's Basketball Final Four, played at New Jersey's Meadowlands Sports Complex, featured the statue in its logo. The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.888130187988281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "Launched on October 9, 1986 as a competitor to the Big Three television networks, ABC, NBC and CBS, Fox went on to become the most successful attempt at a fourth television network. It was the highest-rated broadcast network in the 18–49 demographic from 2004 to 2012, and earned the position as the most-watched American television network in total viewership during the 2007–08 season. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.104414939880371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fox Broadcasting Company" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "In October 1985, 20th Century Fox announced its intentions to form a fourth television network that would compete with ABC, CBS and NBC. The plans were to use the combination of the Fox studios and the former Metromedia stations to both produce and distribute programming. Organizational plans for the network were held off until the Metromedia acquisitions cleared regulatory hurdles. Then, in December 1985, Rupert Murdoch agreed to pay $325 million to acquire the remaining equity in TCF Holdings from his original partner, Marvin Davis. The purchase of the Metromedia stations was approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in March 1986; the call letters of the New York City and Dallas outlets were subsequently changed respectively to WNYW and KDAF. These first six stations, then broadcasting to a combined reach of 22% of the nation's households, became known as the Fox Television Stations group. Except for KDAF (which was sold to Renaissance Broadcasting in 1995 and became a WB affiliate at the same time), all of the original owned-and-operated stations (\"O&Os\") are still part of the Fox network today. Like the core O&O group, Fox's affiliate body initially consisted of independent stations (a few of which had maintained affiliations with ABC, NBC, CBS and/or DuMont earlier in their existences). The local charter affiliate was, in most cases, that market's top-rated independent; however, Fox opted to affiliate with a second-tier independent station in markets where a more established independent declined the affiliation (such as Denver, Phoenix and St. Louis). Largely because of both these factors, Fox – in a situation very similar to what DuMont had experienced four decades before – had little choice but to affiliate with UHF stations in all except a few (mainly larger) markets where the network gained clearance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.400612831115723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fox Broadcasting Company" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "The Fox Broadcasting Company launched at 11:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific Time on October 9, 1986. Its inaugural program was a late-night talk show, The Late Show, which was hosted by comedian Joan Rivers. After a strong start, The Late Show quickly eroded in the ratings; it was never able to overtake NBC stalwart The Tonight Show – whose then-host Johnny Carson, upset over her becoming his late-night competitor, banned Rivers (a frequent Tonight guest and substitute host) from appearing on his show (Rivers would not appear on Tonight again until February 2014, seven months before her death, when Jimmy Fallon took over as its host). By early 1987, Rivers (and her then-husband Edgar Rosenberg, the show's original executive producer) quit The Late Show after disagreements with the network over the show's creative direction; the program then began to be hosted by a succession of guest hosts. After that point, some stations that affiliated with Fox in the weeks before the April 1987 launch of its prime time lineup (such as WCGV-TV (channel 24) in Milwaukee and WDRB-TV (channel 41) in Louisville) signed affiliation agreements with the network on the condition that they would not have to carry The Late Show due to the program's weak ratings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.511336326599121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fox Broadcasting Company" }, { "answer": "1986", "passage": "The first official logo introduced by Fox when the network inaugurated its programming in October 1986 was a three-square design containing the letters \"FBC\" (for \"Fox Broadcasting Company\"), which was used during the network's first six months in existence and was primarily featured as a network identification slide at the beginning of The Late Show with Joan Rivers. On April 5, 1987, when the network inaugurated its prime time programming, a more familiar logo based on 20th Century Fox's signature logo design was introduced, featuring just the capitalized \"FOX\" name alongside the familiar trademark searchlights and double-pane platform (Fox's owned-and-operated stations used a variant for station identifications from 1987 to 1989, which incorporated both an \"O\" and searchlight in negative space, the latter of which intersected the \"X\" and panes within the otherwise translucent yellow/gold logo; until as late as the mid-1990s, some Fox affiliates that did not license the regulation network logo used those that imitated the 20th Century Fox-inspired design in their station logos).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.270768165588379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fox Broadcasting Company" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Dynamite", "passage": "Known for inventing dynamite, Nobel also owned Bofors, which he had redirected from its previous role as primarily an iron and steel producer to a major manufacturer of cannon and other armaments. Nobel held 355 different patents, dynamite being the most famous. After reading a premature obituary which condemned him for profiting from the sales of arms, he bequeathed his fortune to institute the Nobel Prizes. The synthetic element nobelium was named after him. His name also survives in modern-day companies such as Dynamit Nobel and AkzoNobel, which are descendants of mergers with companies Nobel himself established.", "precise_score": 1.3912444114685059, "rough_score": 2.6051292419433594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Nobel" }, { "answer": "Dynamite", "passage": "On 3 September 1864, a shed, used for the preparation of nitroglycerin, exploded at the factory in Heleneborg, Stockholm, killing five people, including Nobel's younger brother Emil. Dogged by more minor accidents but unfazed, Nobel went on to build further factories, focusing on improving the stability of the explosives he was developing. Nobel invented dynamite in 1867, a substance easier and safer to handle than the more unstable nitroglycerin. Dynamite was patented in the US and the UK and was used extensively in mining and the building of transport networks internationally. In 1875 Nobel invented gelignite, more stable and powerful than dynamite, and in 1887 patented ballistite, a predecessor of cordite.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.5824384689331055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Nobel" }, { "answer": "Dynamite", "passage": "Nobel found that when nitroglycerin was incorporated in an absorbent inert substance like kieselguhr (diatomaceous earth) it became safer and more convenient to handle, and this mixture he patented in 1867 as 'dynamite'. Nobel demonstrated his explosive for the first time that year, at a quarry in Redhill, Surrey, England. In order to help reestablish his name and improve the image of his business from the earlier controversies associated with the dangerous explosives, Nobel had also considered naming the highly powerful substance \"Nobel's Safety Powder\", but settled with Dynamite instead, referring to the Greek word for \"power\" ().", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.17752400040626526, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Nobel" }, { "answer": "Dynamite", "passage": "Nobel later on combined nitroglycerin with various nitrocellulose compounds, similar to collodion, but settled on a more efficient recipe combining another nitrate explosive, and obtained a transparent, jelly-like substance, which was a more powerful explosive than dynamite. 'Gelignite', or blasting gelatin, as it was named, was patented in 1876; and was followed by a host of similar combinations, modified by the addition of potassium nitrate and various other substances. Gelignite was more stable, transportable and conveniently formed to fit into bored holes, like those used in drilling and mining, than the previously used compounds and was adopted as the standard technology for mining in the Age of Engineering bringing Nobel a great amount of financial success, though at a significant cost to his health. An offshoot of this research resulted in Nobel's invention of ballistite, the precursor of many modern smokeless powder explosives and still used as a rocket propellant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7530617713928223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Nobel" }, { "answer": "Dynamite", "passage": "In 1888 Alfred's brother Ludvig died while visiting Cannes and a French newspaper erroneously published Alfred's obituary. It condemned him for his invention of dynamite and is said to have brought about his decision to leave a better legacy after his death. The obituary stated, ' (\"The merchant of death is dead\") and went on to say, \"Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday.\" Alfred (who never had a wife or children) was disappointed with what he read and concerned with how he would be remembered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1245570182800293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Nobel" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Friday", "passage": "Novelist James Joyce noted that the true symbol of the British Empire is Robinson Crusoe, to whom he ascribed stereotypical and somewhat hostile English racial characteristics: \"He is the true prototype of the British colonist. ... The whole Anglo-Saxon spirit in Crusoe: the manly independence, the unconscious cruelty, the persistence, the slow yet efficient intelligence, the sexual apathy, the calculating taciturnity.\" In a sense Crusoe attempts to replicate his society on the island. This is achieved through the use of European technology, agriculture and even a rudimentary political hierarchy. Several times in the novel Crusoe refers to himself as the \"king\" of the island, whilst the captain describes him as the \"governor\" to the mutineers. At the very end of the novel the island is explicitly referred to as a \"colony\". The idealised master-servant relationship Defoe depicts between Crusoe and Friday can also be seen in terms of cultural imperialism. Crusoe represents the \"enlightened\" European whilst Friday is the \"savage\" who can only be redeemed from his barbarous way of life through assimilation into Crusoe's culture. Nonetheless Defoe also takes the opportunity to criticise the historic Spanish conquest of South America.", "precise_score": 2.4320950508117676, "rough_score": 2.932645082473755, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robinson Crusoe" }, { "answer": "Friday", "passage": "The novel has been variously read as an allegory for the development of civilisation, as a manifesto of economic individualism and as an expression of European colonial desires but it also shows the importance of repentance and illustrates the strength of Defoe's religious convictions. It is also considered by many to be the first novel written in English. Early critics, such as Robert Louis Stevenson, admired it, saying that the footprint scene in Crusoe was one of the four greatest in English literature and most unforgettable; more prosaically, Dr. Wesley Vernon has seen the origins of forensic podiatry in this episode.Richard West (1998) Daniel Defoe: The Life and Strange, Surprising Adventures. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-7867-0557-3. It has inspired a new genre, the Robinsonade, as works like Johann David Wyss's The Swiss Family Robinson (1812) adapt its premise and has provoked modern postcolonial responses, including J. M. Coetzee's Foe (1986) and Michel Tournier's Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique (in English, Friday, or, The Other Island) (1967). Two sequels followed, Defoe's The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719) and his Serious reflections during the life and surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe: with his Vision of the angelick world (1720). Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels (1726) in part parodies Defoe's adventure novel.", "precise_score": 2.130828857421875, "rough_score": 5.227221488952637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robinson Crusoe" }, { "answer": "Friday", "passage": "French novelist Michel Tournier published Friday (French Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique) in 1967. His novel explores themes including civilization versus nature, the psychology of solitude, as well as death and sexuality in a retelling of Defoe's Robinson Crusoe story. Tournier's Robinson chooses to remain on the island, rejecting civilization when offered the chance to escape 28 years after being shipwrecked. Likewise, in 1963, J. M. G. Le Clézio, winner of the 2008 Nobel Prize in literature, published the novel Le Proces-Verbal. The book's epigraph is a quote from Robinson Crusoe, and like Crusoe, Adam Pollo suffers long periods of loneliness.", "precise_score": 0.6698540449142456, "rough_score": 2.659990072250366, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robinson Crusoe" }, { "answer": "Friday", "passage": "More years pass and Crusoe discovers native cannibals, who occasionally visit the island to kill and eat prisoners. At first he plans to kill them for committing an abomination but later realizes he has no right to do so, as the cannibals do not knowingly commit a crime. He dreams of obtaining one or two servants by freeing some prisoners; when a prisoner escapes, Crusoe helps him, naming his new companion \"Friday\" after the day of the week he appeared. Crusoe then teaches him English and converts him to Christianity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.18112850189209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robinson Crusoe" }, { "answer": "Friday", "passage": "After more natives arrive to partake in a cannibal feast, Crusoe and Friday kill most of the natives and save two prisoners. One is Friday's father and the other is a Spaniard, who informs Crusoe about other Spaniards shipwrecked on the mainland. A plan is devised wherein the Spaniard would return to the mainland with Friday's father and bring back the others, build a ship, and sail to a Spanish port.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.09549331665039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robinson Crusoe" }, { "answer": "Friday", "passage": "Before the Spaniards return, an English ship appears; mutineers have commandeered the vessel and intend to maroon their captain on the island. Crusoe and the ship's captain strike a deal in which Crusoe helps the captain and the loyal sailors retake the ship and leave the worst mutineers on the island. Before embarking for England, Crusoe shows the mutineers how he survived on the island and states that there will be more men coming. Crusoe leaves the island 19 December 1686 and arrives in England on 11 June 1687. He learns that his family believed him dead; as a result, he was left nothing in his father's will. Crusoe departs for Lisbon to reclaim the profits of his estate in Brazil, which has granted him much wealth. In conclusion, he transports his wealth overland to England to avoid travelling by sea. Friday accompanies him and, en route, they endure one last adventure together as they fight off famished wolves while crossing the Pyrenees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.423880577087402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robinson Crusoe" }, { "answer": "Friday", "passage": "Severin also discusses another publicised case of a marooned man named only as Will, of the Miskito people of Central America, who may have led to the depiction of Man Friday. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.497420310974121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robinson Crusoe" }, { "answer": "Friday", "passage": "When confronted with the cannibals, Crusoe wrestles with the problem of cultural relativism. Despite his disgust, he feels unjustified in holding the natives morally responsible for a practice so deeply ingrained in their culture. Nevertheless, he retains his belief in an absolute standard of morality; he regards cannibalism as a \"national crime\" and forbids Friday from practising it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.582372188568115, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robinson Crusoe" }, { "answer": "Friday", "passage": "In classical, neoclassical and Austrian economics, Crusoe is regularly used to illustrate the theory of production and choice in the absence of trade, money and prices. Crusoe must allocate effort between production and leisure and must choose between alternative production possibilities to meet his needs. The arrival of Friday is then used to illustrate the possibility of and gains from trade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.630154609680176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robinson Crusoe" }, { "answer": "Friday", "passage": "Severin also provides evidence in his book that another publicised case of a real-life marooned Miskito Central American man named only as Will may have caught Defoe's attention, inspiring the depiction of Man Friday in his novel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.393571853637695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robinson Crusoe" }, { "answer": "Friday", "passage": "The book proved so popular that the names of the two main protagonists have entered the language. During World War II, people who decided to stay and hide in the ruins of the German-occupied city of Warsaw for a period of three winter months, from October to January 1945, when they were rescued by the Red Army, were later called Robinson Crusoes of Warsaw. Robinson Crusoe usually referred to his servant as \"my man Friday\", from which the term \"Man Friday\" (or \"Girl Friday\") originated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.408803939819336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robinson Crusoe" }, { "answer": "Friday", "passage": "A pantomime version of Robinson Crusoe was staged at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in 1796, with Joseph Grimaldi as Pierrot in the harlequinade. The piece was produced again in 1798, this time starring Grimaldi as Clown. In 1815, Grimaldi played Friday in another version of Robinson Crusoe. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3082573413848877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robinson Crusoe" }, { "answer": "Friday", "passage": "There is a 1927 silent film titled Robinson Crusoe. The Soviet 3D film Robinzon Kruzo was produced in 1946. Luis Buñuel directed Adventures of Robinson Crusoe starring Dan O'Herlihy, released in 1954. Walt Disney later modernized the novel with Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N., featuring Dick Van Dyke. Peter O'Toole and Richard Roundtree co-starred in a 1975 film Man Friday which satirically portrayed Crusoe as incapable of seeing his dark-skinned companion as anything but an inferior creature, while Friday is more enlightened and empathetic. In 1988, Aidan Quinn portrayed Robinson Crusoe in the film Crusoe. A 1997 movie entitled Robinson Crusoe starred Pierce Brosnan and received limited commercial success. Variations on the theme include the 1954 Miss Robin Crusoe, with a female castaway, played by Amanda Blake, and a female Friday, and the 1964 film Robinson Crusoe on Mars, starring Paul Mantee, with an alien Friday portrayed by Victor Lundin. The 2000 film Cast Away, with Tom Hanks as a FedEx employee stranded on an Island for many years, also borrows much from the Robinson Crusoe story.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2147712707519531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robinson Crusoe" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Rocky the Flying Squirrel and Bullwinkle the Moose", "passage": "Usually, Natasha's and Boris's misdeeds are thwarted by Rocky the Flying Squirrel and Bullwinkle the Moose. She refers to them collectively as \"Moose and Squirrel.\"", "precise_score": 3.766796588897705, "rough_score": -1.051728367805481, "source": "wiki", "title": "Natasha Fatale" }, { "answer": "Rocky the Flying Squirrel and Bullwinkle the Moose", "passage": "Usually, Boris's misdeeds are thwarted by Rocky the Flying Squirrel and Bullwinkle the Moose. Boris's attempts at killing \"moose and squirrel\" (as he refers to them) also always end in failure, usually by his own scheme backfiring on him. As Boris expresses his plight in one promo: \"I send in lady spy with package which is really bomb. Door gets locked, she can't get out, who gets blown up? Me!\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.02407693862915, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boris Badenov" } ]

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[ { "answer": "The Three Stooges", "passage": "Shemp Howard (March 11, 1895 – November 22, 1955 ) was an American actor and comedian. Born Samuel Horwitz, he was called \"Shemp\" because \"Sam\" came out that way in his mother's thick Litvak accent. He is best known today for his role as the third stooge in the Three Stooges, a role he first portrayed at the beginning of the act in the early 1920s (1923–1932) while the act was still associated with Ted Healy and known as \"Ted Healy and his Stooges\", and again from 1947 until his death in 1955. Between his times with the Stooges, Shemp had a successful film career as a solo comedian.", "precise_score": 3.7907145023345947, "rough_score": 6.384957790374756, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shemp Howard" }, { "answer": "The Three Stooges", "passage": "The Three Stooges: 1947–1955", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.757691383361816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shemp Howard" }, { "answer": "The Three Stooges", "passage": "The Three Stooges earned a star on the Hollywood Walk Of Fame on August 30, 1983.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.097450256347656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shemp Howard" }, { "answer": "Three Stooges", "passage": "Columbia had promised exhibitors eight Three Stooges comedies for 1956, but only four had been completed at the time of Shemp's death. To fulfill the contract, producer Jules White manufactured four more shorts by reusing old footage of Shemp and filming new connecting scenes with a double (longtime Stooge supporting actor Joe Palma), who is seen mostly from the back.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.3692779541015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shemp Howard" }, { "answer": "The Three Stooges", "passage": "In a TV biopic film, The Three Stooges (2000), produced by Mel Gibson, Shemp was portrayed by 'fake Shemp' Johnny Kassir, who donned a floppy, straight-haired wig to portray the famous comic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.033145904541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shemp Howard" } ]

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[ { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "*Malibu Stacy from The Simpsons episode \"Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy\" (1994).", "precise_score": 2.6567609310150146, "rough_score": -1.0045043230056763, "source": "wiki", "title": "Barbie" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "The Late Show With David Letterman", "Late Show with David Letterman", "Is this Anything", "LSDL", "Gerard Mulligan", "Biff Henderson's Cavalcade of Surprisingly Spot-On Superstar Celebrity Look-Alikes", "Oprah Log", "Late Show With David Letterman", "Late show with david letterman", "Lswdl", "The Late Show with David Letterman", "LSWDL" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "biff henderson s cavalcade of surprisingly spot on superstar celebrity look alikes", "lsdl", "is this anything", "gerard mulligan", "oprah log", "late show with david letterman", "lswdl" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "late show with david letterman", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "The Late Show with David Letterman" }

[ { "answer": "Late Show with David Letterman", "passage": "Paul Allen Wood Shaffer, CM (; born November 28, 1949) is a Canadian-American singer, actor, voice actor, author, comedian, and multi-instrumentalist who served as David Letterman's musical director, band leader and sidekick on the entire run of both Late Night with David Letterman (1982–1993) and Late Show with David Letterman (1993–2015).", "precise_score": 7.5316901206970215, "rough_score": 8.01966381072998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Shaffer" }, { "answer": "The Late Show with David Letterman", "passage": "Beginning in 1982, Shaffer served as musical director for David Letterman's late night talk shows: as leader of \"The World's Most Dangerous Band\" for Late Night with David Letterman (1982–1993) on NBC, for which he also composed the theme song, and as leader of the CBS Orchestra for the Late Show with David Letterman (1993–2015) on CBS. Letterman consistently maintained that the show's switch to CBS was because NBC \"fired Paul for stealing pens\" or some other facetious reason. Shaffer guest-hosted the show twice when Letterman was unavailable, including during Letterman's January 2000 medical leave for quintuple heart bypass surgery, and during the birth of Letterman's son Harry in November 2003.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5620791912078857, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Shaffer" }, { "answer": "The Late Show with David Letterman", "passage": "In May 2015, the Ride of Fame honored Paul Shaffer with a double decker sightseeing bus in New York City to commemorate his long run as the leader of the CBS Orchestra for the Late Show with David Letterman. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.118351936340332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Shaffer" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "Jean-Claude Duvalier, nicknamed “Baby Doc” () (3 July 19514 October 2014), was the President of Haiti from 1971 until his overthrow by a popular uprising in 1986. He succeeded his father François \"Papa Doc\" Duvalier as the ruler of Haiti after the latter's death in 1971. After assuming power, he introduced cosmetic changes to his father's regime and delegated much authority to his advisors. Thousands of Haitians were killed or tortured, and hundreds of thousands fled the country during his presidency. He maintained a notoriously lavish lifestyle (including a state-sponsored US$2million wedding in 1980), and made millions from involvement in the drug trade and from selling body parts from dead Haitians while poverty among his people remained the most widespread of any country in the Western Hemisphere. ", "precise_score": 5.888843536376953, "rough_score": 7.86703634262085, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "In April 1971, he assumed the presidency of Haiti at the age of 19 upon the death of his father, François Duvalier (nicknamed \"Papa Doc\"), becoming the world's youngest president. Initially, Jean-Claude Duvalier resisted the dynastic arrangement that had made him Haiti's leader, having preferred that the presidency go to his older sister Marie-Denise Duvalier, and was content to leave substantive and administrative matters in the hands of his mother, Simone Ovide Duvalier, and a committee led by Luckner Cambronne, his father's Interior Minister, while he attended ceremonial functions and lived as a playboy.", "precise_score": 4.460177898406982, "rough_score": 7.27479887008667, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "The marriage also estranged the old-line Duvalierists in the government from the younger technocrats whom Duvalier had appointed, including Jean-Marie Chanoine, Frantz Merceron, Frantz-Robert Estime and Theo Achille. The Duvalierists' spiritual leader, Duvalier's mother, Simone Ovide Duvalier, was eventually expelled from Haiti, reportedly at the request of Michèle Duvalier. With his wife Duvalier had two children, François Nicolas and Anya. ", "precise_score": 0.14954088628292084, "rough_score": 1.5892372131347656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "In January 1986, the Reagan administration began to pressure Duvalier to renounce his rule and to leave Haiti. Representatives appointed by Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga served as intermediaries who carried out the negotiations. At this point a number of Duvalierists, and business leaders, met with the Duvaliers and pressed for their departure. The United States rejected a request to provide asylum for Duvalier, but offered to assist with their departure. On 30 January 1986, Duvalier had initially accepted, and President Reagan actually announced his departure based on a report from the Haitian CIA Station Chief who saw Duvalier's car head for the airport. En route, there was gunfire and Duvalier's party returned to the palace unnoticed by the U.S. intelligence team. Duvalier declared \"we are as firm as a monkey tail.\" He departed on 7 February 1986, flying to France in a U.S. Air Force aircraft.", "precise_score": -3.6373097896575928, "rough_score": 2.006483316421509, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "The Duvaliers settled in France. For a time they lived a luxurious life, but eventually separated on 19 June 1990. Although he formally applied for political asylum, his request was denied by French authorities. Duvalier lost most of his wealth with his 1993 divorce from his wife. While apparently living modestly in exile, Duvalier did have supporters, who founded the François Duvalier Foundation in 2006 to promote positive aspects of the Duvalier presidency, including the creation of most of Haiti's state institutions and improved access to education for the country's black majority. ", "precise_score": -1.7173421382904053, "rough_score": 2.1620874404907227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "A private citizen, named Jacques Samyn, unsuccessfully sued to expel Duvalier as an illegal immigrant (the Duvaliers were never officially granted asylum in France). In 1998, a Haitian-born photographer, Gérald Bloncourt, formed a committee in Paris to bring Duvalier to trial. At the time, the French Ministry of the Interior said that it could not verify whether Duvalier still remained in the country due to the recently enacted Schengen Agreement which had abolished systematic border controls between the participating countries.[http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/haiti/baby-doc.htm Haitian exiles want to take “Baby Doc” to court] However, Duvalier's lawyer Sauveur Vaisse said that his client was still in France and denied that the exiled leader had fallen on hard times. ", "precise_score": 0.47382649779319763, "rough_score": 2.692509889602661, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "François Duvalier (; 14 April 190721 April 1971), also known as PapaDoc, was the President of Haiti from 1957 to 1971. He was elected president in 1957 on a populist and black nationalist platform and successfully thwarted a coupd’état in 1958. His rule, based on a purged military, a rural militia known as the , and the use of cult of personality, resulted in the murder of 30,000 to 60,000 Haitians and the exile of many more.", "precise_score": 0.36313337087631226, "rough_score": 1.1550769805908203, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "Duvalier was born in Port-au-Prince in 1907, son of Duval Duvalier, a justice of the peace, and baker His aunt, Madame Florestal, raised him. He completed a degree in medicine from the University of Haiti in 1934, and served as staff physician at several local hospitals. He spent a year at the University of Michigan studying public health and in 1943, became active in a United States-sponsored campaign to control the spread of contagious tropical diseases, helping the poor to fight typhus, yaws, malaria and other tropical diseases that had ravaged Haiti for years. His patients affectionately called him “PapaDoc”, a moniker that he used throughout his life.", "precise_score": 2.4082095623016357, "rough_score": 6.360691070556641, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "Duvalier held Haiti in his grip until his death in early 1971. His 19-year-old son , nicknamed “BabyDoc”, succeeded him as president.", "precise_score": 2.3869099617004395, "rough_score": 1.2343212366104126, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "Duvalier unexpectedly returned to Haiti on 16 January 2011, after two decades in self-imposed exile in France. The following day, he was arrested by Haitian police, facing possible charges for embezzlement. On 18 January, Duvalier was charged with corruption. On 28 February 2013, Duvalier pleaded not guilty to charges of corruption and human rights abuse. He died of a heart attack on 4 October 2014, at the age of 63.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9465622901916504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "Duvalier was born in Port-au-Prince and was brought up in an isolated environment. He attended Nouveau College Bird and Saint-Louis de Gonzague. Later, he studied law at the University of Haiti under the direction of several professors, including Maître Gérard Gourgue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.345729351043701, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "President of Haiti", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22851848602295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "By neglecting his role in government, Duvalier squandered considerable domestic and foreign goodwill and facilitated the dominance of Haitian affairs by a clique of hardline Duvalierist cronies, the so-called \"dinosaurs\". Foreign officials and observers also seemed tolerant toward \"Baby Doc\" in areas such as human rights monitoring and foreign countries were more generous to him with economic assistance. The Nixon administration restored the United States aid program for Haiti in 1971.Metz, Helen Chapin, Dominican Republic and Haiti : Country Studies, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., December 1989, ISBN 0-8444-1044-6.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.4022320806980133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "On 27 May 1980, Duvalier married Michèle Bennett Pasquet in a wedding that cost US$2million. The extravagance of the couple's wedding did not lack local critics, though The Christian Science Monitor reported that \"the event... was enthusiastically received by a majority of Haitians\". Discontent among the business community and elite intensified in response to increased corruption among the Duvaliers and the Bennett family's dealings, which included selling Haitian cadavers to foreign medical schools and trafficking in narcotics. Increased political repression added to the volatility of the situation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.317681312561035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "In response to an outbreak of African swine fever virus on the island in 1978, U.S. agricultural authorities insisted upon total eradication of Haiti's pig population. The Program for the Eradication of Porcine Swine Fever and for the Development of Pig Raising (PEPPADEP) caused widespread hardship among the peasant population, who bred pigs as an investment. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.090190887451172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "In addition, reports that HIV/AIDS was becoming a major problem in Haiti caused tourism to decline dramatically in the early 1980s. By the mid-1980s, most Haitians expressed hopelessness and helplessness, as economic conditions worsened and hunger and malnutrition spread.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.059402465820312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "Widespread discontent began in March 1983, when Pope John Paul II visited Haiti. The pontiff declared that “things must change in Haiti”, and he called on “all those who have power, riches and culture so that they can understand the serious and urgent responsibility to help their brothers and sisters”. He called for a more equitable distribution of income, a more egalitarian social structure, and increased popular participation in public life. This message revitalized both laymen and clergy, contributed to increased popular mobilization and expanded political and social activism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.863033294677734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "A revolt began in the provinces in 1985. The city of Gonaïves was the first to have street demonstrations and raids on food-distribution warehouses. From October 1985 to January 1986, the protests spread to six other cities, including Cap-Haïtien. By the end of that month, Haitians in the south had revolted. The most significant rioting there broke out in Les Cayes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.030132293701172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "Following the ousting of president Jean-Bertrand Aristide in February 2004, Duvalier announced his intention to return to Haiti to run for president in the 2006 elections for the National Unity Party; however, he did not become a candidate.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4253674.stm \"Haiti vote attracts 30 candidates\"], BBC News, 16 September 2005.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8080344200134277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "On 22–23 September 2007, an address by Duvalier to Haitians was broadcast by radio. Although he said exile had \"broken\" him, he also said that what he described as the improving fortunes of the National Unity Party had \"reinvigorated\" him, and he urged readiness among his supporters, without saying whether he intended to return to Haiti. President René Préval rejected Duvalier's apology and, on 28 September, he said that, while Duvalier was constitutionally free to return to Haiti, he would face trial if he did so. Duvalier's radio broadcast address was given in French and not Haitian Creole, the language spoken by the majority of Haitians. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.450762748718262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "Duvalier lived in Paris with Véronique Roy, his longtime companion, until his return to Haiti in late January 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1046018600463867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "On 16 January 2011, during the presidential election campaign, Duvalier returned to Haiti after 25 years. Accompanied by Véronique Roy, he flew in from Paris, indicating that he wanted to help: \"I'm not here for politics. I'm here for the reconstruction of Haiti\", he said. However, many argued that Duvalier returned to Haiti to gain access to the US$4million frozen in the Swiss bank account. Haiti also claimed this money, arguing that the assets were of \"criminal origin\" and should not be returned to Duvalier. By virtue of Swiss law, however, states claiming money in Switzerland have to demonstrate that they have started criminal investigations against offenders holding money in the country. According to an article by Ginger Thompson in The New York Times, \"if Mr. Duvalier had been able to slip into the country and then quietly leave without incident... he may have been able to argue that Haiti was no longer interested in prosecuting him—and that the money should be his.\" According to Mac McClelland of Mother Jones magazine:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1618974208831787, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "On 18 January 2011, he was taken into custody at his hotel by Haitian authorities. He was charged with corruption, theft, and misappropriation of funds committed during his 15-year presidency. He was released but was subject to recall by the court.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.93809700012207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "After the former president failed to appear for three previously scheduled court hearings, a Haitian judge issued a warrant ordering him to appear before the court 28 February 2013. Duvalier did so and for the first time pleaded not guilty to charges of corruption and human rights abuse.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.770747661590576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jean-Claude Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "The United States occupation of Haiti, which began in 1915, left a powerful impression on the young Duvalier. He was also aware of the latent political power of the poor black majority and their resentment against the tiny mulatto elite. Duvalier supported Pan-African ideals, and became involved in the ' movement of Haitian author , both of which led to his advocacy of Haitian Vodou, an ethnological study of which later paid enormous political dividends for him. In 1938, Duvalier co-founded the journal Les Griots. In 1939, he married , with whom he had four children: Marie‑Denise, Nicole, Simone, and Jean‑Claude. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0727720260620117, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "In 1946, Duvalier aligned himself with President Dumarsais Estimé and was appointed Director General of the National Public Health Service. In 1949, he served as Minister of Health and Labor, but when Duvalier opposed Paul Magloire’s 1950 coupd’état, he left the government and resumed practicing medicine. His practice included taking part in campaigns to prevent yaws and other diseases. In 1954, Duvalier abandoned medicine, hiding out in Haiti’s countryside from the Magloire regime. In 1956, the Magloire government was failing, and although still in hiding, Duvalier announced his candidacy to replace him as president. By December 1956, an amnesty was issued and Duvalier emerged from hiding, and on 12 December 1956, Magloire conceded defeat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.90821373462677, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "The two frontrunners in the 1957 campaign for the presidency were Duvalier and Louis Déjoie, a landowner and industrialist from the north. During their campaigning, Haiti was ruled by five temporary administrations, none lasting longer than a few months. Duvalier promised to rebuild and renew the country and rural Haiti solidly supported him as did the military. He resorted to ' populism, stoking the majority irritation by being governed by the few mulatto elite, which is how he described his opponent, Déjoie. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3886138200759888, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "François Duvalier was elected president on 22 September 1957 in the quietest and fairest election in Haiti’s history. Duvalier received 679,884 votes to Déjoie’s266,992. Even in this election, however, there are multiple first-person accounts of voter fraud and voter ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.211769104003906, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "Duvalier promoted and installed members of the black majority in the civil service and the army. In July 1958, three exiled Haitian army officers and five American mercenaries landed in Haiti and tried to overthrow Duvalier; all were killed. Although the army and its leaders had quashed the coup attempt, the incident deepened Duvalier's distrust of the army, an important Haitian institution over which he did not have firm control. He replaced the chief-of-staff with a more reliable officer and then proceeded to create his own power base within the army by turning the Presidential Guard into an elite corps aimed at maintaining Duvalier’s power. After this, Duvalier dismissed the entire general staff and replaced it with officers who owed their positions, and their loyalty, to him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.38576340675354, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "In the name of nationalism, Duvalier expelled almost all of Haiti’s foreign-born bishops, an act that earned him excommunication from the Catholic Church. In 1966, he persuaded the Holy See to allow him permission to nominate the Catholic hierarchy for Haiti. No longer was Haiti under the grip of the minority rich mulattoes, protected by the military and supported by the church; Duvalier now exercised more power in Haiti than ever.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.713119029998779, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "While recovering, Duvalier left power in the hands of Clément Barbot, leader of the . Upon his return to work, Duvalier accused Barbot of trying to supplant him as president and had him imprisoned. In April 1963, Barbot was released and began plotting to remove Duvalier from office by kidnapping his children. The plot failed and Duvalier subsequently ordered a nationwide search for Barbot and his fellow conspirators. During the search, Duvalier was told that Barbot had transformed himself into a black dog, which prompted Duvalier to order that all black dogs in Haiti be put to death. The captured then killed Barbot in July 1963. In other incidents, Duvalier ordered the head of an executed rebel packed in ice and brought to him so he could commune with the dead man’s spirit. Peepholes were carved into the walls of the interrogation chambers, through which Duvalier watched Haitian detainees being tortured and submerged in baths of sulfuric acid; sometimes, he was in the room during the tortures. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7191741466522217, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "In 1961, Duvalier began violating the provisions of the 1957 constitution: first he replaced the bicameral legislature with a unicameral body. Then he called a new presidential election in which he was the sole candidate, though his term was to expire in 1963 and the constitution prohibited re-election. The election was flagrantly rigged; the official tally showed 1,320,748 “yes” votes for another term for Duvalier, with none opposed. Upon hearing the results, he proclaimed, “I accept the people’s will. . . . As a revolutionary, I have no right to disregard the will of the The New York Times commented, “Latin America has witnessed many fraudulent elections throughout its history but none has been more outrageous than the one which has just taken place in Haiti”. On 14 June 1964, a constitutional referendum made Duvalier “”, a title previously held by seven Haitian presidents. This referendum was also blatantly rigged; an implausible 99.9% voted in favor, which should have come as no surprise since all the ballots were premarked “yes”. The new document granted Duvalier—or ', as he was called—absolute powers as well as the right to name his successor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.716639995574951, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "His relationship with the United States proved difficult. In his early years, Duvalier rebuked the United States for its friendly relations with Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo (assassinated in 1961) while ignoring Haiti. The Kennedy administration (1961–1963) was particularly disturbed by Duvalier’s repressive and authoritarian rule and allegations that he misappropriated aid money—at the time a substantial part of the Haitian budget—and a U.S. Marine Corps mission to train the . The U.S. thus halted most of its economic assistance in mid-1962, pending stricter accounting procedures, with which Duvalier refused to comply. Duvalier publicly renounced all aid from Washington on nationalist grounds, portraying himself as a “principled and lonely opponent of domination by a ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2454460859298706, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "After the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, which Duvalier later claimed resulted from a curse that he had placed on Kennedy, the U.S. eased its pressure on Duvalier, grudgingly accepting him as a bulwark against communism. Duvalier attempted to exploit tensions between the U.S. and Cuba, emphasizing his anti-communist credentials and Haiti’s strategic location as a means of winning U.S. support:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5042619705200195, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "After Fulgencio Batista (a friend of Duvalier) was overthrown in the Cuban Revolution, Duvalier worried that new Cuban leader Fidel Castro would provide a safe haven for Haitian dissidents. Duvalier attempted to win Cuba over by recognizing Castro’s government by sending medicine and pardoning several political prisoners, but to no avail; from the very start of his regime, Castro gave anti-Duvalier dissidents his full support.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7645533084869385, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "Duvalier enraged Castro by voting against the country in an Organization of American States () meeting and subsequently at the United Nations, where a trade embargo was imposed on Cuba. Cuba answered by breaking off diplomatic relations and Duvalier subsequently instituted a campaign to rid Haiti of communists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.949246883392334, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "Duvalier’s relationship with the neighboring Dominican Republic was always tense: in his early years, Duvalier emphasized the differences between the two countries. In April 1963, relations were brought to the edge of war by the political enmity between Duvalier and Dominican president Juan Bosch. Bosch, a leftist, provided asylum and support to Haitian exiles who had plotted against the Duvalier regime. Duvalier ordered his Presidential Guard to occupy the Dominican Embassy in Pétionville, with the goal of arresting a Haitian army officer believed to have been involved in Barbot’s plot to kidnap Duvalier’s children. The Dominican president reacted with outrage, publicly threatened to invade Haiti, and ordered army units to the border. However, as Dominican military commanders expressed little support for an invasion of Haiti, Bosch refrained from the invasion and sought mediation through ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0355732440948486, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "In 1966, Duvalier hosted the emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie I, in what would be Haiti’s only visit by a head of state under Duvalier. During the visit, Duvalier awarded Haile Selassie the Necklace of the Order of Jean-Jacques Dessalines the Great, and the emperor, in turn, bestowed upon Duvalier the Great Necklace of the Order of the Queen of Sheba.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.628697156906128, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "Haitian communists and even suspected communists bore the brunt of the government’s repression. Duvalier targeted them as a means to secure U.S. support in addition to the principle: Duvalier was exposed to communist and leftist ideas early in his life and rejected them. On 28 April 1969, Duvalier instituted a campaign to rid Haiti of all communists. The new law stipulated that “Communist activities, no matter what their form, are hereby declared crimes against the security of the State”, and he prescribed the death penalty for individuals prosecuted under this law.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.183826446533203, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "Many educated professionals fled Haiti for New York City, Miami, Montreal, Paris and several French-speaking African countries, exacerbating an already serious lack of doctors and teachers. Some of the highly skilled professionals joined the ranks of several agencies to work in development in newly independent nations such as Ivory Coast, and Congo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.684901237487793, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "Nonetheless, Duvalier enjoyed significant support among Haiti’s majority black rural population, who saw in him a champion of their claims against the historically dominant mulatto elite. During his 14 years in power, he created a substantial black middle class, chiefly through government patronage. Duvalier also initiated the development of , now known as Toussaint Louverture International Airport.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6314914226531982, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "Duvalier fostered his cult of personality and claimed he was the physical embodiment of the island nation. He also revived the traditions of Vodou, later using them to consolidate his power with his claim of being a Vodou priest, himself. In an effort to make himself even more imposing, Duvalier deliberately modeled his image on that of Baron Samedi, one of the ', or spirits, of Haitian Vodou. He often donned sunglasses to hide his eyes and talked with the strong nasal tone associated with the '. The regime’s propaganda stated that “PapaDoc was one with the , Jesus Christ and God himself”. The most celebrated image from the time shows a standing Jesus Christ with a hand on the shoulder of a seated PapaDoc, captioned, “I have chosen him”. Duvalier declared himself an “immaterial being” as well as “the Haitian flag” soon after his first election. In 1964, he published a catechism in which the Lord’s Prayer was reworded to pay tribute to Duvalier instead of God. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.48763006925582886, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "Many books have been written about the Duvalier era in Haiti, the best known being Graham Greene’s novel, The Comedians. Duvalier, however, dismissed the piece and referred to its author as “a cretin, a stool pigeon, sadistic, unbalanced, perverted, a perfect , lying to his heart’s content, the shame of proud and noble England, a spy, a drug addict, and a torturer”. It was later made into a movie. Greene himself was declared ' and barred from entering Haiti. The British television journalist Alan Whicker featured Duvalier in a 1969 episode of Whicker’s World, which includes an interview with the president. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.10305118560791, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "The first authoritative book on the subject was PapaDoc: Haiti and its Dictator by Al Burt and Bernard Diederich, published in 1969, though several others by Haitian scholars and historians have appeared since Duvalier’s death in 1971. One of the most informative, Patrick Lemoine’s Fort‑Dimanche: Dungeon of Death, dealt specifically with victims of Fort-Dimanche, the prison Duvalier used for the torture and murder of his political opponents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8266596794128418, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" }, { "answer": "Haiti", "passage": "In 2007, British newspaper editor John Marquis published PapaDoc: Portrait of a Haitian Tyrant, which relied in part on records from a 1968 espionage trial in Haiti to detail numerous attempts on Duvalier’s life. The trial’s defendant, David Knox, was a Bahamian director of information. Knox lost and was sentenced to death, but was later granted amnesty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.5087890625, "source": "wiki", "title": "François Duvalier" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Benjamin Franklin", "passage": "Contrary to popular legend, there is no evidence that Benjamin Franklin ever publicly supported the wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), rather than the bald eagle, as a symbol of the United States. However, in a letter written to his daughter in 1784 from Paris, criticizing the Society of the Cincinnati, he stated his personal distaste for the bald eagle's behavior. In the letter Franklin states:[http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/bald_eagle/lifehistory Bald Eagle, Life History, All About Birds – Cornell Lab of Ornithology]. AllAboutBirds.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-22.", "precise_score": 2.906921863555908, "rough_score": 1.979722261428833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bald eagle" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "On Origin of Species", "Origin of species", "On the origin of the species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life", "Origin Of Species", "On the origin of the species", "Means of Natural Selection", "The Origin of Species", "The Origin of the Species", "Preface of Origin", "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life", "Origin of Species", "On the Origin of Species", "The Origin of Species/Preface", "On the origin of species", "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection", "The Origin of Species/Chapter 12", "The Origin of Species/Chapter 11", "The Origin of Species/Chapter 10", "The Origin of Species/Chapter 14", "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or The Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life", "The Origin of Species/Introduction", "On The Origin Of Species", "Origin of the species", "The Origin of Species/Chapter 13", "The Origin Of Species", "Qrigin of Species", "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection", "The Origin of Species/Chapter 7", "The Origin of Species/Chapter 6", "The Origin of Species/Chapter 5", "The Origin of Species/Chapter 4", "The Origin of Species/Chapter 3", "The Origin of Species/Chapter 2", "The Origin of Species/Chapter 1", "The Origin of Species/Glossary", "On The Origin of Species", "Origin of the Species", "The Origin of Species/Chapter 9", "The Origin of Species/Chapter 8", "TOoS", "The Origin of The Species", "The origin of species" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "on origin of species", "origin of species chapter 5", "origin of species chapter 3", "on origin of species by means of natural selection", "origin of species introduction", "origin of species chapter 10", "origin of species chapter 11", "origin of species glossary", "origin of species chapter 7", "origin of species chapter 6", "origin of species chapter 4", "origin of species by means of natural selection", "origin of species chapter 14", "on origin of species by means of natural selection or preservation of favored races in struggle for life", "on origin of species by means of natural selection or preservation of favoured races in struggle for life", "origin of species chapter 9", "origin of species preface", "origin of species chapter 12", "origin of species chapter 13", "preface of origin", "origin of species chapter 8", "origin of species chapter 1", "means of natural selection", "toos", "origin of species", "qrigin of species", "origin of species chapter 2" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "on origin of species", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "On The Origin of Species" }

[ { "answer": "On The Origin of Species", "passage": "Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection, but with Murray's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title: On the Origin of Species, with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.", "precise_score": 2.9291224479675293, "rough_score": 0.8777214288711548, "source": "wiki", "title": "On the Origin of Species" }, { "answer": "On The Origin of Species", "passage": "On the Origin of Species was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printed but after deducting presentation and review copies, and five for Stationers' Hall copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale. Significantly, 500 were taken by Mudie's Library, ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library. The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860, and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase \"by the Creator\" added to the closing sentence. During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to deal with counter-arguments raised. The third edition came out in 1861, with a number of sentences rewritten or added and an introductory appendix, An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species, while the fourth in 1866 had further revisions. The fifth edition, published on 10 February 1869, incorporated more changes and for the first time included the phrase \"survival of the fittest\", which had been coined by the philosopher Herbert Spencer in his Principles of Biology (1864).\"This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called 'natural selection', or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.\" ", "precise_score": 6.565792083740234, "rough_score": 7.871048927307129, "source": "wiki", "title": "On the Origin of Species" }, { "answer": "On The Origin of Species", "passage": "On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.604997396469116, "source": "wiki", "title": "On the Origin of Species" }, { "answer": "Origin of species", "passage": "The sixth edition was published by Murray on 19 February 1872 as The Origin of Species, with \"On\" dropped from the title. Darwin had told Murray of working men in Lancashire clubbing together to buy the 5th edition at fifteen shillings and wanted it made more widely available; the price was halved to 7s 6d by printing in a smaller font. It includes a glossary compiled by W.S. Dallas. Book sales increased from 60 to 250 per month.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.333932399749756, "source": "wiki", "title": "On the Origin of Species" }, { "answer": "Origin of species", "passage": "Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws, harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos. In the second edition, Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could work through scientific laws as much as through miracles, in a nod to the religious concerns of his oldest friends. The Introduction establishes Darwin's credentials as a naturalist and author, then refers to John Herschel's letter suggesting that the origin of species \"would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process\": ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.999290466308594, "source": "wiki", "title": "On the Origin of Species" }, { "answer": "On The Origin of Species", "passage": "WHEN on board HMS Beagle, as naturalist, I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution of the inhabitants of South America, and in the geological relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent. These facts seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species—that mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.282153129577637, "source": "wiki", "title": "On the Origin of Species" }, { "answer": "Origin of species", "passage": "In a section on \"organs of little apparent importance\", Darwin discusses the difficulty of explaining various seemingly trivial traits with no evident adaptive function, and outlines some possibilities such as correlation with useful features. He accepts that we \"are profoundly ignorant of the causes producing slight and unimportant variations\" which distinguish domesticated breeds of animals,, Quote: \"We are profoundly ignorant of the causes producing slight and unimportant variations; and we are immediately made conscious of this by reflecting on the differences in the breeds of our domesticated animals in different countries\" and human races. He suggests that sexual selection might explain these variations:, Quote: \"… I gave, however, a tolerably clear sketch of this principle in the first edition of the 'Origin of Species,' and I there stated that it was applicable to man.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.041716575622559, "source": "wiki", "title": "On the Origin of Species" }, { "answer": "Origin of species", "passage": "The book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. There was much less controversy than had greeted the 1844 publication Vestiges of Creation, which had been rejected by scientists, but had influenced a wide public readership into believing that nature and human society were governed by natural laws. The Origin of Species as a book of wide general interest became associated with ideas of social reform. Its proponents made full use of a surge in the publication of review journals, and it was given more popular attention than almost any other scientific work, though it failed to match the continuing sales of Vestiges. Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms, and the newly coined term Darwinism was used to cover the whole range of evolutionism, not just his own ideas. By the mid-1870s, evolutionism was triumphant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.203489303588867, "source": "wiki", "title": "On the Origin of Species" }, { "answer": "On The Origin of Species", "passage": "Interest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1959, and a concordance, an exhaustive external index published in 1981. Worldwide commemorations of the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species and the bicentenary of Darwin's birth were scheduled for 2009. They celebrated the ideas which \"over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.88296890258789, "source": "wiki", "title": "On the Origin of Species" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Lou Ferrigno", "Shanna Ferrigno", "Lou Ferrigno, Jr.", "Lou Farigno", "Ferrigno", "Lou Ferrigno Jr.", "Little Gurly Man", "Lou Ferringo", "Lou Ferrrigno", "Lou Ferigno" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "lou ferrrigno", "lou ferigno", "ferrigno", "lou farigno", "lou ferrigno", "lou ferringo", "lou ferrigno jr", "little gurly man", "shanna ferrigno" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "lou ferrigno", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Lou Ferrigno" }

[ { "answer": "Lou Ferrigno", "passage": "The Incredible Hulk is an American television series based on the Marvel Comics character The Hulk. The series aired on the CBS television network and starred Bill Bixby as David Banner, Lou Ferrigno as the Hulk, and Jack Colvin as Jack McGee.", "precise_score": 6.2976179122924805, "rough_score": 8.166475296020508, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Lou Ferrigno", "passage": "For the role of Dr. David Banner, Kenneth Johnson cast Bill Bixby —his first choice for the role. Jack Colvin was cast as \"Jack McGee\", the cynical tabloid newspaper reporter—modeled after the character of Javert in Les Misérables—who pursues the Hulk. Arnold Schwarzenegger auditioned for the role of the Hulk but was rejected due to his inadequate height, according to Johnson in his commentary on The Incredible Hulk – Original Television Premiere DVD release. Actor Richard Kiel was hired for the role. During filming, however, Kenneth Johnson's own son pointed out that Kiel's tall-but-under-developed physique did not resemble the Hulk's at all. Soon, Kiel was replaced with professional bodybuilder Lou Ferrigno, although a very brief shot of Kiel (as the Hulk) remains in the pilot. According to an interview with Kiel, who saw properly out of only one eye, he reacted badly to the contact lenses used for the role, and also found the green makeup difficult to remove, so he did not mind losing the part. ", "precise_score": 6.667516708374023, "rough_score": 7.262917518615723, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Lou Ferrigno", "passage": "Future Falcon Crest and Castle co-star Susan Sullivan was in the original pilot; Brett Cullen, also of Falcon Crest; Kim Catrall, of Sex and the City fame; Ray Walston, co-star of Bixby's first series, My Favorite Martian; Brandon Cruz, co-star of The Courtship of Eddie's Father; Lou Ferrigno, who along with starring as the Hulk, appeared in one episode (\"King of the Beach\") as a different character, Bixby's ex-wife Brenda Benet; and in an uncredited role, the bodybuilder and professional wrestler Ric Drasin played the half-transformed Hulk in \"Prometheus\" (parts 1 and 2). ", "precise_score": 2.0685012340545654, "rough_score": 5.0466485023498535, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Lou Ferrigno", "passage": "*Lou Ferrigno as Hulk", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.942785739898682, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Lou Ferrigno", "passage": "Johnson changed the name of the Hulk's comic book alter ego, Dr. Bruce Banner, to Dr. David Banner for the TV series. This change was made, according to Johnson, because he did not want the series to be perceived as a comic book series, so he wanted to change what he felt was a staple of comic books, and Stan Lee's comics in particular, that major characters frequently had alliterative names. According to both Stan Lee and Lou Ferrigno, it was also changed because CBS thought the name Bruce sounded \"too gay-ish\", a rationale that Ferrigno thought was \"the most absurd, ridiculous thing I'd ever heard\".Keck, William. [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2008-06-16-ferrigno-hulk_N.htm \"Lou Ferrigno looks back, and luckily, not in anger\"]. USA Today, June 17, 2008, p. 2D. On the DVD commentary of the pilot, Johnson says that it was a way to honor his son David. \"Bruce\" ultimately became the TV Banner's middle name, as it had been in the comics. It is visible on Banner's tombstone at the end of the pilot movie, and that footage is shown at the beginning of every episode of the series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.7734075784683228, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Ferrigno", "passage": "Initially the Hulk's facial make-up was quite monstrous, but after both pilots, the first two weekly episodes and New York location shooting for the fourth, the design was toned down. The makeup process used to transform Ferrigno into the Hulk took three hours. The hard contact lenses Ferrigno wore to simulate the Hulk's electric-green eyes had to be removed every 15 minutes because he found wearing them physically painful, and the green fright wig he wore as the Hulk was made of dyed yak hair.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.1904120445251465, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Ferrigno", "passage": "Six years after the cancellation of the television series in 1982, three television movies were produced with Bixby and Ferrigno reprising their roles. All of these aired on NBC:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8132877349853516, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Lou Ferrigno", "passage": "A nuclear physicist who, because of exposure to gamma radiation, transforms into an enormous green humanoid monster when enraged or agitated. David Duchovny was a front-runner for the film before Norton's casting, while Louis Leterrier's original choice for the role was Mark Ruffalo, who would later play Banner in The Avengers. Gale Anne Hurd recalled Norton's portrayals of duality in Primal Fear and Fight Club, while Norton reminded Kevin Feige of Bill Bixby, who played Banner in the TV series. Lou Ferrigno, who played the Hulk with Bixby, remarked Norton \"has a similar physique [and a] similar personality\". Norton was a Hulk fan, citing the first comic appearances, the Bixby TV show, and Bruce Jones' run on the comic, as his favorite depictions of the character. He had expressed interest in the role for the first film. He initially turned down the part, recalling \"there [was] the wince factor or the defensive part of you that recoils at what the bad version of what that would be\", as he felt the previous film \"strayed far afield from a story that was familiar to people, [...] which is a fugitive story\". When he met Leterrier and Marvel, he liked their vision, and believed they were looking to him to guide the project. Thus, Norton rewrote the script. \"Edward's script has given Bruce's story real gravitas,\" Leterrier said. \"Admittedly I'm not the most adult director, but just because we're making a superhero movie it doesn't have to just appeal to 13-year-old boys. Ed and I both see superheroes as the new Greek gods.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.840703964233398, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Incredible Hulk (film)" }, { "answer": "Lou Ferrigno", "passage": "* Lou Ferrigno voices Hulk:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.017930507659912, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Incredible Hulk (film)" }, { "answer": "Ferrigno", "passage": ":During the 2008 New York Comic Con Leterrier publicly offered Ferrigno the chance to voice the Hulk for the film. This marks the third time Ferrigno portrayed the Hulk, having also voiced the character in the 1996 animated series. Originally, the Hulk's only line was \"Betty\" at the film's ending, which would have been his first word. Leterrier was aware that fans wanted him to speak normally, and added \"leave me alone\" and \"Hulk smash!\" The latter line received cheers during a screening he attended. Ferrigno also has a cameo in the film as a security guard who is bribed by Banner with a pizza.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.31847384572029114, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Incredible Hulk (film)" }, { "answer": "Lou Ferrigno", "passage": "Effort was made to promote the story as having a romance and a physical antagonist, and the title was used for promotional puns (such as 7-Eleven's \"Incredible Gulp\" slurpees, and \"Incredible Dad\" themed Father's Day gifts at Kmart). Burger King also promoted the film, and General Nutrition Centers used the title character as a role model for strength training. Hasbro created the toy line, which they released on May 3, 2008, while Sega released a video game on June 5, 2008. The film was promoted in an episode of American Gladiators on June 9, 2008, which was hosted by Hulk Hogan and featured Lou Ferrigno.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.20338773727417, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Incredible Hulk (film)" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Northwest", "passage": "Later examples of active passenger and crew member resistance occurred when passengers and flight attendants of American Airlines Flight 63 from Paris to Miami on December 22, 2001, teamed up to help prevent Richard Reid from igniting explosives hidden in his shoes. Another example is when a few passengers and flight attendants teamed up to subdue Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab who attempted to detonate explosives sewn into his underwear aboard Northwest Flight 253 on December 25, 2009. Flight attendants and pilots now receive extensive anti-hijacking and self-defense training designed to thwart a hijacking or bombing. ", "precise_score": -8.759580612182617, "rough_score": -8.56289005279541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aircraft hijacking" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "℃", "Centigrade temperature scale", "Celsius scale", "Centesimal degree", "Celsius degree", "Degree C", "Centigrade degree", "Degrees Celcius", "Degree Celcius", "Centigrade (temperature)", "Degree centigrade", "Centigrade scale", "°С", "Degrees Celsius", "Celsius temperature scale", "Degree Celsius", "C°", "Celsius Thermometer", "Cdeg", "Celcius", "Celsius Temperature Scale", "Degree celcius", "°C", "DegC", "Degrees celsius", "Centigrade degrees", "Centigrade", "Degree celsius", "Centrigrade scale", "Degrees centigrade", "Celsius temperature", "ºC", "Celsius" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "degree centigrade", "degrees centigrade", "centigrade scale", "celsius temperature", "centigrade temperature", "degree c", "℃", "degc", "degree celsius", "c°", "centesimal degree", "centigrade degree", "centigrade", "centigrade temperature scale", "cdeg", "degree celcius", "centrigrade scale", "celsius temperature scale", "°с", "celsius thermometer", "celsius degree", "celsius", "celsius scale", "centigrade degrees", "degrees celcius", "celcius", "degrees celsius", "°c", "ºc" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "celsius", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Celsius" }

[ { "answer": "Celsius", "passage": "Various authors have credited the invention of the thermometer to Cornelis Drebbel, Robert Fludd, Galileo Galilei or Santorio Santorio. The thermometer was not a single invention, however, but a development. However, each inventor and each thermometer was unique—there was no standard scale. In 1665 Christiaan Huygens suggested using the melting and boiling points of water as standards. The Fahrenheit scale is now usually defined by two fixed points: the temperature at which water freezes into ice is defined as 32 degrees Fahrenheit (°F), and the boiling point of water is defined to be 212 °F, a 180 degree separation, as defined at sea level and standard atmospheric pressure. In 1742, Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius created a temperature scale which was the reverse of the scale now known by the name \"Celsius\": 0 represented the boiling point of water, while 100 represented the freezing point of water. From 1744 until 1954, 0 °C was defined as the freezing point of water and 100 °C was defined as the boiling point of water, both at a pressure of one standard atmosphere with mercury being the working material.", "precise_score": 2.915729522705078, "rough_score": 3.753756046295166, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Dutch inventions and discoveries" }, { "answer": "Celsius", "passage": "Various authors have credited the invention of the thermometer to Cornelis Drebbel, Robert Fludd, Galileo Galilei or Santorio Santorio. The thermometer was not a single invention, however, but a development. However, each inventor and each thermometer was unique—there was no standard scale. In 1665 Christiaan Huygens suggested using the melting and boiling points of water as standards, and in 1694 Carlo Renaldini proposed using them as fixed points on a universal scale. In 1701 Isaac Newton proposed a scale of 12 degrees between the melting point of ice and body temperature. Finally in 1724 Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit produced a temperature scale which now (slightly adjusted) bears his name. He could do this because he manufactured thermometers, using mercury (which has a high coefficient of expansion) for the first time and the quality of his production could provide a finer scale and greater reproducibility, leading to its general adoption. The Fahrenheit scale was the first widely used temperature scale. By the end of the 20th century, most countries used the Celsius scale rather than the Fahrenheit scale, though Canada retained it as a supplementary scale used alongside Celsius. Fahrenheit remains the official scale for Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, Belize, the Bahamas, Palau and the United States and associated territories.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6038796901702881, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Dutch inventions and discoveries" }, { "answer": "°C", "passage": "The pyrometer, invented by Pieter van Musschenbroek, is a temperature measuring device. A simple type uses a thermocouple placed either in a furnace or on the item to be measured. The voltage output of the thermocouple is read from a meter. Many different types of thermocouple are available, for measuring temperatures from −200 °C to above 1500 °C. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.207488059997559, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Dutch inventions and discoveries" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Oklahoma City Thunder", "passage": "On February 22, 2011, after months of speculation that he wanted to leave the Nuggets, Carmelo Anthony was traded along with Chauncey Billups, Anthony Carter, Shelden Williams and Renaldo Balkman to the New York Knicks in a multi-player deal also involving the Minnesota Timberwolves in which the Nuggets received Wilson Chandler, Raymond Felton, Danilo Gallinari, Timofey Mozgov and Kosta Koufos. On the day when the trade was done, the Nuggets were left with 9 players to play against the Memphis Grizzlies. The Nuggets won 120–107, where they led by as many as 27 points. In the closing minutes of the game, the arena resounded with chants of \"Who needs Melo?\" George Karl said after the game, \"Our guys, when their backs are confronted with a difficult situation, they usually play at a high level. We always react to tough situations in a very positive way.\" Some people said after the trade the Nuggets would become the \"Cleveland Cavaliers\" of the West, that is, falter in the standings and lose their playoff hopes due to the loss of their franchise player, Carmelo. However, the trade only seemed to make them better. Post-trade, the Nuggets averaged 24.1 assists, showing their newfound teamwork. The defense of the Nuggets also improved, from allowing 105.2 ppg before the trade to of 97.1 ppg for the remainder of the season. Despite the franchise changing trade which saw eighteen different starting lineups through the whole season, Denver finished with 50 wins (fourth consecutive 50 win seasons for the first time in Nuggets history), clinching the 5th seed of the Western Conference. They met the Oklahoma City Thunder in the first round of the playoffs and lost four games to one.", "precise_score": -0.16132372617721558, "rough_score": -1.7444860935211182, "source": "wiki", "title": "Denver Nuggets" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma City Thunder", "passage": "The Portland Trail Blazers, commonly known as the Blazers, are an American professional basketball team based in Portland, Oregon. The Trail Blazers compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member club of the league's Western Conference Northwest Division. The team played its home games in the Memorial Coliseum before moving to Moda Center in 1995 (called the Rose Garden until 2013). The franchise entered the league as an expansion team in 1970, and has enjoyed a strong following: from 1977 through 1995, the team sold out 814 consecutive home games, the longest such streak in American major professional sports at the time, and only since surpassed by the Boston Red Sox. The Trail Blazers have been the only NBA team based in the bi-national Pacific Northwest, after the Vancouver Grizzlies relocated to Memphis and became the Memphis Grizzlies in 2001, and the Seattle SuperSonics relocated to Oklahoma City and became the Oklahoma City Thunder in 2008.", "precise_score": -2.349231719970703, "rough_score": -4.298196315765381, "source": "wiki", "title": "Portland Trail Blazers" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma City Thunder", "passage": "Under Michael Malone's leadership, the Denver Nuggets slightly started to improve while primarily relying on the youth movement consinsting of Emmanuel Mudiay, Nikola Jokić, Gary Harris and later also on the recovered Jusuf Nurkić. On January 27, 2016, it was announced that both Mudiay and Jokić would participate in BBVA Compass Rising Stars Challenge during NBA All-Star 2016. On February 18, the Denver Nuggets announced that they decided to trade veteran shooting guard Randy Foye to Oklahoma City Thunder in exchance for D. J. Augustin, Steve Novak and two second round draft picks. One day later, JJ Hickson and the newly acquired Novak were waived. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.933929443359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Denver Nuggets" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma City Thunder", "passage": "Over the course of the 2016 NBA Draft, the Denver Nuggets added the Kentucky guard Jamal Murray as well as Juan Hernangómez, Malik Beasley and Petr Cornelie. Meanwhile, their 56th pick was traded to the Oklahoma City Thunder.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.680147647857666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Denver Nuggets" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma City Thunder", "passage": "As the 2009–10 season began they started 19–17. Several trades were made by the team, one that sent Maynor and the contract of the retired Harpring to the Oklahoma City Thunder and another that sent starter Ronnie Brewer to the Memphis Grizzlies at mid-season, a trade which was openly criticized by Williams. The Brewer trade cleared the way for Matthews to take over his starter spot. Also, Williams was selected to play in the All-Star Game for the first time, and after a controversial off-season, Boozer played better than the year prior, averaging 19.5 points and 11.2 rebounds per game, and missed only four games to injury. He suggested that he would be happy to stay with Utah long-term. After returning from an early-season injury, Kyle Korver set the NBA record for three-point field goal percentage in a season. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.589781761169434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah Jazz" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma City Thunder", "passage": "During the 2014 offseason, Olshey signed center Chris Kaman and two-time former Blazer guard Steve Blake to bolster the bench. Expectations by sportswriters and analysts were high for the Trail Blazers going into the 2015 NBA season given their surprise success in 2013–14. The Blazers beat the reigning Northwest Division Champion Oklahoma City Thunder 106-89 in their season opener at home on October 29, 2014. Like the season before, the Trail Blazers dominated the month of November, at one point winning nine straight games from November 9 to November 26 before being defeated by the Memphis Grizzlies. Injuries, which had not amounted to significance the previous season, started to inflict themselves on various players. Starting center Lopez fractured his right hand in a game against the Spurs on December 15, 2014, and would miss the next 23 games. Initially, the Blazers were much unfazed, winning 129–119 in triple overtime against the Spurs on December 19, a game that saw Lillard and Aldridge combine for 75 points on 29 field goals; Lillard netted a career-high 43 points. Four days later, Lillard hit a three-pointer to tie the game and force overtime against the Thunder en route to 40 points and a 115–111 victory. Three Blazers went to New Orleans for the All Star Weekend: Matthews for the Foot Locker Three-Point Contest, Lillard as a reserve to the All-Star Game, and Aldridge as a starter to the All-Star game.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.94491195678711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Portland Trail Blazers" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma City Thunder", "passage": "The Trail Blazers as a corporate entity are owned by VSE. Allen serves as the team's chairman, and his longtime associate Bert Kolde is vice-chairman. The position of president and chief executive officer is held by Chris McGowan, with Larry Miller having held the job until resigning in July 2012. The post of chief operating officer is vacant; the most recent COO of the team was Mike Golub, who resigned in July 2008 to take a more enhanced role with VSE. Kevin Pritchard served as general manager of the Trail Blazers until he was fired on June 24, 2010. The announcement was issued by the Blazers' head office just an hour before the beginning of the 2010 NBA draft. A month later, the Blazers named Oklahoma City Thunder assistant general manager Rich Cho as their new general manager. Cho was fired less than a year later, and director of college scouting Chad Buchanan served as interim general manager for the entire 2011–12 season. In June 2012, the Trail Blazers hired Neil Olshey as general manager. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.244131088256836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Portland Trail Blazers" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Seahorse is the name given to 54 species of small marine fishes in the genus Hippocampus. \"Hippocampus\" comes from the Ancient Greek word hippos meaning \"horse\" and kampos meaning \"sea monster\". The word \"seahorse\" is often written as two separate words (sea horse), or hyphenated (sea-horse). Having a head and neck suggestive of a horse, seahorses also feature segmented bony armour, an upright posture and a curled prehensile tail. ", "precise_score": 4.6928019523620605, "rough_score": 2.6266727447509766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seahorse" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Seahorses range in size from . They are named for their equine appearance with bent necks and long snouted heads followed by their distinctive trunk and tail. Although they are bony fish, they do not have scales, but rather thin skin stretched over a series of bony plates, which are arranged in rings throughout their bodies. Each species has a distinct number of rings. Seahorses swim upright, another characteristic not shared by their close pipefish relatives, which swim horizontally. Razorfish are the only other fish that swim vertically like a seahorse. They swim upright propelling themselves by using the dorsal fin. The pectoral fins located on either side of the head are used for maneuvering. They lack the caudal fin typical of fishes. Their prehensile tail can only be unlocked in the most extreme conditions. Interestingly, they are adept at camouflage with the ability to grow and reabsorb spiny appendages depending on their habitat. ", "precise_score": 1.1374163627624512, "rough_score": -7.625706672668457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seahorse" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Unusual among fish, a seahorse has a flexible, well-defined neck. It also sports a crown-like spine or horn on its head, termed a \"coronet,\" which is distinct for each species.", "precise_score": 2.0542185306549072, "rough_score": -7.686663627624512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seahorse" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Seahorses swim very poorly, rapidly fluttering a dorsal fin and using pectoral fins (located behind their eyes) to steer. The slowest-moving fish in the world is H. zosterae (the dwarf seahorse), with a top speed of about 5 ft per hour. Seahorses have no caudal fin. Since they are poor swimmers, they are most likely to be found resting with their prehensile tails wound around a stationary object. They have long snouts, which they use to suck up food, and their eyes can move independently of each other like those of a chameleon. ", "precise_score": 1.9162200689315796, "rough_score": -8.345938682556152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seahorse" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Anatomical evidence, supported by molecular, physical, and genetic evidence, demonstrates seahorses are highly modified pipefish. The fossil record of seahorses, however, is very sparse. The best known and best studied fossils are specimens of H. guttulatus (though literature more commonly refers to them under the synonym of H. ramulosus), from the Marecchia River Formation of Rimini Province, Italy, dating back to the Lower Pliocene, about 3 million years ago. The earliest known seahorse fossils are of two pipefish-like species, H. sarmaticus and H. slovenicus from the coprolitic horizon of Tunjice Hills, a middle Miocene lagerstätte in Slovenia dating back about 13 million years. Molecular dating finds that pipefish and seahorses diverged during the Late Oligocene. This has led to speculation that seahorses evolved in response to large areas of shallow water, newly created as the result of tectonic events. The shallow water would have allowed the expansion of seagrass habitats that selected for the camouflage offered by the seahorses’ upright posture. These tectonic changes occurred in the western Pacific Ocean, pointing to an origin there, with molecular data suggesting two later, separate invasions of the Atlantic Ocean. ", "precise_score": -1.4203882217407227, "rough_score": -7.738217353820801, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seahorse" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Seahorses feed on small crustaceans floating in the water or crawling on the bottom. With excellent camouflage and patience, seahorses ambush prey that floats within striking range. Mysid shrimp and other small crustaceans are favorites, but some seahorses have been observed eating other kinds of invertebrates and even larval fish. In a study of seahorses, the distinctive head morphology was found to give it a hydrodynamic advantage that creates minimal interference while approaching an evasive prey. Therefore, the seahorse has the ability to come within a very close range of copepods, on which they prey. After successfully closing in on the prey without alerting it, the sea horse gives an upward thrust rapidly rotates the head aided by large tendons that store and release elastic energy, to bring its long snout close to the prey.This step is crucial for prey capture as suction only works with the mouth at a close range. This two phase prey capture mechanism is termed pivot-feeding. ", "precise_score": 1.9236414432525635, "rough_score": -4.839492321014404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seahorse" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Animals sold as \"freshwater seahorses\" are usually the closely related pipefish, of which a few species live in the lower reaches of rivers. The supposed true \"freshwater seahorse\" called H. aimei is not a valid species, but a synonym sometimes used for Barbour's and hedgehog seahorses. The latter, which is often confused with the former, can be found in estuarine environments, but is not actually a freshwater fish. ", "precise_score": 1.2920382022857666, "rough_score": -6.636220932006836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seahorse" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "A fish is any member of a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish, as well as various extinct related groups. Most fish are ectothermic (\"cold-blooded\"), allowing their body temperatures to vary as ambient temperatures change, though some of the large active swimmers like white shark and tuna can hold a higher core temperature. Fish are abundant in most bodies of water. They can be found in nearly all aquatic environments, from high mountain streams (e.g., char and gudgeon) to the abyssal and even hadal depths of the deepest oceans (e.g., gulpers and anglerfish). With 33,100 described species, fish exhibit greater species diversity than any other group of vertebrates. ", "precise_score": -4.95742130279541, "rough_score": -6.434372901916504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Because the term \"fish\" is defined negatively, and excludes the tetrapods (i.e., the amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) which descend from within the same ancestry, it is paraphyletic, and is not considered a proper grouping in systematic biology. The traditional term pisces (also ichthyes) is considered a typological, but not a phylogenetic classification.", "precise_score": -5.24180269241333, "rough_score": -8.04731559753418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Fish may have evolved from a creature similar to a coral-like Sea squirt, whose larvae resemble primitive fish in important ways. The first ancestors of fish may have kept the larval form into adulthood (as some sea squirts do today), although perhaps the reverse is the case.", "precise_score": -4.4899001121521, "rough_score": -8.030338287353516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "The various fish groups account for more than half of vertebrate species. There are almost 28,000 known extant species, of which almost 27,000 are bony fish, with 970 sharks, rays, and chimeras and about 108 hagfish and lampreys. A third of these species fall within the nine largest families; from largest to smallest, these families are Cyprinidae, Gobiidae, Cichlidae, Characidae, Loricariidae, Balitoridae, Serranidae, Labridae, and Scorpaenidae. About 64 families are monotypic, containing only one species. The final total of extant species may grow to exceed 32,500. ", "precise_score": -7.677938461303711, "rough_score": -7.9919962882995605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "The term \"fish\" most precisely describes any non-tetrapod craniate (i.e. an animal with a skull and in most cases a backbone) that has gills throughout life and whose limbs, if any, are in the shape of fins. Unlike groupings such as birds or mammals, fish are not a single clade but a paraphyletic collection of taxa, including hagfishes, lampreys, sharks and rays, ray-finned fish, coelacanths, and lungfish. Tree of life web project – [http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 Chordates]. Indeed, lungfish and coelacanths are closer relatives of tetrapods (such as mammals, birds, amphibians, etc.) than of other fish such as ray-finned fish or sharks, so the last common ancestor of all fish is also an ancestor to tetrapods. As paraphyletic groups are no longer recognised in modern systematic biology, the use of the term \"fish\" as a biological group must be avoided.", "precise_score": -2.6691067218780518, "rough_score": -5.2354278564453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Many types of aquatic animals commonly referred to as \"fish\" are not fish in the sense given above; examples include shellfish, cuttlefish, starfish, crayfish and jellyfish. In earlier times, even biologists did not make a distinction – sixteenth century natural historians classified also seals, whales, amphibians, crocodiles, even hippopotamuses, as well as a host of aquatic invertebrates, as fish. However, according to the definition above, all mammals, including cetaceans like whales and dolphins, are not fish. In some contexts, especially in aquaculture, the true fish are referred to as finfish (or fin fish) to distinguish them from these other animals.", "precise_score": -1.8391004800796509, "rough_score": -4.72827672958374, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Each criterion has exceptions. Tuna, swordfish, and some species of sharks show some warm-blooded adaptations—they can heat their bodies significantly above ambient water temperature. Streamlining and swimming performance varies from fish such as tuna, salmon, and jacks that can cover 10–20 body-lengths per second to species such as eels and rays that swim no more than 0.5 body-lengths per second. Many groups of freshwater fish extract oxygen from the air as well as from the water using a variety of different structures. Lungfish have paired lungs similar to those of tetrapods, gouramis have a structure called the labyrinth organ that performs a similar function, while many catfish, such as corydoras extract oxygen via the intestine or stomach. Body shape and the arrangement of the fins is highly variable, covering such seemingly un-fishlike forms as seahorses, pufferfish, anglerfish, and gulpers. Similarly, the surface of the skin may be naked (as in moray eels), or covered with scales of a variety of different types usually defined as placoid (typical of sharks and rays), cosmoid (fossil lungfish and coelacanths), ganoid (various fossil fish but also living gars and bichirs), cycloid, and ctenoid (these last two are found on most bony fish). There are even fish that live mostly on land. Mudskippers feed and interact with one another on mudflats and go underwater to hide in their burrows. The catfish Phreatobius cisternarum lives in underground, phreatic habitats, and a relative lives in waterlogged leaf litter. ", "precise_score": -5.97373104095459, "rough_score": -8.18535041809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Fish species diversity is roughly divided equally between marine (oceanic) and freshwater ecosystems. Coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific constitute the center of diversity for marine fishes, whereas continental freshwater fishes are most diverse in large river basins of tropical rainforests, especially the Amazon, Congo, and Mekong basins. More than 5,600 fish species inhabit Neotropical freshwaters alone, such that Neotropical fishes represent about 10% of all vertebrate species on the Earth. Exceptionally rich sites in the Amazon basin, such as Cantão State Park, can contain more freshwater fish species than occur in all of Europe. ", "precise_score": -8.3026123046875, "rough_score": -5.677373886108398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Fish typically have quite small brains relative to body size compared with other vertebrates, typically one-fifteenth the brain mass of a similarly sized bird or mammal. However, some fish have relatively large brains, most notably mormyrids and sharks, which have brains about as massive relative to body weight as birds and marsupials. ", "precise_score": -6.936614990234375, "rough_score": -7.0559492111206055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Vision is an important sensory system for most species of fish. Fish eyes are similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates like birds and mammals, but have a more spherical lens. Their retinas generally have both rods and cones (for scotopic and photopic vision), and most species have colour vision. Some fish can see ultraviolet and some can see polarized light. Amongst jawless fish, the lamprey has well-developed eyes, while the hagfish has only primitive eyespots. Fish vision shows adaptation to their visual environment, for example deep sea fishes have eyes suited to the dark environment.", "precise_score": -5.853950500488281, "rough_score": -7.6276021003723145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Some species of fish are viviparous. In such species the mother retains the eggs and nourishes the embryos. Typically, viviparous fish have a structure analogous to the placenta seen in mammals connecting the mother's blood supply with that of the embryo. Examples of viviparous fish include the surf-perches, splitfins, and lemon shark. Some viviparous fish exhibit oophagy, in which the developing embryos eat other eggs produced by the mother. This has been observed primarily among sharks, such as the shortfin mako and porbeagle, but is known for a few bony fish as well, such as the halfbeak Nomorhamphus ebrardtii. Intrauterine cannibalism is an even more unusual mode of vivipary, in which the largest embryos eat weaker and smaller siblings. This behavior is also most commonly found among sharks, such as the grey nurse shark, but has also been reported for Nomorhamphus ebrardtii.", "precise_score": -7.847011089324951, "rough_score": -8.167369842529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "The 2006 IUCN Red List names 1,173 fish species that are threatened with extinction. Included are species such as Atlantic cod, Devil's Hole pupfish, coelacanths, and great white sharks. Because fish live underwater they are more difficult to study than terrestrial animals and plants, and information about fish populations is often lacking. However, freshwater fish seem particularly threatened because they often live in relatively small water bodies. For example, the Devil's Hole pupfish occupies only a single 3 by pool. ", "precise_score": -8.572924613952637, "rough_score": -7.742269039154053, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Catching fish for the purpose of food or sport is known as fishing, while the organized effort by humans to catch fish is called a fishery. Fisheries are a huge global business and provide income for millions of people. The annual yield from all fisheries worldwide is about 154 million tons, with popular species including herring, cod, anchovy, tuna, flounder, and salmon. However, the term fishery is broadly applied, and includes more organisms than just fish, such as mollusks and crustaceans, which are often called \"fish\" when used as food.", "precise_score": -6.910404205322266, "rough_score": -7.613187313079834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Fish or fishes", "precise_score": -6.110968112945557, "rough_score": -8.516642570495605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "* In biology, the term fish is most strictly used to describe any animal with a backbone that has gills throughout life and has limbs, if any, in the shape of fins. Many types of aquatic animals with common names ending in \"fish\" are not fish in this sense; examples include shellfish, cuttlefish, starfish, crayfish and jellyfish. In earlier times, even biologists did not make a distinction—sixteenth century natural historians classified also seals, whales, amphibians, crocodiles, even hippopotamuses, as well as a host of aquatic invertebrates, as fish.", "precise_score": -4.462986469268799, "rough_score": -5.429917335510254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "* In fisheries, the term fish is used as a collective term, and includes mollusks, crustaceans and any aquatic animal which is harvested. ", "precise_score": -2.9447126388549805, "rough_score": -4.61251163482666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "The molluscs or mollusksSpelled mollusks in the USA, see reasons given in Rosenberg's [http://www.conchologistsofamerica.org/articles/y1996/9609_rosenberg.asp]; for the spelling mollusc see the reasons given by compose the large phylum of invertebrate animals known as the Mollusca. Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. Molluscs are the largest marine phylum, comprising about 23% of all the named marine organisms. Numerous molluscs also live in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. They are highly diverse, not just in size and in anatomical structure, but also in behaviour and in habitat. The phylum is typically divided into 9 or 10 taxonomic classes, of which two are entirely extinct. Cephalopod molluscs, such as squid, cuttlefish and octopus, are among the most neurologically advanced of all invertebrates—and either the giant squid or the colossal squid is the largest known invertebrate species. The gastropods (snails and slugs) are by far the most numerous molluscs in terms of classified species, and account for 80% of the total. The scientific study of molluscs is called malacology. ", "precise_score": -5.24979829788208, "rough_score": -5.029262542724609, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mollusca" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Molluscs have more varied forms than any other animal phylum. They include snails, slugs and other gastropods; clams and other bivalves; squids and other cephalopods; and other lesser-known but similarly distinctive subgroups. The majority of species still live in the oceans, from the seashores to the abyssal zone, but some form a significant part of the freshwater fauna and the terrestrial ecosystems. Molluscs are extremely diverse in tropical and temperate regions, but can be found at all latitudes. About 80% of all known mollusc species are gastropods. Cephalopoda such as squid, cuttlefish, and octopuses are among the neurologically most advanced of all invertebrates. The giant squid, which until recently had not been observed alive in its adult form, is one of the largest invertebrates, but a recently caught specimen of the colossal squid, 10 m long and weighing 500 kg, may have overtaken it. ", "precise_score": -3.200169324874878, "rough_score": -3.7527225017547607, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mollusca" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "All species of cone snails are venomous and can sting when handled, although many species are too small to pose much of a risk to humans. These carnivorous gastropods feed on marine invertebrates (and in the case of larger species, on fish). Their venom is based on a huge array of toxins, some fast-acting and others slower but deadlier; they can afford to do this because their toxins require less time and energy to be produced compared with those of snakes or spiders. Many painful stings have been reported, and a few fatalities, although some of the reported fatalities may be exaggerations. Only a few larger species of cone snails which can capture and kill fish are likely to be seriously dangerous to humans. The effects of individual cone-shell toxins on victims' nervous systems are so precise as to be useful tools for research in neurology, and the small size of their molecules makes it easy to synthesize them. ", "precise_score": -8.132192611694336, "rough_score": -7.377159118652344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mollusca" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "During fertilization in Hippocampus kuda the brood pouch was found to be open only for six seconds while egg deposition occurred. During this time seawater entered the pouch where the spermatozoa and eggs meet in a seawater milieu. This hyperosmotic environment facilitates sperm activation and motility. The fertilization is therefore regarded as being physiologically ‘external’ within a physically ‘internal’ environment after the closure of the pouch. It is believed that this protected form of fertilization reduces sperm competition among males. Within the Syngnathidae (pipefishes and seahorses) protected fertilization has not been documented in the pipefishes but the lack of any distinct differences in the relation of testes size to body size suggests that pipefishes may also have evolved mechanisms for more efficient fertilization with reduced sperm competition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.071762084960938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seahorse" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "The number of young released by the male seahorse averages 100–1000 for most species, but may be as low as 5 for the smaller species, or as high as 2,500. When the fry are ready to be born, the male expels them with muscular contractions. He typically gives birth at night and is ready for the next batch of eggs by morning when his mate returns. Like almost all other fish species, seahorses do not nurture their young after birth. Infants are susceptible to predators or ocean currents which wash them away from feeding grounds or into temperatures too extreme for their delicate bodies. Less than 0.5% of infants survive to adulthood, explaining why litters are so large. These survival rates are actually fairly high compared to other fish, because of their protected gestation, making the process worth the great cost to the father. The eggs of most other fish are abandoned immediately after fertilization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.120180130004883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seahorse" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Although monogamy within fish is not common, it does appear to exist for some. In this case, the mate-guarding hypothesis may be an explanation. This hypothesis states, “males remain with a single female because of ecological factors that make male parental care and protection of offspring especially advantageous.” Because the rates of survival for newborn seahorses are so low, incubation is essential. Though not proven, males could have taken on this role because of the lengthy period the females require to produce their eggs. If males incubate while females prepare the next clutch (amounting to a third of body weight), they can reduce the interval between clutches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.297080039978027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seahorse" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Seahorses should be kept in an aquarium with low flow and placid tank mates. They are slow feeders, so fast, aggressive feeders will leave them without food. Seahorses can coexist with many species of shrimp and other bottom-feeding creatures. Gobies also make good tank-mates. Keepers are generally advised to avoid eels, tangs, triggerfish, squid, octopus, and sea anemones. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.599320411682129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seahorse" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Water quality is very important for the survival of seahorses in an aquarium. They are delicate species which should not be added to a new tank. The water parameters are recommended to be as follows although these fish may acclimatise to different water over time: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.449294090270996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seahorse" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "A water-quality problem will affect fish behaviour and can be shown by clamped fins, reduced feeding, erratic swimming, and gasping at the surface. Seahorses swim up and down, as well as using the length of the aquarium. Therefore, the tanks should ideally be twice as deep as the length of the adult seahorse.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.461385726928711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seahorse" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Seahorse populations are thought to be endangered as a result of overfishing and habitat destruction. Despite a lack of scientific studies or clinical trials, the consumption of seahorses is widespread in traditional Chinese medicine, primarily in connection with impotence, wheezing, nocturnal enuresis, and pain, as well as labor induction.Bensky, D., Clavey, S., Stoger, E. (2004) [http://www.eastlandpress.com/preview/ht.pdf Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica]. Eastland Press, Inc. Seattle, 3rd ed. ISBN 0939616424. p. 815 Up to 20 million seahorses may be caught each year to be sold for such uses. Preferred species of seahorses include H. kellogii, H. histrix, H. kuda, H. trimaculatus, and H. mohnikei. Seahorses are also consumed by the Indonesians, the central Filipinos, and many other ethnic groups.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.662744522094727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seahorse" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "* Hippocampus fisheri D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1903 (Fisher's seahorse)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.496705055236816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seahorse" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "The first mammals (in Kemp's sense) appeared in the Late Triassic epoch (about 225 million years ago), 40 million years after the first therapsids. They expanded out of their nocturnal insectivore niche from the mid-Jurassic onwards; The Jurassic Castorocauda, for example, had adaptations for swimming, digging and catching fish. Most, if not all, are thought to have remained nocturnal (the Nocturnal bottleneck), accounting for much of the typical mammalian traits. The majority of the mammal species that existed in the Mesozoic Era were multituberculates, eutriconodonts and spalacotheriids. The earliest known metatherian is Sinodelphys, found in 125 million-year-old Early Cretaceous shale in China's northeastern Liaoning Province. The fossil is nearly complete and includes tufts of fur and imprints of soft tissues. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.81289291381836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mammal" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Tool use by animals may indicate different levels of learning and cognition. The sea otter uses rocks as essential and regular parts of its foraging behaviour (smashing abalone off of rocks or breaking open shells), with some populations spending 21% of their time making tools. Other tool use, such as chimpanzees using twigs to \"fish\" for termites, may be developed by watching others use tools and may even be a true example of animal teaching. Tools may even be used in solving puzzles in which the animal appears to experience a \"Eureka moment\". Other mammals that do not use tools, such as dogs, can also experience a Eureka moment. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.61954402923584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mammal" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Fish are an important resource for humans worldwide, especially as food. Commercial and subsistence fishers hunt fish in wild fisheries (see fishing) or farm them in ponds or in cages in the ocean (see aquaculture). They are also caught by recreational fishers, kept as pets, raised by fishkeepers, and exhibited in public aquaria. Fish have had a role in culture through the ages, serving as deities, religious symbols, and as the subjects of art, books and movies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.580988883972168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "The earliest organisms that can be classified as fish were soft-bodied chordates that first appeared during the Cambrian period. Although they lacked a true spine, they possessed notochords which allowed them to be more agile than their invertebrate counterparts. Fish would continue to evolve through the Paleozoic era, diversifying into a wide variety of forms. Many fish of the Paleozoic developed external armor that protected them from predators. The first fish with jaws appeared in the Silurian period, after which many (such as sharks) became formidable marine predators rather than just the prey of arthropods.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.704757690429688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Fish do not represent a monophyletic group, and therefore the \"evolution of fish\" is not studied as a single event. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.578272819519043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Early fish from the fossil record are represented by a group of small, jawless, armored fish known as ostracoderms. Jawless fish lineages are mostly extinct. An extant clade, the lampreys may approximate ancient pre-jawed fish. The first jaws are found in Placodermi fossils. The diversity of jawed vertebrates may indicate the evolutionary advantage of a jawed mouth. It is unclear if the advantage of a hinged jaw is greater biting force, improved respiration, or a combination of factors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.388018608093262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Fish are a paraphyletic group: that is, any clade containing all fish also contains the tetrapods, which are not fish. For this reason, groups such as the \"Class Pisces\" seen in older reference works are no longer used in formal classifications.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.985320091247559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Traditional classification divide fish into three extant classes, and with extinct forms sometimes classified within the tree, sometimes as their own classes: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.815556526184082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "* Class Agnatha (jawless fish)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.48658275604248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "** Subclass Cyclostomata (hagfish and lampreys)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19106674194336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "** Subclass Ostracodermi (armoured jawless fish) †", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.750192642211914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "* Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.41612434387207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "* Class Placodermi (armoured fish) †", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.473925590515137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "* Class Acanthodii (\"spiny sharks\", sometimes classified under bony fishes)†", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.765409469604492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "* Class Osteichthyes (bony fish)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.24209213256836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "** Subclass Actinopterygii (ray finned fishes)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.481416702270508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "** Subclass Sarcopterygii (fleshy finned fishes, ancestors of tetrapods)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.85260009765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "The above scheme is the one most commonly encountered in non-specialist and general works. Many of the above groups are paraphyletic, in that they have given rise to successive groups: Agnathans are ancestral to Chondrichthyes, who again have given rise to Acanthodiians, the ancestors of Osteichthyes. With the arrival of phylogenetic nomenclature, the fishes has been split up into a more detailed scheme, with the following major groups:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.983841896057129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "* Class Myxini (hagfish)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.251999855041504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "* Class Pteraspidomorphi † (early jawless fish)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.70916748046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "* Class Cephalaspidomorphi † (early jawless fish)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.814138412475586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "** Class Placodermi † (armoured fish)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.415961265563965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "** Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.329113960266113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "** Superclass Osteichthyes (bony fish)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.003556251525879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "*** Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.849052429199219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "***** Order Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefishes)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.82597541809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "***** Order Polypteriformes (reedfishes and bichirs).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.686345100402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "***** Infraclass Teleostei (many orders of common fish)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.541728019714355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "*** Class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.722675323486328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "**** Subclass Dipnoi (lungfish)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.488096237182617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "† – indicates extinct taxonSome palaeontologists contend that because Conodonta are chordates, they are primitive fish. For a fuller treatment of this taxonomy, see the vertebrate article.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.859248161315918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "The position of hagfish in the phylum Chordata is not settled. Phylogenetic research in 1998 and 1999 supported the idea that the hagfish and the lampreys form a natural group, the Cyclostomata, that is a sister group of the Gnathostomata. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.300370216369629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "A typical fish is ectothermic, has a streamlined body for rapid swimming, extracts oxygen from water using gills or uses an accessory breathing organ to breathe atmospheric oxygen, has two sets of paired fins, usually one or two (rarely three) dorsal fins, an anal fin, and a tail fin, has jaws, has skin that is usually covered with scales, and lays eggs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.08419132232666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Fish range in size from the huge 16 m whale shark to the tiny 8 mm stout infantfish.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.460661888122559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Most fish exchange gases using gills on either side of the pharynx. Gills consist of threadlike structures called filaments. Each filament contains a capillary network that provides a large surface area for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide. Fish exchange gases by pulling oxygen-rich water through their mouths and pumping it over their gills. In some fish, capillary blood flows in the opposite direction to the water, causing countercurrent exchange. The gills push the oxygen-poor water out through openings in the sides of the pharynx. Some fish, like sharks and lampreys, possess multiple gill openings. However, bony fish have a single gill opening on each side. This opening is hidden beneath a protective bony cover called an operculum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.562495231628418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Fish from multiple groups can live out of the water for extended periods. Amphibious fish such as the mudskipper can live and move about on land for up to several days, or live in stagnant or otherwise oxygen depleted water. Many such fish can breathe air via a variety of mechanisms. The skin of anguillid eels may absorb oxygen directly. The buccal cavity of the electric eel may breathe air. Catfish of the families Loricariidae, Callichthyidae, and Scoloplacidae absorb air through their digestive tracts. Lungfish, with the exception of the Australian lungfish, and bichirs have paired lungs similar to those of tetrapods and must surface to gulp fresh air through the mouth and pass spent air out through the gills. Gar and bowfin have a vascularized swim bladder that functions in the same way. Loaches, trahiras, and many catfish breathe by passing air through the gut. Mudskippers breathe by absorbing oxygen across the skin (similar to frogs). A number of fish have evolved so-called accessory breathing organs that extract oxygen from the air. Labyrinth fish (such as gouramis and bettas) have a labyrinth organ above the gills that performs this function. A few other fish have structures resembling labyrinth organs in form and function, most notably snakeheads, pikeheads, and the Clariidae catfish family.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.35115909576416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Breathing air is primarily of use to fish that inhabit shallow, seasonally variable waters where the water's oxygen concentration may seasonally decline. Fish dependent solely on dissolved oxygen, such as perch and cichlids, quickly suffocate, while air-breathers survive for much longer, in some cases in water that is little more than wet mud. At the most extreme, some air-breathing fish are able to survive in damp burrows for weeks without water, entering a state of aestivation (summertime hibernation) until water returns.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.313241958618164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Air breathing fish can be divided into obligate air breathers and facultative air breathers. Obligate air breathers, such as the African lungfish, must breathe air periodically or they suffocate. Facultative air breathers, such as the catfish Hypostomus plecostomus, only breathe air if they need to and will otherwise rely on their gills for oxygen. Most air breathing fish are facultative air breathers that avoid the energetic cost of rising to the surface and the fitness cost of exposure to surface predators.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.353497505187988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Fish have a closed-loop circulatory system. The heart pumps the blood in a single loop throughout the body. In most fish, the heart consists of four parts, including two chambers and an entrance and exit. The first part is the sinus venosus, a thin-walled sac that collects blood from the fish's veins before allowing it to flow to the second part, the atrium, which is a large muscular chamber. The atrium serves as a one-way antechamber, sends blood to the third part, ventricle. The ventricle is another thick-walled, muscular chamber and it pumps the blood, first to the fourth part, bulbus arteriosus, a large tube, and then out of the heart. The bulbus arteriosus connects to the aorta, through which blood flows to the gills for oxygenation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.331798553466797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Jaws allow fish to eat a wide variety of food, including plants and other organisms. Fish ingest food through the mouth and break it down in the esophagus. In the stomach, food is further digested and, in many fish, processed in finger-shaped pouches called pyloric caeca, which secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients. Organs such as the liver and pancreas add enzymes and various chemicals as the food moves through the digestive tract. The intestine completes the process of digestion and nutrient absorption.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.542252540588379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "As with many aquatic animals, most fish release their nitrogenous wastes as ammonia. Some of the wastes diffuse through the gills. Blood wastes are filtered by the kidneys.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.140157699584961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Saltwater fish tend to lose water because of osmosis. Their kidneys return water to the body. The reverse happens in freshwater fish: they tend to gain water osmotically. Their kidneys produce dilute urine for excretion. Some fish have specially adapted kidneys that vary in function, allowing them to move from freshwater to saltwater.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.847658157348633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "The scales of fish originate from the mesoderm (skin); they may be similar in structure to teeth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.566790580749512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Fish brains are divided into several regions. At the front are the olfactory lobes, a pair of structures that receive and process signals from the nostrils via the two olfactory nerves. The olfactory lobes are very large in fish that hunt primarily by smell, such as hagfish, sharks, and catfish. Behind the olfactory lobes is the two-lobed telencephalon, the structural equivalent to the cerebrum in higher vertebrates. In fish the telencephalon is concerned mostly with olfaction. Together these structures form the forebrain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.921353340148926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "The hindbrain or metencephalon is particularly involved in swimming and balance. The cerebellum is a single-lobed structure that is typically the biggest part of the brain. Hagfish and lampreys have relatively small cerebellae, while the mormyrid cerebellum is massive and apparently involved in their electrical sense.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1408052444458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "The brain stem or myelencephalon is the brain's posterior. As well as controlling some muscles and body organs, in bony fish at least, the brain stem governs respiration and osmoregulation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.937158584594727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Most fish possess highly developed sense organs. Nearly all daylight fish have color vision that is at least as good as a human's (see vision in fishes). Many fish also have chemoreceptors that are responsible for extraordinary senses of taste and smell. Although they have ears, many fish may not hear very well. Most fish have sensitive receptors that form the lateral line system, which detects gentle currents and vibrations, and senses the motion of nearby fish and prey. Some fish, such as catfish and sharks, have organs that detect weak electric currents on the order of millivolt. Other fish, like the South American electric fishes Gymnotiformes, can produce weak electric currents, which they use in navigation and social communication.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.09963321685791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Fish orient themselves using landmarks and may use mental maps based on multiple landmarks or symbols. Fish behavior in mazes reveals that they possess spatial memory and visual discrimination. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.165729522705078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Hearing is an important sensory system for most species of fish. Fish sense sound using their lateral lines and their ears.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.488085746765137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Experiments done by William Tavolga provide evidence that fish have pain and fear responses. For instance, in Tavolga's experiments, toadfish grunted when electrically shocked and over time they came to grunt at the mere sight of an electrode. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.970108985900879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "In 2003, Scottish scientists at the University of Edinburgh and the Roslin Institute concluded that rainbow trout exhibit behaviors often associated with pain in other animals. Bee venom and acetic acid injected into the lips resulted in fish rocking their bodies and rubbing their lips along the sides and floors of their tanks, which the researchers concluded were attempts to relieve pain, similar to what mammals would do. Neurons fired in a pattern resembling human neuronal patterns.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.317625045776367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Professor James D. Rose of the University of Wyoming claimed the study was flawed since it did not provide proof that fish possess \"conscious awareness, particularly a kind of awareness that is meaningfully like ours\". Rose argues that since fish brains are so different from human brains, fish are probably not conscious in the manner humans are, so that reactions similar to human reactions to pain instead have other causes. Rose had published a study a year earlier arguing that fish cannot feel pain because their brains lack a neocortex. However, animal behaviorist Temple Grandin argues that fish could still have consciousness without a neocortex because \"different species can use different brain structures and systems to handle the same functions.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.767610549926758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Animal welfare advocates raise concerns about the possible suffering of fish caused by angling. Some countries, such as Germany have banned specific types of fishing, and the British RSPCA now formally prosecutes individuals who are cruel to fish. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.543147087097168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Most fish move by alternately contracting paired sets of muscles on either side of the backbone. These contractions form S-shaped curves that move down the body. As each curve reaches the back fin, backward force is applied to the water, and in conjunction with the fins, moves the fish forward. The fish's fins function like an airplane's flaps. Fins also increase the tail's surface area, increasing speed. The streamlined body of the fish decreases the amount of friction from the water. Since body tissue is denser than water, fish must compensate for the difference or they will sink. Many bony fish have an internal organ called a swim bladder that adjusts their buoyancy through manipulation of gases.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.430307388305664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Although most fish are exclusively ectothermic, there are exceptions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.541720390319824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Certain species of fish maintain elevated body temperatures. Endothermic teleosts (bony fish) are all in the suborder Scombroidei and include the billfishes, tunas, and one species of \"primitive\" mackerel (Gasterochisma melampus). All sharks in the family Lamnidae – shortfin mako, long fin mako, white, porbeagle, and salmon shark – are endothermic, and evidence suggests the trait exists in family Alopiidae (thresher sharks). The degree of endothermy varies from the billfish, which warm only their eyes and brain, to bluefin tuna and porbeagle sharks who maintain body temperatures elevated in excess of 20 °C above ambient water temperatures. See also gigantothermy. Endothermy, though metabolically costly, is thought to provide advantages such as increased muscle strength, higher rates of central nervous system processing, and higher rates of digestion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.603471755981445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Fish reproductive organs include testicles and ovaries. In most species, gonads are paired organs of similar size, which can be partially or totally fused. There may also be a range of secondary organs that increase reproductive fitness.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.275004386901855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "In terms of spermatogonia distribution, the structure of teleosts testes has two types: in the most common, spermatogonia occur all along the seminiferous tubules, while in atherinomorph fish they are confined to the distal portion of these structures. Fish can present cystic or semi-cystic spermatogenesis in relation to the release phase of germ cells in cysts to the seminiferous tubules lumen. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.830876350402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Fish ovaries may be of three types: gymnovarian, secondary gymnovarian or cystovarian. In the first type, the oocytes are released directly into the coelomic cavity and then enter the ostium, then through the oviduct and are eliminated. Secondary gymnovarian ovaries shed ova into the coelom from which they go directly into the oviduct. In the third type, the oocytes are conveyed to the exterior through the oviduct. Gymnovaries are the primitive condition found in lungfish, sturgeon, and bowfin. Cystovaries characterize most teleosts, where the ovary lumen has continuity with the oviduct. Secondary gymnovaries are found in salmonids and a few other teleosts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.624832153320312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Oogonia development in teleosts fish varies according to the group, and the determination of oogenesis dynamics allows the understanding of maturation and fertilization processes. Changes in the nucleus, ooplasm, and the surrounding layers characterize the oocyte maturation process.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.070051193237305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Some fish, like the California sheephead, are hermaphrodites, having both testes and ovaries either at different phases in their life cycle or, as in hamlets, have them simultaneously.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.6041898727417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Over 97% of all known fish are oviparous, that is, the eggs develop outside the mother's body. Examples of oviparous fish include salmon, goldfish, cichlids, tuna, and eels. In the majority of these species, fertilisation takes place outside the mother's body, with the male and female fish shedding their gametes into the surrounding water. However, a few oviparous fish practice internal fertilization, with the male using some sort of intromittent organ to deliver sperm into the genital opening of the female, most notably the oviparous sharks, such as the horn shark, and oviparous rays, such as skates. In these cases, the male is equipped with a pair of modified pelvic fins known as claspers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.188516616821289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Marine fish can produce high numbers of eggs which are often released into the open water column. The eggs have an average diameter of 1 mm.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.001067161560059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "The newly hatched young of oviparous fish are called larvae. They are usually poorly formed, carry a large yolk sac (for nourishment), and are very different in appearance from juvenile and adult specimens. The larval period in oviparous fish is relatively short (usually only several weeks), and larvae rapidly grow and change appearance and structure (a process termed metamorphosis) to become juveniles. During this transition larvae must switch from their yolk sac to feeding on zooplankton prey, a process which depends on typically inadequate zooplankton density, starving many larvae.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.191330909729004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "In ovoviviparous fish the eggs develop inside the mother's body after internal fertilization but receive little or no nourishment directly from the mother, depending instead on the yolk. Each embryo develops in its own egg. Familiar examples of ovoviviparous fish include guppies, angel sharks, and coelacanths.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.65004825592041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Aquarists commonly refer to ovoviviparous and viviparous fish as livebearers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.162704467773438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Like other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites. To prevent disease they have a variety of defenses. Non-specific defenses include the skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps and inhibits the growth of microorganisms. If pathogens breach these defenses, fish can develop an inflammatory response that increases blood flow to the infected region and delivers white blood cells that attempt to destroy pathogens. Specific defenses respond to particular pathogens recognised by the fish's body, i.e., an immune response. In recent years, vaccines have become widely used in aquaculture and also with ornamental fish, for example furunculosis vaccines in farmed salmon and koi herpes virus in koi. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.565540313720703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Some species use cleaner fish to remove external parasites. The best known of these are the Bluestreak cleaner wrasses of the genus Labroides found on coral reefs in the Indian and Pacific oceans. These small fish maintain so-called \"cleaning stations\" where other fish congregate and perform specific movements to attract the attention of the cleaners. Cleaning behaviors have been observed in a number of fish groups, including an interesting case between two cichlids of the same genus, Etroplus maculatus, the cleaner, and the much larger Etroplus suratensis. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.792362213134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Immune organs vary by type of fish. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04330062866211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "In the jawless fish (lampreys and hagfish), true lymphoid organs are absent. These fish rely on regions of lymphoid tissue within other organs to produce immune cells. For example, erythrocytes, macrophages and plasma cells are produced in the anterior kidney (or pronephros) and some areas of the gut (where granulocytes mature.) They resemble primitive bone marrow in hagfish.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.578985214233398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) have a more advanced immune system. They have three specialized organs that are unique to Chondrichthyes; the epigonal organs (lymphoid tissue similar to mammalian bone) that surround the gonads, the Leydig's organ within the walls of their esophagus, and a spiral valve in their intestine. These organs house typical immune cells (granulocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells). They also possess an identifiable thymus and a well-developed spleen (their most important immune organ) where various lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages develop and are stored.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.482112884521484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Chondrostean fish (sturgeons, paddlefish, and bichirs) possess a major site for the production of granulocytes within a mass that is associated with the meninges (membranes surrounding the central nervous system.) Their heart is frequently covered with tissue that contains lymphocytes, reticular cells and a small number of macrophages. The chondrostean kidney is an important hemopoietic organ; where erythrocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages develop.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.037583351135254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Like chondrostean fish, the major immune tissues of bony fish (or teleostei) include the kidney (especially the anterior kidney), which houses many different immune cells. In addition, teleost fish possess a thymus, spleen and scattered immune areas within mucosal tissues (e.g. in the skin, gills, gut and gonads). Much like the mammalian immune system, teleost erythrocytes, neutrophils and granulocytes are believed to reside in the spleen whereas lymphocytes are the major cell type found in the thymus. In 2006, a lymphatic system similar to that in mammals was described in one species of teleost fish, the zebrafish. Although not confirmed as yet, this system presumably will be where naive (unstimulated) T cells accumulate while waiting to encounter an antigen. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.154062271118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "B and T lymphocytes bearing immunoglobulins and T cell receptors, respectively, are found in all jawed fishes. Indeed, the adaptive immune system as a whole evolved in an ancestor of all jawed vertebrate.Flajnik, M. F., and M. Kasahara. \"Origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system: genetic events and selective pressures.\" Nature Reviews Genetics 11.1, 47-59 (2009).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.68022632598877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Overfishing", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.528589248657227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Overfishing is a major threat to edible fish such as cod and tuna. Overfishing eventually causes population (known as stock) collapse because the survivors cannot produce enough young to replace those removed. Such commercial extinction does not mean that the species is extinct, merely that it can no longer sustain a fishery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.398612022399902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "One well-studied example of fishery collapse is the Pacific sardine Sadinops sagax caerulues fishery off the California coast. From a 1937 peak of 790000 LT the catch steadily declined to only 24000 LT in 1968, after which the fishery was no longer economically viable. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.008548736572266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "The main tension between fisheries science and the fishing industry is that the two groups have different views on the resiliency of fisheries to intensive fishing. In places such as Scotland, Newfoundland, and Alaska the fishing industry is a major employer, so governments are predisposed to support it. On the other hand, scientists and conservationists push for stringent protection, warning that many stocks could be wiped out within fifty years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.910187721252441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "A key stress on both freshwater and marine ecosystems is habitat degradation including water pollution, the building of dams, removal of water for use by humans, and the introduction of exotic species. An example of a fish that has become endangered because of habitat change is the pallid sturgeon, a North American freshwater fish that lives in rivers damaged by human activity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.250720024108887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Introduction of non-native species has occurred in many habitats. One of the best studied examples is the introduction of Nile perch into Lake Victoria in the 1960s. Nile perch gradually exterminated the lake's 500 endemic cichlid species. Some of them survive now in captive breeding programmes, but others are probably extinct. Carp, snakeheads, tilapia, European perch, brown trout, rainbow trout, and sea lampreys are other examples of fish that have caused problems by being introduced into alien environments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.867414474487305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Throughout history, humans have utilized fish as a food source. Historically and today, most fish protein has come by means of catching wild fish. However, aquaculture, or fish farming, which has been practiced since about 3,500 BCE. in China, is becoming increasingly important in many nations. Overall, about one-sixth of the world's protein is estimated to be provided by fish. That proportion is considerably elevated in some developing nations and regions heavily dependent on the sea. In a similar manner, fish have been tied to trade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.08864974975586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Fish have been recognized as a source of beauty for almost as long as used for food, appearing in cave art, being raised as ornamental fish in ponds, and displayed in aquariums in homes, offices, or public settings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.437677383422852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Recreational fishing is fishing for pleasure or competition; it can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is fishing for profit. The most common form of recreational fishing is done with a rod, reel, line, hooks and any one of a wide range of baits. Angling is a method of fishing, specifically the practice of catching fish by means of an \"angle\" (hook). Anglers must select the right hook, cast accurately, and retrieve at the right speed while considering water and weather conditions, species, fish response, time of the day, and other factors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.783710479736328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Fish feature prominently in art and literature, in movies such as Finding Nemo and books such as The Old Man and the Sea. Large fish, particularly sharks, have frequently been the subject of horror movies and thrillers, most notably the novel Jaws, which spawned a series of films of the same name that in turn inspired similar films or parodies such as Shark Tale and Snakehead Terror. Piranhas are shown in a similar light to sharks in films such as Piranha; however, contrary to popular belief, the red-bellied piranha is actually a generally timid scavenger species that is unlikely to harm humans. In the Book of Jonah a \"great fish\" swallowed Jonah the Prophet. Legends of half-human, half-fish mermaids have featured in folklore, like the stories of Hans Christian Andersen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.621088027954102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Fish themes have symbolic significance in many religions. The fish is used often as a symbol by Christians to represent Jesus, or Christianity in general; the gospels also refer to \"fishers of men\" and feeding the multitude. In the dhamma of Buddhism the fish symbolize happiness as they have complete freedom of movement in the water. Often drawn in the form of carp which are regarded in the Orient as sacred on account of their elegant beauty, size and life-span. Among the deities said to take the form of a fish are Ika-Roa of the Polynesians, Dagon of various ancient Semitic peoples, the shark-gods of Hawaii and Matsya of the Hindus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.509395599365234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "The astrological symbol Pisces is based on a constellation of the same name, but there is also a second fish constellation in the night sky, Piscis Austrinus. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.984053611755371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "A random assemblage of fish merely using some localised resource such as food or nesting sites is known simply as an aggregation. When fish come together in an interactive, social grouping, then they may be forming either a shoal or a school depending on the degree of organisation. A shoal is a loosely organised group where each fish swims and forages independently but is attracted to other members of the group and adjusts its behaviour, such as swimming speed, so that it remains close to the other members of the group. Schools of fish are much more tightly organised, synchronising their swimming so that all fish move at the same speed and in the same direction. Shoaling and schooling behaviour is believed to provide a variety of advantages. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.734896659851074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "* Anchovies, herrings and silversides are classic examples of schooling fish.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.448468208312988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "While the words \"school\" and \"shoal\" have different meanings within biology, they are often treated as synonyms by non-specialists, with speakers of British English using \"shoal\" to describe any grouping of fish, and speakers of American English often using \"school\" just as loosely.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232410430908203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Though often used interchangeably, in biology these words have different meanings. Fish is used as a singular noun, or as a plural to describe multiple individuals from a single species. Fishes is used to describe different species or species groups. Thus a pond that contained a single species might be said to contain 120 fish. But if the pond contained a total of 120 fish from three different species, it would be said to contain three fishes. The distinction is similar to that between people and peoples.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.873517990112305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Finfish", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.148237228393555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "* The strict biological definition of a fish, above, is sometimes called a true fish. True fish are also referred to as finfish or fin fish to distinguish them from other aquatic life harvested in fisheries or aquaculture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.484322547912598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fish" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "The words mollusc and mollusk are both derived from the French mollusque, which originated from the Latin molluscus, from mollis, soft. Molluscus was itself an adaptation of Aristotle's τα μαλακά ta malaká, \"the soft things\", which he applied to cuttlefish. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.545816421508789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mollusca" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Volborthella, some fossils of which predate , was long thought to be a cephalopod, but discoveries of more detailed fossils showed its shell was not secreted, but built from grains of the mineral silicon dioxide (silica), and it was not divided into a series of compartments by septa as those of fossil shelled cephalopods and the living Nautilus are. Volborthellas classification is uncertain. The Late Cambrian fossil Plectronoceras is now thought to be the earliest clearly cephalopod fossil, as its shell had septa and a siphuncle, a strand of tissue that Nautilus uses to remove water from compartments it has vacated as it grows, and which is also visible in fossil ammonite shells. However, Plectronoceras and other early cephalopods crept along the seafloor instead of swimming, as their shells contained a \"ballast\" of stony deposits on what is thought to be the underside, and had stripes and blotches on what is thought to be the upper surface. All cephalopods with external shells except the nautiloids became extinct by the end of the Cretaceous period . However, the shell-less Coleoidea (squid, octopus, cuttlefish) are abundant today. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.38697338104248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mollusca" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "Molluscs, especially bivalves such as clams and mussels, have been an important food source since at least the advent of anatomically modern humans, and this has often resulted in overfishing. Other commonly eaten molluscs include octopuses and squids, whelks, oysters, and scallops. In 2005, China accounted for 80% of the global mollusc catch, netting almost 11000000 t. Within Europe, France remained the industry leader. Some countries regulate importation and handling of molluscs and other seafood, mainly to minimize the poison risk from toxins that can sometimes accumulate in the animals. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.889266014099121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mollusca" }, { "answer": "Fish", "passage": "When handled alive, a few species of molluscs can sting or bite and, with some species, this can present a serious risk to the human handling the animal. To put this into perspective, though, deaths from mollusc venoms are less than 10% of the number of deaths from jellyfish stings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.609332084655762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mollusca" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "%22White%22 Russian", "White Russians", "White russian", "Russian Whites", "White Russian (disambiguation)", "%22White%22 Russians", "White Russian" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "white russian disambiguation", "white russians", "russian whites", "22white 22 russian", "22white 22 russians", "white russian" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "white russian", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "White Russian" }

[ { "answer": "White Russian", "passage": "Vodka is traditionally drunk neat (not mixed with any water, ice, or other mixer), though it is often served chilled in the vodka belt countries (Belarus, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine). It is also commonly used in cocktails and mixed drinks, such as the vodka martini, Cosmopolitan, vodka tonic, Screwdriver, Greyhound, Black or White Russian, Moscow Mule, and Bloody Mary.", "precise_score": -4.396474361419678, "rough_score": -7.813416957855225, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vodka" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Corn sugar (disambiguation)", "Corn Sugar", "Corn sugar" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "corn sugar disambiguation", "corn sugar" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "corn sugar", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Corn Sugar" }

[ { "answer": "Corn Sugar", "passage": "On September 14, 2010, The Corn Refiners Association applied for permission to use the name \"corn sugar\" in place of high fructose corn syrup on food labels for products sold in the United States. According to a press release, \"Consumers need to know what is in their foods and where their foods come from and we want to be clear with them,\" said CRA president Audrae Erickson. \"The term 'corn sugar' succinctly and accurately describes what this natural ingredient is and where it comes from – corn.\"", "precise_score": 4.626744270324707, "rough_score": 5.5998053550720215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Corn Refiners Association" }, { "answer": "Corn Sugar", "passage": "In the United States, the Corn Refiners Association has attempted to counter negative public perceptions by marketing campaigns describing HFCS as \"natural\" and by attempting to change the name of the product to \"corn sugar,\" which the FDA rejected.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.028711795806885, "source": "wiki", "title": "High fructose corn syrup" }, { "answer": "Corn Sugar", "passage": "There are various public relations concerns with HFCS, including with its labeling as \"natural\", with its advertising, with companies that have moved back to sugar, and a proposed name change to \"corn sugar\". In 2010 the Corn Refiners Association applied to allow HFCS to be renamed \"corn sugar\", but were rejected by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 2012.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9858298301696777, "source": "wiki", "title": "High fructose corn syrup" }, { "answer": "Corn Sugar", "passage": "TIME stated that the CRA's decision to change the name of HFCS was because HFCS had such a bad reputation. In response to the proposed name change, The New York Times ran an article asking nutrition experts what they would suggest as appropriate names for HFCS. Three of the five experts recommended alternate names, including Michael Pollan who suggested \"enzymatically altered corn glucose\". Dr Andrew Weil recommended not changing from HFCS, calling the term Corn sugar \"too vague\" and the CRA's attempt to change HFCS's name \"Orwellian\". However Dr Barry Popkin felt that \"corn sugar\" was an appropriate term. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.104958534240723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Corn Refiners Association" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "brown fox" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "brown fox" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "brown fox", "type": "FreeForm", "value": "brown fox" }

[ { "answer": "brown fox", "passage": "The best known English pangram is \"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\" It has been used since at least the late 19th century, was utilized by Western Union to test Telex / TWX data communication equipment for accuracy and reliability, and is now used by a number of computer programs (most notably the font viewer built into Microsoft Windows) to display computer fonts. An example in another language is ', containing all letters used in German , including every umlaut (ä, ö, ü) plus the ß. It has been used since before 1800.", "precise_score": 7.348321914672852, "rough_score": 8.031851768493652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pangram" }, { "answer": "brown fox", "passage": "\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog\" is an English-language pangram—a phrase that contains all of the letters of the alphabet. It is commonly used for touch-typing practice. It is also used to test typewriters and computer keyboards, show fonts, and other applications involving all of the letters in the English alphabet. Owing to its brevity and coherence, it has become widely known.", "precise_score": 8.20369815826416, "rough_score": 8.138179779052734, "source": "wiki", "title": "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" }, { "answer": "brown fox", "passage": "The pangram \"The quick brown fox...\" and searches for a shorter pangram are the cornerstone of the plot of the novel Ella Minnow Pea by Mark Dunn. The search successfully comes to an end when the phrase \"Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs\" is discovered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8641157150268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pangram" }, { "answer": "brown fox", "passage": "The earliest known appearance of the phrase is from The Michigan School Moderator, a journal that provided many teachers with education-related news and suggestions for lessons. In an article titled \"Interesting Notes\" in the March 14, 1885 issue, the phrase is given as a suggestion for writing practice: \"The following sentence makes a good copy for practice, as it contains every letter of the alphabet: 'A quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.'\" Note that the phrase in this case begins with the word \"A\" rather than \"The\". Several other early sources also use this variation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.649285316467285, "source": "wiki", "title": "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" }, { "answer": "brown fox", "passage": "The first message sent on the Moscow–Washington hotline was the test phrase \"THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOG'S BACK 1234567890\". Later, during testing, the Russian translators sent a message asking their American counterparts \"What does it mean when your people say 'The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog?'\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3266137838363647, "source": "wiki", "title": "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" }, { "answer": "brown fox", "passage": "The lipogrammatic novel Ella Minnow Pea by Mark Dunn is built entirely around the \"Quick Brown Fox\" pangram and its inventor. It depicts a fictional country off the South Carolina coast that idealizes the pangram, chronicling the effects on literature and social structure as various letters are banned from daily use by government dictum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.113941192626953, "source": "wiki", "title": "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Leister", "TRIDENT", "Fuscina", "Leisters", "Trident", "Trisool", "Gig (spear)", "Fascina", "Tridents", "🔱" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "leister", "trident", "fuscina", "🔱", "leisters", "fascina", "tridents", "gig spear", "trisool" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "trident", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Trident" }

[ { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "Trident is a brand of sugar free chewing gum. It was introduced by Cadbury in the United Kingdom. In many other European countries, Trident is branded as Stimorol gum; it is generally the same as Trident. ", "precise_score": -4.461200714111328, "rough_score": -8.147762298583984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "When artificial sweeteners became widespread in the early 1960s, the formula was changed to use saccharin instead of sugar, and Sugar-Free Trident was introduced in 1964 with the slogan \"The Great Taste that Is Good for Your Teeth.\" American Chicle's marketing was one of the first national campaigns to promote dental health through chewing gum.", "precise_score": -2.4730634689331055, "rough_score": -8.506144523620605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "For years, Trident was promoted with the slogan, “Four out of five dentists surveyed recommend sugarless gum for their patients who chew gum.” This slogan is believed to have been based on the results of a survey of practicing dentists with either D.D.S. or D.M.D. degrees, apparently conducted in the early 1960s, whose patients included frequent users of chewing gums; the percentage of respondents to the survey whose responses indicated they would make such references to their patients is believed to have been approximately 80%, rounded off to the nearest full percentage point, of the total number of respondents. It became strongly associated with the Trident brand. As of the middle of June 2014, however, Kraft Foods's Cadbury Adams group, whose parent company, Mondelēz International, had become owners of the Trident copyright and patents, was not known to have made any public disclosures of any details about the survey, presumably citing the proprietary nature of the survey data and conclusions as its rationale.", "precise_score": 7.9756059646606445, "rough_score": 8.767496109008789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "Trident gum contains the sugar alcohol xylitol, which is known as a \"tooth-friendly\" sugar. Use of the chemical has been subject to controversy, as it is highly toxic to dogs. ", "precise_score": -6.178220748901367, "rough_score": -8.697704315185547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "Original Trident, a soft gum packaged in a unique rectangular shape, is sweetened with xylitol (originally advertised as \"Dentec\" by the company), a sugar alcohol that reduces plaque and protects teeth against decay associated with dental caries by helping to maintain a neutral pH balance in the mouth. It is also sweetened with sorbitol, Mannitol, Aspartame, Sucralose and Acesulfame potassium.", "precise_score": -4.75736141204834, "rough_score": -6.644842624664307, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "According to its manufacturing company, Trident Vitality aims to \"add a little piece of delicious well-being to the gum-chewing experience, with Vitamin C, ginseng or white tea infused into each delicious piece.\" The gum comes in packs of 9, which, compared to other types of gum, is small. For example, Orbit (gum) has 14 pieces per pack, and 5 (gum) has 15 pieces per pack.", "precise_score": -7.206727027893066, "rough_score": -8.71905517578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "Original Trident flavors", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.41733169555664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "Former President Jimmy Carter on November 14, 1980 declared Trident Original as the official gum of the White House for its unique blend of spearmint, peppermint, cassis and cinnamon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.174999237060547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "Trident White", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.402668952941895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "Trident White (formerly Trident Advantage until 2001), a pellet gum, does not contain xylitol. It does, however, contain a non-abrasive, peroxide-free whitener (patented by Cadbury Adams) that breaks up extrinsic stains on teeth. It also contains aspartame. Trident White no longer contains Recaldent (casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate), a milk-derived ingredient that aids in the remineralization of teeth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.702301025390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "Trident Splash", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.412097930908203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "Trident Splash is also a pellet gum, except each piece is filled with a gel-like liquid that is flavored differently from its outer shell. Trident splash contains the ingredient gelatine and thus is not suitable for vegans or people who eat only kosher meat or foods, except for the products produced for the Israeli market which are made with kosher beef gelatin under rabbinical supervision and approval of the Israeli Chief Rabbinate. Introduced in 2005. It also is not halal because the gelatin is derived from a pork base.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.5015287399292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "Trident Layers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48548412322998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "Trident Layers is a soft gum with a flavored layer between two normal sized pieces of different flavors of Trident gum. It is sugar free and is sweetened with artificial sugars. It arrived in Canada by 2010, then in the United States in 2011 to compete against Excel Mist (Orbit Mist in the United States).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.468358039855957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "Trident Xtra Care", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.352396965026855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "Trident Xtra Care is a soft gum that is very much like the original Trident, except for that it contains Recaldent. Recaldent is a type of calcium that is claimed to be absorbed into the tooth, strengthening teeth against plaque acids. It is said to protect the teeth from future damage and make them stronger.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.189329147338867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "Trident Vitality", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36435317993164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "Trident gum was introduced to the British market in 2007. Seven flavours of Trident currently exist in the UK, after a period of new flavours and discontinuations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.504971504211426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "Trident Soft", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.396872520446777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "Trident Soft are long, thin strips of gum. They are sold in packs of 14 pieces and in four different flavors:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.377092361450195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "Trident Fresh", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.389375686645508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "*Oooh Peppermint (Renamed 'Trident Peppermint Splash')", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.336336135864258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "*Aahh Spearmint (Renamed 'Trident Spearment Splash')", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42448902130127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "Trident Sweet Kicks", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.519451141357422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "Trident Splash", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.412097930908203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" }, { "answer": "Trident", "passage": "'Trident Splash' is a pellet gum with a liquid center. It is currently sold in single blister packs containing 9 pieces:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.414666175842285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trident (gum)" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Tom Howard (attorney)", "Jack Rubenstein", "Jack Ruby", "Jack Ruby and the Mafia", "Jack Leon Ruby", "Karen Bennett Carlin", "Jacob Leon Rubenstein", "Jacob Rubenstein", "Jack Leon Rubenstein" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "tom howard attorney", "jack rubenstein", "jack leon ruby", "jacob leon rubenstein", "karen bennett carlin", "jack leon rubenstein", "jack ruby and mafia", "jack ruby", "jacob rubenstein" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "jack ruby", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Jack Ruby" }

[ { "answer": "Jack Ruby", "passage": "Following Kennedy's assassination, Oswald was initially arrested for the murder of police officer J. D. Tippit, who was killed on a Dallas street approximately 45 minutes after President Kennedy was shot. Oswald was later charged with the murder of Kennedy; he denied shooting anybody, saying that he was a patsy. Two days later, while being transferred from police headquarters to the county jail, Oswald was shot and mortally wounded by Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby in full view of television cameras broadcasting live.", "precise_score": 6.132233142852783, "rough_score": 5.645042896270752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lee Harvey Oswald" }, { "answer": "Jack Ruby", "passage": "A network television pool camera, there to cover the transfer, was broadcasting live; millions watching on NBC witnessed the shooting as it happened and on other networks within minutes afterward. In 1964, Robert H. Jackson of the Dallas Times Herald was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Photography for his photograph of the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald by Jack Ruby. ", "precise_score": 4.185460567474365, "rough_score": 5.176331520080566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lee Harvey Oswald" }, { "answer": "Jack Ruby", "passage": "Oswald's case never came to trial because two days later, while being escorted to a car for transfer from Dallas Police Headquarters to the Dallas County Jail, he was shot and mortally wounded by Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby, live on American television at 11:21 a.m. CST on Sunday, November 24. He was taken unconscious by ambulance to Parkland Memorial Hospital, the same hospital where doctors had tried to save President Kennedy's life two days earlier, and died at 1:07 p.m. Oswald's death was announced on a TV news broadcast by Dallas police chief Jesse Curry. An autopsy was performed by the Dallas County Medical Examiner at 2:45 p.m. the same day. The stated cause of death in the autopsy report was \"hemorrhage secondary to gunshot wound of the chest\". Arrested immediately after the shooting, Ruby later said that he had been distraught over the Kennedy assassination and that killing Oswald would spare \"... Mrs. Kennedy the discomfiture of coming back to trial.\" ", "precise_score": 7.136302947998047, "rough_score": 6.605984210968018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "Jack Ruby", "passage": "On Sunday, November 24, Oswald was being led through the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters toward an armored car that was to take him to the nearby county jail. At 11:21 a.m. CST, Dallas nightclub operator Jack Ruby stepped from the crowd and shot Oswald in the abdomen. Oswald was taken unconscious by ambulance to Parkland Memorial Hospital—the same hospital where doctors tried to save President Kennedy's life two days earlier. Oswald died at 1:07 p.m. Oswald's death was announced on a TV news broadcast by Dallas police chief Jesse Curry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.861868381500244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lee Harvey Oswald" }, { "answer": "Jack Ruby", "passage": "for the House Select Committee on Assassinations from 1977 to 1979, said: \"The most plausible explanation for the murder of Oswald by Jack Ruby was that Ruby had stalked him on behalf of organized crime, trying to reach him on at least three occasions in the forty-eight hours before he silenced him forever.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.709097862243652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lee Harvey Oswald" }, { "answer": "Jack Ruby", "passage": "John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated at 12:30 p.m. Central Standard Time (18:30 UTC) on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas. Fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald, Kennedy was traveling with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally's wife, Nellie, in a presidential motorcade. A ten-month investigation from November 1963 to September 1964 by the Warren Commission concluded that Oswald acted alone in shooting Kennedy, and that Jack Ruby also acted alone when he killed Oswald before he could stand trial. Kennedy's death marked the fourth and latest successful assassination of an American President. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson became President upon Kennedy's death, taking the constitutionally prescribed oath of office onboard Air Force One at Dallas's Love Field airport before departing for Washington, D.C.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.962862730026245, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "Jack Ruby", "passage": "Oswald provided little information during his questioning. When confronted with evidence that he could not explain he resorted to statements that were found to be false. Dallas authorities were not able to complete their investigation into the assassination of President Kennedy because of interruptions from the FBI and the murder of Oswald by Jack Ruby.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.574344158172607, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "Jack Ruby", "passage": "The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as the Warren Commission, was established on November 29, 1963, by President Johnson to investigate the assassination. Its 888-page final report was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964, and made public three days later. It concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the killing of President Kennedy and the wounding of Texas Governor John Connally, and that Jack Ruby also acted alone in the murder of Oswald. The Commission's findings have since proven controversial and been both challenged and supported by later studies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.893294334411621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "Jack Ruby", "passage": "At the Historic Auto Attractions museum in Roscoe, Illinois, are permanently displayed items related to the assassination such as the catalogue Oswald used to order the rifle, a hat and jacket that belonged to Jack Ruby and the shoes he wore when he shot Oswald, and a window from the Texas School Book Depository. The Texas State Archives have the clothes Governor Connally wore on November 22, 1963.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.194623947143555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "Jack Ruby", "passage": "Some items were intentionally destroyed by the U.S. government at the direction of Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, such as the casket used to transport President Kennedy's body aboard Air Force One from Dallas to Washington, which was dropped by the Air Force into the sea as \"its public display would be extremely offensive and contrary to public policy\". Other items such as the hat worn by Jack Ruby the day he shot Lee Harvey Oswald and the toe tag on Oswald's corpse are in the hands of private collectors and have sold for tens of thousands of dollars at auctions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.468465566635132, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy" }, { "answer": "Jack Ruby", "passage": "Jack Ruby's gun, owned by his brother Earl Ruby, was sold by the Herman Darvick Autograph Auctions in New York City on December 26, 1991, for $220,000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.676837921142578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Iron Mike Tyson", "Mike Tyson", "Malik Abdul Azeez", "Exodus Tyson", "Malik Abdul Aziz", "Mike tyson", "Michael Tyson", "Mike G. Tyson", "Michael Gerard Tyson", "Desiree Washington" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "mike g tyson", "malik abdul aziz", "michael tyson", "michael gerard tyson", "iron mike tyson", "malik abdul azeez", "desiree washington", "exodus tyson", "mike tyson" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "mike tyson", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Mike Tyson" }

[ { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Among those to have been recognized by the WBC as world champions were the undefeated and undisputed champion (46-0) Joe Calzaghe, Rocky Marciano (49-0), Floyd Mayweather Jr (49-0), Roy Jones, Jr., Wilfred Benítez, Wilfredo Gómez, Julio César Chávez, Muhammad Ali, Joe Frazier, Sugar Ray Leonard, Thomas Hearns, Mike Tyson, Salvador Sánchez, Héctor Camacho, Marvin Hagler, Carlos Monzón, Rodrigo Valdez, Roberto Durán, Juan Laporte, Félix Trinidad, Edwin Rosario, Bernard Hopkins, Alexis Argüello, Nigel Benn, Lennox Lewis, Vitali Klitschko, Erik Morales, Miguel Cotto, Manny Pacquiao, and Canelo Alvarez.", "precise_score": -2.006647825241089, "rough_score": -6.265824794769287, "source": "wiki", "title": "World Boxing Council" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "*When Mike Tyson lost to James \"Buster\" Douglas during an IBF, WBC and WBA Heavyweight championship defense, King convinced the WBC (along with the WBA) to withhold recognition of Douglas as heavyweight champion. King claimed that Tyson had won the fight due to knocking down Douglas, and the referee's giving Douglas a \"long count\". The referee Octavio Meyran, in an affidavit, claims that King threatened to have the WBC withhold payment of Meyran's hotel bill if Meyran did not support King's protest. Because of intense public pressure, both the WBA and WBC backed down and recognized Douglas as champion.", "precise_score": -2.4978528022766113, "rough_score": -7.409593105316162, "source": "wiki", "title": "World Boxing Council" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "*When Mike Tyson was released from prison in 1995, the WBC installed him as their #1 contender for their heavyweight championship. Tyson had not fought in four years, but was promoted by Don King.", "precise_score": -1.6063767671585083, "rough_score": -4.133256912231445, "source": "wiki", "title": "World Boxing Council" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Trevor Berbick (August 1, 1954 – October 28, 2006) was a Jamaican Canadian professional boxer. He won the WBC heavyweight title in 1986 by defeating Pinklon Thomas, and lost it in his first defence to a then 20-year-old Mike Tyson. Berbick was the last man to fight Muhammad Ali, defeating him in 1981.", "precise_score": 5.108449459075928, "rough_score": 4.921062469482422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trevor Berbick" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "On November 22, in his first defense of the title, Berbick took on Mike Tyson, who was looking to break Floyd Patterson's record and become, at the age of twenty, the youngest ever heavyweight champion. In the second round, Tyson dropped Berbick with a quick knockdown. Berbick was quickly overwhelmed by his opponent and late in the round, he went down again. The champion rose to his feet, but immediately stumbled backward and fell back to the canvas. Berbick tried twice more to make it to his feet but fell both times, and referee Mills Lane stopped counting and waved the fight off to end Berbick's reign as champion.", "precise_score": 7.004540920257568, "rough_score": 3.104074001312256, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trevor Berbick" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "A 1998 ranking of \"The Greatest Heavyweights of All-Time\" by Ring magazine placed Tyson at No.14 on the list. Despite criticism of facing underwhelming competition during his run as champion, Tyson's knockout power and intimidation factor made him the sport's most dynamic box office attraction. According to Douglas Quenqua of The New York Times, \"The [1990s] began with Mike Tyson, considered by many to be the last great heavyweight champion, losing his title to the little-known Buster Douglas. Seven years later, Mr. Tyson bit Evander Holyfield's ear in a heavyweight champion bout — hardly a proud moment for the sport.\" ", "precise_score": -4.963076114654541, "rough_score": -4.535847187042236, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "In winning this fight, Clay became at age 22 the youngest boxer to take the title from a reigning heavyweight champion, though Floyd Patterson was the youngest to win the heavyweight championship at 21, during an elimination bout following Rocky Marciano's retirement. Mike Tyson broke both records in 1986 when he defeated Trevor Berbick to win the heavyweight title at age 20.", "precise_score": 6.5720343589782715, "rough_score": 7.2556610107421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "The essence of a swarmer is non-stop aggression. Many short in-fighters utilize their stature to their advantage, employing a bob-and-weave defense by bending at the waist to slip underneath or to the sides of incoming punches. Unlike blocking, causing an opponent to miss a punch disrupts his balance, permits forward movement past the opponent's extended arm and keeps the hands free to counter. A distinct advantage that in-fighters have is when throwing uppercuts where they can channel their entire bodyweight behind the punch; Mike Tyson was famous for throwing devastating uppercuts. Marvin Hagler was known for his hard \"chin\", punching power, body attack and the stalking of his opponents. Some in-fighters, like Mike Tyson, have been known for being notoriously hard to hit. The key to a swarmer is aggression, endurance, chin, and bobbing-and-weaving.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.158313751220703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Notable in-fighters include Julio César Chávez, Miguel Cotto, Joe Frazier, Danny García, Mike Tyson, Manny Pacquiao, Saúl Álvarez, Rocky Marciano, Jack Dempsey, Wayne McCullough, Gerry Penalosa, Harry Greb, David Tua, Ricky Hatton and Gennady Golovkin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.897844314575195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "** At the same time, the lead foot pivots clockwise, turning the left heel outwards. Upon contact, the hook's circular path ends abruptly and the lead hand is pulled quickly back into the guard position. A hook may also target the lower body and this technique is sometimes called the \"rip\" to distinguish it from the conventional hook to the head. The hook may also be thrown with the rear hand. Notable left hookers include Joe Frazier , Roy Jones Jr. and Mike Tyson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.266016960144043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "* Slip – Slipping rotates the body slightly so that an incoming punch passes harmlessly next to the head. As the opponent's punch arrives, the boxer sharply rotates the hips and shoulders. This turns the chin sideways and allows the punch to \"slip\" past. Muhammad Ali was famous for extremely fast and close slips, as was an early Mike Tyson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.060328483581543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "* Bob and weave – Bobbing moves the head laterally and beneath an incoming punch. As the opponent's punch arrives, the boxer bends the legs quickly and simultaneously shifts the body either slightly right or left. Once the punch has been evaded, the boxer \"weaves\" back to an upright position, emerging on either the outside or inside of the opponent's still-extended arm. To move outside the opponent's extended arm is called \"bobbing to the outside\". To move inside the opponent's extended arm is called \"bobbing to the inside\". Joe Frazier, Jack Dempsey, Mike Tyson and Rocky Marciano were masters of bobbing and weaving.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.902929306030273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "The sport of boxing has two internationally recognized boxing halls of fame; the International Boxing Hall of Fame (IBHOF) and the World Boxing Hall of Fame (WBHF), with the IBHOF being the more widely recognized boxing hall of fame. In 2013, The Boxing Hall of Fame Las Vegas opened in Las Vegas, NV founded by Steve Lott, former assistant manager for Mike Tyson ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.896871566772461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "The Boxing Hall of Fame Las Vegas features the $75 million ESPN Classic Sports fight film and tape library and radio broadcast collection. The collection includes the fights of all the great champions including: Muhammad Ali, Mike Tyson, George Foreman, Roberto Duran, Marvin Hagler, Jack Dempsey, Joe Louis, Joe Frazier, Rocky Marciano and Sugar Ray Robinson. It is this exclusive fight film library that will separate the Boxing Hall of Fame Las Vegas from the other halls of fame which do not have rights to any video of their sports. The inaugural inductees included Muhammad Ali, Henry Armstrong, Tony Canzoneri, Ezzard Charles, Julio Cesar Chavez Sr., Jack Dempsey, Roberto Duran, Joe Louis, and Sugar Ray Robinson ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.422892570495605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Along with Larry Holmes, Berbick is one of only two men in professional boxing history to have fought both Muhammad Ali and Mike Tyson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.708508491516113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trevor Berbick" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "|align=left| Mike Tyson", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.377702713012695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trevor Berbick" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Tyson's biological father is listed as \"Purcell Tyson\" (who was from Jamaica) on his birth certificate, but the man Tyson had known as his father was Jimmy Kirkpatrick. Kirkpatrick was from Grier Town, North Carolina (a predominantly black neighborhood that was annexed by the city of Charlotte), where he was one of the neighborhood's top baseball players. Kirkpatrick married and had a son, Tyson's half-brother Jimmie Lee Kirkpatrick, who would help to integrate Charlotte high school football in 1965. In 1959, Jimmy Kirkpatrick left his family and moved to Brooklyn, where he met Tyson's mother, Lorna Mae (Smith) Tyson. Mike Tyson was born in 1966. Kirkpatrick frequented pool halls, gambled and hung out on the streets. \"My father was just a regular street guy caught up in the street world\", Tyson said. Kirkpatrick abandoned the Tyson family around the time Mike was born, leaving Tyson's mother to care for the children on her own. Kirkpatrick died in 1992. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.38632583618164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "During this time, Tyson came to the attention of gaming company Nintendo. After witnessing one of Tyson's fights, Nintendo of America president Minoru Arakawa was impressed by the fighter's \"power and skill\", prompting him to suggest Tyson be included in the upcoming Nintendo Entertainment System port of the Punch Out!! arcade game. In 1987, Nintendo released Mike Tyson's Punch-Out!!, which was well received and sold more than a million copies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.633195877075195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Desiree Washington", "passage": "Tyson was arrested in July 1991 for the rape of 18-year-old Desiree Washington, Miss Black Rhode Island, in an Indianapolis hotel room. Tyson's rape trial took place in the Marion County superior court from January 26, 1992 to February 10, 1992.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.217324256896973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Desiree Washington", "passage": "Desiree Washington testified that she received a phone call from Tyson at 1:36 am on July 19, 1991 inviting her to a party. Having joined Tyson in his limousine, Washington testified that Tyson made sexual advances towards her. She testified that upon arriving at his hotel room, Tyson pinned her down on his bed and raped her despite her pleas to stop. She ran out of the room and asked Tyson's chauffeur to drive her back to her hotel. Partial corroboration of Washington's story came via testimony from Tyson's chauffeur, Virginia Foster, who confirmed Desiree Washington's state of shock. Further testimony came from Thomas Richardson, the emergency room physician who examined Washington more than 24 hours after the incident and confirmed that Washington's physical condition was consistent with rape. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.521169662475586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Michael Tyson", "passage": "As of May, 2016, he is so registered, as Michael Tyson, in Henderson, Nevada.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.650965690612793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "On September 24, 2007, Mike Tyson pleaded guilty to possession of cocaine and driving under the influence. He was convicted of these charges in November 2007 and sentenced to 24 hours in jail, 360 hours community service and 3 years probation. Prosecutors had requested a year-long jail sentence, but the judge praised Tyson for seeking help with his drug problems. On November 11, 2009, Mike Tyson was arrested after getting into a scuffle at Los Angeles International airport with a photographer. No charges were filed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.455622673034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "After debuting a one-man show in Las Vegas, Tyson teamed up with director Spike Lee and brought the show to Broadway in August 2012. In February 2013, Tyson took his one-man show Mike Tyson: Undisputed Truth on a 36-city, three-month national tour. Tyson talks about his personal and professional life on stage. The one-man show was aired on HBO on November 16, 2013.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.02578353881836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "In October 2012, Tyson launched the Mike Tyson Cares Foundation. The mission of the Mike Tyson Cares Foundation is to \"give kids a fighting chance\" by providing innovative centers that provide for the comprehensive needs of kids from broken homes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2171630859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "In September 2013, Tyson was featured on a six-episode television series on Fox Sports 1 that documented his personal and private life entitled \"Being Mike Tyson\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.889091491699219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "In November 2013, Tyson released his book Undisputed Truth, which also made it on The New York Times Best Seller list. An animated series named Mike Tyson Mysteries, featuring Tyson solving mysteries in the style of Scooby-Doo, premiered on Adult Swim in late October 2014. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.791325569152832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "In late March 2015, Ip Man 3 was announced. With Donnie Yen reprising his role as the titular character, Bruce Lee's martial arts master, Ip Man, while Mike Tyson has been confirmed to join the cast. Principal photography began on March 25, 2015, and was premiered in Hong Kong on 16 December 2015.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.326539993286133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "The film Tyson was released in 1995 and was directed by Uli Edel. It explores the life of Mike Tyson, from the death of his guardian and trainer Cus D'Amato to his rape conviction. Tyson is played by Michael Jai White.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.963217735290527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "The Felice Brothers, a folk-rock band from Upstate New York, released a song on their 2011 album Celebration, Florida titled \"Cus's Catskill Gym\". The song tells the story, albeit briefly, of Mike Tyson and a few notable characters and moments in his life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.426122665405273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "He is the titular character in Mike Tyson Mysteries, which started airing on October 27, 2014 on Adult Swim. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.461718559265137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mike Tyson" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Ali was mourned globally, and a family spokesman said the family \"certainly believes that Muhammad was a citizen of the world … and they know that the world grieves with him.\" Politicians like Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump, David Cameron and more paid tribute to Ali. Ali also received numerous tributes from the world of sports including Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods, Floyd Mayweather, Mike Tyson, the Miami Marlins, LeBron James, Steph Curry and more. Louisville Mayor Greg Fischer stated, \"Muhammad Ali belongs to the world. But he only has one hometown.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.300980567932129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Ali's funeral was preplanned by himself and others beginning years prior to his actual death. The services began in Louisville on June 9, 2016, with an Islamic Janazah prayer service at Freedom Hall on the grounds of the Kentucky Exposition Center. A funeral procession went through the streets of Louisville on June 10, 2016, ending at Cave Hill Cemetery, where a private interment ceremony occurred. Ali's grave is marked with a simple granite marker that bears only his name. A public memorial service for Ali at downtown Louisville's KFC Yum! Center was held in the afternoon of June 10. The pallbearers included Will Smith, Lennox Lewis and Mike Tyson, with honorary pallbearers including George Chuvalo, Larry Holmes and George Foreman. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.740039825439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "Mike Tyson", "passage": "Using a synchronizer, Jimmy Jacobs, who co-managed Mike Tyson, measured young Ali's punching speed versus Sugar Ray Robinson, a welter/middleweight, often considered the best pound-for-pound fighter in history. Ali was 25% faster than Robinson, even though Ali was 45–50pounds heavier. Ali's punches produced approximately 1,000pounds of force. \"No matter what his opponents heard about him, they didn't realize how fast he was until they got in the ring with him\", Jacobs said. The effect of Ali's punches was cumulative. Charlie Powell, who fought Ali early in Ali's career and was knocked out in the third round, said: \"When he first hit me I said to myself, 'I can take two of these to get one in myself.' But in a little while I found myself getting dizzier and dizzier every time he hit me. He throws punches so easily that you don't realize how much they hurt you until it's too late.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.433597564697266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Toy Story", "passage": "The next attempt started in 2008, when Lasseter was able to convince Chris Buck (who co-directed the 1999 film Tarzan for the studio) to return to Walt Disney Feature Animation from Sony Pictures Animation (where he had recently co-directed the Oscar-nominated 2007 film Surf's Up); that September, Buck pitched several ideas to Lasseter, one of which was The Snow Queen. Buck later revealed that his initial inspiration for The Snow Queen was not the Andersen fairy tale itself, but that he wanted \"to do something different on the definition of true love.\" \"Disney had already done the 'kissed by a prince' thing, so [I] thought it was time for something new,\" he recalled. It turned out Lasseter had been interested in The Snow Queen for a long time; back when Pixar was working with Disney on Toy Story in the 1990s, he saw and was \"blown away\" by some of the pre-production art from Disney's prior attempts. Development began under the title Anna and the Snow Queen, which was planned to be traditionally animated. According to Josh Gad, he first became involved with the film at that early stage, when the plot was still relatively close to the original Andersen fairy tale and Megan Mullally was going to play Elsa. By early 2010, the project entered development hell once again, when the studio again failed to find a way to make the story and the Snow Queen character work. ", "precise_score": -6.888258934020996, "rough_score": -5.050043106079102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frozen (2013 film)" }, { "answer": "Toy Story", "passage": "During 2012, while Giaimo and the animators and artists conducted preparatory research and developed the film's overall look, the production team was still struggling to develop a compelling script, as explained above. That problem was not adequately solved until November 2012, and the script would later require even more significant revisions after that point. As a result, the single \"most daunting\" challenge facing the animation team was a short schedule of less than 12 months to turn Lee's still-evolving shooting script into an actual film. Other films like Pixar's Toy Story 2 had been successfully completed on even shorter schedules, but a short schedule necessarily meant \"late nights, overtime, and stress.\" Lee estimated the total size of the entire team on Frozen to be around 600 to 650 people, \"including around 70 lighting people[,] 70-plus animators,\" and 15 to 20 storyboard artists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.97129487991333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frozen (2013 film)" }, { "answer": "Toy Story", "passage": "Frozen earned $400.7 million in North America, and an estimated $873.5 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $1.274 billion. Calculating in all expenses, Deadline.com estimated that the film made a profit of over $400 million. It is the ninth highest-grossing film (and was the fifth highest at its peak), the highest-grossing animated film, the highest-grossing 2013 film, the highest-grossing Walt Disney Pictures release, and the fourth highest-grossing film distributed by Disney. The film earned $110.6 million worldwide in its opening weekend. On March 2, 2014, its 101st day of release, it surpassed the $1 billion mark, becoming the eighteenth film in cinematic history, the seventh Disney-distributed film, the fifth non-sequel film, the second Disney-distributed film in 2013 (after Iron Man 3), and the first animated film since Toy Story 3 to do so. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.463587760925293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frozen (2013 film)" }, { "answer": "Toy Story", "passage": "During its second weekend of wide release, Frozen declined 53% to $31.6 million, but jumped to first place, setting a record for the largest post-Thanksgiving weekend, ahead of Toy Story 2 ($27.8 million). Frozen became the first film since Avatar to reach first place in its sixth weekend of wide release. It remained in the top 10 at the box office for sixteen consecutive weekends (the longest run by any film since 2002) and achieved large weekend grosses from its fifth to its twelfth weekend (of wide release), compared to other films in their respective weekends. On April 25, 2014, Frozen became the nineteenth film to gross $400 million in North America and the fifteenth to do so without a major re-release. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8146491050720215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frozen (2013 film)" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Iron chef America", "passage": "Flay is an Iron Chef on the show Iron Chef America. In 2000, when the original Iron Chef show traveled to New York for a special battle, he challenged Iron Chef Masaharu Morimoto to battle rock crab. After the hour battle ended, Flay stood on top of his cutting board and raised his arms in what one journalist wrote was \"in premature victory\". As Morimoto felt that real chefs consider cutting boards and knives as sacred, and being offended by Flay's flamboyant gesture, he criticized his professionalism, saying that Flay was \"not a chef\". Flay went on to lose the battle. Flay challenged Morimoto to a rematch in Morimoto's native Japan. This time, Flay won.", "precise_score": 1.3587536811828613, "rough_score": 0.12180548161268234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bobby Flay" }, { "answer": "Iron chef America", "passage": "Flay and Morimoto, both Iron Chefs on Iron Chef America teamed – took on and won – against fellow Iron Chefs Mario Batali and Hiroyuki Sakai in the Iron Chef America: Battle of the Masters \"Tag Team\" battle.", "precise_score": 3.697133779525757, "rough_score": 3.6936051845550537, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bobby Flay" }, { "answer": "Iron chef America", "passage": "Morimoto and Hiroyuki Sakai were the only two original Iron Chefs to appear on Iron Chef America: Battle of the Masters. On this Food Network special series, he lost two battles with American Iron Chefs Mario Batali and Wolfgang Puck, but won a tag team battle along with partner Bobby Flay against Batali and Sakai. ", "precise_score": 3.0811679363250732, "rough_score": 4.847342014312744, "source": "wiki", "title": "Masaharu Morimoto" }, { "answer": "Iron chef America", "passage": "Symon was one of the rotating hosts of Food Network's show Melting Pot. He appeared on Sara's Secrets with Sara Moulton, Ready, Set, Cook, and FoodNation with Bobby Flay. In 2005, he appeared on Iron Chef America, where he lost to Iron Chef Masaharu Morimoto in Battle Asparagus. ", "precise_score": 4.079383373260498, "rough_score": 3.556623697280884, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Symon" }, { "answer": "Iron chef America", "passage": "* Iron Chef America: Battle of the Masters", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.171431541442871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mario Batali" }, { "answer": "Iron Chef America: The Series", "passage": "* Iron Chef America: The Series (judge or participant)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.753314971923828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mario Batali" }, { "answer": "Iron chef America", "passage": "Catherine Ann \"Cat\" Cora (born April 3, 1967) is an American professional chef best known for her featured role as an \"Iron Chef\" on the Food Network television show Iron Chef America and as co-host of Around the World in 80 Plates on Bravo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.5309295654296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cat Cora" }, { "answer": "Iron chef America", "passage": "In the September 2006 issue of FHM, Cora was featured in the cooking section, where she demonstrated various recipes using items purchased from a convenience store. Cat Cora also belongs to Macy's Culinary Councils, along with Tyler Florence, Rick Bayless, and others. She has worked as an entertainer for The Olivia Companies, a travel company catering to the lesbian market. In 2008, she had a voice role for the video game Iron Chef America: Supreme Cuisine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.997075080871582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cat Cora" }, { "answer": "Iron chef America", "passage": "On a special episode of Iron Chef America originally airing on November 12, 2006, Flay and Giada De Laurentiis faced off against, and were defeated by, Batali and Rachael Ray. This was the highest rated show ever broadcast on Food Network. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.85164213180542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bobby Flay" }, { "answer": "Iron chef America", "passage": "is a Japanese chef, best known as an Iron Chef on the Japanese TV cooking show Iron Chef and its spinoff Iron Chef America. He is also known for his unique style of presenting food.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.21564769744873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Masaharu Morimoto" }, { "answer": "Iron chef America", "passage": "Morimoto also owns Morimoto XEX in Tokyo that has a Teppanyaki and a sushi floor. Morimoto XEX received a Michelin star in the 2008 Tokyo Michelin Guide. Morimoto currently appears as an Iron Chef in Iron Chef America, a spinoff from the original Japanese Iron Chef series. Chef Morimoto has also developed a line of specialty beers in collaboration with Rogue Ales of Newport, Oregon, consisting of the Imperial Pilsner, Soba Ale, and Black Obi Soba Ale. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.558234691619873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Masaharu Morimoto" }, { "answer": "Iron chef America", "passage": "Morimoto's costume on Iron Chef was silver with red trim and a picture on the back of Japanese and American flags tied together in a sheaf. On Iron Chef America, he donned the standard blue Iron Chef outfit with white trim and a patch of the Japanese flag on his sleeve (the other Iron Chefs having flags from their respective countries on their sleeves). In his professional life, to distinguish himself from his on-screen persona, Morimoto wears (purely aesthetic) glasses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.202965259552002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Masaharu Morimoto" }, { "answer": "Iron chef America", "passage": "In his first battle with Bobby Flay in New York, battle rock crab, Morimoto famously declared that Flay was \"not a chef\" because Flay stood up on his chopping board after completing his dishes. Morimoto went on to defeat Flay in the New York Battle, the results of which Flay contested believing he was \"given inferior cooking space and equipment\" and because he had cut himself in addition to suffering several electric shocks during the battle. This led to the two chefs competing once again in Japan during the 21st Century Battles. Morimoto lost to Flay in the re-match with Japanese lobster as the theme ingredient. Nevertheless, Flay would become an Iron Chef along with Morimoto in the American spin-off, Iron Chef America. The two would face off a third time with Morimoto defeating Flay during the Holiday Ice Battle in November 2009. A fourth battle between the two would take place in an episode which aired on January 1, 2012, with Flay and Marcela Valladolid defeating Morimoto and teammate Andrew Zimmern in a sea whistle salmon battle by a narrow 51-50 margin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.11602729558944702, "source": "wiki", "title": "Masaharu Morimoto" }, { "answer": "Iron chef America", "passage": "Iron Chef America", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.063894271850586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Masaharu Morimoto" }, { "answer": "Iron chef America", "passage": "When Iron Chef America was greenlighted as a regular series, it moved from Los Angeles to New York. When Puck was unavailable, Morimoto came on board to replace him. His voice is usually dubbed by American voiceover personality Joe Cipriano during the judgment phase of the show; during the battle, his use of English is not dubbed, but conversations with his sous-chefs in Japanese are subtitled. In 2007, Morimoto's third year at Iron Chef America, he published his first cookbook, Morimoto: The Art of New Japanese Cooking. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.820666790008545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Masaharu Morimoto" }, { "answer": "Iron chef America", "passage": "As of December 2012, Morimoto's win/loss/tie record on Iron Chef America is 25–14–1, and his total combined record for both Iron Chef series is 41–21–2.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.423318862915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Masaharu Morimoto" }, { "answer": "Iron chef America", "passage": "Michael D. Symon (born September 19, 1969) is a James Beard Foundation Award-winning American chef, restaurateur, television personality, and author. He is seen regularly on Food Network on shows such as Iron Chef America, Food Feuds, and The Best Thing I Ever Ate, as well as Cook Like an Iron Chef on the Cooking Channel and The Chew on ABC. He has also made numerous contributions to periodicals such as Bon Appétit, Esquire, Food Arts, Gourmet, Saveur and O, The Oprah Magazine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.324338912963867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Symon" }, { "answer": "Iron chef America", "passage": "While competing in the reality competition TV series The Next Iron Chef, he reported on his experiences for Fortune, posted on CNN Money. On November 11, 2007, after a head-to-head match against John Besh, Symon was declared the winner of the entire competition. On November 18, 2007, Symon won his first battle on Iron Chef America. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.360898971557617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Symon" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Gold & Silver Pawn Shop", "passage": "Pawn Stars is an American reality television series, shown on History, and produced by Leftfield Pictures. The series is filmed in Las Vegas, Nevada, where it chronicles the daily activities at the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop, a 24-hour family business opened in 1989 and operated by patriarch Richard \"Old Man\" Harrison, his son Rick Harrison, Rick's son Corey \"Big Hoss\" Harrison, and Corey's childhood friend, Austin \"Chumlee\" Russell. The series, which became the network's highest rated showChilders, Linda (July 7, 2011). [http://money.cnn.com/2011/07/06/smallbusiness/rick_harrison/ \"Rick Harrison of 'Pawn Stars' spills success secrets\"]. CNN Money. and the No. 2 reality show behind Jersey Shore, debuted on July 26, 2009. ", "precise_score": 6.294343948364258, "rough_score": 7.2256598472595215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Gold & Silver Pawn Shop", "passage": "Pawn Stars began with Brent Montgomery and Colby Gaines of Leftfield Pictures, who were struck by the array of eclectic and somewhat seedy pawn shops in Las Vegas during a 2008 weekend visit to the city. Thinking such shops might contain unique characters, they searched for a family-run shop on which to center a TV series, until they found the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop less than two miles from the Las Vegas Strip.Fixmer, Andy (October 21, 2010). [http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/10_44/b4201108281805.htm \"Pawn Stars: Our Most Revealing Reality Show\"]. Bloomberg Businessweek. It had been the subject of a 2001 PBS documentary,Bourdeau, Annette (March 12, 2012). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/12/pawn-stars_n_1339667.html \"'Pawn Stars': 13 Things You Didn't Know About Chumlee, Rick And Corey \"]. The Huffington Post. and the manager and part-owner, Rick Harrison, had been trying unsuccessfully to pitch a show based on his shop for four years.Smith, Grady (June 28, 2010). [http://popwatch.ew.com/2010/06/28/pawn-stars-rick-harrison-interview/ \"'Pawn Stars':\" Rick Harrison talks about cable's most unlikely hit!\"]. Entertainment Weekly. The shop, and Rick, had previously been featured in the Las Vegas episode of Insomniac with Dave Attell in 2003. ", "precise_score": 5.981210231781006, "rough_score": 5.935456275939941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "By January 2011, Pawn Stars was History's highest-rated series. An original episode broadcast on January 24, 2011 was watched by seven million viewers, the most-watched telecast ever on History, according to the network and Nielsen Media Research.Seidman, Robert. [http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/01/25/pawn-stars-delivers-7-million-viewers-an-all-time-high-for-history/80200 \"'Pawn Stars' Delivers 7 Million Viewers, An All-Time High for History\"]. TV by the Numbers. January 25, 2011 In 2011 it was the second highest-rated reality series on TV behind Jersey Shore, attracting 7.6 million viewers.Schneider, Michael. \"Summer TV Winners and Losers\". TV Guide. September 19, 2011. Page 19", "precise_score": 1.9915210008621216, "rough_score": 6.127059459686279, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "* Cajun Pawn Stars is set at the Silver Dollar Pawn & Jewelry Center, a pawn shop in Alexandria, Louisiana that is owned and operated by Jimmie DeRamus and his family. The show, which follows the same format as the original Pawn Stars, debuted on History on January 8, 2012.[http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2011/12/15/history-puts-a-southern-spin-on-its-mega-hit-series-with-cajun-pawn-stars-new-series-premiering-on-sunday-january-8-at-10pm-est-281203/20111215history01/ \"History(R) Puts a Southern Spin on Its Mega Hit Series With \"Cajun Pawn Stars\" – New Series Premiering on Sunday, January 8 at 10pm EST\"]. The Futon Critic. December 15, 2011.", "precise_score": 6.449334621429443, "rough_score": 8.009700775146484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "* Pawn Stars UK is a local version of Pawn Stars set in the United Kingdom; that series premiered in the UK on the History channel on August 26, 2013. This series is slated for a first season of eight episodes, and, like Cajun Pawn Stars, will show the trade of collectibles from the local perspective.Rawden, Jessica (October 9, 2012). [http://www.cinemablend.com/television/Pawn-Stars-UK-Spin-off-Air-Internationally-History-Channels-47878.html \"Pawn Stars UK Spin-off Will Air Internationally On History Channels\"]. Television Blend.", "precise_score": 4.8134565353393555, "rough_score": 7.1189961433410645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "* Pawn Stars SA is a local version of Pawn Stars set in South Africa; that is due to premiere on 14 October 2014 on the DSTV channel. ", "precise_score": 3.1219639778137207, "rough_score": 6.138288497924805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "Numerous local experts in a variety of fields also regularly appear to appraise the items being sold or pawned, two of whom have gone on to their own spinoff programs. Antique restorer/metal artist Rick Dale is the star of the series' first spin-off, American Restoration, which premiered in October 2010, and mechanic/auto restoration expert Danny \"The Count\" Koker stars in the second spinoff, Counting Cars, which debuted August 13, 2012.[http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2012/07/25/danny-the-count-koker-is-in-the-drivers-seat-when-new-car-loving-series-premieres-on-history-counting-cars-388004/20120725history01/ \"Danny 'The Count' Koker is in the Driver's Seat When New Car-Loving Series Premieres on History(R) – 'Counting Cars'\"]. The Futon Critic. July 25, 2012.Rose, Lacey (July 20, 2012). [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/danny-count-koker-pawn-stars-history-series-352463 \"History Orders Car Flipping Series Starring 'Pawn Stars' Personality (Exclusive)\"]. The Hollywood Reporter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.1868486404418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "The series was originally pitched to HBO, though the network preferred the series to have been a Taxicab Confessions-style series taking place at the Gold & Silver's night window. The format eventually evolved into the now-familiar family-oriented motif used on the series. History president Nancy Dubuc, who had been charged with creating programming with a more populist appeal to balance out the network's in-depth military programming, picked up the series, which was initially titled Pawning History, before a staffer at Leftfield suggested that Pawn Stars would fit better with the locale. The network concurred, believing that name to be more pleasing and easily remembered. The staffer adjusted its story-line in order to bring it in line with the network's brand, which included the on-camera experts appraising the items brought into the Gold & Silver, though she did not discourage the interpersonal conflicts among the show's stars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.438133239746094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Gold & Silver Pawn Shop", "passage": "The series is filmed on location at the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop in Las Vegas, Nevada. Although jewellery is the most commonly pawned item at the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop, most of the customers featured in episodes bring in a variety of vintage or antique items to the store, which has 12,000 items in its inventory as of July 2011 (5,000 of which are typically held on pawn). Each episode consists of segments devoted to approximately five or six of these items, in which one of the staff members, usually Rick Harrison, his son Corey, or Harrison's father Richard (known as the \"Old Man\"), explains the history behind the object. When the buyer is unable to evaluate an object, they consult with a knowledgeable expert who can evaluate it to determine its authenticity and potential value, and in the case of items needing repair, the cost of restoration or preparing the item for sale. Whoever is evaluating the object goes over the potential value with the customer, including the expert's opinion, if one is given, often interspersed with an interview in which he explains the basis of his decision to the viewer. A price tag graphic at the bottom corner of the screen provides the ever-changing dollar amount as the two haggle over the item's price. On occasion, Rick will purchase items in need of restoration before determining its restoration costs, thus taking a risk on such costs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.279245853424072, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Gold & Silver Pawn Shop", "passage": "In addition to spawning imitators, such as the truTV series Hardcore Pawn, the success of Pawn Stars has been a boon to the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop, which has become a Las Vegas tourist site, and has expanded its business accordingly. Originally averaging between 70 and 100 customers per day, the shop's traffic increased to more than 1,000 by October 2010. To handle the increased business, the shop hired nearly 30 new employees, and underwent a $400,000 expansion of their showroom by two thirds, to 15,000 square feet, the shop's tenth expansion since it opened. Rick Harrison also mentioned in the fourth season episode \"Over the Top\" that he was building a gym above the Pawn Shop for the staff's use. The shop also now sells its own brand merchandise, whose designs originate from fans entering design competitions on Facebook, which saves the Harrisons the cost of hiring professional designers. The staff's presence on Facebook and Twitter also ensures audiences during local nightclub appearances, for which Corey Harrison and Chumlee Russell are paid $1,000 a night. As a result of filming at the shop, however, the four main cast members no longer work the counter, due to laws that require the identity of customers pawning items to remain confidential, and the tourists and fans taking photos and video in the showroom that would preclude this. When shooting episodes of the series, the shop is temporarily closed, with only a handful of customers allowed into the showroom. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.445859909057617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "After being broadcast during its first four years on Mondays at 10PM ET, the program moved to Thursday nights at 9PM ET on May 30, 2013,Hibberd, James (April 22, 2013). [http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/04/22/pawn-stars-lynyrd-skynyrd/ \"'Pawn Stars' gets new theme song from Lynyrd Skynyrd – EXCLUSIVE\"]. Entertainment Weekly. replacing Swamp People, which moved an hour later to 10PM ET. The program also received a new opening and theme song, \"Winning isn't Everything\", performed by Lynyrd Skynyrd. The opening was replaced again with different theme music from an uncredited artist on June 12, 2014. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.49794304370880127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "* Richard (Rick) Kevin Harrison  – Co-founder/co-owner of the pawn shop. The son of \"The Old Man\" Richard and father of \"Big Hoss\" Corey, he has earned the nickname of \"The Spotter\" due to his sharp eye for valuable items. He started in the pawn business at age 13.[http://www.history.com/shows/pawn-stars/bios/rick-the-spotter-harrison Meet the Pawn Stars: Rick \"The Spotter\" Harrison]. History.com, accessed August 30, 2011. Rick claims in \"Steaks at Stake to own 50% of the store, but Richard insists that Rick owns only 49%. Rick co-founded the \"Gold & Silver\" pawn shop with his father in 1989 at the age of 23. Boasting that \"Gold & Silver\" is the only family-owned pawn shop in Las Vegas, Rick says he dropped out of high school in the tenth grade because he was making $2,000 a week selling fake Gucci bags. An avid reader since childhood, his favorite area of historical study is the British Navy, from the late 1700s to the early 1800s. Harrison also appears on United Stuff of America, an H2 series from the producers of Pawn Stars that focuses on notable artifacts that were used in important moments in history, which premiered in June 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.115192413330078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "* Richard Benjamin \"The Old Man\" Harrison – Born March 4, 1941,[http://www.vegasnews.com/41913/pawn-stars-richard-old-man-harrison-celebrates-70th-birthday.html \"Pawn Stars’ Richard \"Old Man\" Harrison Celebrates 70th Birthday\"]. VegasNews.com. March 4, 2011 he is Rick's father and Corey's grandfather, and the founder/co-owner of the pawn shop, which he opened in 1989 with his son Rick. He is usually referred to by his nickname, \"The Old Man\",[http://www.history.com/shows/pawn-stars/bios/the-old-man-the-appraiser Meet the Pawn Stars: The Old Man \"The Appraiser\"], History.com, accessed February 10, 2011. which he earned at age 38, according to the episode \"Fired Up\".Long, Christopher (December 29, 2009). [http://moviemet.com/review/pawn-stars-tv-series-dvd-review \"PAWN STARS (TV SERIES) – DVD review\"]. Movie Metropolis. Originally from Lexington, North Carolina, he is the first to arrive at the shop in the morning, and has not had a sick day since 1994.\"Big Guns\" (Episode 2.24); March 8, 2010 He is a 20-year veteran of the U.S. Navy. He is particularly passionate about automobiles, showing an interest in all types of cars, from the 1966 Chrysler Imperial his son and grandson had restored for his 50th wedding anniversary to the mid-1960s B&Z Electra-King electric car shown to them in \"Honest Abe\", which he suggested could be converted into a golf cart.\"Honest Abe\" Pawn Stars, Episode 3.26, History, November 1, 2010", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.730302095413208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "* Corey Harrison – Rick's son and Richard's grandson, who is nicknamed \"Big Hoss\". and started at the shop at age nine, polishing jewelry.[http://www.history.com/shows/pawn-stars/bios/corey-big-hoss-harrison Meet the Pawn Stars: Corey \"Big Hoss\" Harrison], History.com, accessed February 10, 2011. He is now the manager of the shop's day-to-day operations, and 30 of its employees, makes the most purchases of anyone in the shop, and is being groomed by Rick to be the boss one day. Corey often comes into conflict with his father and grandfather over his knowledge of the shop's inventory, his responsibilities as a manager, and his overall judgment in sales, in particular his purchase of expensive items.Examples include his purchase of a boat in \"Sink or Sell\", despite his father's policy against buying boats, and his $38,000 purchase of a hot air balloon in \"Hot Air Buffoon\", despite his father's rule requiring him to consult him first when paying more than $10,000 for an item. Following gastric lap band surgery in 2010 and a change to his diet, Harrison's weight went down from to approximately by July 2011. In Season 6, he tells the elder Harrisons that he will take a job at another business if he is not given a 10% partnership in the shop. He remains with the shop after he is given a raise and a 5% partnership, with the possibility of a greater stake in the business in the future. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6959699988365173, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "* Austin \"Chumlee\" Russell[http://www.history.com/shows/pawn-stars/bios/austin-chumlee-russell \"Meet the Pawn Stars: Austin (Chumlee) Russell\"]. History.com, Retrieved March 5, 2011. – Corey's childhood friend, employed for five years at the time of the first season,\"Boom or Bust\" (Episode 1.1)\"Plane Crazy\" (Episode 1.12) having started at the shop when he was 21. Chumlee was given his nickname at age 12 by the father of a childhood friend, who named him after the walrus sidekick of Tennessee Tuxedo. [http://www.gspawn.com/austin-chumlee-russell/ Profile for Austin \"Chumlee\" Russel] at Gold and Silver Pawn Shop; Accessed August 25, 2010\"Ready, Set, Pawn\" (Episode 3.18); September 13, 2010 He does behind-the-counter work at the shop, such as testing the items, loading them, and writing the tickets for items purchased by others. He is often the butt of the others' jokes for his perceived lack of intelligence and his incompetence,Other examples include the Old Man's remarks in \"Plane Crazy\" that Chumlee probably can't spell the word \"art\", and can barely tie his own shoelaces. for which he has been referred to as a \"village idiot\". Chumlee has responded to this by explaining that he is underestimated, and points to his expertise in pinball machines, which he utilizes in the second season episode \"Pinball Wizards\", much to Corey's surprise, as an example of one of the areas in which he is knowledgeable. Chumlee later displays the ability to repair a gas-powered toy car in \"Never Surrender\" (Episode 3.25), and expert knowledge in discerning a fake pair of Air Jordan V sneakers in the following episode, \"Honest Abe\" (Episode 3.26). As a result of the show, Russell formed his own company, which sells novelty items, including T-shirts of his own design, and arranges for his personal appearances. He sold half of the company in 2010 to Harrison for $5,000, so that the shop could handle orders of his merchandise more efficiently. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5915172100067139, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "* Antwaun Austin  – The shop's 6'5\"\"Pawn Stars: Security Detail\", History Channel's official YouTube channel. December 18, 2009. Accessed June 14, 2011. security guard. Usually seen in the background, Antwaun sometimes sells store T-shirts to people who come in, helps customers bring in large items, and, when necessary, removes customers who are unruly or disruptive. In \"Flight of the Chum\", for example, he attempts to intervene when a seller becomes irate after Rick informs him that the Perseus statue he brought into the shop is not an original by Émile Louis Picault, but a copy. He features heavily in an episode storyline for the first time in Season 4 \"Teacher's Pet\", in which he is revealed to have worked at the shop for three years, and is tutored by Chumlee on negotiating prices and discerning genuine gold. When he later prepares to take a few days off in \"Security\", he in turn tutors Chumlee on how to work the door. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.657337188720703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "Christopher Long, reviewing the first season DVD for DVD Town, praised the series for its cast and the educational value of the items examined, calling it \"addictive\" and \"a big-time winner\", and opined that it is the best show on History and perhaps cable. In one issue of TV Guide, writer Rob Moynihan included the show in a list of \"guilty pleasures.\" April McIntyre of Monsters and Critics, whose negative view of pawn shops influenced her view of the series' setting, reviewed one episode of the series, which she labeled a \"cool Antiques Roadshow\". Though she found aspects of it interesting, she criticized what she perceived as an emphasis on cheap laughs at the expense of family patriarch Richard Harrison over the show's historical material, as well as Corey Harrison's weight. She ultimately saw potential for the series if aspects of it that she found to be in poor taste were curbed. USA Todays Gary Strauss opined that the bickering among the Harrisons, as well as the customers seen in the shop, is \"alternately amusing and grating\". People magazine wrote of the show, \"Think Antiques Roadshow, but with neon and far more tattoos.\" Some of History's viewers were reportedly displeased with how reality series like Pawn Stars and Swamp People have replaced some of the network's previous history-oriented programming.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.210109710693359, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Gold & Silver Pawn Shop", "passage": "The series has also attracted some criticism from other pawnbrokers, who while conceding its entertainment value, claim that the series' focus on the extravagant vintage items brought into the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop are not typical of the average pawn shop, whose business is predicated on individuals on fixed income who bring in conventional objects in order to pay their bills, such as electronics, tools and jewelry. Corey Grigson and Charles Brown, who own a shop called Pawn Stars, estimate that their average loan to a customer is between $50 and $100. They also point out appraisals are handled by the staff, who rely on experience, reference works and research, and not the outside experts who are frequently seen on the show aiding the Harrisons. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.1915016174316406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "On July 17, 2012, the Clark County Commission declared that day to be \"Pawn Stars/Gold & Silver Pawn Day\". At the Commission meeting, Richard \"The Old Man\" Harrison donated $1,000 to the Clark County Heritage Museum, and lent the U.S. Senate floor chair used by Senator Patrick McCarran (sold to the Gold and Silver in the Pawn Stars episode \"Take a Seat\") to the museum as part of a display on Senator McCarran. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0152201652526855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "In October 2012, A+E Networks and History, as well as cast members from the show, were sued in Clark County District Court in Las Vegas for interference with business practices by Wayne Jefferies, a Las Vegas promoter and the Harrisons' manager, who represented them and Austin Lee \"Chumlee\" Russell in their television business dealings. Jefferies, who was instrumental in helping to launch the series, states that after the show premiered, his influence in the show was increasingly reduced, and he was ultimately fired and left without his promised share of fees and merchandising royalties from the series. Jefferies states that this occurred after a January 2012 leaked story on TMZ that indicated that the Pawn Stars cast was taken aback by History's launch of the spinoff Cajun Pawn Stars, of which the cast had been unaware. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.06291599571704865, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "Following the success of Pawn Stars, Leftfield Pictures created the following spinoffs of Pawn Stars:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.1863620281219482, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "* American Restoration was Pawn Stars' first spinoff. It stars Rick Dale and his crew at Rick's Restorations, and premiered in October 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.865435004234314, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "* Counting Cars stars Danny \"The Count\" Koker, proprietor of Count's Kustoms, and follows a format similar to American Restoration, in which Koker and his staff restore and modify classic automobiles. Counting Cars debuted on August 13, 2012, after Pawn Stars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8010011911392212, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "* Pawn Stars Australia is a local version of Pawn Stars set in Australia, that is due to premiere later in 2014 on Foxtel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.295376300811768, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "In addition, Leftfield created five similar series that follow the same format as Pawn Stars:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7014690637588501, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "In 2011, History launched Pawn Stars: The Game for play on Facebook. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.769515037536621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Gold & Silver Pawn Shop", "passage": "In October 2011, the Redwood Hills Financial Group issued the Modern Cash Prepaid MasterCard Limited Edition: Gold & Silver Pawn Shop prepaid debit card, in a special tie-in with the Gold and Silver Pawn Shop. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.808908462524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" }, { "answer": "Pawn Stars", "passage": "On September 5, 2012, it was announced that Bally Technologies would unveil a new slot machine featuring the cast of Pawn Stars the following month at the 2012 Global Gaming Expo. which took place October 2 to 4, 2012 in Las Vegas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1054683923721313, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pawn Stars" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah ( or) is a state in the western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4, 1896. Utah is the 13th-largest by area, 31st-most-populous, and 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Utah has a population of nearly 3 million (Census estimate for July 1, 2015), approximately 80% of whom live along the Wasatch Front, centering on the state capital Salt Lake City. Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east, Wyoming to the northeast, Idaho to the north, Arizona to the south, and Nevada to the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast.", "precise_score": 1.997448205947876, "rough_score": -1.1491059064865112, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Prominent settlements in Utah included St. George, Logan, and Manti (where settlers completed the first three temples in Utah, each started after but finished many years before the larger and better known temple built in Salt Lake City was completed in 1893), as well as Parowan, Cedar City, Bluff, Moab, Vernal, Fillmore (which served as the territorial capital between 1850 and 1856), Nephi, Levan, Spanish Fork, Springville, Provo Bench (now Orem), Pleasant Grove, American Fork, Lehi, Sandy, Murray, Jordan, Centerville, Farmington, Huntsville, Kaysville, Grantsville, Tooele, Roy, Brigham City, and many other smaller towns and settlements. Young had an expansionist's view of the territory that he and the Mormon pioneers were settling, calling it Deseret – which according to the Book of Mormon was an ancient word for \"honeybee\". This is symbolized by the beehive on the Utah flag, and the state's motto, \"Industry\". ", "precise_score": -10.829561233520508, "rough_score": -7.155159950256348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah was Mexican territory when the first pioneers arrived in 1847. Early in the Mexican–American War in late 1846, the United States had taken control of New Mexico and California. The entire Southwest became U.S. territory upon the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2, 1848. The treaty was ratified by the United States Senate on March 11. Learning that California and New Mexico were applying for statehood, the settlers of the Utah area (originally having planned to petition for territorial status) applied for statehood with an ambitious plan for a State of Deseret.", "precise_score": -10.444700241088867, "rough_score": -10.277484893798828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah Territory (1850–1896)", "precise_score": -7.228330135345459, "rough_score": -10.134347915649414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "The Utah Territory was much smaller than the proposed state of Deseret, but it still contained all of the present states of Nevada and Utah as well as pieces of modern Wyoming and Colorado. It was created with the Compromise of 1850, and Fillmore, named after President Millard Fillmore, was designated the capital. The territory was given the name Utah after the Ute tribe of Native Americans. Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the territorial capital in 1856.", "precise_score": -10.817047119140625, "rough_score": -10.210297584533691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Because of the American Civil War, federal troops were pulled out of Utah Territory in 1861. This was a boon to the local economy as the army sold everything in camp for pennies on the dollar before marching back east to join the war. The territory was then left in LDS hands until Patrick E. Connor arrived with a regiment of California volunteers in 1862. Connor established Fort Douglas just 3 mi east of Salt Lake City and encouraged his people to discover mineral deposits to bring more non-Mormons into the territory. Minerals were discovered in Tooele County and miners began to flock to the territory.", "precise_score": -11.07172966003418, "rough_score": -10.349418640136719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "During the 1870s and 1880s laws were passed to punish polygamists due, in part, to the stories coming forth regarding Utah. Notably, Ann Eliza Young—tenth wife to divorce Brigham Young, women's advocate, national lecturer and author of Wife No. 19 or My Life of Bondage and Mr. and Mrs. Fanny Stenhouse, authors of The Rocky Mountain Saints (T. B. H. Stenhouse, 1873) and Tell It All: My Life in Mormonism (Fanny Stenhouse, 1875) . Both of these women, Ann Eliza and Fanny, testify to the happiness of the very early Church members before polygamy began to be practiced. They independently published their books in 1875. These books and the lectures of Ann Eliza Young have been credited with the United States Congress passage of anti-polygamy laws by newspapers throughout the United States as recorded in \"The Ann Eliza Young Vindicator\", a pamphlet which detailed Ms Young's travels and warm reception throughout her lecture tour.", "precise_score": -11.080373764038086, "rough_score": -10.550030708312988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "In the 1890 Manifesto, the LDS Church banned polygamy. When Utah applied for statehood again, it was accepted. One of the conditions for granting Utah statehood was that a ban on polygamy be written into the state constitution. This was a condition required of other western states that were admitted into the Union later. Statehood was officially granted on January 4, 1896.", "precise_score": -4.1123738288879395, "rough_score": -5.187791347503662, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah is one of the Four Corners states, and is bordered by Idaho in the north, Wyoming in the north and east; by Colorado in the east; at a single point by New Mexico to the southeast; by Arizona in the south; and by Nevada in the west. It covers an area of 84899 sqmi. The state is one of only three U.S. states (with Colorado and Wyoming) that have only lines of latitude and longitude for boundaries.", "precise_score": -10.9354829788208, "rough_score": -10.730268478393555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Southwestern Utah is the lowest and hottest spot in Utah. It is known as Utah's Dixie because early settlers were able to grow some cotton there. Beaverdam Wash in far southwestern Utah is the lowest point in the state, at . The northernmost portion of the Mojave Desert is also located in this area. Dixie is quickly becoming a popular recreational and retirement destination, and the population is growing rapidly. Although the Wasatch Mountains end at Mount Nebo near Nephi, a complex series of mountain ranges extends south from the southern end of the range down the spine of Utah. Just north of Dixie and east of Cedar City is the state's highest ski resort, Brian Head.", "precise_score": -10.805668830871582, "rough_score": -10.237723350524902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Utah was 2,995,919 on July 1, 2015, an 8.40% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The center of population of Utah is located in Utah County in the city of Lehi. Much of the population lives in cities and towns along the Wasatch Front, a metropolitan region that runs north-south with the Wasatch Mountains rising on the eastern side. Growth outside the Wasatch Front is also increasing. The St. George metropolitan area is currently the second fastest-growing in the country after the Las Vegas metropolitan area, while the Heber micropolitan area is also the second fastest-growing in the country (behind Palm Coast, Florida). ", "precise_score": -11.044570922851562, "rough_score": -10.119124412536621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah ranks 47th in teenage pregnancy, lowest in percentage of births out of wedlock, lowest in number of abortions per capita, and lowest in percentage of teen pregnancies terminated in abortion. However, statistics relating to pregnancies and abortions may also be artificially low from teenagers going out of state for abortions because of parental notification requirements. Utah has the lowest child poverty rate in the country, despite its young demographics. According to the Gallup State of Well-Being Report, Utah has the fourth highest well-being in the United States . A widely circulated national prescription drug study from 2002 observed that antidepressant drugs were \"prescribed in Utah more often than in any other state, at a rate nearly twice the national average\"; however, more recent studies by the CDC have shown rates of depression in Utah to be no higher than the national average. ", "precise_score": -11.089621543884277, "rough_score": -10.794256210327148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "The official language in the state of Utah is English. Utah English is primarily a merger of Northern and Midland American dialects carried west by the Mormons, whose original New York dialect later incorporated features from southern Ohio and central Illinois. Conspicuous in Mormon speech in the central valley, although less frequent now in Salt Lake City, is a reversal of vowels, so that 'farm' and 'barn' sound like 'form' and 'born' and, conversely, 'form' and 'born' sound like 'farm' and 'barn'.", "precise_score": -11.12545108795166, "rough_score": -10.798295974731445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "I-15 and I-80 are the main interstate highways in the state, where they intersect and briefly merge near downtown Salt Lake City. I-15 traverses the state north-to-south, entering from Arizona near St. George, paralleling the Wasatch Front, and crossing into Idaho near Portage. I-80 spans northern Utah east-to-west, entering from Nevada at Wendover, crossing the Wasatch Mountains east of Salt Lake City, and entering Wyoming near Evanston. I-84 West enters from Idaho near Snowville (from Boise) and merges with I-15 from Tremonton to Ogden, then heads southeast through the Wasatch Mountains before terminating at I-80 near Echo Junction.", "precise_score": -10.941694259643555, "rough_score": -10.658574104309082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah government, like most U.S. states, is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The current governor of Utah is Gary Herbert, who was sworn in on August 11, 2009. The governor is elected for a four-year term. The Utah State Legislature consists of a Senate and a House of Representatives. State senators serve four-year terms and representatives two-year terms. The Utah Legislature meets each year in January for an annual forty-five-day session.", "precise_score": -10.898639678955078, "rough_score": -9.873855590820312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah is divided into political jurisdictions designated as counties. Since 1918 there have been 29 counties in the state, ranging from 298 to.", "precise_score": -11.037727355957031, "rough_score": -10.682750701904297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah granted full voting rights to women in 1870, 26 years before becoming a state. Among all U.S. states, only Wyoming granted suffrage to women earlier. However, in 1887 the initial Edmunds-Tucker Act was passed by Congress in an effort to curtail Mormon influence in the territorial government. One of the provisions of the Act was the repeal of women's suffrage; full suffrage was not returned until Utah was admitted to the Union in 1896.", "precise_score": -7.598360538482666, "rough_score": -7.35628604888916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "The constitution of Utah was enacted in 1895. Notably, the constitution outlawed polygamy, as requested by Congress when Utah had applied for statehood, and reestablished the territorial practice of women's suffrage. Utah's Constitution has been amended many times since its inception. ", "precise_score": -10.101840019226074, "rough_score": -10.325301170349121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Same-sex marriage became legal in Utah on December 20, 2013 when judge Robert J. Shelby of the United States District Court for the District of Utah issued a ruling in Kitchen v. Herbert. As of close of business December 26, more than 1,225 marriage licenses were issued, with at least 74 percent, or 905 licenses, issued to gay and lesbian couples. The state Attorney General's office was granted a stay of the ruling by the United States Supreme Court on January 6, 2014 while the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals considers the case. On Monday October 6, 2014, the Supreme Court of the United States declined a Writ of Certiorari, and the 10th Circuit Court issued their mandate later that day, lifting their stay. Same-sex marriages commenced again in Utah that day. ", "precise_score": -10.88709545135498, "rough_score": -10.732769966125488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "In the late 19th century, the federal government took issue with polygamy in the LDS Church. The LDS Church discontinued plural marriage in 1890, and in 1896 Utah gained admission to the Union. Many new people settled the area soon after the Mormon pioneers. Relations have often been strained between the LDS population and the non-LDS population. These tensions have played a large part in Utah's history (Liberal Party vs. People's Party).", "precise_score": -8.17149829864502, "rough_score": -9.278722763061523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Both of Utah's U.S. Senators, Orrin Hatch and Mike Lee, are Republican. Four more Republicans, Rob Bishop, Chris Stewart, Jason Chaffetz, and Mia Love, represent Utah in the United States House of Representatives. After Jon Huntsman, Jr., resigned to serve as U.S. Ambassador to China, Gary Herbert was sworn in as governor on August 11, 2009. Herbert was elected to serve out the remainder of the term in a special election in 2010, defeating Democratic nominee Salt Lake County Mayor Peter Corroon with 64% of the vote. He won election to a full four-year term in 2012, defeating Democratic Businessman Peter Cooke with 68% of the vote.", "precise_score": -11.01866340637207, "rough_score": -10.705448150634766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "About 80% of Utah's Legislature are members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, while they account for 61 percent of the population. Since becoming a state in 1896, Utah has had only two non-Mormon governors. ", "precise_score": -9.584627151489258, "rough_score": -10.351139068603516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "The state has not voted for a Democrat for president since 1964. Historically, Republican presidential nominees score one of their best margins of victory here. Utah was the Republicans' best state in the 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1996, 2000, and 2004 elections. In 1992, Utah was the only state in the nation where Democratic candidate Bill Clinton finished behind both Republican candidate George HW Bush and Independent candidate Ross Perot. In 2004, Republican George W. Bush won every county in the state and Utah gave him his largest margin of victory of any state. He won the state's five electoral votes by a margin of 46 percentage points with 71.5% of the vote. In the 1996 Presidential elections the Republican candidate received a smaller 54% of the vote while the Democrat earned 34%. ", "precise_score": -10.988619804382324, "rough_score": -10.605627059936523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "The three fastest-growing counties from 2000 to 2010 were Wasatch County (54.7%), Washington County (52.9%), and Tooele County (42.9%). However, Utah County added the most people (148,028). Between 2000 and 2010, Saratoga Springs (1,673%), Herriman (1,330%), Eagle Mountain (893%), Cedar Hills (217%), South Willard (168%), Nibley (166%), Syracuse (159%), West Haven (158%), Lehi (149%), Washington (129%), and Stansbury Park (116%) all at least doubled in population. West Jordan (35,376), Lehi (28,379), St. George (23,234), South Jordan (20,981), West Valley City (20,584), and Herriman (20,262) all added at least 20,000 people.", "precise_score": -11.059165000915527, "rough_score": -10.603431701660156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "The state of Utah relies heavily on income from tourists and travelers visiting the state's parks and ski resorts, and thus the need to \"brand\" Utah and create an impression of the state throughout the world has led to several state slogans, the most famous of which being \"The Greatest Snow on Earth\", which has been in use in Utah officially since 1975 (although the slogan was in unofficial use as early as 1962) and now adorns nearly 50 percent of the state's license plates. In 2001, Utah Governor Mike Leavitt approved a new state slogan, \"Utah! Where Ideas Connect\", which lasted until March 10, 2006, when the Utah Travel Council and the office of Governor Jon Huntsman announced that \"Life Elevated\" would be the new state slogan. ", "precise_score": -10.932783126831055, "rough_score": -10.631396293640137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* Harry Turtledove's Southern Victory Series, which is set in a North America where the South won the Civil War, mentions Utah several times. The state's Mormon population rebels against the United States in an attempt to create the Nation of Deseret throughout the series, which results in battles in and around Salt Lake City, Provo, and other locations.", "precise_score": -10.976181983947754, "rough_score": -9.877462387084961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or LDS (Mormons), which greatly influences Utahn culture and daily life (although only 41.6% are active members of the faith). The LDS Church's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City. Utah is the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1829833984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "The state is a center of transportation, education, information technology and research, government services, mining, and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation. In 2013, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second fastest-growing population of any state. St. George was the fastest–growing metropolitan area in the United States from 2000 to 2005. Utah also has the 14th highest median average income and the least income inequality of any U.S. state. A 2012 Gallup national survey found Utah overall to be the \"best state to live in\" based on 13 forward-looking measurements including various economic, lifestyle, and health-related outlook metrics. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.896346092224121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "The name \"Utah\" is derived from the name of the Ute tribe. It means \"people of the mountains\" in the Ute language. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.503737449645996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "According to other sources \"Utah\" is derived from the Apache name \"Yudah\" which means \"Tall\". In the Spanish language it was said as \"Yuta\", subsequently the English-speaking people adapted the word \"Utah\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.481109619140625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Thousands of years before the arrival of European explorers, the Ancestral Puebloans and the Fremont people lived in what is now known as Utah. These Native American tribes are subgroups of the Ute-Aztec Native American ethnicity and were sedentary. The Ancestral Pueblo people built their homes through excavations in mountains, and the Fremont people built houses of straw before disappearing from the region around the 15th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19780158996582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "The southern Utah region was explored by the Spanish in 1540, led by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, while looking for the legendary Cíbola. A group led by two Catholic priests—sometimes called the Dominguez-Escalante Expedition—left Santa Fe in 1776, hoping to find a route to the coast of California. The expedition traveled as far north as Utah Lake and encountered the native residents. The Spanish made further explorations in the region, but were not interested in colonizing the area because of its desert nature. In 1821, the year Mexico achieved its independence from Spain, the region became known as part of its territory of Alta California.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.945165634155273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "European trappers and fur traders explored some areas of Utah in the early 19th century from Canada and the United States. The city of Provo, Utah was named for one, Étienne Provost, who visited the area in 1825. The city of Ogden, Utah was named after Peter Skene Ogden, a Canadian explorer who traded furs in the Weber Valley.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.017867088317871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Brigham Young and the first band of Mormon pioneers reached the Salt Lake Valley on July 24, 1847. Over the next 22 years, more than 70,000 pioneers crossed the plains and settled in Utah. For the first few years, Brigham Young and the thousands of early settlers of Salt Lake City struggled to survive. The arid desert land was deemed by the Mormons as desirable as a place where they could practice their religion without harassment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276260375976562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "The Mormon settlements provided pioneers for other settlements in the West. Salt Lake City became the hub of a \"far-flung commonwealth\" of Mormon settlements. With new church converts coming from the East and around the world, Church leaders often assigned groups of church members as missionaries to establish other settlements throughout the West. They developed irrigation to support fairly large pioneer populations along Utah's Wasatch front (Salt Lake City, Bountiful and Weber Valley, and Provo and Utah Valley). Throughout the remainder of the 19th century, Mormon pioneers established hundreds of other settlements in Utah, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona, Wyoming, California, Canada, and Mexico – including in Las Vegas, Nevada; Franklin, Idaho (the first European settlement in Idaho); San Bernardino, California; Mesa, Arizona; Star Valley, Wyoming; and Carson Valley, Nevada.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.92919921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Disputes between the Mormon inhabitants and the U.S. government intensified due to the practice of plural marriage, or polygamy, among members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Mormons were still pushing for the establishment of a State of Deseret with the new borders of the Utah Territory. Most, if not all, of the members of the U.S. government opposed the polygamous practices of the Mormons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.011959075927734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Members of the LDS Church were viewed as un-American and rebellious when news of their polygamous practices spread. In 1857, particularly heinous accusations of abdication of government and general immorality were stated by former associate justice William W. Drummond, among others. The detailed reports of life in Utah caused the administration of James Buchanan to send a secret military \"expedition\" to Utah. When the supposed rebellion should be quelled, Alfred Cumming would take the place of Brigham Young as territorial governor. The resulting conflict is known as the Utah War, nicknamed \"Buchanan's Blunder\" by the Mormon leaders.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.889431953430176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "In September 1857, about 120 American settlers of the Baker–Fancher wagon train, en route to California from Arkansas, were murdered by Utah Territorial Militia and some Paiute Native Americans in the Mountain Meadows massacre. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.13481330871582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Before troops led by Albert Sidney Johnston entered the territory, Brigham Young ordered all residents of Salt Lake City to evacuate southward to Utah Valley and sent out a force, known as the Nauvoo Legion, to delay the government's advance. Although wagons and supplies were burned, eventually the troops arrived in 1858, and Young surrendered official control to Cumming, although most subsequent commentators claim that Young retained true power in the territory. A steady stream of governors appointed by the president quit the position, often citing the traditions of their supposed territorial government. By agreement with Young, Johnston established Camp Floyd, 40 mi away from Salt Lake City, to the southwest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.904411315917969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Beginning in 1865, Utah's Black Hawk War developed into the deadliest conflict in the territory's history. Chief Antonga Black Hawk died in 1870, but fights continued to break out until additional federal troops were sent in to suppress the Ghost Dance of 1872. The war is unique among Indian Wars because it was a three-way conflict, with mounted Timpanogos Utes led by Antonga Black Hawk fighting federal and LDS authorities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.892930030822754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "T. B. H. Stenhouse, former Utah Mormon polygamist, Mormon missionary for thirteen years and a Salt Lake City newspaper owner, finally left Utah and wrote The Rocky Mountain Saints. His book gives a witnessed account of his life in Utah, both the good and the bad. He finally left Utah and Mormonism after financial ruin occurred when Brigham Young sent Stenhouse to relocate to Ogden, Utah, according to Stenhouse, to take over his thriving pro-Mormon Salt Lake Telegraph newspaper. In addition to these testimonies, The Confessions of John D. Lee, written by John D. Lee—alleged \"Scape goat\" for the Mountain Meadow Massacre—also came out in 1877. The corroborative testimonies coming out of Utah from Mormons and former Mormons had an impact on Congress and the people of the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.080544471740723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Beginning in the early 20th century, with the establishment of such national parks as Bryce Canyon National Park and Zion National Park, Utah became known for its natural beauty. Southern Utah became a popular filming spot for arid, rugged scenes featured in the popular mid-century western film genre. From such films, most US residents recognize such natural landmarks as Delicate Arch and \"the Mittens\" of Monument Valley. During the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, with the construction of the Interstate highway system, accessibility to the southern scenic areas was made easier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.913866996765137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Since the establishment of Alta Ski Area in 1939 and the subsequent development of several ski resorts in the state's mountains, Utah's skiing has become world-renowned. The dry, powdery snow of the Wasatch Range is considered some of the best skiing in the world (the state license plate claims \"the Greatest Snow on Earth\"). Salt Lake City won the bid for the 2002 Winter Olympic Games, and this served as a great boost to the economy. The ski resorts have increased in popularity, and many of the Olympic venues built along the Wasatch Front continue to be used for sporting events. Preparation for the Olympics spurred the development of the light-rail system in the Salt Lake Valley, known as TRAX, and the re-construction of the freeway system around the city.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.849549293518066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "In 1957, Utah created the Utah State Parks Commission with four parks. Today, Utah State Parks manages 43 parks and several undeveloped areas totaling over 95000 acre of land and more than 1000000 acre of water. Utah's state parks are scattered throughout Utah; from Bear Lake State Park at the Utah/Idaho border to Edge of the Cedars State Park Museum deep in the Four Corners region, and everywhere in between. Utah State Parks is also home to the state's off highway vehicle office, state boating office and the trails program. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.88980770111084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "During the late 20th century, the state grew quickly. In the 1970s growth was phenomenal in the suburbs of the Wasatch Front. Sandy was one of the fastest-growing cities in the country at that time. Today, many areas of Utah continue to see boom-time growth. Northern Davis, southern and western Salt Lake, Summit, eastern Tooele, Utah, Wasatch, and Washington counties are all growing very quickly. Management of transportation and urbanization are major issues in politics, as development consumes agricultural land and wilderness areas, with density of uses creating air pollution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.875384330749512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah is known for its natural diversity and is home to features ranging from arid deserts with sand dunes to thriving pine forests in mountain valleys. It is a rugged and geographically diverse state that is located at the convergence of three distinct geological regions: the Rocky Mountains, the Great Basin, and the Colorado Plateau.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.08793830871582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "One of Utah's defining characteristics is the variety of its terrain. Running down the middle of the northern third of the state is the Wasatch Range, which rises to heights of almost 12000 ft above sea level. Utah is home to world-renowned ski resorts, made popular by the light, fluffy snow, and winter storms which regularly dump 1 to 3 feet of overnight snow accumulation. In the northeastern section of the state, running east to west, are the Uinta Mountains, which rise to heights of over . The highest point in the state, Kings Peak, at , lies within the Uinta Mountains.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.91016960144043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Western Utah is mostly arid desert with a basin and range topography. Small mountain ranges and rugged terrain punctuate the landscape. The Bonneville Salt Flats are an exception, being comparatively flat as a result of once forming the bed of ancient Lake Bonneville. Great Salt Lake, Utah Lake, Sevier Lake, and Rush Lake are all remnants of this ancient freshwater lake, which once covered most of the eastern Great Basin. West of the Great Salt Lake, stretching to the Nevada border, lies the arid Great Salt Lake Desert. One exception to this aridity is Snake Valley, which is (relatively) lush due to large springs and wetlands fed from groundwater derived from snow melt in the Snake Range, Deep Creek Range, and other tall mountains to the west of Snake Valley. Great Basin National Park is just over the Nevada state line in the southern Snake Range. One of western Utah's most impressive, but least visited attractions is Notch Peak, the tallest limestone cliff in North America, located west of Delta.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.340468406677246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Much of the scenic southern and southeastern landscape (specifically the Colorado Plateau region) is sandstone, specifically Kayenta sandstone and Navajo sandstone. The Colorado River and its tributaries wind their way through the sandstone, creating some of the world's most striking and wild terrain (the area around the confluence of the Colorado and Green Rivers was the last to be mapped in the lower 48 United States). Wind and rain have also sculpted the soft sandstone over millions of years. Canyons, gullies, arches, pinnacles, buttes, bluffs, and mesas are the common sight throughout south-central and southeast Utah.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.116948127746582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "This terrain is the central feature of protected state and federal parks such as Arches, Bryce Canyon, Canyonlands, Capitol Reef, and Zion national parks, Cedar Breaks, Grand Staircase-Escalante, Hovenweep, and Natural Bridges national monuments, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area (site of the popular tourist destination, Lake Powell), Dead Horse Point and Goblin Valley state parks, and Monument Valley. The Navajo Nation also extends into southeastern Utah. Southeastern Utah is also punctuated by the remote, but lofty La Sal, Abajo, and Henry mountain ranges.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.930959701538086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Eastern (northern quarter) Utah is a high-elevation area covered mostly by plateaus and basins, particularly the Tavaputs Plateau and San Rafael Swell, which remain mostly inaccessible, and the Uinta Basin, where the majority of eastern Utah's population lives. Economies are dominated by mining, oil shale, oil, and natural gas-drilling, ranching, and recreation. Much of eastern Utah is part of the Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation. The most popular destination within northeastern Utah is Dinosaur National Monument near Vernal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.313618659973145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Like most of the western and southwestern states, the federal government owns much of the land in Utah. Over 70 percent of the land is either BLM land, Utah State Trustland, or U.S. National Forest, U.S. National Park, U.S. National Monument, National Recreation Area or U.S. Wilderness Area. Utah is the only state where every county contains some national forest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.113554954528809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah features a dry, semi-arid to desert climate, although its many mountains feature a large variety of climates, with the highest points in the Uinta Mountains being above the timberline. The dry weather is a result of the state's location in the rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada in California. The eastern half of the state lies in the rain shadow of the Wasatch Mountains. The primary source of precipitation for the state is the Pacific Ocean, with the state usually lying in the path of large Pacific storms from October to May. In summer, the state, especially southern and eastern Utah, lies in the path of monsoon moisture from the Gulf of California.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18468952178955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Some areas of the Wasatch Range in the path of the lake-effect receive up to 500 in per year. The consistently deep powder snow led Utah's ski industry to adopt the slogan \"the Greatest Snow on Earth\" in the 1980s. In the winter, temperature inversions are a common phenomenon across Utah's low basins and valleys, leading to thick haze and fog that can sometimes last for weeks at a time, especially in the Uintah Basin. Although at other times of year its air quality is good, winter inversions give Salt Lake City some of the worst wintertime pollution in the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38185977935791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Previous studies have indicated a widespread decline in snowpack over Utah accompanied by a decline in the snow–precipitation ratio while anecdotal evidence claims have been put forward that measured changes in Utah's snowpack are spurious and do not reflect actual change. A [http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00084.1 2012 study] found that the proportion of winter (January–March) precipitation falling as snow has decreased by 9% during the last half century, a combined result from a significant increase in rainfall and a minor decrease in snowfall. Meanwhile, observed snow depth across Utah has decreased and is accompanied by consistent decreases in snow cover and surface albedo. Weather systems with the potential to produce precipitation in Utah have decreased in number with those producing snowfall decreasing at a considerably greater rate. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356807708740234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah's temperatures are extreme, with cold temperatures in winter due to its elevation, and very hot summers statewide (with the exception of mountain areas and high mountain valleys). Utah is usually protected from major blasts of cold air by mountains lying north and east of the state, although major Arctic blasts can occasionally reach the state. Average January high temperatures range from around 30 F in some northern valleys to almost 55 F in St. George.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.269759178161621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Temperatures dropping below 0 F should be expected on occasion in most areas of the state most years, although some areas see it often (for example, the town of Randolph averages about 50 days per year with temperatures dropping that low). In July, average highs range from about 85 to. However, the low humidity and high elevation typically leads to large temperature variations, leading to cool nights most summer days. The record high temperature in Utah was 118 F, recorded south of St. George on July 4, 2007, and the record low was , recorded at Peter Sinks in the Bear River Mountains of northern Utah on February 1, 1985. However, the record low for an inhabited location is at Woodruff on December 12, 1932. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.162327766418457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah, like most of the western United States, has few days of thunderstorms. On average there are fewer than 40 days of thunderstorm activity during the year, although these storms can be briefly intense when they do occur. They are most likely to occur during monsoon season from about mid-July through mid-September, especially in southern and eastern Utah. Dry lightning strikes and the general dry weather often spark wildfires in summer, while intense thunderstorms can lead to flash flooding, especially in the rugged terrain of southern Utah. Although spring is the wettest season in northern Utah, late summer is the wettest period for much of the south and east of the state. Tornadoes are uncommon in Utah, with an average of two striking the state yearly, rarely higher than EF1 intensity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.184913635253906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "One exception of note, however, was the unprecedented F2 Salt Lake City Tornado that moved directly across downtown Salt Lake City on August 11, 1999, killing 1 person, injuring 60 others, and causing approximately $170 million in damage. The only other reported tornado fatality in Utah's history was a 7-year-old girl who was killed while camping in Summit County on July 6, 1884. The last tornado of above (E)F0 intensity occurred on September 8, 2002, when an F2 tornado hit Manti. On August 11, 1993, an F3 tornado hit the Uinta Mountains north of Duchesne at an elevation of 10500 ft, causing some damage to a Boy Scouts campsite. This is the strongest tornado ever recorded in Utah.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232694625854492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah contains 5 metropolitan areas (Logan, Ogden-Clearfield, Salt Lake City, Provo-Orem, and St. George), and 6 micropolitan areas (Brigham City, Heber, Vernal, Price, Richfield, and Cedar City).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356893539428711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "At the 2010 Census, 81.4% of the population was non-Hispanic White, down from 91.2% in 1990, 1% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 1% non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native, 2% non-Hispanic Asian, 0.9% non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.1% from some other race (non-Hispanic) and 1.8% of two or more races (non-Hispanic). 13.0% of Utah's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (of any race).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45205307006836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Most Utahns are of Northern European descent. In 2011 one-third of Utah's workforce was reported to be bilingual, developed through a program of acquisition of second languages beginning in elementary school, and related to Mormonism's missionary goals for its young people. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.469040870666504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "In 2011, 28.6% of Utah's population younger than the age of one were ethnic minorities, meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.539935111999512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "A majority of the state's residents are members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). , 62.2% of Utahns are counted as members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Mormons currently make up between 34%–41% of the population within Salt Lake City. However, many of the other major population centers such as Provo, Logan and St. George tend to be predominantly Mormon as well as many suburban and rural areas. The religious body with the largest number of congregations is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (with 4,815 congregations). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.005982398986816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Though the LDS Church officially maintains a policy of neutrality in regards to political parties, the church's doctrine has a strong regional influence on politics. Another doctrine effect can be seen in Utah's high birth rate (25 percent higher than the national average; the highest for a state in the U.S.). The Mormons in Utah tend to have conservative views when it comes to most political issues and the majority of voter-age Utahns are unaffiliated voters (60%) who vote overwhelmingly Republican. Mitt Romney received 72.8% of the Utahn votes in 2012, while John McCain polled 62.5% in the United States presidential election, 2008 and 70.9% for George W. Bush in 2004. In 2010 the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) reported that the three largest denominational groups in Utah are The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 1,910,504 adherents; the Catholic Church with 160,125 adherents, and the Southern Baptist Convention with 12,593 adherents. There is a growing Jewish presence in the state including Chabad and Rohr Jewish Learning Institute. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.927022933959961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "According to a report produced by the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life the self-identified religious affiliations of Utahns over the age of 18 are:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.53331184387207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "According to a Gallup poll, Utah had the 3rd-highest number of people reporting as \"Very Religious\" in 2015, at 55% (trailing only Mississippi and Alabama). However, it was near the national average of people reporting as \"Nonreligious\" (31%), and featured the smallest percentage of people reporting as \"Moderately Religious\" (15%) of any state, being 8 points lower than 2nd-lowest state Vermont. In addition, it had the highest average weekly church attendance of any state, at 51%. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.170136451721191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah has the highest total birth rate and accordingly, the youngest population of any U.S. state. In 2010, the state's population was 50.2% male and 49.8% female.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.336222648620605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, the gross state product of Utah in 2012 was , or 0.87% of the total United States GDP of for the same year. The per capita personal income was $45,700 in 2012. Major industries of Utah include: mining, cattle ranching, salt production, and government services.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.261430740356445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "According to the 2007 State New Economy Index, Utah is ranked the top state in the nation for Economic Dynamism, determined by \"the degree to which state economies are knowledge-based, globalized, entrepreneurial, information technology-driven and innovation-based\". In 2014, Utah was ranked number one in Forbes' list of \"Best States For Business\". A November 2010 article in Newsweek magazine highlighted Utah and particularly the Salt Lake City area's economic outlook, calling it \"the new economic Zion\", and examined how the area has been able to bring in high-paying jobs and attract high-tech corporations to the area during a recession. , the state's unemployment rate was 3.5%. In terms of \"small business friendliness\", in 2014 Utah emerged as number one, based on a study drawing upon data from over 12,000 small business owners. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.877471923828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "In eastern Utah petroleum production is a major industry. Near Salt Lake City, petroleum refining is done by a number of oil companies. In central Utah, coal production accounts for much of the mining activity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.525927543640137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "According to Internal Revenue Service tax returns, Utahns rank first among all U.S. states in the proportion of income given to charity by the wealthy. This is due to the standard 10% of all earnings that Mormons give to the LDS Church. According to the Corporation for National and Community Service, Utah had an average of 884,000 volunteers between 2008 and 2010, each of whom contributed 89.2 hours per volunteer. This figure equates to $3.8 billion of service contributed, ranking Utah number one for volunteerism in the nation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399463653564453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah collects personal income tax; since 2008 the tax has been a flat 5 percent for all taxpayers. The state sales tax has a base rate of 6.45 percent, with cities and counties levying additional local sales taxes that vary among the municipalities. Property taxes are assessed and collected locally. Utah does not charge intangible property taxes and does not impose an inheritance tax.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.557141304016113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Tourism is a major industry in Utah. With five national parks (Arches, Bryce Canyon, Canyonlands, Capitol Reef, and Zion), Utah has the third most national parks of any state after Alaska and California. In addition, Utah features seven national monuments (Cedar Breaks, Dinosaur, Grand Staircase-Escalante, Hovenweep, Natural Bridges, Rainbow Bridge, and Timpanogos Cave), two national recreation areas (Flaming Gorge and Glen Canyon), seven national forests (Ashley, Caribou-Targhee, Dixie, Fishlake, Manti-La Sal, Sawtooth, and Uinta-Wasatch-Cache), and numerous state parks and monuments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.052467346191406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah has seen an increase in tourism since the 2002 Winter Olympics. Park City is home to the United States Ski Team. Utah's ski resorts are primarily located in northern Utah near Salt Lake City, Park City, Ogden, and Provo. Between 2007 and 2011 Deer Valley in Park City, has been ranked the top ski resort in North America in a survey organized by Ski Magazine. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.406061172485352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "In addition to having prime snow conditions and world-class amenities, Northern Utah's ski resorts are well liked among tourists for their convenience and proximity to a large city and international airport, as well as the close proximity to other ski resorts, allowing skiers the ability to ski at multiple locations in one day. The 2009 Ski Magazine reader survey concluded that six out of the top ten resorts deemed most \"accessible\" and six out of the top ten with the best snow conditions were located in Utah. In Southern Utah, Brian Head Ski Resort is located in the mountains near Cedar City. Former Olympic venues including Utah Olympic Park and Utah Olympic Oval are still in operation for training and competition and allows the public to participate in numerous activities including ski jumping, bobsleigh, and speed skating.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.418148040771484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah features many cultural attractions such as Temple Square, the Sundance Film Festival, the Red Rock Film Festival, the DOCUTAH Film Festival, and the Utah Shakespearean Festival. Temple Square is ranked as the 16th most visited tourist attraction in the United States by Forbes magazine, with over five million annual visitors. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29991340637207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Beginning in the late 19th century with the state's mining boom (including the Bingham Canyon Mine, among the world's largest open pit mines), companies attracted large numbers of immigrants with job opportunities. Since the days of the Utah Territory mining has played a major role in Utah's economy. Historical mining towns include Mercur in Tooele County, Silver Reef in Washington County, Eureka in Juab County, Park City in Summit County and numerous coal mining camps throughout Carbon County such as Castle Gate, Spring Canyon, and Hiawatha. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.086905479431152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "These settlements were characteristic of the boom and bust cycle that dominated mining towns of the American West. During the early part of the Cold War era, uranium was mined in eastern Utah. Today mining activity still plays a major role in the state's economy. Minerals mined in Utah include copper, gold, silver, molybdenum, zinc, lead, and beryllium. Fossil fuels including coal, petroleum, and natural gas continue to play a large role in Utah's economy, especially in the eastern part of the state in counties such as Carbon, Emery, Grand, and Uintah.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.207191467285156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah has the potential to generate 31.6 TWh/year from 13.1 GW of wind power, and 10,290 TWh/year from solar power using 4,048 GW of photovoltaic (PV), including 5.6 GW of rooftop photovoltaic, and 1,638 GW of concentrated solar power. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.28023910522461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "I-70 splits from I-15 at Cove Fort in central Utah and heads east through mountains and rugged desert terrain, providing quick access to the many national parks and national monuments of southern Utah, and has been noted for its beauty. The 103-mile (163 km) stretch from Salina to Green River is the longest stretch of interstate in the country without services and, when completed in 1970, was the longest stretch of entirely new highway constructed in the U.S. since the Alaska Highway was completed in 1943.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.325255393981934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "TRAX, a light rail system in the Salt Lake Valley, consists of three lines. The Blue Line (formerly Salt Lake/Sandy Line) begins in the suburb of Draper and ends in Downtown Salt Lake City. The Red Line (Mid-Jordan/University Line) begins in the Daybreak Community of South Jordan, a southwestern valley suburb, and ends at the University of Utah. The Green Line begins in West Valley City, passes through downtown Salt Lake City, and ends at Salt Lake City International Airport.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.443275451660156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "The Utah Transit Authority (UTA), which operates TRAX, also operates a bus system that stretches across the Wasatch Front, west into Grantsville, and east into Park City. In addition, UTA provides winter service to the ski resorts east of Salt Lake City, Ogden, and Provo. Several bus companies also provide access to the ski resorts in winter, and local bus companies also serve the cities of Cedar City, Logan, Park City, and St. George. A commuter rail line known as FrontRunner, also operated by UTA, runs between Pleasant View and Provo via Salt Lake City. Amtrak's California Zephyr, with one train in each direction daily, runs east-west through Utah with stops in Green River, Helper, Provo, and Salt Lake City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.141571044921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "The Utah Supreme Court is the court of last resort in Utah. It consists of five justices, who are appointed by the governor, and then subject to retention election. The Utah Court of Appeals handles cases from the trial courts. Trial level courts are the district courts and justice courts. All justices and judges, like those on the Utah Supreme Court, are subject to retention election after appointment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.513656616210938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah is one of the 15 states that have not ratified the U.S. Equal Rights Amendment. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.288714408874512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah's laws in regard to alcohol, tobacco and gambling are strict. Utah is an alcoholic beverage control state. The Utah Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control regulates the sale of alcohol; wine and spirituous liquors may only be purchased at state liquor stores, and local laws may prohibit the sale of beer and other alcoholic beverages on Sundays. The state bans the sale of fruity alcoholic drinks at grocery stores and convenience stores. The law states that such drinks must now have new state-approved labels on the front of the products that contain capitalized letters in bold type telling consumers the drinks contain alcohol and at what percentage. The Utah Indoor Clean Air Act is a statewide smoking ban, that prohibits smoking in many public places. Utah is one of few states to set a smoking age of 19, as opposed to 18, as in most other states.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.089213371276855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah is also one of only two states in the United States to outlaw all forms of gambling; the other is Hawaii.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.230161666870117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah votes predominantly Republican. Self-identified Latter-day Saints are more likely to vote for the Republican ticket than non-Mormons, and Utah is one of the most Republican states in the nation. Utah was the single most Republican-leaning state in the country in every presidential election from 1976 to 2004, measured by the percentage point margin between the Republican and Democratic candidates. In 2008 Utah was only the third-most Republican state (after Wyoming and Oklahoma), but in 2012, with Mormon Mitt Romney atop the Republican ticket, Utah returned to its position as the most Republican state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.870779991149902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "In the 1970s, then-Apostle Ezra Taft Benson was quoted by the Associated Press that it would be difficult for a faithful Latter-day Saint to be a liberal Democrat. Although the LDS Church has officially repudiated such statements on many occasions, Democratic candidates—including LDS Democrats—believe that Republicans capitalize on the perception that the Republican Party is doctrinally superior. Political scientist and pollster Dan Jones explains this disparity by noting that the national Democratic Party is associated with liberal positions on gay marriage and abortion, both of which the LDS Church is against. The Republican Party in heavily Mormon Utah County presents itself as the superior choice for Latter-day Saints. Even though Utah Democratic candidates are predominantly LDS, socially conservative, and pro-life, no Democrat has won in Utah County since 1994. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.841287612915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "David Magleby, dean of Social and Behavioral Sciences at Brigham Young University, a lifelong Democrat and a political analyst, asserts that the Republican Party actually has more conservative positions than the LDS Church. Magleby argues that the locally conservative Democrats are in better accord with LDS doctrine. For example, the Republican Party of Utah opposes almost all abortions while Utah Democrats take a more liberal approach, although more conservative than their national counterparts. On Second Amendment issues, the state GOP has been at odds with the LDS Church position opposing concealed firearms in places of worship and in public spaces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.05447769165039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "In 1998 the church expressed concern that Utahns perceived the Republican Party as an LDS institution and authorized lifelong Democrat and Seventy Marlin Jensen to promote LDS bipartisanship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.304147720336914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah is much more conservative than the United States as a whole, particularly on social issues. Compared to other Republican-dominated states in the Mountain West such as Wyoming, Utah politics have a more moralistic and less libertarian character according to David Magleby. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23399829864502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "The state's most Republican areas tend to be Utah County, which is the home to Brigham Young University in the city of Provo, and nearly all the rural counties. These areas generally hold socially conservative views in line with that of the national Religious Right. The most Democratic areas of the state lie currently in and around Salt Lake City proper.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.001626968383789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah's population is concentrated in two areas, the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state, with a population of over 2 million; and Washington County, in southwestern Utah, locally known as \"Dixie\", with over 150,000 residents in the metropolitan area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01057243347168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "According to the 2010 Census, Utah was the second fastest-growing state (at 23.8 percent) in the United States between 2000 and 2010 (behind Nevada). St. George, in the southwest, is the second fastest-growing metropolitan area in the United States, trailing Greeley, Colorado.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.839051246643066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* Roseman University in South Jordan, Utah", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.416096687316895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* Southern Utah University (formerly Southern Utah State College) in Cedar City", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.251110076904297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* University of Utah in Salt Lake City", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.537028312683105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* Utah College of Applied Technology", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.522863388061523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* Utah State University in Logan (satellite campuses at various state locations)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3014554977417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* Utah State University Eastern in Price (formerly the College of Eastern Utah until 2010)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.449383735656738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* Utah Valley University (formerly Utah Valley State College) in Orem", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.383002281188965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* Western Governors University an online university, begun by former Utah Governor, Michael O. Leavitt", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.495681762695312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah is the least populous U.S. state to have a major professional sports league franchise. The Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association play at Vivint Smart Home Arena in Salt Lake City. The team moved to the city from New Orleans in 1979 and has been one of the most consistently successful teams in the league (although they have yet to win a championship). Salt Lake City was previously host to the Utah Stars, who competed in the ABA from 1970–76 and won 1 championship, and to the Utah Starzz of the WNBA from 1997 to 2003.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.030905723571777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Real Salt Lake of Major League Soccer was founded in 2005 and play their home matches at Rio Tinto Stadium in Sandy. RSL remains the only Utah major league sports team to have won a national championship, having won the MLS Cup in 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.535601615905762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "The Utah Blaze began play in the original AFL in 2006 that folded before the 2009 season, then returned to play when the league was re-founded in 2010. They folded again in 2013. They competed originally at the Maverik Center in West Valley City, and later at EnergySolutions Arena.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.360438346862793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah's highest level minor league baseball team is the Salt Lake Bees, who play at Smith's Ballpark in Salt Lake City and are part of the AAA level Pacific Coast League. Utah also has one minor league hockey team, the Utah Grizzlies, who play at the Maverik Center and compete in the ECHL.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379081726074219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah has six universities that compete in Division I of the NCAA. Three of the schools have football programs that participate in the top-level Football Bowl Subdivision: Utah in the Pac-12 Conference, Utah State in the Mountain West Conference, and BYU as an independent (although BYU competes in the non-football West Coast Conference for most other sports). In addition, Weber State and Southern Utah (SUU) compete in the Big Sky Conference of the FCS. Utah Valley, which has no football program, is a full member of the Western Athletic Conference.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.238399505615234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah has hosted professional golf tournaments such as the Uniting Fore Care Classic and currently the Utah Championship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.531354904174805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Rugby has been growing quickly in the state of Utah, growing from 17 teams in 2009 to 70 teams , including with over 3,000 players, and more than 55 high school varsity teams. The growth has been inspired in part by the 2008 movie Forever Strong. Utah fields two of the most competitive teams in the nation in college rugby — BYU and Utah.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.322754859924316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah is the setting of or the filming location for many books, films, television series, music videos, and video games. A selective list of each appears below.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.593889236450195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* In Around the World in Eighty Days, the characters pass through Utah by train.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.437238693237305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* Edward Abbey's The Monkey Wrench Gang is set in Southern Utah and Northern Arizona. The characters' ultimate goal is the destruction of the Glen Canyon Dam.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.460808753967285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* Much of Walter M. Miller, Jr.'s post-apocalyptic novel A Canticle for Leibowitz is set near or directly within Utah. The \"hero\" of the first part of the novel, the novice Brother Francis Gerard, is from Utah.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.457731246948242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* Jack Kerouac's semi-autobiographical novel On the Road (arguably the most defining work of the post-WWII Beat Generation) describes traveling through Utah as part of a number of spontaneous road trips taken by the book's main characters. Additionally, the character of Dean Moriarty (like his real life counterpart Neal Cassady) was born in Salt Lake City. While many of the names and details of Kerouac's experiences are changed, the characters and road trips in the novel are based heavily on road trips taken by Kerouac and his friends across mid-20th century America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.490483283996582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* Will Hobbs' 1999 young adult novel, The Maze, takes place in Canyonlands National Park in Southern Utah.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.54089641571045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* In Dean Koontz's book Dark Rivers of the Heart the two main characters travel through Utah while being sought after by a secret government agency. One scene takes place in Cedar City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.498674392700195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "See Category:Films shot in Utah", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.567794799804688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "Utah's Monument Valley has been location to several productions, such as 127 Hours (2010), Tim Burton's Planet of the Apes (2001), and Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.426121711730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* In the Doctor Who episode \"Dalek\", Utah was the base of operations for the character Henry van Statten. In the episode \"The Impossible Astronaut,\" the Doctor mysteriously summons his former companions Amy Pond and Rory Williams to Monument Valley.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.467304229736328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* In Prison Break, D. B. Cooper buried his money under a silo in the Utah desert somewhere near Tooele. Much of the first half of the second season involves the characters attempting to reach Utah and recovering the money.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.514439582824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* Regular production for Touched by an Angel was based in Salt Lake City, but it was filmed in many Utah locations, including some scenes in Ogden.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.432101249694824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* In an episode of The Simpsons, Bart and his girlfriend drive to Utah to get married because of the state's marriage laws. In another episode, the Simpsons attend the Sundance Film Festival in Park City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.507264137268066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* In an episode of the Nickelodeon sitcom Drake & Josh, after accidentally killing his sister Megan's rare Cuban hamster, Josh Peck's character packs to move to Utah because \"Nothing bad ever happens in Utah.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.524359703063965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* Top Gear Series 12, episode 2 features hosts Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond, and James May driving to Utah's Bonneville Salt Flats in a Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1, a Dodge Challenger SRT-8, and a Cadillac CTS-V.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.479789733886719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* In the Futurama episode \"Mars University\", the Professor mentions Utah while describing the colonization of Mars: \"In those days Mars was a dreary, uninhabitable wasteland, much like Utah. But unlike Utah, Mars was eventually made liveable...\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.459968566894531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "*An episode of \"I Love Jenni\" was filmed in Utah for the Sundance Film Festival in Park City.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.527975082397461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* Paramore – \"Daydreaming\" beginning scenes were filmed in Spanish Fork and Benjamin, Utah County.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.450746536254883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* Sly Cooper and the Thievius Raccoonus features a level in a fictional Utah town called \"Mesa City\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.411531448364258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" }, { "answer": "Utah", "passage": "* Fallout: New Vegas features a downloadable add-on, titled Honest Hearts, which takes place in Utah's Zion National Park.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.512399673461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Utah" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Project Blue Book was one of a series of systematic studies of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) conducted by the United States Air Force. It started in 1952, and it was the third study of its kind (the first two were projects Sign (1947) and Grudge (1949)). A termination order was given for the study in December 1969, and all activity under its auspices ceased in January 1970.", "precise_score": 5.057496070861816, "rough_score": 7.251023292541504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Thousands of UFO reports were collected, analyzed and filed. As the result of the Condon Report (1968), which concluded there was nothing anomalous about UFOs, Project Blue Book was ordered shut down in December 1969 and the Air Force continues to provide the following summary of its investigations:", "precise_score": 2.5134737491607666, "rough_score": 5.376598834991455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "According to Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, by the end of 1951, several high-ranking, very influential USAF generals were so dissatisfied with the state of Air Force UFO investigations that they dismantled Project Grudge and replaced it with Project Blue Book in March 1952. One of these men was Gen. Charles P. Cabell. Another important change came when General William Garland joined Cabell's staff; Garland thought the UFO question deserved serious scrutiny because he had witnessed a UFO.Dr. Michael D. Swords; \"UFOs, the Military, and the Early Cold War Era\", pages 82-121 in \"UFOs and Abductions: Challenging the Borders of Knowledge\" David M. Jacobs, editor; 2000, University Press of Kansas, ISBN 0-7006-1032-4; p103.", "precise_score": 1.914710283279419, "rough_score": 4.019606590270996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Ruppelt implemented a number of changes: He streamlined the manner in which UFOs were reported to (and by) military officials, partly in hopes of alleviating the stigma and ridicule associated with UFO witnesses. Ruppelt also ordered the development of a standard questionnaire for UFO witnesses, hoping to uncover data which could be subject to statistical analysis. He commissioned the Battelle Memorial Institute to create the questionnaire and computerize the data. Using case reports and the computerized data, Battelle then conducted a massive scientific and statistical study of all Air Force UFO cases, completed in 1954 and known as \"Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14\" (see summary below).", "precise_score": 2.2609171867370605, "rough_score": 4.318665027618408, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "General Nathan Twining, who got Project Sign started back in 1947, was now Air Force Chief of Staff. In August 1954, he was to further codify the responsibilities of the 4602nd AISS by issuing an updated Air Force Regulation 200-2. In addition, UFOs (called \"UFOBs\") were defined as \"any airborne object which by performance, aerodynamic characteristics, or unusual features, does not conform to any presently known aircraft or missile type, or which cannot be positively identified as a familiar object.\" Investigation of UFOs was stated to be for the purposes of national security and to ascertain \"technical aspects.\" AFR 200-2 again stated that Blue Book could discuss UFO cases with the media only if they were regarded as having a conventional explanation. If they were unidentified, the media was to be told only that the situation was being analyzed. Blue Book was also ordered to reduce the number of unidentified to a minimum.", "precise_score": 0.7296430468559265, "rough_score": 1.98732328414917, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "In response to the Condon Committee's conclusions, Secretary of the Air Force Robert C. Seamans, Jr. announced that Blue Book would soon be closed, because further funding \"cannot be justified either on the grounds of national security or in the interest of science.\"Jerome Clark, The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial, p480 The last publicly acknowledged day of Blue Book operations was December 17, 1969. However, researcher Brad Sparks, citing research from the May, 1970 issue of NICAP's UFO Investigator, reports that the last day of Blue Book activity was actually January 30, 1970. According to Sparks, Air Force officials wanted to keep the Air Force's reaction to the UFO problem from overlapping into a fourth decade, and thus altered the date of Blue Book's closure in official files.", "precise_score": 2.560394287109375, "rough_score": 4.769092082977295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "After what he described as a promising beginning with a potential for scientific research, Hynek grew increasingly disenchanted with Blue Book during his tenure with the project, leveling accusations of indifference, incompetence, and of shoddy research on the part of Air Force personnel. Hynek notes that during its existence, critics dubbed Blue Book \"The Society for the Explanation of the Uninvestigated.\"J. Allen Hynek; The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry; 1972; Henry Regenery Company, p180", "precise_score": 1.0113139152526855, "rough_score": 2.301412582397461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Every episode of the original Battlestar Galactica spin-off series Galactica 1980 ended with a short statement about the U.S. Air Force's 1969 Project Blue Book findings that UFOs are not proven to exist and \"are not a threat to national security\".", "precise_score": 2.8626348972320557, "rough_score": 4.366944789886475, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Among the best known government studies are the ghost rockets investigation by the Swedish military (1946–1947), Project Blue Book, previously Project Sign and Project Grudge, conducted by the USAF from 1947 until 1969, the secret U.S. Army/Air Force Project Twinkle investigation into green fireballs (1948–1951), the secret USAF Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14 by the Battelle Memorial Institute, and the Brazilian Air Force's 1977 Operação Prato (Operation Saucer). France has had an ongoing investigation (GEPAN/SEPRA/GEIPAN) within its space agency Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES) since 1977; the government of Uruguay has had a similar investigation since 1989.", "precise_score": 4.124349117279053, "rough_score": 4.349048137664795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Unidentified flying object" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Project Sign was dismantled and became Project Grudge at the end of 1948. Angered by the low quality of investigations by Grudge, the Air Force Director of Intelligence reorganized it as Project Blue Book in late 1951, placing Ruppelt in charge. Blue Book closed down in 1970, using the Condon Committee's negative conclusion as a rationale, thus ending official Air Force UFO investigations. However, a 1969 USAF document, known as the Bolender memo, along with later government documents, revealed that non-public U.S. government UFO investigations continued after 1970. The Bolender memo first stated that \"reports of unidentified flying objects that could affect national security ... are not part of the Blue Book system,\" indicating that more serious UFO incidents already were handled outside the public Blue Book investigation. The memo then added, \"reports of UFOs which could affect national security would continue to be handled through the standard Air Force procedures designed for this purpose.\"For example, current USAF general reporting procedures are in [http://www.theblackvault.com/documents/ufos/AFI10-206.pdf Air Force Instruction (AFI)10-206]. Section 5.7.3 (p. 64) lists sightings of \"unidentified flying objects\" and \"aircraft of unconventional design\" as separate categories from potentially hostile but conventional, unidentified aircraft, missiles, surface vessels, or submarines. Additionally, \"unidentified objects\" detected by missile warning systems, creating a potential risk of nuclear war, are covered by Rule 5E (p.35). In addition, in the late 1960s a chapter on UFOs in the Space Sciences course at the U.S. Air Force Academy gave serious consideration to possible extraterrestrial origins. When word of the curriculum became public, the Air Force in 1970 issued a statement to the effect that the book was outdated and that cadets instead were being informed of the Condon Report's negative conclusion. ", "precise_score": 2.9494738578796387, "rough_score": 4.153791904449463, "source": "wiki", "title": "Unidentified flying object" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "* The Interplanetary Phenomenon Unit (IPU), established by the U.S. Army sometime in the 1940s, and about which little is known. In 1987, British UFO researcher Timothy Good received from the Army's director of counter-intelligence a letter confirming the existence of the IPU. The letter stated that \"the aforementioned Army unit was disestablished during the late 1950s and never reactivated. All records pertaining to this unit were surrendered to the U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations in conjunction with operation BLUEBOOK.\" The IPU records have never been released. ", "precise_score": -1.0081862211227417, "rough_score": 2.0849971771240234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Unidentified flying object" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Public USAF UFO studies were first initiated under Project Sign at the end of 1947, following many widely publicized UFO reports (see Kenneth Arnold). Project Sign was initiated specifically at the request of General Nathan Twining, chief of the Air Force Materiel Command at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Wright-Patterson was also to be the home of Project Sign and all subsequent official USAF public investigations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7439002990722656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Sign was officially inconclusive regarding the cause of the sightings. However, according to US Air Force Captain Edward J. Ruppelt (the first director of Project Blue Book), Sign's initial intelligence estimate (the so-called Estimate of the Situation) written in the late summer of 1948, concluded that the flying saucers were real craft, were not made by either the Russians or US, and were likely extraterrestrial in origin. (See also extraterrestrial hypothesis.) This estimate was forwarded to the Pentagon, but subsequently ordered destroyed by Gen. Hoyt Vandenberg, USAF Chief of Staff, citing a lack of physical proof. Vandenberg subsequently dismantled Project Sign.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.8840107917785645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Ruppelt was the first head of the project. He was an experienced airman, having been decorated for his efforts with the Army Air Corps during World War II, and having afterward earned an aeronautics degree. He officially coined the term \"Unidentified Flying Object\", to replace the many terms (\"flying saucer\" \"flying disk\" and so on) the military had previously used; Ruppelt thought that \"unidentified flying object\" was a more neutral and accurate term. Ruppelt resigned from the Air Force some years later, and wrote the book The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects, which described the study of UFOs by United States Air Force from 1947 to 1955. American scientist Michael D. Swords wrote that \"Ruppelt would lead the last genuine effort to analyze UFOs\".Dr. Michael D. Swords; \"UFOs, the Military, and the Early Cold War Era\", p102", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.151956558227539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Each U.S. Air Force Base had a Blue Book officer to collect UFO reports and forward them to Ruppelt.Blum, Howard, Out There: The Government's Secret Quest for Extraterrestrials, Simon and Schuster, 1990 During most of Ruppelt's tenure, he and his team were authorized to interview any and all military personnel who witnessed UFOs, and were not required to follow the chain of command. This unprecedented authority underlined the seriousness of Blue Book's investigation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.155107021331787, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "In their final report, they stressed that low-grade, unverifiable UFO reports were overloading intelligence channels, with the risk of missing a genuine conventional threat to the U.S. Therefore, they recommended the Air Force de-emphasize the subject of UFOs and embark on a debunking campaign to lessen public interest. They suggested debunkery through the mass media, including Walt Disney Productions, and using psychologists, astronomers, and celebrities to ridicule the phenomenon and put forward prosaic explanations. Furthermore, civilian UFO groups \"should be watched because of their potentially great influence on mass thinking… The apparent irresponsibility and the possible use of such groups for subversive purposes should be kept in mind.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.294308185577393, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "It is the conclusion of many researchersJerome Clark, The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial, 1998; Detroit: Visible Ink Press, ISBN 1-57859-029-9 that the Robertson Panel was recommending controlling public opinion through a program of official propaganda and spying. They also believe these recommendations helped shape Air Force policy regarding UFO study not only immediately afterward, but also into the present day. There is evidence that the Panel's recommendations were being carried out at least two decades after its conclusions were issued (see the main article for details and citations).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.4142913818359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "In December 1953, Joint Army-Navy-Air Force Regulation number 146 made it a crime for military personnel to discuss classified UFO reports with unauthorized persons. Violators faced up to two years in prison and/or fines of up to $10,000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.50769567489624, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "As an immediate consequence of the Robertson Panel recommendations, in February 1953, the Air Force issued Regulation 200-2, ordering air base officers to publicly discuss UFO incidents only if they were judged to have been solved, and to classify all the unsolved cases to keep them out of the public eye.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.152195930480957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "All this was done secretly. The public face of Blue Book continued to be the official Air Force investigation of UFOs, but the reality was it had essentially been reduced to doing very little serious investigation, and had become almost solely a public relations outfit with a debunking mandate. To cite one example, by the end of 1956, the number of cases listed as unsolved had dipped to barely 0.4 percent, from the 20 to 30% only a few years earlier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5091930031776428, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "UFO investigators often regard Ruppelt's brief tenure at Blue Book as the high-water mark of public Air Force investigations of UFOs, when UFO investigations were treated seriously and had support at high levels. Thereafter, Project Blue Book descended into a new \"Dark Ages\" from which many UFO investigators argue it never emerged. However, Ruppelt later came to embrace the Blue Book perspective that there was nothing extraordinary about UFOs; he even labeled the subject a \"Space Age Myth.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.01871076598763466, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "In 1955, the Air Force decided that the goal of Blue Book should be not to investigate UFO reports, but rather to reduce the number of unidentified UFO reports to a minimum. By late 1956, the number of unidentified sightings had dropped from the 20-25% of the Ruppelt era, to less than 1%.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.141022801399231, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "During Friend's tenure, ATIC contemplated passing oversight Blue Book to another Air Force agency, but neither the Air Research and Development Center, nor the Office of Information for the Secretary of the Air Force was interested.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.160265922546387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Take for example, the many mostly nighttime UFO reports from the midwestern and southeastern United States in the summer of 1965: Witnesses in Texas reported \"multicolored lights\" and large aerial objects shaped like eggs or diamonds. The Oklahoma Highway Patrol reported that Tinker Air Force Base (near Oklahoma City) had tracked up to four UFOs simultaneously, and that several of them had descended very rapidly: from about 22000 feet to about 4000 feet in just a few seconds, an action well beyond the capabilities of conventional aircraft of the era. John Shockley, a meteorologist from Wichita, Kansas, reported that, using the state Weather Bureau radar, he tracked a number of odd aerial objects flying at altitudes between about 6000 and 9000 feet. These and other reports received wide publicity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.860332489013672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Blue Book's explanation was widely criticized as inaccurate. Robert Riser, director of the Oklahoma Science and Art Foundation Planetarium offered a strongly worded rebuke of Project Blue Book that was widely circulated: “That is as far from the truth as you can get. These stars and planets are on the opposite side of the earth from Oklahoma City at this time of year. The Air Force must have had its star finder upside-down during August.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.115958213806152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "A newspaper editorial from the Richmond News Leader opined that \"Attempts to dismiss the reported sightings under the rationale as exhibited by Project Bluebook (sic) won't solve the mystery … and serve only to heighten the suspicion that there's something out there that the air force doesn't want us to know about\", while a Wichita-based UPI reporter noted that \"Ordinary radar does not pick up planets and stars.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.354302406311035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "The UFO chase made national news, and the police submitted detailed reports to Blue Book. Five days later, following brief interviews with only one of the police officers (but none of the other ground witnesses), Blue Book's director, Major Hector Quintanilla, announced their conclusions: The police (one of them an Air Force gunner during the Korean War) had first chased a communications satellite, then the planet Venus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1867189407348633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "This conclusion was widely derided, and was strenuously rejected by the police officers. In his dissenting conclusion, Hynek described Blue Book's conclusions as absurd: in their reports, several of the police had unknowingly described the moon, Venus and the UFO, though they unknowingly described Venus as a bright \"star\" very near the moon. Ohio Congressman William Stanton said that \"The Air Force has suffered a great loss of prestige in this community … Once people entrusted with the public welfare no longer think the people can handle the truth, then the people, in return, will no longer trust the government.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.328070163726807, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "In September 1968, Hynek received a letter from Colonel Raymond Sleeper of the Foreign Technology Division. Sleeper noted that Hynek had publicly accused Blue Book of shoddy science, and further asked Hynek to offer advice on how Blue Book could improve its scientific methodology. Hynek was to later declare that Sleeper's letter was \"the first time in my 20 year association with the air force as scientific consultant that I had been officially asked for criticism and advice [regarding] … the UFO problem.\"Jerome Clark, The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial, p477", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2108466625213623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Quintanilla's own perspective on the project is documented in his manuscript, \"[http://www.nidsci.org/pdf/quintanilla.pdf UFOs, An Air Force Dilemma].” Lt. Col Quintanilla wrote the manuscript in 1975, but it was not published until after his death. Quintanilla states in the text that he personally believed it arrogant to think human beings were the only intelligent life in the universe. Yet, while he found it highly likely that intelligent life existed beyond earth, he had no hard evidence of any extra terrestrial visitation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.40029239654541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "In 1966, a string of UFO sightings in Massachusetts and New Hampshire provoked a Congressional Hearing by the House Committee on Armed Services. According to attachments to the hearing, the Air Force had at first stated that the sightings were the result of a training exercise happening in the area. But NICAP, the National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena, reported that there was no record of a plane flying at the time the sightings occurred. Another report alleged that the UFO was actually a flying billboard promoting the gasoline. Raymond Fowler (of NICAP) added his own interviews with the locals, who saw Air Force officers confiscating newspapers with the story of UFOs and telling them not to report what they had seen. Two police officers who had witnessed the UFOs, Eugene Bertrand and David Hunt, wrote a letter to Major Quintanilla stating that they felt their reputations were destroyed by the Air Force. \"It was impossible to mistake what we saw for any kind of military operation, regardless of altitude,\" the irritated officers wrote, adding that there was no way it could have been a balloon or helicopter. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.8626389503479, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "According to Secretary Harold Brown of the Air Force, Blue Book consisted of three steps: investigation, analysis, and the distribution of information gathered to interested parties. After Brown gave permission, the press were invited into the hearing. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.927743911743164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Blue Book's files were sent to the Air Force Archives at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama. Major David Shea was to later claim that Maxwell was chosen because it was \"accessible yet not too inviting.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.63863468170166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Below is the United States Air Force's official statement regarding UFOs, as noted in USAF Fact Sheet 95-03:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.362906455993652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "An Air Force memorandum (released via the Freedom of Information Act) dated October 20, 1969 and signed by Brigadier General C.H. Bolander states that even after Blue Book was dissolved, that \"reports of UFOs\" would still \"continue to be handled through the standard Air Force procedure designed for this purpose.\" Furthermore, wrote Bolander, \"Reports of unidentified flying objects which could affect national security … are not part of the Blue Book system.\"Jenny Randles and Peter Houghe; The Complete Book of UFOs: An Investigation into Alien Contact and Encounters; Sterling Publishing Co, Inc, 1994; ISBN 0-8069-8132-6, p179 To date, these other investigation channels, agencies or groups are unknown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.4545060992240906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Additionally, Blum reports that Freedom of Information Act requests show that the U.S. Air Force has continued to catalog and track UFO sightings, particularly a series of dozens of UFO encounters from the late 1960s to the mid-1970s that occurred at U.S. military facilities with nuclear weapons. Blum writes that some of these official documents depart drastically from the normally dry and bureaucratic wording of government paperwork, making obvious the sense of \"terror\" that these UFO incidents inspired in many U.S.A.F. personnel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.8452253341674805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "In late December 1951, Ruppelt met with members of the Battelle Memorial Institute, a think tank based in Columbus, Ohio. Ruppelt wanted their experts to assist them in making the Air Force UFO study more scientific. It was the Battelle Institute that devised the standardized reporting form. Starting in late March 1952, the Institute started analyzing existing sighting reports and encoding about 30 report characteristics onto IBM punched cards for computer analysis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.997132301330566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "* About 69% of the cases were judged known or identified (38% were considered conclusively identified while 31% were still \"doubtfully\" explained); about 9% fell into insufficient information. About 22% were deemed \"unknown\", down from the earlier 28% value of the Air Force studies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.270208358764648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "When the Air Force finally made Special Report #14 public in October 1955, it was claimed that the report scientifically proved that UFOs did not exist. Critics of this claim note that the report actually proved that the \"unknowns\" were distinctly different from the \"knowns\" at a very high statistical significance level. The Air Force also incorrectly claimed that only 3% of the cases studied were unknowns, instead of the actual 22%. They further claimed that the residual 3% would probably disappear if more complete data were available. Critics counter that this ignored the fact that the analysts had already thrown such cases into the category of \"insufficient information\", whereas both \"knowns\" and \"unknowns\" were deemed to have sufficient information to make a determination. Also the \"unknowns\" tended to represent the higher quality cases, q.e. reports that already had better information and witnesses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.336277961730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "He held Quintanilla in especially low regard: \"Quintanilla's method was simple: disregard any evidence that was counter to his hypothesis.\"J. Allen Hynek; The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry; 1972; Henry Regenery Company, p103 Hynek wrote that during Air Force Major Hector Quintanilla's tenure as Blue Book's director, “the flag of the utter nonsense school was flying at its highest on the mast.” Hynek reported that Sergeant David Moody, one of Quintanilla's subordinates, “epitomized the conviction-before-trial method. Anything that he didn't understand or didn't like was immediately put into the psychological category, which meant ‘crackpot'.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.474544525146484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Project Blue Book played a major role in the second season of the 1990–1991 TV series Twin Peaks. Major Garland Briggs, an Air Force officer who worked on the program, approaches protagonist Dale Cooper and reveals that Cooper's name turned up in an otherwise nonsensical radio transmission intercepted by the Air Force, which inexplicably originated from the woods surrounding the town of Twin Peaks. As the season progresses, it is revealed that the source of the transmission is the transdimensional realm of the Black Lodge, inhabited by beings which feed on the human emotions of pain and suffering; it eventually comes out that Briggs worked with Cooper's rival, corrupt FBI agent Windom Earle, on Project Blue Book, and that the two men apparently uncovered evidence of the Lodge during the course of their work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.640030860900879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Project Blue Book" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Stories of fantastical celestial apparitions have been told since antiquity, but the term \"UFO\" (or \"UFOB\") was officially created in 1953 by the United States Air Force (USAF) to serve as a catch-all for all such reports. In its initial definition, the USAF stated that a \"UFOB\" was \"any airborne object which by performance, aerodynamic characteristics, or unusual features, does not conform to any presently known aircraft or missile type, or which cannot be positively identified as a familiar object.\" Accordingly, the term was initially restricted to that fraction of cases which remained unidentified after investigation, as the USAF was interested in potential national security reasons and/or \"technical aspects\" (see Air Force Regulation 200-2).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.574360370635986, "source": "wiki", "title": "Unidentified flying object" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Air Force Regulation 200-2, issued in 1953 and 1954, defined an Unidentified Flying Object (\"UFOB\") as \"any airborne object which by performance, aerodynamic characteristics, or unusual features, does not conform to any presently known aircraft or missile type, or which cannot be positively identified as a familiar object.\" The regulation also said UFOBs were to be investigated as a \"possible threat to the security of the United States\" and \"to determine technical aspects involved.\" The regulation went on to say that \"it is permissible to inform news media representatives on UFOB's when the object is positively identified as a familiar object,\" but added: \"For those objects which are not explainable, only the fact that ATIC [Air Technical Intelligence Center] will analyze the data is worthy of release, due to many unknowns involved.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.881092548370361, "source": "wiki", "title": "Unidentified flying object" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Some public government reports have acknowledged the possibility of physical reality of UFOs, but have stopped short of proposing extraterrestrial origins, though not dismissing the possibility entirely. Examples are the Belgian military investigation into large triangles over their airspace in 1989–1991 and the 2009 Uruguayan Air Force study conclusion (see below).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.058650493621826, "source": "wiki", "title": "Unidentified flying object" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "* The secret U.S. Army/Air Force Project Twinkle investigation into green fireballs (1948–1951)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.018783569335938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Unidentified flying object" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Thousands of documents released under FOIA also indicate that many U.S. intelligence agencies collected (and still collect) information on UFOs. These agencies include the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), FBI, CIA, National Security Agency (NSA), as well as military intelligence agencies of the Army and U.S. Navy, in addition to the Air Force.Many of these documents are now online at the FOIA websites of these agencies such as the , as well as private websites such as [http://www.theblackvault.com/ The Black Vault], which has an archive of several thousand U.S. government UFO-related documents from the USAF, Army, CIA, DIA, DOD, and NSA.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.402325630187988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Unidentified flying object" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Following the large U.S. surge in sightings in June and early July 1947, on July 9, 1947, United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) intelligence, in cooperation with the FBI, began a formal investigation into selected sightings with characteristics that could not be immediately rationalized, which included Kenneth Arnold's and that of the United Airlines crew. The USAAF used \"all of its top scientists\" to determine whether \"such a phenomenon could, in fact, occur.\" The research was \"being conducted with the thought that the flying objects might be a celestial phenomenon,\" or that \"they might be a foreign body mechanically devised and controlled.\" Three weeks later in a preliminary defense estimate, the air force investigation decided that, \"This 'flying saucer' situation is not all imaginary or seeing too much in some natural phenomenon. Something is really flying around.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.587505340576172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Unidentified flying object" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "A further review by the intelligence and technical divisions of the Air Materiel Command at Wright Field reached the same conclusion. It reported that \"the phenomenon is something real and not visionary or fictitious,\" that there were objects in the shape of a disc, metallic in appearance, and as big as man-made aircraft. They were characterized by \"extreme rates of climb [and] maneuverability,\" general lack of noise, absence of trail, occasional formation flying, and \"evasive\" behavior \"when sighted or contacted by friendly aircraft and radar,\" suggesting a controlled craft. It was therefore recommended in late September 1947 that an official Air Force investigation be set up to investigate the phenomenon. It was also recommended that other government agencies should assist in the investigation.The so-called [http://www.majesticdocuments.com/pdf/twiningopinionamc_23sept47.pdf Twining memo of Sept. 23, 1947], by future USAF Chief of Staff, General Nathan Twining, specifically recommended intelligence cooperation with the Army, Navy, Atomic Energy Commission, the Defense Department's Joint Research and Development Board, Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), Project RAND, and the Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft (NEPA) project.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.043584823608398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Unidentified flying object" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "This led to the creation of the Air Force's Project Sign at the end of 1947, one of the earliest government studies to come to a secret extraterrestrial conclusion. In August 1948, Sign investigators wrote a top-secret intelligence estimate to that effect, but the Air Force Chief of Staff Hoyt Vandenberg ordered it destroyed. The existence of this suppressed report was revealed by several insiders who had read it, such as astronomer and USAF consultant J. Allen Hynek and Capt. Edward J. Ruppelt, the first head of the USAF's Project Blue Book. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.562508583068848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Unidentified flying object" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "According to records released on August 5, 2010, British wartime prime minister Winston Churchill banned the reporting for 50 years of an alleged UFO incident because of fears it could create mass panic. Reports given to Churchill asserted that the incident involved a Royal Air Force (RAF) reconnaissance aircraft returning from a mission in France or Germany toward the end of World War II. It was over or near the English coastline when it was allegedly intercepted by a strange metallic object that matched the aircraft's course and speed for a time before accelerating away and disappearing. The aircraft's crew were reported to have photographed the object, which they said had \"hovered noiselessly\" near the aircraft, before moving off. According to the documents, details of the coverup emerged when a man wrote to the government in 1999 seeking to find out more about the incident and described how his grandfather, who had served with the RAF in the war, was present when Churchill and U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower discussed how to deal with the UFO encounter. The files come from more than 5,000 pages of UFO reports, letters and drawings from members of the public, as well as questions raised in Parliament. They are available to download from The National Archives website.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.085944175720215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Unidentified flying object" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "*In 1973, an Alitalia airplane left Rome for Naples sighted a mysterious round object. Two Italian Air Force planes from Ciampino confirmed the sighting. In the same year there was another sighting at Caselle airport near Turin. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.592469215393066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Unidentified flying object" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "The Uruguayan Air Force has conducted UFO investigations since 1989 and reportedly analyzed 2,100 cases of which they regard approximately 2% as lacking explanation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.160001754760742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Unidentified flying object" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "Astronomer Clyde Tombaugh, who admitted to six UFO sightings, including three green fireballs, supported the Extraterrestrial hypothesis for UFOs and stated he thought scientists who dismissed it without study were being \"unscientific.\" Another astronomer was Lincoln LaPaz, who had headed the Air Force's investigation into the green fireballs and other UFO phenomena in New Mexico. LaPaz reported two personal sightings, one of a green fireball, the other of an anomalous disc-like object. (Both Tombaugh and LaPaz were part of Hynek's 1952 survey.) Hynek himself took two photos through the window of a commercial airliner of a disc-like object that seemed to pace his aircraft. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.154823303222656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Unidentified flying object" }, { "answer": "Air Force", "passage": "In 2013 the Peruvian government's Departamento de Investigación de Fenómenos Aéreos Anómalos (Anomalous Aerial Phenomena Research Department), or \"DIFAA\", was officially reactivated due to an increase in reported sightings. According to Colonel Julio Vucetich, head of the air force's aerospace interests division who himself claims to have seen an \"anomalous aerial object\", \"On a personal basis, it's evident to me that we are not alone in this world or universe.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.638188362121582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Unidentified flying object" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Spokane (WA)", "Spokane WA", "Spokane, Washington", "Spokane", "Spokane-Spokane Valley, WA Metropolitan Statistical Area", "UN/LOCODE:USGEG", "Spokane-Spokane Valley-Coeur d'Alene, WA-ID CSA", "Spokane, wa", "Spokane, Washington metropolitan area", "Spokane metro area", "Spokane Metropolitan Area", "Spokane-Spokane Valley-Coeur d'Alene, WA-ID Combined Statistical Area", "Spokane, Wa", "Spokane, Washington (State)", "Spokane, Wash.,", "SPOKANE, WA", "Spokane-Spokane Valley, WA MSA", "Spokane metropolitan area", "Spokompton", "Spokane, WA", "The Lilac City", "Spokane, Wash.", "West Spokane, Washington" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "spokane", "spokane spokane valley coeur d alene wa id combined statistical area", "spokompton", "west spokane washington", "spokane spokane valley coeur d alene wa id csa", "spokane wash", "spokane washington metropolitan area", "un locode usgeg", "spokane metropolitan area", "spokane spokane valley wa metropolitan statistical area", "spokane metro area", "spokane spokane valley wa msa", "spokane washington", "spokane wa", "spokane washington state", "lilac city" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "spokane", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Spokane" }

[ { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane ( ) is a city in the state of Washington, in the northwestern United States. Spokane is the seat of Spokane County. It is located on the Spokane River, west of the Rocky Mountain foothills in eastern Washington, 92 mi south of the Canadian border, approximately 20 mi from the Washington–Idaho border, and 280 mi east of Seattle along Interstate 90. The city and wider Inland Northwest region is served by Spokane International Airport, 5 mi west of downtown Spokane. According to the 2010 Census, Spokane had a population of 208,916, making it the second largest city in Washington and the 102nd largest city in the United States.", "precise_score": -8.735468864440918, "rough_score": -8.63329792022705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The first humans to live in the area, the Spokane people (their name meaning \"children of the sun\" in Salishan), arrived between 13,000 and 8,000 years ago, living off plentiful game. Known as the birthplace of Father's Day, Spokane is officially nicknamed the \"Lilac City\". David Thompson explored the area with the westward expansion and establishment of the North West Company's Spokane House in 1810. This trading post was the first long-term European settlement in Washington. Completion of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1881 brought settlers to the Spokane area, and that same year it was officially incorporated as a city with the name \"Spokan Falls\". The \"e\" was added to Spokane in 1883, and \"Falls\" was dropped in 1891. In the late 19th century, gold and silver were discovered in the Inland Northwest. The local economy depended on mining, timber, and agriculture until the 1980s. Spokane hosted the first environmentally themed World's Fair at Expo '74.", "precise_score": -5.547172546386719, "rough_score": -6.762972831726074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Many of the older Romanesque Revival-style buildings in the downtown area were designed by architect Kirtland Kelsey Cutter after the Great Fire of 1889. The city also features Riverfront and Manito parks, the Smithsonian-affiliated Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture, the Davenport Hotel, and the Fox and Bing Crosby theaters. The Cathedral of Our Lady of Lourdes serves as the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Spokane with Thomas Daly as the newly appointed Bishop as of 2015. The Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist (Spokane, Washington) represents the Anglican community. The city is also the center of the Mormon Spokane Washington Temple District. Gonzaga University was established in 1887 by the Society of Jesus, and the private Presbyterian Whitworth University moved to north Spokane in 1914 from Tacoma, WA. In sports, the Gonzaga Bulldogs collegiate basketball team competes at the Division I level. Professional and semi-professional sports teams include the Spokane Indians in Minor League Baseball, Spokane Empire in arena football, and Spokane Chiefs in junior ice hockey. As of 2010, Spokane's only major daily newspaper, The Spokesman-Review, had a daily circulation of over 75,000.", "precise_score": -9.171555519104004, "rough_score": -4.916293144226074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "In 1853, two years after the establishment of the Washington Territory, the first governor, Isaac Stevens, made an initial effort to make a treaty with Chief Garry and the Spokanes at Antoine Plantes' Ferry, not far from Millwood. ", "precise_score": -9.677375793457031, "rough_score": -8.847323417663574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Joint American–British occupation of Oregon Country, in effect since the Treaty of 1818, eventually led to the Oregon Boundary Dispute after a large influx of American settlers along the Oregon Trail. The first American settlers in what is now Spokane were J.J. Downing and S.R. Scranton, cattle ranchers who squatted and established a claim at Spokane Falls in 1871. Together they built a small sawmill on a claim near the south bank of the falls. James N. Glover and Jasper Matheney, Oregonians passing through the region in 1873, recognized the value of the Spokane River and its falls for the purpose of water power. They realized the investment potential and bought the claims of 160 acre and the sawmill from Downing and Scranton for a total of $4,000. Glover and Matheney knew that the Northern Pacific Railroad Company had received a government charter to build a main line across this northern route. Amid many delays in construction and uncertainty over the completion of the railroad and its exact course, Matheney sold his interest in the claim to Glover. Glover confidently held on to his claim and became a successful Spokane business owner and was the second mayor of Spokane in 1883. He later came to be known as the \"Father of Spokane\". When Spokane was officially incorporated in 1881 Robert W. Forrest was elected as the first mayor of the city, with a Council of seven-S.G. Havermale, A.M. Cannon, Dr. L.H.Whitehouse, L.W. Rima, F.R. Moore, George A. Davis, and W.C. Gray. The Mayor and Councilmen served without pay. ", "precise_score": -9.807652473449707, "rough_score": -7.700465679168701, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "In 1880, Fort Spokane was established by U.S. Army troops under Lt. Col. Henry Clay Merriam 56 mi northwest of Spokane, at the junction of the Columbia and Spokane Rivers, to protect the construction of the Northern Pacific Railway and secure a place for U.S. settlement. By June 30, 1881, the railway reached the city, bringing major European settlement to the area. The city of Spokan Falls (the \"e\" was added in 1883 and \"Falls\" dropped in 1891) was officially incorporated as a city of about 1,000 residents on November 29, 1881. Note: The site is in betatest, so this link will have to be renamed soon. The marketing campaigns of transportation companies with affordable fertile land to sell along their trade routes lured many settlers into the region they dubbed \"Spokane Country\". ", "precise_score": -0.8991185426712036, "rough_score": -3.150434732437134, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane's growth continued unabated until August 4, 1889, when a fire, now known as The Great Fire (not to be confused with the Great Fire of 1910, which happened nearby), began just after 6:00 p.m. and destroyed the city's downtown commercial district. Due to technical problems with a pump station, there was no water pressure in the city when the fire started. In a desperate bid to starve the fire, firefighters began razing buildings with dynamite. Eventually the winds and the fire died down; 32 blocks of Spokane's downtown core had been destroyed and one person killed.", "precise_score": -10.122140884399414, "rough_score": -7.810025691986084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Despite this catastrophe, and in part because of it, Spokane experienced a building boom. The downtown was rebuilt, and the city was reincorporated under the present name of \"Spokane\" in 1891. According to historian David H. Stratton, \"From the late 1890s to about 1912, a great flurry of construction created a modern urban profile of office buildings, banks, department stores, hotels and other commercial institutions,\" which stretched from the Spokane River to the site of the Northern Pacific railroad tracks below the South Hill. Yet the rebuilding and development of the city was far from smooth: between 1889 and 1896 alone, all six bridges over the Spokane River were destroyed by floods before their completion. In the 1890s the city was subject to intrastate migration by African-Americans from Roslyn, looking for work after the closure of the area's mines. Two African-American churches, Calvary Baptist and Bethel African Methodist Episcopal, were founded in 1890. Just three years after the fire, in 1892, James J. Hill's Great Northern Railway arrived in the chosen site for Hill's rail yards, the newly created township of Hillyard (annexed by Spokane in 1924). Spokane became an important rail shipping and transportation hub for the Inland Empire, connecting mines in the Silver Valley with agricultural areas around the Palouse region. The city's population ballooned to 19,922 in 1890, and to 36,848 in 1900 with the arrival of additional railroads. By 1910 the population had hit 104,000, and Spokane eclipsed Walla Walla as the commercial center of the Inland Empire. In time the city came to be known as the \"capital\" of the Inland Empire and the heart of a vast tributary region. After the arrival of the Northern Pacific, Union Pacific, Great Northern, and Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific railroads, Spokane became one of the most important rail centers in the western U.S. ", "precise_score": -9.846893310546875, "rough_score": -6.178708076477051, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane is located on the Spokane River in eastern Washington at an elevation of 1843 ft above sea level, about 20 mi from Idaho, 110 mi south of the Canadian border, 232 mi east of Seattle, and 277 mi southwest of Calgary. The lowest elevation in the city of Spokane is the northernmost point of the Spokane River within city limits (in Riverside State Park) at 1608 ft; the highest elevation is on the northeast side, near the community of Hillyard (though closer to Beacon Hill and the North Hill Reservoir) at 2591 ft. Spokane is part of the Inland Northwest region, consisting of eastern Washington, northern Idaho, northwestern Montana, and northeastern Oregon. ", "precise_score": -9.544458389282227, "rough_score": -8.57432746887207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Some of Spokane's most prominent neighborhoods are Riverside, Browne's Addition, and Hillyard. The Riverside neighborhood consists primarily of downtown Spokane and is the central business district of Spokane. The neighborhoods south of downtown Spokane are generally known as the South Hill. Downtown Spokane contains many of the city's public facilities, including City Hall, Riverfront Park (site of Expo '74), and the Spokane Convention Center and INB Performing Arts Center, as well as the Spokane Arena and Spokane County Courthouse across the river in the historic West Central neighborhood. The Monroe Street Bridge, a city icon, connects the two areas. To the east of downtown is East Central and the adjacent University District and International District. To the west of downtown is one of Spokane's oldest and densest neighborhoods, Browne's Addition.", "precise_score": -10.2156400680542, "rough_score": -8.68680191040039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "A National Historic District west of Downtown, Browne's Addition was Spokane's first prestigious address, notable for its array of old mansions built by Spokane's early elite in the Queen Anne and early American Craftsman styles. The area houses the Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture. In northeast Spokane, the Hillyard neighborhood began in 1892 as the chosen site for James J. Hill's Great Northern Railway yard, placed outside Spokane city limits to avoid \"burdensome taxes.\" The downtown Hillyard Business District, located on Market Street, was the Spokane neighborhood listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Many of the former town's houses were built to house railroad workers, mainly immigrant laborers working in the local yard, who gave Hillyard an independent, blue-collar character. Hillyard has become a home for much of Spokane's growing Russian, Ukrainian, and Southeast Asian communities.", "precise_score": -10.211912155151367, "rough_score": -5.937004566192627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane neighborhoods contain a patchwork of architectural styles that give them a distinct identity and illustrate the changes throughout the city's history. Most of Spokane's notable buildings and landmarks are in the Riverside neighborhood and the downtown commercial district, where many of the buildings were rebuilt following the Great Fire of 1889 in the Romanesque Revival style. Examples include the Great Northern clock tower, Review Building, Cathedral of Our Lady of Lourdes, First Congregational Church, Washington Water Power Post Street substation, Peyton Building, and The Carlyle. The principal architect of many buildings of this period was Kirtland Kelsey Cutter. Self-taught, he came to Spokane in 1886 and began by designing \"Chalet Hohenstein\" for himself and other residences for his family while also working as a bank teller. ", "precise_score": -9.986252784729004, "rough_score": -6.786579132080078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Other well-represented architectural styles downtown include art deco (Spokane City Hall, Paulsen Center, Fox Theater, City Ramp Garage), renaissance revival (Steam Plant Square, Thomas S. Foley Courthouse, San Marco), neoclassical (Masonic Center, Hutton Building, Bing Crosby Theater), and Chicago school (U.S. Bank Building, Liberty Building). The tallest building in the city, at 288 ft, is the modernist Bank of America Financial Center. Also of note is the Spokane County Courthouse in West Central (the building on the seal of Spokane County), the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist in Rockwood, the Benewah Milk Bottles in Riverside and Garland, Mount Saint Michael in Hillyard, and the Cambern Dutch Shop Windmill in South Perry.", "precise_score": -9.540121078491211, "rough_score": -8.58600902557373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Riverfront Park, created after Expo '74 and occupying the same site, is 100 acre in downtown Spokane and the site of some of Spokane's largest events. The park has views of the Spokane Falls and holds a number of civic attractions, including a skyride, a rebuilt gondola lift that carries visitors across the falls from high above the river gorge. The park also includes the historic hand-carved Riverfront Park Looff carousel created in 1909 by Charles I. D. Looff. Manito Park and Botanical Gardens on Spokane's South Hill features the Duncan Gardens, a classical European Renaissance-style garden and the Nishinomiya Japanese Garden designed by Nagao Sakurai. Riverside State Park, close to downtown, is a site for outdoor activities such as hiking, mountain biking, and horseriding. ", "precise_score": -10.345229148864746, "rough_score": -8.765457153320312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane is home to many higher education institutions. They include the private universities Gonzaga and Whitworth University, and the public Community Colleges of Spokane system (Spokane Community College and Spokane Falls Community College) as well as a variety of technical institutes. Gonzaga University and Law School were founded by the Italian-born priest Joseph Cataldo and the Jesuits in 1887. Whitworth, founded in 1890, is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church, and had 2,500 students studying in 53 different undergraduate and degree programs as of 2011. While Spokane is one of the larger cities in the U.S. to lack a main campus of a state-supported university within its city limits, Eastern Washington University (EWU) and Washington State University (WSU) have operations at the Riverpoint Campus in the University District, just adjacent to downtown and across the Spokane River from the Gonzaga campus. Washington State University Spokane is WSU's health sciences campus and houses the school's College of Medical Sciences, College of Nursing, and College of Pharmacy. The main EWU campus is located 15 mi southwest of Spokane in nearby Cheney, and WSU is located 65 mi to the south in Pullman. In addition to WSU's health science presence in Spokane, there is also a four-year medical school branch affiliated with the University of Washington's WWAMI program. An international branch campus of the Mukogawa Women's University, the Mukogawa Fort Wright Institute, is located in Spokane. ", "precise_score": -9.982288360595703, "rough_score": -8.11427116394043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane's streets use a street grid that is oriented to the four cardinal directions; generally, the east–west roads are designated as avenues, and the north–south roads are referred to as streets. Major east–west thoroughfares in the city include Francis, Wellesley, Mission, Sprague, and 29th Avenues. Major north–south thoroughfares include Maple–Ash, Monroe, Division, Hamilton, Greene–Market (north of I-90), and Ray–Freya (south of I-90) Streets. Division Street divides the city into East and West, while Sprague Avenue splits the city into North and South. Division Street is Spokane's major retail corridor; Sprague Avenue serves the same purpose in Spokane Valley. With over 40,000 vehicles per day in average daily traffic from Interstate 90 north to the US 2–US 395 junction, North Division is Spokane's busiest corridor. ", "precise_score": -10.38837718963623, "rough_score": -7.185208797454834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) is tasked with improving local highways to keep up with the region's growth and to try to prevent congestion problems that plague many larger cities. The WSDOT is constructing the North Spokane Corridor. When completed, the corridor will be a limited-access highway that will run from I-90, in the vicinity of the Thor/Freya interchange, northward through Spokane, meeting the existing US 395 just south of the Wandermere Golf Course. ", "precise_score": -10.380931854248047, "rough_score": -8.770523071289062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Newspaper service in Spokane is provided by its only major daily newspaper, The Spokesman-Review, which has a daily circulation of 76,291 and Sunday circulation of 95,939. The Spokesman-Review was formed from the merger of the Spokane Falls Review (1883–1894) and the Spokesman (1890–1893) in 1893 and was first published under the present name on June 29, 1894. It later absorbed the competing afternoon paper The Spokane Daily Chronicle, a significant newspaper historically that existed from 1890 until the merger in 1982. More specialized publications include the weekly alternative newspaper The Pacific Northwest Inlander, the bi-weekly business journal The Spokane Journal of Business, the student-run The Gonzaga Bulletin, the monthly GLBT newsmagazine Q View Northwest, and a monthly newspaper for parents, Kids newspaper. The city also has several community magazines, such as the monthly paper covering the Garland neighborhood, The Garland Times, and Spokane Coeur d'Alene Living, a monthly home and lifestyle magazine. ", "precise_score": -9.826284408569336, "rough_score": -8.738143920898438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The first humans to live in the Spokane area arrived between 13,000 and 8,000 years ago and were hunter-gatherer societies that lived off plentiful game. The Spokane tribe, after which the city is named (the name meaning \"children of the sun\" Salishan), are believed to be either their direct descendants, or descendants of people from the Great Plains. When asked by early white explorers, the Spokanes said their ancestors came from \"up North\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.538402557373047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Early in the 19th century, the Northwest Fur Company sent two white fur trappers west of the Rocky Mountains to search for fur. These were the first white men met by the Spokanes, who believed they were sacred, and set the trappers up in the Colville River valley for the winter. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.612665176391602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The explorer-geographer David Thompson, working as head of the North West Company's Columbia Department, became the first European to explore the Inland Empire (now called the Inland Northwest). Crossing what is now the U.S.–Canadian border from British Columbia, Thompson wanted to expand the North West Company further south in search of furs. After establishing the Kullyspell House and Saleesh House trading posts in what are now Idaho and Montana, Thompson then attempted to expand further west. He sent out two trappers, Jacques Raphael Finlay and Finan McDonald, to construct a fur trading post on the Spokane River in Washington and trade with the local Indians. This post was established in 1810, at the confluence of the Little Spokane and Spokane rivers, becoming the first enduring European settlement of significance in Washington state. Known as the Spokane House, or simply \"Spokane\", it was in operation from 1810 to 1826. Operations were run by the British North West Company and later the Hudson's Bay Company, and the post was the headquarters of the fur trade between the Rocky and Cascade mountains for 16 years. After the latter business absorbed the North West Company in 1821, the major operations at the Spokane House were eventually shifted north to Fort Colville, reducing the post's significance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.09481143951416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "In 1836, Reverend Samuel Parker visited the area and reported that around 800 Native Americans were living in Spokane Falls. A medical mission was established by Marcus and Narcissa Whitman to cater for Cayuse Indians and hikers of the Oregon Trail at Walla Walla in the south. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.561345100402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "After the Whitmans were killed by Indians in 1847, Reverend Cushing Eells established Whitman College in the city of Walla Walla, WA in their memory. Rev. Eells built the first church in Spokane in 1881 Between 1881 and 1882 the first Baptist and Episcopal churches were started, and the first Presbyterian church in 1883. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.40123462677002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "After the last campaign of the Yakima Indian War, the Coeur d'Alene War of 1858 was brought to a close by the actions of Col. George Wright, who won decisive victories against a confederation of tribes in engagements at the battles of Four Lakes and Spokane Plains. The cessation of hostilities opened the inter-mountain valley of the Pacific Northwest to safe habitation by settlers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.784955024719238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The 1883 discovery of gold, silver, and lead in the Coeur d'Alene region of northern Idaho lured prospectors. The Inland Empire erupted with numerous mining rushes from 1883 to 1892. Mining and smelting emerged as a major stimulus to Spokane. At the onset of the initial 1883 gold rush in the nearby Coeur d'Alene mining district, Spokane became popular with prospectors, offering low prices on everything \"from a horse to a frying pan\". It would keep this status for subsequent rushes in the region due to its trade center status and accessibility to railroad infrastructure. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.368717193603516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Expansion abruptly stopped in the 1910s and was followed by a period of population decline, due in large part to Spokane's slowing economy. Control of regional mines and resources became increasingly dominated by national corporations rather than local people and organizations, diverting capital outside of Spokane and decreasing growth and investment opportunities in the city. During this time of stagnation, unrest was prevalent among the area's unemployed, who became victimized by \"job sharks\", who charged a fee for signing up workers in the logging camps. Job sharks and employment agencies were known to cheat itinerant workers, sometimes paying bribes to periodically fire entire work crews, thus generating repetitive fees for themselves. Crime spiked in the 1890s and 1900s, with eruptions of violent activity involving unions such as the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), or \"Wobblies\" as they were often known, whose free speech fights had begun to garner national attention. Now, with grievances concerning the unethical practices of the employment agencies, they initiated a free speech fight in September 1908 by purposely breaking a city ordinance on soapboxing. With IWW encouragement, union members from many western states came to Spokane to take part in what had become a publicity stunt. Many Wobblies were incarcerated, including feminist labor leader Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, who published her account in the local Industrial Worker.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.68558406829834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "After mining declined at the turn of the 20th century, agriculture and logging became the primary influences in the Spokane economy. The population explosion and the building of homes, railroads, and mines in northern Idaho and southern British Columbia fueled the industry. Although overshadowed in importance by the vast timbered areas on the coastal regions west of the Cascades, and burdened with monopolistic rail freight rates and stiff competition, Spokane became a noted leader in the manufacture of doors, window sashes, blinds, and other planing mill products. Rail freight rates were much higher in Spokane than the rates in coastal seaport cities such as Seattle and Portland, so much so that Minneapolis merchants could ship goods first to Seattle and then back to Spokane for less than shipping directly to Spokane, even though the rail line ran through Spokane on the way to the coast. Local morale was affected for years by the collapse of the Division Street Bridge early in the morning on December 15, 1915, which killed five people and injured over 20, but a new bridge was built (eventually replaced in 1994). The 1920 census showed a net increase of just 35 individuals, which actually indicates that thousands left the city when considering the natural growth rate of a population. Growth in the 1920s and 1930s remained slow but less drastically so, forcing city boosters to market the city as a quiet, comfortable place suitable for raising a family rather than a dynamic community full of opportunity. The Inland Empire was heavily dependent on natural resources and extractive goods produced from mines, forests, and farms, which experienced a fall in demand. The situation improved slightly with the start of World War II as aluminum production commenced in Spokane due to the area's cheap electricity (produced from regional dams) and the increased demand for airplanes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.90951156616211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "After decades of stagnation and slow growth, Spokane businessmen formed Spokane Unlimited in the early 1960s, an organization that sought to revitalize downtown Spokane. A recreation park showcasing the Spokane Falls was the preferred option, and after successful negotiation to relocate the railroad facilities on Havermale Island, Spokane hosted the first environmentally themed World's Fair in Expo '74 on May 4, becoming the smallest city at the time to host a World's Fair. This event transformed Spokane's downtown, removing a century of railroad infrastructure and reinventing the urban core. After Expo '74, the fairgrounds became the 100 acre Riverfront Park. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.971529960632324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The growth witnessed in the late 1970s and early 1980s was interrupted by another U.S. recession in 1981, in which silver, timber, and farm prices dropped. The period of decline for the city lasted into the 1990s and was also marked by a loss of many steady family-wage jobs in the manufacturing sector. Although this was a tough period, Spokane's economy had started to benefit from some measure of economic diversification; growing companies such as Key Tronic and other research, marketing, and assembly plants for technology companies helped lessen Spokane's dependence on natural resources.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.185649871826172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "As of 2014, Spokane is still trying to make the transition to a more service-oriented economy in the face of a less prominent manufacturing sector. Developing the city's strength in the medical and health sciences fields has seen some success, resulting in the expansion of the University District with a medical school branch. The city faces challenges such as a scarcity of high-paying jobs, pockets of poverty, and areas of high crime.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.94670295715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The opening of the River Park Square Mall in 1999 sparked a downtown rebirth that included the building of the Spokane Arena and expansion of the Spokane Convention Center. Other major projects include the building of the Big Easy concert house (now the Knitting Factory) and renovation of the historic Montvale Hotel, the Kirtland Cutter-designed Davenport Hotel (after being vacant for over 20 years), and the Fox Theater (now home to the Spokane Symphony). The Kendall Yards development on the west side of downtown Spokane is one of the largest construction projects in the city's history. Directly across the Spokane River from downtown, it will blend residential and retail space with plazas and walking trails.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.773940086364746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "In August 2015, the city entered a legal battle with international agricultural giant Monsanto, alleging that the company has pumped harmful products into the Spokane River for decades, and insist the company be responsible for cleanup costs. The city also announced it will spend hundreds of millions of dollars to keep harmful products out of the river in the coming years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.757389068603516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane lies in the Columbia Plateau ecoregion on the eastern edge of the basaltic Channeled Scablands steppe, a plain that then eventually rises sharply to the east towards the rugged, timbered Rocky Mountain foothills, the Selkirk Mountains. It is in a transition area between the barren landscape of the Columbia Basin and the coniferous forests to the east; to the south are the lush prairies and rolling hills of the Palouse. The highest peak in Spokane County is Mount Spokane, at an elevation of 5883 ft, located on the eastern side of the Selkirk Mountains. The most prominent water feature in the area is the Spokane River, a 111 mi tributary of the Columbia River, originating from Lake Coeur d'Alene in northern Idaho. The river flows west across the Washington state line through downtown Spokane, meeting Latah Creek, then turns to the northwest, where it is joined by the Little Spokane River on its way to the Columbia River, north of Davenport. The Channeled Scablands and many of the area's numerous large lakes, such as Lake Coeur d'Alene and Lake Pend Oreille, were formed by the Missoula Floods after the ice-dammed Glacial Lake Missoula ruptured at the end of the last ice age. The Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge south of Cheney is the closest natural reserve, and the closest national park is Glacier National Park, approximately a four-hour drive away from Spokane.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.748638153076172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane has a dry-summer continental climate (Dsb under the Köppen classification), a rare climate due to its elevation and significant winter precipitation; Spokane, however, is adjacent to and sometimes even classified as a cool-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb) because the average temperature for the coldest month is just over 27 °F. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.072867393493652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane's location, between the Cascades Range to the west and the Rocky Mountains to the east and north, protects it from weather patterns experienced in other parts of the Pacific Northwest. The Cascade Mountains form a barrier to the eastward flow of moist and relatively mild air from the Pacific Ocean in winter and cool air in summer. As a result of the rain shadow effect of the Cascades, the Spokane area has average annual precipitation, less than half of Seattle's 37 in. The most precipitation occurs in December, and summer is the driest time of the year. The Rockies shield Spokane from some of the winter season's coldest air masses traveling southward across Canada.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.483989715576172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The City of Spokane operates under a mayor–council form of government, with executive and legislative branches. In 2011, David Condon was elected mayor as a non-partisan candidate, taking office on the last business day of the year. The previous mayor was Mary Verner, who succeeded the recalled James \"Jim\" West. Spokane voters have not reelected a mayor since 1973, when incumbent David H. Rodgers was granted a second term. The city elected James Everett Chase as its first African-American mayor in 1981, and after his retirement, elected the city's first woman mayor, Vicki McNeil. Spokane is the county seat of Spokane County, a position it wrested from Cheney in 1886. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.527666091918945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Democrat Jay Inslee was elected governor of Washington in 2012. Federally, Spokane is part of Washington's 5th congressional district, and has been represented by Republican Cathy McMorris Rodgers since 2004. Washington State is represented nationally in the Senate by Democrat Patty Murray and Democrat Maria Cantwell. In the 2012 general election, Spokane County favored Mitt Romney for President over Barack Obama by 51.5 to 45.7 percent; on the state ballot, the county supported the legalization of recreational marijuana ballot measure by 52.2 to 47.9 percent and opposed the legalization of same-sex marriage by 44.1 to 55.9 percent. Spokane native Tom Foley was a Democratic Speaker of the House and served as a representative of Washington's 5th district for 30 years, enjoying large support from Spokane, until his narrow defeat in the \"Republican Revolution\" of 1994, the only time U.S. voters have turned out a sitting Speaker of the House since 1860. Today, Spokane has a slight Democratic tilt, although the county and surrounding metropolitan area as a whole is staunchly conservative, and as a result, Spokane is governed by a strong amount of Republicans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.421088218688965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The crime rate per 1,000 people in the Spokane metropolitan area (Spokane County) was 64.8 in 2012, higher than the Washington state average of 38.3; the violent crime rate of 3.8 and property crime rate of 61 also exceed the statewide averages of 2.5 and 35.8, respectively. Spokane's crime rate is also higher for both violent and property crime than in 98% of communities in the U.S. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.628714561462402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Data shows that most crimes reported in the city tend to be focused around the downtown city center and its environs. Half of all property crimes are localized in about 6.5 percent of the city. An individual in Spokane has a 1 in 140 chance of becoming a victim of burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, or arson. Spokane had the fourth highest rate of auto theft in the U.S. in 2010 and 2011 according to the National Insurance Crime Bureau. Drive-by shootings and drug use, particularly crack cocaine use, became worse in the early 1990s, and four drive-by shootings were recorded in December 1993 alone. In the 1990s, a special gang unit within the Spokane Police Department was established, with an officer \"collecting intelligence on gang activity and disseminating it to street officers\". The 1990s also saw Spokane's most prolific serial killer, Robert Lee Yates, who killed thirteen prostitutes in Spokane's East Sprague red light district and confessed to two others in Tacoma, Washington. The transition of the Spokane Police Department to a community-policing precinct model has been successful in curbing crime rates since its introduction downtown, and has been expanded citywide. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.781085014343262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane and the Spokane Police Department (SPD) have received national publicity and scrutiny in the 2000s and 2010s due to many officer-involved shootings and the use of excessive force. The most high-profile of these incidents was the 2006 death of Otto Zehm, a mentally challenged man who was initially suspected of theft at a convenience store. Zehm was later found to have committed no crime, but was struck with batons by several officers and tasered. The increased pressure on the SPD prompted an independent review by a commission of the organization's use-of-force policies, an internal culture audit, and the purchase of body cameras. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.020071029663086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane's high crime rate is related to its being a major dumping ground for Washington state's prison system. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.781416893005371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The City of Spokane provides municipal water, wastewater management, and solid waste management. Spokane operates Washington's only waste-to-energy plant as well as two solid waste transfer stations as part of the Spokane Regional Solid Waste System, a collaboration between the City of Spokane and Spokane County. Electricity generated by the waste-to-energy plant is used to operate the facility, with excess energy being sold to Puget Sound Energy. Spokane draws its water from the Spokane Valley – Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer; this 370 sqmi \"sole source aquifer\" is the only water supply for Spokane County in Washington, and for Kootenai and Bonner counties in Idaho. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.113554954528809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Natural gas and electricity are provided by the local utility, Avista Utilities, while CenturyLink and Comcast provide television, internet, and telephone service. Spokane hosts three hydroelectric generation facilities on the Spokane River: the Upriver Dam, the Upper Falls Dam, and the Monroe Street Dam. The Upriver Dam is owned and operated by the City of Spokane, and generates the electricity needed to operate the municipal water supply's pressure pumps. The power generated in excess of that is sold to Avista Utilities. The Upper Falls and Monroe Street dams are owned and operated by Avista Utilities, and have respective generation capacities of 10 and 15 MW. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.587825775146484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "According to the American Community Survey, the median income for a household in Spokane in 2012 was $42,274, and the median income for a family was $50,268. Males had a median income of $42,693 and females had a median income of $34,795. The per capita income for the city was $24,034. About 13.3% of families and 18.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.8% of those under the age of 18 and 10.8% of those aged 65 and older.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.377837181091309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The median age in the city was 35 years. In Spokane, 22.4% of residents were under the age of 18, 12.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 27.6% were from 25 to 44, 25.1% were from 45 to 64, and 12.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.002820014953613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "According to the Association of Religion Data Archives' 2010 Metro Area Membership Report, the denominational affiliations of the Spokane MSA are 64,277 Evangelical Protestant, 682 Black Protestant, 24,826 Mainline Protestant, 754 Orthodox, 66,202 Catholic, 31,674 Other, and 339,338 Unclaimed. As of 2014, there are also at least three Jewish congregations. The Emanu-El congregation erected the first synagogue in Spokane and the state of Washington on September 14, 1892. The city's first mosque opened in 2009 as the Spokane Islamic Center. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.52309513092041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane, like Washington and the Pacific Northwest region as a whole, is part of the Unchurched Belt, a region characterized by low church membership rates and religious participation. The city serves as the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Spokane, which was established in 1913, and the Mormon Spokane Washington Temple District. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.231368064880371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane has been criticized and sometimes derided for its lack of diversity and multicultural offerings, but the city has become more diverse in recent decades. People from countries in the former Soviet Union (especially Russians and Ukrainians) form a comparatively large demographic in Spokane and Spokane County, the result of a large influx of immigrants and their families after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. According to the 2000 Census, the number of people of Russian or Ukrainian ancestry in Spokane County was reported to be 7,700 (4,900 residing in the city of Spokane), amounting to two percent of the county. Among the fastest-growing demographics in Spokane is the Pacific Islander ethnic group, which is estimated to be the third largest minority group in the county, after the Russian and Ukrainian community and Latinos. Spokane was once home to a sizable Asian community, mostly Japanese, centered in a district called Chinatown from the early days of the city until 1974. As in many western railway towns, the Asian community started off as an encampment for migrant laborers working on the railroads. The Chinatown Asian community thrived until the 1940s, after which its population decreased and became integrated and dispersed, losing its Asian character; urban blight and the preparations leading up to Expo '74 led to Chinatown's eventual demolition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.364967346191406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The Spokane metropolitan area consists of Spokane, Stevens, and Pend Oreille counties. As of the 2013 census estimates, the Spokane metropolitan area had a population of 535,724. Directly east of Spokane County is the Coeur d'Alene Metropolitan Statistical Area, which consists of Kootenai County, Idaho, anchored by the city of Coeur d'Alene. The urban areas of the two MSAs largely follow the path of Interstate 90 between Spokane and Coeur d'Alene. The Spokane area has suffered from suburbanization and urban sprawl in past decades, despite Washington's use of urban growth boundaries; the city ranks low among major Northwest cities in population density and smart growth. The Spokane and Coeur d'Alene Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) are now included in a single Combined Statistical Area (CSA) by the Office of Management and Budget. The Spokane–Coeur d'Alene CSA had around 679,989 residents in 2013.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.16634750366211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane became an important rail and shipping center because of its location between mining and farming areas. In the early 1880s, gold and silver were discovered in the Inland Empire; as a regional shipping center, the city furnished supplies to the miners who passed through on their way to the mineral-rich Coeur d'Alene, Colville and Kootenay districts. The mining districts are still considered among the most productive in North America. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.991028785705566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Natural resources have historically been the foundation of Spokane's economy, with the mining, logging, and agriculture industries providing much of the region's economic activity. After mining declined at the turn of the 20th century, agriculture and logging replaced mining as the primary influences in the economy. Lumberjacks and millmen working in the hundreds of mills along the railroads, rivers, and lakes of northern Washington and Idaho were provisioning themselves in Spokane. Agriculture has always been an important sector in the local economy; the surrounding area, especially to the south, is the Palouse, a productive agricultural region that supports many vineyards and microbreweries as well. By the early 20th century Spokane was primarily a commercial center rather than an industrial center. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.752872467041016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "In Spokane, wood and food processing, printing and publishing, primary metal refining and fabrication, electrical and computer equipment, and transportation equipment are leaders in the manufacturing sector. Gold mining company Gold Reserve, and Fortune 1000 company Potlatch Corporation – a forest products company that operates as a real estate investment trust – are headquartered in the city proper. Mining, forestry, and agribusiness remain important to the local and regional economy, but Spokane's economy has diversified to include other industries, including the high-tech and biotech sectors. Spokane is becoming a more service-oriented economy in the face of a less prominent manufacturing sector, particularly as a medical and biotechnology center; Fortune 1000 technology company Itron, for instance, is headquartered in the area. Avista Corporation, the holding company of Avista Utilities, is the only company in Spokane that has been listed in the Fortune 500, ranked 299 on the list in 2002. Other companies with head offices in the Spokane area include technology company Key Tronic, hotelier Red Lion Hotels Corporation, and microcar maker Commuter Cars. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.746058464050293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "As of 2013, the top five employers in Spokane are the State of Washington, Spokane Public Schools, Providence Sacred Heart Medical Center and Children's Hospital, the 92d Air Refueling Wing, and Spokane County. The largest military facility and employer, the 92d Air Refueling Wing, is stationed at Fairchild Air Force Base near Airway Heights. The leading industries in Spokane for the employed population 16 years and older were educational services, health care, and social assistance (26.5 percent), retail trade (12.7 percent), and arts, entertainment, recreation, and accommodation food services (10.4 percent). As the metropolitan center of the Inland Northwest, as well as parts of southern British Columbia and Alberta, Spokane serves as a commercial, manufacturing, transportation, medical, shopping, and entertainment hub. In 2010, the Spokane–Spokane Valley MSA had a gross metropolitan product of $19.48 billion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.667948722839355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "As of 2014, economic development in the Spokane area primarily focuses on promoting the following industries: manufacturing (especially aerospace manufacturing), health sciences, professional services, information science and technology, finance and insurance as well as clean technology, and digital media. To aid economic development, the eastern branch of Innovate Washington, a state-supported business incubator was placed in the city. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.48271656036377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Despite diversification to new industries, Spokane's economy has struggled in recent decades. Spokane was ranked the #1 \"Worst City For Jobs\" in America in both 2012 and 2015, while also ranking #4 in 2014. Additionally, Forbes named Spokane the \"Scam Capital of America\" in 2009 due to widespread business fraud. Trends of fraud were noted as far back as 1988, again in 2002, and continuing through 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.021595001220703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane's neighborhoods range from the Victorian-style South Hill and Browne's Addition, to the Davenport District of Downtown, to the more contemporary neighborhoods of North Spokane. Spokane's neighborhoods are gaining attention for their history, as illustrated by the city being home to 18 recognized National Register Historical Districts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.045581817626953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Other structures designed by Cutter include the Spokane Club, Washington Water Power Substation, Monroe Street Bridge (featured in the city seal), Central Steam Plant, and the Davenport Hotel. Built in renaissance and Spanish revival style, the Davenport Hotel cost two million dollars to complete, and included new technologies at the time of its opening in September 1914, such as chilled water, elevators, and air cooling.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.174409866333008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "As an early affluent Spokane neighborhood, the Browne's Addition neighborhood and residences contain the largest variety of residential architecture in the city. These residences are lavish and personalized, featuring many architecture styles that were popular and trendy in the Pacific Northwest from the late 19th century to 1930, such as the Victorian and Queen Anne styles. In high demand following his firms' design of the Idaho Building at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893, Cutter found work constructing many mansions for mining and railroad tycoons such as Patrick \"Patsy\" Clark and Daniel and Austin Corbin. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.05466079711914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The older neighborhoods of the early 20th century, such as West Central, East Central, Logan, Hillyard, and much of the lower South Hill, feature a large concentration of American Craftsman style bungalows. In Hillyard, the most architecturally intact neighborhood in Spokane, 85 percent of these buildings are historic. As the city expanded mainly to the north in the middle of the 20th century, the bungalows in the \"minimal traditional\" style commonplace from the 1930s to the 1950s tend to predominate in the Northwest, North Hill, and Bemiss neighborhoods. This architectural style occupies the neighborhoods where the integrity of Spokane's street grid pattern is largely intact (especially the areas north of downtown and south of Francis Ave.), and the houses have backyard alleys for carports, deliveries, and refuse collection. Contemporary suburbs and architecture are prevalent at the north and south edges of Spokane as well as in the new Kendall Yards neighborhood north of downtown. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.904882431030273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "In 1907, Spokane's board of park commissioners retained the services of the Olmsted Brothers to draw up a plan for Spokane's parks. Much of Spokane's park land was acquired by the city prior to World War I, establishing it early on as a leader among Western cities in the development of a city-wide park system. Spokane has a system of over 87 parks totaling 4100 acre and includes six neighborhood aquatic centers. Some of the most notable parks in Spokane's system are Riverfront Park, Manito Park and Botanical Gardens, Riverside State Park, Mount Spokane State Park, Saint Michael's Mission State Park, John A. Finch Arboretum, and the Dishman Hills Conservation Area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.023927688598633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The Spokane area has many trails and rail trails, the most notable of which is the Spokane River Centennial Trail, which features over of paved trails running along the Spokane River from Spokane to the Idaho border. This trail continues on towards Coeur d'Alene for as the North Idaho Centennial Trail and is often used for alternative transportation and recreational use. In the summer, it has long been popular to visit North Idaho's \"Lake Country\", such as Lake Coeur d'Alene, Lake Pend Oreille, Priest Lake, or one of the other nearby bodies of water and beaches. In the winter, the public has access to five ski resorts within a couple hours of the city. The closest of these is the Mt. Spokane Ski and Snowboard Park, which has trails for cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, snowmobiling, and dog sledding. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.185713768005371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane's main art districts are located in the Davenport Arts District, the Garland Business District, and East Sprague. The First Friday Artwalk, which occurs the first Friday of every month, is dedicated to local vendors and performers displaying art around downtown. The two most important Artwalk dates (the first Friday of February and October) attract large crowds to the art districts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.199700355529785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The Davenport Arts District has the largest concentration of art galleries and is home to many of Spokane's main performing arts venues, including the Knitting Factory, Fox Theater, and Bing Crosby Theater. The Knitting Factory is a concert house that serves as a setting for many mainstream touring musicians and acts. The Martin Woldson Theater at the Fox, restored to its original 1931 Art Deco state after years of being derelict, is home to the Spokane Symphony Orchestra. The Metropolitan Performing Arts Center was restored in 1988 and renamed the Bing Crosby Theater in 2006 to honor the former Spokanite. Theater is provided by Spokane's only resident professional company, The Modern Theater, though there are also the Spokane Civic Theatre and several other amateur community theaters and smaller groups. The INB Performing Arts Center is often host to large traveling exhibitions, shows, and tours. Spokane was awarded the All-America City Award by the National Civic League in 1974, 2004 and 2015. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.46390438079834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane offers an array of musical performances catering to a variety of interests. Spokane's local music scene, however, is considered somewhat lacking by the Spokane All-Ages Music Initiative and other critics, who have identified a need for a legitimate all-ages venue for music performances. The Spokane Symphony presents a full season of classical music, and the Spokane Jazz Orchestra, a full season of jazz music. The Spokane Jazz Orchestra, formed in 1962, is a 70-piece orchestra and non-profit organization. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.829428672790527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "There are several museums in the city, most notably the Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture, located a few blocks from the center of downtown in Browne's Addition, amid the mansions of Spokane's late 19th-century \"Age of Elegance\". A Smithsonian affiliate museum, it houses a large collection of Native American artifacts as well as regional and national traveling art exhibits. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.315266609191895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The Mobius Science Center and the related Mobius Kid's Museum in downtown Spokane seek to generate interest in science, technology, engineering, and math among the youth in a hands-on experience. The Jundt Art Museum at Gonzaga University features 2800 ft2 of exhibition space and contains sizable collections of prints from the Bolker, Baruch, Jacobs, and Corita Kent collections. The museum houses glass art by Dale Chihuly, bronze sculptures by Auguste Rodin, tapestries, paintings, ceramics, photographs, and a wide range of gifts, including from the Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Foundation and Collections. On the campus of Gonzaga University, the Crosby House, Bing Crosby's childhood home houses, the Bing Crosby Memorabilia Room, the world's largest Crosby collection with around 200 pieces. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.699393272399902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane is known as the birthplace of the national movement started by Sonora Smart Dodd that led to the proposal and eventual establishment of Father's Day as a national holiday in the U.S. The first observation of Father's Day in Spokane was on June 19, 1910. Sonora conceived the idea in Spokane's Central Methodist Episcopal Church while listening to a Mother's Day sermon. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.519408226013184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The Lilac Bloomsday Run, held in summer on the first Sunday of May, is a race for competitive runners as well as walkers that attracts international competition. Also in May is the Lilac Festival, which honors the military, celebrates youth, and showcases the region. Spokane's nickname, the \"Lilac City\", refers to a flowering shrub that has flourished since its introduction to the area in the early 20th century. In June the city hosts Spokane Hoopfest, a 3-on-3 basketball tournament, among the largest of its kind. One of Spokane's most popular local events is Pig Out in the Park, an annual six-day food and entertainment festival where attendees may eat a variety of foods and listen to free live music concerts featuring local, regional, and national recording artists in Riverfront Park. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.943202018737793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Other notable events in Spokane include the Spokane Interstate Fair, Spokane Comic-Con, and Japan Week. The Spokane Interstate Fair is held annually in September at the Spokane Fair and Expo Center. Japan Week is held in April and celebrates the sister-city relationship with Nishinomiya, Hyogo, demonstrating the many commonalities shared between the two cities. Students from the Spokane campus of Mukogawa Fort Wright Institute, Gonzaga, Whitworth, and other area schools organize an array of Japanese cultural events. The gay and lesbian Spokane Pride Parade is held each June. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.067753791809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Serving the general educational needs of the local population are two public library districts, the Spokane Public Library (within city limits) and the Spokane County Library District. Founded in 1904 with funding from philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, the Spokane Public Library system comprises a downtown library overlooking the Spokane Falls and five branch libraries. Special collections focus on Inland Pacific Northwest history and include reference books, periodicals, maps, photographs, and other archival materials and government documents. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.929290771484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane Public Schools (District 81) is the largest public school system in Spokane and the second largest in the state as of 2014, serving roughly 30,000 students in six high schools, six middle schools, and thirty-four elementary schools. Other public school districts in the Spokane area include the Mead School District in north Spokane County, outside city limits. A variety of state-approved, independent charter schools and private and parochial elementary and secondary schools augment the public school system. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Spokane manages 11 such schools in Spokane. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.625543594360352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane is close to dozens of lakes and rivers. People use these for swimming, boating, rafting, and fishing. Nearby mountains provide skiing, hiking, biking and sightseeing. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.900918006896973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane's professional and semi-professional sports teams include the Spokane Indians in Minor League Baseball, Spokane Empire in indoor football, the Spokane Chiefs in junior ice hockey and Spokane Anarchy Wrestling. Collegiate sports in Spokane focus on the local teams such as the Gonzaga Bulldogs that compete in the NCAA's Division I West Coast Conference and the Whitworth Pirates playing in the Division III Northwest Conference as well as other regional teams, including the Washington State Cougars, Eastern Washington Eagles, and the Idaho Vandals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.633769035339355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The Spokane Indians are a Class-A-Short-Season baseball team in the Northwest League (NWL) and have been a farm team of the Texas Rangers since 2003. The Indians play their home games at the 6,803-seat Avista Stadium and have won seven NWL titles since their Short-Season-A debut in 1982. Prior to 1982, the Indians played at the Triple-A level. The team achieved considerable success in the early 1970s, winning the Pacific Coast League championship in 1970, and having a 94–52 record. In the 1920s and 1930s the Spokane City League, a semiprofessional baseball league of teams of the Inland Empire, reached its peak. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.135757446289062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The Spokane Shock was an indoor football franchise awarded to the city in August 2005 in the AF2 league. The team was quickly placed into the Arena Football League (AFL) after winning championships in two of their four seasons in the Arenafootball2 league, all while setting league records for attendance. The Shock were crowned AFL champions in their inaugural season after defeating the Tampa Bay Storm 69–57 in ArenaBowl XXIII. After the 2015 season, the owner of the Shock, Nader Naini, decided to have the team leave the AFL to join the Indoor Football League in order to have a geographic rival in the Tri-Cities Fever. The AFL decided to retain the rights the Shock's franchise, so Naini was forced to rename the team and it became the Spokane Empire beginning with the 2016 season. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.885247230529785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The Spokane Chiefs are a major junior ice hockey team that play in the Canadian Hockey League's Western Hockey League. They play their home games in the Spokane Arena and have a regional rivalry with the Tri-City Americans. They have won the CHL's top prize, the Memorial Cup, two times in club history, first in 1991 and again in 2008.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.154083251953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The Spokane Veterans Memorial Arena is the city's premier sports venue. In the years since the Spokane Arena opened, it has played host to several major sporting events. The first major event was the 1998 Memorial Cup, the championship game of the Canadian Hockey League. Four years later in 2002, the city hosted the 2002 Skate America figure skating competition and then the 2007 U.S. Figure Skating Championships in the Spokane Arena. The latter event set an attendance record, selling nearly 155,000 tickets. Spokane later hosted the 2010 U.S. Figure Skating Championships – ending eighteen days before the start of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.71186637878418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane has an average Walk Score of 45, indicating most errands require a car, and an average Transit Score of 36. The extensive skywalk system covers thirteen blocks in the downtown area and is among the largest in the United States; it is used for pedestrian travel in cold and inclement weather and retail space as well. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.860738754272461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane is primarily served by interstate freeway I-90 and highways US 195, US 395, and US 2.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.166221618652344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "* Interstate 90 runs east–west from Seattle, through Spokane and suburban areas to the east, onward to Coeur d'Alene, Idaho and Montana. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.717788696289062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "* US 195, also known as the Inland Empire Highway, connects Spokane with the Palouse region to the south and intersects Interstate 90 just west of Spokane near Latah Creek", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.821368217468262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "* US 395 enters Spokane from the west concurrently with I-90, splitting off at Division St., and continues northward to Deer Park, Colville and Canada. Its route designation will move from Division St. to the limited-access North Spokane Corridor upon completion of that project.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.78009033203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "* US 2, also enters Spokane from the west and runs concurrently US 395 until they reach \"The Y\" in north Spokane, where US 2 branches off to the northeast, continuing to Mead, Newport, and Sandpoint.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.820488929748535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Before the influx of automobiles, Spokane's electric streetcar and interurban lines played a dominant role in moving people and goods around Spokane. Streetcars were installed as early as 1888, when they were pulled by horses. Many older side streets in Spokane still have visible streetcar rails embedded in them. Streetcar service was reduced due to declining ridership beginning in 1922, and by August 1936, all lines had been abandoned or converted to motor buses. Mass transportation throughout the Spokane area is provided by the Spokane Transit Authority (STA), which operates a fleet of 156 buses. Its service area covers roughly 248 sqmi and reaches 85 percent of the county's population. A large percentage of STA bus routes originate from the central hub, the STA Plaza in downtown Spokane. Spokane has rail and bus service provided by Amtrak and Greyhound via the Spokane Intermodal Center. The city is a stop for Amtrak's Empire Builder on its way to and from Chicago's Union Station en route to Seattle and Portland. Amtrak's through service to Seattle and Portland is a legacy of BNSF Railway's old Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway trackage. Spokane is a major railway junction for the BNSF Railway and the Union Pacific Railroad and is the western terminus for the Montana Rail Link.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.176677703857422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane International Airport (IATA: GEG, ICAO: KGEG) serves as the primary commercial airport for Spokane, Eastern Washington, and Northern Idaho. It is the second largest airport in the state of Washington and is recognized by the Federal Aviation Administration as a small hub, with service from six airlines and two air cargo carriers. The 4800 acre airport is located 5 mi west of downtown Spokane and is approximately a 10-minute drive away. The international airport's three-letter designation is \"GEG\", a result and legacy of the Geiger Field days prior to 1960, when the airport was named after Army aviator Major Harold Geiger in 1941. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.32182502746582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Felts Field is a general aviation airport serving the Spokane area and is located in east Spokane along the south bank of the Spokane River. Aviation at Felts Field dates back to 1913 and the strip served as Spokane's primary airport until commercial air traffic was redirected to Geiger Field after World War II. In 1927, the strip was one of the first in the western U.S. to receive official recognition as an airport by the U.S. Department of Commerce and is now named in honor of James Buell Felts, a Washington Air National Guard pilot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.894573211669922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "The Spokane area has six major hospitals, four of which are full-service facilities. The healthcare industry is a large and increasingly important industry in Spokane; the city provides specialized care to many patients from the surrounding Inland Northwest and as far north as the Canadian border. The city's healthcare needs are served primarily by non-profit Seattle-based Providence Health & Services and for-profit Tennessee-based Community Health Systems, which run the two biggest hospitals, Sacred Heart Medical Center, and Deaconess Medical Center, respectively. These two hospitals, along with most of Spokane's major health care facilities, are located on Spokane's Lower-South Hill, just south of downtown, in what is known as the \"Medical District\" of Spokane. The Sacred Heart Hospital, opened originally, with just 31 beds, on Spokane Falls Boulevard on January 27, 1887, but later moved to its present location at 101 West Eighth Avenue. As of 2014 it had 642 beds, with 28,319 admissions, 71,543 emergency room visits, and 2,982 births annually, and a full-time staff of 29 doctors and dentists and 583 registered nurses. Deaconess Medical Center, the smaller of the two main hospitals, had 388 beds as of 2014. Other hospitals in the area include the Spokane Veterans Affairs Medical Center in the northwest part of town, Holy Family Hospital on the north side, and Valley Hospital and Medical Center in the Spokane Valley. One of 20 specialty orthopedic Shriners Hospitals in the U.S. is also located in Spokane. One of Washington's two state psychiatric hospitals, Eastern State Hospital, is located 15 mi away in Medical Lake. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.262676239013672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "According to Arbitron, Spokane is the 94th largest radio market in the U.S., with 532,100 listeners aged 12 and over. There are 28 AM and FM radio stations broadcast in the city. The five most listened-to stations are KKZX-FM (classic rock), KQNT-AM (news/talk), KXLY-FM (country), KISC-FM (adult contemporary), and KZZU-FM (Hot AC). Spokane's primary sources of non-commercial and community radio include Spokane's NPR-affiliate station KPBX-FM and KYRS, a full-power community radio station. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.156607627868652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "Spokane is the 73rd largest television market in the U.S., accounting for 0.366% of the total TV households in the U.S. The city has six television stations, representing the major commercial networks and public television. Spokane is the television broadcast center for much of eastern Washington (except the Yakima and Tri-Cities area), northern Idaho, northwestern Montana, northeastern Oregon, and parts of southern Canada (by cable television). Spokane receives broadcasts in the Pacific Time Zone, with weekday prime time beginning at 8 pm. Montana and Alberta, Canada are in the Mountain Time Zone and receive Spokane broadcasts one hour later by their local time. The major network television affiliates include KREM (TV) 2 (CBS), KXLY-TV 4 (ABC), KHQ-TV 6 (NBC; Spokane's first television station, on air on December 20, 1952), KAYU 28 (FOX), KSKN 22 (The CW), KSPS-TV 7 (PBS) and KCDT-TV 26 (PBS; operating out of Coeur d'Alene, Idaho).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.760015487670898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" }, { "answer": "Spokane", "passage": "* Nishinomiya, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan – since September 1961 (Spokane's first sister city)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.15655517578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spokane, Washington" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Bill Nye", "The Science Guy", "Nye Labs", "Bill Nye (science guy)", "Bill Ny", "William Sanford %22Bill%22 Nye", "Bill nye", "Nye, Bill", "Will Ny", "William Sanford Nye", "Bill Nigh", "William S. Nye", "Billy Nye", "Bill Nuy", "Bill bill bill bill" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "william sanford nye", "bill ny", "bill nye science guy", "billy nye", "nye bill", "bill nuy", "science guy", "william sanford 22bill 22 nye", "nye labs", "bill nigh", "bill bill bill bill", "bill nye", "william s nye", "will ny" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "bill nye", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Bill Nye" }

[ { "answer": "Bill Nye", "passage": "Besides Keister, regular cast members included Mike Neun, Pat Cashman, Tracey Conway, Nancy Guppy, Joe Guppy, Barb Klansnic, Joel McHale, Bob Nelson, Bill Nye, Bill Stainton, Andrea Stein, Lauren Weedman, Steve Wilson, Ed Wyatt and, Darrell Suto as Billy Quan. Writers included Scott Schaefer, who later went on to win three National Emmy Awards for writing on Bill Nye the Science Guy, and original Head Writer Jim Sharp, who is now Senior Vice President of Original Programming and Development for Comedy Central in Los Angeles. Later seasons occasionally featured Seattle-area comedian and voice actor David Scully who joined the core cast during the final season.", "precise_score": -2.3548974990844727, "rough_score": -4.444493770599365, "source": "wiki", "title": "Almost Live!" }, { "answer": "Bill Nye", "passage": "*\"Bill Nye the Science Guy\". Ross Shafer is credited as the creator of Bill Nye the Science Guy, encouraging Boeing aircraft engineer Bill Nye to demonstrate science experiments on the show. Nye later turned it into the Bill Nye the Science Guy show on PBS as well as in first-run syndication.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.48455286026001, "source": "wiki", "title": "Almost Live!" }, { "answer": "Bill Nye", "passage": "*\"Mind Your Manners with Billy Quan\", a parody of Bruce Lee’s martial arts films, with staff cameraman Darrell Suto in the starring role. This later became a recurring segment on the PBS show, Bill Nye the Science Guy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.80609130859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Almost Live!" }, { "answer": "Bill Nye", "passage": "*\"Uncle Fran's Musical Forest\": embittered children's show host. The same character later appeared on Bill Nye The Science Guy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.211003303527832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Almost Live!" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Pterodactyl Ghost", "Scooby-doo", "My Friend Scooby Doo!", "Scooby-Doo!", "Charley the robot", "Black knight ghost", "I would have gotten away with it if it wasn't for you meddling kids", "Adult themes in Scooby-Doo", "The mystery machine", "Scoobydoo", "Scooby-Doo 3: Unleashed", "Scooby do", "Momsy and Dada Doo", "Scooby Gang", "The mystery Machine", "Elias Kingston", "Scooby - Doo", "List of Scooby Doo Villains", "Meddling Kids", "Scooby Doo marketing", "Scoobydo", "Scooby Feces", "Scooby-Doo (TV Series)", "Scooby doo", "The Black Knight Ghost", "Scooby Do", "List of Scooby-Doo episodes", "Ruby Doo", "Mystery Inc.", "Scoobie doo", "Mystery machine", "Adult themes and the Scooby Gang", "Skooby Doo", "Scooby-Doo", "Scooby-Doo (comics)", "Scooby Doo", "Scooby-Doo series guide", "I would have gotten away with it if it weren't for you meddling kids", "Zentuo", "Scooby Doo! DVD Movies", "Scooby-Doo (TV series)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "scooby feces", "scooby doo tv series", "i would have gotten away with it if it weren t for you meddling kids", "mystery machine", "black knight ghost", "list of scooby doo episodes", "zentuo", "scooby doo", "skooby doo", "momsy and dada doo", "scooby do", "scoobydo", "adult themes and scooby gang", "scoobydoo", "scoobie doo", "charley robot", "adult themes in scooby doo", "scooby doo dvd movies", "mystery inc", "scooby doo series guide", "elias kingston", "scooby gang", "scooby doo 3 unleashed", "pterodactyl ghost", "meddling kids", "ruby doo", "i would have gotten away with it if it wasn t for you meddling kids", "scooby doo comics", "list of scooby doo villains", "scooby doo marketing", "my friend scooby doo" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "mystery machine", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "The mystery Machine" }

[ { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Scooby-Doo is an American animated cartoon franchise, comprising several animated television series produced from 1969 to the present day. The original series, Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!, was created for Hanna-Barbera Productions by writers Joe Ruby and Ken Spears in 1969. This Saturday-morning cartoon series featured four teenagers—Fred Jones, Daphne Blake, Velma Dinkley, and Norville \"Shaggy\" Rogers—and their talking brown Great Dane named Scooby-Doo, who solve mysteries involving supposedly supernatural creatures through a series of antics and missteps. ", "precise_score": -1.912020206451416, "rough_score": 1.8479070663452148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Scooby-Doo was originally broadcast on CBS from 1969 to 1976, when it moved to ABC. ABC aired the show until canceling it in 1986, and presented a spin-off featuring the characters as children, A Pup Named Scooby-Doo, from 1988 until 1991. New Scooby-Doo series aired as part of Kids WB on The WB Network and its successor, The CW Network, from 2002 until 2008. Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated aired on Cartoon Network from 2010 to 2013, and Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! debuted on Cartoon Network in 2015. Repeats of the various Scooby-Doo series are broadcast frequently on Cartoon Network and its sister channel Boomerang in the United States as well as other countries.", "precise_score": -3.881380796432495, "rough_score": -1.1220093965530396, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! made its CBS network debut on Saturday, September 13, 1969 with its first episode, \"What a Night for a Knight.\" The original voice cast featured veteran voice actor Don Messick as Scooby-Doo, radio DJ Casey Kasem (later host of radio's syndicated American Top 40) as Shaggy, actor Frank Welker (later a veteran voice actor in his own right) as Fred, actress Nicole Jaffe as Velma, and musician Indira Stefanianna Christopherson as Daphne. Scooby's speech patterns closely resembled an earlier cartoon dog, Astro from The Jetsons (1962–63), also voiced by Messick. Seventeen episodes of Scooby-Doo Where are You! were produced in 1969-70. The series theme song was written by David Mook and Ben Raleigh, and performed by Larry Marks.", "precise_score": -3.952131748199463, "rough_score": -1.4547467231750488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Scooby-Doo itself would be an influence on many other Saturday morning cartoons of the 1970s. During that decade, Hanna-Barbera and its competitors produced several animated programs also featuring teenage detectives solving mysteries with a pet or mascot of some sort, including Josie and the Pussycats (1970–71), The Funky Phantom (1971–72), The Amazing Chan and the Chan Clan (1972–73), Speed Buggy (1973–74), Goober and the Ghost Chasers (1973–74), Jabberjaw (1976–78), Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels (1977–80), among others. ", "precise_score": -4.478352069854736, "rough_score": -1.2324377298355103, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "In 1972, new one-hour episodes under the title The New Scooby-Doo Movies were created; each episode featuring a real or fictitious guest star helping the gang solve mysteries, including characters from other Hanna-Barbera series such as Harlem Globetrotters, Josie and the Pussycats and Speed Buggy, the comic book characters Batman and Robin (later adapted into their own Hanna-Barbera series, Super Friends, a year later), and celebrities such as Sandy Duncan, The Addams Family, Cass Elliot, Phyllis Diller, Don Knotts and The Three Stooges. Hanna-Barbera musical director Hoyt Curtin composed a new theme song for this series, and Curtin's theme would remain in use for much of Scooby-Doo's original broadcast run. After two seasons and 24 episodes of the New Movies format from 1972 to 1974, CBS began airing reruns of the original Scooby-Doo, Where are You! series until its option on the series ran out in 1976.", "precise_score": -3.2095320224761963, "rough_score": 0.7210517525672913, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo", "precise_score": -3.72135066986084, "rough_score": -1.6982861757278442, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "The Scooby-Doo characters first appeared outside of their regular Saturday morning format in Scooby Goes Hollywood, an hour-long ABC television special aired in prime time on December 13, 1979. The special revolved around Shaggy and Scooby attempting to convince the network to move Scooby out of Saturday morning and into a prime-time series, and featured spoofs of then-current television series and films such as Happy Days, Superman: The Movie, Laverne & Shirley and Charlie's Angels.", "precise_score": -2.703756332397461, "rough_score": 1.5383185148239136, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "As a result of Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo's success, the entire show was overhauled in 1980 to focus more upon Scrappy-Doo. At this time, Scooby-Doo started to walk and run anthropomorphically on two feet more often, rather than on four like a normal dog as he did previously. Fred, Daphne, and Velma were dropped from the series, and the new Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo format was now composed of three seven-minute comedic adventures starring Scooby, Scrappy, and Shaggy instead of one half-hour mystery. Most of the supernatural villains in the seven-minute Scooby and Scrappy cartoons, who in previous Scooby series had been revealed to be human criminals in costume, were now real within the context of the series.", "precise_score": -4.180046558380127, "rough_score": -1.2332600355148315, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Scooby-Doo was restored to a standalone half-hour in 1983 with The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show in 1983, which comprised two 11-minute mysteries per episode in a format reminiscent of the original Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! mysteries. Heather North returned to the voice cast as Daphne, who in this incarnation solved mysteries with Shaggy, Scooby, and Scrappy while working undercover as a reporter for a teen magazine.", "precise_score": -4.459702491760254, "rough_score": -1.5011581182479858, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "A Pup Named Scooby-Doo was developed and produced by Tom Ruegger, who had been the head story editor on Scooby-Doo since 1983. Following the first season of A Pup Named Scooby-Doo, Ruegger and much of his unit defected from Hanna-Barbera to Warner Bros. Animation to develop Steven Spielberg Presents Tiny Toon Adventures and later Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, and Freakazoid!. ", "precise_score": -4.296745777130127, "rough_score": -0.6434210538864136, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "In 2002, following the successes of the Cartoon Network reruns, the direct to video franchise, and the first feature film, Scooby-Doo returned to Saturday morning for the first time in 17 years with What's New, Scooby-Doo?, which aired on Kids' WB from 2002 until 2006. Produced by Warner Bros. Animation, the show follows the format of the original series but places it in the 21st century, featuring a heavy promotion of modern technology (computers, DVD, the Internet, cell phones) and culture.", "precise_score": -4.272407531738281, "rough_score": -1.2005887031555176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "The next Scooby series, Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated, premiered on Cartoon Network on April 5, 2010. The first Scooby series produced for cable television, Mystery Incorporated is a reboot of the franchise, re-establishing the characters' relationships, personalities, and locations, and expanding their world to feature their parents, high school, and neighbors. The series also borrowed pieces from many parts of Scooby-Doo's long history, as well as characters and elements of other Hanna-Barbera shows to form its back story and the bases of some of its episodes. Matthew Lillard was brought over from the direct-to-video series as the new voice of Shaggy, while Welker, Cohn, and DeLisle continued in their respective roles. Patrick Warburton, Linda Cardellini, Lewis Black, Vivica A. Fox, Gary Cole, Udo Kier, Tim Matheson, Tia Carrere, and Kate Higgins were added as new semi-regular cast members. Casey Kasem appeared in a recurring role as Shaggy's father, one of his last roles before retiring due to declining health.", "precise_score": -3.625094175338745, "rough_score": -0.4259979724884033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Scooby-Doo has maintained a significant fan base, which has grown steadily since the 1990s due to the show's popularity among both young children and nostalgic adults who grew up with the series. Several television critics have stated that the show's mix of the comedy-adventure and horror genres was the reason for its widespread success. As Fred Silverman and the Hanna-Barbera staff had planned when they first began producing the series, Scooby-Doo's ghosts, monsters and spooky locales tend more towards humor than horror, making them easily accessible to younger children. \"Overall, [Scooby-Doo is] just not a show that is going to overstimulate kids' emotions and tensions,\" offered American Center for Children and Media executive director David Kleeman in a 2002 interview. \"It creates just enough fun to make it fun without getting them worried or giving them nightmares. ", "precise_score": -4.334725379943848, "rough_score": -0.8764054775238037, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "In 2001, Scooby-Doo in Stagefright, a live stage play based upon the series, began touring across the world. A follow-up, Scooby-Doo and the Pirate Ghost, followed in 2009.", "precise_score": -2.884340524673462, "rough_score": -0.08924383670091629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Mystery machine", "passage": "* Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back has a brief scene where friends ride in the back of a Mystery Machine van with Scooby and his gang.", "precise_score": 1.8481988906860352, "rough_score": -0.24052134156227112, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "* In October 1999, Cartoon Network made a Scooby-Doo spoof of The Blair Witch Project called The Scooby-Doo Project.", "precise_score": -2.5112853050231934, "rough_score": 1.733544945716858, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "* On the animated series Arthur it has a parody of Scooby-Doo called \"Spooky-Poo\".", "precise_score": -3.427877902984619, "rough_score": -0.16800788044929504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Following the success of the original series, Hanna-Barbera and its successor Warner Bros. Animation have produced numerous follow-up and spin-off animated series and several related works, including television specials and made-for-TV movies, a line of direct-to-video films, and two Warner Bros.–produced theatrical feature films. Some versions of Scooby-Doo feature different variations on the show's supernatural theme, and include characters such as Scooby's cousin Scooby-Dum and nephew Scrappy-Doo in addition to or instead of some of the original characters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.175242900848389, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "In 2013, TV Guide ranked Scooby-Doo the fifth Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.315390110015869, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Now without a centerpiece for the upcoming season's programming, Silverman had Ruby, Spears, and the Hanna-Barbera staff revise the treatments and presentation materials to tone down the show and better reflect its comedy elements. The rock band element was dropped, and more attention was focused upon Shaggy and Too Much. According to Ruby and Spears, Silverman was inspired by Frank Sinatra's scat \"doo-be-doo-be-doo\" at the end of his recording of \"Strangers in the Night\" on a flight to one of the development meetings, and decided to rename the dog \"Scooby-Doo\" and re-rechristen the show Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! The revised show was re-presented to CBS executives, who approved it for production.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.151601314544678, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.904327392578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Meddling Kids", "passage": "Each of these episodes features Scooby and the four teenage members of Mystery, Inc., Fred, Shaggy, Daphne and Velma, arriving at a location in the \"Mystery Machine\", a van painted with psychedelic colors and flower power imagery. Encountering a ghost, monster, or other supernatural creature who is terrorizing the local populace, they decide to investigate. The kids split up to look for clues and suspects while being chased at turns by the monster. Eventually, the kids come to realize the ghost and other paranormal activity is actually an elaborate hoax, and—often with the help of a Rube Goldberg-like trap designed by Fred—they capture the villain and unmask him. Revealed as a flesh and blood crook trying to cover up crimes by using the ghost story and costume, the criminal is arrested and taken to jail, often repeating something nearly identical to \"... and I would have gotten away with it, too, if it hadn't been for you meddling kids!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0171873569488525, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Scheduled opposite another teenage mystery-solving show, ABC's The Hardy Boys, Scooby-Doo became a ratings success, with Nielsen ratings reporting that as many as 65% of Saturday morning audiences were tuned into CBS when Scooby-Doo was being broadcast. The show was renewed for a second season in 1970, for which eight episodes were produced. Seven of the second season episodes featured chase sequences set to bubblegum pop songs recorded by Austin Roberts, who also re-recorded the theme song for this season. With Stefanianna Christopherson having married and retired from voice acting, Heather North assumed the role of Daphne, and would continue to voice the character through 1997. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.129262924194336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "The influences of I Love a Mystery and Dobie Gillis were especially apparent in these early episodes. Of the similarities between the Scooby-Doo teens and the Dobie Gillis teens, the similarities between Shaggy and Maynard are the most noticeable; both characters share the same beatnik-style goatee, similar hairstyles, and demeanors. The core premise of Scooby-Doo, Where are You! was also similar to Enid Blyton's Famous Five books. Both series featured four youths with a dog, and the Famous Five stories would often revolve around a mystery which would invariably turn out not to be supernaturally based, but simply a ruse to disguise the villain's true intent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.522688865661621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "The roles of each character are strongly defined in the series: Fred is the leader and the determined detective, Velma is the intelligent analyst, Daphne is danger-prone, Shaggy is a coward more motivated by hunger than any desire to solve mysteries, and Scooby is similar to Shaggy, save for a Bob Hope-inspired tendency towards temporary bravery. Later versions of the show would make slight changes to the characters' established roles, most notably in the character of Daphne, shown in 1990s and 2000s Scooby-Doo productions as knowing many forms of karate and having the ability to defend herself, and less of a tendency towards getting kidnapped.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.999052047729492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "The New Scooby-Doo Movies", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8435685634613037, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "The Scooby-Doo Show and Scooby's All-Star Laff-A-Lympics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9714324474334717, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Now president of ABC, Fred Silverman made a deal with Hanna-Barbera to bring new episodes of Scooby-Doo to the ABC Saturday morning lineup, where the show went through almost yearly lineup changes. For their 1976–77 season, 16 new episodes of Scooby-Doo were joined with a new Hanna-Barbera show, Dynomutt, Dog Wonder, to create The Scooby-Doo/Dynomutt Hour (the show became The Scooby-Doo/Dynomutt Show when a bonus Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! rerun was added to the package in November 1976). Joe Ruby and Ken Spears, now working for Silverman as supervisors of the ABC Saturday morning programs, returned the program to its original Scooby-Doo, Where are You! format, with the addition of Scooby's dim-witted country cousin Scooby-Dum, voiced by Daws Butler, as a recurring character. The voice cast was held over from The New Scooby-Doo Movies save for Nicole Jaffe, who retired from acting in 1973. Pat Stevens took over her role as the voice of Velma.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.922729015350342, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "For the 1977–78 season, The Scooby-Doo/Dynomutt Show became the two-hour programming block Scooby's All-Star Laff-A-Lympics (1977–78) with the addition of Laff-a-Lympics and Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels. In addition to eight new episodes of Scooby-Doo and reruns of the 1969 show, Scooby-Doo also appeared during the All-Star block's Laff-a-Lympics series, which featured 45 Hanna-Barbera characters competing in Battle of the Network Stars-esque parodies of Olympic sporting events. Scooby was seen as the team captain of the Laff-a-Lympics \"Scooby Doobies\" team, which also featured Shaggy and Scooby-Dum among its members.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.329217433929443, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Scooby's All-Star Laff-a-Lympics was retitled Scooby's All Stars for the 1978–79 season, reduced to 90 minutes when Dynomutt was spun off into its own half-hour and the 1969 reruns were dropped. Scooby's All-Stars continued broadcasting reruns of Scooby-Doo from 1976 and 1977, while new episodes of Scooby-Doo aired during a separate half-hour under the Scooby-Doo, Where are You! banner. After nine weeks, the separate Where are You! broadcast was cancelled, and the remainder of the 16 new 1978 episodes debuted during the Scooby's All-Stars block. The 40 total Scooby-Doo episodes produced from 1976 to 1978 were later packaged together for syndication as The Scooby-Doo Show, under which title they continue to air.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.380249261856079, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "In 1979, Scooby's tiny nephew Scrappy-Doo was added to both the series and the billing, in an attempt to boost Scooby-Doos slipping ratings. The 1979–80 episodes, aired under the new title Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo as an independent half-hour show, succeeded in regenerating interest in the show. Lennie Weinrib voiced Scrappy in the 1979–80 episodes, with Don Messick assuming the role thereafter. Marla Frumkin replaced Pat Stevens as the voice of Velma mid-season.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6731669902801514, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo shorts", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1056482791900635, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "This version of Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo first aired from 1980 to 1982 as part of The Richie Rich/Scooby-Doo Show, an hour-long program also featuring episodes of Hanna-Barbera's new Richie Rich cartoon, adapted from the Harvey Comics character. From 1982 to 1983, Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo were part of The Scooby-Doo/Scrappy-Doo/Puppy Hour, a co-production with Ruby-Spears Productions which featured two Scooby and Scrappy shorts, a Scrappy and Yabba-Doo short featuring Scrappy-Doo and his Western deputy uncle Yabba-Doo, and The Puppy's New Adventures, based on characters from a 1977 Ruby-Spears TV special.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.714769124984741, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Beginning in 1980, a half-hour of reruns from previous incarnations of Scooby-Doo were broadcast on ABC Saturday mornings in addition to first-run episodes. Airing under the titles Scooby-Doo Classics, The Scary Scooby Funnies, The Best of Scooby-Doo, and Scooby's Mystery Funhouse, the rerun package remained on the air until the end of the 1986 season. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.851101398468018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "This version of the show lasted for two seasons, with the second season airing under the title The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries. The 1984–85 season episodes featured semi-regular appearances from Fred and Velma, with Frank Welker and Marla Frumkin resuming their respective roles for these episodes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.336071491241455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3217427730560303, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "1985 saw the debut of The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo, which featured Daphne, Shaggy, Scooby, Scrappy, and new characters Flim-Flam (voiced by Susan Blu) and Vincent Van Ghoul (based upon and voiced by Vincent Price) traveling the globe to capture \"thirteen of the most terrifying ghosts upon the face of the earth.\" The final first-run episode of The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo aired in December 1985, and after its reruns were removed from the ABC lineup the following March, no new Scooby series aired on the network for the next two years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.034193515777588, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "A Pup Named Scooby-Doo", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1666064262390137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Hanna-Barbera reincarnated the original Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! cast as junior high school students for a new series titled A Pup Named Scooby-Doo, which debuted on ABC in 1988. A Pup Named Scooby-Doo was an irreverent re-imagining of the series, heavily inspired by the classic cartoons of Tex Avery and Bob Clampett, and eschewed the quasi-reality of the original Scooby series for a more Looney Tunes-like style, including an episode where Scooby-Doo's parents show up and reveal his real name to be \"Scoobert\". The series also established \"Coolsville\" as the name of the gang's hometown; this setting was retained for several of the later Scooby productions. The retooled show was a success, remaining in production for four seasons and on ABC's lineup until 1991.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8970810174942017, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "From 1987 to 1988, Hanna-Barbera Productions produced Hanna-Barbera Superstars 10, a series of syndicated TV movie featuring their most popular characters, including Yogi Bear, Huckleberry Hound, The Flintstones and The Jetsons. Scooby-Doo, Scrappy-Doo and Shaggy starred in three of these movies: Scooby-Doo Meets the Boo Brothers (1987), Scooby-Doo and the Ghoul School (1988), and Scooby-Doo and the Reluctant Werewolf (1988). These three films took their tone from the early-1980s Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo entries, and featured the characters encountering actual monsters and ghosts rather than masqueraded people. Scooby-Doo and Shaggy later appeared as the narrators of the made-for-TV movie Arabian Nights, originally broadcast by TBS in 1994, Don Messick's final outing as the original voice of Scooby-Doo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6847755908966064, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Reruns of Scooby-Doo have been in syndication since 1980, and have also been shown on cable television networks such as TBS Superstation (until 1989) and USA Network (as part of the USA Cartoon Express from 1990 to 1994). In 1993, A Pup Named Scooby-Doo, having just recently ended its network run on ABC, began reruns on the Cartoon Network. With Turner Broadcasting purchasing Hanna-Barbera in 1991, in 1994 the Scooby-Doo franchise became exclusive to the Turner networks: Cartoon Network, TBS Superstation, and TNT. Canadian network Teletoon began airing Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! in 1997, with the other Scooby series soon following. When TBS and TNT ended their broadcasts of H-B cartoons in 1998, Scooby-Doo became the exclusive property of both Cartoon Network and sister station Boomerang.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3318252563476562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "With Scooby-Doo's restored popularity in reruns on Cartoon Network, Warner Bros. Animation and Hanna-Barbera (by then a subsidiary of Warner Bros. following the merger of Time Warner and Turner Entertainment in 1996) began producing one new Scooby-Doo direct-to-video movie a year beginning in 1998. These movies featured a slightly older version of the original five-character cast from the Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! days. The first four DTV entries were Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island (1998), Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost (1999), Scooby-Doo and the Alien Invaders (2000), and Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase (2001). Frank Welker was the only original voice cast member to return for these productions. Don Messick had died in 1997 and Casey Kasem, a strict vegetarian, relinquished the role of Shaggy after having to provide the voice for a 1995 Burger King commercial. Therefore, Scott Innes took over as both Scooby-Doo and Shaggy (Billy West voiced Shaggy in Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island). B.J. Ward took over as Velma, and Mary Kay Bergman voiced Daphne until her death in November 1999, and was replaced by Grey DeLisle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.069650650024414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "These first four direct-to-video films differed from the original series format by placing the characters in plots with a darker tone and pitting them against actual supernatural forces. Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island, featured the original 1969 gang, reunited after years of being apart, fighting voodoo-worshiping cat creatures in the Louisiana bayou. Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost featured an author (voice of Tim Curry) returning to his hometown with the gang, to find out that an event is being haunted by the author's dead great Aunt Sarah, who was an actual witch. The Witch's Ghost introduced a goth rock band known as The Hex Girls, who became recurring characters in the Scooby-Doo franchise.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2655575275421143, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase was the final production made by the Hanna-Barbera studio, which was absorbed into parent company Warner Bros. Animation following William Hanna's death in 2001. Warner Animation would continue production of the direct-to-video series while also producing new Scooby-Doo series for television.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9670770168304443, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "The direct-to-video productions continued to be produced concurrently with at least one entry per year. Two of these entries, Scooby-Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire and Scooby-Doo! and the Monster of Mexico (both 2003) were produced in a retro-style reminiscent of the original series, and featured Heather North and Nicole Jaffe as the voices of Daphne and Velma, respectively. Later entries produced between 2004 and 2009 were done in the style of What's New, Scooby-Doo, using that show's voice cast. Entries from 2010 on use the original 1969 designs and feature Matthew Lillard as the voice of Shaggy, the character Lillard portrayed in the live-action theatrical Scooby-Doo films. There will be more Scooby movies until 2018. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.104711532592773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "In addition, a live-action TV movie, Scooby-Doo! The Mystery Begins, was released on DVD and simultaneously aired on Cartoon Network on September 13, 2009, the fortieth anniversary of the series' debut. The film starred Nick Palatas as Shaggy, Robbie Amell as Fred, Kate Melton as Daphne, Hayley Kiyoko as Velma, and Frank Welker as the voice of Scooby-Doo. A second live-action TV movie, Scooby-Doo! Curse of the Lake Monster, retained the same director and cast and aired on October 16, 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7541449069976807, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "A feature-length live-action film version of Scooby-Doo was released by Warner Bros. on June 14, 2002. Directed by Raja Gosnell, the film starred Freddie Prinze, Jr., as Fred, Sarah Michelle Gellar as Daphne, Matthew Lillard as Shaggy, and Linda Cardellini as Velma. Scooby-Doo, voiced by Neil Fanning, was created on-screen by computer-generated special effects. Scooby-Doo was a financially successful release, with a domestic box office gross of over US$130 million. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7202486991882324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "A sequel, Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed, followed in March 2004 with the same cast and director. Scooby-Doo 2 earned US$84 (€55,98) million at the U.S. box office. A second sequel was planned, but later scrapped following Warner Bros.' disappointment at the returns from Scooby-Doo 2. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.198671817779541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "On August 26, 2013, it was announced that Warner Bros. is developing an animated Scooby-Doo feature film with Atlas Entertainment. Charles Roven and Richard Suckle, who produced the first two live-action films, are producing the animated film, and Matt Lieberman will be writing the film. On June 17, 2014, Warner Brothers studio announced that they will restart the film series with Randall Green writing a new movie. On August 17, 2015, Warner Bros announced that Tony Cervone will direct the animated film, with Allison Abbate as producer and Dan Povenmire as executive producer. The film is planned for a September 21, 2018 release. On April 13, 2016, it was announced that it would be titled S.C.O.O.B. and would be the first film in a Hanna-Barbera Cinematic Universe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.335018157958984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "What's New, Scooby-Doo?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.788150310516357, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.451756477355957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "After three seasons, What's New, Scooby-Doo was replaced in September 2006 with Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue!, a major revamping of the series which debuted on The CW's Kids' WB Saturday morning programming block. In the new premise, Shaggy inherits money and a mansion from an uncle, an inventor who has gone into hiding from villains trying to steal his secret invention. The villains, led by \"Dr. Phibes\" (based primarily upon Dr. Evil from the Austin Powers series, and named after Vincent Price's character from The Abominable Dr. Phibes), then use different schemes to try to get the invention from Shaggy and Scooby, who handle the plots alone. Fred, Daphne, and Velma are normally absent, but do make appearances at times to help. The characters were redesigned and the art style revised for the new series. Scott Menville voiced Shaggy in the series, with Casey Kasem appearing as the voice of Shaggy's Uncle Albert. Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue! ran for two seasons on The CW.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.630171775817871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1266515254974365, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5471255779266357, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "On March 10, 2014, Cartoon Network announced several new series based on classic cartoons, including a new Scooby-Doo animated series titled Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!. The show features the gang \"living it up\" the summer after the gang's senior year of high school. Along the way, they run into monsters and mayhem.\"[http://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Other_Studios/C/Cartoon_Network_Studios/Be_Cool_Scooby-Doo_/index.html Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!]\". www.bcdb.com, March 13, 2014 The series premiered October 5, 2015 on Cartoon Network. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.291205406188965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Scooby-Doo! direct-to-video episodes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.892829895019531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Beginning in 2012, Warner Bros. Animation began producing direct-to-video special episodes in the style of the concurrently produced films for inclusion on Scooby-Doo compilation DVD sets otherwise including episodes from previous Scooby series. These include Scooby-Doo! Spooky Games, included on the July 2012 release Scooby-Doo! Laff-A-Lympics: Spooky Games, Scooby-Doo! Haunted Holidays, from the October 2012 release Scooby-Doo! 13 Spooky Tales: Holiday Chills and Thrills, and Scooby-Doo! and the Spooky Scarecrow and Scooby-Doo! Mecha Mutt Menace, from the September 2013 DVD releases Scooby-Doo! 13 Spooky Tales: Run for Your 'Rife! and Scooby-Doo! 13 Spooky Tales: Ruh-Roh Robot!. On May 13, 2014, another episode, Scooby-Doo! Ghastly Goals was released on the Scooby-Doo! 13 Spooky Tales: Field of Screams DVD. On May 5, 2015, Scooby-Doo! and the Beach Beastie, the sixth direct-to-video special, was released on the Scooby-Doo! 13 Spooky Tales: Surf's Up Scooby-Doo DVD. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.444375038146973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "*Scooby-Doo: Don Messick was the original voice of Scooby-Doo from 1969 until 1997. Hadley Kay performed the voice for the Johnny Bravo episode \"Bravo Dooby Doo\" in 1997. Scott Innes was the voice of Scooby-Doo from 1998 to 2001. Neil Fanning voiced Scooby-Doo in the live-action Warner Bros. theatrical films produced in 2002 and 2004. Frank Welker is the current voice of Scooby-Doo, having taken over the role from Innes in 2002, although Innes voiced the character in Scooby-Doo video game projects until 2007.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5405192375183105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "*Norville \"Shaggy\" Rogers: Casey Kasem was the original voice of Shaggy from 1969 until 1997. Billy West voiced Shaggy in the 1998 direct-to-video feature Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island, while Scott Innes voiced the character from 1999 to 2001 and he would continue to voice Shaggy in video games through 2009. Casey Kasem returned to the voice role in 2002 and continued as Shaggy until 2009. In 2006, Kasem continued to voice Shaggy only in the direct-to-video film series through 2009, while Scott Menville performed the voice of Shaggy in the 2006–08 CW series Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue!. Matthew Lillard appeared as Shaggy in the live action 2002 and 2004 theatrical films, and took over as the voice of the animated character in 2010. He also voiced Shaggy in two stop-motion parody sketches for the Adult Swim show Robot Chicken. Nick Palatas appeared as Shaggy in the 2009 and 2010 live-action TV movies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.026850700378418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "*Fred Jones: Frank Welker has always performed the voice of the animated versions of Fred since 1969, with the exception of the 1988–91 ABC series A Pup Named Scooby-Doo, where Carl Steven performed the voice of preteen Fred. Freddie Prinze, Jr. appears as Fred in the live-action theatrical films and voiced the character in the Robot Chicken parodies. Robbie Amell played Fred in the live-action TV movies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.783555030822754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "*Daphne Blake: Stefanianna Christopherson was the voice of Daphne in the first season of Scooby-Doo, Where are You! in 1969–70. Heather North assumed the role for season two in 1970, and continued as Daphne through 1997, save for Kellie Martin's turn as pre-teen Daphne in A Pup Named Scooby-Doo. Mary Kay Bergman performed the voice of Daphne from 1997 to 2000, when Grey DeLisle assumed the role and continues to perform the voice to this day. North reprised her voice role for two 2003 direct-to-video films, Scooby-Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire and Scooby-Doo! and the Monster of Mexico. Sarah Michelle Gellar appears as Daphne in the live-action theatrical films and as Daphne's voice in the Robot Chicken parodies. Kate Melton played Daphne in the live-action TV movies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.916985988616943, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "*Velma Dinkley: Nicole Jaffe was the original voice of Velma from 1969 to 1974. Pat Stevens assumed the role from 1976 to 1979, with Marla Frumkin taking over midseason on Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo that year. Frumkin returned to voice Velma on a recurring basis for The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries in 1984, and Christina Lange voiced pre-teen Velma in A Pup Named Scooby-Doo. B. J. Ward voiced Velma from 1997 to 2001, with Mindy Cohn assuming the role in 2002. As with North, Jaffe reprised her voice role for Scooby-Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire and Scooby-Doo! and the Monster of Mexico in 2003. Stephanie D'Abruzzo voiced Velma for the 2013 puppet film Scooby-Doo! Adventures: The Mystery Map. In 2015, Kate Micucci took on the role for Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! and Lego Scooby-Doo projects, though Cohn will continue to provide the voice in direct-to-DVD movies and games Linda Cardellini appears as Velma in the live-action theatrical films and as the voice of Velma in the Robot Chicken parodies. Hayley Kiyoko played Velma in the live-action TV movies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.821108341217041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "*Scrappy-Doo: Lennie Weinrib voiced Scrappy-Doo during the first season of Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo in 1979–80. Don Messick assumed the role in 1980 for the Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo segments of The Richie Rich/Scooby-Doo Show and continued as Scrappy through 1988. Scrappy has only appeared sporadically since 1988, with Scott Innes performing the voice in the 2002 live-action film, which portrays Scrappy as the main villain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.37568998336792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Scooby-Doo filmography", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.046360969543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Puppet direct-to-video films (Scooby-Doo! Adventures)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.97661828994751, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "During its four decade broadcast history, Scooby-Doo has received two Emmy nominations: a 1989 Daytime Emmy nomination for A Pup Named Scooby Doo, and a 2003 Daytime Emmy nomination for What's New, Scooby-Doos Mindy Cohn in the \"Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program\" category. Science advocate Carl Sagan favorably compared the predominantly skeptic oriented formula to that of most television dealing with paranormal themes, and considered that an adult analogue to Scooby-Doo would be a great public service. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.860572099685669, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Older teenagers and adults have admitted to enjoying Scooby-Doo because of presumed subversive themes which involve theories of drug use and sexuality, in particular that Shaggy is assumed to be a user of cannabis and Velma is assumed to be a lesbian. Such themes were pervasive enough in popular culture to find their way into Warner Bros.' initial Scooby-Doo feature film in 2002, though several of the scenes were edited before release to secure a family-friendly \"PG\" rating. Series creators Joe Ruby and Ken Spears reported that they \"took umbrage\" to the inclusion of such themes in the Scooby-Doo feature and other places, and denied intending their characters to be drug users in any way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.5282673835754395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Like many Hanna-Barbera shows, the early Scooby-Doo series have been criticized at times for its production values and storytelling. In 2002, Jamie Malanowski of the New York Times commented that \"[Scooby-Doo's] mysteries are not very mysterious, and the humor is hardly humorous. As for the animation—well, the drawings on your refrigerator may give it competition.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.310463905334473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "By the 2000s, Scooby-Doo had received recognition for its popularity by placing in a number of top cartoon or top cartoon character polls. The August 3, 2002, issue of TV Guide featured its list of the 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time, in which Scooby-Doo placed twenty-second Scooby also ranked thirteenth in Animal Planet's list of the 50 Greatest TV Animals. For one year from 2004 to 2005, Scooby-Doo held the Guinness World Record for having the most episodes of any animated television series ever produced, a record previously held by and later returned to The Simpsons. Scooby-Doo was published as holding this record in the 2006 edition of the Guinness Book of Records. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4620771408081055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "In January 2009, entertainment website IGN named Scooby-Doo #24 on its list of the Top 100 Best Animated TV Shows. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.063611030578613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Gold Key Comics began publication of Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! comic books in December 1969. The comics initially contained adaptations of episodes of the television show, and later moved to all-original stories until ending with issue #30 in 1974. Several of the issues were written by Mark Evanier and drawn by Dan Spiegle. Charlton published Scooby comics, many drawn by Bill Williams, for 11 issues in 1975. From 1977 to 1979, Marvel Comics published nine issues of Scooby-Doo, all written by Evanier and drawn by Spiegel. Harvey Comics published reprints of the Charlton comics, as well as a handful of special issues, between 1993 and 1994.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0318219661712646, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "In 1995, Archie Comics began publishing a monthly Scooby-Doo comic book, the first year of which featured Scrappy-Doo among its cast. Evanier and Spiegel worked on three issues of the series, which ended after 21 issues in 1997 when Warner Bros.' DC Comics acquired the rights to publish comics based on Hanna-Barbera characters. DC's Scooby-Doo series continues publication to this day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8471287488937378, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Early Scooby-Doo merchandise included a 1973 Milton Bradley board game, decorated lunch boxes, iron-on transfers, coloring books, story books, records, underwear, and other such goods. When Scrappy-Doo was introduced to the series in 1979, he, Scooby, and Shaggy became the sole foci of much of the merchandising, including a 1983 Milton-Bradley Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo board game. The first Scooby-Doo video game appeared in arcades in 1986, and has been followed by a number of games for both home consoles and personal computers. Scooby-Doo multivitamins also debuted at this time, and have been manufactured by Bayer since 2001.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7580550909042358, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "Scooby-Doo merchandising tapered off during the late 1980s and early 1990s, but increased after the series' revival on Cartoon Network in 1995. Today, all manner of Scooby-Doo-branded products are available for purchase, including Scooby-Doo breakfast cereal, plush toys, action figures, car decorations, and much more. Real \"Scooby Snacks\" dog treats are produced by Del Monte Pet Products. Hasbro has created a number of Scooby board games, including a Scooby-themed edition of the popular mystery board game Clue. In 2007, the Pressman Toy Corporation released the board game Scooby-Doo! Haunted House. Beginning in 2001, a Scooby-Doo children's book series was authorized and published by Scholastic. These books, written by Suzanne Weyn, include original stories and adaptations of Scooby theatrical and direct-to-video features.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.534156084060669, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "The mystery Machine", "passage": "From 1990 to 2002, Shaggy and Scooby-Doo appeared as characters in the Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera simulator ride at Universal Studios Florida. The ride was replaced in the early 2000s with a Jimmy Neutron attraction, and The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera instead became an attraction at several properties operated by Paramount Parks. Shaggy and Scooby-Doo are costumed characters at Universal Studios Florida, and can be seen driving the Mystery Machine around the park.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2090904712677, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "As with most popular franchises, Scooby-Doo has been parodied and has done parodies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.633419513702393, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "* The cult television and comic book series Buffy the Vampire Slayer features a group of characters that refer to themselves as the \"Scooby Gang\", who similarly battle supernatural forces and solve supernatural monster mysteries. The show contains obvious influences of Scooby-Doo, where \"The Scoobies\" use books to look up monsters. Sarah Michelle Gellar, the actress who plays Buffy on the series, later went on to appear as Daphne Blake in the live-action Scooby-Doo and Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0887959003448486, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "* Scooby-Doo and the Mystery Inc. gang (based on their classic 1972 incarnation as opposed to their more recent incarnations) appear in the second part of the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode \"Bat-Mite Presents: Batman's Strangest Cases\" in which they team up with Batman and Robin to rescue Weird Al who was kidnapped by The Joker and The Penguin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.695428371429443, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "* Scooby-Doo and the Snowmen Mystery, vinyl LP released 1972 in the United Kingdom, Stereo, 33 ⅓ RPM, LP, from the label Music for Pleasure – MFP 50086.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.5015387535095215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "* The film Wayne's World includes an alternate ending called the \"Scooby-Doo Ending\" in which a character in the film is revealed to have been wearing a mask. It also includes a reference to the iconic line \"Let's see who this really is\" before removing the mask.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.440802574157715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "* The Filk band Ookla the Mok open their 2003 album Oh Okay LA with the song \"W.W.S.D?\" (\"What Would Scooby Do?) which proposes a deontological system of moral philosophy based on the actions of Scooby-Doo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.331757545471191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "* A Scooby-Doo parody has appeared in the Mad episode \"Kitchen Nightmares Before Christmas / How I Met Your Mummy\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.184702396392822, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" }, { "answer": "Scooby-doo", "passage": "* Scooby-Doo has been parodied on Futurama episode \"Saturday Morning Fun Pit\", where the characters from Planet Express take on the roles of the gang (Bender as Scooby, Hermes as Fred, Leela as Daphne, Amy as Velma and Fry as Shaggy).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.297641754150391, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scooby-Doo" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Mark Twain", "Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass", "Sam Clemens", "Samuel Clements", "Twainesque", "Samuel Langhorn Clemens", "Mark twain", "Twain, Mark", "Sergeant Fathom", "Samuel Longhorn Clemens", "Samuel L. Clemens", "Samuel Langhorne Clemens", "Sam Langhorne Clemens", "Samuel Clemens", "SL Clemens", "Twainian", "Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated", "Soleather", "W. Epaminondas Adrastus Blab", "Samuel Longhorne Clemens", "Marc Twain", "Samual Clemens" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "twain mark", "samuel longhorn clemens", "samuel l clemens", "samuel langhorne clemens", "sl clemens", "reports of my death are greatly exaggerated", "sam clemens", "samuel langhorn clemens", "soleather", "twainesque", "mark twain", "sam langhorne clemens", "marc twain", "samuel longhorne clemens", "samual clemens", "sergeant fathom", "samuel clemens", "twainian", "w epaminondas adrastus blab", "samuel clements", "thomas jefferson snodgrass" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "mark twain", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Mark Twain" }

[ { "answer": "Mark Twain", "passage": "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court is an 1889 novel by the American humorist and writer Mark Twain. The book was originally titled A Yankee in King Arthur's Court. Some early editions are titled A Yankee at the Court of King Arthur.", "precise_score": -0.31036749482154846, "rough_score": 4.496183395385742, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court" }, { "answer": "Mark Twain", "passage": "The Prince and the Pauper is a novel by American author Mark Twain. It was first published in 1881 in Canada, before its 1882 publication in the United States. The novel represents Twain's first attempt at historical fiction. Set in 1547, it tells the story of two young boys who are identical in appearance: Tom Canty, a pauper who lives with his abusive father in Offal Court off Pudding Lane in London, and Prince Edward, son of King Henry VIII.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.909462571144104, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Prince and the Pauper" }, { "answer": "Mark Twain", "passage": "Twain wrote The Prince and the Pauper having already started The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain wrote, \"My idea is to afford a realizing sense of the exceeding severity of the laws of that day by inflicting some of their penalties upon the King himself and allowing him a chance to see the rest of them applied to others...\"[http://www.penguin.com/static/pdf/teachersguides/princepauper.pdf Cope, Jim and Cope, Wendy. A Teacher's Guide to the Signet Classic Edition of Mark Twain's The Prince and the Pauper] Having returned from a second European tour which formed the basis of A Tramp Abroad (1880), Twain read extensively English and French history. Initially intended as a play, it was originally set in Victorian England, before he decided to set it further back in time.[https://books.google.com/books?idSaCiA0JZcSgC&pg", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.545709609985352, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Prince and the Pauper" }, { "answer": "Mark Twain", "passage": "the%20prince%20and%20the%20pauper%20theme&f=false Emerson, Everett. Mark Twain, A Literary Life, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000, ISBN 9780812235166]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.718496322631836, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Prince and the Pauper" }, { "answer": "Mark Twain", "passage": "Since the beginning of the 20th century, this famous story has been adapted many times for the stage, feature-length motion pictures, and animated cartoons. The earliest film version was Fox's 1921 silent version. In 1927, the novel was adapted into the musical A Connecticut Yankee by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart. A 1931 film, also called A Connecticut Yankee, starred Will Rogers. The story was adapted as an hour-long radio play on the October 5, 1947 broadcast of the Ford Theatre, starring Karl Swenson. A 1949 musical film featured Bing Crosby and Rhonda Fleming, with music by Jimmy Van Heusen and Victor Young. In 1960, Tennessee Ernie Ford starred in a television adaptation. In 1970, the book was adapted into a 74-minute animated TV special directed by Zoran Janjic with Orson Bean as the voice of the title character. In 1978 an episode of Once Upon a Classic, \"A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court\", was an adaptation, as was the Disney movie Unidentified Flying Oddball, also known as A Spaceman in King Arthur's Court. The TV series The Transformers had a second-season episode, \"A Decepticon Raider in King Arthur's Court\", that had a group of Autobots and Decepticons sent back to medieval times. In 1988, the Soviet variation called New adventures of a Yankee in King Arthur's Court. Fantasy over Mark Twain's theme appeared. More recently it was adapted into a 1989 TV movie by Paul Zindel which starred Keshia Knight Pulliam. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4152159690856934, "source": "wiki", "title": "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Sapling", "Macrophanerophyte", "Parts of a tree", "Big tree", "Arboreus", "Tree", "Trees", "Treee", "🌳", "The trees", "trees", "Wood layers", "Treed", "The Parts of a Tree" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "wood layers", "big tree", "trees", "sapling", "parts of tree", "treee", "treed", "arboreus", "tree", "macrophanerophyte", "🌳" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "trees", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "trees" }

[ { "answer": "trees", "passage": "Arboreal locomotion is the locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may scale trees only occasionally, but others are exclusively arboreal. The habitats pose numerous mechanical challenges to animals moving through them and lead to a variety of anatomical, behavioral and ecological consequences as well as variations throughout different species.Cartmill, M. (1985). Climbing. In Functional Vertebrate Morphology, eds. M. Hildebrand D. M. Bramble K. F. Liem and D. B. Wake, pp. 73–88. Cambridge: Belknap Press. Furthermore, many of these same principles may be applied to climbing without trees, such as on rock piles or mountains.", "precise_score": 1.0533218383789062, "rough_score": 0.5152727365493774, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arboreal locomotion" }, { "answer": "Tree", "passage": "Many arboreal species, such as tree porcupines, chameleons, Silky Anteaters, spider monkeys, and possums, use prehensile tails to grasp branches. In the spider monkey and crested gecko, the tip of the tail has either a bare patch or adhesive pad, which provide increased friction.", "precise_score": -0.6489629745483398, "rough_score": 0.0005983114242553711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arboreal locomotion" }, { "answer": "trees", "passage": "The earliest known tetrapod with specializations that adapted it for climbing trees was Suminia, a synapsid of the late Permian, about 260 million years ago. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18076229095459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arboreal locomotion" }, { "answer": "Tree", "passage": "Some invertebrate animals are exclusively arboreal in habitat, such as the tree snail.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5875725150108337, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arboreal locomotion" }, { "answer": "trees", "passage": "Branches are not continuous, and any arboreal animal must be able to move between gaps in the branches, or even between trees. This can be accomplished by reaching across gaps, or by leaping across them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.729259014129639, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arboreal locomotion" }, { "answer": "Tree", "passage": "Claws can be used to interact with rough substrates and re-orient the direction of forces the animal applies. This is what allows squirrels to climb tree trunks that are so large as to be essentially flat, from the perspective of such a small animal. However, claws can interfere with an animal's ability to grasp very small branches, as they may wrap too far around and prick the animal's own paw.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.909502029418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arboreal locomotion" }, { "answer": "Tree", "passage": "Adhesion is an alternative to claws, which works best on smooth surfaces. Wet adhesion is common in tree frogs and arboreal salamanders, and functions either by suction or by capillary adhesion. Dry adhesion is best typified by the specialized toes of geckos, which use van der Waals forces to adhere to many substrates, even glass.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.58807373046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arboreal locomotion" }, { "answer": "trees", "passage": "Climbing without trees", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48219108581543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arboreal locomotion" }, { "answer": "trees", "passage": "Gliding between trees", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.469639778137207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arboreal locomotion" }, { "answer": "trees", "passage": "To bridge gaps between trees, many animals such as the flying squirrel have adapted membranes, such as patagia for gliding flight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42405891418457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Arboreal locomotion" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "The Iron Curtain", "Iron Curtain", "Jernteppe", "Iron curtain", "Iron curtain nuclear battle", "Eiserner Vorhang", "Teló d'acer", "Sinews of Peace", "Iron Curtain speech" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "iron curtain nuclear battle", "sinews of peace", "iron curtain speech", "eiserner vorhang", "jernteppe", "iron curtain", "teló d acer" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "iron curtain", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Iron Curtain" }

[ { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "After the Conservative Party lost the 1945 election, he became Leader of the Opposition to the Labour Government. He publicly warned of an \"Iron Curtain\" of Soviet influence in Europe and promoted European unity. After winning the 1951 election, Churchill again became Prime Minister. His second term was preoccupied by foreign affairs, including the Malayan Emergency, Mau Mau Uprising, Korean War, and a UK-backed coup d'état in Iran. Domestically his government laid great emphasis on house-building. Churchill suffered a serious stroke in 1953 and retired as Prime Minister in 1955, although he remained a Member of Parliament until 1964. Upon his death aged ninety in 1965, Elizabeth II granted him the honour of a state funeral, which saw one of the largest assemblies of world statesmen in history. Named the Greatest Briton of all time in a 2002 poll, Churchill is widely regarded as being among the most influential people in British history, consistently ranking well in opinion polls of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom.", "precise_score": -4.734472274780273, "rough_score": -5.434609889984131, "source": "wiki", "title": "Winston Churchill" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "A few weeks after the release of this \"Long Telegram\", former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill delivered his famous \"Iron Curtain\" speech in Fulton, Missouri. The speech called for an Anglo-American alliance against the Soviets, whom he accused of establishing an \"iron curtain\" from \"Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic\". ", "precise_score": 0.5022638440132141, "rough_score": -5.565825939178467, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cold War" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "By 1989, the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse, and, deprived of Soviet military support, the communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power. Grassroots organizations, such as Poland's Solidarity movement, rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases. In 1989, the communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections. In Czechoslovakia and East Germany, mass protests unseated entrenched communist leaders. The communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled, in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising. Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania, on behalf of the opposition, to prevent bloodshed. The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, which symbolized the collapse of European communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe. The 1989 revolutionary wave swept across Central and Eastern Europe peacefully overthrew all the Soviet-style communist states: East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria; Romania was the only Eastern-bloc country to topple its communist regime violently and execute its head of state. ", "precise_score": -6.839098930358887, "rough_score": -6.2796220779418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cold War" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "The Iron Curtain formed the imaginary boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The term symbolized efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the West and non-Soviet-controlled areas. On the east side of the Iron Curtain were the countries that were connected to or influenced by the Soviet Union. On either side of the Iron Curtain, states developed their own international economic and military alliances:", "precise_score": -1.9086066484451294, "rough_score": -4.241927146911621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "The use of the term iron curtain as a metaphor for strict separation goes back at least as far as the early 19th century. It originally referred to fireproof curtains in theaters. Although its popularity as a Cold War symbol is attributed to its use in a speech Winston Churchill gave in March 1946 in Fulton, Missouri, Nazi Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels had already used the term in reference to the Soviet Union.", "precise_score": 0.8784201741218567, "rough_score": -1.9679553508758545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "Churchill's first recorded use of the term \"iron curtain\" came in a 12 May 1945 telegram he sent to U.S. President Harry S. Truman regarding his concern about Soviet actions, stating \"[a]n iron curtain is drawn down upon their front. We do not know what is going on behind\". He was further concerned about \"another immense flight of the German population westward as this enormous Muscovite advance towards the centre of Europe\". Churchill concluded \"then the curtain will descend again to a very large extent, if not entirely. Thus a broad land of many hundreds of miles of Russian-occupied territory will isolate us from Poland\". ", "precise_score": -1.847090721130371, "rough_score": -6.352573871612549, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "Churchill repeated the words in a further telegram to President Truman on 4 June 1945, in which he protested against such a U.S. retreat to what was earlier designated as, and ultimately became, the U.S. occupation zone, saying the military withdrawal would bring \"Soviet power into the heart of Western Europe and the descent of an iron curtain between us and everything to the eastward\". At the Potsdam Conference, Churchill complained to Stalin about an \"iron fence\" coming down upon the British Mission in Bucharest.", "precise_score": 0.547035276889801, "rough_score": -3.7954583168029785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "Churchill's geographical description of the Iron Curtain was ambiguous as to which side of the Iron Curtain the Soviet occupation zones of Germany and Austria were on – Churchill described Berlin and Vienna, then divided into American, British, French and Soviet occupation zones but also surrounded by their countries' respective Soviet zones, as being \"in... the Soviet sphere.\" But Churchill also defined the Baltic terminus of the Iron Curtain as being Stettin, which is on the Oder-Neisse Line, thus implying the Iron Curtain to run along the revised Polish-German border as opposed to the border between the British and Soviet occupation zones in Germany. Had Churchill wanted to imply the Soviet Zone of Germany to be on the eastern side of the Iron Curtain, he should have named Lübeck in place of Stettin. In any event, at the time of Churchill's speech the re-establishment of Austrian and German states with the latter encompassing Germany's pre-1938 territories west of the Oder-Neisse line was assumed to be part of an inevitable final peace settlement.", "precise_score": -1.8270514011383057, "rough_score": -1.6953988075256348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "Much of the Western public still regarded the Soviet Union as a close ally in the context of the recent defeat of Nazi Germany and of Japan. Although not well received at the time, the phrase iron curtain gained popularity as a shorthand reference to the division of Europe as the Cold War strengthened. The Iron Curtain served to keep people in and information out, and people throughout the West eventually came to accept and use the metaphor. ", "precise_score": -0.7693536281585693, "rough_score": -5.402338981628418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Sinews of Peace", "passage": "Churchill's “Sinews of Peace” address was to strongly criticise the Soviet Union's exclusive and secretive tension policies along with the Eastern Europe's state form, Police State (Polizeistaat). He expressed the Allied Nations’ distrust of the Soviet Union after the World War II.", "precise_score": 0.9975988268852234, "rough_score": -4.0826616287231445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "The Iron Curtain took physical shape in the form of border defenses between the countries of western and eastern Europe. These were some of the most heavily militarised areas in the world, particularly the so-called \"inner German border\" – commonly known as die Grenze in German – between East and West Germany. The inner German border was marked in rural areas by double fences made of steel mesh (expanded metal) with sharp edges, while near urban areas a high concrete barrier similar to the Berlin Wall was built. The installation of the Wall in 1961 brought an end to a decade during which the divided capital of divided Germany was one of the easiest places to move west across the Iron Curtain. ", "precise_score": -2.204251289367676, "rough_score": -6.233393669128418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "During this trip he gave his Iron Curtain speech about the USSR and the creation of the Eastern Bloc. Speaking on 5 March 1946 at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, he declared:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.679115295410156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Winston Churchill" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "A number of countries did not fit comfortably into this neat definition of partition, including Switzerland, Sweden, Austria, and Ireland, which chose to be neutral. Finland was under the Soviet Union's military sphere of influence (see FCMA treaty) but remained neutral, was not communist, nor was it a member of the Warsaw Pact or Comecon but a member of the EFTA since 1986, and was West of the Iron Curtain. In 1955, when Austria again became a fully independent republic, it did so under the condition that it remain neutral, but as a country to the West of the Iron Curtain, it was in the United States sphere of influence. Spain did not join the NATO until 1982, towards the end of the Cold War and after the death of the authoritarian Franco.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.848920822143555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Western world" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "The fall of the Iron Curtain brought the end of the East–West division in Europe, but this geopolitical concept is sometimes still used for quick reference by the media. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.907632827758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eastern Europe" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "Winston Churchill, in his famous \"Sinews of Peace\" address of March 5, 1946 at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, stressed the geopolitical impact of the \"iron curtain\":", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.719787120819092, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eastern Europe" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "With the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, the political landscape of the Eastern Bloc, and indeed the world, changed. In the German reunification, the Federal Republic of Germany peacefully absorbed the German Democratic Republic in 1990. In 1991, COMECON, the Warsaw Pact, and the Soviet Union were dissolved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.83970832824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Eastern Europe" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "Physically, the Iron Curtain took the form of border defenses between the countries of Europe in the middle of the continent. The most notable border was marked by the Berlin Wall and its Checkpoint Charlie, which served as a symbol of the Curtain as a whole. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.039592742919922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "The events that demolished the Iron Curtain started in discontent in Poland, and continued in Hungary, the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Romania. Romania became the only communist state in Europe to overthrow its totalitarian government with violence. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.246671676635742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "Various usages of the term \"iron curtain\" (; ; ; ; ; , , , , ) pre-date Churchill's use of the phrase. The concept goes back to the Babylonian Talmud of the 3rd to 5th centuries CE, where Tractate Sota 38b refers to a \"mechitza shel barzel\", an iron barrier or divider: \"אפילו מחיצה של ברזל אינה מפסקת בין ישראל לאביהם שבשמים\" (Even an iron barrier cannot separate [the people of] Israel from their heavenly father).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.350083351135254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "The term \"iron curtain\" has since been used metaphorically in two rather different senses - firstly to denote the end of an era and secondly to denote a closed geopolitical border. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.924759864807129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "The first metaphorical usage of \"iron curtain\", in the sense of an end of an era, perhaps should be attributed to British author Arthur Machen (1863–1947), who used the term in his 1895 novel The Three Impostors: \" . . . the door clanged behind me with the noise of thunder, and I felt that an iron curtain had fallen on the brief passage of my life\". It is interesting to note the English translation of a Russian text shown immediately below repeats the use of \"clang\" with reference to an \"iron curtain\", suggesting that the Russian writer, publishing 23 years after Machen, may have been familiar with the popular British author.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.957778930664062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "Queen Elisabeth of the Belgians used the term \"Iron Curtain\" in the context of World War I to describe the political situation between Belgium and Germany in 1914. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.73404598236084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "With clanging, creaking, and squeaking, an iron curtain is lowering over Russian History. \"The performance is over.\" The audience got up. \"Time to put on your fur coats and go home.\" We looked around, but the fur coats and homes were missing. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.868192672729492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "The first English-language use of the term iron curtain applied to the border of communist Russia in the sense of \"an impenetrable barrier\" was used in 1920 by Ethel Snowden, in her book Through Bolshevik Russia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.633495330810547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "G.K. Chesterton used the phrase in a 1924 essay in The Illustrated London News. Chesterton, while defending Distributism, refers to \"that iron curtain of industrialism that has cut us off not only from our neighbours' condition, but even from our own past\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.228236198425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "The term also appears in the 1933 satirical novel England, Their England; used there to describe the way an artillery barrage protected the infantry from an enemy assault: \"...the western sky was a blaze of yellow flame. The iron curtain was down\". Sebastian Haffner used the metaphor in his book Germany: Jekyll & Hyde, published in London in 1940, in introducing his discussion of the Nazi rise to power in Germany in 1933: \"Back then to March 1933. How, a moment before the iron curtain was wrung down on it, did the German political stage appear?\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.296152114868164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "All German theatres had to install an iron curtain (eiserner Vorhang) as an obligatory precaution to prevent the possibility of fire spreading from the stage to the rest of the theatre. Such fires were rather common because the decor often was very flammable. In case of fire, a metal wall would separate the stage from the theatre, secluding the flames to be extinguished by firefighters. Douglas Reed used this metaphor in his book Disgrace Abounding: \"The bitter strife [in Yugoslavia between Serb unionists and Croat federalists] had only been hidden by the iron safety-curtain of the King's dictatorship\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.32889461517334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "A May 1943 article in Signal, a Nazi illustrated propaganda periodical published in many languages, bore the title \"Behind the Iron Curtain\". It discussed \"the iron curtain that more than ever before separates the world from the Soviet Union\". The German Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels wrote in his weekly newspaper Das Reich that if the Nazis should lose the war a Soviet-formed \"iron curtain\" would arise because of agreements made by Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill at the Yalta Conference: \"An iron curtain would fall over this enormous territory controlled by the Soviet Union, behind which nations would be slaughtered\". The first recorded oral intentional mention of an Iron Curtain in the Soviet context occurred in a broadcast by Lutz von Krosigk to the German people on 2 May 1945: \"In the East the iron curtain behind which, unseen by the eyes of the world, the work of destruction goes on, is moving steadily forward\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.396296501159668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "The first American print reference to the \"Iron Curtain\" occurred when C.L. Sulzberger of The New York Times first used it in a dispatch published on 23 July 1945. He had heard the term used by Vladko Maček, a Croatian politician, a Yugoslav opposition leader who had fled his homeland for Paris in May 1945. Maček told Sulzberger, \"During the four years while I was interned by the Germans in Croatia I saw how the Partisans were lowering an iron curtain over Jugoslavia [Yugoslavia] so that nobody could know what went on behind it\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.44470500946045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "The term was first used in the British House of Commons by Churchill on 16 August 1945 when he stated \"it is not impossible that tragedy on a prodigious scale is unfolding itself behind the iron curtain which at the moment divides Europe in twain\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.855288028717041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "Allen Dulles used the term in a speech on 3 December 1945, referring to only Germany, following his conclusion that \"in general the Russians are acting little better than thugs\", had \"wiped out all the liquid assets\", and refused to issue food cards to emigrating Germans, leaving them \"often more dead than alive\". Dulles concluded that \"[a]n iron curtain has descended over the fate of these people and very likely conditions are truly terrible. The promises at Yalta to the contrary, probably 8 to 10 million people are being enslaved\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.588826179504395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "The antagonism between the Soviet Union and the West that came to be described as the \"iron curtain\" had various origins.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.437318801879883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "Iron Curtain speech", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.889019966125488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Sinews of Peace", "passage": "Winston Churchill's \"Sinews of Peace\" address ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.238082885742188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "of 5 March 1946, at Westminster College, used the term \"iron curtain\" in the context of Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.108766555786133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an \"Iron Curtain\" has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.482024192810059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "While the Iron Curtain remained in place, much of Eastern Europe and parts of Central Europe (except West Germany, Liechtenstein, Switzerland and Austria) found themselves under the hegemony of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union annexed:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.176071166992188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "The majority of European states to the east of the Iron Curtain developed their own international economic and military alliances, such as COMECON and the Warsaw Pact.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.57623291015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "West of the Iron Curtain", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.890188217163086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "To the west of the Iron Curtain, the countries of Western Europe, Northern Europe and Southern Europe – along with Austria, West Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland – operated market economies. With the exception of a period of fascism in Spain (until the 1970s) and Portugal (until 1974) and military dictatorship in Greece (1967–1974), democratic governments ruled these countries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.220279693603516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "Most of the states of Europe to the west of the Iron Curtain – with the exception of neutral Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Sweden, Finland, Malta and Republic of Ireland – allied themselves with the United States and Canada within NATO. Economically, the European Community and the European Free Trade Association represented Western counterparts to COMECON. Most of the nominally neutral states were economically closer to the United States than they were to the Warsaw Pact.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.138263702392578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "Migration from east to west of the Iron Curtain, except under limited circumstances, was effectively halted after 1950. Before 1950, over 15 million people (mainly ethnic Germans) emigrated from Soviet-occupied eastern European countries to the west in the five years immediately following World War II. However, restrictions implemented during the Cold War stopped most East-West migration, with only 13.3 million migrations westward between 1950 and 1990. More than 75% of those emigrating from Eastern Bloc countries between 1950 and 1990 did so under bilateral agreements for \"ethnic migration.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.820243835449219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "About 10% were refugees permitted to emigrate under the Geneva Convention of 1951. Most Soviets allowed to leave during this time period were ethnic Jews permitted to emigrate to Israel after a series of embarrassing defections in 1970 caused the Soviets to open very limited ethnic emigrations. The fall of the Iron Curtain was accompanied by a massive rise in European East-West migration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.640965461730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "In Greece, a highly militarised area called the \"Επιτηρούμενη Ζώνη\" (\"Surveillance Area\") was created by the Greek Army along the Greek-Bulgarian border, subject to significant security-related regulations and restrictions. Inhabitants within this 25 km wide strip of land were forbidden to drive cars, own land bigger than 60 m2 and had to travel within the area with a special passport issued by Greek military authorities. Additionally, the Greek state used this area to encapsulate and monitor a non-Greek ethnic minority, the Pomaks, a Muslim and Bulgarian-speaking minority which was regarded as hostile to the interests of the Greek state during the Cold War because of its familiarity with their fellow Pomaks living on the other side of the Iron Curtain. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.636540412902832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "The Hungarian outer fence became the first part of the Iron Curtain to be dismantled. After the border fortifications were dismantled, a section was rebuilt for a formal ceremony. On 27 June 1989, the foreign ministers of Austria and Hungary, Alois Mock and Gyula Horn, ceremonially cut through the border defences separating their countries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.568328857421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "The creation of these highly militarised no-man's lands led to de facto nature reserves and created a wildlife corridor across Europe; this helped the spread of several species to new territories. Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, several initiatives are pursuing the creation of a European Green Belt nature preserve area along the Iron Curtain's former route. In fact, a long-distance cycling route along the length of the former border called the Iron Curtain Trail (ICT) exists as a project of the European Union and other associated nations. The trail is long and spans from Finland to Greece. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.484094619750977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "The term \"Iron Curtain\" was only used for the fortified borders in Europe; it was not used for similar borders in Asia between communist and capitalist states (these were, for a time, dubbed the Bamboo Curtain). The border between North Korea and South Korea is very comparable to the former inner German border, particularly in its degree of militarisation, but it has never conventionally been considered part of any Iron Curtain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.852802753448486, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "Fall of the Iron Curtain", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.496485710144043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "On 19 August 1989, more than 600 East Germans attending the \"Pan-European Picnic\" on the Hungarian border broke through the Iron Curtain and fled into Austria. Hungarian border guards had threatened to shoot anyone crossing the border, but when the time came, they did not intervene and allowed the people to cross. In a historic session from 16 to 20 October, the Hungarian parliament adopted legislation providing for multi-party parliamentary elections and a direct presidential election. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.883627891540527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "There is an Iron Curtain monument in the southern part of the Czech Republic at approximately . A few hundred meters of the original fence, and one of the guard towers, has remained installed. There are interpretive signs in Czech and English that explain the history and significance of the Iron Curtain. This is the only surviving part of the fence in the Czech Republic, though several guard towers and bunkers can still be seen. Some of these are part of the Communist Era defences, some are from the never-used Czechoslovak border fortifications in defence against Adolf Hitler, and some towers were, or have become, hunting platforms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.82862663269043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "Another monument is located in Fertőrákos, Hungary, at the site of the Pan-European Picnic. On the eastern hill of the stone quarry stands a metal sculpture by Gabriela von Habsburg. It is a column made of metal and barbed wire with the date of the Pan-European Picnic and the names of participants. On the ribbon under the board is the Latin text:” In necessariis unitas – in dubiis libertas – in omnibus caritas.” (Unity in unavoidable matters – freedom in doubtful matters – love in all things.) The memorial symbolises the iron curtain and recalls forever the memories of the border breakthrough in 1989.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.51507568359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "* An analogue of the Iron Curtain, the Bamboo Curtain, surrounded the People's Republic of China. As the standoff between the West and the countries of the Iron and Bamboo curtains eased with the end of the Cold War, the term fell out of any but historical usage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.634032249450684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" }, { "answer": "Iron Curtain", "passage": "The Iron Curtain is a superweapon that appears in the Red Alert (series) games from the video game series Command and Conquer. In the games, it gives vehicles under your control invulnerability from damage for a short period of time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.111663818359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron Curtain" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "The Chamber of Secrets", "Hogwarts quidditch teams", "N.E.W.T.", "Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry", "Hogwart's House System", "Hogwarts House Points", "Hogwart's School of Witchcraft And Wizardry", "The Hogwarts Express", "Hogwarts School", "NEWTS", "Howgarts", "O.W.L.", "Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardery", "Chamber of the Silent", "Hogwarts School for Witchcraft and Wizardry", "Hogwarts Castle", "Ravenclaw", "Chamber of Secrets", "Gryffindor", "Hufflepuff", "Locations in Hogwarts", "Founders of Hogwarts", "O.W.L.s", "Hogwarts", "NEWT", "Hogwarts layout", "Chamber of secrets", "Hogwarts houses", "Battle of hogwarts", "Griphindor", "Slitherin", "Ordinary Wizarding Levels", "Owlery", "Hogwarts High School", "Ordinary Wizarding Level", "Hogwarts School Of Witchcraft And Wizardry", "Nastily Exhausting Wizarding Test", "The chamber of secrets", "Rowana ravenclaw", "Hogwarts Floor Directory", "Hogwarts Houses", "Hogwards", "List of Hogwarts Quidditch Teams", "Hogwarts Express", "Griffindor", "Hogwart's", "Room of Requirement", "Slytherin", "Hogwarts castle" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "hogwarts houses", "chamber of silent", "slytherin", "hogwarts school", "ordinary wizarding level", "hogwards", "n e w t", "hogwart s", "list of hogwarts quidditch teams", "hogwarts express", "hogwart s school of witchcraft and wizardry", "newt", "hogwarts layout", "locations in hogwarts", "room of requirement", "howgarts", "o w l s", "hufflepuff", "owlery", "newts", "ravenclaw", "hogwart s house system", "chamber of secrets", "hogwarts high school", "hogwarts castle", "rowana ravenclaw", "hogwarts house points", "o w l", "hogwarts school of witchcraft and wizardry", "hogwarts", "ordinary wizarding levels", "hogwarts school for witchcraft and wizardry", "griphindor", "battle of hogwarts", "hogwarts school of witchcraft and wizardery", "slitherin", "hogwarts floor directory", "hogwarts quidditch teams", "nastily exhausting wizarding test", "founders of hogwarts", "griffindor", "gryffindor" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "hogwarts", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Hogwarts" }

[ { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling. The novels chronicle the life of a young wizard, Harry Potter, and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The main story arc concerns Harry's struggle against Lord Voldemort, a dark wizard who intends to become immortal, overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry of Magic, and subjugate all wizards and non-magical people (Muggles).", "precise_score": 6.270153045654297, "rough_score": 1.9191243648529053, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "The central character in the series is Harry Potter, an English orphan who discovers, at the age of eleven, that he is a wizard, though he lives in the ordinary world of non-magical people known as Muggles. The wizarding world exists parallel to the Muggle world, albeit hidden and in secrecy. His magical ability is inborn and children with such abilities are invited to attend exclusive magic schools that teach the necessary skills to succeed in the wizarding world. Harry becomes a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, a wizarding academy in Scotland and it is here where most of the events in the series take place. As Harry develops through his adolescence, he learns to overcome the problems that face him: magical, social and emotional, including ordinary teenage challenges such as friendships, infatuation, romantic relationships, schoolwork and exams, anxiety, depression, stress, and the greater test of preparing himself for the confrontation, that lies ahead, in wizarding Britain's increasingly-violent second wizarding war. ", "precise_score": 6.702497959136963, "rough_score": 4.844579219818115, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "The series continues with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, describing Harry's second year at Hogwarts. He and his friends investigate a 50-year-old mystery that appears uncannily related to recent sinister events at the school. Ron's younger sister, Ginny Weasley, enrolls in her first year at Hogwarts, and finds an old notebook which turns out to be Voldemort's diary from his school days. Ginny becomes possessed by Voldemort through the diary and unconsciously opens the \"Chamber of Secrets\", unleashing an ancient monster, later revealed to be a basilisk, which begins attacking students at Hogwarts. The novel delves into the history of Hogwarts and a legend revolving around the Chamber that soon frightened everyone in the school. The book also introduces a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher, Gilderoy Lockhart, a highly cheerful, self-conceited wizard who goes around as if he is the most wonderful person who ever existed, who knows absolutely every single thing there is to know about everything, who later turns out to be a fraud. Harry discovers that prejudice exists in the wizarding world, and learns that Voldemort's reign of terror was often directed at wizards who were descended from Muggles. Harry also learns that his ability to speak the snake language Parseltongue is rare and often associated with the Dark Arts. The novel ends after Harry saves Ginny's life by destroying the basilisk and the enchanted diary which has been the source of the problems.", "precise_score": 2.6103880405426025, "rough_score": -1.6375585794448853, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "During Harry's fourth year of school (detailed in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire), Harry is unwillingly entered as a participant in the Triwizard Tournament, a dangerous contest where three \"champions\", one from each participating school, must compete with each other in three tasks in order to win the triwizard cup. This year, Harry must compete against a witch and a wizard \"champion\" from visiting schools Beauxbatons and Durmstrang, as well as another Hogwarts student, causing Harry's friends to distance themselves from him. Harry is guided through the tournament by their new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor, Alastor \"Mad-Eye\" Moody, who turns out to be an impostor – one of Voldemort's supporters named Barty Crouch, Jr. in disguise. The point at which the mystery is unravelled marks the series' shift from foreboding and uncertainty into open conflict. Voldemort's plan to have Crouch use the tournament to bring Harry to Voldemort succeeds. Although Harry manages to escape, Cedric Diggory, the other Hogwarts champion in the tournament, is killed by Peter Pettigrew and Voldemort re-enters the wizarding world with a physical body.", "precise_score": 4.235225677490234, "rough_score": 5.206789970397949, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "The Harry Potter novels are mainly directed at a young adult audience as opposed to an audience of middle grade readers, children, or adults. The novels fall within the genre of fantasy literature, and qualify as a unique type of fantasy called \"urban fantasy\", \"contemporary fantasy\", or \"low fantasy\". They are mainly dramas, and maintain a fairly serious and dark tone throughout, though they do contain some notable instances of tragicomedy and black humour. In many respects, they are also examples of the bildungsroman, or coming of age novel, and contain elements of mystery, adventure, horror, thriller, and romance. They can be considered part of the British children's boarding school genre, which includes Rudyard Kipling's Stalky & Co., Enid Blyton's Malory Towers, St. Clare's and the Naughtiest Girl series, and Frank Richards's Billy Bunter novels: the Harry Potter books are predominantly set in Hogwarts, a fictional British boarding school for wizards, where the curriculum includes the use of magic. In this sense they are \"in a direct line of descent from Thomas Hughes's Tom Brown's School Days and other Victorian and Edwardian novels of British public school life\", though they are, as many note, more contemporary, grittier, darker, and more mature than the typical boarding school novel, addressing serious themes of death, love, loss, prejudice, coming-of-age, and the loss of innocence in a 1990's British setting. ", "precise_score": 1.5821644067764282, "rough_score": -0.8783360719680786, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is the first novel in the Harry Potter series and J. K. Rowling's debut novel, first published in 1997 by Bloomsbury. It was published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by Scholastic Corporation in 1998. The plot follows Harry Potter, a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage as he makes close friends and a few enemies in his first year at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. With the help of his friends, Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry's parents, but failed to kill Harry when he was just a year old.", "precise_score": 3.1159229278564453, "rough_score": -2.8410239219665527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "Harry starts classes at Hogwarts School, with lessons including Transfiguration with Head of Gryffindor, Minerva McGonagall, Herbology with Head of Hufflepuff, Pomona Sprout, Charms with Head of Ravenclaw Filius Flitwick, and Defence Against the Dark Arts with Quirinus Quirrell. Harry's least favourite class is Potions, taught by Severus Snape, the vindictive Head of Slytherin who seems to loathe Harry. Harry, Ron, and Hermione become far more interested by extracurricular matters within and outside of the school, particularly after they discover that a huge three-headed dog is standing guard over a trapdoor in a condemned corridor. They also become suspicious of Snape's behaviour and become convinced that he is looking for ways to get past the trapdoor.", "precise_score": 7.123891353607178, "rough_score": -2.7803726196289062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "Nicholas Tucker described the early Harry Potter books as looking back to Victorian and Edwardian children's stories: Hogwarts was an old-style boarding school in which the teachers addressed pupils formally by their surnames and were most concerned with the reputations of the houses with which they were associated; characters' personalities were plainly shown by their appearances, starting with the Dursleys; evil or malicious characters were to be crushed rather than reformed, including Filch's cat Mrs Norris; and the hero, a mistreated orphan who found his true place in life, was charismatic and good at sports, but considerate and protective towards the weak. Several other commentators have stated that the books present a highly stratified society including many social stereotypes. However Karin Westerman drew parallels with 1990s Britain: a class system that was breaking down but defended by those whose power and status it upheld; the multi-ethnic composition of Hogwarts' students; the racial tensions between the various intelligent species; and school bullying. ", "precise_score": 3.4162580966949463, "rough_score": 0.09368017315864563, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "The environment Rowling created is intimately connected to reality. The British magical community of the Harry Potter books is inspired by 1990s British culture, European folklore, classical mythology and alchemy, incorporating objects and wildlife such as magic wands, magic plants, potions, spells, flying broomsticks, centaurs and other magical creatures, the Deathly Hallows, and the Philosopher's Stone, beside others invented by Rowling. While the fantasy land of Narnia is an alternate universe and the Lord of the Rings Middle-earth a mythic past, the wizarding world of Harry Potter exists in parallel within the real world and contains magical versions of the ordinary elements of everyday life, with the action mostly set in Scotland (Hogwarts), the West Country, Devon, London and Surrey in southeast England. The world only accessible to wizards and magical beings comprises a fragmented collection of overlooked hidden streets, ancient pubs, lonely country manors and secluded castles invisible to the Muggle population. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.612573623657227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "Harry's first contact with the wizarding world is through a half-giant, Rubeus Hagrid, keeper of grounds and keys at Hogwarts. Hagrid reveals some of Harry's history. Harry learns that, as a baby, he witnessed his parents' murder by the power-obsessed Dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who subsequently attempted to kill him as well. For reasons not revealed until the fifth book, the spell with which Voldemort tried to kill Harry, rebounded. Harry survived with only a lightning-shaped scar on his forehead as a memento of the attack and Voldemort disappeared afterwards. As its inadvertent saviour from Voldemort's reign of terror, Harry has become a living legend in the wizarding world. However, at the orders of the venerable and well-known wizard Albus Dumbledore, the orphaned Harry had been placed in the home of his unpleasant Muggle relatives, the Dursleys, who kept him safe but treated him poorly, having him live in a cupboard and do chores while doting on their spoiled son Dudley. Petunia Dursley was jealous of her sister's magical abilities as a child, and later came to believe that all wizards were freaks. Therefore, the Dursleys hated wizards, so they hid Harry's true heritage from him, saying his parents died in a car crash in the hope that he would grow up \"normal\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.376546859741211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "With Hagrid's help, Harry prepares for and undertakes his first year of study at Hogwarts. As Harry begins to explore the magical world, the reader is introduced to many of the primary locations used throughout the series. Harry meets most of the main characters and gains his two closest friends: Ron Weasley, a fun-loving member of an ancient, large, happy, but poor wizarding family, and Hermione Granger, a gifted and very hardworking witch of non-magical parentage. Harry also encounters the school's potions master, Severus Snape, who displays a conspicuously deep and abiding dislike for him, and the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher, Quirinus Quirrell, who later turns out to be controlled by Lord Voldemort. The first book concludes with Harry's second confrontation with Lord Voldemort, who, in his quest for immortality, yearns to gain the power of the Philosopher's Stone, a substance that bestows everlasting life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.061071872711182, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "In the fifth book, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Harry must confront the newly resurfaced Voldemort. In response to Voldemort's reappearance, Dumbledore re-activates the Order of the Phoenix, a secret society which works from Sirius Black's dark family home to defeat Voldemort's minions and protect Voldemort's targets, especially Harry. Despite Harry's description of Voldemort's recent activities, the Ministry of Magic and many others in the magical world refuse to believe that Voldemort has returned. In an attempt to counter and eventually discredit Dumbledore, who along with Harry is the most prominent voice in the wizarding world attempting to warn of Voldemort's return, the Ministry appoints Dolores Umbridge as the High Inquisitor of Hogwarts and the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher. She transforms the school into a dictatorial regime and refuses to allow the students to learn ways to defend themselves against dark magic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.683155059814453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "In the sixth book, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Voldemort begins waging open warfare. Harry and his friends are relatively protected from that danger at Hogwarts. They are subject to all the difficulties of adolescence – Harry eventually begins dating Ginny, Ron establishes a strong infatuation with fellow Hogwarts student Lavender Brown, and Hermione starts to develop romantic feelings toward Ron. Near the beginning of the novel, lacking his own book, Harry is given an old potions textbook filled with many annotations and recommendations signed by a mysterious writer; \"the Half-Blood Prince.\" This book is a source of scholastic success and great recognition from their new potions master, Horace Slughorn, but because of the potency of the spells that are written in it, becomes a source of concern. Harry takes private lessons with Dumbledore, who shows him various memories concerning the early life of Voldemort in a device called a Pensieve. These reveal that in order to preserve his life, Voldemort has split his soul into pieces, creating a series of horcruxes – evil enchanted items hidden in various locations, one of which was the diary destroyed in the second book. Harry's snobbish adversary, Draco Malfoy, attempts to attack Dumbledore, and the book culminates in the killing of Dumbledore by Professor Snape, the titular Half-Blood Prince.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.802966117858887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "The book culminates in the Battle of Hogwarts. Harry, Ron and Hermione, in conjunction with members of the Order of the Phoenix and many of the teachers and students, defend Hogwarts from Voldemort, his Death Eaters, and various dangerous magical creatures. Several major characters are killed in the first wave of the battle, including Remus Lupin and Fred Weasley. After learning that he himself is a horcrux, Harry surrenders himself to Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest, who casts a killing curse (Avada Kedavra) at him. The defenders of Hogwarts do not surrender after learning of Harry's presumed death and continue to fight on. Harry awakens and faces Voldemort, whose horcruxes have all been destroyed. In the final battle, Voldemort's killing curse rebounds off Harry's defensive spell (Expelliarmus) killing Voldemort. Harry Potter marries and has children with Ginny Weasley and Hermione Granger marries and has children with Ronald Weasley.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.726878643035889, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "Rowling has expanded the Harry Potter universe with several short books produced for various charities. In 2001, she released Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (a purported Hogwarts textbook) and Quidditch Through the Ages (a book Harry reads for fun). Proceeds from the sale of these two books benefited the charity Comic Relief. In 2007, Rowling composed seven handwritten copies of The Tales of Beedle the Bard, a collection of fairy tales that is featured in the final novel, one of which was auctioned to raise money for the Children's High Level Group, a fund for mentally disabled children in poor countries. The book was published internationally on 4 December 2008. Rowling also wrote an 800-word prequel in 2008 as part of a fundraiser organised by the bookseller Waterstones. All three of these books contain extra information about the wizarding world not included in the original novels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.494084358215332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "In the middle of each book, Harry struggles with the problems he encounters, and dealing with them often involves the need to violate some school rules. If students are caught breaking rules, they are often disciplined by Hogwarts professors. However, the stories reach their climax in the summer term, near or just after final exams, when events escalate far beyond in-school squabbles and struggles, and Harry must confront either Voldemort or one of his followers, the Death Eaters, with the stakes a matter of life and death–a point underlined, as the series progresses, by one or more characters being killed in each of the final four books. In the aftermath, he learns important lessons through exposition and discussions with head teacher and mentor Albus Dumbledore. In the final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Harry and his friends spend most of their time away from Hogwarts, and only return there to face Voldemort at the dénouement. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.302425861358643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "The Chamber of Secrets", "passage": "The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version. It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005, and it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release. The seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was published on 21 July 2007. The book sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of release, breaking down to 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.570896625518799, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "For cover art, Bloomsbury chose painted art in a classic style of design, with the first cover a watercolour and pencil drawing by illustrator Thomas Taylor showing Harry boarding the Hogwarts Express, and a title in the font Cochin Bold. The first releases of the successive books in the series followed in the same style but somewhat more realistic, illustrating scenes from the books. These covers were created by first Cliff Wright and then Jason Cockroft. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.00439739227295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "Due to the appeal of the books among an adult audience, Bloomsbury commissioned a second line of editions in an 'adult' style. These initially used black-and-white photographic art for the covers showing objects from the books (including a very American Hogwarts Express) without depicting people, but later shifted to partial colourisation with a picture of Slytherin's locket on the cover of the final book.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.389288902282715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "The Chamber of Secrets", "passage": "After extensive casting, filming began in October 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London itself, with production ending in July 2001. Philosopher's Stone was released on 14 November 2001. Just three days after the film's release, production for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, also directed by Columbus, began. Filming was completed in summer 2002, with the film being released on 15 November 2002. Daniel Radcliffe portrayed Harry Potter, doing so for all succeeding films in the franchise.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.141570091247559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "There are thirteen Harry Potter video games, eight of which correspond with the films and books, and five other spin-offs. The film/book based games are produced by Electronic Arts, as was Harry Potter: Quidditch World Cup, with the game version of the first entry in the series, Philosopher's Stone, being released in November 2001. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone went on to become one of the best selling PlayStation games ever. The video games are released to coincide with the films, containing scenery and details from the films as well as the tone and spirit of the books. Objectives usually occur in and around Hogwarts, along with various other magical areas. The story and design of the games follows the selected film's characterisation and plot; EA worked closely with Warner Brothers to include scenes from the films. The last game in the series, Deathly Hallows, was split with Part 1 released in November 2010 and Part 2 debuting on consoles in July 2011. The two-part game forms the first entry to convey an intense theme of action and violence, with the gameplay revolving around a third-person shooter style format. The spin-off games, Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4 and Lego Harry Potter: Years 5–7 are developed by Traveller's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. The spin-off games Book of Spells and Book of Potions are developed by SCE London Studio and utilise the Wonderbook; an augmented reality book which is designed to be used in conjunction with the PlayStation Move and PlayStation Eye. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7208733558654785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "After the success of the films and books, Universal and Warner Brothers announced they would create The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, a new Harry Potter-themed expansion to the Islands of Adventure theme park at Universal Orlando Resort in Florida. The land officially opened to the public on 18 June 2010. It includes a re-creation of Hogsmeade and several rides. The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey, which exists within a re-creation of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Other rides include Dragon Challenge, a pair of inverted roller coasters, and Flight of the Hippogriff, a family roller coaster.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.012966156005859, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "Four years later, on 8 July 2014, Universal opened a Harry Potter-themed area at the Universal Studios Florida theme park. It includes a re-creation of Diagon Alley and connecting alleys and a small section of Muggle London. The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts roller coaster ride. Universal also added a completely functioning recreation of the Hogwarts Express connecting Kings Cross Station at Universal Studios Florida to the Hogsmeade station at Islands of Adventure. Both Hogsmeade and Diagon Alley contain many shops and restaurants from the book series, including Weasley's Wizard Wheezes and The Leaky Cauldron.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9898152351379395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "Ten years later while living at number Four Privet Drive, Harry is tormented by the Dursleys, treated more like a servant than a member of the family and forced to live in a cupboard under the stairs. Shortly before his eleventh birthday, a series of letters addressed to Harry arrive, but Vernon destroys them before Harry can read them, leading only to an influx of more letters. To evade the pursuit of the letters, Vernon first takes the family to a hotel, and, when the letters arrive there too, he hires a boat out to a small island. On Harry's eleventh birthday at midnight, Hagrid bursts through the door to deliver Harry's letter and tells him what the Dursleys have kept from him: Harry is a wizard and has been accepted into Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Hagrid takes Harry to a hidden London street called Diagon Alley, where he is startled to discover how famous he is among the witches and wizards, who refer to him as \"the boy who lived.\" He also finds that his parents' inheritance is waiting for him at Gringotts Wizarding Bank. Guided by Hagrid, he buys the equipment he will need for his first year at Hogwarts and receives a pet owl.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.19299030303955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "A month later, Harry leaves the Dursleys' home to catch the Hogwarts Express from King's Cross railway station. There he meets the Weasley family, who show him how to pass through the magic wall to Platform 9¾, where the train that will take them to Hogwarts is waiting. While on the train, Harry meets two fellow first years, Ron Weasley, who immediately becomes his friend, and Hermione Granger, with whom the ice is a bit slower to break. Harry also makes an enemy of yet another first-year, Draco Malfoy. Draco offers to advise Harry, but Harry dislikes Draco for his arrogance and prejudice and rejects his offer of \"friendship\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.497817993164062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "At Hogwarts, the first-years are assigned by the magical Sorting Hat to houses that best suites their personality. While Harry is being sorted, the Hat suggests that he be placed into Slytherin which is known to house potential dark witches and wizards, but when Harry objects, the Hat sends him to Gryffindor. Ron and Hermione are also sorted into Gryffindor. Draco is sorted into Slytherin, like his whole family before him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.828204154968262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "Thanks to an indiscretion from Hagrid, Harry and his friends work out that the object kept at the school is a Philosopher's Stone, made by an old friend of Dumbledore named Nicolas Flamel. Harry is also informed by a centaur he meets in the forest that a plot to steal the Philosopher’s stone is being orchestrated by none other than Voldemort himself, who would use it to be restored to his body and come back to power. When Dumbledore is lured from Hogwarts under false pretences, Harry and his friends fear that the theft is imminent and descend through the trapdoor themselves. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.955340385437012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "They encounter a series of obstacles, each of which requires unique skills possessed by one of the three, and one of which requires Ron to sacrifice himself in a life-sized game of wizard's chess. In the final room, Harry, now alone, finds Quirrell, who admits that he had tried to kill Harry at his Quidditch match against Slytherin. He also admits that he let the troll into Hogwarts. Snape had been trying to protect Harry all along rather than to kill him, and his suspicious behaviour came from his own suspicions about Quirrell. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.99817943572998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "Quirrell is one of Voldemort's followers, and is now partly possessed by him: Voldemort's face has sprouted on the back of his own head, hidden by his turban. Voldemort needs Harry's help to get past the final obstacle: the Mirror of Erised, but when Quirrell tries to grab the Stone from Harry his contact proves lethal for Quirrell. Harry passes out and awakes in the school hospital, where Dumbledore explains to him that he survived because his mother sacrificed her life to protect him, and this left a powerful protective charm on him. Voldemort left Quirrell to die and is likely to return by some other means. The Stone has now been destroyed. The school year ends at the final feast, during which Gryffindor wins the House Cup. Harry returns to the Dursleys' for the summer holiday but does not tell them that under-age wizards are forbidden to use magic outside of Hogwarts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.049443244934082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "* Rubeus Hagrid, a half-giant nearly 12 ft tall, with tangled black hair and beard, was expelled from Hogwarts and his wand was broken, but Professor Dumbledore let him stay on as the school's gamekeeper, a job which enables him to lavish affection and pet names on even the most dangerous of magical creatures. Hagrid is fiercely loyal to Dumbledore and quickly becomes a close friend of Harry, Ron and, later, Hermione, but his carelessness makes him unreliable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.432632446289062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "* Professor Dumbledore, a tall, thin man who wears half-moon spectacles and has silver hair and a beard that tucks into his belt, is the headmaster of Hogwarts, and thought to be the only wizard Voldemort fears. Dumbledore, while renowned for his achievements in magic, finds it difficult to resist sweets and has a whimsical sense of humour. Although he shrugs off praise, he is aware of his own brilliance. Rowling described him as the \"epitome of goodness\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.853869438171387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" }, { "answer": "Gryffindor", "passage": "* Professor McGonagall, a tall, severe-looking woman with black hair tied in a tight bun, teaches Transfiguration, and sometimes transforms herself into a cat. She is Deputy Headmistress, and Head of Gryffindor House and, according to the author, \"under that gruff exterior\" is \"a bit of an old softy\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.134166717529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" }, { "answer": "Slytherin", "passage": "* Professor Snape, who has a hooked nose, sallow complexion and greasy black hair, teaches Potions, but would prefer to teach Defence Against the Dark Arts. Snape praises pupils in Slytherin, his own House but seizes every opportunity to humiliate others, especially Harry. Several incidents, beginning with the shooting pain in Harry's scar during the start-of-term feast, lead Harry and his friends to think Snape is a follower of Voldemort.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.891613960266113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" }, { "answer": "Ravenclaw", "passage": "Other members of staff include the dumpy Herbology teacher and Head of Hufflepuff House Professor Sprout, Professor Flitwick, the tiny and excitable Charms teacher, and Head of Ravenclaw House, the soporific History of Magic teacher, Professor Binns, a ghost who does not seem to have noticed his own death; and Madam Hooch, the Quidditch coach, who is strict, but a considerate and methodical teacher. The poltergeist Peeves wanders around the castle causing trouble wherever he can.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.713105201721191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "Rowling also imagined a supporting cast of adults. The headmaster of Hogwarts is the powerful, but kind wizard Albus Dumbledore, who becomes Harry's confidant; Rowling described him as \"epitome of goodness\". His right hand is severe Minerva McGonagall, who according to the author \"under that gruff exterior\" is \"a bit of an old softy\", the friendly half-giant Rubeus Hagrid, who saved Harry from the Dursley family and the sinister Severus Snape. Professor Quirrell is also featured in the novel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.434416770935059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" }, { "answer": "Hogwarts", "passage": "Platform 9¾, from which the Hogwarts Express left London, was commemorated in the real-life King's Cross railway station with a sign and a trolley apparently passing through the wall. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.459632873535156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" }, { "answer": "The Chamber of Secrets", "passage": "The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version. It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005 and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release. The seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was published on 21 July 2007. The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release: 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.906990051269531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" } ]

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[ { "answer": "two", "passage": "Beach volleyball is a team sport played by two teams of two players on a sand court divided by a net. It has been an Olympic discipline since the 1996 Games.", "precise_score": 6.052366256713867, "rough_score": 6.534341335296631, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "two", "passage": "Most of these early beach volleyball matches were played with teams of at least six players per side, much like indoor volleyball. The concept of the modern two-man beach volleyball game is credited to Paul \"Pablo\" Johnson, an indoor player of Santa Monica Athletic Club. In the summer of 1930, while waiting for players to show up for a six-man game, Johnson decided to try playing with only the two people present. The game was forever changed. Though recreational games continue to be played with more players, the most widely played version of the game, and the only one contested at an elite level, has only two players per team.", "precise_score": 8.480581283569336, "rough_score": 7.703588962554932, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "two", "passage": "In 1974 there was an indoor tournament: \"The $1500.00 World Indoor Two-Man Volleyball Championship\" played in front of 4,000 volleyball enthusiast at the San Diego Sports Arena. Fred Zuelich teamed with Dennis Hare to defeat Ron Von Hagen and Matt Gage in the championship match, Winston Cigarettes was the sponsor. Dennis Hare went on to write the first book on the subject of Beach Volleyball: The Art of Beach Volleyball. ", "precise_score": 0.52541184425354, "rough_score": -0.46535393595695496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The first professional beach volleyball tournament was the Olympia World Championship of Beach Volleyball, staged on Labor Day weekend, 1976, at Will Rogers State Beach in Pacific Palisades, California. The event was organized by David Wilk of Volleyball Magazine, based in Santa Barbara. The winners, the first \"world champions\", were Greg Lee and Jim Menges. They split $2,500 out of a total prize purse of $5,000.", "precise_score": -2.689786434173584, "rough_score": -2.4661705493927, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "At the professional level, the sport remained fairly obscure until the 1980s when beach volleyball experienced a surge in popularity with high profile players such as Sinjin Smith, Randy Stoklos, and Karch Kiraly. Kiraly won an Olympic gold medal in beach volleyball in its first Olympic appearance in 1996, adding that to the two Olympic golds he won as part of the USA men's indoor team, and has won 142 titles. In 1987, the FIVB created the first World Beach Volleyball Championships, played in Rio Janeiro, Brazil won By Sinjin Smith and Randy Stoklos. The FIVB began organizing worldwide professional tournaments, and laid the groundwork for the sport's Olympic debut in 1996. ", "precise_score": 0.8061856031417847, "rough_score": -0.2038641721010208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Beach volleyball has become a global sport, with international competition organized by the FIVB. Brazil and the USA are dominant, with 20 of the 30 Olympic medals awarded to date between them, and 16 of the 20 gold and silver medals. But the sport's popularity has spread to the rest of the world as well.", "precise_score": -0.28703537583351135, "rough_score": -2.446444511413574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "two", "passage": "According to FIVB rules, female beach volleyball players have the option of playing in shorts or a one-piece swimsuit. Most players, however, prefer the two-piece bikini. ", "precise_score": -0.8556786775588989, "rough_score": 4.823925495147705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "During the 2004 Summer Olympic Games, a study was conducted on the camera angles during the beach volleyball games. Twenty percent of the camera angles were focused on the chest area and seventeen percent of the angles were focused on the buttock area. The study concludes that this implies the look of the players is having a greater impact on fans than their actual athleticism. ", "precise_score": -1.9073748588562012, "rough_score": 0.7845128774642944, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Nudists were early adopters of the game. Records of regular games in clubs can be found as early as the 1920s. Given the outdoor nature of nudism/naturism, a beach version of volleyball was naturally adopted. By the 1960s, a volleyball court could be found in almost all nudist/naturist clubs. A large (over 70 teams) nude volleyball tournament has been held each fall since 1971 at White Thorn Lodge in western Pennsylvania, and several smaller tournaments occur each year throughout North America. ", "precise_score": 1.0052014589309692, "rough_score": -1.8663948774337769, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The most common injuries in beach volleyball are knee, ankle and finger injuries. Pain due to overuse of the knee, lower back, and especially shoulder is common as well. Many players use kinesiology tape. Interest in this tape has surged after American beach volleyball player and gold medallist Kerri Walsh wore it at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.", "precise_score": -3.0827865600585938, "rough_score": -2.787405490875244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "A group does not necessarily constitute a team. Teams normally have members with complementary skills and generate synergy through a coordinated effort which allows each member to maximize their strengths and minimize their weaknesses. Naresh Jain (2009) claims:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.087657928466797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Team" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Theorists in business in the late 20th century popularized the concept of constructing teams. Differing opinions exist on the efficacy of this new management fad. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.526206970214844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Team" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Team size and team composition affect team processes and team outcomes. The optimal size (and composition) of teams is debated and will vary depending on the task at hand. At least one study of problem-solving in groups showed an optimal size of groups at four members. Other works estimate the optimal size between 5-12 members or a number of members that can consume two pizzas. The following extract is taken from Chong (2007): ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.810213088989258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Team" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The interest in teams gained momentum in the 1980s with the publication of Belbin’s (1981) work on successful teams. The research into teams and teamwork followed two lines of inquiry. Writers such as Belbin (1981, 1993), Woodcock (1989), Margerison and McCann (1990), Davis et al. (1992), Parker (1990), and Spencer and Pruss (1992) focused on team roles and how these affected team performance. These studies suggested that team performance was a function of the number and type of roles team members played. The number of roles for optimal performance varied from 15 (Davis et al., 1992) to four (Parker, 1990). This variation has been attributed to how roles were defined. Lindgren (1997) believed that, in a social psychological sense, ‘roles’ were behaviours one exhibited within the constraints assigned by the outside world to one’s occupational position e.g. leader, manager, supervisor, worker etc. Personality traits, on the other hand, were internally driven and relatively stable over time and across situations. These traits affected behavioural patterns in predictable ways (Pervin, 1989) and, in varying degrees, become part of the ‘role’ definition as well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.00417709350586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Team" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The other line of inquiry focused on measuring the ‘effectiveness’ of teams. Writers such as Deihl and Stroebe (1987), Gersik (1988), Evenden and Anderson (1992), Furnham et al. (1993), Cohen and Ledford (1994) and Katzenbach (1998) were concerned with high performing teams and the objective measurement of their effectiveness. McFadzean (2002) believed that the appearance of a number of models of team effectiveness was indicative of a variety of variables such as personality, group size, work norms, status relationships, group structure etc. that can impact on team ‘effectiveness’ and its measurement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.353896141052246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Team" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "An executive team is a management team that draws up plans for activities and then directs these activities (Devine, 2002). An example of an executive team would be a construction team designing blueprints for a new building, and then guiding the construction of the building using these blueprints.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.182324409484863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Team" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The goal of the command team is to combine instructions and to coordinate action among management. In other words, command teams serve as the \"middle man\" in tasks (Devine, 2002). For instance, messengers on a construction site, conveying instructions from the executive team to the builders, would be an example of a command team.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.203417778015137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Team" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Advisory teams make suggestions about a final product (Devine, 2002). For instance, a quality-control group on an assembly line would be an example of an advisory team: they may examine the products produced and make suggestions about how to improve the quality of the items being made.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444563865661621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Team" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Work teams are responsible for the actual act of creating tangible products and services (Devine, 2002). The actual workers on an assembly line would be an example of a production team, whereas waiters and waitresses at a diner would be an example of a service team.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.336045265197754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Team" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Action teams are highly specialized and coordinated teams whose actions are intensely focused on producing a product or service (Devine, 2002). An NFL football team would be an example of an action team. Other examples occur in the military, paramedics, and transportation (e.g., a flight crew on an airplane).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.059531211853027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Team" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "In their 2009 literature-review paper, Ale Ebrahim, N., Ahmed, S. and Taha, Z. added two key issues to definition of a virtual team: \"as small temporary groups of geographically, organizationally and/ or time dispersed knowledge workers who coordinate their work predominantly with electronic information and communication technologies in order to accomplish one or more organization tasks\". Many virtual teams are cross-functional and emphasize solving customer problems or generating new work processes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.309646606445312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Team" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The United States Department of Labor reported that in 2001, 19 million people worked from home online or from another location, and that by the end of 2002, over 100 million people world-wide would work outside traditional offices. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.448799133300781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Team" }, { "answer": "two", "passage": "Team cognition has been defined as an “emergent state that refers to the manner in which knowledge important to team functioning is organized, represented, and distributed within team.” This emergent state can manifest in two ways. Compositional emergence occurs when individual level cognition is similar in form and function to its manifestation at team-level. Compilational emergence, on the other hand, represents a greater degree of synergy among team members and represents a new-team level construct. As such, higher degrees of compilational emergence are more closely related to team process and performance than is compositional emergence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.279391288757324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Team" }, { "answer": "two", "passage": "Team cognition consists of two broad types of content. Task related models are related to knowledge of the major duties and resources possessed by the team. Team-related models refer to interactions and interdependence among the team members.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.174288749694824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Team" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Attested as early as 2600 BC, games are a universal part of human experience and present in all cultures. The Royal Game of Ur, Senet, and Mancala are some of the oldest known games. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.59687614440918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Game" }, { "answer": "two", "passage": "* \"A game is an activity among two or more independent decision-makers seeking to achieve their objectives in some limiting context.\" (Clark C. Abt) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.269224166870117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Game" }, { "answer": "two", "passage": "Games of skill include games of physical skill, such as wrestling, tug of war, hopscotch, target shooting, and stake, and games of mental skill such as checkers and chess. Games of strategy include checkers, chess, go, arimaa, and tic-tac-toe, and often require special equipment to play them. Games of chance include gambling games (blackjack, mah-jongg, roulette, etc.), as well as snakes and ladders and rock, paper, scissors; most require equipment such as cards or dice. However, most games contain two or all three of these elements. For example, American football and baseball involve both physical skill and strategy while tiddlywinks, poker, and Monopoly combine strategy and chance. Many card and board games combine all three; most trick-taking games involve mental skill, strategy, and an element of chance, as do many strategic board games such as Risk, Settlers of Catan, and Carcassonne.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.089144706726074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Game" }, { "answer": "two", "passage": "Most other board games combine strategy and luck factors; the game of backgammon requires players to decide the best strategic move based on the roll of two dice. Trivia games have a great deal of randomness based on the questions a person gets. German-style board games are notable for often having rather less of a luck factor than many board games.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.450977325439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Game" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Card games use a deck of cards as their central tool. These cards may be a standard Anglo-American (52-card) deck of playing cards (such as for bridge, poker, Rummy, etc.), a regional deck using 32, 36 or 40 cards and different suit signs (such as for the popular German game skat), a tarot deck of 78 cards (used in Europe to play a variety of trick-taking games collectively known as Tarot, Tarock or Tarocchi games), or a deck specific to the individual game (such as Set or 1000 Blank White Cards). Uno and Rook are examples of games that were originally played with a standard deck and have since been commercialized with customized decks. Some collectible card games such as Magic: The Gathering are played with a small selection of cards that have been collected or purchased individually from large available sets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.994029998779297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Game" }, { "answer": "two", "passage": "Some board games include a deck of cards as a gameplay element, normally for randomization or to keep track of game progress. Conversely, some card games such as Cribbage use a board with movers, normally to keep score. The differentiation between the two genres in such cases depends on which element of the game is foremost in its play; a board game using cards for random actions can usually use some other method of randomization, while Cribbage can just as easily be scored on paper. These elements as used are simply the traditional and easiest methods to achieve their purpose.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.260801315307617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Game" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Domino games are similar in many respects to card games, but the generic device is instead a set of tiles called dominoes, which traditionally each have two ends, each with a given number of dots, or \"pips\", and each combination of two possible end values as it appears on a tile is unique in the set. The games played with dominoes largely center around playing a domino from the player's \"hand\" onto the matching end of another domino, and the overall object could be to always be able to make a play, to make all open endpoints sum to a given number or multiple, or simply to play all dominoes from one's hand onto the board. Sets vary in the number of possible dots on one end, and thus of the number of combinations and pieces; the most common set historically is double-six, though in more recent times \"extended\" sets such as double-nine have been introduced to increase the number of dominoes available, which allows larger hands and more players in a game. Muggins, Mexican Train, and Chicken Foot are very popular domino games. Texas 42 is a domino game more similar in its play to a \"trick-taking\" card game.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.816357612609863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Game" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Some other games use tiles in place of cards; Rummikub is a variant of the Rummy card game family that uses tiles numbered in ascending rank among four colors, very similar in makeup to a 2-deck \"pack\" of Anglo-American playing cards. Mah-Jongg is another game very similar to Rummy that uses a set of tiles with card-like values and art.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.312625885009766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Game" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "A guessing game has as its core a piece of information that one player knows, and the object is to coerce others into guessing that piece of information without actually divulging it in text or spoken word. Charades is probably the most well-known game of this type, and has spawned numerous commercial variants that involve differing rules on the type of communication to be given, such as Catch Phrase, Taboo, Pictionary, and similar. The genre also includes many game shows such as Win, Lose or Draw, Password and $25,000 Pyramid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.406355857849121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Game" }, { "answer": "two", "passage": "Online games have been part of culture from the very earliest days of networked and time-shared computers. Early commercial systems such as Plato were at least as widely famous for their games as for their strictly educational value. In 1958, Tennis for Two dominated Visitor's Day and drew attention to the oscilloscope at the Brookhaven National Laboratory; during the 1980s, Xerox PARC was known mainly for Maze War, which was offered as a hands-on demo to visitors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19674301147461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Game" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The term role-playing game has also been appropriated by the video game industry to describe a genre of video games. These may be single-player games where one player experiences a programmed environment and story, or they may allow players to interact through the internet. The experience is usually quite different from traditional role-playing games. Single-player games include Final Fantasy, Fable, The Elder Scrolls, and Mass Effect. Online multi-player games, often referred to as Massively Multiplayer Online role playing games, or MMORPGs, include RuneScape, EverQuest 2, Guild Wars, MapleStory, Anarchy Online, and Dofus. , the most successful MMORPG has been World of Warcraft, which controls the vast majority of the market. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.131551742553711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Game" }, { "answer": "two", "passage": "The Club’s story mirrors that of Waikiki and Hawaii. The 1908 clubhouse was two grass houses purchased from a defunct zoo. The grass houses were moved to leased land, on the beach, next to a lagoon. One (fronting the beach) was fitted out as a shed for canoes and surfboards. The other shed became the Club’s first bathhouse and dressing room. Both had spacious lanai. A sand floor pavilion was built a short time later and it became a popular gathering place for members. A new clubhouse was eventually built in 1941 on the same grounds. Then in 1964, when the Waikiki lease was lost, the club moved to its present Diamond Head location.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.050786972045898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The Outrigger Beach and Canoe Club’s historical committee has produced written accounts, confirming that beach volleyball started there in early 1915. The written account is from an \"Oral History\" interview that is dated June 9, 1978. The interviewer, Kenneth Pratt interviewed Ronald Higgins, an original Outrigger Canoe Club member. Mr. Higgins recollects Club member, George David \"Dad\" Center, going out and buying a couple of volleyballs and a volleyball net, sometime at the start of 1915. Then \"Dad,\" along with other members, temporarily put the net up, in the sandy beach area parallel to the tide line, between the surfboard lockers and the canoe shed. This is where the first recorded game of \"Beach Volleyball\" took place. This moment in volleyball is historic, because the games at the Outrigger Club appropriately represent the legitimate birth of the game of \"Beach\" volleyball. In 1920, new jetties in Santa Monica, California created a large sandy area for public enjoyment, planting the seed for beach volleyball development in that region. The first permanent nets began to appear, and people soon began playing recreational games on public parts of the beach and in private beach clubs. Eleven such beach clubs appeared in the Santa Monica area, beginning in late 1922. The first inter-club competitions were staged in 1924.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.253777980804443, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "In 2001, the AVP reemerged as a for-profit, publicly traded company that combined the men's and women's professional tours, with equal prize money for both sexes. In 2010, the AVP shut its doors once again and filed bankruptcy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.521087646484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "two", "passage": "*Team size – two rather than six, with no substitutions allowed", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.088159561157227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "*Scoring system – best of 3 sets played to 21 (15 for a deciding set) rather than best of 5 to 25", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.306697845458984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "In both indoor and beach versions, the height of the top of the net is 2.43 meters for men and 2.24 meters for women.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.598663330078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "two", "passage": "A team is composed exclusively of two players, who must always be in play and who cannot be subjected to any substitutions or replacement. At the moment the ball is hit by the server, each team must be within its own court (with the exception of the server), but there are no determined positions on the court, such that no positional faults can be committed. The two players can switch at any point of the game; there is no set position that you must stay in like indoor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.489102363586426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "The first to win two sets wins the match. A set is won by the first team to reach 21 points (15 points in the deciding final set) with a two-point advantage. Thus, if the score is 21–20 (or 15–14 in a final set) the set continues.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.5618896484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Teams switch ends of the court after every 7 points (set 1 and 2) and 5 points (set 3) played. When the total points are 21 (adding the score of both teams) there is a technical time out.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.466269493103027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "two", "passage": "*Two fingers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.405000686645508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "In the 2010–11 academic year, the NCAA began sponsoring beach volleyball, which it initially called \"sand volleyball\", as an \"emerging\" women's sport. Initially, it was sponsored only for Division II, with Division I added the following academic year. NCAA competition follows standard beach volleyball rules, with competitions involving five doubles teams from each participating school. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9719696044921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Beach volleyball will become a fully sanctioned NCAA championship sport in the 2015–16 school year, following votes by leaders of all three NCAA divisions to launch a single all-divisions national championship. At the end of June 2015, the NCAA dropped the name of \"sand volleyball\" in favor of the more usual \"beach volleyball.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8392395973205566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "Some conservative cultures have expressed moral objections to the swimsuit as a uniform. At the 2007 South Pacific Games, rules were adjusted to require less revealing shorts and cropped sports tops. At the 2006 Asian Games, only one Muslim country fielded a team in the woman´s competition, amid concerns the uniform was inappropriate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.993659019470215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" }, { "answer": "2", "passage": "In early 2012, the International Volleyball Federation announced it would allow shorts (maximum length 3 cm above the knee) and sleeved tops at the London 2012 Olympics. Richard Baker, the federation spokesperson, said that \"many of these countries have religious and cultural requirements so the uniform needed to be more flexible\". And in fact the weather was so cold for the evening games at London 2012 that the players sometimes had to wear shirts and leggings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.222872734069824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beach volleyball" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Single-edge swords", "Doubleedge swords", "Two edged swords", "Data of the sword", "List of sword parts", "Single-edged swords", "Blade weapon", "Doubleedge sword", "Twoedged swords", "Double-edge sword", "History of the steel sword", "Medieval sword", "Parts of a sword", "Twoedge sword", "Single edge", "Sword Parts", "One edge", "Single edge swords", "One edged", "Two-edge sword", "Doubleedged sword", "One-edged", "Double-edge", "Blade weapons", "Twoedge swords", "Two-edged swords", "⚔", "Sword belt", "Two-edged sword", "One edged sword", "Single edged swords", "Singleedge swords", "Bladed weapons", "Two-edges", "European sword", "One edged swords", "Double edges", "Two-edged", "Oneedged swords", "Doubleedges", "Singleedge sword", "Single-edge", "Doubleedged", "Two edge sword", "Twoedges", "Swords", "Double-edge swords", "Single-edges", "Twoedge", "Single-edge sword", "Double edged", "Twoedged", "Two edge swords", "Parts of the sword", "Double edged sword", "Oneedge", "One-edge", "Oneedged", "Two-edge swords", "Singleedges", "Double-edged", "Double-edges", "Singleedged sword", "Singleedged", "Single edged sword", "Two edge", "Oneedged sword", "Singleedge", "Training sword", "Two edged sword", "Double-edged swords", "Singleedged swords", "One-edged swords", "European medieval sword", "Doubleedged swords", "Sword (weapon)", "Sword", "Two-edge", "Single edge sword", "Double edge sword", "Double edged swords", "Sword blades", "Twoedged sword", "Double-edged sword", "Double edge swords", "Doubleedge", "Medieval European sword", "Single edged", "Two edged", "Single edges", "One-edged sword", "Two edges" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "single edges", "double edged sword", "doubleedge swords", "doubleedged", "blade weapon", "single edge swords", "oneedged sword", "double edged", "blade weapons", "single edged swords", "⚔", "european medieval sword", "twoedged sword", "double edge sword", "sword weapon", "two edge swords", "doubleedged sword", "parts of sword", "sword belt", "twoedges", "history of steel sword", "european sword", "singleedges", "twoedge", "doubleedged swords", "two edges", "twoedged", "two edge", "two edged sword", "doubleedge sword", "singleedge swords", "bladed weapons", "sword parts", "single edged sword", "double edge", "medieval sword", "list of sword parts", "doubleedge", "double edges", "two edged", "single edge", "doubleedges", "oneedge", "one edged sword", "medieval european sword", "double edge swords", "twoedge swords", "singleedged sword", "single edge sword", "double edged swords", "two edged swords", "sword blades", "singleedge sword", "single edged", "two edge sword", "oneedged", "swords", "one edge", "twoedge sword", "twoedged swords", "one edged", "singleedged", "sword", "singleedged swords", "singleedge", "data of sword", "one edged swords", "oneedged swords", "training sword" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "sword", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Sword" }

[ { "answer": "Sword", "passage": "Lady Justice is most often depicted with a set of scales typically suspended from her left hand, upon which she measures the strengths of a case's support and opposition. She is also often seen carrying a double-edged sword in her right hand, symbolizing the power of Reason and Justice, which may be wielded either for or against any party.", "precise_score": 5.902534484863281, "rough_score": 6.638041973114014, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Justice" }, { "answer": "Sword", "passage": "Since the 15th century, Lady Justice has often been depicted wearing a blindfold. The blindfold represents objectivity, in that justice is or should be meted out objectively, without fear or favour, regardless of money, wealth, fame, power, or identity; blind justice and impartiality. The earliest Roman coins depicted Justitia with the sword in one hand and the scale in the other, but with her eyes uncovered. Justitia was only commonly represented as \"blind\" since about the end of the 15th century. The first known representation of blind Justice is Hans Gieng's 1543 statue on the Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen (Fountain of Justice) in Berne. ", "precise_score": -1.4433164596557617, "rough_score": 1.153509497642517, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Justice" }, { "answer": "Sword", "passage": "Iustitia, Justitia or Lady Justice (, the Roman goddess of Justice, who is equivalent to the Greek goddess Themis) is an allegorical personification of the moral force in judicial systems. Her attributes are a blindfold, a balance and a sword. She often appears as a pair with Prudentia, who holds a mirror and a snake.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.760197639465332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Justice" }, { "answer": "Sword", "passage": "\"If some god had been holding level the balance of goddess which is Dike\" is a surviving fragment of Bacchylides' poetry. Ancient Rome adopted the image of a female goddess of justice, which it called Iustitia. Since Roman times, Iustitia has frequently been depicted carrying scales and a sword, and wearing a blindfold. Her modern iconography frequently adorns courthouses and courtrooms, and conflates the attributes of several goddesses who embodied Right Rule for Greeks and Romans, blending Roman blindfolded Fortuna (fate) with Hellenistic Greek Tyche (luck), and sword-carrying Nemesis (retribution).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5767438411712646, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Justice" }, { "answer": "Sword", "passage": "Sword", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.032514572143555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Justice" }, { "answer": "Sword", "passage": "In her right hand, Lady Justice is seen to have a sword that faces downward. This sword represents punishment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0350466966629028, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Justice" }, { "answer": "Sword", "passage": "Image:Berner Iustitia.jpg|Lady Justice with sword, scales and blindfold on the Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen in Berne, Switzerland—1543", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7309373617172241, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Justice" }, { "answer": "Sword", "passage": "File:Svea hovrätt vapen.svg|Scales and sword in the arms of a Swedish court of law", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.630640983581543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Justice" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "A hybrid is a type of club used in the sport of golf with a design borrowing from both irons and woods while differing from both. The name \"hybrid\" comes from genetics to denote a mixture of two different species with desirable characteristics of both, and the term here has been generalized, combining the familiar swing mechanics of an iron with the more forgiving nature and better distance of a wood. ", "precise_score": 1.0579352378845215, "rough_score": 0.1796742081642151, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hybrid (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Being a new class of club, there is no generally accepted principle governing design. So while a \"true\" hybrid is as described above, many manufacturers cut production costs by marketing irons as hybrids by adding one or more features to make it look like a hybrid. Some have a club face that looks very similar to an iron, but instead of the cavity-back or muscle-back design these clubs have a slightly bulging back to appear more wood-like in shape. These \"iron replacements\" swing and perform almost exactly like irons, except the difference in the added weight which slows clubhead speed but increases force applied at a given club speed, allowing a swing to cut through turf or sand with more momentum remaining at contact. These clubs are preferred by players with slower swing speeds. Other club manufacturers produce \"true\" hybrids as previously described. The first equipment manufacturer to produce a full set of these true hybrids, in both left and right hand, was [http://www.thomasgolf.com/Hybrids/ Thomas Golf]. Hybrids are now also available in traditional (teardrop) and square head shapes.", "precise_score": -2.9253504276275635, "rough_score": -0.9877338409423828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hybrid (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "A hybrid with a wood-like clubhead is often used for long shots from difficult rough and for nearly any shot where the golfer would normally use a long iron but feels uncomfortable doing so. They also are direct replacements for fairway woods in most situations, but a fairway wood will have greater club speed and more roll for better distance. Because hybrids can assist in getting the player out of tricky situations such as tight lies, TaylorMade Golf chose to market their hybrid clubs as Rescue clubs. The most common hybrid lofts are 3-iron and 4-iron equivalents (the 1- and 2-iron are usually omitted from the bag completely), though 5-iron equivalents are also seen in ladies' and seniors' sets. Hybrids generally replace rather than supplement long irons, but as a player is free to carry any set of 14 clubs that they wish, it is not unheard of for a player to carry both a 3-hybrid and a 3-iron, with the hybrid instead replacing the fairway wood; the higher-mass iron clubhead would be preferable to the hybrid for use in tall grass or soft lies.", "precise_score": 1.9385018348693848, "rough_score": 3.6419193744659424, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hybrid (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "A golf club is a club used to hit a golf ball in a game of golf. Each club is composed of a shaft with a grip and a club head. Woods are mainly used for long-distance fairway or tee shots; irons, the most versatile class, are used for a variety of shots; hybrids that combine design elements of woods and irons are becoming increasingly popular; putters are used mainly on the green to roll the ball into the hole. A standard set consists of 14 golf clubs, and while there are traditional combinations sold at retail as matched sets, players are free to use any combination of 14 or fewer legal clubs.", "precise_score": 2.9271669387817383, "rough_score": 3.5287609100341797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Hybrids are a cross between a wood and an iron, giving these clubs the wood's long distance and higher launch, with the iron's familiar swing. The club head of a hybrid has a wood-inspired, slightly convex face, and is typically hollow like modern metal woods to allow for high impulse on impact and faster swing speeds. The head is usually smaller than true woods, however, not extending as far back from the face, and the lie and shaft length are similar to an iron giving similar swing mechanics. These clubs generally replace low-numbered irons in a men's set (between 2 and 5, most commonly 3–4), which are typically the hardest clubs in a player's bag to hit well. By doing so they also generally make higher-lofted woods redundant as well. However, some manufacturers produce \"iron replacement\" sets that use hybrid designs to replace an entire set of traditional irons, from 3 to pitching wedge. Ladies' and seniors' sets commonly feature a combination of high-lofted woods (up to 7w) and hybrids to replace the 5, 6 and 7-irons, allowing these players to get greater carry distances with slower swings.", "precise_score": 1.9380897283554077, "rough_score": 2.8619632720947266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Most chippers have a loft greater than 10 degrees, which is the maximum loft permitted by the Rules of Golf for a club to be classed as a putter, so these clubs are actually classed as irons. To be legal for sanctioned play, a chipper cannot have any feature that is defined in the rules as allowable only on putters, e.g. two striking faces or a flat-topped \"putter grip\". This disqualifies many chipper designs, but there are some USGA-conforming chippers, and non-conforming designs can still be used in non-sanctioned \"informal\" play.", "precise_score": -1.20341956615448, "rough_score": 0.052837081253528595, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "The most common omissions are the \"long irons\", numbered from 2 to 5, which are notoriously difficult to hit well. The player can supplement the gaps in distance with either higher-numbered woods such as the 5 and even the 7-wood, or may replace the long irons with equivalently-numbered hybrid clubs. If hybrids are used, higher-lofted woods are often omitted as redundant, but ladies' and seniors' sets commonly feature both hybrids and high-lofted woods, omitting the long irons entirely in favor of the lofted woods, and replacing the mid-irons (5–7) with hybrids. The combination allows for higher launch angles on the long-distance clubs, which gives better distance with slower swing speeds. Where a club is omitted and not replaced with a club of similar function, players may add additional clubs of a different function such as additional wedges.", "precise_score": 1.5527745485305786, "rough_score": 1.233579397201538, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "While 14 clubs is a maximum, it is not a minimum; players are free to use any lesser number of clubs they think will be useful, so substitutions for the common omissions above are not always made; a player may simply choose to play without a 5-wood or 2–4 irons, instead using a 4-wood and moving directly to their 5-iron as desired distance decreases (a 4-wood in a skilled golfer's hands averages 200 yards; a 5-iron in the same player's hands would be about 160, which is a large gap but not unplayable). Other clubs may be omitted as well. On courses where bags must be carried by the player, the player may take only the odd-numbered irons; without the 4, 6 or 8 irons (the 3 is sometimes removed instead of the 4) the bag's weight is considerably reduced. Carrying only a driver, 3-wood, 4-hybrid, 5-7-9 irons, pitching and sand wedges, and a putter reduces the number of clubs in the bag to 9; this is a common load-out for a \"Sunday bag\" taken to the driving range or to an informal game. A skilled player can usually overcome the lesser selection of club lofts by reducing their swing speed on a lower-loft iron and/or placing the ball further forward in their stance to get the same carry distance and/or launch angle as the next higher loft number.", "precise_score": -2.042684555053711, "rough_score": -0.3651186227798462, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Golf clubs have traditionally been arranged into three basic types. Woods are large-headed, long-shafted clubs meant to propel the ball a long distance from relatively \"open\" lies, such as the tee box and fairway. Of particular importance is the driver or \"1-wood\", which is the lowest lofted wood club, and in modern times has become highly specialized for making extremely long-distance tee shots, up to 300 yd or more in the hands of a professional golfer. Traditionally these clubs had heads made of a hardwood, hence the name, but virtually all modern woods are now made of metal such as titanium, or of composite materials. Irons are shorter-shafted clubs with a metal head primarily consisting of a flat, angled striking face. Traditionally the clubhead was forged from iron; modern iron clubheads are investment-cast from a steel alloy. Irons of varying loft are used for a variety of shots from virtually anywhere on the course, but most often for shorter-distance shots approaching the green, or to get the ball out of tricky lies such as sand traps. The third class is the putter, which evolved from the irons to create a low-lofted, balanced club designed to roll the ball along the green and into the hole. Putters are virtually always used on the green or in the surrounding rough/fringe. A fourth class, called hybrids, evolved as a cross between woods and irons, and are typically seen replacing the low-lofted irons with a club that provides similar distance, but a higher launch angle and a more forgiving nature.", "precise_score": 0.5378212928771973, "rough_score": 1.129219889640808, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Woods generally fall into two classes, drivers and fairway woods, with a traditional set of clubs including a driver and one or two fairway woods (usually numbered 3 and 5). Many modern sets tend to include hybrid clubs, which combine some of the characteristics of a wood and an iron, to replace the 5 wood and low-lofted irons.", "precise_score": 3.274001359939575, "rough_score": 1.5867472887039185, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wood (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "While the most common modern clubset includes only one fairway wood, the 3-wood, woods are typically available from major brands in lofts up to a 9-wood. A 4-wood is sometimes seen instead of a 3-wood (to fine-tune range differences between a player's driver and fairway wood), while a 5-wood is a common addition to the 3-wood for players who prefer fairway woods to long irons for play through the green. 7-woods are rarer in men's clubs but more common in ladies' and seniors' sets, again as a substitute for lower-lofted irons which are difficult to hit well and whose low launch angle can be risky on a hilly or undulating fairway. Some custom clubmakers offer woods in lofts up to 55° (a \"25-wood\" equivalent to a sand wedge); these can be used to replace the entire standard set of irons with woods, for players who prefer the swing mechanics and behavior of woods to that of irons and wedges.", "precise_score": -0.5168908834457397, "rough_score": -0.25217974185943604, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wood (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Irons are the most common type of club; a standard set of 14 golf clubs will usually contain between 7 and 11 irons, including wedges. Irons are customarily differentiated by a number from 1 to 10 (most commonly 3 to 9) that indicates the relative angle of loft on the clubface, although a set of irons will also vary in clubhead size, shaft length, and hence lie angle as the loft (and number) increase. Irons with higher loft than the numbered irons are called wedges, which are typically marked with a letter indicating their name, and are used for a variety of \"utility\" shots requiring short distance and/or a high launch angle.", "precise_score": 0.7003060579299927, "rough_score": 4.014773368835449, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "There are also many hybrid clubs, so-called because they combine some of the characteristics of irons and woods, that closely resemble standard irons. Indeed, many sets of clubs, especially those marketed for beginners, now include hybrids to replace the more traditional 3 and 4 irons.", "precise_score": 3.3362340927124023, "rough_score": 2.6183674335479736, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "For many players, long irons (numbers 1-4) are difficult to hit well even with modern clubfaces, due to the low trajectory and very small face of the low-loft clubhead. Players tend to avoid these clubs in favor of fairway woods which have a larger \"sweet spot\" to hit with, but such woods, having longer shafts, have a different swing mechanic that is sometimes difficult to master. The long shaft of a fairway wood also requires lots of room to swing, making it unsuitable for tighter lies such as \"punching\" out from underneath trees. In addition, the fairway wood clubface is designed to skim over instead of cutting into turf, which makes it undesirable for shots from the rough. The answer to this dilemma for many players is to replace the 1-4 irons with hybrids.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.459687232971191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hybrid (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "When a ball is lying near the green, a player can use a hybrid to perform a short \"bump and run\". By assuming the player's typical putting stance and grip, a ball can be \"bumped\" in the air over the taller rough onto the green, where it will then \"run\" (roll) like a putt. Other clubs, especially mid- and high-lofted irons, can make a similar stroke and are more commonly used.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.763440132141113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hybrid (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "An important variation in different clubs is loft, or the angle between the club's face and the vertical plane. It is loft that is the primary determinant of the ascending trajectory of the golf ball, with the tangential angle of the club head's swing arc at impact being a secondary and relatively minor consideration (though these small changes in swing angle can nevertheless have a significant influence on launch angle when using low-lofted clubs). The impact of the club compresses the ball, while grooves on the club face give the ball backspin. Together, the compression and backspin create lift. The majority of woods and irons are labeled with a number; higher numbers indicate shorter shafts and higher lofts, which give the ball a higher and shorter trajectory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.115363121032715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Irons are clubs with a solid, all-metal head featuring a flat angled face, and a shorter shaft and more upright lie angle than a wood, for ease of access. Irons are designed for a variety of shots from all over the course, from the tee box on short or dog-legged holes, to the fairway or rough on approach to the green, to tricky situations like punching through or lobbing over trees, getting out of hazards, or hitting from tight lies requiring a compact swing. Most of the irons have a number from 1 to 9 (the numbers in most common use are from 3 to 9), corresponding to their relative loft angle within a matched set. Irons are typically grouped according to their intended distance (which also roughly corresponds to their shaft length and thus their difficulty to hit the ball); in the numbered irons, there are long irons (2–4), medium irons (5–7), and short irons (8–9), with progressively higher loft angles, shorter shafts, and heavier club heads.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.198506355285645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "As with woods, \"irons\" get their name because they were originally made from forged iron. Modern irons are investment-cast out of steel alloys, which allows for better-engineered \"cavity-back\" designs that have lower centers of mass and higher moments of inertia, making the club easier to hit and giving better distance than older forged \"muscle-back\" designs. Forged irons with less perimeter weighting are still seen, especially in sets targeting low-handicap and scratch golfers, because this less forgiving design allows a skilled golfer to intentionally hit a curved shot (a \"fade\" or \"draw\"), to follow the contour of the fairway or \"bend\" a shot around an obstacle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9141693115234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Wedges are a sub-class of irons with greater loft than the numbered irons (generally starting at 47°-48° of loft, above the 9-iron's 44°-45°), and other features such as high-mass club heads and wide soles that allow for easier use in tricky lies. Wedges are used for a variety of short-distance, high-altitude, high-accuracy \"utility\" shots, such as hitting the ball onto the green (\"approach\" shots), placing the ball accurately on the fairway for a better shot at the green (\"lay-up\" shots), or hitting the ball out of hazards or rough onto the green (chipping). There are five types of wedges, with lofts ranging from 45° to 64°: pitching wedge (PW, 48–50°), gap wedge (GW, also \"approach\", \"attack\", \"utility\", or \"dual\" wedge, typically 52–54°), sand wedge (SW, 55–56°), lob wedge (LW, 58°-60°), and ultra lob wedge (sometimes called the \"flop wedge\" or FW, 64°-68°).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.230043888092041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "The trim ring, usually black (It may have additional trim colors), that is found directly on top of the hosel on many woods and irons. The ferrule is mostly decorative, creating a continuous line between the shaft and the wider hosel, but in some cases it can form part of the securing mechanism between hosel and shaft. Ferrules of differing weights can fine-tune the center of mass of the overall club head, but for these minute adjustments, screw-in weighted inserts at specific points on the club head are usually used instead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9961137771606445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "* A matched set of 7 numbered irons from 3 through 9, plus a pitching wedge or \"10-iron\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.137397766113281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "* Another fairway wood, often a 5-wood lofted around 18°, to allow other options besides long irons in the 180–250 yard range,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.693048477172852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Other large scale USGA rulings involve a 1990 lawsuit, and subsequent settlement, against Karsten Manufacturing, makers of the PING brand, for their use of square, or U-grooves in their immensely popular Ping Eye2 irons. The USGA argued that players who used the Eye2 had an unfair advantage in imparting spin on the ball, which helps to stop the ball on the putting greens. The USGA utilized John L. Saksun, founder of Canadian golf company Accuform Golf, as a consultant to set up methods of measuring the unique grooves and determining PING's compliance with the rulings. Saksun, by proposing a cost-effective solution to help PING change the design of subsequent Eye2s, saved PING hundreds of millions. PING subsequently withdrew their US$100 million lawsuit against the USGA. Ping’s older clubs were \"grandfathered in\" and allowed to remain in play as part of the settlement. Today, square grooves are considered perfectly legal under the Rules of Golf. However, the USGA has determined that square grooves are illegal in elite-level competition. According to the USGA, as January 1, 2010, professional golfers on one of the top tours, or those attempting to qualify for one of the three Open Championships, will need to use new conforming wedges (those without square grooves). Moreover, those who plan to qualify for any other USGA championship will need new conforming wedges by 2014. In addition, this regulation might include amateur events as well, as a \"condition of competition\". Casual golfers may use square groove wedges (and other square-grooved irons) until at least 2024. Wedges that conform to the new standard are often marketed as \"CC\" or \"Condition of Competition\" wedges; this moniker is likely to fall into disuse as players upgrade clubs and the use of non-conforming irons diminishes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.931122779846191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "When the initial shot on a hole is intended to move the ball a long distance (typically more than 225 yd), the shot is commonly called a \"drive\" and is generally made with a long-shafted, large-headed wood club called a \"driver\". Shorter holes may be initiated with other clubs, such as higher-numbered woods or irons. Once the ball comes to rest, the golfer strikes it again as many times as necessary using shots that are variously known as a \"lay-up\", an \"approach\", a \"pitch\", or a \"chip\", until the ball reaches the green, where he or she then \"putts\" the ball into the hole (commonly called \"sinking the putt\" or \"holing out\"). The goal of getting the ball into the hole (\"holing\" the ball) in as few strokes as possible may be impeded by obstacles such as areas of longer grass called \"rough\" (usually found alongside fairways), which both slows any ball that contacts it and makes it harder to advance a ball that has stopped on it; \"doglegs\", which are changes in the direction of the fairway that often require shorter shots to play around them; bunkers (or sand traps); and water hazards such as ponds or streams.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.825545310974121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Golfers start with the non-dominant side of the body facing the target (for a right-hander, the target is to their left). At address, the player's body and the centerline of the club face are positioned parallel to the desired line of travel, with the feet either perpendicular to that line or slightly splayed outward. The feet are commonly shoulder-width apart for middle irons and putters, narrower for short irons and wider for long irons and woods. The ball is typically positioned more to the \"front\" of the player's stance (closer to the leading foot) for lower-lofted clubs, with the usual ball position for a drive being just behind the arch of the leading foot. The ball is placed further \"back\" in the player's stance (toward the trailing foot) as the loft of the club to be used increases. Most iron shots and putts are made with the ball roughly centered in the stance, while a few mid- and short-iron shots are made with the ball slightly behind the centre of the stance to ensure consistent contact between the ball and clubface, so the ball is on its way before the club continues down into the turf.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.1335601806640625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "* The \"chip\" or \"half-swing\" is used for relatively short-distance shots near the green, with high-lofted irons and wedges. The goal of the chip is to land the ball safely on the green, allowing it to roll out towards the hole. It can also be used from other places to accurately position the ball into a more advantageous lie. The backswing typically ends with the head of the club between hip and head height.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.837624549865723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "* The \"putt\" is used in short-distance shots on or near the green, typically made with the eponymous \"putter\", although similar strokes can be made with medium to high-numbered irons to carry a short distance in the air and then roll (a \"bump and run\"). the backswing and follow-through of the putt are both abbreviated compared to other strokes, with the head of the club rarely rising above the knee. The goal of the putt is usually to put the ball in the hole, although a long-distance putt may be called a \"lag\" and is made with the primary intention of simply closing distance to the hole or otherwise placing the ball advantageously.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.864623069763184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "The driver has become the most expensive single club of the modern clubset, largely due to the high emphasis placed on a player's drive distance; a longer drive gets the ball closer to the green in fewer strokes allowing for better chances of a birdie or eagle. While drivers are available as cheaply as $20, these are mainly marketed at junior players; the price range for drivers marketed to adult amateur players is generally between $130–$500, with custom-made clubs for high-end players and touring professionals costing thousands or even tens of thousands of dollars (in the case of prototype or preproduction clubs supplied by a sponsor clubmaker). As a comparison, the upper end of the retail drivers, $500, is comparable to the price of an entire quality matched set of irons, and the next most expensive single clubs, the putter and the fairway woods, generally range from $100–$350.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.155319213867188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wood (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "The typical loft for woods ranges from 7.5 to 31 degrees. Driver lofts generally center around 10.5° but the desired loft is very dependent upon the player's swing speed (low swing speeds need higher lofts); men's lofts vary between 8 and 11 degrees while women's drivers are between 10 and 13 degrees, and seniors' lofts trend toward the upper range by gender. The average 3-wood has a 13-16 degree loft (typically 15°) and the average 5-wood has an 18-21 degree loft. Higher lofts than that overlap with irons in distance, but many players prefer high-number woods to low-number irons wherever they can be used as the wood is easier to hit than a \"long iron\". The loft of any given club number varies between manufacturers, model lines, and the target player.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.014777183532715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wood (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "An iron is a type of club used in the sport of golf to propel the ball towards the hole. Irons typically have shorter shafts and smaller clubheads than woods, the head is made of solid iron or steel, and the head's primary feature is a large, flat, angled face, usually scored with grooves. Irons are used in a wide variety of situations, typically from the teeing ground on shorter holes, from the fairway or rough as the player approaches the green, and to extract the ball from hazards, such as bunkers or even shallow water hazards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.450035572052002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Historically all irons were forged from a flat piece of metal, which produced a thin clubhead that resembled a blade. Modern investment casting processes enabled manufacturers to easily mass-produce clubs with consistent properties. This manufacturing process was first used by PING, and also made it possible to take weight out of the back of the clubhead and distribute it around the perimeter. These perimeter weighted, or cavity back, irons made it much easier to achieve consistent results even when striking the ball outside the \"sweet spot\", when compared with traditional bladed, or muscle back, irons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.347380638122559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "In 1933, Willie Ogg – who at the time was serving as an advisory staff member for Wilson Staff – created a patented design for distributing weight away from the heel of the club head, moving it towards the “sweet spot” of the blade. This design feature was used in the Wilson \"Ogg-mented\" irons, the forerunner of perimeter-weighted or cavity back irons. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.70168685913086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Although most irons are now produced by investment casting, many high end iron sets are still produced by forging, as the resulting clubhead is easier to adjust by bending to adapt the set to a player's specific needs. The resulting club is also generally thought to have an improved \"feel\" due to the softer consistency of the forged metal as opposed to cast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.500725746154785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Manufacturers sometimes try to combine the characteristics of both muscle and cavity backed irons, which has resulted in terminology such as \"cut-muscle\", or \"split-cavity\" to describe these designs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.026244163513184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Cavity back, or perimeter weighted, irons are usually made by investment casting, which creates a harder metal allowing thinner surfaces while retaining durability, and also allows for more precise placement of metal than forging techniques. Cavity backs are so called because of the cavity created in the rear of the clubhead due to the removal of metal from the center of the clubhead's back, which is then redistributed, most of it very low and towards the toe and heel of the clubhead. This has the general effect of lowering the clubhead's center of mass, placing it underneath that of the ball allowing for a higher launch angle for a given loft. The perimeter weighting also increases the moment of inertia, making the clubhead more resistant to twisting on impact with the ball. The end result is a clubhead with a larger \"sweet spot\" that is more forgiving of slight mis-hits.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.958039283752441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Club sets with more extreme perimeter weighting, giving the clubhead a very wide sole, are typically known as \"game improvement irons\", because they allow novice and casual amateur players to get the ball up in the air more consistently, and make straighter and more accurate shots despite their less consistent ball-striking skill. This generally improves their final score as compared to a round played with harder-to-hit muscle-back designs causing more errant shots and thus more penalty strokes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.925091743469238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "However, these same forgiving characteristics can make game improvement irons harder for a skilled golfer to use well. The tendency of the clubs to correct mis-hits will frustrate a golfer's attempts to intentionally hit a curved shot (a \"fade\" or \"draw\"), for instance to avoid an obstacle lying along a straight flight path, or to counter a rightward or leftward slope to the fairway that would make a straight shot roll into the rough. This lack of ability to \"work the ball\" can frustrate a more skilled golfer attempting to place the ball more accurately on the fairway than a novice would normally be concerned with (the novice's primary concern being simply to keep the ball on the fairway in the first place). The increased clubhead mass and lower center of mass can also be incompatible with a more skilled player's stronger swing; the higher mass reduces clubhead speed, while the higher launch angle causes more backspin and wastes the golfer's energy sending the ball up into the air instead of out over the fairway.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.78068733215332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Clubs intended for skilled amateurs and professionals, while still incorporating some perimeter-weighting characteristics, generally have less extreme weight distribution, instead placing more weight closer to the center and higher, and reducing overall clubhead mass slightly. This allows the golfer to \"work the ball\" while still giving some advantage based on the lower center of mass as compared to older designs. The slightly reduced mass of some sets also increases clubhead speed allowing for more variation in swing strength and thus carry distance than would be possible with the heavier mass of most game improvement irons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.244335651397705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Investment casting, while allowing for a greater range of design options, produces a very stiff and inflexible head that can be difficult to adjust for a player's desired lie and loft. Forged irons, while they allow for easier and a greater range of adjustments are limited in the designs they may be achieved.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.971455574035645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Due to the average golfer's desire to hit the ball farther, the loft on modern irons is much less than that on irons from even the late 20th century. For example, a modern 9 iron has comparable loft to a 7 iron from the 1990s. Manufacturers have been able to reduce loft without compromising usability, by moving weight into the sole of the clubhead, thereby lowering the center of gravity and enabling the ball to be launched on a higher trajectory for a given loft than a design with a higher center of mass. Tour professionals now use these same de-lofted clubs, and so the gap in skill and thus in distance between a professional and casual golfer remains.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.349241256713867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Over the years, groove technology has changed the playability of irons. For the past 80 years, little has changed about grooves. However, a new rule by the USGA and the R&A has changed the way that grooves are to be made starting in 2010. In general, the deeper the groove, the more grass can be dispersed behind the ball at impact. This allows control over the amount of spin, which is crucial to flight characteristics of the shot as well as how well received the ball is on the green. The less that is between the ball and the club at impact, the more spin that will be produced which increases the flight trajectory and allows stopping quicker upon hitting the green. Better players benefit the most from deep, sharp grooves as the more clubhead speed is generated, the more spin the player is able to introduce. By forcing manufacturers to lessen the depth and cut on the grooves, the new rules will penalize shots from longer grass slightly more and put a premium on hitting the fairway.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.278761863708496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "For irons, the hosel, an undefined part of the iron, is very noticeable, forming a barrel shape on the inside face of the club and the \"heel\" of the sole of the club. Many modern irons have a more offset hosel, integrated into the clubhead at a lower point and further from the hitting area of the club. This, combined with the perimeter weighting of modern irons, gives a club with the lowest possible center of gravity and the highest possible usable club face.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.159888744354248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Although graphite shafts, made from composite materials such as carbon fiber, are now standard in woods, especially drivers, shafts for irons are still most often made from steel, which has lower torque than graphite, allowing less clubhead twisting, which gives better accuracy. Graphite shafts are not uncommon for numbered irons however, as the increased distance conferred by the shaft is advantageous to many players, especially shorter hitters such as ladies and seniors. Wedges virtually always have steel shafts as the accuracy and consistency is of primary importance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.14579439163208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Types of irons", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.903255462646484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Numbered irons", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.361326217651367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Most irons in a player's bag are labelled with a number indicating their loft; the higher the number, the higher the loft. A matched set of irons will have a regular, progressive increase in loft through the irons, which may differ from set to set due to other design considerations that can affect launch angle and distance. Irons have been seen ranging in number from 0 through 12, but the most common number range in the modern iron set is 3 to 9.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.940461158752441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Long irons", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.988906860351562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "The irons from 2 to 4 are typically called the \"long irons\"; they have the lowest lofts and the longest shafts, and are designed to hit the ball long distances (180-260 yards) with a low launch angle. They are typically used from the fairway or rough, but are also useful in trouble spots such as when \"punching out\" from underneath a stand of trees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.688395500183105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Long irons are traditionally regarded as the most difficult to hit, because their low loft gives them a very small striking face and \"sweet spot\" compared to higher-lofted irons. As such, they are less commonly seen in players' bags, usually replaced with higher-lofted fairway woods like the 5 and 7, or with hybrid clubs that have similar overall performance but are easier to hit. The 2-iron, like the driving iron, is virtually never seen in modern sets, due to both its difficulty and to a \"de-lofting\" of modern cavity-backed irons which increases the average distance of shorter irons. If the long irons are used, they are often seen with graphite shafts to add additional clubhead speed to the average golfer's swing by storing energy from the downswing and releasing it at impact. Hybrid clubs that replace these irons also often have graphite shafts for the same reason.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.36885404586792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "The 5-iron sits on the cusp between \"long\" and \"mid\" irons, and can be thought of as belonging to either class depending on the set and the player's preference; it is used more often and replaced with a hybrid less often than the 2-4, but is still commonly replaced with a hybrid club, especially in ladies' sets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.22974681854248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Mid irons", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.719226837158203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "The irons from 5 to 7 are typically called the \"mid irons\", and are generally used from the fairway and rough for longer approach shots, between 130-210 yards depending on the club, player and course. They're also used on hillier fairways to avoid hitting a low rise, which is a risk with long irons. These irons are commonly needed for the second shot of a long par-4 or the second or third shot of a par-5, and whenever the player must \"lay up\" their tee or second shot to avoid a hazard in range of their woods or long irons. Lastly, mid irons are common \"bump and run\" clubs in close-in situations where the player doesn't wish to hit a more lofted chip shot, but needs more rolling distance than a pitch or bump-and-run with a short iron would produce.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.852117538452148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "These irons are typically easier to hit well than the long irons, owing to their higher loft which gives the clubs more surface area. These clubs are more often found as true irons in players' bags, meaning they're less often replaced with hybrid clubs or other \"iron replacements\". These irons often have graphite shafts in newer sets, even when shorter irons have steel; the graphite will give better distance for the average golfer at the cost of some loss of consistency due to shaft torquing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.256594657897949, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Short irons", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.80256462097168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "The 8 and 9 irons are commonly called the \"short irons\". They have the highest-mass clubheads and the shortest shafts of the numbered irons, and are used for shots requiring high loft and/or moderate to short distance (typically between 130 and 150 yards with a full swing). Shots that must carry over tall and/or nearby obstacles such as a stand of trees, or approach shots from inside 140 yards of the pin, are common short iron situations. The short irons also make good \"bump and run\" clubs; used with a putting motion from the fringe around the green, the ball will carry in the air a few yards over the thick grass that would hamper a putt, then land softly on the green where it will then roll for a distance like a putt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.675923347473145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "The short irons are traditionally regarded as the easiest to hit; however they are typically used in situations requiring very high accuracy, and so it becomes critical to minimize any effect of mis-hits. Short irons are often constructed using steel shafts, even if lower-lofted irons in the set have graphite; the steel minimizes clubhead torquing, increasing the consistency and thus accuracy of shots made at the cost of reduced flex which reduces distance (a secondary concern in most situations where these irons are used).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.5073881149292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "The pitching wedge is on the cusp between the short irons and the wedges, and has behaviors and uses falling into either class. Most matched iron sets include a pitching wedge, and it follows the normal loft progression of the iron set. In some sets, such as older sets produced by MacGregor Golf, it is labelled the 10-iron (MacGregor has since adopted the \"P\" terminology common to other manufacturers). In other sets such as Callaway Golf's \"Big Bertha\" line, the set includes a 10-iron in addition to a pitching wedge (simply labelled \"W\"), and the wedge's loft is increased from a nominal 45-48° to 50°, as a means to \"close the gap\" in lofts between a modern pitching wedge and a modern sand wedge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.621417999267578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Wedges are a subclass of irons with higher loft than numbered irons, used for a variety of specialized \"utility\" shots that require short distance (typically less than 130 yards), high launch angle, and/or high backspin to reduce roll distance. The first wedge to have that name was the sand wedge, invented by Gene Sarazen in 1931, which features a wide sole that is angled complementary to the striking face to help prevent the clubhead \"digging in\" to soft turf such as sand. This wide sole was added to other high-lofted irons to add mass to the clubhead (compensating for the shorter shafts) and gives wedges their name, alluding to the clubs' appearance in profile.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.624115467071533, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "* The pitching wedge is the lowest-lofted club to typically have the moniker. It lies on the cusp between the numbered irons and the wedges (sometimes even being labelled the \"10-iron\"), and is useful for a variety of short shots from firm or semi-soft lies. The traditional pitching wedge had a loft of about 50-52°, but the \"de-lofting\" of modern cavity back irons including the pitching wedge has resulted in a loft range centering on 48°.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.455660343170166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "* The gap wedge was created to fill the gap that appeared between the pitching wedge and the sand wedge, as the numbered irons including the pitching wedge were de-lofted to compensate for cavity-backed irons' higher launch angle. The gap wedge has a loft similar to that of an older pitching wedge, around 52°, and can also be found labelled as an \"Approach\", \"Dual\", \"Utility\", or \"Attack\" wedge. Their use is generally similar to a pitching wedge, though some designs of gap wedge include additional \"bounce\" similar to a sand wedge for play from bunkers or other \"soft\" lies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.938591003417969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "The following table provides a guide to the typical specifications of modern \"cavity-back\" irons. These can vary by 1-2° for a specific clubset depending on manufacturer and player preferences.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.307574272155762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "The following table provides a guide to the typical specifications of \"muscle-back\" irons and early cavity irons through to the mid-1990s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.109045028686523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron (golf)" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Bone marrow barrier", "Medulla ossium rubra", "Bone marrow stromal cells", "Hematopoietic microenvironment", "Stroma of bone marrow", "Red bone marrow", "Bone Marrow", "Bone marrow stroma", "Myeloic tissue", "Medulla ossea", "Bone marrow cells", "Red marrow", "Bone marrow", "Bone marrow donation", "Myeloid to erythroid ratio", "Bone marrow fat cell", "Yellow bone marrow", "Yellow marrow", "Bone marrow diseases", "Medulla ossium flava", "Myeloid/erythroid ratio" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "yellow bone marrow", "myeloic tissue", "red bone marrow", "stroma of bone marrow", "bone marrow stroma", "bone marrow", "bone marrow stromal cells", "medulla ossea", "bone marrow barrier", "bone marrow cells", "bone marrow donation", "bone marrow diseases", "myeloid to erythroid ratio", "medulla ossium flava", "red marrow", "bone marrow fat cell", "yellow marrow", "myeloid erythroid ratio", "hematopoietic microenvironment", "medulla ossium rubra" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "bone marrow", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Bone marrow" }

[ { "answer": "Bone marrow", "passage": "In humans, mature red blood cells are flexible and oval biconcave disks. They lack a cell nucleus and most organelles, in order to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin; they can be viewed as sacks of hemoglobin, with a plasma membrane as the sack. Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults. The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100–120 days in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages. Each circulation takes about 20 seconds. Approximately a quarter of the cells in the human body are red blood cells. Nearly half of the blood's volume (40% to 45%) is red blood cells.", "precise_score": -0.5121845602989197, "rough_score": -2.4773788452148438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red blood cell" }, { "answer": "Bone marrow", "passage": "Erythropoiesis is the development process by which new erythrocytes are produced; it lasts about 7 days. Through this process erythrocytes are continuously produced in the red bone marrow of large bones, at a rate of about 2 million per second in a healthy adult. (In the embryo, the liver is the main site of red blood cell production.) The production can be stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), synthesised by the kidney. Just before and after leaving the bone marrow, the developing cells are known as reticulocytes; these comprise about 1% of circulating red blood cells.", "precise_score": -3.4831299781799316, "rough_score": -3.5174472332000732, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red blood cell" }, { "answer": "Bone marrow", "passage": "In 2008 it was reported that human embryonic stem cells had been successfully coaxed into becoming erythrocytes in the lab. The difficult step was to induce the cells to eject their nucleus; this was achieved by growing the cells on stromal cells from the bone marrow. It is hoped that these artificial erythrocytes can eventually be used for blood transfusions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.900467872619629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red blood cell" }, { "answer": "Bone marrow", "passage": "* Aplastic anemia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.524991989135742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red blood cell" }, { "answer": "Bone marrow", "passage": "* Pure red cell aplasia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce only red blood cells.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.239426612854004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red blood cell" }, { "answer": "Bone marrow", "passage": "* In polycythemia vera the increased number of red blood cells results from an abnormality in the bone marrow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.406410217285156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Red blood cell" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Iron (element)", "Iron rope", "Iron truss", "Ed-In-Sol", "Reduced iron", "Feostat", "Feratab", "Iron production", "Nephro-Fer", "Slow Fe", "Iron Essay", "Element 26", "Extraction of iron", "Mol-Iron", "Feronate", "Ferro-Time", "Ferric compounds", "Ferrousal", "Ferretts", "Fer-In-Sol", "Ferrum (element)", "Ferro-Caps", "Iron", "7439-89-6", "Iorn", "Siderol", "Iron compounds", "Vitedyn-Slo", "Fe-40", "Symbol of iron", "Yieronia", "Ferryl", "Ferrous compounds" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "nephro fer", "iorn", "fe 40", "reduced iron", "ferryl", "element 26", "iron compounds", "iron rope", "iron truss", "ferretts", "feratab", "ed in sol", "yieronia", "ferrousal", "extraction of iron", "7439 89 6", "siderol", "feostat", "iron essay", "ferrous compounds", "ferro time", "vitedyn slo", "iron production", "ferro caps", "ferrum element", "symbol of iron", "mol iron", "iron", "fer in sol", "slow fe", "iron element", "feronate", "ferric compounds" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "iron", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Iron" }

[ { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from , ultimately from ferre to bear or carry) and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust. Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars, where the production of nickel-56 (which decays to the most common isotope of iron) is the last nuclear fusion reaction that is exothermic. Consequently, radioactive nickel is the last element to be produced before the violent collapse of a supernova, which scatters this precursor radionuclide of stable iron into space.", "precise_score": 3.823695659637451, "rough_score": 4.697581768035889, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron chemical compounds have many uses. Iron oxide mixed with aluminium powder can be ignited to create a thermite reaction, used in welding and purifying ores. Iron forms binary compounds with the halogens and the chalcogens. Among its organometallic compounds is ferrocene, the first sandwich compound discovered.", "precise_score": -8.874168395996094, "rough_score": -9.027645111083984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "As molten iron cools it crystallizes at 1538 °C into its δ allotrope, which has a body-centered cubic (bcc) crystal structure. As it cools further to 1394 °C, it changes to its γ-iron allotrope, a face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure, or austenite. At 912 °C and below, the crystal structure again becomes the bcc α-iron allotrope, or ferrite. Finally, at 770 °C (the Curie point, Tc) iron becomes magnetic. As the iron passes through the Curie temperature there is no change in crystalline structure, but there is a change in \"domain structure\", where each domain contains iron atoms with a particular electronic spin. In unmagnetized iron, all the electronic spins of the atoms within one domain have the same axis orientation; however, the electrons of neighboring domains have other orientations with the result of mutual cancellation and no magnetic field. In magnetized iron, the electronic spins of the domains are aligned and the magnetic effects are reinforced. Although each domain contains billions of atoms, they are very small, about 10 micrometres across. At pressures above approximately 10 GPa and temperatures of a few hundred kelvin or less, α-iron changes into a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure, which is also known as ε-iron; the higher-temperature γ-phase also changes into ε-iron, but does so at higher pressure. The β-phase, if it exists, would appear at pressures of at least 50 GPa and temperatures of at least 1500 K and have an orthorhombic or a double hcp structure.", "precise_score": -10.231415748596191, "rough_score": -8.136453628540039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "α-iron, also known as ferrite, is the most stable form of iron at normal temperatures. It is a fairly soft metal that can dissolve only a small concentration of carbon (no more than 0.021% by mass at 910 °C). ", "precise_score": -5.924483776092529, "rough_score": -7.4902873039245605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Metallic or native iron is rarely found on the surface of the Earth because it tends to oxidize, but its oxides are pervasive and represent the primary ores. While it makes up about 5% of the Earth's crust, both the Earth's inner and outer core are believed to consist largely of an iron-nickel alloy constituting 35% of the mass of the Earth as a whole. Iron is consequently the most abundant element on Earth, but only the fourth most abundant element in the Earth's crust. Most of the iron in the crust is found combined with oxygen as iron oxide minerals such as hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4). Large deposits of iron are found in banded iron formations. These geological formations are a type of rock consisting of repeated thin layers of iron oxides alternating with bands of iron-poor shale and chert. The banded iron formations were laid down in the time between and ", "precise_score": -8.157235145568848, "rough_score": -8.06192398071289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron forms compounds mainly in the +2 and +3 oxidation states. Traditionally, iron(II) compounds are called ferrous, and iron(III) compounds ferric. Iron also occurs in higher oxidation states, an example being the purple potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) which contains iron in its +6 oxidation state, although this is very easily reduced. Iron(IV) is a common intermediate in many biochemical oxidation reactions. Numerous organometallic compounds contain formal oxidation states of +1, 0, −1, or even −2. The oxidation states and other bonding properties are often assessed using the technique of Mössbauer spectroscopy. ", "precise_score": -8.142807006835938, "rough_score": -6.070682048797607, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "There are also many mixed valence compounds that contain both iron(II) and iron(III) centers, such as magnetite and Prussian blue (Fe4(Fe[CN]6)3). The latter is used as the traditional \"blue\" in blueprints. ", "precise_score": -5.492851257324219, "rough_score": -3.122415542602539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The iron compounds produced on the largest scale in industry are iron(II) sulfate (FeSO4·7H2O) and iron(III) chloride (FeCl3). The former is one of the most readily available sources of iron(II), but is less stable to aerial oxidation than Mohr's salt ((NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O). Iron(II) compounds tend to be oxidized to iron(III) compounds in the air.", "precise_score": -8.59630012512207, "rough_score": -5.753060340881348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron is by far the most reactive element in its group; it is pyrophoric when finely divided and dissolves easily in dilute acids, giving Fe2+. However, it does not react with concentrated nitric acid and other oxidizing acids due to the formation of an impervious oxide layer, which can nevertheless react with hydrochloric acid.", "precise_score": -6.161795139312744, "rough_score": -7.861886024475098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron reacts with oxygen in the air to form various oxide and hydroxide compounds; the most common are iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4), and iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3). Iron(II) oxide also exists, though it is unstable at room temperature. These oxides are the principal ores for the production of iron (see bloomery and blast furnace). They are also used in the production of ferrites, useful magnetic storage media in computers, and pigments. The best known sulfide is iron pyrite (FeS2), also known as fool's gold owing to its golden luster.", "precise_score": -7.202826976776123, "rough_score": -3.4804065227508545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The binary ferrous and ferric halides are well-known, with the exception of ferric iodide. The ferrous halides typically arise from treating iron metal with the corresponding hydrohalic acid to give the corresponding hydrated salts.", "precise_score": -5.382118225097656, "rough_score": -5.753409385681152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron reacts with fluorine, chlorine, and bromine to give the corresponding ferric halides, ferric chloride being the most common.", "precise_score": -6.245190620422363, "rough_score": -7.348220348358154, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Many coordination compounds of iron are known. A typical six-coordinate anions is hexachloroferrate(III), [FeCl6]3−, found in the mixed salt tetrakis(methylammonium) hexachloroferrate(III) chloride. Complexes with multiple bidentate ligands have geometric isomers. For example, the trans-chlorohydridobis(bis-1,2-(diphenylphosphino)ethane)iron(II) complex is used as a starting material for compounds with the Fe(dppe)2 moiety. The ferrioxalate ion with three oxalate ligands (shown at right) displays helical chirality with its two non-superposable geometries labelled Λ (lambda) for the left-handed screw axis and Δ (delta) for the right-handed screw axis, in line with IUPAC conventions. Potassium ferrioxalate is used in chemical actinometry and along with its sodium salt undergoes photoreduction applied in old-style photographic processes. The dihydrate of iron(II) oxalate has a polymeric structure with co-planar oxalate ions bridging between iron centres with the water of crystallisation located forming the caps of each octahedron, as illustrated below.", "precise_score": -7.1468987464904785, "rough_score": -4.196669578552246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Prussian blue, Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 is the most famous of the cyanide complexes of iron. Its formation can be used as a simple wet chemistry test to distinguish between aqueous solutions of Fe2+ and Fe3+ as they react (respectively) with potassium ferricyanide and potassium ferrocyanide to form Prussian blue. It can be used as an antidote for thallium and radioactive caesium poisoning. Prussian blue can be used in laundry bluing to correct the yellowish tint left by ferrous salts in water.", "precise_score": -4.939413070678711, "rough_score": -1.9544755220413208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Cyanide complexes are technically organometallic but more important are carbonyl complexes and sandwich and half-sandwich compounds. The premier iron(0) compound is iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO)5, which is used to produce carbonyl iron powder, a highly reactive form of metallic iron. Thermolysis of iron pentacarbonyl gives the trinuclear cluster, triiron dodecacarbonyl. Collman's reagent, disodium tetracarbonylferrate, is a useful reagent for organic chemistry; it contains iron in the −2 oxidation state. Cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer contains iron in the rare +1 oxidation state. ", "precise_score": -7.840970516204834, "rough_score": -9.103991508483887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Industrial iron production starts with iron ores, principally hematite, which has a nominal formula Fe2O3, and magnetite, with the formula Fe3O4. These ores are reduced to the metal in a carbothermic reaction, i.e. by treatment with carbon. The conversion is typically conducted in a blast furnace at temperatures of about 2000 °C. Carbon is provided in the form of coke. The process also contains a flux such as limestone, which is used to remove silicaceous minerals in the ore, which would otherwise clog the furnace. The coke and limestone are fed into the top of the furnace, while a massive blast of heated air, about 4 tons per ton of iron, is forced into the furnace at the bottom.", "precise_score": -8.438720703125, "rough_score": -6.219823837280273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "\"White\" cast irons contain their carbon in the form of cementite, or iron carbide (Fe3C). This hard, brittle compound dominates the mechanical properties of white cast irons, rendering them hard, but unresistant to shock. The broken surface of a white cast iron is full of fine facets of the broken iron-carbide, a very pale, silvery, shiny material, hence the appellation.", "precise_score": -8.403077125549316, "rough_score": -8.81210708618164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The most commonly known and studied bioinorganic iron compounds (biological iron molecules) are the heme proteins: examples are hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochrome P450. These compounds participate in transporting gases, building enzymes, and transferring electrons.Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1098–1104 Metalloproteins are a group of proteins with metal ion cofactors. Some examples of iron metalloproteins are ferritin and rubredoxin. Many enzymes vital to life contain iron, such as catalase, lipoxygenases, and IRE-BP.", "precise_score": -9.737115859985352, "rough_score": -7.663909435272217, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "A chemical element or element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (i.e. the same atomic number, Z). There are 118 elements that have been identified, of which the first 94 occur naturally on Earth with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements. There are 80 elements that have at least one stable isotope and 38 that have exclusively radioactive isotopes, which decay over time into other elements. Iron is the most abundant element (by mass) making up Earth, while oxygen is the most common element in the crust of Earth. ", "precise_score": -6.75186824798584, "rough_score": -7.472226142883301, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The relative atomic mass (historically and commonly also called \"atomic weight\") of an element is the average of the atomic masses of all the chemical element's isotopes as found in a particular environment, weighted by isotopic abundance, relative to the atomic mass unit (u). This number may be a fraction that is not close to a whole number, due to the averaging process. For example, the relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.453 u, which differs greatly from a whole number due to being made of an average of 76% chlorine-35 and 24% chlorine-37. Whenever a relative atomic mass value differs by more than 1% from a whole number, it is due to this averaging effect resulting from significant amounts of more than one isotope being naturally present in the sample of the element in question.", "precise_score": -8.330148696899414, "rough_score": -7.6238603591918945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The known elements have atomic numbers from 1 through 118, conventionally presented as Arabic numerals. Since the elements can be uniquely sequenced by atomic number, conventionally from lowest to highest (as in a periodic table), sets of elements are sometimes specified by such notation as \"through\", \"beyond\", or \"from ... through\", as in \"through iron\", \"beyond uranium\", or \"from lanthanum through lutetium\". The terms \"light\" and \"heavy\" are sometimes also used informally to indicate relative atomic numbers (not densities), as in \"lighter than carbon\" or \"heavier than lead\", although technically the weight or mass of atoms of an element (their atomic weights or atomic masses) do not always increase monotonically with their atomic numbers.", "precise_score": -4.92222785949707, "rough_score": -2.4586808681488037, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The naming of various substances now known as elements precedes the atomic theory of matter, as names were given locally by various cultures to various minerals, metals, compounds, alloys, mixtures, and other materials, although at the time it was not known which chemicals were elements and which compounds. As they were identified as elements, the existing names for anciently-known elements (e.g., gold, mercury, iron) were kept in most countries. National differences emerged over the names of elements either for convenience, linguistic niceties, or nationalism. For a few illustrative examples: German speakers use \"Wasserstoff\" (water substance) for \"hydrogen\", \"Sauerstoff\" (acid substance) for \"oxygen\" and \"Stickstoff\" (smothering substance) for \"nitrogen\", while English and some romance languages use \"sodium\" for \"natrium\" and \"potassium\" for \"kalium\", and the French, Italians, Greeks, Portuguese and Poles prefer \"azote/azot/azoto\" (from roots meaning \"no life\") for \"nitrogen\".", "precise_score": -7.113054275512695, "rough_score": -7.799052715301514, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The first of these symbols were intended to be fully universal. Since Latin was the common language of science at that time, they were abbreviations based on the Latin names of metals. Cu comes from Cuprum, Fe comes from Ferrum, Ag from Argentum. The symbols were not followed by a period (full stop) as with abbreviations. Later chemical elements were also assigned unique chemical symbols, based on the name of the element, but not necessarily in English. For example, sodium has the chemical symbol 'Na' after the Latin natrium. The same applies to \"W\" (wolfram) for tungsten, \"Fe\" (ferrum) for iron, \"Hg\" (hydrargyrum) for mercury, \"Sn\" (stannum) for tin, \"K\" (kalium) for potassium, \"Au\" (aurum) for gold, \"Ag\" (argentum) for silver, \"Pb\" (plumbum) for lead, \"Cu\" (cuprum) for copper, and \"Sb\" (stibium) for antimony.", "precise_score": 3.467010736465454, "rough_score": 5.029788017272949, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Like the other group 8 elements, ruthenium and osmium, iron exists in a wide range of oxidation states, −2 to +6, although +2 and +3 are the most common. Elemental iron occurs in meteoroids and other low oxygen environments, but is reactive to oxygen and water. Fresh iron surfaces appear lustrous silvery-gray, but oxidize in normal air to give hydrated iron oxides, commonly known as rust. Unlike the metals that form passivating oxide layers, iron oxides occupy more volume than the metal and thus flake off, exposing fresh surfaces for corrosion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.453646659851074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron metal has been used since ancient times, although copper alloys, which have lower melting temperatures, were used even earlier in human history. Pure iron is relatively soft, but is unobtainable by smelting. The material is significantly hardened and strengthened by impurities, in particular carbon, from the smelting process. A certain proportion of carbon (between 0.002% and 2.1%) produces steel, which may be up to 1000 times harder than pure iron. Crude iron metal is produced in blast furnaces, where ore is reduced by coke to pig iron, which has a high carbon content. Further refinement with oxygen reduces the carbon content to the correct proportion to make steel. Steels and iron alloys formed with other metals (alloy steels) are by far the most common industrial metals because they have a great range of desirable properties and iron-bearing rock is abundant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.473334312438965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron plays an important role in biology, forming complexes with molecular oxygen in hemoglobin and myoglobin; these two compounds are common oxygen transport proteins in vertebrates. Iron is also the metal at the active site of many important redox enzymes dealing with cellular respiration and oxidation and reduction in plants and animals. A human male of average height has about 4 grams of iron in his body, a female about 3.5 grams. This iron is distributed throughout the body in hemoglobin, tissues, muscles, bone marrow, blood proteins, enzymes, ferritin, hemosiderin, and transport in plasma. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.699257850646973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The mechanical properties of iron and its alloys can be evaluated using a variety of tests, including the Brinell test, Rockwell test and the Vickers hardness test. The data on iron is so consistent that it is often used to calibrate measurements or to compare tests. However, the mechanical properties of iron are significantly affected by the sample's purity: pure, single crystals of iron are actually softer than aluminium, and the purest industrially produced iron (99.99%) has a hardness of 20–30 Brinell. An increase in the carbon content will cause a significant increase in the iron's hardness and tensile strength. Maximum hardness of 65 Rc is achieved with a 0.6% carbon content, although the alloy has low tensile strength. Because of the softness of iron, it is much easier to work with than its heavier congeners ruthenium and osmium.Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1074–5", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.412332534790039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Because of its significance for planetary cores, the physical properties of iron at high pressures and temperatures have also been studied extensively. The form of iron that is stable under standard conditions can be subjected to pressures up to ca. 15 GPa before transforming into a high-pressure form, as described in the next section.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.237798690795898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron represents an example of allotropy in a metal. There are at least four allotropic forms of iron, known as α, γ, δ, and ε; at very high pressures, some controversial experimental evidence exists for a phase β stable at very high pressures and temperatures. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.335293769836426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron is of greatest importance when mixed with certain other metals and with carbon to form steels. There are many types of steel, all with different properties, and an understanding of the properties of the allotropes of iron is key to the manufacture of good quality steels.Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1071–2", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.070171356201172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Above 912 °C and up to 1400 °C α-iron undergoes a phase transition from bcc to the fcc configuration of γ-iron, also called austenite. This is similarly soft and metallic but can dissolve considerably more carbon (as much as 2.04% by mass at 1146 °C). This form of iron is used in the type of stainless steel used for making cutlery, and hospital and food-service equipment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.516305923461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The high-pressure phases of iron are important as endmember models for the solid parts of planetary cores. The inner core of the Earth is generally presumed to be an iron-nickel alloy with ε (or β) structure. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.036425590515137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The melting point of iron is experimentally well defined for pressures less than 50 GPa. For greater pressures, studies put the γ-ε-liquid triple point at pressures that differ by tens of gigapascals and 1000 K in the melting point. Generally speaking, molecular dynamics computer simulations of iron melting and shock wave experiments suggest higher melting points and a much steeper slope of the melting curve than static experiments carried out in diamond anvil cells. The melting and boiling points of iron, along with its enthalpy of atomization, are lower than those of the earlier 3d elements from scandium to chromium, showing the lessened contribution of the 3d electrons to metallic bonding; however, they are higher than the values for the previous element manganese because that element has a half-filled 3d subshell and consequently its d-electrons are not easily delocalized.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.57479190826416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Naturally occurring iron consists of four stable isotopes: 5.845% of 54Fe, 91.754% of 56Fe, 2.119% of 57Fe and 0.282% of 58Fe. Of these stable isotopes, only 57Fe has a nuclear spin (−). The nuclide 54Fe theoretically can undergo double beta decay, but the process has never been observed and only a lower limit on the half-life of 3.1×1022 years has been established.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.365870475769043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "60Fe is an extinct radionuclide of long half-life (2.6 million years). It is not found on Earth, but its ultimate decay product is its granddaughter, the stable nuclide nickel-60. Much of the past work on isotopic composition of iron has focused on the nucleosynthesis of 60Fe through studies of meteorites and ore formation. In the last decade, advances in mass spectrometry have allowed the detection and quantification of minute, naturally occurring variations in the ratios of the stable isotopes of iron. Much of this work is driven by the Earth and planetary science communities, although applications to biological and industrial systems are emerging. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.865700721740723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "In phases of the meteorites Semarkona and Chervony Kut, a correlation between the concentration of 60Ni, the granddaughter of 60Fe, and the abundance of the stable iron isotopes provided evidence for the existence of 60Fe at the time of formation of the Solar System. Possibly the energy released by the decay of 60Fe, along with that released by 26Al, contributed to the remelting and differentiation of asteroids after their formation 4.6 billion years ago. The abundance of 60Ni present in extraterrestrial material may bring further insight into the origin and early history of the Solar System. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.613545417785645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The most abundant iron isotope 56Fe is of particular interest to nuclear scientists because it represents the most common endpoint of nucleosynthesis. It is often cited, falsely, as the isotope of highest binding energy, a distinction which actually belongs to nickel-62. Since 56Ni is easily produced from lighter nuclei in the alpha process in nuclear reactions in supernovae (see silicon burning process), nickel-56 (14 alpha particles) is the endpoint of fusion chains inside extremely massive stars, since addition of another alpha particle would result in zinc-60, which requires a great deal more energy. This nickel-56, which has a half-life of about 6 days, is created in quantity in these stars, but soon decays by two successive positron emissions within supernova decay products in the supernova remnant gas cloud, first to radioactive cobalt-56, and then to stable iron-56. This last nuclide is therefore common in the universe, relative to other stable metals of approximately the same atomic weight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.17983627319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Nuclei of iron atoms have some of the highest binding energies per nucleon, surpassed only by the nickel isotope 62Ni. It is formed by nuclear fusion in stars. Although a further tiny energy gain could be extracted by synthesizing 62Ni, conditions in stars are unsuitable for this process. Element production in supernovas and distribution on Earth greatly favor iron over nickel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.716804504394531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron-56 is the heaviest stable isotope produced by the alpha process in stellar nucleosynthesis; elements heavier than iron and nickel require a supernova for their formation. Iron is the most abundant element in the core of red giants, and is the most abundant metal in iron meteorites and in the dense metal cores of planets such as Earth.Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 12", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.173233032226562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron is created by extremely large stars with extremely hot (over 2.5 billion kelvin) cores through the silicon burning process. It is the heaviest stable element to be produced in this manner. The process starts with the second largest stable nucleus created by silicon burning, which is calcium. One stable nucleus of calcium fuses with one helium nucleus, creating unstable titanium. Before the titanium decays, it can fuse with another helium nucleus, creating unstable chromium. Before the chromium decays, it can fuse with another helium nucleus, creating unstable iron. Before the iron decays, it can fuse with another helium nucleus, creating unstable nickel-56. Any further fusion of nickel-56 consumes energy instead of producing energy, so after the production of nickel-56, the star does not produce the energy necessary to keep the core from collapsing. Eventually, the nickel-56 decays to unstable cobalt-56, which in turn decays to stable iron-56.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.720412254333496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "When the core of the star collapses, it creates a supernova. Supernovas also create additional stable iron isotopes via the r-process. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335928916931152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron is the sixth most abundant element in the Universe, and the most common refractory element. It is formed as the final exothermic stage of stellar nucleosynthesis, by silicon fusion in massive stars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.580554962158203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "About 1 in 20 meteorites consist of the unique iron-nickel minerals taenite (35–80% iron) and kamacite (90–95% iron). Although rare, iron meteorites are the main form of natural metallic iron on the Earth's surface. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.064638137817383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The red color of the surface of Mars is derived from an iron oxide-rich regolith. This has been proven by Mössbauer spectroscopy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232933044433594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "According to the International Resource Panel's Metal Stocks in Society report, the global stock of iron in use in society is 2200 kg per capita. Much of this is in more-developed countries (7000–14000 kg per capita) rather than less-developed countries (2000 kg per capita). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.815288543701172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron is the first of the transition metals that cannot reach its group oxidation state of +8, although its heavier congeners ruthenium and osmium can, with ruthenium having more difficulty than osmium. While iron's most common oxidation states are +2 and +3, ruthenium's is +3 and osmium's is +4. Iron also commonly forms aqueous cations in the +2 and +3 oxidation states, which is possible for ruthenium but not osmium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.496167182922363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Unlike many other metals, iron does not form amalgams with mercury. As a result, mercury is traded in standardized 76 pound flasks (34 kg) made of iron. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.037396430969238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The standard reduction potentials in acidic aqueous solution for some common iron ions are given below:Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1075–9", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.116085052490234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Metallocenes like ferrocene can be prepared by reaction of Freshly-cracked cyclopentadiene with iron(II) chloride and a weak base. It is an aromatic substance and undergoes substitution reactions rather than addition reactions on the cyclopentadienyl ligands. For example, Friedel-Crafts acylation of ferrocene with acetic anhydride yields acetylferrocene just as acylation of benzene yields acetophenone under similar conditions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.655755043029785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron-centred organometallic species are used as catalysts. The Knölker complex, for example, is a transfer hydrogenation catalyst for ketones. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.763916969299316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Wrought iron", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.28392219543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron has been worked, or wrought, for millennia. However, iron objects of great age are much rarer than objects made of gold or silver due to the ease of corrosion of iron. Beads made from meteoric iron in 3500 BCE or earlier were found in Gerzah, Egypt by G. A. Wainwright. The beads contain 7.5% nickel, which is a signature of meteoric origin since iron found in the Earth's crust has very little to no nickel content. Meteoric iron was highly regarded due to its origin in the heavens and was often used to forge weapons and tools or whole specimens placed in churches. Items that were likely made of iron by Egyptians date from 2500 to 3000 BCE. Iron had a distinct advantage over bronze in warfare implements. It was much harder and more durable than bronze, although susceptible to rust. However, this is contested. Hittitologist Trevor Bryce argues that before advanced iron-working techniques were developed in India, meteoritic iron weapons used by early Mesopotamian armies had a tendency to shatter in combat, due to their high carbon content. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.651581764221191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The first iron production started in the Middle Bronze Age but it took several centuries before iron displaced bronze. Samples of smelted iron from Asmar, Mesopotamia and Tall Chagar Bazaar in northern Syria were made sometime between 2700 and 3000 BCE. The Hittites appear to be the first to understand the production of iron from its ores and regard it highly in their society. They began to smelt iron between 1500 and 1200 BCE and the practice spread to the rest of the Near East after their empire fell in 1180 BCE. The subsequent period is called the Iron Age. Iron smelting, and thus the Iron Age, reached Europe two hundred years later and arrived in Zimbabwe, Africa by the 8th century. In China, iron only appears circa 700–500 BCE. Iron smelting may have been introduced into China through Central Asia. The earliest evidence of the use of a blast furnace in China dates to the 1st century AD, and cupola furnaces were used as early as the Warring States period (403–221 BCE). Usage of the blast and cupola furnace remained widespread during the Song and Tang Dynasties. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.207477569580078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Artifacts of smelted iron are found in India dating from 1800 to 1200 BCE, and in the Levant from about 1500 BCE (suggesting smelting in Anatolia or the Caucasus). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.135159492492676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The Book of Genesis, fourth chapter, verse 22 contains the first mention of iron in the Old Testament of the Bible; \"Tubal-cain, an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron.\" Other verses allude to iron mining (Job 28:2), iron used as a stylus (Job 19:24), furnace (Deuteronomy 4:20), chariots (Joshua 17:16), nails (I Chron. 22:3), saws and axes (II Sam. 12:31), and cooking utensils (Ezekiel 4:3). The metal is also mentioned in the New Testament, for example in Acts chapter 12 verse 10, \"[Peter passed through] the iron gate that leadeth unto the city\" of Antioch.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.975481033325195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron working was introduced to Greece in the late 11th century BCE. The spread of ironworking in Central and Western Europe is associated with Celtic expansion. According to Pliny the Elder, iron use was common in the Roman era. The annual iron output of the Roman Empire is estimated at 84,750 t, while the similarly populous Han China produced around 5,000 t. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.551385879516602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "During the Industrial Revolution in Britain, Henry Cort began refining iron from pig iron to wrought iron (or bar iron) using innovative production systems. In 1783 he patented the puddling process for refining iron ore. It was later improved by others, including Joseph Hall. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18515396118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Cast iron", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.42236614227295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Cast iron was first produced in China during 5th century BCE, but was hardly in Europe until the medieval period. The earliest cast iron artifacts were discovered by archaeologists in what is now modern Luhe County, Jiangsu in China. Cast iron was used in ancient China for warfare, agriculture, and architecture. During the medieval period, means were found in Europe of producing wrought iron from cast iron (in this context known as pig iron) using finery forges. For all these processes, charcoal was required as fuel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.145764350891113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "In 1709, Abraham Darby I established a coke-fired blast furnace to produce cast iron. The ensuing availability of inexpensive iron was one of the factors leading to the Industrial Revolution. Toward the end of the 18th century, cast iron began to replace wrought iron for certain purposes, because it was cheaper. Carbon content in iron was not implicated as the reason for the differences in properties of wrought iron, cast iron, and steel until the 18th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.390620231628418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Since iron was becoming cheaper and more plentiful, it also became a major structural material following the building of the innovative first iron bridge in 1778.Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1072", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.310482025146484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Steel (with smaller carbon content than pig iron but more than wrought iron) was first produced in antiquity by using a bloomery. Blacksmiths in Luristan in western Iran were making good steel by 1000 BCE. Then improved versions, Wootz steel by India and Damascus steel were developed around 300 BCE and 500 CE respectively. These methods were specialized, and so steel did not become a major commodity until the 1850s. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.110408782958984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "New methods of producing it by carburizing bars of iron in the cementation process were devised in the 17th century AD. In the Industrial Revolution, new methods of producing bar iron without charcoal were devised and these were later applied to produce steel. In the late 1850s, Henry Bessemer invented a new steelmaking process, involving blowing air through molten pig iron, to produce mild steel. This made steel much more economical, thereby leading to wrought iron no longer being produced. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.357152938842773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Antoine Lavoisier used the reaction of water steam with metallic iron inside an incandescent iron tube to produce hydrogen in his experiments leading to the demonstration of the mass conservation. Anaerobic oxidation of iron at high temperature can be schematically represented by the following reactions:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.856114387512207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Production of metallic iron", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.467268943786621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The production of iron or steel is a process consisting of two main stages, unless the desired product is cast iron. In the first stage pig iron is produced in a blast furnace. Alternatively, it may be directly reduced. In the second stage, pig iron is converted to wrought iron or steel.Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1073", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.282691955566406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "For a few limited purposes when it is needed, pure iron is produced by reducing the pure oxide or hydroxide with hydrogen, or forming iron pentacarbonyl and heating it to 250 °C so that it decomposes to form pure iron powder.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.122568130493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The carbon monoxide reduces the iron ore (in the chemical equation below, hematite) to molten iron, becoming carbon dioxide in the process:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2987642288208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Some iron in the high-temperature lower region of the furnace reacts directly with the coke:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.461470603942871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The slag melts in the heat of the furnace. In the bottom of the furnace, the molten slag floats on top of the denser molten iron, and apertures in the side of the furnace are opened to run off the iron and the slag separately. The iron, once cooled, is called pig iron, while the slag can be used as a material in road construction or to improve mineral-poor soils for agriculture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.280506134033203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Direct iron reduction", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.396456718444824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Owing to environmental concerns, alternative methods of processing iron have been developed. \"Direct iron reduction\" reduces iron ore to a powder called \"sponge\" iron or \"direct\" iron that is suitable for steelmaking. Two main reactions comprise the direct reduction process:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.302000999450684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "These gases are then treated with iron ore in a furnace, producing solid sponge iron:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.419296264648438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Pig iron is not pure iron, but has 4–5% carbon dissolved in it with small amounts of other impurities like sulfur, magnesium, phosphorus and manganese. As the carbon is the major impurity, the iron (pig iron) becomes brittle and hard. This form of iron, also known as cast iron, is used to cast articles in foundries such as stoves, pipes, radiators, lamp-posts and rails.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.167400360107422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Alternatively pig iron may be made into steel (with up to about 2% carbon) or wrought iron (commercially pure iron). Various processes have been used for this, including finery forges, puddling furnaces, Bessemer converters, open hearth furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, and electric arc furnaces. In all cases, the objective is to oxidize some or all of the carbon, together with other impurities. On the other hand, other metals may be added to make alloy steels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.905962944030762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Metallic iron is generally produced in the laboratory by two methods. One route is electrolysis of ferrous chloride onto an iron cathode. The second method involves reduction of iron oxides with hydrogen gas at about 500 °C. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.423044204711914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron is the most widely used of all the metals, accounting for over 90% of worldwide metal production. Its low cost and high strength make it indispensable in engineering applications such as the construction of machinery and machine tools, automobiles, the hulls of large ships, and structural components for buildings. Since pure iron is quite soft, it is most commonly combined with alloying elements to make steel.Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1070–1", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.389044761657715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Commercially available iron is classified based on purity and the abundance of additives. Pig iron has 3.5–4.5% carbon and contains varying amounts of contaminants such as sulfur, silicon and phosphorus. Pig iron is not a saleable product, but rather an intermediate step in the production of cast iron and steel. The reduction of contaminants in pig iron that negatively affect material properties, such as sulfur and phosphorus, yields cast iron containing 2–4% carbon, 1–6% silicon, and small amounts of manganese. It has a melting point in the range of 1420–1470 K, which is lower than either of its two main components, and makes it the first product to be melted when carbon and iron are heated together. Its mechanical properties vary greatly and depend on the form the carbon takes in the alloy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.097175598144531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "In gray iron the carbon exists as separate, fine flakes of graphite, and also renders the material brittle due to the sharp edged flakes of graphite that produce stress concentration sites within the material. A newer variant of gray iron, referred to as ductile iron is specially treated with trace amounts of magnesium to alter the shape of graphite to spheroids, or nodules, reducing the stress concentrations and vastly increasing the toughness and strength of the material.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.03009033203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Wrought iron contains less than 0.25% carbon but large amounts of slag that give it a fibrous characteristic. It is a tough, malleable product, but not as fusible as pig iron. If honed to an edge, it loses it quickly. Wrought iron is characterized by the presence of fine fibers of slag entrapped within the metal. Wrought iron is more corrosion resistant than steel. It has been almost completely replaced by mild steel for traditional \"wrought iron\" products and blacksmithing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.267394065856934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Mild steel corrodes more readily than wrought iron, but is cheaper and more widely available. Carbon steel contains 2.0% carbon or less, with small amounts of manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and silicon. Alloy steels contain varying amounts of carbon as well as other metals, such as chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, nickel, tungsten, etc. Their alloy content raises their cost, and so they are usually only employed for specialist uses. One common alloy steel, though, is stainless steel. Recent developments in ferrous metallurgy have produced a growing range of microalloyed steels, also termed 'HSLA' or high-strength, low alloy steels, containing tiny additions to produce high strengths and often spectacular toughness at minimal cost.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.875492095947266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Apart from traditional applications, iron is also used for protection from ionizing radiation. Although it is lighter than another traditional protection material, lead, it is much stronger mechanically. The attenuation of radiation as a function of energy is shown in the graph.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.327973365783691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The main disadvantage of iron and steel is that pure iron, and most of its alloys, suffer badly from rust if not protected in some way, a cost amounting to over 1% of the world's economy. Painting, galvanization, passivation, plastic coating and bluing are all used to protect iron from rust by excluding water and oxygen or by cathodic protection. The mechanism of the rusting of iron is as follows:Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1076", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.881742477416992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The electrolyte is usually iron(II) sulfate in urban areas (formed when atmospheric sulfur dioxide attacks iron), and salt particles in the atmosphere in seaside areas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.172492980957031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron compounds", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.307969093322754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Although its metallurgical role is dominant in terms of amounts, iron compounds are pervasive in industry as well being used in many niche uses. Iron catalysts are traditionally used in the Haber-Bosch Process for the production of ammonia and the Fischer-Tropsch process for conversion of carbon monoxide to hydrocarbons for fuels and lubricants. Powdered iron in an acidic solvent was used in the Bechamp reduction the reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.46824836730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron(III) chloride finds use in water purification and sewage treatment, in the dyeing of cloth, as a coloring agent in paints, as an additive in animal feed, and as an etchant for copper in the manufacture of printed circuit boards. It can also be dissolved in alcohol to form tincture of iron. The other halides tend to be limited to laboratory uses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.968253135681152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron(II) sulfate is used as a precursor to other iron compounds. It is also used to reduce chromate in cement. It is used to fortify foods and treat iron deficiency anemia. These are its main uses. Iron(III) sulfate is used in settling minute sewage particles in tank water. Iron(II) chloride is used as a reducing flocculating agent, in the formation of iron complexes and magnetic iron oxides, and as a reducing agent in organic synthesis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.63818645477295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron is involved in numerous biological processes. Iron-proteins are found in all living organisms: archaeans, bacteria and eukaryotes, including humans. For example, the color of blood is due to the hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein. As illustrated by hemoglobin, iron is often bound to cofactors, e.g. in hemes. The iron-sulfur clusters are pervasive and include nitrogenase, the enzymes responsible for biological nitrogen fixation. Influential theories of evolution have invoked a role for iron sulfides in the iron-sulfur world theory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.200316429138184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron is a necessary trace element found in nearly all living organisms. Iron-containing enzymes and proteins, often containing heme prosthetic groups, participate in many biological oxidations and in transport. Examples of proteins found in higher organisms include hemoglobin, cytochrome (see high-valent iron), and catalase. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.190485000610352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron is pervasive, but particularly rich sources of dietary iron include red meat, lentils, beans, poultry, fish, leaf vegetables, watercress, tofu, chickpeas, black-eyed peas, blackstrap molasses, fortified bread, and fortified breakfast cereals. Iron in low amounts is found in molasses, teff, and farina. Iron in meat (heme iron) is more easily absorbed than iron in vegetables. Although some studies suggest that heme/hemoglobin from red meat has effects which may increase the likelihood of colorectal cancer, there is still some controversy with a few studies suggesting that such claims are not supported by sufficient evidence. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.341136932373047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron provided by dietary supplements is often found as iron(II) fumarate, although iron sulfate is cheaper and is absorbed equally well. Elemental iron, or reduced iron, despite being absorbed at only one third to two thirds the efficiency (relative to iron sulfate), is often added to foods such as breakfast cereals or enriched wheat flour. Iron is most available to the body when chelated to amino acids and is also available for use as a common iron supplement. Glycine, the cheapest and most common amino acid is most often used to produce iron glycinate supplements. The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for iron varies considerably depending on age, sex, and source of dietary iron (heme-based iron has higher bioavailability). Infants may require iron supplements if they are bottle-fed cow's milk. Blood donors and pregnant women are at special risk of low iron levels and are often advised to supplement their iron intake. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.068354606628418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron acquisition poses a problem for aerobic organisms because ferric iron is poorly soluble near neutral pH. Thus, bacteria have evolved high-affinity sequestering agents called siderophores. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.651922225952148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "After uptake in cells, iron storage is carefully regulated; iron ions are never \"free\". A major component of this regulation is the protein transferrin, which binds iron ions absorbed from the duodenum and carries it in the blood to cells. In animals, plants, and fungi, iron is often incorporated into the heme complex. Heme is an essential component of cytochrome proteins, which mediate redox reactions, and of oxygen carrier proteins such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, and leghemoglobin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.98471736907959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Inorganic iron contributes to redox reactions in the iron-sulfur clusters of many enzymes, such as nitrogenase (involved in the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen) and hydrogenase. Non-heme iron proteins include the enzymes methane monooxygenase (oxidizes methane to methanol), ribonucleotide reductase (reduces ribose to deoxyribose; DNA biosynthesis), hemerythrins (oxygen transport and fixation in marine invertebrates) and purple acid phosphatase (hydrolysis of phosphate esters).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1475191116333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron distribution is heavily regulated in mammals, partly because iron ions have a high potential for biological toxicity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.498747825622559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron uptake is tightly regulated by the human body, which has no regulated physiological means of excreting iron. Only small amounts of iron are lost daily due to mucosal and skin epithelial cell sloughing, so control of iron levels is primarily accomplished by regulating uptake. Regulation of iron uptake is impaired in some people as a result of a genetic defect that maps to the HLA-H gene region on chromosome 6. In these people, excessive iron intake can result in iron overload disorders, known medically as hemochromatosis. Many people have an undiagnosed genetic susceptibility to iron overload, and are not aware of a family history of the problem. For this reason, people should not take iron supplements unless they suffer from iron deficiency and have consulted a doctor. Hemochromatosis is estimated to be the a cause of 0.3 to 0.8% of all metabolic diseases of Caucasians. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.203756332397461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "MRIfstudies show that iron accumulates in the hippocampus of the brains of those with Alzheimer's disease and in the substantia nigra of those with Parkinson disease. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.490682601928711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Iron-eating bacteria live in the hulls of sunken ships such as the Titanic. The acidophile bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, Sulfolobus spp., Acidianus brierleyi and Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans can oxidize ferrous iron enzymically. A sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution, and was found to contain cyano metal complexes such as gold, silver, copper iron and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.11410140991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Zerovalent iron is the main reactive material for permeable reactive barriers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32614803314209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Overdoses of ingested iron can cause excessive levels of iron in the blood. High blood levels of free ferrous iron react with peroxides to produce highly reactive free radicals that can damage DNA, proteins, lipids, and other cellular components. Iron toxicity occurs when the cell contains free iron, which generally occurs when iron levels exceed the availability of transferrin to bind the iron. Damage to the cells of the gastrointestinal tract can also prevent them from regulating iron absorption, leading to further increases in blood levels. Iron typically damages cells in the heart, liver and elsewhere, causing adverse effects that include coma, metabolic acidosis, shock, liver failure, coagulopathy, adult respiratory distress syndrome, long-term organ damage, and even death. Humans experience iron toxicity when the iron exceeds 20 milligrams for every kilogram of body mass; 60 milligrams per kilogram is considered a lethal dose. Overconsumption of iron, often the result of children eating large quantities of ferrous sulfate tablets intended for adult consumption, is one of the most common toxicological causes of death in children under six. The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) sets the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for adults at 45 mg/day. For children under fourteen years old the UL is 40 mg/day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.26778793334961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The medical management of iron toxicity is complicated, and can include use of a specific chelating agent called deferoxamine to bind and expel excess iron from the body.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.170862197875977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iron" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The two lightest elements, hydrogen and helium were mostly formed in the Big Bang and are the most common elements in the universe. The next three elements (lithium, beryllium and boron) were formed mostly by cosmic ray spallation, and are thus more rare than those that follow. Formation of elements with from six to twenty six protons occurred and continues to occur in main sequence stars via stellar nucleosynthesis. The high abundance of oxygen, silicon, and iron on Earth reflects their common production in such stars. Elements with greater than twenty-six protons are formed by supernova nucleosynthesis in supernovae, which, when they explode, blast these elements far into space as supernova remnants, where they may become incorporated into planets when they are formed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.703493118286133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "When different elements are chemically combined, with the atoms held together by chemical bonds, they form chemical compounds. Only a minority of elements are found uncombined as relatively pure minerals. Among the more common of such \"native elements\" are copper, silver, gold, carbon (as coal, graphite, or diamonds), and sulfur. All but a few of the most inert elements, such as noble gases and noble metals, are usually found on Earth in chemically combined form, as chemical compounds. While about 32 of the chemical elements occur on Earth in native uncombined forms, most of these occur as mixtures. For example, atmospheric air is primarily a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, and native solid elements occur in alloys, such as that of iron and nickel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.07663631439209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The history of the discovery and use of the elements began with primitive human societies that found native elements like carbon, sulfur, copper and gold. Later civilizations extracted elemental copper, tin, lead and iron from their ores by smelting, using charcoal. Alchemists and chemists subsequently identified many more, with almost all of the naturally-occurring elements becoming known by 1900.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.42056655883789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Use of the periodic table is now ubiquitous within the academic discipline of chemistry, providing an extremely useful framework to classify, systematize and compare all the many different forms of chemical behavior. The table has also found wide application in physics, geology, biology, materials science, engineering, agriculture, medicine, nutrition, environmental health, and astronomy. Its principles are especially important in chemical engineering.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.83405876159668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The universe's 94 naturally occurring chemical elements are thought to have been produced by at least four cosmic processes. Most of the hydrogen and helium in the universe was produced primordially in the first few minutes of the Big Bang. Three recurrently occurring later processes are thought to have produced the remaining elements. Stellar nucleosynthesis, an ongoing process, produces all elements from carbon through iron in atomic number, but little lithium, beryllium, or boron. Elements heavier in atomic number than iron, as heavy as uranium and plutonium, are produced by explosive nucleosynthesis in supernovas and other cataclysmic cosmic events. Cosmic ray spallation (fragmentation) of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen is important to the production of lithium, beryllium and boron.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.41192626953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The abundance of elements in the Solar System is in keeping with their origin from nucleosynthesis in the Big Bang and a number of progenitor supernova stars. Very abundant hydrogen and helium are products of the Big Bang, but the next three elements are rare since they had little time to form in the Big Bang and are not made in stars (they are, however, produced in small quantities by the breakup of heavier elements in interstellar dust, as a result of impact by cosmic rays). Beginning with carbon, elements are produced in stars by buildup from alpha particles (helium nuclei), resulting in an alternatingly larger abundance of elements with even atomic numbers (these are also more stable). In general, such elements up to iron are made in large stars in the process of becoming supernovas. Iron-56 is particularly common, since it is the most stable element that can easily be made from alpha particles (being a product of decay of radioactive nickel-56, ultimately made from 14 helium nuclei). Elements heavier than iron are made in energy-absorbing processes in large stars, and their abundance in the universe (and on Earth) generally decreases with their atomic number.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.509451866149902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The abundance of the chemical elements on Earth varies from air to crust to ocean, and in various types of life. The abundance of elements in Earth's crust differs from that in the Solar system (as seen in the Sun and heavy planets like Jupiter) mainly in selective loss of the very lightest elements (hydrogen and helium) and also volatile neon, carbon (as hydrocarbons), nitrogen and sulfur, as a result of solar heating in the early formation of the solar system. Oxygen, the most abundant Earth element by mass, is retained on Earth by combination with silicon. Aluminum at 8% by mass is more common in the Earth's crust than in the universe and solar system, but the composition of the far more bulky mantle, which has magnesium and iron in place of aluminum (which occurs there only at 2% of mass) more closely mirrors the elemental composition of the solar system, save for the noted loss of volatile elements to space, and loss of iron which has migrated to the Earth's core.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.584356307983398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "The composition of the human body, by contrast, more closely follows the composition of seawater—save that the human body has additional stores of carbon and nitrogen necessary to form the proteins and nucleic acids, together with phosphorus in the nucleic acids and energy transfer molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that occurs in the cells of all living organisms. Certain kinds of organisms require particular additional elements, for example the magnesium in chlorophyll in green plants, the calcium in mollusc shells, or the iron in the hemoglobin in vertebrate animals' red blood cells.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04636001586914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Iron", "passage": "Ten materials familiar to various prehistoric cultures are now known to be chemical elements: Carbon, copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, sulfur, tin, and zinc. Three additional materials now accepted as elements, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth, were recognized as distinct substances prior to 1500 AD. Phosphorus, cobalt, and platinum were isolated before 1750.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.331178665161133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Loose paper", "Sheets of paper", "Granite paper", "Homemade paper", "Printer paper", "Paper sheet", "Paper", "PAPER", "Paper stock", "Sheet of paper", "Scratch paper", "Papper" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "sheets of paper", "printer paper", "granite paper", "paper", "paper sheet", "loose paper", "sheet of paper", "homemade paper", "paper stock", "scratch paper", "papper" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "paper", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Paper" }

[ { "answer": "Paper", "passage": "A quire of paper is a measure of paper quantity. The usual meaning is 25 sheets of the same size and quality: of a ream of 500 sheets. Quires of 25 sheets are often used for machine-made paper, while quires of 24 sheets are often used for handmade or specialised paper of 480-sheet reams. (As an old UK and US measure, in some sources, a quire was originally 24 sheets. ) Quires of 15, 18 or 20 sheets have also been used, depending on the type of paper. ", "precise_score": 4.744063854217529, "rough_score": 5.588122844696045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Units of paper quantity" }, { "answer": "Paper", "passage": "A ream of paper is a quantity of sheets of the same size and quality. International standards organizations define the ream as 500 identical sheets.ISO 4046 (see References) defines the ream as \"a pack of 500 identical sheets of paper\" and appends a note: \"In many countries it is common practice to use the term \"ream\" for other quantities, for example 480 sheets, thus affecting the quire. For quantities other than 500 sheets, a different term, such as \"pack\", should be used.\" This ream of 500 sheets (20 quires of 25 sheets) is also known as a 'long' ream, and is gradually replacing the old value of 480 sheets, now known as a 'short' ream. Reams of 472 and 516 sheets are still current, but in retail outlets paper is typically sold in reams of 500. As an old UK and US unit, a perfect ream was equal to 516 sheets.", "precise_score": 5.411929130554199, "rough_score": 5.318265914916992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Units of paper quantity" }, { "answer": "Paper", "passage": "The number of sheets in a ream has varied locally over the centuries, often according to the size and type of paper being sold. Reams of 500 sheets (20 quires of 25 sheets) were known in England in c1594; in 1706 a ream was defined as 20 quires, either 24 or 25 sheets to the quire. In 18th- and 19th-century Europe, the size of the ream varied widely. In Lombardy a ream of music paper was 450 or 480 sheets; in Britain, Holland and Germany a ream of 480 sheets was common; in the Veneto it was more frequently 500. Some paper manufacturers counted 546 sheets (21 quires of 26 sheets). J.S. Bach's manuscript paper at Weimar was ordered by the ream of 480 sheets. In 1840, a ream in Lisbon was 17 quires and 3 sheets 428 sheets, and a double ream was 18 quires and 2 sheets ", "precise_score": 4.6201171875, "rough_score": 7.216033935546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Units of paper quantity" }, { "answer": "Paper", "passage": " 434 sheets; and in Bremen, blotting or packing paper was sold in reams of 300 (20 quires of 15 sheets). A mid-19th century Milanese-Italian dictionary has an example for a risma (ream) as being either 450 or 480 sheets. ", "precise_score": 3.410508632659912, "rough_score": 5.597251892089844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Units of paper quantity" }, { "answer": "Paper", "passage": "Various measures of paper quantity have been and are in use. Although there are no S.I. units such as quires and bales, there are ISOISO 4046-3:2002 Paper, board, pulps and related terms – Vocabulary – Part 3: Paper-making terminology (2002), quoted in ISO 22414:2004(E) Paper – Cut-size office paper – Measurement of edge quality (2004) Geneva:ISO. and DINPapier und Pappe: DIN 6730:2011-02: Begriffe (Paper and board: vocabulary) (2011) (in German). Berlin: Beuth Verlag. standards for the ream. Expressions used here include U.S. Customary units.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.122733116149902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Units of paper quantity" }, { "answer": "Paper", "passage": "; Writing paper measurements", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.388696670532227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Units of paper quantity" }, { "answer": "Paper", "passage": "; 'Short' paper measurements ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.323452949523926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Units of paper quantity" }, { "answer": "Paper", "passage": "; Cover and Index paper", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.290987968444824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Units of paper quantity" }, { "answer": "Paper", "passage": "The current word \"quire\" derives from OE \"quair\" or \"guaer\", from OF \"quayer\", \"cayer\", (cf. modern Fr. cahier), from L. quaternum, \"by fours\", \"fourfold\". Later, when bookmaking switched to using paper and it became possible to easily stitch 5 to 7 sheets at a time, the association of \"quaire\" with \"four\" was quickly lost.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.730711936950684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Units of paper quantity" }, { "answer": "Paper", "passage": "Formerly, when paper was packed at the paper mill, the top and bottom quires were made up of slightly damaged sheets (\"outsides\") to protect the good quires (\"insides\"). These outside quires were known as \"cassie quires\" (from Fr. cassée, \"broken\"), or \"cording quires\" and had only 20 sheets to the quire. The printer William Caslon in a book published in 1770 mentions both 24- and 25-sheet quires; he also details printer's wastage, and the sorting and recycling of damaged cassie quires. An 1826 French manual on typography complained that cording quires (usually containing some salvageable paper) from the Netherlands barely contained a single good sheet. A note on the flyleaf of this copy states that this edition was pirated from Didot's 1st ed. of 1825; see pp. 235–236, especially in respect of the examples of proof-reader's corrections on pp. 162–163", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5140637755393982, "source": "wiki", "title": "Units of paper quantity" }, { "answer": "Paper", "passage": "It also became the name for any booklet small enough to be made from a single quire of paper. Simon Winchester, in The Surgeon of Crowthorne, cites a specific number, defining quire as \"a booklet eight pages thick.\" Several European words for quire keep the meaning of \"book of paper\": Ger. Buch von Papier, Dan. bog papir, Du. bock papier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.345702171325684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Units of paper quantity" }, { "answer": "Paper", "passage": "Certain types of specialist papers such as tissue paper, greaseproof paper, handmade paper, and blotting paper are still sold (especially in the UK) in 'short' reams of 480 sheets (20 quires of 24 sheets). However, the commercial use of the word 'ream' for quantities of paper other than 500 is now deprecated by such standards as ISO 4046. In Europe, the DIN 6730 standard for Paper and Board includes a definition of 1 ream of A4 80gsm (80 g/m2) paper equals 500 sheets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.306502342224121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Units of paper quantity" }, { "answer": "Paper", "passage": "The word 'ream' derives from Old French reyme, from Spanish resma, from Arabic rizmah \"bundle\" (of paper), from rasama, \"collect into a bundle\". (The Moors brought manufacture of cotton paper to Spain.) Early variant rym (late 15c.) suggests a Dutch influence.[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=ream Online Etymology Dictionary] (cf. Du. riem), probably during the time of Spanish Habsburg control of the Netherlands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.851293563842773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Units of paper quantity" }, { "answer": "Paper", "passage": "In the UK in 1914, paper was sold using the following reams:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.654337882995605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Units of paper quantity" }, { "answer": "Paper", "passage": "A paper bale is a quantity of sheets of paper, currently standardized as 5,000 sheets. A bale consists of 5 bundles, 10 reams or 200 quires. As an old UK and US measure, it was previously equal to 4800 sheets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.383931875228882, "source": "wiki", "title": "Units of paper quantity" }, { "answer": "Paper", "passage": "A paper bundle is a quantity of sheets of paper, currently standardized as 1,000 sheets. A bundle consists of 2 reams or 40 quires. As an old UK and US measure, it was previously equal to 960 sheets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.0550427436828613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Units of paper quantity" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Double Exposure (band)", "Locker Room (album)", "Fourplay (Double Exposure album)", "Ten percent", "Ten Percent" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "fourplay double exposure album", "double exposure band", "ten percent", "locker room album" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "ten percent", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Ten percent" }

[ { "answer": "Ten percent", "passage": "Grammar and style guides often differ as to how percentages are to be written. For instance, it is commonly suggested that the word percent (or per cent) be spelled out in all texts, as in \"1 percent\" and not \"1%\". Other guides prefer the word to be written out in humanistic texts, but the symbol to be used in scientific texts. Most guides agree that they always be written with a numeral, as in \"5 percent\" and not \"five percent\", the only exception being at the beginning of a sentence: \"Ten percent of all writers love style guides.\" Decimals are also to be used instead of fractions, as in \"3.5 percent of the gain\" and not \" percent of the gain\". It is also widely accepted to use the percent symbol (%) in tabular and graphic material.", "precise_score": -5.390136241912842, "rough_score": -3.77720308303833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Percentage" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Black powder", "Gun powder", "火藥", "Nitrous powder", "Process of corning black powder", "Blasting powder", "Black gunpowder", "Blackpowder", "Black-powder", "Serpentine powder", "The Invention of powder", "Gun Powder", "Gunpowder" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "nitrous powder", "火藥", "blackpowder", "serpentine powder", "black gunpowder", "blasting powder", "black powder", "gun powder", "gunpowder", "process of corning black powder", "invention of powder" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "gunpowder", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Gunpowder" }

[ { "answer": "Gunpowder", "passage": "* 平水珠茶 Gunpowder", "precise_score": -10.472757339477539, "rough_score": -11.360749244689941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Green tea" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "UN/LOCODE:USMGM", "Montgomery, Ala", "Montgomery, Al", "Southern Convention", "Montgomery, Ala.", "Montgomery, AL", "Capital of Alabama", "Montgomery, Alabama", "Montgomery (AL)", "Cradle of the Confederacy", "Downtown Montgomery, Alabama", "Montgomery Alabama", "Montgomery (Alabama)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "cradle of confederacy", "montgomery al", "capital of alabama", "montgomery ala", "un locode usmgm", "downtown montgomery alabama", "montgomery alabama", "southern convention" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "montgomery al", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Montgomery, AL" }

[ { "answer": "Montgomery, AL", "passage": "On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks refused to obey bus driver James F. Blake's order to give up her seat in the colored section to a white passenger, after the white section was filled. Parks was not the first person to resist bus segregation. Others had taken similar steps, including Bayard Rustin in 1942, Irene Morgan in 1946, Sarah Louise Keys in 1952, and the members of the ultimately successful Browder v. Gayle 1956 lawsuit (Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith) who were arrested in Montgomery for not giving up their bus seats months before Parks. NAACP organizers believed that Parks was the best candidate for seeing through a court challenge after her arrest for civil disobedience in violating Alabama segregation laws, although eventually her case became bogged down in the state courts while the Browder v. Gayle case succeeded. ", "precise_score": 5.976861000061035, "rough_score": 6.525063991546631, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rosa Parks" }, { "answer": "Montgomery, AL", "passage": "In the 1940s, Parks and her husband were members of the Voters' League. Sometime soon after 1944, she held a brief job at Maxwell Air Force Base, which, despite its location in Montgomery, Alabama, did not permit racial segregation because it was federal property. She rode on its integrated trolley. Speaking to her biographer, Parks noted, \"You might just say Maxwell opened my eyes up.\" Parks worked as a housekeeper and seamstress for Clifford and Virginia Durr, a white couple. Politically liberal, the Durrs became her friends. They encouraged—and eventually helped sponsor—Parks in the summer of 1955 to attend the Highlander Folk School, an education center for activism in workers' rights and racial equality in Monteagle, Tennessee. There Parks was mentored by the veteran organizer Septima Clark.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7103893756866455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rosa Parks" }, { "answer": "Montgomery, AL", "passage": "**On February 4, 2,000 birthday wishes gathered from people throughout the United States were transformed into 200 graphics messages at a celebration held on her 100th Birthday at the Davis Theater for the Performing Arts in Montgomery, Alabama. This was the 100th Birthday Wishes Project managed by the Rosa Parks Museum at Troy University and the Mobile Studio and was also a declared event by the Senate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.212671756744385, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rosa Parks" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Lucille", "Lucille (disambiguation)", "Lucille (song)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "lucille song", "lucille", "lucille disambiguation" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "lucille", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Lucille" }

[ { "answer": "Lucille", "passage": "The single \"Lucille\" (1977) was a major hit, reaching number one on the pop charts in 12 countries, selling over five million copies, and firmly establishing Rogers' post-First Edition career. On the strength of \"Lucille,\" the album Kenny Rogers reached No. 1 in the Billboard Country Album Chart. More success was to follow, including the multi-million selling album The Gambler and another international Number 1 single, \"Coward of the County,\" taken from the equally successful album, Kenny. In 1980, the Rogers/Butler partnership came to an end, though they would occasionally reunite: in 1987 on the album I Prefer the Moonlight and again in 1993 on the album If Only My Heart Had a Voice.", "precise_score": -3.172774314880371, "rough_score": -6.276538848876953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenny Rogers" }, { "answer": "Lucille", "passage": "Kenneth Ray Rogers was born in Houston, Texas, on August 21, 1938, the fourth of eight children, born to Lucille Lois (née Hester; b. 1910-d. 1991), a nurse's assistant, and Edward Floyd Rogers (b. 1904-d. 1975), a carpenter. Rogers has six children from four of his five marriages.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.574618339538574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kenny Rogers" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Miranda Hobbes" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "miranda hobbes" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "miranda hobbes", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Miranda Hobbes" }

[ { "answer": "Miranda Hobbes", "passage": "Set and filmed in New York City and based on the 1997 book of the same name by Candace Bushnell, the show follows the lives of a group of four women—three in their mid-thirties and one in her forties—who, despite their different natures and ever-changing sex lives, remain inseparable and confide in each other. Starring Sarah Jessica Parker (as Carrie Bradshaw), Kim Cattrall (as Samantha Jones), Kristin Davis (as Charlotte York), and Cynthia Nixon (as Miranda Hobbes), the quirky series had multiple continuing storylines that tackled relevant and modern social issues such as sexuality, safe sex, promiscuity and femininity, while exploring the difference between friendships and romantic relationships. The deliberate omission of the better part of the early lives of the four women was the writer's way of exploring social life - from sex to relationships - through each of their four very different, individual perspectives.", "precise_score": 3.05416202545166, "rough_score": 5.0842790603637695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sex and the City" }, { "answer": "Miranda Hobbes", "passage": "Miranda Hobbes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.376432418823242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sex and the City" }, { "answer": "Miranda Hobbes", "passage": "Miranda Hobbes (Cynthia Nixon) is a career-minded lawyer with cynical views on relationships and men. A 1990 Harvard Law School graduate from the Philadelphia area, she is Carrie's confidante and voice of reason. In the early seasons she is somewhat portrayed as distrustful of men and this is something she struggles with throughout most of the show. Her main relationship is with bartender Steve Brady (David Eigenberg) who she meets by chance one night. They have a one-night stand but Steve pursues Miranda, eventually becoming her boyfriend. Steve and Miranda have a great relationship, but Steve feels uncomfortable with Miranda's success and money given that he makes a low wage. Things come to a head when Miranda attempts to buy Steve a suit to wear to an event at her law firm. He refuses, maxes out his credit cards to buy it, but then returns it, and breaks up with her, saying that she deserves someone who is more on her level.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.62697982788086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sex and the City" }, { "answer": "Miranda Hobbes", "passage": "Sex and the City (advertised as Sex and the City: The Movie) is a 2008 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Michael Patrick King in his feature film directorial debut, and a sequel to the 1998-2004 HBO comedy series of the same name (itself based on the book of the same name by Candace Bushnell) about four female friends: Carrie Bradshaw (Sarah Jessica Parker), Samantha Jones (Kim Cattrall), Charlotte York Goldenblatt (Kristin Davis), and Miranda Hobbes (Cynthia Nixon), dealing with their lives as single women in New York City. The series often portrayed frank discussions about romance and sexuality.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.4730249643325806, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sex and the City (film)" }, { "answer": "Miranda Hobbes", "passage": "* Cynthia Nixon as Miranda Hobbes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.266416549682617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sex and the City (film)" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "Alaska is a U.S. state situated in the northwest extremity of the Americas. The Canadian administrative divisions of British Columbia and Yukon border the state to the east; it has a maritime border with Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort seas–the southern parts of the Arctic Ocean. The Pacific Ocean lies to the south and southwest. Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area, the 3rd least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's residents (the total estimated at 738,432 by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2015) live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. Alaska's economy is dominated by the fishing, natural gas, and oil industries, resources which it has in abundance. Military bases and tourism are also a significant part of the economy.", "precise_score": 3.2173447608947754, "rough_score": 4.368199348449707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "The most populous region of Alaska, containing Anchorage, the Matanuska-Susitna Valley and the Kenai Peninsula. Rural, mostly unpopulated areas south of the Alaska Range and west of the Wrangell Mountains also fall within the definition of South Central, as do the Prince William Sound area and the communities of Cordova and Valdez.", "precise_score": 4.925060272216797, "rough_score": 5.123991966247559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "Cities not served by road, sea, or river can be reached only by air, foot, dogsled, or snowmachine, accounting for Alaska's extremely well developed bush air services—an Alaskan novelty. Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks, is served by many major airlines. Because of limited highway access, air travel remains the most efficient form of transportation in and out of the state. Anchorage recently completed extensive remodeling and construction at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport to help accommodate the upsurge in tourism (in 2012-2013, Alaska received almost 2 million visitors). ", "precise_score": -1.2395356893539429, "rough_score": -7.499934673309326, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "Regular flights to most villages and towns within the state that are commercially viable are challenging to provide, so they are heavily subsidized by the federal government through the Essential Air Service program. Alaska Airlines is the only major airline offering in-state travel with jet service (sometimes in combination cargo and passenger Boeing 737-400s) from Anchorage and Fairbanks to regional hubs like Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak, and other larger communities as well as to major Southeast and Alaska Peninsula communities.", "precise_score": -5.119146823883057, "rough_score": -6.465271472930908, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "The Alaska Bush, central Juneau, midtown and downtown Anchorage, and the areas surrounding the University of Alaska Fairbanks campus and Ester have been strongholds of the Democratic Party. The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage typically have the strongest Republican showing. , well over half of all registered voters have chosen \"Non-Partisan\" or \"Undeclared\" as their affiliation, despite recent attempts to close primaries to unaffiliated voters.", "precise_score": -5.0256028175354, "rough_score": -6.996402263641357, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "The state's most populous city is Anchorage, home to 278,700 people in 2006, 225,744 of whom live in the urbanized area. The richest location in Alaska by per capita income is Halibut Cove ($89,895). Yakutat City, Sitka, Juneau, and Anchorage are the four largest cities in the U.S. by area.", "precise_score": 9.105623245239258, "rough_score": 9.281986236572266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "With its myriad islands, Alaska has nearly 34000 mi of tidal shoreline. The Aleutian Islands chain extends west from the southern tip of the Alaska Peninsula. Many active volcanoes are found in the Aleutians and in coastal regions. Unimak Island, for example, is home to Mount Shishaldin, which is an occasionally smoldering volcano that rises to 10000 ft above the North Pacific. It is the most perfect volcanic cone on Earth, even more symmetrical than Japan's Mount Fuji. The chain of volcanoes extends to Mount Spurr, west of Anchorage on the mainland. Geologists have identified Alaska as part of Wrangellia, a large region consisting of multiple states and Canadian provinces in the Pacific Northwest, which is actively undergoing continent building.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.810729503631592, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "One of the world's largest tides occurs in Turnagain Arm, just south of Anchorage – tidal differences can be more than 35 ft. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.154401779174805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "The climate of Anchorage and south central Alaska is mild by Alaskan standards due to the region's proximity to the seacoast. While the area gets less rain than southeast Alaska, it gets more snow, and days tend to be clearer. On average, Anchorage receives 16 in of precipitation a year, with around 75 in of snow, although there are areas in the south central which receive far more snow. It is a subarctic climate (Köppen: Dfc) due to its brief, cool summers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.573202133178711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "On March 27, 1964, the massive Good Friday earthquake killed 133 people and destroyed several villages and portions of large coastal communities, mainly by the resultant tsunamis and landslides. It was the second-most-powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world, with a moment magnitude of 9.2. It was over one thousand times more powerful than the 1989 San Francisco earthquake. The time of day (5:36 pm), time of year and location of the epicenter were all cited as factors in potentially sparing thousands of lives, particularly in Anchorage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.96253776550293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "Estimates for the number of Muslims in Alaska range from 2,000 to 5,000. The Islamic Community Center of Anchorage began efforts in the late 1990s to construct a mosque in Anchorage. They broke ground on a building in south Anchorage in 2010 and were nearing completion in late 2014. When completed, the mosque will be the first in the state and one of the northernmost mosques in the world. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.339158058166504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "Employment is primarily in government and industries such as natural resource extraction, shipping, and transportation. Military bases are a significant component of the economy in the Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak. Federal subsidies are also an important part of the economy, allowing the state to keep taxes low. Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products. There is also a growing service and tourism sector. Tourists have contributed to the economy by supporting local lodging.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.887898445129395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "Due to the northern climate and short growing season, relatively little farming occurs in Alaska. Most farms are in either the Matanuska Valley, about 40 mi northeast of Anchorage, or on the Kenai Peninsula, about 60 mi southwest of Anchorage. The short 100-day growing season limits the crops that can be grown, but the long sunny summer days make for productive growing seasons. The primary crops are potatoes, carrots, lettuce, and cabbage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.517935752868652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "One unique feature of the Alaska Highway system is the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, an active Alaska Railroad tunnel recently upgraded to provide a paved roadway link with the isolated community of Whittier on Prince William Sound to the Seward Highway about 50 mi southeast of Anchorage at Portage. At , the tunnel was the longest road tunnel in North America until 2007. The tunnel is the longest combination road and rail tunnel in North America.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.90325927734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "Built around 1915, the Alaska Railroad (ARR) played a key role in the development of Alaska through the 20th century. It links north Pacific shipping through providing critical infrastructure with tracks that run from Seward to Interior Alaska by way of South Central Alaska, passing through Anchorage, Eklutna, Wasilla, Talkeetna, Denali, and Fairbanks, with spurs to Whittier, Palmer and North Pole. The cities, towns, villages, and region served by ARR tracks are known statewide as \"The Railbelt\". In recent years, the ever-improving paved highway system began to eclipse the railroad's importance in Alaska's economy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.607398986816406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "The railroad played a vital role in Alaska's development, moving freight into Alaska while transporting natural resources southward (i.e., coal from the Usibelli coal mine near Healy to Seward and gravel from the Matanuska Valley to Anchorage). It is well known for its summertime tour passenger service.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.644702911376953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "Many communities have small air taxi services. These operations originated from the demand for customized transport to remote areas. Perhaps the most quintessentially Alaskan plane is the bush seaplane. The world's busiest seaplane base is Lake Hood, located next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, where flights bound for remote villages without an airstrip carry passengers, cargo, and many items from stores and warehouse clubs. In 2006 Alaska had the highest number of pilots per capita of any U.S. state. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.972007751464844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "Another Alaskan transportation method is the dogsled. In modern times (that is, any time after the mid-late 1920s), dog mushing is more of a sport than a true means of transportation. Various races are held around the state, but the best known is the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, a 1150 mi trail from Anchorage to Nome (although the distance varies from year to year, the official distance is set at 1049 mi). The race commemorates the famous 1925 serum run to Nome in which mushers and dogs like Togo and Balto took much-needed medicine to the diphtheria-stricken community of Nome when all other means of transportation had failed. Mushers from all over the world come to Anchorage each March to compete for cash, prizes, and prestige. The \"Serum Run\" is another sled dog race that more accurately follows the route of the famous 1925 relay, leaving from the community of Nenana (southwest of Fairbanks) to Nome. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.226580619812012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "Alaska's United States Senators belong to Class 2 and Class 3. In 2008, Democrat Mark Begich, mayor of Anchorage, defeated long-time Republican senator Ted Stevens. Stevens had been convicted on seven felony counts of failing to report gifts on Senate financial discloser forms one week before the election. The conviction was set aside in April 2009 after evidence of prosecutorial misconduct emerged.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.837748527526855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "Anchorage merged the city government with the Greater Anchorage Area Borough in 1975 to form the Municipality of Anchorage, containing the city proper and the communities of Eagle River, Chugiak, Peters Creek, Girdwood, Bird, and Indian. Fairbanks has a separate borough (the Fairbanks North Star Borough) and municipality (the City of Fairbanks).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.5715532302856445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "There are more than a dozen colleges and universities in Alaska. Accredited universities in Alaska include the University of Alaska Anchorage, University of Alaska Fairbanks, University of Alaska Southeast, and Alaska Pacific University. Alaska is the only state that has no institutions that are part of the NCAA Division I.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.431929588317871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "The Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development operates AVTEC, Alaska's Institute of Technology. Campuses in Seward and Anchorage offer 1 week to 11-month training programs in areas as diverse as Information Technology, Welding, Nursing, and Mechanics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.568845748901367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "Some of Alaska's popular annual events are the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race that starts in Anchorage and ends in Nome, World Ice Art Championships in Fairbanks, the Blueberry Festival and Alaska Hummingbird Festival in Ketchikan, the Sitka Whale Fest, and the Stikine River Garnet Fest in Wrangell. The Stikine River attracts the largest springtime concentration of American bald eagles in the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.903870582580566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "There are many established music festivals in Alaska, including the Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the [http://anchoragefolkfestival.org/ Anchorage Folk Festival], the Athabascan Old-Time Fiddling Festival, the Sitka Jazz Festival, and the Sitka Summer Music Festival. The most prominent orchestra in Alaska is the Anchorage Symphony Orchestra, though the Fairbanks Symphony Orchestra and Juneau Symphony are also notable. The Anchorage Opera is currently the state's only professional opera company, though there are several volunteer and semi-professional organizations in the state as well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.351471900939941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "Alaska's first independent picture entirely made in Alaska was The Chechahcos, produced by Alaskan businessman Austin E. Lathrop and filmed in and around Anchorage. Released in 1924 by the Alaska Moving Picture Corporation, it was the only film the company made.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.840959548950195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Anchorage", "passage": "Many reality television shows are filmed in Alaska. In 2011 the Anchorage Daily News found ten set in the state. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.216056823730469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "Moby-Dick; or, The Whale is a novel by American writer Herman Melville, published in 1851 during the period of the American Renaissance. Sailor Ishmael tells the story of the obsessive quest of Ahab, captain of the whaler Pequod, for revenge on Moby Dick, the white whale which on the previous whaling voyage destroyed his ship and severed his leg at the knee. The novel was a commercial failure and out of print at the time of the author's death in 1891, but during the 20th century, its reputation as a Great American Novel was established. William Faulkner confessed he wished he had written it himself, and D. H. Lawrence called it \"one of the strangest and most wonderful books in the world\", and \"the greatest book of the sea ever written\". \"Call me Ishmael\" is among world literature's most famous opening sentences. ", "precise_score": 3.5493831634521484, "rough_score": 3.9493088722229004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "Southeast of the Cape of Good Hope, the Pequod makes the first of nine sea-encounters, or \"gams\", with other ships: Ahab hails the Goney (Albatross) to ask whether they have seen the White Whale, but the trumpet through which her captain tries to speak falls into the sea before he can answer. Ishmael explains that because of Ahab's absorption with Moby Dick, he sails on without the customary \"gam\", which defines as a \"social meeting of two (or more) Whale-ships\", in which the two captains remain on one ship and the chief mates on the other. In the second gam off the Cape of Good Hope, with the Town-Ho, a Nantucket whaler, the concealed story of a \"judgment of God\" is revealed, but only to the crew: a defiant sailor who struck an oppressive officer is flogged, and when that officer led the chase for Moby Dick, he fell from the boat and was killed by the whale.", "precise_score": 1.4914437532424927, "rough_score": 3.021235227584839, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "The Pequod next gams with the Samuel Enderby of London, captained by Boomer, a down-to-earth fellow who lost his right arm to Moby Dick. Nevertheless, he carries no ill will toward the whale, which he regards not as malicious, but as awkward. Ahab puts an end to the gam by rushing back to his ship. The narrator now discusses the subjects of 1) whalers supply; 2) a glen in Tranque in the Arsacides islands full of carved whale bones, fossil whales, whale skeleton measurements; 3) the chance that the magnitude of the whale will diminish and that the leviathan might perish.", "precise_score": 0.40337449312210083, "rough_score": 4.274886608123779, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "Scholar Lawrence Buell describes the arrangement of the non-narrative chapters as structured around three patterns: first, the nine meetings of the Pequod with ships that have encountered Moby Dick. Each has been more and more severely damaged, foreshadowing the Pequods own fate. Second, the increasingly impressive encounters with whales. In the early encounters, the whaleboats hardly make contact; later there are false alarms and routine chases; finally, the massive assembling of whales at the edges of the China Sea in \"The Grand Armada\". A typhoon near Japan sets the stage for Ahab's confrontation with Moby Dick. The third pattern is the cetological documentation, so lavish that it can be divided into two subpatterns. These chapters start with the ancient history of whaling and a bibliographical classification of whales, getting closer with second-hand stories of the evil of whales in general and of Moby Dick in particular, a chronologically ordered commentary on pictures of whales. The climax to this section is chapter 57, \"Of whales in paint etc.\", which begins with the humble (a beggar in London) and ends with the sublime (the constellation Cetus). The next chapter (\"Brit\"), thus the other half of this pattern, begins with the book's first description of live whales, and next the anatomy of the sperm whale is studied, more or less from front to rear and from outer to inner parts, all the way down to the skeleton. Two concluding chapters set forth the whale's evolution as a species and claim its eternal nature. ", "precise_score": 1.863938570022583, "rough_score": 3.1872642040252686, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "Moby-Dick is based on Melville's actual experience on a whaler. On December 30, 1840, he signed on as a green hand for the maiden voyage of the Acushnet, planned to last for 52 months. Its owner, Melvin O. Bradford, resembled Bildad, who signed on Ishmael, in that he was a Quaker: on several instances when he signed documents, he erased the word \"swear\" and replaced it with \"affirm\". Its captain was Valentine Pease, Jr., who was 43 years old at the start of the voyage. Although 26 men signed up as crew members, two did not show up for the ship's departure and were replaced by one new crew member. Five of the crew were foreigners, four of them Portuguese. The Scottish carpenter was one of the two who did not show for the ship's departure. Three black men were in the crew, two seamen and the cook. Fleece, the cook of the Pequod, was also black, so probably modeled on this Philadelphia-born William Maiden, who was 38 years old when he signed for the Acushnet. ", "precise_score": 1.9303163290023804, "rough_score": 3.846212387084961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "Ishmael travels in December from Manhattan Island to New Bedford with plans to sign up for a whaling voyage. The inn where he arrives is so crowded, he must share a bed with the tattooed Polynesian Queequeg, a harpooneer whose father was king of the (fictional) island of Rokovoko. The next morning, Ishmael and Queequeg attend Father Mapple's sermon on Jonah, then head for Nantucket. Ishmael signs up with the Quaker ship-owners Bildad and Peleg for a voyage on their whaler Pequod. Peleg describes Captain Ahab: \"He's a grand, ungodly, god-like man\" who nevertheless \"has his humanities\". They hire Queequeg the following morning. A man named Elijah prophesies a dire fate should Ishmael and Queequeg join Ahab. While provisions are loaded, shadowy figures board the ship. On a cold Christmas Day, the Pequod leaves the harbor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.483513355255127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "Ishmael digresses on pictures of whales, brit (microscopic sea creatures on which whales feed), squid and — after four boats lowered in vain because Daggoo mistook a giant squid for the white whale — whale-lines. The next day, in the Indian Ocean, Stubb kills a sperm whale, and that night Fleece, the Pequods black cook, prepares him a rare whale steak. Fleece delivers a sermon to the sharks that fight each other to feast on the whale's carcass, tied to the ship, saying that their nature is to be voracious, but they must overcome it. The whale is prepared, beheaded, and barrels of oil are tried out. Standing at the head of the whale, Ahab begs it to speak of the depths of the sea. The Pequod next encounters the Jeroboam, which not only lost its chief mate to Moby Dick, but also is now plagued by an epidemic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.74260950088501, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "The Pequod next gams with the Jungfrau from Bremen. Both ships sight whales simultaneously, with the Pequod winning the contest. The three harpooneers dart their harpoons, and Flask delivers the mortal strike with a lance. The carcass sinks, and Queequeg barely manages to escape. The Pequods next gam is with the French whaler Bouton de Rose, whose crew is ignorant of the ambergris in the head of the diseased whale in their possession. Stubb talks them out of it, but Ahab orders him away. Days later, an encounter with a harpooned whale prompts Pip, a little black cabin-boy from Alabama, to jump out of his whale boat. The whale must be cut loose, because the line has Pip so entangled in it. Furious, Stubb orders Pip to stay in the whale boat, but Pip later jumps again, and is left alone in the immense sea and has gone insane by the time he is picked up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.803297996520996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "Leaving the Samuel Enderby, Ahab wrenches his ivory leg and orders the carpenter to fashion him another. Starbuck informs Ahab of oil leakage in the hold. Reluctantly, Ahab orders the harpooneers to inspect the casks. Queequeg, sweating all day below decks, develops a chill and soon is almost mortally feverish. The carpenter makes a coffin for Queequeg, who fears an ordinary burial at sea. Queequeg tries it for size, with Pip sobbing and beating his tambourine, standing by and calling himself a coward while he praises Queequeg for his gameness. Yet Queequeg suddenly rallies, briefly convalesces, and leaps up, back in good health. Henceforth, he uses his coffin for a spare seachest, which is later caulked and pitched to replace the Pequods life buoy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.019372940063477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "The Pequod sails northeast toward Formosa and into the Pacific Ocean. Ahab, with one nostril, smells the musk from the Bashee isles, and with the other, the salt of the waters where Moby Dick swims. Ahab goes to Perth, the blacksmith, with bag of racehorse shoenail stubs to be forged into the shank of a special harpoon, and with his razors for Perth to melt and fashion into a harpoon barb. Ahab tempers the barb in blood from Queequeg, Tashtego, and Daggoo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.530564069747925, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "The Pequod gams next with the Bachelor, a Nantucket ship heading home full of sperm oil. Every now and then, the Pequod lowers for whales with success. On one of those nights in the whaleboat, Fedallah prophesies that neither hearse nor coffin can be Ahab's, that before he dies, Ahab must see two hearses — one not made by mortal hands and the other made of American wood — that Fedallah will precede his captain in death, and finally that only hemp can kill Ahab.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.794828414916992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "As the Pequod approaches the Equator, Ahab scolds his quadrant for telling him only where he is and not where he will be. He dashes it to the deck. That evening, an impressive typhoon attacks the ship. Lightning strikes the mast, setting the doubloon and Ahab's harpoon aglow. Ahab delivers a speech on the spirit of fire, seeing the lightning as a portent of Moby Dick. Starbuck sees the lightning as a warning, and feels tempted to shoot the sleeping Ahab with a musket. Next morning, when he finds that the lightning disoriented the compass, Ahab makes a new one out of a lance, a maul, and a sailmaker's needle. He orders the log be heaved, but the weathered line snaps, leaving the ship with no way to fix its location.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.322061061859131, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "The Pequod is now heading southeast toward Moby Dick. A man falls overboard from the mast. The life buoy is thrown, but both sink. Now Queequeg proposes that his superfluous coffin be used as a new life buoy. Starbuck orders the carpenter take care it is lidded and caulked. Next morning, the ship meets in another truncated gam with the Rachel, commanded by Captain Gardiner from Nantucket. The Rachel is seeking survivors from one of her whaleboats which had gone after Moby Dick. Among the missing is Gardiner's young son. Ahab refuses to join the search. Twenty-four hours a day, Ahab now stands and walks the deck, while Fedallah shadows him. Suddenly, a sea hawk grabs Ahab's slouched hat and flies off with it. Next, the Pequod, in a ninth and final gam, meets the Delight, badly damaged and with five of her crew left dead by Moby Dick. Her captain shouts that the harpoon which can kill the white whale has yet to be forged, but Ahab flourishes his special lance and once more orders the ship forward. Ahab shares a moment of contemplation with Starbuck. Ahab speaks about his wife and child, calls himself a fool for spending 40 years on whaling, and claims he can see his own child in Starbuck's eye. Starbuck tries to persuade Ahab to return to Nantucket to meet both their families, but Ahab simply crosses the deck and stands near Fedallah.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.46658048033714294, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "On the first day of the chase, Ahab smells the whale, climbs the mast, and sights Moby Dick. He claims the doubloon for himself, and orders all boats to lower except for Starbuck's. The whale bites Ahab's boat in two, tosses the captain out of it, and scatters the crew. On the second day of the chase, Ahab leaves Starbuck in charge of the Pequod. Moby Dick smashes the three boats that seek him into splinters and tangles their lines. Ahab is rescued, but his ivory leg and Fedallah are lost. Starbuck begs Ahab to desist, but Ahab vows to slay the white whale, even if he would have to dive through the globe itself to get his revenge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.44684505462646484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "On the third day of the chase, Ahab sights Moby Dick at noon, and sharks appear, as well. Ahab lowers his boat for a final time, leaving Starbuck again on board. Moby Dick breaches and destroys two boats. Fedallah's corpse, still entangled in the fouled lines, is lashed to the whale's back, so Moby Dick turns out to be the hearse Fedallah prophesied. \"Possessed by all the fallen angels\", Ahab plants his harpoon in the whale's flank. Moby Dick smites the whaleboat, tossing its men into the sea. Only Ishmael survives. The whale now fatally attacks the Pequod. Ahab then realizes that the destroyed ship is the hearse made of American wood in Fedallah's prophesy. The whale returns to Ahab, who stabs at him again. The line loops around Ahab's neck, and as the stricken whale swims away, the captain is drawn with him out of sight. Queequeg's coffin comes to the surface, the only thing to escape the vortex when Pequod sank. For an entire day, Ishmael floats on it, and then the Rachel, still looking for its lost seamen, rescues him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.033111006021499634, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "Scholar Nathalia Wright divides the meetings with the vessels along other lines, singling out \"four vessels met by the Pequod which have already encountered Ahab's quarry\". The first of these, the Jeroboam, is named after the predecessor of the biblical King Ahab. Her \"prophetic\" fate is \"a message of warning to all who follow, articulated by Gabriel and vindicated by the Samuel Enderby, the Rachel, the Delight, and at last the Pequod\". None of the other ships has been completely destroyed, because none of the captains shared Ahab's monomania, so the fate of the Jeroboam reinforces the structural parallel between Ahab and his biblical namesake: \"Ahab did more to provoke the Lord God of Israel to anger than all the kings of Israel that were before him\" (I Kings 16:33). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.726550102233887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "Melville biographer Delbanco cites race as an example of this search for truth beneath surface differences. All races are represented among the crew members of the Pequod. Although Ishmael initially is afraid of Queequeg as a tattooed cannibal, he soon decides, \"Better sleep with a sober cannibal than a drunken Christian.\" While it may be rare for a mid-19th century American book to feature black characters in a nonslavery context, slavery is frequently mentioned. The theme of race is primarily carried by Pip, the diminutive black cabin boy. When Pip has almost drowned, Ahab, genuinely touched by Pip's suffering, questions him gently, Pip \"can only parrot the language of an advertisement for the return of a fugitive slave: 'Pip! Reward for Pip!'\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.788228034973145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "The superabundant vocabulary of the work can be broken down into strategies used individually and in combination. First, the original modification of words as \"Leviathanism\" and the exaggerated repetition of modified words, as in the series \"pitiable\", \"pity\", \"pitied\" and \"piteous\" (Ch. 81, \"The Pequod Meets the Virgin\"), Second, the use of existing words in new ways, as when the whale \"heaps\" and \"tasks\". Third, words lifted from specialized fields, as \"fossiliferous\". Fourth, the use of unusual adjective-noun combinations, as in \"concentrating brow\" and \"immaculate manliness\" (Ch. 26, \"Knights and Squires\"). Fifth, using the participial modifier to emphasize and to reinforce the already established expectations of the reader, as the words \"preluding\" and \"foreshadowing\" (\"so still and subdued and yet somehow preluding was all the scene ...\", \"In this foreshadowing interval ...\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.745095252990723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "Excluding the preliminaries and the one extract, the three volumes of the English edition came to 927 pages and the single American volume to 635 pages. Accordingly, the dedication to Hawthorne in the American edition — \"this book is inscribed to\"— became \"these volumes are inscribed to\" in the English. The table of contents in the English edition generally follows the actual chapter titles in the American edition, but 19 titles in the American table of contents differ from the titles above the chapters themselves. This list was probably drawn up by Melville himself: the titles of chapters describing encounters of the Pequod with other ships had—apparently to stress the parallelisms between these chapters—been standardized to \"The Pequod meets the...,\" with the exception of the already published 'The Town-Ho's Story'. For unknown reasons, the \"Etymology\" and \"Extracts\" were moved to the end of the third volume. An epigraph from Paradise Lost, taken from the second of the two quotations from that work in the American edition, appears on the title page of each of the three English volumes. Melville's involvement with this rearrangement is not clear: if it was Bentley's gesture toward accommodating Melville, as Tanselle suggests, its selection put an emphasis on the quotation Melville may not have agreed with.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.89346981048584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "Twenty-one reviews appeared in London, and later one in Dublin. The British reviewers mostly regarded The Whale as \"a phenomenal literary work, a philosophical, metaphysical, and poetic romance\". The Morning Advertiser for October 24 was in awe of Melville's learning, of his \"dramatic ability for producing a prose poem\", and of the whale adventures which were \"powerful in their cumulated horrors.\" To its surprise, John Bull found \"philosophy in whales\" and \"poetry in blubber\", and concluded that few books that claimed to be either philosophical or literary works \"contain as much true philosophy and as much genuine poetry as the tale of the Pequods whaling expedition\", making it a work \"far beyond the level of an ordinary work of fiction\". The Morning Post found it \"one of the cleverest, wittiest, and most amusing of modern books\", and predicted that it was a book \"which will do great things for the literary reputation of its author\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.432811737060547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Pequod", "passage": "Some sixty reviews appeared in America, the criterion for counting as a review being more than two lines of comment. The weekly magazine Literary World, which had printed Melville's \"Mosses\" essay the preceding year, ran an anonymous review in two installments, on 15 and 22 November. The reviewer described Moby-Dick as three books rolled into one: he was pleased with the book as far as it was a thorough account of the sperm whale, less so with it as far as the adventures of the Pequod crew were considered, perceiving the characters as unrealistic and expressing inappropriate opinions on religions, and condemned the essayistic rhapsodizing and moralizing with what he thought was little respect of what \"must be to the world the most sacred associations of life violated and defaced.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.011454105377197, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Roses are red, Violets are blue", "Roses are Red", "Roses are red", "Sugar is sweet", "Roses are red, violets are blue", "Roses Are Red", "Roses are Red, Violets are Blue", "Roses are red (disambiguation)", "Roses Are Red (song)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "roses are red disambiguation", "sugar is sweet", "roses are red violets are blue", "roses are red", "roses are red song" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "roses are red", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Roses are red" }

[ { "answer": "Roses are red", "passage": "Violets are blue, roses are red,", "precise_score": -1.0138071775436401, "rough_score": 1.0273226499557495, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roses Are Red" }, { "answer": "Sugar is sweet", "passage": "so sugar is sweet,", "precise_score": 0.392098605632782, "rough_score": -1.2612121105194092, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roses Are Red" }, { "answer": "Roses are red", "passage": "\"Roses Are Red\" can refer to a specific poem, or a class of poems inspired by that poem. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19798. It is most commonly used as a love poem.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.456463813781738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roses Are Red" }, { "answer": "Roses are red", "passage": "Roses are red,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.945213317871094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roses Are Red" }, { "answer": "Sugar is sweet", "passage": "Sugar is sweet,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.404806613922119, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roses Are Red" }, { "answer": "Roses are red", "passage": "Roses are red. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.072232246398926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roses Are Red" }, { "answer": "Roses are red", "passage": "Roses are reddish", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.152911186218262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Roses Are Red" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "B. k.", "BK", "Burger King (fast food restaurant)", "Big bucking chicken", "Burger King Corporation", "HAVE IT YOUR WAY", "Big Kids Meal", "Burger King Holdings", "Big Buckin' Chicken", "The bk lounge", "Burger King", "Bubixaqle", "Burger King Corp.", "The Whopper Lair", "B.K.", "Burger King Worldwide, Inc.", "Burger king", "Burger King/Archive 6", "Burger King/Archive 7", "Burger King/Archive 4", "Burger King/Archive 5", "Burger King/Archive 2", "Burger King/Archive 3", "Burger King/Archive 1", "B k", "Fries King", "Bk.com", "Burger King Worldwide", "The Burger King Kids Club Gang", "B.k.", "BK Lounge", "Be Your Way", "BurgerKing", "B K" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "big buckin chicken", "burger king archive 4", "burger king archive 5", "burger king", "bk lounge", "burger king worldwide", "burger king corporation", "burger king worldwide inc", "bk com", "burger king archive 3", "burger king archive 7", "burgerking", "burger king archive 2", "burger king kids club gang", "whopper lair", "fries king", "b k", "big kids meal", "bk", "bubixaqle", "big bucking chicken", "burger king archive 1", "burger king fast food restaurant", "burger king corp", "burger king archive 6", "be your way", "burger king holdings", "have it your way" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "burger king", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Burger King" }

[ { "answer": "Burger King", "passage": "At roughly the same time as Kroc was conceiving what eventually became McDonald's Corporation, two Miami, Florida businessmen, James McLamore and David Edgerton, opened a franchise of the predecessor to what is now the international fast food restaurant chain Burger King. McLamore had visited the original McDonald's hamburger stand belonging to the McDonald brothers; sensing potential in their innovative assembly line-based production system, he decided he wanted to open a similar operation of his own. The two partners eventually decided to invest their money in Jacksonville, Florida-based Insta-Burger King. Originally opened in 1953, the founders and owners of the chain, Kieth J. Kramer and his wife's uncle Matthew Burns, opened their first stores around a piece of equipment known as the Insta-Broiler. The Insta-Broiler oven proved so successful at cooking burgers, they required all of their franchises to carry the device. By 1959 McLamore and Edgarton were operating several locations within the Miami-Dade area and were growing at a fast clip. Despite the success of their operation, the partners discovered that the design of the insta-broiler made the unit's heating elements prone to degradation from the drippings of the beef patties. The pair eventually created a mechanized gas grill that avoided the problems by changing the way the meat patties were cooked in the unit. After the original company began to falter in 1959, it was purchased by McLamore and Edgerton who renamed the company Burger King. ", "precise_score": 3.8131484985351562, "rough_score": -1.8155150413513184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fast food restaurant" }, { "answer": "Burger King", "passage": "Other prominent international fast food companies include Burger King, the number two hamburger chain in the world, known for promoting its customized menu offerings (Have it Your Way). Another international fast food chain is KFC, which sells Chicken-related products and is the number 1 Fast Food company in the People's Republic of China.", "precise_score": 2.6607093811035156, "rough_score": -3.4059712886810303, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fast food restaurant" }, { "answer": "Burger King", "passage": "International brands dominant in North America include McDonald's, Burger King and Wendy's, the number three burger chain in the USA; Dunkin' Donuts, a New England-based chain; automobile oriented Sonic Drive-In's from Oklahoma City; Starbucks, Seattle-born coffee-based fast food beverage corporation; KFC and Taco Bell, which are both part of the largest restaurant conglomerate in the world, Yum! Brands; and Domino's Pizza, a pizza chain known for popularizing home delivery of fast food.", "precise_score": 1.8531181812286377, "rough_score": -3.0032174587249756, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fast food restaurant" }, { "answer": "Burger King", "passage": "Several large companies are headquartered in or around Miami, including but not limited to: Akerman Senterfitt, Alienware, Arquitectonica, Arrow Air, Bacardi, Benihana, Brightstar Corporation, Burger King, Celebrity Cruises, Carnival Corporation, Carnival Cruise Lines, Crispin Porter + Bogusky, Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company, Espírito Santo Financial Group, Fizber.com, Greenberg Traurig, Holland & Knight, Inktel Direct, Interval International, Lennar, Navarro Discount Pharmacies, Norwegian Cruise Lines, Oceania Cruises, Perry Ellis International, RCTV International, Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines, Ryder Systems, Seabourn Cruise Line, Sedano's, Telefónica USA, UniMÁS, Telemundo, Univision, U.S. Century Bank, Vector Group, and World Fuel Services. Because of its proximity to Latin America, Miami serves as the headquarters of Latin American operations for more than 1400 multinational corporations, including AIG, American Airlines, Cisco, Disney, Exxon, FedEx, Kraft Foods, LEO Pharma Americas, Microsoft, Yahoo, Oracle, SBC Communications, Sony, Symantec, Visa International, and Wal-Mart. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.29665994644165, "source": "wiki", "title": "Miami" }, { "answer": "Burger King", "passage": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window cafés, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana are landmark eateries of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.320068359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Miami" }, { "answer": "Burger King", "passage": "Australia's fast food market began in the early 1970s, with the opening of several American franchises including McDonald's and KFC. Pizza Hut was introduced in the 1980s, and Burger King followed. However, the Burger King market found that this name was already a registered trademark to a takeaway food shop in Adelaide. Thus, the Burger King Australian market was forced to pick another name, selecting the Hungry Jack's brand name. Prior to this, the Australian fast food market consisted primarily of imports from the UK, fish and chips takeaway.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.168961524963379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fast food restaurant" }, { "answer": "Burger King", "passage": "In the United Kingdom, many home based fast food operations were closed in the 1970s and 1980s after McDonald's became the number one outlet in the market. However, brands like Wimpy still remain, although the majority of branches became Burger King in 1989.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9327712059021, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fast food restaurant" }, { "answer": "Burger King", "passage": "In addition to home-grown chains such as Supermac's, numerous American chains such as McDonald's and Burger King have also established a presence in Ireland. In 2015, a study developed by Treated.com was published in the Irish Times, which named Swords in County Dublin as Ireland's 'fast food capital'. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.778558731079102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fast food restaurant" }, { "answer": "Burger King", "passage": "The major fast food chains in India are KFC, McDonalds, Starbucks, Burger King, Subway, Pizza Hut, and Dominos. These chains provide mostly western products. However most Indians prefer the local cuisine such as samosas, panipuri, pav Bhaji, vada pav etc. Major emerging food chains include Haldiram's, Faaso's, Chick King, Pitstop and Café Coffee Day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.706239223480225, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fast food restaurant" }, { "answer": "Burger King", "passage": "Fast food In Pakistan varies. There are many international chains serving fast food, including Nandos, Burger King, KFC, McDonalds, Domino's Pizza, Fatburger, Dunkin' Donuts, Subway, Pizza Hut, Hardees, Telepizza, Steak Escape and Gloria Jean's Coffees. In addition to the international chains, in local cuisine people in Pakistan like to have biryani, bun kebabs, Nihari, kebab rolls etc. as fast food.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.631973743438721, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fast food restaurant" }, { "answer": "Burger King", "passage": "Most international fast food chains like Subway, McDonalds, Burger King etc. are represented in major Russian cities. There are also local chains like Teremok specializing in Russian cuisine or having elements of it added into their menu.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.45334243774414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fast food restaurant" }, { "answer": "Burger King", "passage": "In Israel, local burger chain Burger Ranch is popular as are McDonald's and Burger King. Domino's Pizza is also a popular fast food restaurant. Chains like McDonalds offer kosher branches. Non-kosher foods such as cheeseburgers are rare in Israeli fast food chains, even in non-kosher branches. There are many small local fast food chains that serve pizza, hamburgers, sushi and local foods such as hummus, falafel and shawarma.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.174840450286865, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fast food restaurant" }, { "answer": "Burger King", "passage": "In New Zealand, the fast food market began in the 1970s with KFC (opened 1971), Pizza Hut (1974), and McDonald's (1976), and all three remain popular today. Burger King and Domino's entered the market later in the 1990s. Australian pizza chains Eagle Boys and Pizza Haven also entered the market in the 1990s, but their New Zealand operations were later sold to Pizza Hut and Domino's.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.2025065422058105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fast food restaurant" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Clay pigeon (disambiguation)", "Clay pigeon", "Clay Pigeons (disambiguation)", "Clay pigeons" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "clay pigeon disambiguation", "clay pigeon", "clay pigeons disambiguation", "clay pigeons" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "clay pigeon", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Clay pigeon" }

[ { "answer": "Clay pigeon", "passage": "Skeet is one of the three major disciplines of competitive clay pigeon shooting. The others are trap shooting and sporting clays. There are several types of skeet, including one with Olympic status (often called Olympic skeet or international skeet) and many with only national recognition.", "precise_score": 0.25372758507728577, "rough_score": 2.439225912094116, "source": "wiki", "title": "Skeet shooting" }, { "answer": "Clay pigeon", "passage": "Clay pigeon shooting, also known as clay target shooting, and formally known as Inanimate Bird Shooting, is the art of shooting a firearm at special flying targets, known as clay pigeons or clay targets.", "precise_score": 4.215306282043457, "rough_score": 7.386172294616699, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clay pigeon shooting" }, { "answer": "Clay pigeon", "passage": "The firearm of choice for this task is usually a high-quality, double-barreled over and under shotgun with 26- to 30-inch barrels and very open chokes. Often, shooters will choose an improved cylinder choke (one with a tighter pattern) or a skeet choke (one with a wider pattern), but this is a matter of preference. Some gun shops refer to this type of shotgun as a skeet gun. Skeet chokes are designed to be a 30-inch circle at 21 yards distance. Alternatively a sporting gun or a trap gun is sometimes used. These have longer barrels (up to 34 inches) and tighter choke. Many shooters of American skeet and other national versions use semi-automatic and pump-action shotguns. The use of clay targets to simulate hunting scenarios is one reason the targets are called clay pigeons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.003946304321289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Skeet shooting" }, { "answer": "Clay pigeon", "passage": "Clay pigeon shooting has at least 20 different forms of regulated competition called disciplines, although most can be grouped under the main headings of trap, skeet, and sporting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.44220879673957825, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clay pigeon shooting" }, { "answer": "Clay pigeon", "passage": "Clay pigeon shooting is performed with a shotgun. The type of shotgun used is often a matter of taste and affected by local laws as well as the governing body of the sport in competitive cases.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.547542095184326, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clay pigeon shooting" }, { "answer": "Clay pigeon", "passage": "All types of shotguns are suitable for clay pigeon shooting, however the ability to fire multiple shots in quick succession is generally considered important. Some skilled shooters will use a single shot firearm in order to add to the challenge. Traditionally Over and Under and Side by Side shotguns have been popular, however semi-automatic and to a lesser extent pump-action have been making gains, particularly as the cost of reliable, accurate semi-automatics have come down over the last decade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.78792667388916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clay pigeon shooting" }, { "answer": "Clay pigeon", "passage": ";Single-shot: Virtually all single shot shotguns are break action; they operate similarly to the over and under and the side-by-side except they have only one barrel and can hold only one shot. They are very inexpensive, and not popular for clay pigeon shooting. Also their low weight and solid actions result in excessive recoil which further diminishes their appeal for high volume clay shooting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.341839790344238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clay pigeon shooting" }, { "answer": "Clay pigeon", "passage": "Shotgun cartridges are readily available in gun shops and at shooting grounds, and within limitations as to the shot size and the weight of the shot load are suitable for clay shooting at CPSA affiliated grounds and for use in events coming under CPSA rules. Though home loaded cartridges allow the user to customize the ballistic characteristics of their shells, they are generally not allowed at clay pigeon shooting events unless specified otherwise.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.265144348144531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clay pigeon shooting" }, { "answer": "Clay pigeon", "passage": "The instructions and specifications are printed on the boxes. For clay competition, shot size must not exceed 2.6 mm/English No. 6.[http://www.cpsa.co.uk/cartridges Cartridges], Clay Pigeon Shooting Association rules. The shot load must be a maximum 28 g for all domestic disciplines; or 24 g for Olympic trap, Olympic skeet, and double trap; up to 28 g for FITASC sporting (from 2005); and 36 g for helice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.263358116149902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clay pigeon shooting" }, { "answer": "Clay pigeon", "passage": "Laser Clay Pigeon Shooting, also known as Laser Clay Shooting or even Laser Shooting, is a variation on the traditional sport of Clay Pigeon Shooting where the shotguns are disabled and fitted with laser equipment that can detect hits on specially modified reflective clays. Laser clay pigeon shooting offers a safe alternative for beginners.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8490304946899414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clay pigeon shooting" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Oldfashioned", "Old-fashioned", "Old-fashioned (disambiguation)", "Old-fashionedness", "An Old Fashioned", "Old fashioned" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "oldfashioned", "old fashionedness", "old fashioned", "old fashioned disambiguation" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "old fashioned", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "An Old Fashioned" }

[ { "answer": "Old fashioned", "passage": "Angostura bitters are a key ingredient in many cocktails. Originally used to help with upset stomachs of the soldiers in the Simón Bolívar army, it later became popular in soda water and was usually served with gin. The mix stuck in the form of a pink gin, and is also used in many other alcoholic cocktails such as long vodka, consisting of vodka, Angostura bitters, and lemonade. In the United States, it is best known for its use in whiskey cocktails: the Old Fashioned, made with whiskey, bitters, sugar, and water, and the Manhattan, made usually with rye whiskey and sweet vermouth. In a Pisco Sour a few drops are sprinkled on top of the foam, both for aroma and decoration. In a Champagne Cocktail a few drops of bitters are added to a sugar cube. Though not in the classic recipe, bartenders sometimes add more flavour to the Mojito cocktail by sprinkling a few drops of Angostura bitter on top. Bitters can also be used in \"soft\" drinks; a common drink served in Australian and New Zealand pubs is lemon lime and bitters. ", "precise_score": 0.1457219123840332, "rough_score": 1.6723920106887817, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angostura bitters" }, { "answer": "Old fashioned", "passage": "* Old Fashioned", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.933043479919434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angostura bitters" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "NETHERLANDS", "The netherland", "Nederlandia", "Climate of the Netherlands", "Administrative divisions of the netherlands", "The Netheralands", "Nyderlandai", "Northern Netherlands", "Holland (country)", "Administrative divisions of the Netherlands", "The Netherlands", "Netherlands", "Pays-Bas", "Netherlands, (Dut/Hol)", "ISO 3166-1:NL", "Olanda", "Netherlands/HistoryTalk", "Capitals of Holland", "Neatherlands", "The netherlands", "Dutch inhabitants", "Netherlands, The", "European Netherlands", "Subdivisions of the Netherlands", "Mainland Netherlands", "Metropolitan Netherlands", "Nehterlands", "Netherlands (European territory)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "capitals of holland", "northern netherlands", "nederlandia", "pays bas", "olanda", "climate of netherlands", "neatherlands", "netherland", "european netherlands", "nyderlandai", "administrative divisions of netherlands", "dutch inhabitants", "mainland netherlands", "iso 3166 1 nl", "subdivisions of netherlands", "netherlands european territory", "netherlands historytalk", "nehterlands", "netherlands dut hol", "metropolitan netherlands", "netherlands", "holland country", "netheralands" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "netherlands", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "The Netherlands" }

[ { "answer": "NETHERLANDS", "passage": "The International Court of Justice (; commonly referred to as the World Court or ICJ) is the primary judicial branch of the United Nations (UN). Seated in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, the court settles legal disputes submitted to it by states and provides advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international branches, agencies, and the UN General Assembly.", "precise_score": 8.257770538330078, "rough_score": 7.728712558746338, "source": "wiki", "title": "International Court of Justice" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Ken William Jennings III", "Ken Jennings", "Ken Jennings game summaries", "Kenneth William Jennings III", "Ken Jennings/Game summaries", "Ken jennings", "Ken Jennings III", "Kenneth Wayne Jennings III", "Nancy Zerg" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "nancy zerg", "ken jennings iii", "ken william jennings iii", "ken jennings", "ken jennings game summaries", "kenneth william jennings iii", "kenneth wayne jennings iii" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "ken jennings", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Ken Jennings" }

[ { "answer": "Ken Jennings", "passage": "Jeopardy!s record for the longest winning streak is held by Ken Jennings, who competed on the show from June 2 through November 30, 2004, winning 74 matches before being defeated by Nancy Zerg in his 75th appearance. He amassed $2,520,700 over his 74 wins and a $2,000 second-place prize in his 75th appearance. At the time, he held the record as the highest money-winner ever on American game shows, and his winning streak increased the show's ratings and popularity to the point where it became TV's highest-rated syndicated program. Jennings later won the $500,000 second-place prize in the Ultimate Tournament of Champions, the $300,000 second-place prize in the IBM Challenge, and the $100,000 second-place prize in the Battle of the Decades.", "precise_score": 8.395200729370117, "rough_score": 8.883734703063965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jeopardy!" }, { "answer": "Nancy Zerg", "passage": "Kenneth Wayne \"Ken\" Jennings III (born May 23, 1974) is an American game show contestant and author. Jennings holds the record for the longest winning streak on the U.S. syndicated game show Jeopardy! and as being the second highest-earning contestant in game show history. In 2004, Jennings won 74 Jeopardy! games (in a row) before he was defeated by challenger Nancy Zerg on his 75th appearance. His total earnings on Jeopardy! are $3,196,300, consisting of $2,520,700 over his 74 wins, a $2,000 second-place prize in his 75th appearance, a $500,000 second-place prize in the Jeopardy! Ultimate Tournament of Champions, a $100,000 win for second-place prize in the Jeopardy Battle of the Decades, as well as half of a $300,000 prize in the IBM Challenge, when he competed against Watson.", "precise_score": 5.011435508728027, "rough_score": 7.627836227416992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ken Jennings" }, { "answer": "Ken Jennings", "passage": "There have been a number of special tournaments featuring the greatest contestants in Jeopardy! history. The first of these \"all-time best\" tournaments, Super Jeopardy!, aired in the summer of 1990 on ABC, and featured 37 top contestants from the previous seasons of the Trebek version and one notable champion from the original Jeopardy! series competing for a top prize of $250,000. In 1993, that year's Tournament of Champions was followed by a Tenth Anniversary Tournament conducted over five episodes. In May 2002, to commemorate the Trebek version's 4,000th episode, the show invited fifteen champions to play for a $1 million prize in the Million Dollar Masters tournament, which took place at Radio City Music Hall in New York City. The Ultimate Tournament of Champions aired in 2005 and pitted 145 former Jeopardy! champions against each other, with two winners moving on to face Ken Jennings in a three-game final for $2,000,000, the largest prize in the show's history; overall, the tournament spanned 15 weeks and 76 episodes, starting on February 9 and ending on May 25. In 2014, Jeopardy! commemorated the 30th anniversary of the Trebek version with a Battle of the Decades tournament, in which 15 champions apiece from the first, second, and third decades of Jeopardy!s daily syndicated history competed for a grand prize of $1,000,000. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3694086074829102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jeopardy!" }, { "answer": "Ken Jennings", "passage": "The IBM Challenge aired February 14–16, 2011, and featured IBM's Watson computer facing off against Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter in a two-game match played over three shows. This was the first man-vs.-machine competition in Jeopardy!s history. Watson won both the first game and the overall match to win the grand prize of $1 million, which IBM divided between two charities (World Vision International and World Community Grid). Jennings, who won $300,000 for second place, and Rutter, who won the $200,000 third-place prize, both pledged to donate half of their winnings to charity. The competition brought the show its highest ratings since the Ultimate Tournament of Champions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.2733988761901855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jeopardy!" }, { "answer": "Nancy Zerg", "passage": "On November 30, 2004, Jennings' reign as Jeopardy! champion ended when he lost his seventy-fifth game to challenger Nancy Zerg. Jennings responded incorrectly to both Double Jeopardy! Daily Doubles, causing him to lose a combined $10,200 ($5,400 and $4,800, respectively) and leaving him with $14,400 at the end of the round. As a result, for only the tenth time in 75 games, Jennings did not have an insurmountable lead going into the Final Jeopardy! round. Only Jennings and Zerg, who ended Double Jeopardy! with $10,000, were able to play Final Jeopardy! as third-place contestant David Hankins failed to finish with a positive score after Double Jeopardy!.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.603974342346191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ken Jennings" }, { "answer": "Ken Jennings", "passage": "Jennings appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman to present Letterman's \"Top Ten List\" (Top ten ways to irritate Alex Trebek). He appeared again on the program on the night his final show was televised, in addition to interview segments airing that night on local late evening news programming and on Nightline. Barbara Walters selected Jennings as one of the \"Ten Most Fascinating People of 2004\" for her twelfth annual ABC News special, which aired on December 8, 2004. While on his media tour following his final game, Jennings taped a segment for Sesame Street. TV Guide featured a segment of \"The Top Ten TV Moments of 2004\", in which Ken Jennings' loss placed third. On December 1, 2004, A&E aired an episode of Biography on Jennings and other Jeopardy! notables, including Frank Spangenberg and Eddie Timanus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9157607555389404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ken Jennings" }, { "answer": "Ken Jennings", "passage": "Jennings has written several books. Brainiac: Adventures in the Curious, Competitive, Compulsive World of Trivia Buffs details his experiences on Jeopardy! and his research into trivia culture conducted after the completion of his run. Ken Jennings's Trivia Almanac: 8,888 Questions in 365 Days, a hardcover book, is a compilation of trivia questions—with 3 categories and about 20 questions per day of the year. Maphead: Charting the Wide, Weird World of Geography Wonks explores the world of map and geography enthusiasts. Because I said so! is a humorous examination of 'The myths, tales & warnings every generation passes down to its kids'. He also has written five books for his children's series, Junior Genius Guides. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.342348098754883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ken Jennings" }, { "answer": "Ken Jennings", "passage": "Jennings also had a column in Mental Floss magazine called \"Six Degrees of Ken Jennings\", in which readers submit two wildly different things and he has to connect them in exactly six moves, much in the same vein as the Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon game. The column ran from November 2005; to the September–October 2010 issue. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.106855392456055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ken Jennings" }, { "answer": "Ken Jennings", "passage": "According to Variety.com, Jennings and television producer Michael Davies teamed up as executive producers on a new game show format for Comedy Central. According to Comedy Central execs, it was planned that Jennings would co-host and participate. The series was planned to premiere late in 2005 or in the first quarter of 2006; as of April 2006, development had stalled, and the show's future remained uncertain. Jennings explained on his website that \"Stephen Colbert's show was doing so well in its post-Daily Show spot that Comedy Central decided they weren't in the market for a quiz show anymore.\" However, as of mid-2006, he was still shopping a potential game show titled, Ken Jennings vs. the Rest of the World. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.85256576538086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ken Jennings" }, { "answer": "Ken Jennings", "passage": "Entertainment Weekly put his performance on its end-of-the-decade \"best of\" list, saying, \"Answer: A software engineer from Utah, he dominated the quizfest for a record 74 shows in 2004, amassing $2,520,700. Question: Who is Ken Jennings?\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.259564399719238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ken Jennings" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Rosa McCauley", "Rosa Louise Parks", "Rosa Parks", "Rosa L. Parks", "Death of Rosa Parks", "Rose Parks", "Rosa Louise McCauley", "Rosa Parkes", "Rosa Lee Parks", "Parks, Rosa Lee", "Rosa parks", "Joseph Skipper", "Rosa Park" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "rosa lee parks", "rosa l parks", "parks rosa lee", "rosa mccauley", "rose parks", "rosa parks", "joseph skipper", "death of rosa parks", "rosa parkes", "rosa park", "rosa louise parks", "rosa louise mccauley" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "rosa parks", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Rosa Parks" }

[ { "answer": "Rosa Parks", "passage": "According to the historian David Beito of the University of Alabama, African Americans in Montgomery \"nurtured the modern civil rights movement.\" On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man, sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Martin Luther King, Jr., then the pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, and E.D. Nixon, a local civil rights advocate, founded the Montgomery Improvement Association to organize the boycott. In June 1956, the US District Court Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that Montgomery's bus racial segregation was unconstitutional. After the US Supreme Court upheld the ruling in November, the city desegregated the bus system, and the boycott was ended. Opponents organized mob violence with police collaboration at the Greyhound Bus Station during the Freedom Ride of May 1961. Outraged national reaction resulted in the desegregation of interstate public transportation.", "precise_score": 6.824573516845703, "rough_score": 5.837281703948975, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montgomery, Alabama" }, { "answer": "Rosa Parks", "passage": "One block south of the Capitol is the First White House of the Confederacy, the 1835 Italianate-style house in which President Jefferson Davis and family lived while the capital of the Confederacy was in Montgomery. Montgomery's third National Historic Landmark is Union Station. Passenger train service to Montgomery ceased in 1989, but today Union Station is part of the Riverfront park development, which includes an amphitheater, a riverboat dock, a river walk, and Riverwalk Stadium. Three blocks east of the Convention Center, Old Alabama Town showcases more than 50 restored buildings from the 19th century. The Riverwalk is part of a larger plan to revitalize the downtown area and connect it to the waterfront. The plan includes urban forestry, infill development, and façade renovation to encourage business and residential growth. A 112000 ft2 The Convention Center, completed in 2007, has encouraged growth and activity in the downtown area including more high-end retail and restaurants coming to the downtown area. Other downtown developments includes historic Dexter Avenue, which will soon be home to a Market District and is currently undergoing a six million dollar streetscape, Maxwell Boulevard which is home to the newly built Wright Brothers Park will soon be home to high-end apartments, and the Bell Building located across from the Rosa Parks Library and Museum will soon be home to retail and residential space. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.241825103759766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montgomery, Alabama" }, { "answer": "Rosa Parks", "passage": "A number of organizations are focused on diversity relations and the city's rich civil rights history. Leadership Montgomery provides citizenship training. Bridge Builders Alabama works with high school youth to promote diversity and civic ingagement. The group One Montgomery was founded in 1983 and is a forum for networking of a diverse group of citizens active in civic affairs. Montgomery is also home to the Civil Rights Memorial, Freedom Rides Museum, and the Rosa Parks Library and Museum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.543341636657715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montgomery, Alabama" }, { "answer": "Rosa Parks", "passage": "Montgomery has been the home of Alabama State University, a historically black university, since the Lincoln Normal University for Teachers relocated from Marion in 1887. Today, ASU enrolls over 5,600 students from 42 U.S. states and 7 countries. The public Troy University maintains a 3,000 student population campus in downtown Montgomery that houses the Rosa Parks Library and Museum. Another public institution, Auburn University at Montgomery, with an enrollment of 4,900, is in the eastern part of the city. Montgomery's Baptist Medical Center South also hosts a branch of the University of Alabama Birmingham medical school on its campus on the Eastern Boulevard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.44675350189209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montgomery, Alabama" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Richard Clark (entertainer)", "For now, Dick Clark. So long!", "Richard W. Clark", "Dick Clark", "Dick Clark (entertainer)", "Richard Wagstaff Clark", "Richard %22dick%22 clark" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "richard w clark", "dick clark", "for now dick clark so long", "richard wagstaff clark", "richard clark entertainer", "dick clark entertainer", "richard 22dick 22 clark" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "dick clark", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Dick Clark" }

[ { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "American Bandstand is an American music-performance show that aired in various versions from 1952 to 1989 and was hosted from 1956 until its final season by Dick Clark, who also served as producer. The show featured teenagers dancing to Top 40 music introduced by Clark; at least one popular musical act—over the decades, running the gamut from Jerry Lee Lewis to Run DMC—would usually appear in person to lip-sync one of their latest singles. Freddy \"Boom Boom\" Cannon holds the record for most appearances at 110.", "precise_score": -1.051485538482666, "rough_score": -4.266061305999756, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Bandstand" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "A half-hour evening version of American Bandstand aired on Monday nights from 7:30 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. (ET), beginning on October 7, 1957. It preceded The Guy Mitchell Show. Both were ratings disasters. Dick Clark later stated that he knew the prime-time edition would fail because its core audience — teenagers and housewives — was occupied with other interests in the evenings. The Monday-night version aired its last program in December 1957, but ABC gave Clark a Saturday-night time slot for The Dick Clark Saturday Night Beech-Nut Show, which originated from the Little Theatre in Manhattan, beginning on February 15, 1958. The Saturday show would run until 1960.", "precise_score": -3.0764694213867188, "rough_score": 1.1549433469772339, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Bandstand" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "The program was broadcast live, weekday afternoons and, by 1959, the show had a national audience of 20 million.Oldenburg, Ann. [http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/obit/story/2012-04-18/dick-clark-dies-at-82/54390716/1 \"TV legend Dick Clark dies at age 82\"], USA Today, April 18, 2012 In the fall of 1961, ABC truncated American Bandstands airtime from 90 to 60 minutes (4:00–5:00pm ET), then even further as a daily half-hour (4:00–4:30pm ET) program in September 1962; beginning in early 1963, all five shows for the upcoming week were videotaped the preceding Saturday. The use of videotape allowed Clark to produce and host a series of concert tours around the success of American Bandstand and to pursue other broadcast interests. On September 7, 1963, the program was moved from its weekday slot and began airing weekly every Saturday afternoon, restored to an hour, until 1989.", "precise_score": -3.678135395050049, "rough_score": -2.0120370388031006, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Bandstand" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "Richard Augustus Wagstaff \"Dick\" Clark Jr. (November 30, 1929 – April 18, 2012) was an American radio and television personality, as well as a cultural icon who remains best known for hosting American Bandstand from 1957 to 1987. He also hosted the game show Pyramid and Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve, which transmitted Times Square's New Year's Eve celebrations. Clark was also well known for his trademark sign-off, \"For now, Dick Clark — so long!\", accompanied with a military salute.", "precise_score": 4.880155563354492, "rough_score": 3.9457037448883057, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "In 1972, Dick Clark first produced New Year's Rockin' Eve, a New Year's Eve music special for NBC which included coverage of the ball drop festivities in New York City. Clark aimed to challenge the dominance of Guy Lombardo's New Year's specials on CBS, as he believed its big band music skewed too old. After two years on NBC, and being hosted by Three Dog Night and George Carlin respectively, the program moved to ABC and Clark assumed hosting duties. Following Lombardo's death in 1977, Rockin' Eve experienced a surge in popularity, and would go on to become the most watched New Year's Eve broadcast yearly. Clark would also serve as a special correspondent for ABC News's ABC 2000 broadcast, covering the arrival of 2000. ", "precise_score": -5.468626022338867, "rough_score": -2.5946316719055176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "At the peak of his American Bandstand fame, Clark also hosted a 30-minute Saturday night program called The Dick Clark Show (aka The Dick Clark Saturday Night Beech-Nut Show). It aired from February 15, 1958, until September 10, 1960, on the ABC television network. It was broadcast live from the \"Little Theater\" in New York City and was sponsored by Beech-Nut gum. It featured the rock and roll stars of the day lip-synching their hits, just as on American Bandstand. However, unlike the afternoon Bandstand program, which focused on the dance floor with the teenage audience demonstrating the latest dance steps, the audience of The Dick Clark Show sat in a traditional theater setting. While some of the musical numbers were presented simply, others were major production numbers. The high point of the show was Clark's unveiling, with great fanfare at the end of each program, of the top ten records of the coming week. This ritual became so embedded in American culture that it was imitated in many media and contexts, which in turn were satirized nightly by David Letterman on his own Top Ten lists.", "precise_score": -1.7981122732162476, "rough_score": -1.6937575340270996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "From September 27 to December 20, 1959, Clark hosted a 30-minute weekly talent/variety series entitled Dick Clark's World of Talent at 10:30 p.m. Sundays on ABC. A variation of producer Irving Mansfield's earlier CBS series, This Is Show Business (1949–1956), it featured three celebrity panelists, including comedian Jack E. Leonard, judging and offering advice to amateur and semi-professional performers. While this show was not a success during its nearly three-month duration, Clark was one of the few personalities in television history on the air nationwide seven days a week.", "precise_score": -5.539524078369141, "rough_score": -3.2068800926208496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "The show's popularity helped Dick Clark become an American media mogul and inspired similar long-running music programs, such as Soul Train and Top of the Pops. Clark eventually assumed ownership of the program through his Dick Clark Productions company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.886370658874512, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Bandstand" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "On July 9, 1956, Horn was fired after a drunk-driving arrest, as WFIL and dual owner Walter Annenberg's The Philadelphia Inquirer at the time were doing a series on drunken driving. He was also reportedly involved in a prostitution ring and brought up on morals charges. Horn was temporarily replaced by producer Tony Mammarella before the job went to Dick Clark permanently.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.048827171325684, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Bandstand" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "The only person to ever co-host the show with Dick Clark was Donna Summer, who joined him to present a special episode dedicated to the release of the Casablanca film Thank God It's Friday on 27 May 1978. From the late 1950s and most of the 1960s, Clark's on-camera sidekick was announcer Charlie O'Donnell, who later went on to announce Wheel of Fortune and other programs hosted or produced by Clark, such as The $100,000 Pyramid. During this time, there were occasionally shows that were not hosted by Clark, in which case a substitute host (among them being Rick Azar) would be brought in to host in Clark's stead. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.138864517211914, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Bandstand" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "Once the program went national in Los Angeles, new host Dick Clark decided that integration was the most responsible move. History goes back and forth with the timing and motives of the integration, but nevertheless, American Bandstand socially impacted teenagers' opinions regarding race.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.770795822143555, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Bandstand" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "In 2002, Dick Clark hosted a special 50th anniversary edition. Michael Jackson, a frequent Bandstand guest, performed ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.322078227996826, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Bandstand" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "In 2004, Dick Clark, with the help of Ryan Seacrest, announced plans to revive the show in time for the 2005 season; although this did not occur (due in part to Clark suffering a severe stroke in late 2004), one segment of the revived Bandstand—a national dance contest—eventually became the series So You Think You Can Dance. Dick Clark Productions is credited as the show's co-producer, and longtime employee Allen Shapiro serves as co-executive producer. While the American series has aired thirteen seasons, its format was also replicated worldwide, from Norway (Dansefeber) to Australia (So You Think You Can Dance Australia).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.987087249755859, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Bandstand" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "*The show was featured prominently in the 2002–2005 NBC-TV drama series American Dreams, which like Bandstand was executive produced by Dick Clark. In a 2005 episode, Eddie Kelly and Bunny Gibson — one of the most famous couples to appear on American Bandstand in the Philadelphia years — were the only two to make cameo appearances on the acclaimed TV series. Along with that, Ed (Eddie) Kelly and Bunny Gibson were named a number of times in the script and Eddie Kelly referred to in the last episode. Actor Paul D. Roberts made frequent appearances as Dick Clark, while Michael Burger played announcer Charlie O'Donnell. Clark frequently provided voice-overs as his younger self.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.994629859924316, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Bandstand" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "* Pam Tillis' video for her 1994 cover of \"When You Walk in the Room\" depicted a mid-1960s perforamnce on American Bandstand, and featured a voiceover by Dick Clark.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.662454605102539, "source": "wiki", "title": "American Bandstand" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "In his capacity as a businessman, Clark served as Chief Executive Officer of Dick Clark Productions, part of which he sold off in his later years. He also founded the American Bandstand Diner, a restaurant chain modeled after the Hard Rock Cafe. In 1973, he created and produced the annual American Music Awards show, similar to the Grammy Awards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.858148574829102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "In 1952, Clark moved to Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia, where he took a job as a disc jockey at radio station WFIL, adopting the Dick Clark handle. WFIL had an affiliated television station (now WPVI) with the same call sign, which began broadcasting a show called Bob Horn's Bandstand in 1952. Clark was responsible for a similar program on the company's radio station, and served as a regular substitute host when Horn went on vacation. In 1956, Horn was arrested for drunk driving and was subsequently dismissed. On July 9, 1956, Clark became the show's permanent host.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.877167701721191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "In 1958, The Dick Clark Show was added to ABC's Saturday night lineup. By the end of year, viewership exceeded 20 million, and featured artists were \"virtually guaranteed\" large sales boosts after appearing. In a surprise television tribute to Clark in 1959 on This Is Your Life, host Ralph Edwards called him \"America’s youngest starmaker,\" and estimated the show had an audience of 50 million.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.799454689025879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "During an interview with Clark by Henry Schipper of Rolling Stone magazine in 1990, it was noted that \"over two-thirds of the people who've been initiated into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame had their television debuts on American Bandstand, and the rest of them probably debuted on other shows [they] produced.\"Schipper, Henry. \"Dick Clark\", Rolling Stone, April 19, 1990 pp. 67–70, 126. During the show's lifetime, it featured over 10,000 live performances, many by artists who would have been unable to appear anywhere else on TV, as the variety shows during much of this period were \"antirock.\" Schipper points out that Clark's performers were shocking to general audiences:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.125466346740723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "As a result of Clark's work on Bandstand, journalist Ann Oldenburg states \"he deserves credit for doing something bigger than just putting on a show.\"Oldenburg, Ann. [http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/obit/story/2012-04-18/dick-clark-dies-at-82/54390716/1 \"TV legend Dick Clark dies at age 82\"], USA Today, April 18, 2012. Los Angeles Times writer, Geoff Boucher, goes further, stating that \"with the exception of Elvis Presley, Clark was considered by many to be the person most responsible for the bonfire spread of rock 'n roll across the country in the late 1950s,\" making Clark a \"household name.\" He became a \"primary force in legitimizing rock 'n' roll,\" adds Uslan. Clark, however, simplified his contribution:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.546793460845947, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "na \"Reactions to Death of Dick Clark, New Year's Eve Icon\"] The New York Times blog, April 18, 2012. In 1990, a few years after the show had been off the air, Clark considered his personal contribution to the music he helped introduce:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.54212760925293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "Clark hosted the syndicated television game show The Challengers, during its only season (1990–91). The Challengers was a co-production between the production companies of Dick Clark and Ron Greenberg. Also during the 1990-91 season, Clark and Greenberg co-produced a revival of Let’s Make a Deal for NBC with Bob Hilton as the host. Hilton would later be replaced by original host Monty Hall. Clark would later host Scattergories on NBC in 1993; and The Family Channel's version of It Takes Two in 1997. In 1999, along with Bob Boden, he was one of the executive producers of Fox's TV game show Greed, which ran from November 5, 1999, to July 14, 2000, and was hosted by Chuck Woolery. At the same time, Clark also hosted the Stone-Stanley-created Winning Lines, which ran for six weeks on CBS from January 8 through February 12, 2000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.843027114868164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.1649751663208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "Clark's first love was radio, and in 1963 he began hosting a radio program called The Dick Clark Radio Show. It was produced by Mars Broadcasting of Stamford. Despite Clark's enormous popularity on American Bandstand, the show was only picked up by a few dozen stations and lasted less than a year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.422642707824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "On March 25, 1972, Clark hosted American Top 40, filling in for Casey Kasem. In 1981, he created The Dick Clark National Music Survey for the Mutual Broadcasting System. The program counted down the top 30 contemporary hits of the week in direct competition with American Top 40. Clark left Mutual in 1986, and Charlie Tuna took over the National Music Survey. Clark then launched his own radio syndication group with partners Nick Verbitsky and Ed Salamon called the United Stations Radio Network. That company later merged with the Transtar Network to become Unistar, and took over the countdown program Countdown America. The program ran until 1994, when Unistar was sold to Westwood One Radio. The following year, Clark and Verbitsky started over with a new version of the USRN, bringing into the fold Dick Clark's Rock, Roll & Remember, written and produced by Pam Miller (who also came up with the line used in the show and later around the world: \"the soundtrack of our lives\"), and a new countdown show: The U.S. Music Survey, produced by Jim Zoller. Clark served as its host until his 2004 stroke. United Stations Radio Networks continues in operation as of 2013.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.367547512054443, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "Dick Clark's longest running radio show began on February 14, 1982. Rock, Roll & Remember was a four-hour oldies show named after Clark's 1976 autobiography. The first year, it was hosted by veteran Los Angeles disc jockey Gene Weed. Then in 1983, voiceover talent Mark Elliot co-hosted with Clark. By 1985, Clark hosted the entire show. Pam Miller wrote the program and Frank Furino served as producer. Each week, Clark would profile a different artist from the rock and roll era and count down the top four songs that week from a certain year in the 1950s, 1960s or early 1970s. The show ended production when Clark suffered his 2004 stroke. However, reruns from the 1995-2004 era continue to air in syndication and on Clark's website, dickclarkonline.com.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.725290775299072, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "Beginning in 2009, Clark merged elements of Rock, Roll and Remember with the syndicated oldies show, Rewind with Gary Bryan. The new show was called Dick Clark Presents Rewind with Gary Bryan. Bryan, a Los Angeles radio personality, serves as the main host. Clark contributed profile segments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.052801132202148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "Clark hosted the short-lived Dick Clark's Live Wednesday in 1978. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.425326347351074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "In the 2002 Dharma and Greg episode \"Mission: Implausible,\" Greg is the victim of a college prank, and devises an elaborate plan to retaliate, part of which involves his use of a disguise kit; the first disguise chosen is that of Dick Clark. During a fantasy sequence that portrays the unfolding of the plan, the real Clark plays Greg wearing his disguise. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.959349632263184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "In 1965, Clark branched out from hosting, producing Where The Action Is, an afternoon television program shot at different locations every week featuring house band Paul Revere and the Raiders. In 1973, Clark began producing the highly-successful American Music Awards. In 1987, Dick Clark Productions went public. Clark remained active in television and movie production into the 1990s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.17458724975586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "Clark had a stake in a chain of music-themed restaurants licensed under the names \"Dick Clark's American Bandstand Grill\", \"Dick Clark's AB Grill\", \"Dick Clark's Bandstand — Food, Spirits & Fun\" and \"Dick Clark's AB Diner\". There are currently two airport locations in Newark, New Jersey and Phoenix, Arizona, one location in the Molly Pitcher travel plaza on the New Jersey Turnpike in Cranbury, New Jersey, and one location at \"Dick Clark's American Bandstand Theater\" in Branson, Missouri. Until recently, Salt Lake City, Utah had an airport location. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.339677810668945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "\"Dick Clark's American Bandstand Theater\" opened in Branson in April 2006, and nine months later, a new theater and restaurant entitled \"Dick Clark's American Bandstand Music Complex\" opened near Dolly Parton's Dollywood theme park in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.82327938079834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" }, { "answer": "Dick Clark", "passage": "From 1979 to 1980, Clark reportedly owned the former scandal-ridden Westchester Premier Theatre in Greenburgh, NY and renamed it the Dick Clark Westchester Theatre. A recently opened Stop & Shop supermarket now stands at that location.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.534629821777344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dick Clark" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Sub-Saharan Africa is the region most affected. In 2010, an estimated 68% (22.9 million) of all HIV cases and 66% of all deaths (1.2 million) occurred in this region. This means that about 5% of the adult population in this area is infected.UNAIDS 2011 pg. 40-50 Here, in contrast to other regions, women compose nearly 60% of cases. South Africa has the largest population of people with HIV of any country in the world, at 5.9 million. In Tanzania, HIV/AIDS was reported to have a prevalence of 6% among Tanzanian adults aged 15–49 in 2007-2008. This figure is lower than 2003 when the country's HIV/AIDS prevalence was 8.8%. ", "precise_score": -8.7850923538208, "rough_score": -9.974260330200195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "AIDS-denialist policies have impeded the creation of effective programs for distribution of antiretroviral drugs. Denialist policies by former South African President Thabo Mbeki's administration led to several hundred thousand unnecessary deaths. UNAIDS estimates that in 2005 there were 5.5 million people in South Africa infected with HIV — 12.4% of the population. This was an increase of 200,000 people since 2003.", "precise_score": -8.195286750793457, "rough_score": -9.966870307922363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Although HIV infection rates are much lower in Nigeria than in other African countries, the size of Nigeria's population meant that by the end of 2003, there were an estimated 3.6 million people infected. On the other hand, Uganda, Zambia, Senegal, and most recently Botswana have begun intervention and educational measures to slow the spread of HIV, and Uganda has succeeded in actually reducing its HIV infection rate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.50128173828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "considered by UNAIDS geographic definition as part of MENA region), and reaches 580,000 ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.908500671386719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "Washington, D.C., the nation's capital, also has the nation's highest rate of infection, at 3%. This rate is comparable to what is seen in west Africa, and is considered a severe epidemic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07425594329834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS" }, { "answer": "Red", "passage": "There is growing concern about a rapidly growing epidemic in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where an estimated 1.23–3.7 million people were infected as of December 2011, though the adult (15–49) prevalence rate is low (1.1%). The rate of HIV infections began to grow rapidly from the mid-1990s, due to social and economic collapse, increased levels of intravenous drug use and increased numbers of prostitutes. By 2010 the number of reported cases in Russia was over 450,000 according to the World Health Organization, up from 15,000 in 1995 and 190,000 in 2002; some estimates claim the real number is up to eight times higher, well over 2 million. There are predictions that the infection rate in Russia will continue to rise quickly, since education there about AIDS is almost non-existent. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.32502555847168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Crimson Tide", "passage": "In 1995, he played an inept Hollywood producer-director named Harry Zimm in Get Shorty and the villainous fast-draw champion John Herrod in The Quick and the Dead opposite Sharon Stone, Leonardo DiCaprio and Russell Crowe, as well as submarine Captain Frank Ramsey in the film Crimson Tide with Denzel Washington.", "precise_score": -5.918048858642578, "rough_score": -5.388528347015381, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gene Hackman" }, { "answer": "The Crimson Tide", "passage": "The University of Alabama's intercollegiate athletic teams are known as the Alabama Crimson Tide (this name can be shortened to Alabama, the Crimson Tide, or even the Tide). The nickname Crimson Tide originates from a 1907 football game versus Auburn University in Birmingham where, after a hard-fought game in torrential rain in which Auburn had been heavily favored to win, Alabama forced a tie. Writing about the game, one sportswriter described the offensive line as a \"Crimson Tide\", in reference to their jerseys, stained red from the wet dirt.", "precise_score": -0.7148688435554504, "rough_score": 0.34375709295272827, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Alabama" }, { "answer": "Crimson Tide", "passage": "In 1990, Washington starred as Bleek Gilliam in the Spike Lee film Mo' Better Blues. In 1992, he starred as Demetrius Williams in the romantic drama Mississippi Masala. Washington was reunited with Lee to play one of his most critically acclaimed roles, the title character of 1992's Malcolm X. His performance as the black nationalist leader earned him another nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor. The next year he played the lawyer of a gay man with AIDS in the 1993 film Philadelphia. During the early and mid-1990s, Washington starred in several successful thrillers, including The Pelican Brief and Crimson Tide, as well as in the movie of the Shakespearean comedy Much Ado About Nothing. In 1996, he played a U.S. Army officer who, despondent about a deadly mistake he made, investigates a female chopper commander's worthiness for the Medal of Honor in Courage Under Fire with Meg Ryan. In 1996, he appeared with Whitney Houston in the romantic drama The Preacher's Wife. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.667731285095215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Denzel Washington" }, { "answer": "Crimson Tide", "passage": "In 2010, Washington starred in The Book of Eli, a post-Apocalyptic drama set in the near future. Also in 2010, he starred as a veteran railroad engineer in the action film Unstoppable, about an unmanned, half-mile-long runaway freight train carrying dangerous cargo. The film was his fifth and final collaboration with director Tony Scott, following Crimson Tide (1995), Man on Fire (2004), Déjà Vu (2006) and The Taking of Pelham 1 2 3 (2009).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.54842758178711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Denzel Washington" }, { "answer": "Crimson Tide", "passage": "In a career spanning five decades, Hackman has been nominated for five Academy Awards, winning Best Actor in The French Connection and Best Supporting Actor in Unforgiven. In addition, he has won three Golden Globes and two BAFTAs. He first came to fame in 1967 with his performance as Buck Barrow in Bonnie and Clyde, in which he gained his first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. His major subsequent films include I Never Sang for My Father (1970), in which he gained his second Best Supporting Actor nomination; The French Connection (1971) and French Connection II (1975), in which he played Jimmy \"Popeye\" Doyle; The Poseidon Adventure (1972); The Conversation (1974); Superman: The Movie (1978), in which he played arch-villain Lex Luthor; Hoosiers (1986); Mississippi Burning (1988), in which he gained his second Best Actor nomination; Unforgiven (1992); The Firm (1993); Crimson Tide (1995); Get Shorty (1995); The Birdcage (1996); Enemy of the State (1998); Behind Enemy Lines (2001); and The Royal Tenenbaums (2001).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.289393424987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gene Hackman" }, { "answer": "The Crimson Tide", "passage": "As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States, the University of Alabama has left a vast cultural imprint on the state, region and nation over the past two centuries. The school was a center of activity during the American Civil War and the African-American Civil Rights Movement. The University of Alabama varsity football program (nicknamed the Crimson Tide), which was inaugurated in 1892, ranks as one of 10 winningest programs in US history. In a 1913 speech then-president George H. Denny extolled the university as the \"capstone of the public school system in the state [of Alabama],\" lending the university its current nickname, The Capstone. The University of Alabama has consistently been ranked as one of the top 50 public universities in the nation by the U.S. News & World Report. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.060721397399902, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Alabama" }, { "answer": "The Crimson Tide", "passage": "The Crimson Tide's current home venue, Bryant-Denny Stadium, opened in 1929 with a capacity of around 12,000. The most recent addition of the stadium was completed in 2010. An upper deck was added in the south end zone, completing the upper deck around the stadium. The current official capacity of the stadium is 101,821. The previous addition was the north end zone expansion, completed 2006. The Tide has also played many games, including the Iron Bowl against rival Auburn University, at Legion Field in Birmingham.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.33359432220459, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Alabama" }, { "answer": "The Crimson Tide", "passage": "Nearly synonymous with Alabama football is legendary coach Paul \"Bear\" Bryant whose record at the University of Alabama was 232–46–9. He led the Crimson Tide to 6 national titles in 1961, 1964, 1965, 1973, 1978, and 1979, which is tied with Notre Dame's legendary coach Knute Rockne. Additionally, the 1966 team was the only one in the country to finish with a perfect record, but poll voters denied the 12–0 Alabama team the three-peat as Michigan State and Notre Dame played each other to a 10–10 tie in what was considered the \"Game of the Century\" and subsequently split the national championship.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.088929176330566, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Alabama" }, { "answer": "Crimson Tide", "passage": "The school's fight song is \"Yea Alabama\", written in 1926 by Lundy Sykes, then editor of the campus newspaper. Sykes composed the song in response to a contest by the Rammer Jammer to create a fight song following Alabama's first Rose Bowl victory. The song as it currently played by the Million Dollar Band during games (the form known to most people) is simply the chorus of the larger song. While the opening line of song is taken to be Yea Alabama, Crimson Tide!, the correct opening line is Yea, Alabama! Drown 'em Tide! The Alabama Alma Mater is set to the tune of Annie Lisle, a ballad written in the 1850s. The lyrics are usually credited as, \"Helen Vickers, 1908\", although it is not clear whether that was when it was written or if that was her graduating class.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.077425956726074, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Alabama" } ]

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[ { "answer": "San Francisco", "passage": "In Dirty Harry the San Francisco police chief comments on Callahan's fondness for overkill observing that he \"Likes an edge\". Callahan responds that \"I'll take all the edge I can get\".", "precise_score": 7.1429443359375, "rough_score": 5.3397016525268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (character)" }, { "answer": "San Francisco", "passage": "Callahan is an Inspector with the San Francisco Police Department, usually with the Homicide department, although for disciplinary or political reasons he is occasionally transferred to other less prominent units, such as Personnel (in The Enforcer) or Stakeout (in Magnum Force) or just sent out of town on mundane research assignments (in Sudden Impact). Callahan's primary concern is protecting and avenging the victims of violent crime. Though proficient at apprehending criminals, his methods are often unconventional; while some claim that he is prepared to ignore the law and professional and ethical boundaries, regarding them as needless red tape hampering justice, his methods are usually within the law – he takes advantage of situations that justify his use of deadly force, sometimes almost creating those situations. When a group of men holding hostages in a liquor store in The Enforcer demand a getaway car, Callahan delivers one by driving the car through the store's plate glass window and then shooting the robbers. Rather than following the rules of the police department, Callahan inserts himself into the scene of the event at a time when the imminent use of deadly force by the criminals justifies his use of deadly force against the criminals. Conversely, in Sudden Impact when he finds out that Jennifer Spencer (Sondra Locke), the person responsible for a series of murders in San Francisco and San Paulo, was a rape victim killing her unpunished rapists, he lets her go free, indicating that he feels her retribution was justified. In The Dead Pool Callahan shoots a fleeing and unarmed Mafia assassin in the back and kills the villain in the end with a harpoon knowing that the man's pistol is out of ammunition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.7764999866485596, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (character)" }, { "answer": "San Francisco", "passage": "Callahan goes a step further in Dirty Harry, in which he shoots serial killer Charles \"Scorpio\" Davis after Davis surrenders and put his hands in the air. Determined to know the location of a 14-year-old girl that Davis has kidnapped and buried alive, Callahan then presses his foot onto Davis' leg wound, ignoring Davis's pleas for a doctor and a lawyer until Davis gives up the location of the kidnapped girl. Callahan is later informed by the District Attorney that because Callahan kicked in the door of Davis' residence without a warrant, and because Davis' confession of the girl's location was made under the duress of torture, the evidence against him is inadmissible, and Davis has been released without charges filed against him. Callahan explains his outlook to the Mayor of San Francisco, who asks how Callahan ascertains that a man he had shot was intending to commit rape; the inspector responds, \"When a naked man is chasing a woman through an alley with a butcher knife and a hard-on, I figure he isn't out collecting for the Red Cross.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.6621196269989014, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dirty Harry (character)" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Marilyn monroe", "Marirlyn Monroe", "Norma DiMaggio", "Norma Jean DiMaggio", "Norma Jean Dougherty", "Norma Mortenson", "Marliyn Monroe", "Norma Dougherty", "Marilyn Monroe Miller", "Marylyn Monroe", "Norma Jean Baker Mortenson", "Norma Jeane Baker", "Norma Baker", "Natasha Lytess", "Norma Jean Mortenson", "Norma Jean Baker", "Norma Jeane", "Marilyn Monroe", "Norma Jeane DiMaggio", "Norma Jean Mortensen", "Marilyn Munro", "Merylin Monroe", "Norma Jeane Mortenson", "Marylin Monroe", "Marilyn Monro", "Charles Stanley Gifford", "Norma Jeane Dougherty", "Fifth Helena Drive", "Norma jeane mortenson", "Marilyn Munroe" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "norma jeane", "norma jean dougherty", "norma jean dimaggio", "norma jean baker", "marylin monroe", "marilyn munro", "marilyn monroe miller", "norma jean mortenson", "norma jean baker mortenson", "marliyn monroe", "charles stanley gifford", "norma jean mortensen", "norma jeane mortenson", "marirlyn monroe", "norma dimaggio", "norma jeane dimaggio", "norma baker", "norma jeane dougherty", "marilyn monroe", "norma mortenson", "fifth helena drive", "marilyn monro", "marylyn monroe", "marilyn munroe", "norma jeane baker", "natasha lytess", "norma dougherty", "merylin monroe" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "marilyn monroe", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Marilyn Monroe" }

[ { "answer": "Marilyn Monroe", "passage": "The first issue, in December 1953, was undated, as Hefner was unsure there would be a second. He produced it in his Hyde Park kitchen. The first centerfold was Marilyn Monroe, although the picture used originally was taken for a calendar rather than for Playboy. Hefner chose what he deemed the \"sexiest\" image, a previously unused nude study of Marilyn stretched with an upraised arm on a red velvet background with closed eyes and mouth open. The heavy promotion centered around Marilyn's nudity on the already-famous calendar, together with the teasers in marketing, made the new Playboy magazine a success. ", "precise_score": 8.073805809020996, "rough_score": 6.468676567077637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Playboy" }, { "answer": "Marilyn Monroe", "passage": "The term was coined by Hugh Hefner, founder of Playboy magazine. The success of the first issue of Playboy has been attributed in large part to its centerfold: a nude of Marilyn Monroe. The advent of monthly centerfolds gave the pin-up a new respectability, and helped to sanitize the notion of \"sexiness\". Being featured as a centerfold could lead to film roles for models, and still occasionally does today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.931158065795898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Centerfold" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Lady Gaga", "passage": "Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta ( ; born March 28, 1986), known professionally as Lady Gaga, is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. She performed initially in theater, appearing in high school plays, and studied at CAP21 through New York University's Tisch School of the Arts before dropping out to pursue a musical career. After leaving a rock band, participating in the Lower East Side's avant garde performance art circuit, and being dropped from a contract with Def Jam Recordings, Gaga worked as a songwriter for Sony/ATV Music Publishing. From there, recording artist Akon noticed her vocal abilities and helped her to sign a joint deal with Interscope Records and his own KonLive Distribution.", "precise_score": 5.885060787200928, "rough_score": 8.356289863586426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Gaga" }, { "answer": "Stefani joanne angelina germanotta", "passage": "Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta was born on March 28, 1986, at the Lenox Hill Hospital on Manhattan's Upper East Side to a Catholic family. She is the elder daughter of Cynthia Louise \"Cindy\" (Bissett) and Internet entrepreneur Joseph Anthony \"Joe\" Germanotta, Jr. Gaga is of 75 percent Italian descent, and also has French Canadian ancestry. Gaga's sister Natali is a fashion student. Despite her affluent upbringing on Manhattan's Upper West Side, she says that her parents \"both came from lower-class families, so we've worked for everything—my mother worked eight to eight out of the house, in telecommunications, and so did my father.\" From age eleven, she attended the Convent of the Sacred Heart, a private, all-girls Roman Catholic school on Manhattan's Upper East Side. She described her academic life in high school as \"very dedicated, very studious, very disciplined\" but also \"a bit insecure\". \"I used to get made fun of for being either too provocative or too eccentric, so I started to tone it down. I didn't fit in, and I felt like a freak.\" Gaga began playing the piano at the age of four, wrote her first piano ballad at thirteen, and started to perform at open mic nights by the age of fourteen. She performed lead roles in high school productions, including Adelaide in Guys and Dolls and Philia in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum. She also appeared in a very small role as a mischievous classmate in the television drama series The Sopranos in a 2001 episode titled \"The Telltale Moozadell\". She auditioned for New York shows without success. She also studied method acting at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute for ten years.", "precise_score": 5.350412368774414, "rough_score": 6.204101085662842, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Gaga" }, { "answer": "Lady Gaga", "passage": "At age 19, Gaga withdrew from CAP21 in the second semester of her sophomore year, deciding to focus on her musical career. In the mid-2005, Gaga recorded a couple of songs with hip-hop singer Grandmaster Melle Mel, for an audio book accompanying Cricket Casey's children's book The Portal in the Park. She also formed a band called the Stefani Germanotta Band (SGBand) with some friends from NYU. The band played at gigs around New York becoming a local fixture of the downtown Lower East Side club scene. After the 2006 Songwriters Hall of Fame New Songwriters Showcase at The Cutting Room in June, Gaga was recommended to music producer Rob Fusari by talent scout Wendy Starland. Fusari collaborated with Gaga, who traveled daily to New Jersey, to work on songs she had written and to compose new material with him. According to the producer, they began dating in May 2006, and he claimed to have created the \"Lady Gaga\" moniker after the Queen song \"Radio Ga Ga\". The singer was in the process of trying to come up with a stage name when she received a text message from Fusari that read \"Lady Gaga\". He explained, \"Every day, when Stef came to the studio, instead of saying hello, I would start singing 'Radio Ga Ga'\". The text message was the result of a predictive text glitch that changed \"radio\" to \"lady\". Fusari said she texted back, \"That's it\", and declared, \"Don't ever call me Stefani again.\" ", "precise_score": -0.6169978380203247, "rough_score": -2.4286820888519287, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Gaga" }, { "answer": "Lady Gaga", "passage": "During this period, Gaga recorded a jazz version of \"The Lady Is a Tramp\" with Tony Bennett and lent her vocals to a song with Elton John for the animated feature film, Gnomeo & Juliet. She held a concert at the Sydney Town Hall, Australia, to promote Born This Way, and at the celebration of former US president Bill Clinton's 65th birthday. Later that year, Gaga directed the critically acclaimed Thanksgiving Day television special, A Very Gaga Thanksgiving, which attained 5.749 million American viewers, and spawned the release of her fourth EP, A Very Gaga Holiday. In May 2012, Gaga guest-starred as an animated version of herself on the 23rd season finale of The Simpsons, titled \"Lisa Goes Gaga\". She also appeared n Tony Bennett's documentary film, The Zen of Bennett (2012). The following month, she announced her first fragrance in association with Coty, Inc., Lady Gaga Fame, which was released worldwide in September 2012. ", "precise_score": -8.807978630065918, "rough_score": -7.369652271270752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Gaga" }, { "answer": "Lady Gaga", "passage": "Gaga's outlandish fashion sense has also been one of her characteristic aspects. The Global Language Monitor named \"Lady Gaga\" as the Top Fashion Buzzword with her trademark \"no pants\" a close third. Entertainment Weekly put her outfits on its end of the decade \"best-of\" list, saying: \"Whether it's a dress made of Muppets or strategically placed bubbles, Gaga's outré ensembles brought performance art into the mainstream.\" Time placed Gaga on their All-Time 100 Fashion Icons List amongst some of Gaga's inspirations such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, and The Beatles, stating: \"Lady Gaga is just as notorious for her outrageous style as she is for her pop hits. After all, Gaga, born Stefani Germanotta, has sported outfits made from plastic bubbles, Kermit the Frog dolls, and raw meat.\" ", "precise_score": -4.64801025390625, "rough_score": -6.930808067321777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Gaga" }, { "answer": "Lady Gaga", "passage": "Pop musicians seeking to utilize catchy, marketable names include Madonna, Lady Gaga, Prince, Keith Sweat, Pink, as well as R&B musicians Jamie Foxx and Alicia Keys, though both Madonna and Prince were given those names at birth; Lady Gaga named herself after the song \"Radio Ga Ga\" by the band Queen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.685525417327881, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stage name" }, { "answer": "Lady Gaga", "passage": "Queen have been recognised as having made significant contributions to such genres as hard rock, and heavy metal, among others. Hence, the band have been cited as an influence by many other musicians. Moreover, like their music, the bands and artists that have claimed to be influenced by Queen and have expressed admiration for them are diverse, spanning different generations, countries, and genres, including heavy metal: Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Metallica, Dream Theater, Trivium, Megadeth, Anthrax, Slipknot and Rage Against the Machine; hard rock: Guns N' Roses, Def Leppard, Van Halen, Mötley Crüe, Steve Vai, the Cult, the Darkness, Kid Rock and Foo Fighters; alternative rock: Nirvana, Radiohead, Trent Reznor, Muse, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Jane's Addiction, Faith No More, Melvins, the Flaming Lips, and The Smashing Pumpkins; pop rock: Meat Loaf, The Killers, My Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boy and Panic! at the Disco; and pop: Michael Jackson, George Michael, Robbie Williams, Adele, Lady Gaga and Katy Perry. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.203304290771484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Queen (band)" }, { "answer": "Lady Gaga", "passage": "* Lady Gaga (2014) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.522233963012695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Queen (band)" }, { "answer": "Lady Gaga", "passage": "During this time, she met performance artist Lady Starlight, who helped mold her onstage persona. Like SGBand, the pair soon began performing at many of the downtown club venues like the Mercury Lounge, The Bitter End, and the Rockwood Music Hall. Their live performance art piece was known as \"Lady Gaga and the Starlight Revue\" and, billed as \"The Ultimate Pop Burlesque Rockshow\", was a low-fi tribute to 1970s variety acts. Their performance at the 2007 Lollapalooza music festival was critically acclaimed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.47523021697998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Gaga" }, { "answer": "Lady Gaga", "passage": "Towards the end of 2007, Gaga met with songwriter and producer RedOne. Gaga collaborated with him in the recording studio for a week on her debut album, and also joined the roster of Cherrytree Records, an Interscope imprint established by producer and songwriter Martin Kierszenbaum; she also wrote four songs with Kierszenbaum. Despite her secure record deal, she admitted that there was fear about her being too \"racy\", \"dance-oriented\" and \"underground\" for the mainstream market. Her response: \"My name is Lady Gaga, I've been on the music scene for years, and I'm telling you, this is what's next.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.750223159790039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Gaga" }, { "answer": "Lady Gaga", "passage": "The success of The Fame and The Fame Monster allowed Gaga to start her second worldwide concert tour, The Monster Ball Tour, just weeks after finishing The Fame Ball Tour. Critically and commercially successful, the tour began in November 2009 and ended in May 2011, and grossed $227.4 million, making it the highest-grossing for a debut headlining artist. Concerts performed at Madison Square Garden in New York City were filmed for an HBO television special titled Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden. Gaga also performed songs from the albums at international events such as the 2009 Royal Variety Performance, 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, and the 2010 BRIT Awards. Other performances might have included her participation in Michael Jackson's This Is It concert series at London's O2 Arena had he not died of a drug overdose. Gaga clarified that she was: \"actually asked to open for Michael on his tour... We were going to open for him at the O2 and we were working on making it happen. I believe there was some talk about us, lots of the openers, doing duets with Michael on stage.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.85083293914795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Gaga" }, { "answer": "Lady Gaga", "passage": "Gaga starred in Robert Rodriguez's Machete Kills (2013), a critical and commercial failure that earned her a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress nomination. The singer also hosted the November 16, 2013 episode of Saturday Night Live, where she performed \"Do What U Want\" (with Kelly) and an album cut, \"Gypsy\". Later that month, she held her second Thanksgiving Day television special on ABC, Lady Gaga and the Muppets' Holiday Spectacular. Gaga had a cameo in another Robert Rodriguez film, Sin City: A Dame to Kill For, released on August 22, 2014. She was confirmed as the Versace's spring-summer 2014 face with a campaign called \"Lady Gaga For Versace\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.176342010498047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Gaga" }, { "answer": "Lady Gaga", "passage": "In 2014, Gaga collaborated with American jazz singer Tony Bennett on the jazz album Cheek to Cheek. It debuted atop the Billboard 200, becoming Gaga's third consecutive number-one record in the United States. The album won a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album. The duo recorded a concert special, called Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga: Cheek to Cheek Live!, and embarked on the Cheek to Cheek Tour, which began in December 2014 and concluded in August 2015. The same year, Gaga also had a seven-day residency show commemorating the final performance at New York's Roseland Ballroom before its closure. She also released her second fragrance in association with Coty Inc., named Eau de Gaga. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.056665420532227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Gaga" }, { "answer": "Lady Gaga", "passage": "Gaga has identified fashion as a major influence and claimed that her interest in fashion came from her mother who was \"always very well kept and beautiful.\" Her musical endeavors are directly linked with fashion with the singer explaining: \"When I'm writing music, I'm thinking about the clothes I want to wear on stage. It's all about everything altogether—performance art, pop performance art, fashion.\" Gaga has been stylistically compared to Leigh Bowery, Isabella Blow, and Cher. She commented that as a child, she somehow absorbed Cher's out-there fashion sense and made it her own. Gaga considers Donatella Versace her muse, and the late English fashion designer and close friend Alexander McQueen as an inspiration, admitting that \"I miss Lee every time I get dressed\" while channeling him in some of her work. In turn, Versace calls Lady Gaga \"the fresh Donatella\". Modeled on Andy Warhol's Factory, Gaga has her own creative production team, which she handles personally, called the Haus of Gaga, who create many of her clothes, stage props, and hairdos. Other fashion influences came from Princess Diana: \"I love Princess Diana so much. She was an enormous influence on me when I was younger because my mother worshiped her so much. When she died, I'll never forget, my mother was crying. It was this very powerful moment in my childhood watching my mother so connected to someone\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.497817993164062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Gaga" }, { "answer": "Lady Gaga", "passage": "With constant costume changes and provocative visuals, Gaga's music videos are often described as short films. \"Being provocative is not just about getting people's attention. It's about saying something that really affects people in a real way, in a positive way,\" she professes. According to author Curtis Fogel, exploring bondage and sadomasochism in addition to highlighting prevalent feminist themes, \"the three central themes that shape Gaga's music videos are sex, violence, and power.\" While she labels herself \"a little bit of a feminist\" and asserts that she is \"sexually empowering women\", Gaga strives to empower young women to stand up for what they believe in. \"She not only reiterates her assertion of total originality,\" professed pop critic Ann Powers, \"but also finesses it until it's both a philosophical stance about how constructing a persona from pop-cultural sources can be an expression of a person's truth—a la those drag queens Gaga sincerely admires—and a bit of a feminist act.\" In summation of her videos, Rolling Stone used the rhetoric: \"does anyone look to a Lady Gaga video for restraint?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.368865013122559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Gaga" }, { "answer": "Jo Calderone", "passage": "Her performances are described as \"highly entertaining and innovative\"; the blood-spurting performance of \"Paparazzi\" at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was described as \"eye-popping\" by MTV News. She continued the \"blood soaked\" theme during The Monster Ball Tour, and triggered protests in England from family groups and fans in the aftermath of a local tragedy, in which a taxi driver had murdered 12 people. Her unconventionality continued at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards: appearing in drag as her male alter ego, Jo Calderone, and delivering a lovesick monologue before a performance of her song \"You and I\". As Gaga's choreographer and creative director, Laurieann Gibson provided material for her shows and videos for four years only to be replaced by Gibson's assistant Richard Jackson. Gaga admits to being a perfectionist when it comes to her elaborate shows. \"I'm very bossy. I can scream my head off if I see one light fixture out. I'm very detailed – every minute of the show has got to be perfect.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.243756294250488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Gaga" }, { "answer": "Lady Gaga", "passage": "Public reception of Gaga's music, fashion sense and persona are polarized. Her status as a role model, self-esteem booster for her fans, trailblazer, and fashion icon who breathes new life into the industry is by turns affirmed and denied. Critics have pointed out her unique place in pop music, the need for new movements in popular culture, the attention Gaga brings to modern social issues, and the inherently subjective nature of her art. In view of her influence on modern culture and her rise to global fame, sociologist Mathieu Deflem of the University of South Carolina has offered a course titled \"Lady Gaga and the Sociology of the Fame\" since spring 2011 with the objective of unravelling: \"some of the sociologically relevant dimensions of the fame of Lady Gaga.\" When Gaga briefly met with US president Barack Obama at a Human Rights Campaign fundraiser, he described the interaction as \"intimidating\" as she was dressed in 16-inch heels making her undoubtedly the tallest woman in the room. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.107047080993652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Gaga" }, { "answer": "Lady Gaga", "passage": "Gaga wore a dress made of raw beef to the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards which was supplemented by boots, a purse, and a hat also made out of raw beef. Partly awarded in recognition of the dress, Vogue named her one of the Best Dressed people of 2010 while Time named the dress the Fashion Statement of 2010. However, it promted divided opinions, attracting the attention of worldwide media but also invoking the fury of animal rights organization PETA. In 2012, Gaga became a feature of a temporary exhibition The Elevated: From the Pharaoh to Lady Gaga marking the 150th anniversary of the National Museum in Warsaw. Gaga was presented in a dress of raw meat, described by Polish weekly Wprost as: \"an icon of modernity elevated by the power which she exercises over mass media\". The meat dress was later displayed at the National Museum of Women in the Arts, and entered the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in September 2015. As Gaga appeared at the 87th Academy Awards and subsequent events, she changed her style and fashion, transforming into a more glamorous person; Vogue compared her to that of Marilyn Monroe and MTV News described the change as \"more acceptably 'natural' or 'classic'\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.995716094970703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Gaga" }, { "answer": "Lady Gaga", "passage": "While devout followers call Gaga \"Mother Monster\", Gaga often refers to her fans as \"Little Monsters\" which she had tattooed on herself in dedication. To some, this dichotomy contravenes the concept of outsider culture. Camille Paglia, in her 2010 cover story \"Lady Gaga and the death of sex\" in The Sunday Times, asserts that Gaga: \"is more an identity thief than an erotic taboo breaker, a mainstream manufactured product who claims to be singing for the freaks, the rebellious and the dispossessed when she is none of those.\" Writing for The Guardian, Kitty Empire opined that the dichotomy: \"...allows the viewer to have a 'transgressive' experience without being required to think. At [her performance's] core, though, is the idea that Gaga is at one with the freaks and outcasts.\" In July 2012, Gaga also co-founded the website LittleMonsters.com with Silicon Valley entrepreneur Joseph Primiani, which became the first official social network devoted to fans of an artist. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.489507675170898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Gaga" }, { "answer": "Germanotta", "passage": "Gaga has been commemorated in the scientific names of several organisms. A new genus of ferns, Gaga, and two species, G. germanotta and G. monstraparva have been named in her honor. The name monstraparva alluded to Gaga's fans known as \"little monsters\" since their symbol is the outstretched \"monster claw\" hand, which resembles a tightly in-rolled young fern leaf prior to unfurling. Gaga also has an extinct mammal, Gagadon minimonstrum, and a parasitic wasp, Aleiodes gaga, named for her. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.42057991027832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Gaga" }, { "answer": "Lady Gaga", "passage": "* Fame Kills: Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga (2009–10; canceled)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.039962768554688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Gaga" }, { "answer": "Lady Gaga", "passage": "* Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom (2014)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.416651725769043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lady Gaga" } ]

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[ { "answer": "1999", "passage": "The resort opened on March 2, 1999, with actors Dan Aykroyd, James Belushi, and John Goodman headlining a parade of Harley-Davidson motorcycles through Mandalay Bay's front doors to celebrate the grand opening.", "precise_score": -2.442537784576416, "rough_score": -4.697638988494873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mandalay Bay" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "In June 1999, Circus Circus changed its name to Mandalay Resort Group.", "precise_score": -5.630854606628418, "rough_score": -6.073238849639893, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mandalay Bay" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "Nickelodeon held a preview for the series in the United States on May 1, 1999, following the television airing of the 1999 Kids' Choice Awards. The series officially premiered on July 17, 1999. It has received worldwide critical acclaim since its premiere and gained enormous popularity by its second season. A feature film, The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, was released in theaters on November 19, 2004, and a sequel was released on February 6, 2015. On July 21, 2012, the series was renewed and aired its ninth season, beginning with the episode \"Extreme Spots\".", "precise_score": -5.01746129989624, "rough_score": -5.741334915161133, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "In addition to the regular cast, episodes feature guest voices from many ranges of professions, including actors, athletes, authors, musicians, and artists. Recurring guest voices include: Ernest Borgnine, who voiced Mermaid Man from 1999 until his death in 2012; Tim Conway as the voice of Barnacle Boy; and Marion Ross as Grandma SquarePants. Notable guests who have provided vocal cameo appearances includes David Bowie as Lord Royal Highness in the television film Atlantis SquarePantis, Johnny Depp as the voice of the surf guru, Jack Kahuna Laguna, in the episode \"SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One\", and Victoria Beckham as the voice of Queen Amphitrite in the episode \"The Clash of Triton\". ", "precise_score": -8.727301597595215, "rough_score": -6.956212520599365, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "Lance Edward Armstrong (born September 18, 1971) is an American former professional road racing cyclist. He is the 1993 Elite Men's Road Race World Champion, and he had won the Tour de France seven consecutive times from 1999 to 2005, but was stripped of his Tour de France victories in 2012 after a protracted doping scandal.", "precise_score": -9.583028793334961, "rough_score": -5.417372703552246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "Armstrong's cycling comeback began in 1998 when he finished fourth in the Vuelta a España. In 1999 he won the Tour de France, including four stages. He beat the second place rider, Alex Zülle, by 7 minutes 37 seconds. However, the absence of Jan Ullrich (injury) and Marco Pantani (drug allegations) meant Armstrong had not yet proven himself against the biggest names in the sport. Stage wins included the prologue, stage eight, an individual time trial in Metz, an Alpine stage on stage nine, and the second individual time trial on stage 19. ", "precise_score": -10.744595527648926, "rough_score": -6.262902736663818, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "Doping controversy has surrounded Lance Armstrong. In August 2005, one month after Armstrong's seventh consecutive victory, L'Équipe published documents it said showed Armstrong had used EPO in the 1999 race. At the same Tour, Armstrong's urine showed traces of a glucocorticosteroid hormone, although below the positive threshold. He said he had used skin cream containing triamcinolone to treat saddle sores. Armstrong said he had received permission from the UCI to use this cream. Further allegations ultimately culminated in the United States Anti Doping Agency (USADA) disqualifying him from all his victories since 1 August 1998, including his seven consecutive Tour de France victories, and a lifetime ban from competing in professional sports. He chose not to appeal the decision and in January 2013 he admitted doping in a television interview conducted by Oprah Winfrey, despite having made repeated denials throughout his career. On 1 August 2013, Jan Ullrich—arguably Armstrong's biggest Tour de France rival—reportedly said that Armstrong should have his seven stripped wins reinstated, due to the prevalence of doping at the time. Ullrich had won the 1997 Tour and finished second to Armstrong three times—in 2000, 2001 and 2003—but declined to stake a claim for his rival's stripped titles. ", "precise_score": -10.816545486450195, "rough_score": -5.512718677520752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tour de France" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "Mandalay features a tropical wet and dry climate under the Köppen climate classification. Mandalay features noticeably warmer and cooler periods of the year. Average temperatures in January, the coolest month, hovers around 21 °C while the warmest month, April, averages 31 °C. Mandalay is very hot in the months of April and May, with average high temperatures easily exceeding 35 °C. It is not uncommon to see high temperatures surpass 40 °C during these two months in the city. Mandalay also features wet and dry seasons of nearly equal length, with the wet season running from May through October and the dry season covering the remaining six months. The highest reliably recorded temperature in Mandalay is on April 24, 1975 while the lowest is on December 26, 1999.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.676294326782227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mandalay" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "* Play It to the Bone 1999", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.677322387695312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mandalay Bay" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "Series creator Stephen Hillenburg has served as the executive producer over the course of the series' entire history, and functioned as the showrunner from the series' debut in 1999 until 2004. The series went on hiatus in 2002, after Hillenburg halted production to work on a feature film of the series, The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie. Once the film was finalized and the third season finished, Hillenburg resigned as the series' showrunner. Although he no longer has a direct role in the production of the series, he still maintains an advisory role and reviews each episode. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.784423351287842, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "Voice recording sessions always include a full cast of actors, which Kenny describes as \"getting more unusual\". Kenny said, \"That's another thing that's given SpongeBob its special feel. Everybody's in the same room, doing it old radio-show style. It's how the stuff we like was recorded\". Series writer Jay Lender said, \"The recording sessions were always fun ...\" For the first three seasons, Hillenburg and Drymon sat in on the record studio, and they directed the actors. In the fourth season, Andrea Romano took over the role as the voice director. Wednesday is recording day, the same schedule followed by the crew since 1999. Casting supervisor Jennie Monica Hammond said, \"I loved Wednesdays\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.186811447143555, "source": "wiki", "title": "SpongeBob SquarePants" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "Armstrong had been the subject of doping allegations ever since winning the 1999 Tour de France. In 2012, a United States Anti-Doping Agency investigation concluded that Armstrong had used performance-enhancing drugs over the course of his career and named him as the ringleader of \"the most sophisticated, professionalized and successful doping program that sport has ever seen.\" Armstrong chose not to contest the charges, citing the potential toll on his family. As a result, he received a lifetime ban from competing in all sports that follow the World Anti-Doping Agency code—effectively ending his athletic career. He was also stripped of all of his achievements after 1998, including his seven Tour de France titles. On October 22, 2012, the Union Cycliste Internationale upheld USADA's decision. They also decided that his stripped wins would not be allocated to other riders. Armstrong chose not to appeal the decision to the Court of Arbitration for Sport. In a 2013 interview, Armstrong confessed that some of the allegations were true. He has declined to testify about the full extent of his use of the drugs. In the aftermath of his fall from grace, a CNN article wrote that \"The epic downfall of cycling's star, once an idolized icon of millions around the globe, stands out in the history of professional sports.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.005647659301758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "Armstrong has been criticized for his disagreements with outspoken opponents of doping such as Paul Kimmage and Christophe Bassons. Bassons was a rider for Festina at the time of the Festina affair and was widely reported by teammates as being the only rider on the team not to be taking performance-enhancing drugs. Bassons wrote a number of articles for a French newspaper during the 1999 Tour de France which made references to doping in the peloton. Subsequently, Armstrong had an altercation with Bassons during the 1999 Tour de France where Bassons said Armstrong rode up alongside on the Alpe d'Huez stage to tell him \"it was a mistake to speak out the way I (Bassons) do and he (Armstrong) asked why I was doing it. I told him that I'm thinking of the next generation of riders. Then he said 'Why don't you leave, then?'\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.207801818847656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "Among the allegations in the book were claims by Armstrong's former soigneur Emma O'Reilly that a backdated prescription for cortisone had been produced in 1999 to avoid a positive test. A 1999 urine sample at the Tour de France showed traces of corticosteroid. A medical certificate showed he used an approved cream for saddle sores which contained the substance. O'Reilly said she heard team officials worrying about Armstrong's positive test for steroids during the Tour. She said: \"They were in a panic, saying: 'What are we going to do? What are we going to do?'\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.328390121459961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "On August 23, 2005, L'Équipe, a major French daily sports newspaper, reported on its front page under the headline \"le mensonge Armstrong\" (\"The Armstrong Lie\") that 6 urine samples taken from the cyclist during the prologue and five stages of the 1999 Tour de France, frozen and stored since at \"Laboratoire national de dépistage du dopage de Châtenay-Malabry\" (LNDD), had tested positive for erythropoietin (EPO) in recent retesting conducted as part of a research project into EPO testing methods.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.860804557800293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "Ashenden's statements are at odds with the findings of the Vrijman report. \"According to Mr. Ressiot, the manner in which the LNDD had structured the results table of its report – i.e. listing the sequence of each of the batches, as well as the exact number of urine samples per batch, in the same (chronological) order as the stages of the 1999 Tour de France they were collected at – was already sufficient to allow him to determine the exact stage these urine samples referred to and subsequently the identity of the riders who were tested at that stage.\" The Vrijman report also says \"Le Monde of July 21 and 23, 1999 reveal that the press knew the contents of original doping forms of the 1999 Tour de France\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.767444610595703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "In November 2013, Armstrong settled a lawsuit with Acceptance Insurance Company (AIC). AIC had sought to recover $3 million it had paid Armstrong as bonuses for winning the Tour de France from 1999 to 2001. The suit was settled for an undisclosed sum one day before Armstrong was scheduled to give a deposition under oath. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.758378028869629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": ";1999", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.368734359741211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "* United States Olympic Committee (USOC) SportsMan of the Year (1999, 2001, 2002, 2003)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.80638599395752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "* Vélo d'Or Award by Velo magazine in France (1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.748955726623535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "* Mendrisio d'Or Award in Switzerland (1999)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.490920066833496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "* Premio Coppi-Bici d'Oro Trophy by the Fausto Coppi foundation in conjunction with La Gazzetta dello Sport (1999, 2000)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.016826629638672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "* ESPN/Intersport's ARETE Award for Courage in Sport (Professional Division) (1999)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.370285987854004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "* ABC's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year (1999)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.059617042541504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "* VeloNews magazine's North American Male Cyclist of the Year (1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2005)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.168035507202148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "* Mildred \"Babe\" Didrikson Zaharias Courage Award presented by the United States Sports Academy (1999)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.312806129455566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lance Armstrong" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "Radio covers the race in updates throughout the day, particularly on the national news channel, France Info, and some stations provide continuous commentary on long wave. Other countries broadcast the Tour, including the United States, which has shown the Tour since 1999 on the network now known as NBCSN.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.805566787719727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tour de France" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "Further measures were introduced by race organisers and the UCI, including more frequent testing and tests for blood doping (transfusions and EPO use). This would lead the UCI to becoming a particularly interested party in an International Olympic Committee initiative, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), created in 1999. In 2002, the wife of Raimondas Rumšas, third in the 2002 Tour de France, was arrested after EPO and anabolic steroids were found in her car. Rumšas, who had not failed a test, was not penalised. In 2004, Philippe Gaumont said doping was endemic to his Cofidis team. Fellow Cofidis rider David Millar confessed to EPO after his home was raided. In the same year, Jesus Manzano, a rider with the Kelme team, alleged he had been forced by his team to use banned substances. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.720043182373047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tour de France" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "The fastest massed-start stage was in 1999 from Laval to Blois (194.5 km), won by Mario Cipollini at 50.4 km/h. The fastest time-trial is Rohan Dennis' stage 1 of the 2015 Tour de France in Utrecht, won at an average of . The fastest stage win was by the 2013 Orica GreenEDGE team in a team time-trial. It completed the 25 km in Nice (stage 5) at 57.8 km/h. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.182062149047852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tour de France" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "*The third conference (1999) in Seattle, Washington ended in failure, with massive demonstrations and police and National Guard crowd-control efforts drawing worldwide attention. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.622454643249512, "source": "wiki", "title": "World Trade Organization" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "* Mike Moore, 1999–2002", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.310460090637207, "source": "wiki", "title": "World Trade Organization" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "Seattle in this period attracted widespread attention as home to these many companies, but also by hosting the 1990 Goodwill Games and the APEC leaders conference in 1993, as well as through the worldwide popularity of grunge, a sound that had developed in Seattle's independent music scene. Another bid for worldwide attention—hosting the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999—garnered visibility, but not in the way its sponsors desired, as related protest activity and police reactions to those protests overshadowed the conference itself. The city was further shaken by the Mardi Gras Riots in 2001, and then literally shaken the following day by the Nisqually earthquake. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.853846549987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seattle" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "In 1999, the median income of a city household was $45,736, and the median income for a family was $62,195. Males had a median income of $40,929 versus $35,134 for females. The per capita income for the city was $30,306. 11.8% of the population and 6.9% of families are below the poverty line. Of people living in poverty, 13.8% are under the age of 18 and 10.2% are 65 or older.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.166970252990723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seattle" }, { "answer": "1999", "passage": "* Sihanoukville, Cambodia (since 1999)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.500216484069824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seattle" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "San Diego Chargers", "San Diego Chargers Depth Chart", "SD Chargers", "San Diego Changers", "Chargers", "The Chargers", "Charger's", "Los Angeles Chargers", "Logos and uniforms of the San Diego Chargers" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "san diego chargers depth chart", "san diego chargers", "charger s", "chargers", "sd chargers", "los angeles chargers", "san diego changers", "logos and uniforms of san diego chargers" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "san diego chargers", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "San Diego Chargers" }

[ { "answer": "San Diego Chargers", "passage": "It is the current home of the San Diego Chargers of the National Football League (NFL) and the San Diego State Aztecs football team from San Diego State University. Two college football bowl games, the Holiday Bowl and Poinsettia Bowl, are held in the stadium every December. The San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball (MLB) played home games at the stadium from their founding in 1969 through the 2003 season, after which they moved to Petco Park. ", "precise_score": 1.4477850198745728, "rough_score": 3.6055657863616943, "source": "wiki", "title": "Qualcomm Stadium" }, { "answer": "Chargers", "passage": "The Chargers (then a member of the American Football League) played the first game ever at the stadium on August 20, 1967. San Diego Stadium had a capacity of around 50,000; the three-tier grandstand was in the shape of a horseshoe, with the east end low (consisting of only one tier, partially topped by a large scoreboard). The Chargers were the main tenant of the stadium until 1968, when the AAA Pacific Coast League San Diego Padres baseball team played its last season in the stadium, following their move from the minor league sized Westgate Park. Due to expansion of Major League Baseball, this team was replaced by the current San Diego Padres major-league team beginning in the 1969 season. (The Padres moved out of Qualcomm Stadium following the 2003 season.) The original scoreboard, a black-and-white scoreboard created by All American Scoreboards, was replaced in 1978 by one manufactured by American Sign and Indicator, which was the first full-color outdoor scoreboard ever built. This was replaced in 1987 by a White Way Sign scoreboard, in which the video screen is surrounded almost entirely by three messageboards. The original video board was replaced in 1996 by a Sony JumboTron, with a second JumboTron installed behind the opposite end zone (home plate in the stadium's baseball configuration).", "precise_score": 1.2701010704040527, "rough_score": -1.648404598236084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Qualcomm Stadium" }, { "answer": "Chargers", "passage": "The stadium played host to the 1980 AFC Championship Game, which the \"Bolts\" would lose to their AFC West and in-state rival, the Oakland Raiders, 34–27. The Chargers also hosted Wild Card and Divisional Playoff games here in 1980, 1992, 1994, 1995, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009, going 5-5 in all playoff games held at the stadium. The Chargers are unbeaten at Qualcomm (and at home in franchise history) against the Detroit Lions (5–0) and Jacksonville Jaguars (3–0), but winless here against the Atlanta Falcons (0–6), Carolina Panthers (0–3), and Green Bay Packers (0–6).", "precise_score": 4.957982540130615, "rough_score": 6.968219757080078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Qualcomm Stadium" }, { "answer": "Chargers", "passage": "The Chargers", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.091069221496582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Qualcomm Stadium" }, { "answer": "San Diego Chargers", "passage": "The San Diego Chargers teams that played football here in the 1970s and 1980s featured a high-scoring offense led by quarterback Dan Fouts and featuring running back Chuck Muncie, tight end Kellen Winslow, receiver Charlie Joiner and placekicker Rolf Benirschke; however, the first Chargers team to advance to the Super Bowl (in 1994, Super Bowl XXIX) featured a strong defense anchored by linebacker Junior Seau and an unspectacular but efficient offense led by quarterback Stan Humphries and running back Natrone Means.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8686723709106445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Qualcomm Stadium" }, { "answer": "San Diego Chargers", "passage": "Concerts on the Green is a sports field converted into a music and entertainment venue, located on the southwest corner of the stadium parking lot. The field was originally used as a practice venue for the San Diego Chargers. After the team moved to Chargers Park about a mile north of the stadium, the area was used primarily for rugby. AEG leased the area and retrofit it into an open-air amphitheater for concerts and other entertainment shows. The venue had the capability to hold 12,500, making it the second biggest entertainment venue in the Greater San Diego area; only Cricket Wireless Amphitheatre seats more.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.769320964813232, "source": "wiki", "title": "Qualcomm Stadium" }, { "answer": "Chargers", "passage": "During the Cedar Fire in October 2003 and the October 2007 California wildfires, the stadium served as an evacuation site for those living in affected areas. (This was similar to the use of the Houston Astrodome and the New Orleans Superdome during Hurricane Katrina.) The Cedar Fire forced the Chargers to move a contest with the Miami Dolphins to Arizona State University's Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.861601829528809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Qualcomm Stadium" }, { "answer": "Chargers", "passage": "The team and city have both attempted to bring business partners in on the proposed $800 million project, which would be located in downtown San Diego's East Village and include upgrades to the area and infrastructure, but all efforts have failed so far. The Chargers had a clause in their contract, to the effect that if they paid off all debts to the city and county for the upgrades to the current stadium by 2007, then the team could pull out of its lease in 2008; however, the clause has not, as yet, been activated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.344568252563477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Qualcomm Stadium" }, { "answer": "Chargers", "passage": "On February 19, 2015, the Chargers and the Oakland Raiders announced that they would build a privately financed $1.7 billion stadium in Carson, California if they were to move to the Los Angeles market. Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.816720962524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Qualcomm Stadium" }, { "answer": "Chargers", "passage": "On January 4, 2016, the Rams, Raiders, and the Chargers all filed for relocation to Los Angeles and days later on January 12, 2016, NFL owners voted to approve the Rams relocation from St. Louis to the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inglewood Stadium 30-2, with the Chargers given a one-year option to join (the Raiders also have this option should the Chargers option to join the Rams not be exercised before January 15, 2017 ). On January 29, 2016, Dean Spanos announced that the Chargers will stay in San Diego for the 2016 NFL season after the Chargers agreed to share a stadium with the Rams. On February 23, 2016, the Chargers announced that their stadium efforts will be focused on East Village in Downtown San Diego 1 month later on March 30, 2016, details of the intitative and the stadium proposal were unveiled to the media. On April 21, 2016, renderings of the downtown stadium were unveiled and on April 23, 2016, signature gathering for the Chargers downtown stadium began and on June 10, 2016, the Chargers intitative gathered 110,786 signatures were enough to put the proposal on ballot. On July 12, 2016, City Clerk Liz Malland announced the Chargers stadium intitative had enough valid signatures to be put to a vote on November and on July 18, 2016, the San Diego City Council voted 8-0 to put the Chargers stadium plan and the Citizens on the November ballot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.116515159606934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Qualcomm Stadium" }, { "answer": "San Diego Chargers", "passage": "A number of NFL teams and their broadcasting departments have teamed up with CBS Sports to produce games; , these teams include the San Diego Chargers (originating stations KCBS-TV in Los Angeles and KFMB-TV in San Diego), New York Jets (WCBS-TV in New York City) and Green Bay Packers (WGBA-TV in Green Bay and co-flagship WTMJ-TV in Milwaukee; since former CBS O&O WFRV-TV in Green Bay lost the local rights to the preseason games, Packers coverage on WGBA and WTMJ currently uses NBC's graphics package as both are affiliates of that network, although the telecasts continue to use a CBS technical and announcing team).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.119060516357422, "source": "wiki", "title": "NFL on CBS" } ]

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[ { "answer": "A Last", "passage": "The traditional shoemaker would measure the feet and cut out upper leathers according to the required size. These parts were fitted and stitched together. The sole was next assembled, consisting of a pair of inner soles of soft leather, a pair of outer soles of firmer texture, a pair of welts or bands about one inch broad, of flexible leather, and lifts and top-pieces for the heels. The insole was then attached to a last made of wood, which was used to form the shoe. Some lasts were straight, while curved lasts came in pairs: one for left shoes, the other for right shoes. The 'lasting' procedure then secured the leather upper to the sole with tacks. The soles were then hammered into shape; the heel lifts were then attached with wooden pegs and the worn out-sole was nailed down to the lifts. The finishing operation included paring, rasping, scraping, smoothing, blacking, and burnishing the edges of soles and heels, scraping, sand-papering, and burnishing the soles, withdrawing the lasts, and cleaning out any pegs which may have pierced through the inner sole.", "precise_score": -2.10318660736084, "rough_score": -5.160569190979004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shoemaking" }, { "answer": "The Last", "passage": "The Germans have a more developed terminology, which can explain this a bit better. Baugrösse (English: \"building size\") is the alphanumeric designation, which is used in place of a numeric scale ratio. It is used for scale, as in \"0 scale\", \"H0 scale\", or \"Z scale\". Maßstab (English: \"measure\") is the proportion, with a colon, as in the corresponding terms \"1:43\", \"1:87.1\", and \"1:220\". Spurweite (English: \"track width\") is the distance between the rails, or correspondingly \"32 mm\", \"16.5 mm\", and \"6.5 mm\", and again gauge is used for this in English. One might add to these the old use of the term scale, of \"7 mm to the foot\" and \"3.5 mm to the foot\" for the first two, while the last really isn't expressible in this manner. Early 20th century German mass-produced toys had a measured gauge from rail centre to rail centre of rolled tinplate rail, with much latitude between flange and rail.", "precise_score": -11.1923828125, "rough_score": -10.57223892211914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scale model" }, { "answer": "The Last", "passage": "Human evolution is characterized by a number of morphological, developmental, physiological, and behavioral changes that have taken place since the split between the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. The most significant of these adaptations are 1. bipedalism, 2. increased brain size, 3. lengthened ontogeny (gestation and infancy), 4. decreased sexual dimorphism (neoteny). The relationship between all these changes is the subject of ongoing debate. Other significant morphological changes included the evolution of a power and precision grip, a change first occurring in H. erectus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.68762493133545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human" }, { "answer": "The Last", "passage": "Technology has allowed humans to colonize all of the continents and adapt to virtually all climates. Within the last century, humans have explored Antarctica, the ocean depths, and outer space, although large-scale colonization of these environments is not yet feasible. With a population of over seven billion, humans are among the most numerous of the large mammals. Most humans (61%) live in Asia. The remainder live in the Americas (14%), Africa (14%), Europe (11%), and Oceania (0.5%).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.009115219116211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human" }, { "answer": "The Last", "passage": "By comparing the parts of the genome that are not under natural selection and which therefore accumulate mutations at a fairly steady rate, it is possible to reconstruct a genetic tree incorporating the entire human species since the last shared ancestor. Each time a certain mutation (SNP) appears in an individual and is passed on to his or her descendants, a haplogroup is formed including all of the descendants of the individual who will also carry that mutation. By comparing mitochondrial DNA, which is inherited only from the mother, geneticists have concluded that the last female common ancestor whose genetic marker is found in all modern humans, the so-called mitochondrial Eve, must have lived around 90,000 to 200,000 years ago. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.67917251586914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human" }, { "answer": "The Last", "passage": "Government can be defined as the political means of creating and enforcing laws; typically via a bureaucratic hierarchy. Politics is the process by which decisions are made within groups; this process often involves conflict as well as compromise. Although the term is generally applied to behavior within governments, politics is also observed in all human group interactions, including corporate, academic, and religious institutions. Many different political systems exist, as do many different ways of understanding them, and many definitions overlap. Examples of governments include monarchy, Communist state, military dictatorship, theocracy, and liberal democracy, the last of which is considered dominant today. All of these issues have a direct relationship with economics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.854479789733887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Human" } ]

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[ { "answer": "White House Chief of Staff", "passage": "In 2002, Emanuel ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives vacated by Rod Blagojevich, who resigned to become governor of Illinois. Emanuel won the first of three terms representing Illinois's 5th congressional district, a seat he held from 2003 to 2009. During his tenure in the House, Emanuel held two Democratic leadership positions, serving as the chair of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee from 2005 to 2007 and as the chair of the House Democratic Caucus, from 2007 to 2009. After the 2008 presidential election, President Barack Obama appointed Emanuel to serve as White House chief of staff.", "precise_score": 3.1479196548461914, "rough_score": 3.805983066558838, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rahm Emanuel" }, { "answer": "White House Chief of Staff", "passage": "On November 6, 2008, Emanuel accepted the position of White House Chief of Staff for US President Barack Obama. He resigned his congressional seat effective January 2, 2009. A special primary to fill his vacated congressional seat was held on March 3, 2009, and the special general election on April 7. John Fritchey, a candidate for that seat, said at a forum that Emanuel had told him he may be interested in running for the seat again in the future. ", "precise_score": 0.5155676007270813, "rough_score": -0.16919827461242676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rahm Emanuel" }, { "answer": "White House Chief of Staff", "passage": "White House Chief of Staff", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.442841529846191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rahm Emanuel" }, { "answer": "White House Chief of Staff", "passage": "On September 30, 2010, it was announced that Emanuel would leave his post as White House Chief of Staff to run for Mayor of Chicago. He was replaced by Pete Rouse on October 2, 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.716921329498291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rahm Emanuel" }, { "answer": "White House Chief of Staff", "passage": "Emanuel was elected on February 22, 2011 with 55% of the vote and was sworn in as the 55th Mayor of Chicago on May 16, 2011 at the Pritzker Pavilion. At his inauguration were outgoing Mayor Richard M. Daley, Vice President Joe Biden, Labor Secretary Hilda Solis, Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner, and William M. Daley, brother of the outgoing mayor and who would later serve as White House Chief of Staff. Emanuel is Chicago's first Jewish mayor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3502451181411743, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rahm Emanuel" }, { "answer": "White House Chief of Staff", "passage": "*William M. Daley (1948– ), another son of Richard J, is a former White House Chief of Staff and has served in a variety of appointed positions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.65492057800293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Illinois" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Bing.com", "Microsoft bing", "Windows Live Search", "Bing Visual Search Galleries Beta", "Bing (Search Engine)", "Bing search engine", "Msn search", "Bing it", "Live Search", "Bing (website)", "必应", "Get to know Bing", "Terabyte unlimited", "Kumo (search engine)", "Bing Visual Search", "TeraByte Unlimited", "Bing explore", "Bing Visual Search Galleries", "Microsoft Search", "Bing images", "Bing Images", "Bing Rewards", "Bing Search", "Bing (Bing search engine)", "Bing", "Bing (search engine)/old version", "Tour Bing", "MS Bing", "Bing Web", "Bing (search engine)", "Bing Sidebar", "Bing (search)", "Bing search", "Bing (web search engine)", "Microsoft Bing", "Bing API", "Bing it on", "Bing Answers", "BING", "Bing Community", "Bing Local", "Hiybbprqag", "MSN Search", "Bing Sting", "Bing and decide", "Bing (Search)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "bing web search engine", "bing local", "bing sidebar", "bing images", "bing bing search engine", "ms bing", "bing com", "bing answers", "bing explore", "bing", "bing visual search", "bing and decide", "bing search engine", "msn search", "bing web", "bing website", "bing search engine old version", "bing rewards", "hiybbprqag", "tour bing", "windows live search", "bing it on", "terabyte unlimited", "bing community", "microsoft bing", "live search", "bing sting", "bing search", "bing it", "kumo search engine", "bing api", "bing visual search galleries beta", "bing visual search galleries", "get to know bing", "必应", "microsoft search" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "bing", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Bing" }

[ { "answer": "Bing", "passage": "Microsoft's rebranded search engine, Bing, was launched on June 1, 2009. On July 29, 2009, Yahoo! and Microsoft finalized a deal in which Yahoo! Search would be powered by Microsoft Bing technology.", "precise_score": -1.4251325130462646, "rough_score": -5.6806960105896, "source": "wiki", "title": "Web search engine" }, { "answer": "Bing", "passage": "Google is the world's most popular search engine, with a marketshare of 67.49 percent as of September, 2015. Bing comes in at second place. ", "precise_score": 2.874915599822998, "rough_score": 3.6480586528778076, "source": "wiki", "title": "Web search engine" }, { "answer": "Bing", "passage": "Competitors of Google include Baidu and Soso.com in China; Naver.com and Daum.net in South Korea; Yandex in Russia; Seznam.cz in the Czech Republic; Yahoo in Japan, Taiwan and the US, as well as Bing and DuckDuckGo. Some smaller search engines offer facilities not available with Google, e.g. not storing any private or tracking information; one such search engine is Ixquick.", "precise_score": 2.18988037109375, "rough_score": -2.0214622020721436, "source": "wiki", "title": "Google Search" }, { "answer": "Msn search", "passage": "Microsoft first launched MSN Search in the fall of 1998 using search results from Inktomi. In early 1999 the site began to display listings from Looksmart, blended with results from Inktomi. For a short time in 1999, MSN Search used results from AltaVista instead. In 2004, Microsoft began a transition to its own search technology, powered by its own web crawler (called msnbot).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.912874698638916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Web search engine" }, { "answer": "Bing", "passage": "Google Bombing is one example of an attempt to manipulate search results for political, social or commercial reasons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.526979446411133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Web search engine" }, { "answer": "Bing", "passage": "Many search engines such as Google and Bing provide customized results based on the user's activity history. This leads to an effect that has been called a filter bubble. The term describes a phenomenon in which websites use algorithms to selectively guess what information a user would like to see, based on information about the user (such as location, past click behaviour and search history). As a result, websites tend to show only information that agrees with the user's past viewpoint, effectively isolating the user in a bubble that tends to exclude contrary information. Prime examples are Google's personalized search results and Facebook's personalized news stream. According to Eli Pariser, who coined the term, users get less exposure to conflicting viewpoints and are isolated intellectually in their own informational bubble. Pariser related an example in which one user searched Google for \"BP\" and got investment news about British Petroleum while another searcher got information about the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and that the two search results pages were \"strikingly different\". The bubble effect may have negative implications for civic discourse, according to Pariser. Since this problem has been identified, competing search engines have emerged that seek to avoid this problem by not tracking or \"bubbling\" users, such as DuckDuckGo. Other scholars do not share Pariser's view, finding the evidence in support of his thesis unconvincing. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.612422943115234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Web search engine" }, { "answer": "Bing", "passage": "I’mHalal came online in September 2011. Halalgoogling came online in July 2013. These use haram filters on the collections from Google and Bing (and other). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.004459381103516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Web search engine" }, { "answer": "Bing", "passage": ", Microsoft is market dominant in both the IBM PC-compatible operating system (while it lost the majority of the overall operating system market to Android) and office software suite markets (the latter with Microsoft Office). The company also produces a wide range of other software for desktops and servers, and is active in areas including Internet search (with Bing), the video game industry (with the Xbox, Xbox 360 and Xbox One consoles), the digital services market (through MSN), and mobile phones (via the operating systems of Nokia's former phones and Windows Phone OS). In June 2012, Microsoft entered the personal computer production market for the first time, with the launch of the Microsoft Surface, a line of tablet computers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.339739799499512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microsoft" }, { "answer": "Bing", "passage": "Microsoft provides IT consulting (\"Microsoft Consulting Services\") and produces a set of certification programs handled by the Server and Tools division designed to recognize individuals who have a minimal set of proficiencies in a specific role; this includes developers (\"Microsoft Certified Solution Developer\"), system/network analysts (\"Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer\"), trainers (\"Microsoft Certified Trainers\") and administrators (\"Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator\" and \"Microsoft Certified Database Administrator\"). Microsoft Press, which publishes books, is also managed by the division. The Online Services Business division handles the online service MSN and the search engine Bing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.98185920715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microsoft" }, { "answer": "Bing", "passage": "For the first time in 20 years Apple Inc. surpassed Microsoft in Q1 2011 quarterly profits and revenues due to a slowdown in PC sales and continuing huge losses in Microsoft's Online Services Division (which contains its search engine Bing). Microsoft profits were $5.2 billion, while Apple Inc. profits were $6 billion, on revenues of $14.5 billion and $24.7 billion respectively. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7255377769470215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microsoft" }, { "answer": "Bing", "passage": "On August 23, 2012, Microsoft unveiled a new corporate logo at the opening of its 23rd Microsoft store in Boston, indicating the company's shift of focus from the classic style to the tile-centric modern interface, which it uses/will use on the Windows Phone platform, Xbox 360, Windows 8 and the upcoming Office Suites. The new logo also includes four squares with the colors of the then-current Windows logo which have been used to represent Microsoft's four major products: Windows (blue), Office (red), Xbox (green) and Bing (yellow). The logo resembles the opening of one of the commercials for Windows 95. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.236660957336426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microsoft" }, { "answer": "Bing", "passage": "On July 21, 2010, in response to Bing, Google updated its image search to display a streaming sequence of thumbnails that enlarge when pointed at. Though web searches still appear in a batch per page format, on July 23, 2010, dictionary definitions for certain English words began appearing above the linked results for web searches. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.026618957519531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Google" }, { "answer": "Bing", "passage": "The webpages maintained by the Google Help Center have text describing more than 15 various search options. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.170441627502441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Google Search" }, { "answer": "Bing", "passage": "The move was interpreted in some quarters as a response to Microsoft's recent release of an upgraded version of its own search service, renamed Bing. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.091730117797852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Google Search" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "The Insult that Made a Man out of Mac", "Angelo Siciliano", "97-pound weakling", "Charles Atlas" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "insult that made man out of mac", "angelo siciliano", "charles atlas", "97 pound weakling" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "charles atlas", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Charles Atlas" }

[ { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "Well-known bodybuilders include Charles Atlas, Steve Reeves, Reg Park, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Juliana Malacarne, and Lou Ferrigno.", "precise_score": -1.0624041557312012, "rough_score": -5.288913726806641, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bodybuilding" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "On 16 January 1904, the first large-scale bodybuilding competition in America took place at Madison Square Garden in New York City. The competition was promoted by Bernarr Macfadden, the father of physical culture and publisher of the original bodybuidling magazines including Health & Strength. The winner was Al Treloar and he was declared \"The Most Perfectly Developed Man in the World\". Treloar won a $1,000 cash prize, a substantial sum at that time. Two weeks later, Thomas Edison made a film of Al Treloar's posing routine. Edison also made two films of Sandow a few years before. Those were the first three motion pictures featuring a bodybuilder. In the early 20th century, Bernarr Macfadden and Charles Atlas, continued to promote bodybuilding across the world. Alois P. Swoboda was an early pioneer in America.", "precise_score": -3.5147392749786377, "rough_score": -3.893008232116699, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bodybuilding" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "Atlas trained himself to develop his body from that of a \"scrawny weakling\", eventually becoming the most popular muscleman of his day. He took the name Charles Atlas after a friend told him that he resembled the statue of Atlas on top of a hotel in Coney Island and legally changed his name in 1922. He marketed his first body building course with health and fitness writer Dr. Frederick Tilney in November 1922. Tilney wrote the original course \"Health & Strength by Charles Atlas,\" and the duo ran the company out of Tilney's home for the first six months. In 1929, Tilney sold his half of the business to advertising man Charles P. Roman and moved to Miami, Florida, where he operated a very successful health food business until his death in 1977. Charles Atlas Ltd. was founded in 1929 and, as of 2015, continues to market a fitness program for the \"97-pound weakling\" (44 kg). The company is now owned by Jeffrey C. Hogue.", "precise_score": 1.5894553661346436, "rough_score": 1.841726303100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Angelo Siciliano", "passage": "A bully kicked sand into Siciliano's face at a beach when he was a youth, according to the story that he always told. At this time in his life, also according to the story, he weighed only 97 lb. However, an early Atlas brochure from 1924 showed a 1903 picture of a small, thin Angelo Siciliano dressed in clothes for the period, including traditional knickerbockers. In later editions of the brochure, Angelo's age was changed to 15. According to several stories and claims, he was at the zoo watching a lion stretch when he thought to himself, \"Does this old gentleman have any barbells, any exercisers?...And it came over me....He's been pitting one muscle against another!\" ", "precise_score": -6.829367637634277, "rough_score": -7.167986869812012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "The famous Charles Atlas print advertisements became iconic mostly because they were printed in many comic books from the 1940s onwards – in fact continuing long after Atlas' death. The typical scenario, usually expressed in comic strip form, presented a skinny young man (usually accompanied by a female companion) being threatened by a bully. The bully pushes down the \"97-pound weakling\" and the girlfriend joins in the derision. The young man goes home, gets angry (usually demonstrated by his kicking a chair), and sends away for the free Atlas book. Shortly thereafter, the newly muscled hero returns to the place of his original victimization, seeks out the bully, and beats him up. He is rewarded by the swift return of his girlfriend and the admiration of onlookers.", "precise_score": 0.8448463678359985, "rough_score": 0.7762670516967773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "* The children's book, Strong Man: The Story of Charles Atlas written and illustrated by Meghan McCarthy, tells the story how a \"97-pound weakling\" who was picked on by neighborhood bullies developed into Charles Atlas, \"the World's Most Perfectly Developed Man\". ", "precise_score": 0.7806969285011292, "rough_score": 2.5000433921813965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "* In the Ren and Stimpy episode \"Ren's Pecs,\" Ren seeks counsel from the bodybuilder \"Charles Globe\", who inspires him to get plastic surgery. Charles Globe and the entire episode are obvious spoofs of the Charles Atlas story.", "precise_score": -6.955918788909912, "rough_score": -6.9987053871154785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "97-pound weakling", "passage": "*** It refers to a 98-pound weakling, a reference to Atlas' \"97-pound weakling.\"", "precise_score": -1.8194339275360107, "rough_score": 3.4103639125823975, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "*In an issue of the DC Comics title Mystery in Space, the main character, Comet, referring to an army of super-powered clones, says, \"Physically those clones may make me look like a 98-pound-weakling, but psychically I'm the Charles Atlas of this beach.\"", "precise_score": -5.003799915313721, "rough_score": -1.3044612407684326, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "According to Muscle Cars, a book written by Peter Henshaw, a \"muscle car\" is \"exactly what the name implies. It is a product of the American car industry adhering to the hot rodder's philosophy of taking a small car and putting a large-displacement engine in it. The Muscle Car is Charles Atlas kicking sand in the face of the 98 horsepower weakling.\" Henshaw further asserts that the muscle car was designed for straight-line speed, and did not have the \"sophisticated chassis\", \"engineering integrity\", or \"lithe appearance\" of European high-performance cars.", "precise_score": -5.587957382202148, "rough_score": -4.441160202026367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muscle car" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "Charles Atlas (born Angelo Siciliano; October 30, 1892 – December 24, 1972) was the developer of a bodybuilding method and its associated exercise program that was best known for a landmark advertising campaign featuring Atlas's name and likeness; it has been described as one of the longest-lasting and most memorable ad campaigns of all time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.369542121887207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Angelo Siciliano", "passage": "Angelo Siciliano was born in Acri, Calabria, Italy, in 1892. Angelino, as he was also called, moved to Brooklyn, New York at the age of 11 and eventually became a leather worker. He tried many forms of exercise initially, using weights, pulley-style resistance, and gymnastic-style calisthenics. Atlas claimed that they did not build his body. He was inspired by other fitness and health advocates who preceded him, including world-renowned strongman Eugen Sandow and Bernarr MacFadden (a major proponent of \"Physical Culture\"). He was too poor to join the local YMCA, so he watched how exercises were performed, then performed them at home. He attended the strongman shows at Coney Island, and would question the strongmen about their diets and exercise regimens after the show. He would read Physical Culture magazine for further information on health, strength, and physical development, and finally developed his own system of exercises which was later called 'Dynamic Tension,' a phrase coined by Charles Roman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.644460678100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "In 1922, 30-year-old Siciliano officially changed his name to Charles Atlas, as it sounded much more American. He met Dr. Frederick Tilney, a British homeopathic physician and course writer who was employed as publisher Bernarr MacFadden's \"ideas man.\" Atlas and Tilney met through MacFadden, who was using Atlas as a model for a short movie entitled \"The Road to Health.\" Atlas wrote a fitness course and then asked Tilney to edit it. Tilney agreed and Atlas went into business in 1922. Tilney himself had an extensive background in weight training.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.855962753295898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "\"In April of 1924, (David P.) Willoughby staged a \"National\" weightlifting championship, which was also supposed to serve as a basis for selecting an Olympic Team to represent the United States at the upcoming Paris Olympic Games (no team was ever sent to Paris). In the meantime, Jowett joined the staff of Calvert's Strength magazine and began, with Calvert, to push the ACWLA. The ACWLA was also reorganized, with Jowett as president, Coulter and Willoughby as vice presidents, and an advisory board that included Charles Atlas, Bernard, Calvert, Earle Leiderman, Charles MacMahon, Bernarr Macfadden and Henry Titus (many of the major players in the Iron Game at that time). Jowett was to be the editor of Strength magazine from 1924 to 1927 and that position, along with his energy in it, made him the most powerful voice for the organization of weightlifting in the United States at that time. He staged a number of competitions and the first ACWLA governance meeting (in late 1924). At that meeting, issues such as the lifts to be contested were agreed to.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.42226505279541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "The Insult that Made a Man out of Mac", "passage": "\"The Insult that Made a Man out of Mac\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.054152488708496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "* In the 1966 postmodern novel Beautiful Losers, written by Leonard Cohen, Charles Atlas is parodied as \"Charles Axis.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.963634490966797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "* The short story \"Charles Atlas Also Dies\" by Sergio Ramirez centers on the main character, a follower of Atlas's exercise program, and his trip to the United States to meet Charles Atlas himself; written from an ironic and dark-humored perspective. Among the numerous references to Atlas's program/story/advertisements, the main character describes having sand kicked in his face by \"two big hefty guys\" in front of his girlfriend and later being compared to the mythological god Atlas after undergoing the program. The story juxtaposes the superhuman strength and notoriety of Charles Atlas—the symbol, with the fragile and mortal aspects of Charles Atlas—the man. The story begins with the quote: \"Charles Atlas swears that sand story is true. – Edwin Pope, The Miami Herald\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.8939847946167, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "* In Kurt Vonnegut's novel Cat's Cradle, Charles Atlas is mentioned. When the narrator comes across the term \"Dynamic Tension\" in a book about the mysterious cult leader Bokonon, he laughs because he imagines the author does not know \"that the term was one vulgarised by Charles Atlas, a mail-order muscle-builder.\" However, as he reads on he finds that Bokonon is an alumnus of Atlas's training program, which has inspired his idea that \"good societies could be built only by pitting good against evil, and by keeping the tension between the two high at all times.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.274209976196289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "* In the 1978 Vietnam war film The Boys in Company C, Marine Vinnie Fazio complains during a force march that he is carrying too much ammunition and gear for the platoon, shouting out \"What am I? Charles Atlas?\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01694393157959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "*In the Seinfeld episode \"The English Patient\", the character of Izzy Mandelbaum is said to have worked out with Charles Atlas in the '50s to which Jerry wryly replies, \"1850s?\", poking fun at Izzy's age. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.86191463470459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "**In \"Charles Atlas Song / I Can Make You a Man\":", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.559648513793945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "*** Both Charles Atlas and \"Dynamic-Tension\" are mentioned by name.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.624711036682129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "*** The second line refers to the Charles Atlas advertising campaign with \"Will get sand in his face when kicked to the ground.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.553986549377441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "** The mad-scientist character (Dr. Frank N. Furter) claims that his Frankensteinian creation \"carries the Charles Atlas Seal of Approval.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.590062141418457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "* A Spitting Image annual parodies the Charles Atlas advertisement, with the two protagonists competing not on muscular physique, but with their rhetorical skills and grasp of post-modernism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.28353214263916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "* In an episode of That '70s Show, Eric's sister accuses him of being weak by saying he ordered a Charles Atlas video to buff up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.039284706115723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "* In an episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus, Terry Gilliam creates an animation which is a visual spoof of Charles Atlas' ad campaign.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.224044799804688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "* In an episode of Punky Brewster, Punky asks Henry if he still has his Charles Atlas books after being bullied at school.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.274179458618164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "* In \"Mild Mannered\", an episode of Warehouse 13, a pair of Charles Atlas's trunks imbue a character with superhuman powers, including superstrength and the ability to alter his own density.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.123838424682617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "* In an episode of the television show, What's My Line?, in 1956. Charles Atlas was the mystery guest, calling himself Mr. X. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.330721855163574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "* In an episode of the television show, Red Dwarf, season 3, episode 4, called \"Bodyswap\", Rimmer claims Lister was no Charles Atlas to begin with. They had previously swapped bodies so that Rimmer could make Listers body fit. Instead, he abused the trust.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.215791702270508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "*The band A.F.I. have a song called \"Charles Atlas\" on their album Very Proud of Ya.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.933755874633789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "*The Darling Pet Munkee song \"Charles Atlas (Hey Skinny...Yer Ribs Are Showing!)\" is specifically about the Atlas ads.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.947224617004395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "*The Bob Dylan unreleased song \"She's Your Lover Now\" from 1965 contains the lyric: \"Why must I fall into this sadness? / Do I look like Charles Atlas? / Do you think I still got what you still got, baby?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.120077133178711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "*The Australian band The Fauves had a minor local hit with their song \"The Charles Atlas Way.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.054692268371582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "* The Josef K song \"Sorry For Laughing\" (made popular in the U.S. by Propaganda) contains the line \"when we grooved on into town / Charles Atlas stopped to frown / cause he's not made like me and you\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.882829666137695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "*The Who song \"I Can't Reach You\", on the album The Who Sell Out, is preceded by a \"commercial\" for the Charles Atlas Course. (\"The Charles Atlas course with \"Dynamic Tension\" can turn you into a beast of a man.\") John Entwistle poses on the cover as a panther skin-clad Charles Atlas alumnus, as the more muscular Roger Daltrey was otherwise occupied in a bathtub filled with baked beans. (After this photo session Daltrey caught pneumonia through the beans being ice cold at the end of the shoot.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.317586898803711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "* Roger Waters' song \"Sunset Strip\" from his album Radio K.A.O.S., contains the line \"I like riding in my Uncle's car / Down to the beach where the pretty girls all parade / And movie stars and paparazzi play the Charles Atlas kicking-sand-in-the-face game.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.222074508666992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "*In the song \"I Will Not Fall\" by Wiretrain/Wire, these lyrics appear: \"And Charles Atlas Stands, upon the beach, upon his head and says ... I will not fall.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.875495910644531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "*The Statler Brothers song \"Do You Remember These\" contains the line \"Charles Atlas course, Roy Rogers' horse, and 'only the Shadow knows'...\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.936651229858398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "*The Rocky Horror Picture Show song \"I Can Make You a Man\" references both \"Charles Atlas\" and \"dynamic tension.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.734753608703613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "*Gama Bomb CD titled \"Tales From The Grave in Space\" features a booklet in which several graphics with song lyrics were designed to resemble Charles Atlas'ads'...\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.200357437133789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "* An article in The Onion spinoff Our Dumb Century portrays a feud between Adlai Stevenson and General William Westmoreland being carried out in the same vein as illustrated in the Charles Atlas advertisement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06038761138916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "*The January 1974 issue of the satiric magazine National Lampoon was dedicated to animals: Pets, circus, wild beasts, evolution, law, etc. A fake advertisement in the article ‘’Popular Evolution’’, a parody of the magazine Popular Mechanics, presents in the three-stage comic strip manner a Charles Atlas-style commercial. A little skinny mouse suffers the humiliation of being kicked at the beach by a bully, some sort or medium-size carnivore. Little mouse, goes home, kicks a chair, fills the form and sends it to Mr. Charles Darwin, Galapagos Islands. “After a few millions years of evolutionary exercise” little mouse has developed fangs, and ugly scary face, wings, amongst other attributes; goes back to the beach, bites the bully predator in the neck, Count Dracula style and is declared the “heroe of the habitat” by the admiring females. Leider the issue is out of print and cannot be seen online anywhere. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.520355224609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "*Flex Mentallo in Doom Patrol was supposed to be the character in the Charles Atlas ad. Several years later, Jeffrey C. Hogue, president of Charles Atlas, Ltd. sued DC Comics, particularly over issue #42, in which Mentallo's origin is told, in which the character literally arises straight from the ad. The court found that the statute of limitations had run out between the publication of the comic and the lawsuit, and that, because the comic book could not be considered an advertisement for something else, it was legally protected parody. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.719151496887207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "Charles Atlas", "passage": "*In early versions of the game, The Secret of Monkey Island, there was a statue in a voodoo shop that when inspected would make the character say \"Looks like an emaciated Charles Atlas.\" The reference has since been removed due to Lucasfilm Games receiving a cease and desist letter. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.037068367004395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" }, { "answer": "The Insult that Made a Man out of Mac", "passage": "*Video game developer Valve released an update to their popular game, Team Fortress 2 that gave the sniper class a jar of urine called \"Jarate\". The comic strip that Valve used to advertise the update is a parody of the strip \"The Insult that Made a Man out of Mac\". A later update that introduced the ability for players to give and receive high fives was promoted with similar comic strip, this time spoofing the strip \"Hey, Skinny! Yer Ribs Are Showing!\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.40737533569336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Atlas" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "John Paul Stephens", "Justice John Stevens", "Stevens J", "Justice Stevens", "J. P. Stevens", "John Paul Stevens", "John P. Stevens", "Justice John Paul Stevens" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "stevens j", "john paul stephens", "john paul stevens", "justice stevens", "justice john paul stevens", "john p stevens", "j p stevens", "justice john stevens" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "john paul stevens", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "John Paul Stevens" }

[ { "answer": "John Paul Stevens", "passage": "The conventional wisdom that Thomas's votes follow Antonin Scalia's is reflected by Linda Greenhouse's observation that Thomas voted with Scalia 91 percent of the time during October Term 2006, and with Justice John Paul Stevens the least, 36% of the time. Jan Crawford Greenburg asserts that to some extent, this is true in the other direction as well, that Scalia often joins Thomas instead of Thomas joining Scalia. Statistics compiled annually by Tom Goldstein of SCOTUSblog demonstrate that Greenhouse's count is methodology-specific, counting non-unanimous cases where Scalia and Thomas voted for the same litigant, regardless of whether they got there by the same reasoning. Goldstein's statistics show that the two agreed in full only 74% of the time, and that the frequency of agreement between Scalia and Thomas is not as outstanding as is often implied by pieces aimed at lay audiences. For example, in that same term, Souter and Ginsburg voted together 81% of the time by the method of counting that yields a 74% agreement between Thomas and Scalia. By the metric that produces the 91% Scalia/Thomas figure, Ginsburg and Breyer agreed 90% of the time. Roberts and Alito agreed 94% of the time. ", "precise_score": -1.641007423400879, "rough_score": -0.5684245228767395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Clarence Thomas" }, { "answer": "John Paul Stevens", "passage": "Although Roberts has often sided with Scalia and Thomas, Roberts provided a crucial vote against their position in Jones v. Flowers. In Jones, Roberts sided with liberal justices of the court in ruling that, before a home is seized and sold in a tax-forfeiture sale, due diligence must be demonstrated and proper notification needs to be sent to the owners. Dissenting were Anthony Kennedy along with Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas. Samuel Alito did not participate, while Roberts's opinion was joined by David Souter, Stephen Breyer, John Paul Stevens, and Ruth Bader Ginsburg.", "precise_score": 2.9845597743988037, "rough_score": 4.714113712310791, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Roberts" }, { "answer": "John Paul Stevens", "passage": "Scalia (joined by Justice John Paul Stevens) also dissented in the 2004 case of Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, involving Yaser Hamdi, an American citizen detained in the United States on the allegation he was an enemy combatant. The Court held that although Congress authorized Hamdi's detention, Fifth Amendment due process guarantees give a citizen held in the United States as an enemy combatant [Hamdi] the right to contest that detention before a neutral decision maker. Scalia wrote that the AUMF could not be read to suspend habeas corpus and that the Court, faced with legislation by Congress which did not grant the President power to detain Hamdi, was trying to \"Make Everything Come Out Right\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.204469680786133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Antonin Scalia" }, { "answer": "John Paul Stevens", "passage": "Writing in The Jewish Daily Forward in 2009, J.J. Goldberg described Scalia as \"the intellectual anchor of the court's conservative majority\". He traveled to the nation's law schools, giving talks on law and democracy. His appearances on college campuses were often standing room only. Ginsburg indicated that Scalia was \"very much in tune with the current generation of law students ... Students now put 'Federalist Society' on their resumes.\" John Paul Stevens, who served throughout Scalia's tenure until his 2010 retirement, said of Scalia's influence, \"He's made a huge difference. Some of it constructive, some of it unfortunate.\" Of the nine sitting justices, Scalia was most often the subject of law review articles. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.053742408752441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Antonin Scalia" }, { "answer": "Justice Stevens", "passage": "With the retirement of Justice Stevens, Ginsburg became the senior member of what is sometimes referred to as the Court's \"liberal wing.\" When the Court splits 5-4 among ideological lines and the liberal justices are in the minority, Ginsburg has the authority to assign authorship of the dissenting opinion. Ginsburg has been a proponent of the liberal dissenters speaking \"with one voice\" and, where practicable, presenting a unified approach to which all of the dissenting justices can agree.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.041210174560547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ruth Bader Ginsburg" }, { "answer": "John Paul Stevens", "passage": "With the retirement of John Paul Stevens in 2010, Ginsburg became, at age 77, the oldest justice on the Court. Despite rumors she would retire as a result of old age, poor health, and the death of her husband, she denied she was planning to step down. In an August 2010 interview, Ginsburg stated that the Court's work was helping her cope with the death of her husband and suggested she would serve at least until a painting that used to hang in her office was due to be returned to her in 2012. She also expressed a wish to emulate Justice Louis Brandeis' service of nearly 23 years, which would get her to April 2016. She has also stated that she has a new \"model\" to emulate, Justice Stevens, who retired after nearly 35 years on the bench at age 90.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.280644416809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ruth Bader Ginsburg" }, { "answer": "John Paul Stevens", "passage": "Roberts took the Constitutional oath of office, administered by Associate Justice John Paul Stevens at the White House, on September 29. On October 3, he took the judicial oath provided for by the Judiciary Act of 1789 at the United States Supreme Court building, prior to the first oral arguments of the 2005 term. Ending weeks of speculation, Roberts wore a plain black robe, dispensing with the gold sleeve-bars added to the Chief Justice's robes by his predecessor. Then 50, Roberts became the youngest member of the Court, and the third-youngest person to have ever become Chief Justice (John Jay was appointed at age 44 in 1789 while John Marshall was appointed at age 45 in 1801). However, many Associate Justices, such as Clarence Thomas (appointed at age 43) and William O. Douglas (appointed at age 40 in 1939), have joined the Court at a younger age than Roberts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.232597351074219, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Roberts" }, { "answer": "John Paul Stevens", "passage": "In New York Times Co. v. Tasini (1997), freelance journalists sued the New York Times Company for copyright infringement for the New York Times' inclusion in an electronic archival database (LexisNexis) of the work of freelancers it had published. Sotomayor ruled that the publisher had the right to license the freelancers' work. This decision was reversed on appeal, and the Supreme Court upheld the reversal; two dissenters (John Paul Stevens and Stephen Breyer) took Sotomayor's position. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.177815437316895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sonia Sotomayor" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "George Holliday (witness)", "The beating of Rodney King", "Beating of Rodney King", "Straight Alta-Pazz Recording Company", "Can't we all just get along%3F", "Glen King", "Rodney King case", "Why can't we all just get along", "Rodney king beatings", "King, Rodney", "Rodney King beating", "Rodney G. King", "Can't we all just get along", "Rodney King incident", "Rodney King", "Rodney Glen King" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "george holliday witness", "beating of rodney king", "rodney king beatings", "rodney g king", "can t we all just get along", "straight alta pazz recording company", "glen king", "rodney king incident", "why can t we all just get along", "rodney glen king", "rodney king", "can t we all just get along 3f", "king rodney", "rodney king case", "rodney king beating" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "beating of rodney king", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "The beating of Rodney King" }

[ { "answer": "Glen King", "passage": "Rodney Glen King III (April 2, 1965 – June 17, 2012) was an American taxi driver who became nationally known after being beaten by Los Angeles Police Department officers following a high-speed car chase while drunk on March 3, 1991. A witness, George Holliday, videotaped much of the beating from his balcony, and sent the footage to local news station KTLA. The footage shows four officers surrounding King, several of them striking him repeatedly, while other officers stood by. Parts of the footage were aired around the world, and raised public concern about police treatment of minorities in the United States.", "precise_score": 2.828864574432373, "rough_score": 0.4718618392944336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rodney King" }, { "answer": "Rodney King", "passage": "The Holliday video of the Rodney King arrest is a fairly early example of modern sousveillance, wherein private citizens, assisted by increasingly sophisticated, affordable video equipment, record significant, sometimes historic events. Several \"copwatch\" organizations subsequently appeared throughout the United States to safeguard against police abuse, including an umbrella group, October 22 Coalition to Stop Police Brutality.[http://www.pbs.org/speaktruthtopower/issue_police.html PBS.org] and the ACLU [http://www.aclu.org/police/gen/14614pub19971201.html#credits] draw connections between the event and the subsequent activities of many organizations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1769497394561768, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rodney King" }, { "answer": "Rodney King", "passage": "Though few people at first considered race an important factor in the case, including Rodney King's attorney, Steven Lerman, the sensitizing effect of the Holliday videotape was at the time stirring deep resentment in Los Angeles, as well as other major cities in the United States. The officers' jury consisted of Ventura County residents: ten white; one Latino; one Asian. Lead prosecutor Terry White was African American. On April 29, 1992, the jury acquitted three of the officers, but could not agree on one of the charges against Powell.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.050750494003296, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rodney King" }, { "answer": "Rodney King", "passage": "Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley said, \"The jury's verdict will not blind us to what we saw on that videotape. The men who beat Rodney King do not deserve to wear the uniform of the LAPD.\" President George H. W. Bush said, \"Viewed from outside the trial, it was hard to understand how the verdict could possibly square with the video. Those civil rights leaders with whom I met were stunned. And so was I and so was Barbara and so were my kids.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.4475736618042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rodney King" }, { "answer": "Can't we all just get along", "passage": "During the riots, King made a television appearance in which he said \"Can we all get along?\" The widely quoted line has been often misquoted as, \"Can we all just get along?\" or \"Can't we all just get along?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.495667457580566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rodney King" } ]

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[ { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "Dr. Julius M. Hibbert, usually referred to as Dr. Hibbert, is a recurring character on the animated series The Simpsons. His speaking voice is provided by Harry Shearer and his singing voice was by Thurl Ravenscroft, and he first appeared in the episode \"Bart the Daredevil\". Dr. Hibbert is Springfield's most prominent and competent doctor, though he sometimes makes no effort to hide or makes light of his high prices. Dr. Hibbert is very good-natured, and is known for finding a reason to laugh at nearly every situation.", "precise_score": 6.118509292602539, "rough_score": 4.3607401847839355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dr. Hibbert" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "Dr. Hibbert is the Simpsons' (usually) kind-hearted family doctor, a near-genius (with an IQ of 155), a Mensa member, a graduate of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and a former stripper. Hibbert is noticeably less dysfunctional than just about everyone else on the show, though he does have a bizarre tendency to chuckle at inappropriate moments. It is mentioned in Make Room for Lisa, that \"Before I learned to chuckle mindlessly, I was headed to an early grave.\" He reacts questionably to certain medical problems. For example, when Maggie saved Homer from drowning, he attributed it to common cases of superhuman strength in children whose parents' lives are in danger. Likewise, he expressed only mild surprise when both of Abraham Simpson's kidneys were revealed to have exploded. In a Treehouse of Horror episode, Dr. Hibbert discusses the possibility of Bart being a \"genetic chosen one\" who can cure a zombie apocalypse over the phone with the Simpsons while under siege from the aforementioned zombies. Though he manages to dispatch several with various medical equipment (taking down a nurse with an expertly-thrown syringe to the forehead), he is eventually overwhelmed and bitten after requesting that the Simpsons tell his wife that he loves her if they should encounter her.", "precise_score": 2.929562568664551, "rough_score": -0.2972695529460907, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dr. Hibbert" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "Role in The Simpsons", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.236358642578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dr. Hibbert" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "Dr. Hibbert is married; he and his wife Bernice have at least three children, two boys and a girl. When his entire family is seen together, they appear to be a spoof of The Cosby Show. Bernice is known to be something of a heavy drinker; this has been joked about on at least one occasion (in \"Homer vs. the Eighteenth Amendment\", she faints upon reading the news that Prohibition has been introduced in Springfield) and laughs exactly like her husband. Despite apparent marriage problems, Dr. Hibbert still requests that the Simpsons tell Bernice that he loves her during a zombie apocalypse, though Homer misinterprets the message and resolves to just give her a high-five.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.844748020172119, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dr. Hibbert" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "In writers Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky's original script for \"Bart the Daredevil\", Hibbert was a woman, named \"Julia Hibbert\", who they named after comedic actress Julia Sweeney (Hibbert was her married last name at the time). When Fox moved The Simpsons to prime time on Thursdays against NBC's top-rated The Cosby Show, the writing staff decided to make Hibbert a parody of Bill Cosby's character Dr. Cliff Huxtable.Groening, Matt; Jean, Al; Kogen, Jay; Reiss, Mike; Wolodarsky, Wallace (2004). Commentary for \"Bart the Daredevil\", in The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox. Hibbert is usually shown wearing sweaters when not on duty, a reference to Huxtable. He is one of the few competent characters in the show, and was originally shown as being sympathetic to his patients' conditions, but that was eventually changed to him being less caring about his patients.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.839929580688477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dr. Hibbert" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "A tongue-in-cheek analysis in the Canadian Medical Association Journal compares the services of Dr. Hibbert and Dr. Nick Riviera, a quack physician often used by The Simpsons as an alternative source of medical advice. While Hibbert is praised for his sense of humor and quality of care, it concludes that Riviera is a better role model for physicians; Hibbert is a paternalistic and wasteful physician, unlike Riviera, who strives to cut costs and does his best to avoid the coroner. In the twelfth season episode \"Trilogy of Error\", in which Marge accidentally severs Homer's thumb, she expresses disappointment with how Hibbert handles Homer's plight and attempts to go to Riviera instead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.712773561477661, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dr. Hibbert" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Harry L. Crosby, Jr.", "Bing Crosby Enterprises", "Bing crosby", "Harry L. Crosby", "Bing Cosby", "Harry Lillis %22Bing%22 Crosby", "Harry Lillis Crosby", "Bing Crosby", "Harry Crosby, Jr.", "Bing Crosby Productions", "Harry Lillis Bing Crosby", "Harry Lillis Crosby, Jr.", "Bing Crosby (actor)", "Crosby, Bing" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "bing crosby actor", "harry l crosby", "bing crosby productions", "harry lillis crosby jr", "crosby bing", "bing cosby", "harry lillis crosby", "harry crosby jr", "bing crosby enterprises", "bing crosby", "harry lillis 22bing 22 crosby", "harry lillis bing crosby", "harry l crosby jr" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "bing crosby", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Bing Crosby" }

[ { "answer": "Bing Crosby", "passage": "In 1968, the same play was made into a two-hour television movie that aired on NBC. The writers suggested Lee J. Cobb and Bing Crosby for the role of Columbo, but Cobb was unavailable and Crosby turned it down because he felt it would take too much time away from the golf links. Director Richard Irving convinced Levinson and Link that Falk, who wanted the role, could pull it off even though he was much younger than the writers had in mind. ", "precise_score": 0.6388669013977051, "rough_score": 2.9885220527648926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Columbo" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "David Carradine", "John Arthur Carradine" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "john arthur carradine", "david carradine" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "david carradine", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "David Carradine" }

[ { "answer": "David Carradine", "passage": "* David Carradine died on June 4, 2009 from accidental asphyxiation, according to the medical examiner who performed a private autopsy on the actor. His body was found hanging by a rope in a closet in his room in Thailand, and there was evidence of a recent orgasm; two autopsies were conducted and concluded that his death was not suicide, and the Thai forensic pathologist who examined the body stated that his death may have been due to autoerotic asphyxiation. Two of Carradine's ex-wives, Gail Jensen and Marina Anderson, stated publicly that his sexual interests included the practice of self-bondage.", "precise_score": -6.497290134429932, "rough_score": -2.8265058994293213, "source": "wiki", "title": "Erotic asphyxiation" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Wrenched Ankle", "passage": "*Wrenched Ankle: a wrench in the right ankle ($100). \"Wrenched ankle\" is an alternative term for a sprained ankle.", "precise_score": -9.504636764526367, "rough_score": -10.50216007232666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Operation (game)" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Nightmare on Elm Street", "A nightmare on elm street", "Nightmare on elm st.", "A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984 film)", "A Nightmare on Elm St.", "Nightmare On Elm Street", "Nancy Thompson (film charecter)", "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "Nightmare on Elm St", "A Nightmare On Elm Street", "Wes Craven's A Nightmare on Elm Street", "Nightmare on elm street companion", "A Nightmare on Elm Street (film)", "Nancy Thompson (film character)", "Nightmare on Elm Street (film)", "Nightmare on elm street", "ANoES", "Nightmare On Elm St", "Nightmare on Elm St.", "The Nightmare on Elm Street", "Nightmare on Elms Street", "Nightmare on Elm", "A Nightmare on Elm Street 1", "A Nightmare On Elm Street (film)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "nightmare on elm", "wes craven s nightmare on elm street", "nancy thompson film character", "nancy thompson film charecter", "anoes", "nightmare on elm street 1", "nightmare on elm street 1984 film", "nightmare on elms street", "nightmare on elm street", "nightmare on elm st", "nightmare on elm street film", "nightmare on elm street companion" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "nightmare on elm street", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "A Nightmare on Elm Street" }

[ { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "Some critics cite Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho (1960) as an early influential \"slasher\" film, and most believe that the genre's peak occurred in American films released during the 1970s and 1980s. These classic slasher films include Tobe Hooper's The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974), John Carpenter's Halloween (1978), Victor Miller and Sean S. Cunningham's Friday the 13th (1980), Wes Craven's A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984), and Don Mancini and Tom Holland's Child's Play (1988). Wes Craven's satirical film Scream (1996) revived public interest in the genre, and several of the original slasher franchises were rebooted in the years following the release of Scream.", "precise_score": -1.6964716911315918, "rough_score": 1.1578501462936401, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slasher film" }, { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "The slasher film began to use fantasy and other supernatural elements, leading to A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984). GhostKeeper, based on the Native American legend of the Wendigo, was Canada's answer to Stanley Kubrick's The Shining (1980). Despite its relative obscurity, the film has enjoyed a healthy resurgence in later years, as fans have found its emphasis on atmosphere to be refreshing. Evilspeak involved a social outcast using his computer to summon demons and cast spells on his tormenters.", "precise_score": -1.254144549369812, "rough_score": 2.121417999267578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slasher film" }, { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "Unexpectedly, Wes Craven, who had retooled the slasher in 1984 with A Nightmare on Elm Street, returned for New Nightmare (1994), a spin-off of that franchise. With the concept of a spin-off from the Freddy Krueger films, Craven utilized characters from the Elm Street films, including Heather Langenkamp, John Saxon, Robert Englund, Johnny Depp and even himself, to play versions of their true personas targeted by a demon that had taken the form of the Freddy Krueger character. The film single-handedly led to the subgenre's postmodern revival in the coming years with the release of Craven's Scream. While New Nightmare was a meager success at the box office, it would help establish the meta self-referential irony that dominated the genre for the next decade.", "precise_score": -1.7511059045791626, "rough_score": 0.7956618070602417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slasher film" }, { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "Fred \"Freddy\" Krueger is the main antagonist of the A Nightmare on Elm Street film series. He first appeared in Wes Craven's A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984) as a burnt serial killer who uses a glove armed with razors to kill his victims in their dreams, causing their deaths in the real world as well. In the dream world, he is a powerful force and almost completely invulnerable to damage. However, whenever Freddy is pulled into the real world, he has normal human vulnerabilities. Krueger was created by Wes Craven, and had been consistently portrayed by Robert Englund since his first appearance. In the 2010 franchise reboot, he was portrayed by Jackie Earle Haley. In 2011, Freddy appeared as a playable character in the video game Mortal Kombat.", "precise_score": -2.9015910625457764, "rough_score": -0.4592684209346771, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freddy Krueger" }, { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "Freddy's glove appeared in the 1987 horror-comedy Evil Dead II: Dead by Dawn above the door on the inside of a toolshed. This was Sam Raimi's response to Wes Craven showing footage of The Evil Dead in A Nightmare on Elm Street, which in turn was a response to Sam Raimi putting a poster of Craven's 1977 film The Hills Have Eyes in The Evil Dead. The glove also appears in the 1998 horror-comedy Bride of Chucky in an evidence locker room that also contains the remains of the film's villain Chucky, the chainsaw of Leatherface from The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, and the masks of Michael Myers from Halloween and Jason Voorhees from Friday the 13th.", "precise_score": -1.227824091911316, "rough_score": -0.47884276509284973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freddy Krueger" }, { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "Independent companies also released low-budget slashers with varying degrees of success. Bloody Birthday, about killer children, was aesthetically and thematically similar to Halloween, proving that John Carpenter's hit had not lost steam. Linda Blair, star of The Exorcist (1973), continued her career in Hell Night. That film's director, Tom DeSimone, was well aware of the MPAA's backlash against the slasher genre, so he de-emphasized gore in favor of suspense. Deadly Blessing (1981) marked Wes Craven's first stab at the genre three years before he would revolutionize it with A Nightmare on Elm Street. The year's most surprising success was Herb Freed's Graduation Day, a film that revels in its gratuitous violence, featuring everything that has become synonymous with the genre. The film was a hit, making $25 million at the box office against a $200,000 budget. 1981 also saw the release of Absurd (Joe D'Amato's follow-up to 1980's Antropophagus) and Jesus Franco's German slasher Bloody Moon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3451247215270996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slasher film" }, { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "The real death of the Golden Age came with the controversy and box office failure of Silent Night, Deadly Night (1984). Protesters picketed theaters playing the film with placards reading, \"Deck the hall with holly -- not bodies!\" Despite earlier releases portraying a psychopath in a Santa suit, including the same year's Don't Open till Christmas, the promotional material for Silent Night, Deadly Night featured a killer Santa swinging an ax with the tagline: \"He Knows when you've been naughty!\" Released in November 1984, on the same day as A Nightmare on Elm Street, distributor TriStar Pictures found that not all publicity is good, as persistent carol-singing parents forced one Bronx cinema to pull the film a week into its run. Soon after, widespread outrage from the press led to the film being pulled from other cinemas across the country. The film was a box office bomb, making only $2.5 million for its entire run, as opposed to the enormous success of the more inventive horror fantasy, A Nightmare on Elm Street, signaling that audiences were ready for something a little more spectacular than low-budget horror.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4646334648132324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slasher film" }, { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.874022483825684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slasher film" }, { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "While interest in the slasher waned, Wes Craven's A Nightmare on Elm Street revitalized the genre, although its mix of fantasy and horror weeded out low-budget films that dominated the Golden Age. Craven had toyed with the genre before in Deadly Blessing (1981), however he was frustrated that the genre he had arguably helped create with The Last House on the Left (1972) and The Hills Have Eyes (1977) had not benefited him financially. Having worked on developing what would become A Nightmare on Elm Street since 1981, Craven knew that time was running out due to declining revenues from theatrical horror releases, and the slasher subgenre in particular looked to be all but dead within a year. He had little idea that his soon-to-be-iconic villain, Freddy Krueger (Robert Englund), would capture the imagination of audiences worldwide and shape a decade of horror films.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7129889726638794, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slasher film" }, { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "A Nightmare on Elm Street, and especially Freddy, became a cultural phenomenon. On a budget of just $1.8 million the film grossed $25.5 million and launched one of the most successful film franchises in cinematic history. It also helped establish its studio, New Line Cinema, as a powerhouse in Hollywood; to this day, it is referred to as \"The House That Freddy Built.\" As well as launching Freddy and Craven, the movie also featured considerable talent from its well-versed leads, including a young Johnny Depp. Other films quickly attempted to cash in on its success, including The Initiation (1984), which also had a subplot of dreams and a horribly burned man.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.113231658935547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slasher film" }, { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "The success of A Nightmare on Elm Street ended the low-budget phenomenon of the Golden Age, ushering in a new wave of horror films that relied heavily on special effects and strong acting, almost systematically silencing the simpler low-budget features that were modeled after John Carpenter's Halloween.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.043880462646484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slasher film" }, { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "The mid-1980s also saw a fresh wave of sequels, with filmmakers opting to exploit already established titles rather than test new ideas. Wes Craven directed The Hills Have Eyes Part 2 (1985) for a paycheck, although he has repeatedly disowned the film. The Friday the 13th series continued with Friday the 13th: A New Beginning (1985), which attempted to revive the franchise that was supposed to have ended with Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter in 1984. While the film was profitable for distributor Paramount Pictures, it did not achieve the commercial success of earlier films in the series and fans reacted poorly to it, leading producers to re-think the entire direction of the series' overarching storyline. After A Nightmare on Elm Street became a sleeper hit, A Nightmare on Elm Street Part 2: Freddy's Revenge (1985) was rushed into production. Freddy's Revenge distinguishes itself from other slasher films by having a male protagonist (Mark Patton) as well as overtly homoerotic undertones. However, it was widely criticized for losing much of the dream logic that had made the first film so interesting. Despite criticisms, the movie was a financial success, being the highest grossing horror film of that year and making more than Friday the 13th: A New Beginning or even the original A Nightmare on Elm Street. It also marked the point when fantasy slasher films became something that filmmakers saw potential profit in; Dreamaniac (1986), Bad Dreams (1988), Deadly Dreams (1988), and Dream Demon (1988) are just a handful of movies that attempted to capitalize on the supernatural fantasy horror trend.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.693690299987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slasher film" }, { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "Original Elm Street stars Heather Langenkamp and John Saxon returned for A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors (1987), which brought in then-record breaking box office numbers of $44.8 million domestically. The following year, Renny Harlin's A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master (1988) traded scares for laughs and catered to the MTV generation with a hip soundtrack and cross-promotion. The film was even more successful than Dream Warriors, bringing in nearly $50 million at the domestic box office and remaining the highest grossing slasher until the release of Scream eight years later. Acknowledging the monstrous success of the Elm Street franchise, Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood (1988) took its series into a supernatural, special-effects laden story with Stephen King's Carrie as its main inspiration. However, the film continued a decline of the Friday the 13th franchise's box office earnings, and, unlike the positively received Jason Lives, it received little critical acclaim. Marking the 10-year anniversary of John Carpenter's original Halloween (1978) was Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers (1988), which was bolstered by the return of Donald Pleasence and released around the Halloween holiday. The film proved that audiences still had an interest in classic slasher films not reliant on special effects, as it was number one at the box office for two weeks in a row.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9491426944732666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slasher film" }, { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "The final year of the 1980s would put the nail in the coffin of the slasher. Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan (1989) was a box office failure, and provided Paramount Pictures with enough reason to sell the franchise rights to New Line Cinema in 1990. New Line's own A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child (1989) was unsuccessful, bringing it less than half of what the previous two films had made at the box office. Halloween 5: The Revenge of Michael Myers (1989) fared worst of all. It had been hurried into production after the surprise success of The Return of Michael Myers, but was panned by fans and critics alike, barely making $11 million at the box office and never receiving a theatrical release in Europe. With the three major slasher franchises all failing to generate much interest, the whole genre had fallen out of favor by the end of the 1980s, a decade that it had become synonymous with.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.32484769821167, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slasher film" }, { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010), a remake of Wes Craven's 1984 film, starred Jackie Earle Haley as Freddy Krueger and Rooney Mara and Katie Cassidy as his teenage targets. The film returned the story to its darker, scarier roots, however it lacked the novelty and surprises that made the original so riveting. Despite its financial success, the movie was almost universally panned by fans and critics alike, with talks of a sequel quickly fading. Because of the negative reaction to films such as A Nightmare on Elm Street and Halloween, the popularity of the slasher remakes faded, as talks of further sequels and remakes were put on indefinite hold.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8907545804977417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slasher film" }, { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "The same year of 2015 Blumhouse also distributed the directorial debut of Wipeout contest winner Travis Cluff and Chris Lofing The Gallows. The movie was a box office success and was like Cabin heavily promoted and marketed to Western audiences, the film oversaw among a cast of unknown actors donning close names to their actual names the daughter of celebrities Frank Gifford and Kathy Lee Gifford Cassidy Gifford who is among four primary high school teenagers entrapped in their high school at night stalked by the murderous spirit of a Hangman costume and mask donning character by the title of Charlie Grimille. Presented in High Definition and quality found footage similar to the style of the box office hit comedy Project X the characters along with other supporting characters in different scenes are killed one by one via different means attributed to the antagonist of the film Charlie's hangman noose. Promotional trailers released for the film promoted Charlie as a new horror icon with a signature weapon like Jason Voorhees of the Friday The 13th franchise and Freddy Krueger of the A Nightmare On Elm Street franchise.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.631869316101074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slasher film" }, { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "Freddy is introduced in A Nightmare on Elm Street as a child killer who is eventually discovered and captured by the law, but escapes due to a technicallity, someone forgot to sign the search warrent in the right place. He is hunted down by a mob of angry parents, and cornered in a boiler room where he used to take his victims. The mob douses the building with gasoline and sets it on fire, burning Krueger alive. While his body dies, his spirit lives on in the dreams of a group of teenagers living in his old neighborhood, whom he preys on by entering their dreams and killing them. He is apparently destroyed at the end of the film by protagonist Nancy Thompson, but the last scene reveals that he had survived. He went on to antagonize the teenage protagonists of the next five films in the series. After a hiatus, Krueger was brought back in Wes Craven's New Nightmare by Wes Craven, who had not worked on the film series since the third film, A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.584046363830566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freddy Krueger" }, { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "Freddy's first video game appearance was in the Nintendo Entertainment System's 1989 game A Nightmare on Elm Street. The game was published by LJN Toys and developed by Rare.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.411345481872559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freddy Krueger" }, { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "Wes Craven said his inspiration for the basis of Freddy Krueger's power stemmed from several stories in the Los Angeles Times about a series of mysterious deaths: All the victims had reported recurring nightmares and died in their sleep. Additionally, Craven's original script characterized Freddy as a child molester, which Craven said was the \"worst thing\" he could think of. The decision was made to instead make him a child murderer in order to avoid being accused of exploiting the spate of highly publicized child molestation cases in California around the time A Nightmare on Elm Street went into production. Craven's inspirations for the character included a bully from his school during his youth, a disfigured homeless man who had frightened him when he was 11, and the 1970s pop song \"Dream Weaver\" by Gary Wright. In an interview, he said, \"When I looked down there was a man very much like Freddy walking along the sidewalk. He must have sensed that someone was looking at him and stopped and looked right into my face. He scared the living daylights out of me, so I jumped back into the shadows. I waited and waited to hear him walk away. Finally I thought he must have gone, so I stepped back to the window. The guy was not only still looking at me but he thrust his head forward as if to say, 'Yes, I'm still looking at you.' The man walked towards the apartment building's entrance. I ran through the apartment to our front door as he was walking into our building on the lower floor. I heard him starting up the stairs. My brother, who is ten years older than me, got a baseball bat and went out to the corridor but he was gone.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.7111177444458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freddy Krueger" }, { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "Freddy's back story is revealed gradually throughout the series. In A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors, the protagonists learn that Freddy's mother, Amanda Krueger, was a nun who worked in Westin Hills mental hospital caring for the inmates. Freddy was conceived when she was accidentally locked inside over the Christmas holiday and gang-raped by a group of the inmates, thus making him \"the bastard son of 100 maniacs\". Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare depicts Freddy's traumatic childhood; he displayed sociopathic behavior at a young age and was often teased by classmates. He was adopted as a child by an abusive alcoholic named Mr. Underwood, who teaches him how to torture animals and inflict pain on himself. Freddy eventually murders him, with no apparent consequences, and becomes a serial killer. The film also reveals that when Freddy reached adulthood, he married a woman named Loretta, with whom he fathered a daughter named Katherine. After the birth of his daughter, he tried to lead a normal life, but his murderous nature eventually overcame him, and he murdered 20 children on Elm Street between 1963 and 1966. He later murdered his wife after she discovered the evidence of his child killings, which Katherine witnessed. She told the authorities and Freddy was arrested for the murder of his wife and the Elm Street children. In 1968, he was put on trial, but released on a technicality, leading to his death at the hands of the parents of his victims. In his dying moments, the Dream Demons came to him to offer him immortality in exchange for being their agent, which Freddy accepted. His daughter, Katherine, was later moved out of Springwood, adopted, and renamed Maggie Burroughs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.558979034423828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freddy Krueger" }, { "answer": "A Nightmare on Elm Street", "passage": "Jackie Earle Haley played Freddy Krueger in the 2010 remake of A Nightmare On Elm Street (2010 film).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.730206489562988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Freddy Krueger" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Uss arizona", "U.S.S. Arizona", "USS Arizona" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "uss arizona", "u s s arizona" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "uss arizona", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "USS Arizona" }

[ { "answer": "USS Arizona", "passage": "Today, the USS Arizona Memorial on the island of Oahu honors the dead. Visitors to the memorial reach it via boats from the naval base at Pearl Harbor. The memorial was designed by Alfred Preis, and has a sagging center but strong and vigorous ends, expressing \"initial defeat and ultimate victory\". It commemorates all lives lost on December 7, 1941. Although December 7 is known as Pearl Harbor Day, it is not a federal holiday in the United States. The nation does however pay homage remembering the thousands injured and killed when attacked by the Japanese in 1941. Ceremonies are held annually at Pearl Harbor itself, attended each year by some of the ever-dwindling number of elderly veterans who were there on the morning of the attack. Schools and other establishments in some places around the country lower the American flag to half-staff out of respect. The naval vessel where the war ended on September 2, 1945—the last U.S. Navy battleship ever built, —is now a museum ship moored in Pearl Harbor, with its bow barely 1,000 feet (300 meters) southwest of the Arizona memorial.", "precise_score": 5.541442394256592, "rough_score": 7.088579177856445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Attack on Pearl Harbor" }, { "answer": "USS Arizona", "passage": "File:Pearlharborcolork13513.jpg|Battleship USS Arizona explodes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.58159065246582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Attack on Pearl Harbor" }, { "answer": "USS Arizona", "passage": "File:Pearl harbour.png|Aftermath: USS West Virginia (severely damaged), USS Tennessee (damaged), and USS Arizona (sunk).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.438934803009033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Attack on Pearl Harbor" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Clarence Frank Birdseye", "Birdseye Frozen Foods", "Clarence Birdseye" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "clarence frank birdseye", "birdseye frozen foods", "clarence birdseye" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "clarence birdseye", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Clarence Birdseye" }

[ { "answer": "Clarence Birdseye", "passage": "American inventor Clarence Birdseye developed the quick-freezing process of food preservation in the 20th century. ", "precise_score": -0.8660465478897095, "rough_score": -3.2437055110931396, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flash freezing" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "🄡", "🅁", "Ｒ", "🆁", "Ʀ", "⒭", "🅡", "Vōx Canīna", "R (letter)", "Vox Canina", "Ʀ (letter)", "R", "Ar (letter)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "ʀ letter", "ʀ", "🅁", "ｒ", "🅡", "🄡", "vox canina", "r letter", "ar letter", "🆁", "r", "vōx canīna", "⒭" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "r", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "R" }

[ { "answer": "R", "passage": "The word oyster is used as a common name for a number of different families of saltwater clams, bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats. In some species the valves are highly calcified, and many are somewhat irregular in shape. Many, but not all, oysters are in the superfamily Ostreoidea.", "precise_score": -5.973666191101074, "rough_score": -6.199963092803955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Some kinds of oysters are commonly consumed by humans, cooked or raw, the latter being a delicacy. Some kinds of pearl oysters are harvested for the pearl produced within the mantle. Windowpane oysters are harvested for their translucent shells, which are used to make various kinds of decorative objects.", "precise_score": -5.9815497398376465, "rough_score": -5.635901927947998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "True oysters are members of the family Ostreidae. This family includes the edible oysters, which mainly belong to the genera Ostrea, Crassostrea, Ostreola, and Saccostrea. Examples include the Belon oyster, eastern oyster, Olympia oyster, Pacific oyster, and the Sydney rock oyster.", "precise_score": -5.692410469055176, "rough_score": -5.380069732666016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "A number of bivalve molluscs (other than true oysters and pearl oysters) also have common names that include the word \"oyster\", usually because they either taste like or look somewhat like true oysters, or because they yield noticeable pearls. Examples include:", "precise_score": -5.108133792877197, "rough_score": -5.693647861480713, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Oysters are filter feeders, drawing water in over their gills through the beating of cilia. Suspended plankton and particles are trapped in the mucus of a gill, and from there are transported to the mouth, where they are eaten, digested, and expelled as feces or pseudofeces. Oysters feed most actively at temperatures above 10 °C. An oyster can filter up to 5 L of water per hour. The Chesapeake Bay's once-flourishing oyster population historically filtered excess nutrients from the estuary's entire water volume every three to four days. Today, that would take nearly a year. Excess sediment, nutrients, and algae can result in the eutrophication of a body of water. Oyster filtration can mitigate these pollutants.", "precise_score": -6.327519416809082, "rough_score": -4.932784557342529, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "A group of oysters is commonly called a bed or oyster reef.", "precise_score": -7.012135028839111, "rough_score": -6.225111961364746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Oysters usually reach maturity in one year. They are protandric; during their first year, they spawn as males by releasing sperm into the water. As they grow over the next two or three years and develop greater energy reserves, they spawn as females by releasing eggs. Bay oysters usually spawn from the end of June until mid-August. An increase in water temperature prompts a few oysters to spawn. This triggers spawning in the rest, clouding the water with millions of eggs and sperm. A single female oyster can produce up to 100 million eggs annually. The eggs become fertilized in the water and develop into larvae, which eventually find suitable sites, such as another oyster's shell, on which to settle. Attached oyster larvae are called spat. Spat are oysters less than 25 mm long. Many species of bivalves, oysters included, seem to be stimulated to settle near adult conspecifics.", "precise_score": -7.5270466804504395, "rough_score": -4.404307842254639, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Bivalves, including oysters, are effective filter feeders and can have large effects on the water columns in which they occur. As filter feeders, oysters remove plankton and organic particles from the water column. Multiple studies have shown individual oysters are capable of filtering up to 50 gallons of water per day, and thus oyster reefs can significantly improve water quality and clarity. Oysters consume nitrogen-containing compounds (nitrates and ammonia), phosphates, plankton, detritus, bacteria, and dissolved organic matter, removing them from the water. What is not used for animal growth is then expelled as solid waste pellets, which eventually decompose into the atmosphere as nitrogen. In Maryland, the Chesapeake Bay Program plans to use oysters to reduce the amount of nitrogen compounds entering the Chesapeake Bay by 8600 MT per year by 2010. Several studies have shown that oysters and mussels have the capacity to dramatically alter nitrogen levels in estuaries. In the U.S., Delaware is the only East Coast state without aquaculture, but making aquaculture a state-controlled industry of leasing water by the acre for commercial harvesting of shellfish is being considered. Supporters of Delaware's legislation to allow oyster aquaculture cite revenue, job creation, and nutrient cycling benefits. It is estimated that one acre can produce nearly 750,000 oysters, which could filter between 57000 to of water daily. Also see nutrient pollution for an extended explanation of nutrient remediation.", "precise_score": -8.460186004638672, "rough_score": -5.212857246398926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Middens testify to the prehistoric importance of oysters as food, with some middens in New South Wales, Australia dated at ten thousand years. They have been cultivated in Japan from at least 2000 BC. In the United Kingdom, the town of Whitstable is noted for oyster farming from beds on the Kentish Flats that have been used since Roman times. The borough of Colchester holds an annual Oyster Feast each October, at which \"Colchester Natives\" (the native oyster, Ostrea edulis) are consumed. The United Kingdom hosts several other annual oyster festivals, for example Woburn Oyster Festival is held in September. Many breweries produce Oyster Stout, a beer intended to be drunk with oysters that sometimes includes oysters in the brewing process.", "precise_score": -5.808562755584717, "rough_score": -5.031464099884033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "In the early 19th century, oysters were cheap and mainly eaten by the working class. Throughout the 19th century, oyster beds in New York Harbor became the largest source of oysters worldwide. On any day in the late 19th century, six million oysters could be found on barges tied up along the city's waterfront. They were naturally quite popular in New York City, and helped initiate the city's restaurant trade. New York's oystermen became skilled cultivators of their beds, which provided employment for hundreds of workers and nutritious food for thousands. Eventually, rising demand exhausted many of the beds. To increase production, they introduced foreign species, which brought disease; effluent and increasing sedimentation from erosion destroyed most of the beds by the early 20th century. Oysters' popularity has put ever-increasing demands on wild oyster stocks. This scarcity increased prices, converting them from their original role as working-class food to their current status as an expensive delicacy.", "precise_score": -4.300631046295166, "rough_score": 0.18457049131393433, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "In the United Kingdom, the native variety (Ostrea edulis) requires five years to mature and is protected by an Act of Parliament during the May to August spawning season. The current market is dominated by the larger Pacific oyster and rock oyster varieties which are farmed year round.", "precise_score": -8.079833030700684, "rough_score": -4.991640567779541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Depuration of oysters is a common industry practice and widely researched in the scientific community but is not commonly known by end consumers. The main objective of seafood depuration is to remove fecal contamination in seafood before being sold to end consumers. Oyster depuration is useful since they are generally eaten raw and in many countries, the requirement to process is government-regulated or mandatory. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) formally recognizes depuration and has published detailed documents on the process, whereas the Codex Alimentarius, encourages the application of seafood depuration. ", "precise_score": -7.843506813049316, "rough_score": -6.113236427307129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Oyster depuration begins after the harvest of oysters from farmed locations. The oysters are transported and placed into tanks pumped with clean water for periods of 48 to 72 hours. The holding temperatures and salinity vary according to species. The seawater that the oysters were originally farmed in does not remain in the oyster, since the water used for depuration must be fully sterilized, plus the depuration facility would not necessarily be located near the farming location. Depuration of oysters can remove moderate levels of contamination of most bacterial indicators and pathogens. Well-known contaminants include Vibrio parahaemolyticus which is a bacterium found in seawater animals that is temperature sensitive, and Escherichia coli which is a bacterium found in coastal waters near highly populated cities having sewage systems discharging waste nearby, or from agricultural discharges. Depuration expands beyond oysters into many shellfish and other related products, especially in seafood that is known to come from potentially polluted areas; depurated seafood is effectively a product cleansed from inside-out to make it safe for human consumption.", "precise_score": -8.65224838256836, "rough_score": -5.087829113006592, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Jonathan Swift is quoted as having said, \"He was a bold man that first ate an oyster\", but evidence of oyster consumption goes back into prehistory, evidenced by oyster middens found worldwide. Oysters were an important food source in all coastal areas where they could be found, and oyster fisheries were an important industry where they were plentiful. Overfishing and pressure from diseases and pollution have sharply reduced supplies, but they remain a popular treat celebrated in oyster festivals in many cities and towns.", "precise_score": -4.849841117858887, "rough_score": -2.637878894805908, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "It was once assumed that oysters were only safe to eat in months with the letter 'r' in their English and French names. This myth is based in truth, in that in the Northern Hemisphere, oysters are much more likely to spoil in the warmer months of May, June, July, and August. In recent years, pathogens such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus have caused outbreaks in several harvesting areas of the eastern United States during the summer months, lending further credence to this belief.", "precise_score": 6.77213716506958, "rough_score": 7.181919574737549, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Unlike most shellfish, oysters can have a fairly long shelf life of up to four weeks. However, their taste becomes less pleasant as they age. Oysters should be refrigerated out of water, not frozen, and in 100% humidity. Oysters stored in water under refrigeration will open, consume available oxygen, and die. Oysters must be eaten alive, or cooked alive. The shells of live oysters are usually tightly closed or snap shut given a slight tap. If the shell is open, the oyster is dead, and cannot be eaten safely. Cooking oysters in the shell kills the oysters and causes them to open by themselves. Traditionally, oysters that do not open have been assumed to be dead before cooking and therefore unsafe. However, according to at least one marine biologist, Nick Ruello, this advice may have arisen from an old, poorly researched cookbook's advice regarding mussels, which has now become an assumed truism for all shellfish. Ruello found 11.5% of all mussels failed to open during cooking, but when forced open, 100% were \"both adequately cooked and safe to eat.\" ", "precise_score": -3.96747088432312, "rough_score": 0.1622495949268341, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Oysters can be eaten on the half shell, raw, smoked, boiled, baked, fried, roasted, stewed, canned, pickled, steamed, or broiled, or used in a variety of drinks. Eating can be as simple as opening the shell and eating the contents, including juice. Butter and salt are often added. In the case of oysters Rockefeller, preparation can be very elaborate. They are sometimes served on edible seaweed, such as brown algae.", "precise_score": -5.246983528137207, "rough_score": -3.915695905685425, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Care should be taken when consuming oysters. Purists insist on eating them raw, with no dressing save perhaps lemon juice, vinegar (most commonly shallot vinegar), or cocktail sauce. Upscale restaurants pair raw oysters with a home-made Mignonette sauce, which consists primarily of fresh chopped shallot, mixed peppercorn, dry white wine and lemon juice or sherry vinegar. Like fine wine, raw oysters have complex flavors that vary greatly among varieties and regions: salty, briny, buttery, metallic, or even fruity. The texture is soft and fleshy, but crisp on the palate. North American varieties include: Kumamoto and Yaquina Bay from Oregon, Duxbury and Wellfleet from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, Malpeque from Prince Edward Island, Canada, Blue Point from Long Island, New York, Pemaquid from Maine, and Cape May oysters from New Jersey. Variations in water salinity, alkalinity, and mineral/nutritional content influence their flavor profile.", "precise_score": -7.088901042938232, "rough_score": -3.3461759090423584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Oysters can contain harmful bacteria. Oysters are filter feeders, so will naturally concentrate anything present in the surrounding water. Oysters from the Gulf Coast of the United States, for example, contain high bacterial loads of human pathogens in the warm months, most notably Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In these cases, the main danger is for immunocompromised individuals, who are unable to fight off infection and can succumb to septicemia, leading to death. Vibrio vulnificus is the most deadly seafood-borne pathogen.", "precise_score": -5.0297980308532715, "rough_score": 0.17905712127685547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Fresh oysters must be alive just before consumption or cooking. There is only one criterion: the oyster must be capable of tightly closing its shell. Open oysters should be tapped on the shell; a live oyster will close up and is safe to eat. Oysters which are open and unresponsive are dead and must be discarded. Some dead oysters, or oyster shells which are full of sand may be closed. These make a distinctive noise when tapped, and are known as 'clackers'.", "precise_score": -6.042849063873291, "rough_score": -4.962368488311768, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "A myth is a traditional or legendary story, collection or study. It is derived from the Greek word mythos (μῦθος), which simply means \"story\". Mythology can refer either to the study of myths, or to a body or collection of myths. A myth also can be a story to explain why something exists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.29104995727539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Myth" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Human cultures usually include a cosmogonical or creation myth, concerning the origins of the world, or how the world came to exist. The active beings in myths are generally gods and goddesses, heroes and heroines, or animals and plants. Most myths are set in a timeless past before recorded time or beginning of the critical history. A myth can be a story involving symbols that are capable of multiple meanings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.14482307434082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Myth" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "A myth is a sacred narrative because it holds religious or spiritual significance for those who tell it. Myths also contribute to and express a culture's systems of thought and values. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.739860534667969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Myth" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "The term is common in the academic fields of mythology, [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mythography?s=t mythography] or folkloristics. Use of the term by scholars has no implication for the truth or falsity of the myth. While popular usage interchangeably employs the terms legend, fiction, fairy tale, folklore, fable and urban legend, each has a distinct meaning in academia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.095778465270996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Myth" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Popular usage ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.112417221069336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Myth" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "In popular use, a myth can be a collectively held belief that has no basis in fact. This usage, which is often pejorative, arose from labeling the religious myths and beliefs of other cultures as incorrect, but it has spread to cover non-religious beliefs as well. Because of this popular and subjective word usage, many people take offense when the narratives they believe to be true are called myths. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.585807800292969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Myth" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "To the source culture a myth by definition is \"true\", in that it embodies beliefs, concepts and ways of questioning to make sense of the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.928933143615723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Myth" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "First attested in English during the 14th century, the word \"oyster\" comes from Old French oistre, in turn from Latin ostrea, the feminine form of ostreum, which is the latinisation of the Greek ὄστρεον (ostreon), \"oyster\". Compare ὀστέον (osteon), \"bone\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.670650482177734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "True oysters", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.500375747680664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Pearl oysters", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.681674957275391, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Almost all shell-bearing mollusks can secrete pearls, yet most are not very valuable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.265392303466797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Pearl oysters are not closely related to true oysters, being members of a distinct family, the feathered oysters (Pteriidae). Both cultured pearls and natural pearls can be extracted from pearl oysters, though other molluscs, such as the freshwater mussels, also yield pearls of commercial value.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.21002197265625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "The largest pearl-bearing oyster is the marine Pinctada maxima, which is roughly the size of a dinner plate. Not all individual oysters produce pearls naturally. In fact, in a harvest of two and a half tons of oysters, only three to four oysters produce what commercial buyers consider to be absolute perfect pearls.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.182906150817871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "In nature, pearl oysters produce pearls by covering a minute invasive object with nacre. Over the years, the irritating object is covered with enough layers of nacre to become a pearl. The many different types, colours and shapes of pearls depend on the natural pigment of the nacre, and the shape of the original irritant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.51048469543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Pearl farmers can culture a pearl by placing a nucleus, usually a piece of polished mussel shell, inside the oyster. In three to seven years, the oyster can produce a perfect pearl. These pearls are not as valuable as natural pearls, but look exactly the same. In fact, since the beginning of the 20th century, when several researchers discovered how to produce artificial pearls, the cultured pearl market has far outgrown the natural pearl market.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.578232765197754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Other types of oysters", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.216859817504883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "*Thorny oysters in the genus Spondylus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.365655422210693, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "*Pilgrim oyster, another term for a scallop, in reference to the scallop shell of St. James", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.483675003051758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "*Saddle oysters, members of the Anomiidae family also known as jingle shells", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.676997661590576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "*Dimydarian oysters, members of the family Dimyidae", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.438695907592773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "*Windowpane oysters", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.124542236328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "File:Crassostrea_gigas_p1040847.jpg|Crassostrea gigas", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433465003967285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "File:Ostrea edulis Marennes p1050142.jpg|Crassostrea gigas, opened", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.429408073425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "In the Philippines, a local thorny oyster species known as Tikod Amo is a favorite seafood source in the southern part of the country. Because of its good flavor, it commands high prices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.845125675201416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "In addition to their gills, oysters can also exchange gases across their mantles, which are lined with many small, thin-walled blood vessels. A small, three-chambered heart, lying under the adductor muscle, pumps colorless blood to all parts of the body. At the same time, two kidneys, located on the underside of the muscle, remove waste products from the blood. Their nervous system includes two pairs of nerve cords and three pairs of ganglia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.46490478515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "While some oysters have two sexes (European oyster and Olympia oyster), their reproductive organs contain both eggs and sperm. Because of this, it is technically possible for an oyster to fertilize its own eggs. The gonads surround the digestive organs, and are made up of sex cells, branching tubules, and connective tissue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.658206462860107, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Once the female is fertilized, she discharges millions of eggs into the water. The larvae develop in about six hours and exist suspended in the water column as veliger larvae for two to three weeks before settling on a bed and maturing to sexual adulthood within a year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.148289680480957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Habitat and behaviour", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.458345413208008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "As a keystone species, oysters provide habitat for many marine species.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.794286727905273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Crassostrea and Saccostrea live mainly in the intertidal zone, while Ostrea is subtidal. The hard surfaces of oyster shells and the nooks between the shells provide places where a host of small animals can live. Hundreds of animals, such as sea anemones, barnacles, and hooked mussels, inhabit oyster reefs. Many of these animals are prey to larger animals, including fish, such as striped bass, black drum and croakers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.138882637023926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "An oyster reef can increase the surface area of a flat bottom 50-fold. An oyster's mature shape often depends on the type of bottom to which it is originally attached, but it always orients itself with its outer, flared shell tilted upward. One valve is cupped and the other is flat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.628730773925781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Oysters are considered to filter large amounts of water to feed and breathe (exchange O2 and CO2 with water) but they are not permanently open. They regularly shut their valves to enter a resting state, even when they are permanently submersed. In fact their behavior follows very strict circatidal and circadian rhythms according to the relative moon and sun positions. During neap tides, they exhibit much longer closing periods than during the spring tide The website [http://molluscan-eye.epoc.u-bordeaux1.fr/index.php?rubriqueaccueil&lang", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.394076824188232, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "en MolluSCAN eye] is largely devoted to the online study of their daily valve behavior in Europe (France).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.327093124389648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Some tropical oysters, such as the mangrove oyster in the family Ostreidae, grow best on mangrove roots. Low tide can expose them, making them easy to collect. In Trinidad in the West Indies, tourists are often astounded when they are told, in the Caribbean, \"oysters grow on trees\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.0146484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "The largest oyster-producing body of water in the United States is Chesapeake Bay, although these beds have decreased in number due to overfishing and pollution. Willapa Bay in Washington produces more oysters than any other estuary in the US.[http://depts.washington.edu/jlrlab/aboutthebay.php Ruesink Lab - About the Bay] Other large oyster farming areas in the US include the bays and estuaries along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico from Apalachicola, Florida in the east to Galveston, Texas in the west. Large beds of edible oysters are also found in Japan and Australia. In 2005, China accounted for 80% of the global oyster harvest. Within Europe, France remained the industry leader.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.995434284210205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Common oyster predators include crabs, seabirds, starfish, and humans. Some oysters contain live crabs, known as oyster crabs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.036741256713867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Nutrient cycling", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.542476654052734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Ecosystem services", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.592852592468262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "As an ecosystem engineer oysters provide \"supporting\" ecosystem services, along with \"provisioning\", \"regulating\" and \"cultural\" services. Oysters influence nutrient cycling, water filtration, habitat structure, biodiversity, and food web dynamics. Oyster feeding and nutrient cycling activities could \"rebalance\" shallow, coastal ecosystems if restoration of historic populations could be achieved.Wikfors, Gary H. 2011. Trophic interactions between phytoplankton and bivalve aquaculture. In, Shellfish Aquaculture and the Environment. Ed: S.E. Shumway. John Wiley & Sons. Furthermore, assimilation of nitrogen and phosphorus into shellfish tissues provides an opportunity to remove these nutrients from the environment, but this benefit has only recently been recognized. In California's Tomales Bay, native oyster presence is associated with higher species diversity of benthic invertebrates but other ecosystem services have not been studied. As the ecological and economic importance of oyster reefs has become more widely acknowledged, creation of oyster reef habitat through restoration efforts has become more important- often with the goal of restoring multiple ecosystem services associated with natural oyster reefs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.13013744354248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Human history", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.427325248718262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "The French seaside resort of Cancale in Brittany is noted for its oysters, which also date from Roman times. Sergius Orata of the Roman Republic is considered the first major merchant and cultivator of oysters. Using his considerable knowledge of hydraulics, he built a sophisticated cultivation system, including channels and locks, to control the tides. He was so famous for this, the Romans used to say he could breed oysters on the roof of his house. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7837958335876465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Fishing from the wild", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.327080726623535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Oysters are harvested by simply gathering them from their beds. In very shallow waters, they can be gathered by hand or with small rakes. In somewhat deeper water, long-handled rakes or oyster tongs are used to reach the beds. Patent tongs can be lowered on a line to reach beds that are too deep to reach directly. In all cases, the task is the same: the oysterman scrapes oysters into a pile, and then scoops them up with the rake or tongs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.278336524963379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "In some areas, a scallop dredge is used. This is a toothed bar attached to a chain bag. The dredge is towed through an oyster bed by a boat, picking up the oysters in its path. While dredges collect oysters more quickly, they heavily damage the beds, and their use is highly restricted. Until 1965, Maryland limited dredging to sailboats, and even since then motor boats can be used only on certain days of the week. These regulations prompted the development of specialized sailboats (the bugeye and later the skipjack) for dredging.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.536043643951416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Similar laws were enacted in Connecticut before World War I and lasted until 1969. The laws restricted the harvesting of oysters in state-owned beds to vessels under sail. These laws prompted the construction of the oyster sloop-style vessel to last well into the 20th century. Hope is believed to be the last-built Connecticut oyster sloop, completed in 1948.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.673474311828613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Oysters can also be collected by divers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.53085470199585, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "In any case, when the oysters are collected, they are sorted to eliminate dead animals, bycatch (unwanted catch), and debris. Then they are taken to market, where they are either canned or sold live.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.160475254058838, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Cultivating oysters", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.182765960693359, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Oysters have been cultured for well over a century. The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is presently the most widely grown bivalve around the world.[http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3514/en FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Aquatic species] Two methods are commonly used, release and bagging. In both cases, oysters are cultivated onshore to the size of spat, when they can attach themselves to a substrate. They may be allowed to mature further to form 'seed oysters'. In either case, they are then placed in the water to mature. The release technique involves distributing the spat throughout existing oyster beds, allowing them to mature naturally to be collected like wild oysters. Bagging has the cultivator putting spat in racks or bags and keeping them above the bottom. Harvesting involves simply lifting the bags or rack to the surface and removing the mature oysters. The latter method prevents losses to some predators, but is more expensive. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.300085067749023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "The Pacific or Japanese oyster, Crassostrea gigas, has been grown in the outflow of mariculture ponds. When fish or prawns are grown in ponds, it takes typically 10 kg of feed to produce 1 kg of product (dry-dry basis). The other 9 kg goes into the pond and after mineralization, provides food for phytoplankton, which in turn feeds the oyster.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.880733489990234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "To prevent spawning, sterile oysters are now cultured by crossbreeding tetraploid and diploid oysters. The resulting triploid oyster cannot propagate, which prevents introduced oysters from spreading into unwanted habitats. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.570804119110107, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Restoration and recovery", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.47376823425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "In many areas, non-native oysters have been introduced in attempts to prop up failing harvests of native varieties. For example, the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) was introduced to California waters in 1875, while the Pacific oyster was introduced there in 1929. Proposals for further such introductions remain controversial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.757752895355225, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "The Pacific oyster prospered in Pendrell Sound, where the surface water is typically warm enough for spawning in the summer. Over the following years, spat spread out sporadically and populated adjacent areas. Eventually, possibly following adaptation to the local conditions, the Pacific oyster spread up and down the coast and now is the basis of the North American west coast oyster industry. Pendrell Sound is now a reserve that supplies spat for cultivation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.271317481994629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Near the mouth of the Great Wicomico River in the Chesapeake Bay, five-year-old artificial reefs now harbor more than 180 million native Crassostrea virginica. That is far lower than in the late 1880s, when the bay's population was in the billions, and watermen harvested about 910000 m3 annually. The 2009 harvest was less than 7300 m3. Researchers claim the keys to the project were:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.717707633972168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "* using waste oyster shells to elevate the reef floor 25 - to keep the spat free of bottom sediments", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.990413665771484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "* building larger reefs, ranging up to in size", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.328404426574707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "* disease-resistant broodstock", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.52187442779541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "The \"oyster-tecture\" movement promotes the use of oyster reefs for water purification and wave attenuation. An oyster-tecture project has been implemented at Withers Estuary, Withers Swash, South Carolina, by Neil Chambers-led volunteers, at a site where pollution was affecting beach tourism. Currently, for the installation cost of $3000, roughly 4.8 million liters of water are being filtered daily. In New Jersey, however, the Department of Environmental Protection refused to allow oysters as a filtering system in Sandy Hook Bay and the Raritan Bay, citing worries that commercial shellfish growers would be at risk and that members of the public might disregard warnings and consume tainted oysters. New Jersey Baykeepers responded by changing their strategy for utilizing oysters to clean up the waterway, by partnering with Naval Weapons Station Earle. The Navy station is under 24/7 security and therefore eliminates any poaching and associated human health risk.[http://www.nynjbaykeeper.org/index.php?optioncom_content&view", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.01928424835205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "article&id61&Itemid", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318047523498535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "68 Welcome to BayKeeper] Oyster-tecture projects have been proposed to protect coastal cities, such as New York, from the threat of rising sea levels due to climate change. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.113107681274414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Depuration", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.505017280578613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Nutrition", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.373506546020508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Oysters are an excellent source of zinc, iron, calcium, and selenium, as well as vitamin A and vitamin B12. Oysters are low in food energy; one dozen raw oysters contains 110 kcal. They are rich in protein (approximately 9g in 100g of pacific oysters). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.974240303039551, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Traditionally, oysters are considered to be an aphrodisiac, partially because they resemble female sex organs. A team of American and Italian researchers analyzed bivalves and found they were rich in amino acids that trigger increased levels of sex hormones. Their high zinc content aids the production of testosterone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.851503372192383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Dietary supplements may contain calcium carbonate from oyster shells, though no evidence shows this offers any benefits beyond what calcium may offer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.459243774414062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Selection, preparation and storage", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.362765312194824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Opening oysters", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.4815263748168945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Opening oysters, referred to as oyster-shucking, requires skill. The preferred method is to use a special knife (called an oyster knife, a variant of a shucking knife), with a short and thick blade about 5 cm long.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.420036315917969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "While different methods are used to open an oyster (which sometimes depend on the type), the following is one commonly accepted oyster-shucking method. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.180437088012695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "*Insert the blade, with moderate force and vibration if necessary, at the hinge between the two valves. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.411115646362305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "*Twist the blade until there is a slight pop.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.464503288269043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "*Slide the blade upward to cut the adductor muscle which holds the shell closed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.488870620727539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Inexperienced shuckers can apply too much force, which can result in injury if the blade slips. Heavy gloves are necessary; apart from the knife, the shell itself can be razor sharp. Professional shuckers require fewer than three seconds to open the shell.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.324021339416504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "If the oyster has a particularly soft shell, the knife can be inserted instead in the 'sidedoor', about halfway along one side where the oyster lips widen with a slight indentation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.378656387329102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Opening or \"shucking\" oysters has become a competitive sport. Oyster-shucking competitions are staged around the world. Widely acknowledged to be the premiere event, the Guinness World Oyster Opening Championship is held in September at the Galway Oyster Festival. The annual Clarenbridge Oyster Festival 'Oyster Opening Competition' is also held in Galway, Ireland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.901622772216797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Oysters are subject to various diseases which can reduce harvests and severely deplete local populations. Disease control focuses on containing infections and breeding resistant strains, and is the subject of much ongoing research.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.78083610534668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "*\"Dermo\" is caused by a protozoan parasite (Perkinsus marinus). It is a prevalent pathogen, causes massive mortality, and poses a significant economic threat to the oyster industry. The disease is not a direct threat to humans consuming infected oysters. Dermo first appeared in the Gulf of Mexico in the 1950s, and until 1978 was believed to be caused by a fungus. While it is most serious in warmer waters, it has gradually spread up the east coast of the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.261829376220703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "* Multinucleated sphere X (MSX) is caused by the protozoan Haplosporidium nelsoni, generally seen as a multinucleated Plasmodium. It is infectious and causes heavy mortality in the eastern oyster; survivors, however, develop resistance and can help propagate resistant populations. MSX is associated with high salinity and water temperatures. MSX was first noted in Delaware Bay in 1957, and is now found all up and down the East Coast of the United States. Evidence suggests it was brought to the US when Crassostrea gigas, a Japanese oyster variety, was introduced to Delaware Bay.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.44627857208252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" }, { "answer": "R", "passage": "Some oysters also harbor bacterial species which can cause human disease; of importance is Vibrio vulnificus, which causes gastroenteritis, which is usually self-limiting, and cellulitis. Cellulitis can be so severe and rapidly spreading, often it requires amputation. It is usually acquired when the contents of the oyster come in contact with a cut skin lesion, as when shucking an oyster.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.756069660186768, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oyster" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Barney & Friends", "passage": "Barney & Friends is an American children's television series aimed at children from ages 1 to 8, created by Sheryl Leach and produced by HIT Entertainment. It premiered on PBS Kids on April 6, 1992. The series features the title character Barney, a purple anthropomorphic tyrannosaurus rex who conveys educational messages through songs and small dance routines with a friendly, optimistic attitude. Production of new episodes originally ceased on September 18, 2009, although reruns of the series were still shown on several PBS stations in following years. From 2005 until 2015, reruns aired on Sprout. A revival of the series is set for a 2017 launch. ", "precise_score": 3.364983558654785, "rough_score": 5.560461521148682, "source": "wiki", "title": "Barney & Friends" }, { "answer": "Barney is a Dinosaur", "passage": "The main character is a purple and green Tyrannosaurus rex in stuffed animal likeness, who comes to life through a child's imagination. His theme song is \"Barney Is a Dinosaur,\" which is sung to the tune of \"Yankee Doodle\". Barney often quotes things as being \"Super dee-duper\". Episodes frequently end with the song \"I Love You\", sung to the tune of \"This Old Man\", which happens to be one of Barney's favorite songs. Despite being a carnivorous type dinosaur, Barney likes many different foods such as fruits and vegetables, but his main favorite is a peanut butter and jelly sandwich with a glass of milk. He also loves marching bands and parades. He also has a slight northeastern accent.", "precise_score": 2.6629316806793213, "rough_score": 2.136929988861084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Barney & Friends" }, { "answer": "Baby Bop", "passage": "An orange six-year-old Hadrosaur, who is Baby Bop and B.J.'s cousin. Riff has been on the show since September 6, 2006. He wears green sneakers. His theme music is \"I Hear Music Everywhere.\" Riff loves music and it is in almost everything he does. In the episode \"Barney: Let's Go to the Firehouse\", it was revealed that Riff also likes to invent things; he created a four-sound smoke detector (the first three were different alarm sounds and the final one his own voice). He is shown to have an interest in marching bands and parades.", "precise_score": -9.520322799682617, "rough_score": -8.365400314331055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Barney & Friends" }, { "answer": "Baby Bop", "passage": "Barney was created in 1987 by Sheryl Leach of Dallas, Texas. She came up with the idea for the program while considering TV shows that she felt would be educational and appeal to her son. Leach then brought together a team who created a series of home videos, Barney and the Backyard Gang, which also starred actress Sandy Duncan in the first three videos. Later, Barney was joined by the characters Baby Bop, B.J., and Riff.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.966814041137695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Barney & Friends" }, { "answer": "Barney & Friends", "passage": "One day in 1991, the daughter of Connecticut Public Television executive Larry Rifkin rented one of the videos and was mesmerized by it. Rifkin thought the concept could potentially be developed for PBS. Rifkin thought Barney had appeal because he wasn't nearly as neurotic as Big Bird. He pitched it to CPTV president Jerry Franklin, whose preschool son also fell in love with it. Franklin and Rifkin pitched the idea to all of their colleagues with preschoolers, and they all agreed that kids would love a potential Barney show. Franklin and Rifkin convinced Leach to let CPTV revamp the concept for television. The show debuted as Barney & Friends in 1992. The series was produced by CPTV and Lyrick Studios (bought by HIT Entertainment). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.05604076385498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Barney & Friends" }, { "answer": "Barney & Friends", "passage": "Although the show was a runaway hit, PBS initially opted not to provide funding beyond the initial 30-episode run. When CPTV executives learned this, they wrote letters to their fellow PBS member stations urging them to get PBS to reconsider. The Lyons Group, meanwhile, sent out notices through the Barney Fan Club, telling parents to write letters and make phone calls to their local PBS stations to show their support for Barney & Friends. By the time of the yearly member stations' meeting, station executives across the country were up in arms over the prospect of one of their most popular shows being cancelled. Faced with an atmosphere that Rifkin later described as \"like an insurrection,\" PBS ultimately relented.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.728354454040527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Barney & Friends" }, { "answer": "Baby Bop", "passage": "Here, the main plot of the episode takes place. Barney and the children learn about the main topic of the episode, with Baby Bop, B.J., or Riff appearing during the episode and numerous songs themed relating to the subject featured in the series. The roles of Baby Bop, B.J., and Riff have grown larger in later seasons and later episodes venture outside of the school to other places within the neighborhood and to other countries around the world in Season 13.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.943389892578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Barney & Friends" }, { "answer": "Barney & Friends", "passage": "Barney & Friends ranked #50 on TV Guide 2002 list of the 50 worst TV shows of all time. The show has also been parodied in many forms. (see Anti-Barney humor)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.708658218383789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Barney & Friends" }, { "answer": "Baby Bop", "passage": "A three-year-old green Triceratops. Baby Bop has been on the show since July 29, 1991. She made her debut in the video \"Barney in Concert\". She wears a pink bow and pink ballet slippers, and carries a yellow security blanket. She sings the song \"My Yellow Blankey\" to show how much her security blanket means to her. She likes to eat macaroni and cheese and pizza. She is B.J.'s little sister.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.338277816772461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Barney & Friends" }, { "answer": "Baby Bop", "passage": "A seven-year-old yellow Protoceratops, B.J. has been on the show since September 27, 1993. He is Baby Bop's older brother. He sings the song \"B.J.'s Song\" about himself. He wears a red baseball cap and red sneakers. He lost his hat in the episode \"Hats Off to B.J.!\", and sometimes says things to hide his fears (for example, in the episode \"Barney's Halloween Party\", he was shocked by the paper spiders and after learning they were fake, he said \"I knew that, sort of\"). Pickles are his favorite food and he has tried them in various ways, such as on pizza.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.629487991333008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Barney & Friends" }, { "answer": "Barney and Friends", "passage": "Other than the United States, the series has aired in Canada, Mexico and Latin America, France, Ireland, Italy, Malaysia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Japan (On English-based DVDs under the name \"\" and on television as simply \"\" ), the Philippines, Turkey, Australia, and New Zealand, among others. Two known co-productions of Barney & Friends have been produced outside of the US. The Israeli co-production ( Hachaverim shel Barney (The Friends of Barney) produced from 1997 to 1999 in Tel Aviv, Israel, was the first of these. Rather than dubbing the original American episodes from Seasons 1–3, the episodes are adapted with a unique set and exclusive child actors. The other co-production was one shot in South Korea from 2001–2003, airing on KBS (under the name \"바니와 친구들\" (Baniwa Chingudeul (Barney and Friends))). This one, however, adapted the first six seasons (including the first three that the Israel co-production did). It was done in a similar manner as the Israel production.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.480716705322266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Barney & Friends" }, { "answer": "Barney & Friends", "passage": "A majority of the albums of Barney & Friends feature Bob West's voice as the voice of Barney; however, the recent album The Land of Make-Believe has Dean Wendt's voice. Barney's song \"I Love You\" was one of those used by interrogators at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba to coerce the detainees. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.342546463012695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Barney & Friends" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Titans", "passage": "After the battle with the Titans, Zeus shared the world with his elder brothers, Poseidon and Hades, by drawing lots: Zeus got the sky and air, Poseidon the waters, and Hades the world of the dead (the underworld). The ancient Earth, Gaia, could not be claimed; she was left to all three, each according to their capabilities, which explains why Poseidon was the \"earth-shaker\" (the god of earthquakes) and Hades claimed the humans that died (see also Penthus).", "precise_score": -2.066342353820801, "rough_score": 3.697443962097168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zeus" }, { "answer": "Titans", "passage": "A motif of father-against-son conflict was repeated when Cronus was confronted by his son, Zeus. Because Cronus had betrayed his father, he feared that his offspring would do the same, and so each time Rhea gave birth, he snatched up the child and ate it. Rhea hated this and tricked him by hiding Zeus and wrapping a stone in a baby's blanket, which Cronus ate. When Zeus was full grown, he fed Cronus a drugged drink which caused him to vomit, throwing up Rhea's other children and the stone, which had been sitting in Cronus's stomach all along. Zeus then challenged Cronus to war for the kingship of the gods. At last, with the help of the Cyclopes (whom Zeus freed from Tartarus), Zeus and his siblings were victorious, while Cronus and the Titans were hurled down to imprisonment in Tartarus. ", "precise_score": -0.8720923066139221, "rough_score": 2.499570608139038, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greek mythology" }, { "answer": "Titans", "passage": "While according to Greek mythology the realm of Hades is the place of the dead, Tartarus also has a number of inhabitants. When Kronos came to power as the King of the Titans, he imprisoned the one-eyed Cyclopes and the hundred-armed Hecatonchires in Tartarus and set the monster Campe as its guard. Zeus killed Campe and released these imprisoned giants to aid in his conflict with the Titans. The gods of Olympus eventually triumphed. Kronos and many of the other Titans were banished to Tartarus, though Prometheus, Epimetheus, Metis and most of the female Titans were spared (according to Pindar, Kronos somehow later earned Zeus' forgiveness and was released from Tartarus to become ruler of Elysium). Another Titan, Atlas, was sentenced to hold the sky on his shoulders to prevent it from resuming its primordial embrace with the Earth. Other gods could be sentenced to Tartarus as well. Apollo is a prime example, although Zeus freed him. The Hecatonchires became guards of Tartarus' prisoners. Later, when Zeus overcame the monster Typhon, he threw him into \"wide Tartarus\". ", "precise_score": 2.814831256866455, "rough_score": 4.08159065246582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tartarus" }, { "answer": "Titans", "passage": "In Greek mythology, Hades was regarded as the oldest son of Cronus and Rhea, although the last son regurgitated by his father. He and his brothers Zeus and Poseidon defeated their father's generation of gods, the Titans, and claimed rulership over the cosmos. Hades received the underworld, Zeus the air, and Poseidon the sea, with the solid earth—long the province of Gaia—available to all three concurrently. Hades was often portrayed with his three-headed guard dog Cerberus and, in later mythological authors, associated with the Helm of Darkness and the bident.", "precise_score": -1.7316563129425049, "rough_score": 2.6377780437469482, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hades" }, { "answer": "Titan", "passage": "Upon reaching adulthood, Zeus managed to force his father to disgorge his siblings. After their release the six younger gods, along with allies they managed to gather, challenged the elder gods for power in the Titanomachy, a divine war. The war lasted for ten years and ended with the victory of the younger gods. Following their victory, according to a single famous passage in the Iliad (xv.187–93), Hades and his two brothers, Poseidon and Zeus, drew lots for realms to rule. Zeus received the sky, Poseidon received the seas, and Hades received the underworld, the unseen realm to which the souls of the dead go upon leaving the world as well as any and all things beneath the earth. Some myths suggest that Hades was dissatisfied with his turnout, but had no choice and moved to his new realm. The Underworld was Hades' eternal domain, meaning he would spend the majority of his time there . ", "precise_score": 0.9068632125854492, "rough_score": 6.024806499481201, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hades" }, { "answer": "Titans", "passage": "As a token of their appreciation, the Cyclopes gave him thunder and the thunderbolt, or lightning, which had previously been hidden by Gaia. Together, Zeus and his brothers and sisters, along with the Gigantes, Hecatonchires and Cyclopes overthrew Cronus and the other Titans, in the combat called the Titanomachy. The defeated Titans were then cast into a shadowy underworld region known as Tartarus. Atlas, one of the titans that fought against Zeus, was punished by having to hold up the sky.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6414515376091003, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zeus" }, { "answer": "Titans", "passage": "Gaia resented the way Zeus had treated the Titans, because they were her children. Soon after taking the throne as king of the gods, Zeus had to fight some of Gaia's other children, the monsters Typhon and Echidna. He vanquished Typhon and trapped him under Mount Etna, but left Echidna and her children alive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.130089521408081, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zeus" }, { "answer": "Titan", "passage": "1The Greeks variously claimed that the Moires/Fates were the daughters of Zeus and the Titaness Themis or of primordial beings like Chaos, Nyx, or Ananke.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.308974266052246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zeus" }, { "answer": "Titan", "passage": "Zeus's consort at Dodona was not Hera, but the goddess Dione — whose name is a feminine form of \"Zeus\". Her status as a titaness suggests to some that she may have been a more powerful pre-Hellenic deity, and perhaps the original occupant of the oracle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.494359970092773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zeus" }, { "answer": "Titans", "passage": "Among the earliest literary sources are Homer's two epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Other poets completed the \"epic cycle\", but these later and lesser poems now are lost almost entirely. Despite their traditional name, the \"Homeric Hymns\" have no direct connection with Homer. They are choral hymns from the earlier part of the so-called Lyric age. Hesiod, a possible contemporary with Homer, offers in his Theogony (Origin of the Gods) the fullest account of the earliest Greek myths, dealing with the creation of the world; the origin of the gods, Titans, and Giants; as well as elaborate genealogies, folktales, and etiological myths. Hesiod's Works and Days, a didactic poem about farming life, also includes the myths of Prometheus, Pandora, and the Five Ages. The poet gives advice on the best way to succeed in a dangerous world, rendered yet more dangerous by its gods.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.753324508666992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greek mythology" }, { "answer": "Titans", "passage": "\"Myths of origin\" or \"creation myths\" represent an attempt to explain the beginnings of the universe in human language. The most widely accepted version at the time, although a philosophical account of the beginning of things, is reported by Hesiod, in his Theogony. He begins with Chaos, a yawning nothingness. Out of the void emerged Gaia (the Earth) and some other primary divine beings: Eros (Love), the Abyss (the Tartarus), and the Erebus. Without male assistance, Gaia gave birth to Uranus (the Sky) who then fertilized her. From that union were born first the Titans—six males: Coeus, Crius, Cronus, Hyperion, Iapetus, and Oceanus; and six females: Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Rhea, Theia, Themis, and Tethys. After Cronus was born, Gaia and Uranus decreed no more Titans were to be born. They were followed by the one-eyed Cyclopes and the Hecatonchires or Hundred-Handed Ones, who were both thrown into Tartarus by Uranus. This made Gaia furious. Cronus (\"the wily, youngest and most terrible of Gaia's children\"), was convinced by Gaia to castrate his father. He did this, and became the ruler of the Titans with his sister-wife Rhea as his consort, and the other Titans became his court.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.260004043579102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greek mythology" }, { "answer": "Titans", "passage": "According to Classical-era mythology, after the overthrow of the Titans, the new pantheon of gods and goddesses was confirmed. Among the principal Greek gods were the Olympians, residing on Mount Olympus under the eye of Zeus. (The limitation of their number to twelve seems to have been a comparatively modern idea.) Besides the Olympians, the Greeks worshipped various gods of the countryside, the satyr-god Pan, Nymphs (spirits of rivers), Naiads (who dwelled in springs), Dryads (who were spirits of the trees), Nereids (who inhabited the sea), river gods, Satyrs, and others. In addition, there were the dark powers of the underworld, such as the Erinyes (or Furies), said to pursue those guilty of crimes against blood-relatives. In order to honor the Ancient Greek pantheon, poets composed the Homeric Hymns (a group of thirty-three songs). Gregory Nagy regards \"the larger Homeric Hymns as simple preludes (compared with Theogony), each of which invokes one god\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5015888214111328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Greek mythology" }, { "answer": "Titans", "passage": "Tartarus (; Greek: Τάρταρος Tartaros), in ancient Greek mythology, is the deep abyss that is used as a dungeon of torment and suffering for the wicked and as the prison for the Titans. As far below Hades as the earth is below the heavens, Tartarus is the place where, according to Plato in Gorgias (c. 400 BC), souls were judged after death and where the wicked received divine punishment. Like other primal entities (such as the Earth, Night and Time), Tartarus was also considered to be a primordial force or deity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.200463891029358, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tartarus" }, { "answer": "Titan", "passage": "* The giant Tityos was slain by Apollo and Artemis after attempting to rape Leto on Hera's orders. As punishment, Tityos was stretched out in Tartarus and tortured by two vultures who fed on his liver. This punishment is extremely similar to that of the Titan Prometheus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.47078275680542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tartarus" }, { "answer": "Titans", "passage": "Plato also proposes the concept that sinners were cast under the ground to be punished in accordance with their sins in the Myth of Er. Cronus, the ruler of the Titans, was thrown down into the pits of Tartarus by his children.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.889179229736328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tartarus" }, { "answer": "Titans", "passage": "In Roman mythology, Tartarus is the place where sinners are sent. Virgil describes it in the Aeneid as a gigantic place, surrounded by the flaming river Phlegethon and triple walls to prevent sinners from escaping from it. It is guarded by a hydra with fifty black gaping jaws, which sits at a screeching gate protected by columns of solid adamantine, a substance akin to diamond – so hard that nothing will cut through it. Inside, there is a castle with wide walls, and a tall iron turret. Tisiphone, one of the Erinyes who represents revenge, stands guard sleepless at the top of this turret lashing a whip. There is a pit inside which is said to extend down into the earth twice as far as the distance from the lands of the living to Olympus. At the bottom of this pit lie the Titans, the twin sons of Aloeus, and many other sinners. Still more sinners are contained inside Tartarus, with punishments similar to those of Greek myth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.667989730834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tartarus" }, { "answer": "Titans", "passage": "In the New Testament, the noun Tartarus does not occur but tartaroo (ταρταρόω, \"throw to Tartarus\"), a shortened form of the classical Greek verb kata-tartaroo (\"throw down to Tartarus\"), does appear in 2 Peter 2:4. Liddell Scott provides other sources for the shortened form of this verb, including Acusilaus (5th century BC), Joannes Laurentius Lydus (4th century AD) and the Scholiast on Aeschylus' Eumenides, who cites Pindar relating how the earth tried to tartaro \"cast down\" Apollo after he overcame the Python. In classical texts, the longer form kata-tartaroo is often related to the throwing of the Titans down to Tartarus. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.009175300598145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tartarus" }, { "answer": "Titans", "passage": "Adam Clarke reasoned that Peter's use of language relating to the Titans was an indication that the ancient Greeks had heard of a Biblical punishment of fallen angels. Some Evangelical Christian commentaries distinguish Tartarus as a place for wicked angels and Gehenna as a place for wicked humans on the basis of this verse. Other Evangelical commentaries, in reconciling that some fallen angels are chained in Tartarus, yet some not, attempt to distinguish between one type of fallen angel and another. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.248645782470703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tartarus" }, { "answer": "Titan", "passage": "Tartarus is featured in Rick Riordan's Percy Jackson and the Olympians and The Heroes of Olympus novel series, where it serves its mythological role as a location in the Underworld. It is further noted as the place where the spirits of defeated monsters travel and undergo regeneration, allowing them to eventually return to Earth. As with the ancient Greeks, Riordan also personifies Tartarus as a sentient being; in this case as the husband of Gaea and father of the Giants. The rivers of the Underworld are revealed to be his circulatory system, and his actual form is the realm from Greek myth. He also displays the ability to \"project\" a humanoid form of considerable power. During the Mark of Athena, Nico di Angelo gets trapped in Tartarus and nearly goes insane. Percy Jackson and Annabeth Chase end up trapped there at the end of the book and spend the House of Hades wandering Tartarus to find a way out. They succeed with the help of the Titan Iapetus and the Giant Damasen, but both sacrifice themselves to save them from Tartarus himself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.4745268225669861, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tartarus" }, { "answer": "Titans", "passage": "In Greek mythology, Hades the god of the underworld, was a son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea. He had three sisters, Demeter, Hestia, and Hera, as well as two brothers, Zeus, the youngest of the three, and Poseidon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6325661540031433, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hades" }, { "answer": "Titans", "passage": "He spent most of the time in his dark realm. Formidable in battle, he proved his ferocity in the famous Titanomachy, the battle of the Olympians versus the Titans, which established the rule of Zeus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.482961654663086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hades" } ]

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[ { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Steven Van Zandt (born November 22, 1950) is an American musician, songwriter, arranger, record producer, actor, and radio disc jockey, who frequently goes by the stage names Little Steven or Miami Steve. He is a member of Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band, in which he plays guitar and mandolin. He has also acted in television dramas such as The Sopranos (1999–2007) and Lilyhammer (2012–2014). Van Zandt also had his own solo band called Little Steven and The Disciples of Soul in the 1980s. In 2014, Van Zandt was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the E Street Band.", "precise_score": 3.3022336959838867, "rough_score": 5.330181121826172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steven Van Zandt" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Van Zandt grew up in the Jersey Shore music scene, and was an early friend and pre-E Street bandmate of Bruce Springsteen. In the early seventies, he was a journeyman guitarist working as a sideman for The Dovells and several of Bruce Springsteen's early bands.", "precise_score": 0.6416776776313782, "rough_score": -0.7763996720314026, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steven Van Zandt" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Van Zandt then started to switch off between writing for the Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes and touring with the E Street Band. In 1975, during the recording sessions for Born to Run, Springsteen – at a loss (according to author Dave Marsh in the Springsteen biography Born To Run) for ideas on how to arrange the horn part for \"Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out\" – called on Van Zandt and his encyclopedic knowledge of soul music for help with the arrangement. In the Wings for Wheels documentary, Springsteen revealed that Van Zandt was partially responsible for the signature guitar line in \"Born to Run\"; \"Arguably Steve's greatest contribution to my music.\" Before this, Van Zandt had only been helping Springsteen write material for the band. Ultimately, Van Zandt ended up joining the E Street Band in the midst of their Born to Run tours.", "precise_score": -0.6945397853851318, "rough_score": -0.1259348839521408, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steven Van Zandt" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "In those early years, Van Zandt supplied a great deal of the lead guitar work for the band in concert, as can be seen on the 1975 concert DVD within Born to Run 30th Anniversary Edition (later released as the CD Hammersmith Odeon London '75). In 1984, Van Zandt left the E Street Band. He originally joined to see Bruce Springsteen rise in success, and once the band rose to that success he left. ", "precise_score": 0.021139197051525116, "rough_score": -2.421940565109253, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steven Van Zandt" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Later in life, Van Zandt returned to the E Street Band when it was reformed (briefly in 1995, and on an ongoing basis since 1999) and remains with it. By now, his guitar playing had mostly been reduced to a background rhythm role, due to Nils Lofgren's position in the band and his capability as a lead guitarist. In addition, Springsteen had begun taking many more of guitar solos as his music became more guitar-centered. Notwithstanding this, among E Street Band members he often had the second-most amount of \"face time\" in concert after Clarence Clemons, frequently mugging and posing for the audience and sometimes delivering his unpolished, nasal backing vocals while sharing a microphone with Springsteen. His playing or singing is most prominently featured on the songs \"Glory Days\", \"Two Hearts\", \"Long Walk Home\" (when featured a Van Zandt outro vocal solo) \"Land of Hope and Dreams\", \"Badlands\", \"Ramrod\", and \"Murder Incorporated\", among others like the live versions of \"Rosalita\". He often trades vocals with Springsteen in live versions of \"Prove it All Night\". He features prominently in the video for \"Glory Days\", sharing the spotlight with Springsteen during the choruses, while swapping lines with him during the (non)fade, and in live versions he does the same. During the E Street Band's performance at the Super Bowl in 2009, Van Zandt was the most prominently featured member of the band, playing a guitar solo on the final number of the set, \"Glory Days\" (although the solo could not be heard by the audience which was listening to a previously recorded audio track), as well as sharing lead vocals and exchanging humorous banter with Springsteen.", "precise_score": 3.3743011951446533, "rough_score": -0.34396541118621826, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steven Van Zandt" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Van Zandt officially left the E Street Band in 1984, but later rejoined in 1999. Since 1984 he has been involved in numerous solo musical projects and collaborations, ranging from soul music to hard rock to world music. In particular, he released four albums in the 1980s and one in 1999, sometimes fronting an on-and-off group known as Little Steven and the Disciples of Soul. Van Zandt has written that these albums are each elements in a five-part concept cycle. The first of them, 1982's Men Without Women, earned the most critical praise (Jay Cocks of TIME magazine dubbed it one of the ten best albums of the year), while its follow-up, 1984's Voice of America, did the best on the U.S. albums chart, although none of them were much of a commercial success. With Voice of America, his music became explicitly political, with the central theme being opposition to Ronald Reagan-era American foreign policy.", "precise_score": 1.212886929512024, "rough_score": -3.445124387741089, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steven Van Zandt" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Nils Hilmer Lofgren (born June 21, 1951 ) is an American rock musician, recording artist, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist. Along with his work as a solo artist, he is a member of Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band since 1984, a former member of Crazy Horse, and founder/frontman of the band Grin. Lofgren was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the E Street Band in 2014.", "precise_score": 2.267824411392212, "rough_score": 3.013061046600342, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nils Lofgren" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "In 1984, he joined Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band as the replacement for Steven Van Zandt on guitar and vocals, in time for Springsteen's massive Born in the U.S.A. Tour. Following the tour he appeared on Late Night with David Letterman, to promote his 1985 solo release Flip. The E Street Band toured again with Springsteen in 1988 on the Tunnel of Love Express and Human Rights Now!. In 1989 Springsteen broke up the E Street Band, but Lofgren and Van Zandt rejoined when Springsteen revived the band in 1999 for their Reunion Tour, followed by The Rising and another massive tour in 2002 and 2003, then again for the Magic album and world tour of 2007/2008, and most recently in 2012–2013 for the Wrecking Ball Tour and in 2014 for the High Hopes Tour.", "precise_score": 2.352869987487793, "rough_score": 4.537946701049805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nils Lofgren" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Vivienne Patricia \"Patti\" Scialfa ( ;; born July 29, 1953) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. Scialfa has been a member of the E Street Band since 1984 and has been married to Bruce Springsteen since 1991. In 2014, Scialfa was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the E Street Band.", "precise_score": 3.087143659591675, "rough_score": 1.19060480594635, "source": "wiki", "title": "Patti Scialfa" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Scialfa maintains her music industry friendships over many years. Her friendship with Soozie Tyrell and Lisa Lowell pre-date their mutual work as background vocalists and musicians on the Buster Poindexter 'aka' David Johansen album (featuring a Soca song by Arrow, \"Hot Hot Hot!\") in 1987; Lowell and Tyrell have since worked on various Springsteen-Scialfa recording projects and Tyrell, violinist, has recorded and toured with Springsteen and the E Street Band. ", "precise_score": -0.4595610797405243, "rough_score": -0.8027727603912354, "source": "wiki", "title": "Patti Scialfa" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Scialfa has recorded three solo albums, 1993's Rumble Doll, 2004's 23rd Street Lullaby and 2007's Play It as It Lays. Her first two albums received four-star reviews from Rolling Stone, while the third got three and a half. Her records are a mix of confessional songwriting, impressive vocal range, and traditional country, folk and rock music. Springsteen and fellow E Street bandmates, like Lofgren and Roy Bittan, contributed backing work. Following the release of her second album, Scialfa played a series of club dates along the East Coast and she was also the opening act of the post-final night of the Vote for Change tour. ", "precise_score": 0.8792593479156494, "rough_score": -2.979583740234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Patti Scialfa" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Early in 1984 Springsteen asked Scialfa to join the E Street Band for the upcoming Born in the U.S.A. Tour. According to the book Bruce Springsteen on Tour 1969–2005 by Dave Marsh, it looked like Springsteen and Scialfa were on the brink of becoming a couple through the first leg of the tour. But before that could happen, Barry Bell introduced Julianne Phillips to Springsteen and on May 13, 1985, they were married. The two were opposites in background, had an 11-year age difference and his traveling took its toll on their relationship. In 1987, Springsteen wrote his next album, Tunnel of Love, on which many of the songs described his unhappiness in the relationship with Phillips.", "precise_score": -2.135377883911133, "rough_score": -4.486291408538818, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "After leaving the E Street Band in 1984, Van Zandt used his celebrity as a musician to fight issues surrounding apartheid in South Africa by creating a group called the Artists United Against Apartheid.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.425840854644775, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steven Van Zandt" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Tours with Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.900132656097412, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steven Van Zandt" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "*Ronnie Spector & The E Street Band", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.58138370513916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steven Van Zandt" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "E Street Band", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.029989242553711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nils Lofgren" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Tours with Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.630305290222168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nils Lofgren" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "*Gibson SG – Cherry red. Used on Johnny Bye Bye during the E Street Band's Magic Tour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.443387031555176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nils Lofgren" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "During performances of the song \"The River\" on The E Street Band's Working on a Dream Tour, Nils would use a custom Fender Stratocaster double-neck guitar, with one 12-string neck, and one standard six. The 12 string was tuned B-G-Bb-F-D-Eb, and the six string A-G#-Bb-Bb-Bb-F#.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.498392105102539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nils Lofgren" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "*Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band: Live in New York City (2001)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.844329833984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nils Lofgren" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "In 1984, Scialfa joined the E Street Band, three or four days before the opening show of the Born in the U.S.A. Tour. In 1986, she appeared on the Rolling Stones' Dirty Work album, leaving her unique vocal mark on \"One Hit (To the Body)\" as well as other tracks. She worked with Keith Richards on his first solo disc Talk is Cheap. Steve Jordan, who co-produced the Richards record, was a friend of Scialfa's from her Greenwich Village days. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.777266979217529, "source": "wiki", "title": "Patti Scialfa" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen (born September 23, 1949) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and humanitarian. He is best known for his work with his E Street Band. Nicknamed \"The Boss\", Springsteen is widely known for his brand of poetic lyrics, Americana, working class and sometimes political sentiments centered on his native New Jersey, his distinctive voice and his lengthy and energetic stage performances, with concerts from the 1970s to the present decade running over three hours in length.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.191298961639404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Other acts followed over the next two years, as Springsteen sought to shape a unique and genuine musical and lyrical style: Dr. Zoom & the Sonic Boom (early- to mid-1971), Sundance Blues Band (mid-1971), and the Bruce Springsteen Band (mid-1971 to mid-1972). With the addition of pianist David Sancious, the core of what would later become the E Street Band was formed, with occasional temporary additions such as horn sections, \"The Zoomettes\" (a group of female backing vocalists for \"Dr. Zoom\") and Southside Johnny Lyon on harmonica. Musical genres explored included blues, R&B, jazz, church music, early rock 'n' roll, and soul. His prolific songwriting ability, with \"More words in some individual songs than other artists had in whole albums\", as his future record label would describe it in early publicity campaigns, brought his skill to the attention of several people who were about to change his life: new managers Mike Appel and Jim Cretecos, and Columbia Records talent scout John Hammond, who, under Appel's pressure, auditioned Springsteen in May 1972.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.132617950439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Springsteen signed a record deal with Columbia Records in 1972 with the help of John Hammond, who had signed Bob Dylan to the same label a decade earlier. Springsteen brought many of his New Jersey–based colleagues into the studio with him, thus forming the E Street Band (although it would not be formally named as such for several more years). His debut album Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J., released in January 1973, established him as a critical favorite though sales were slow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.081416130065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Because of Springsteen's lyrical poeticism and folk rock–rooted music exemplified on tracks like \"Blinded by the Light\"\"Blinded by the Light\" would later be a hit for Manfred Mann and reach No. 1, making it the only time Springsteen had a No. 1 single as a songwriter. and \"For You\", as well as the Columbia and Hammond connections, critics initially compared Springsteen to Bob Dylan. \"He sings with a freshness and urgency I haven't heard since I was rocked by 'Like a Rolling Stone'\" wrote Crawdaddy magazine editor Peter Knobler in Springsteen's first interview/profile in March 1973. Photographs for that original profile were taken by photographer Ed Gallucci. Crawdaddy discovered Springsteen in the rock press and was his earliest champion. Knobler profiled him in Crawdaddy three times, in 1973, 1975 and 1978. (Springsteen and the E Street Band acknowledged by giving a private performance at the Crawdaddy 10th Anniversary Party in New York City in June 1976.) Music critic Lester Bangs wrote in Creem in 1975 that when Springsteen's first album was released \"... many of us dismissed it: he wrote like Bob Dylan and Van Morrison, sang like Van Morrison and Robbie Robertson, and led a band that sounded like Van Morrison's\". The track \"Spirit in the Night\" especially showed Morrison's influence, while \"Lost in the Flood\" was the first of many portraits of Vietnam veterans, and \"Growin' Up\", his first take on the recurring theme of adolescence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.808077812194824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "In September 1973, his second album The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle was released, again to critical acclaim but no commercial success. Springsteen's songs became grander in form and scope, with the E Street Band providing a less folksy, more R&B vibe, and the lyrics often romanticized teenage street life. \"4th of July, Asbury Park (Sandy)\" and \"Incident on 57th Street\" would become fan favorites, and the long, rousing \"Rosalita (Come Out Tonight)\" continues to rank among Springsteen's most beloved concert numbers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.624109268188477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "The album took more than 14 months to record, with six months alone spent on the song \"Born to Run\". During this time Springsteen battled with anger and frustration over the album, saying he heard \"sounds in [his] head\" that he could not explain to the others in the studio. It was during these recording sessions that \"Miami\" Steve Van Zandt would stumble into the studio just in time to help Springsteen organize the horn section on \"Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out\". Van Zandt, who would eventually join the E Street Band, had been a longtime friend of Springsteen, as well as a collaborator on earlier musical projects, and understood where he was coming from, which helped him to translate some of the sounds Springsteen was hearing. Still, by the end of the grueling recording sessions Springsteen was not satisfied, and upon first hearing the finished album, threw the record into the alley and told Jon Landau he would rather just cut the album live at The Bottom Line (a place he often played). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.17075252532959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "On August 13, 1975, Springsteen and the E Street Band began a five-night, 10-show stand at New York's The Bottom Line club. The engagement attracted major media attention and was broadcast live on WNEW-FM. (Decades later, Rolling Stone magazine would name the stand as one of the 50 Moments That Changed Rock and Roll.) Oklahoma City rock radio station WKY, in association with Carson Attractions, staged an experimental promotional event that resulted in a sold out house at the (6,000 seat) Civic Center Music Hall. With the release of Born to Run on August 25, 1975, Springsteen finally found success. The album peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard 200, and while reception at US top 40 radio outlets for the album's two singles was not overwhelming (\"Born to Run\" reached a modest No. 23 on the Billboard charts, and \"Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out\" peaked at #83), almost every track on the album received album-oriented rock airplay, especially \"Born to Run\", \"Thunder Road\", \"Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out\" and \"Jungleland\", all of which remain perennial favorites on many classic rock stations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.818395614624023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "A legal battle with former manager Mike Appel kept Springsteen out of the studio for nearly a year, during which time he kept the E Street Band together through extensive touring across the U.S. Despite the optimistic fervor with which he often performed, his new songs had taken a more somber tone than much of his previous work. Reaching settlement with Appel in 1977, Springsteen returned to the studio, and the subsequent sessions produced Darkness on the Edge of Town (1978). Musically, this album was a turning point in Springsteen's career. Gone were the raw, rapid-fire lyrics, outsized characters and long, multi-part musical compositions of the first three albums; now the songs were leaner and more carefully drawn and began to reflect Springsteen's growing intellectual and political awareness. The cross-country 1978 tour to promote the album would become legendary for the intensity and length of its shows. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.64015007019043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "In September 1979, Springsteen and the E Street Band joined the Musicians United for Safe Energy anti-nuclear power collective at Madison Square Garden for two nights, playing an abbreviated set while premiering two songs from his upcoming album. The subsequent No Nukes live album, as well as the following summer's No Nukes documentary film, represented the first official recordings and footage of Springsteen's fabled live act, as well as Springsteen's first tentative dip into political involvement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.291296005249023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "The River was followed in 1982 by the stark solo acoustic Nebraska. Recording sessions had been held to expand on a demo tape Springsteen had made at his home on a simple, low-tech four-track tape deck. However, during the recording process Springsteen and producer Jon Landau realized the songs worked better as solo acoustic numbers than full band renditions and the original demo tape was released as the album. Although the recordings of the E Street Band were shelved, other songs from these sessions would later be released, including \"Born in the U.S.A.\" and \"Glory Days\". According to the Marsh biographies, Springsteen was in a depressed state when he wrote this material, and the result is a brutal depiction of American life. While Nebraska did not sell as well as Springsteen's three previous albums, it garnered widespread critical praise (including being named \"Album of the Year\" by Rolling Stone magazine's critics) and influenced later significant works by other major artists, including U2's album The Joshua Tree. It helped inspire the musical genre known as lo-fi music, becoming a cult favorite among indie-rockers. Springsteen did not tour in conjunction with Nebraskas release.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.625129699707031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Live/1975–85, a five-record box set (also on three cassettes or three CDs), was released near the end of 1986 and became the first box set to debut at No. 1 on the U.S. album charts. It is one of the most commercially successful live albums of all time, ultimately selling 13 million units in the U.S. Live/1975–85 summed up Springsteen's career to that point and displayed some of the elements that made his shows so powerful to his fans: the switching from mournful dirges to party rockers and back; the communal sense of purpose between artist and audience; the long, intense spoken passages before songs, including those describing Springsteen's difficult relationship with his father; and the instrumental prowess of the E Street Band, such as in the long coda to \"Racing in the Street\". Despite its popularity, some fans and critics felt the album's song selection could have been better. Springsteen concerts are the subjects of frequent bootleg recording and trading among fans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.64938735961914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "After this commercial peak, Springsteen released the much more sedate and contemplative Tunnel of Love album (1987), a mature reflection on the many faces of love found, lost and squandered, which only selectively used the E Street Band. It presaged the breakup of his marriage to Julianne Phillips and described some of his unhappinesses in the relationship. Reflecting the challenges of love in \"Brilliant Disguise\", Springsteen sang:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.879517555236816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Later in 1988, Springsteen headlined the worldwide Human Rights Now! tour for Amnesty International. In late 1989 he dissolved the E Street Band, and he and Scialfa relocated to California, marrying in 1991.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.055430889129639, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "In 1995, after temporarily re-organizing the E Street Band for a few new songs recorded for his first Greatest Hits album (a recording session that was chronicled in the documentary Blood Brothers), he released his second (mostly) solo guitar album, The Ghost of Tom Joad, inspired by John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath and by Journey to Nowhere: The Saga of the New Underclass, a book by Pulitzer Prize-winners author Dale Maharidge and photographer Michael Williamson. This was generally less well-received than the similar Nebraska, due to the minimal melody, twangy vocals, and political nature of most of the songs, although some praised it for giving voice to immigrants and others who rarely have one in American culture. The lengthy, worldwide, small-venue solo acoustic Ghost of Tom Joad Tour that followed successfully featured many of his older songs in drastically reshaped acoustic form, although Springsteen had to explicitly remind his audiences to be quiet and not to clap during the performances.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.803114891052246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "In 1999, Springsteen and the E Street Band reunited and began their extensive Reunion Tour, lasting over a year. Highlights included a record sold-out, 15-show run at Continental Airlines Arena in East Rutherford, New Jersey and a ten-night, sold-out engagement at New York City's Madison Square Garden, which ended the tour. The final two shows were recorded for HBO, with corresponding DVD and album releases as Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band: Live in New York City. A new song, \"American Skin (41 Shots)\", about the police shooting of Amadou Diallo, which was played at these shows proved controversial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.801997184753418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "At the Grammy Awards of 2003, Springsteen performed The Clash's \"London Calling\" along with Elvis Costello, Dave Grohl, and E Street Band member Steven Van Zandt and No Doubt's bassist, Tony Kanal, in tribute to Joe Strummer; Springsteen and the Clash had once been considered multiple-album-dueling rivals at the time of the double The River and the triple Sandinista!. In 2004, Springsteen and the E Street Band participated in the Vote for Change tour, along with John Mellencamp, John Fogerty, the Dixie Chicks, Pearl Jam, R.E.M., Bright Eyes, the Dave Matthews Band, Jackson Browne, and other musicians. All concerts were to be held in swing states, to benefit the progressive political organization group America Coming Together and to encourage people to register and vote. A finale was held in Washington, D.C., bringing many of the artists together. Several days later, Springsteen held one more such concert in New Jersey, when polls showed that state surprisingly close. While in past years Springsteen had played benefits for causes in which he believed —against nuclear energy, for Vietnam veterans, Amnesty International, and the Christic Institute—he had always refrained from explicitly endorsing candidates for political office (indeed he had rejected the efforts of Walter Mondale to attract an endorsement during the 1984 Reagan \"Born in the U.S.A.\" flap). This new stance led to criticism and praise from the expected partisan sources. Springsteen's \"No Surrender\" became the main campaign theme song for John Kerry's unsuccessful presidential campaign; in the last days of the campaign, he performed acoustic versions of the song and some of his other old songs at Kerry rallies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.856865406036377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Devils & Dust was released on April 26, 2005, and was recorded without the E Street Band. It is a low-key, mostly acoustic album, in the same vein as Nebraska and The Ghost of Tom Joad although with a little more instrumentation. Some of the material was written almost 10 years earlier during, or shortly after, the Ghost of Tom Joad Tour, with a few having been performed then but not released. The title track concerns an ordinary soldier's feelings and fears during the Iraq War. Starbucks rejected a co-branding deal for the album, due in part to some sexually explicit content but also because of Springsteen's anti-corporate politics. The album entered the album charts at No. 1 in 10 countries (United States, Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Ireland). Springsteen began the solo Devils & Dust Tour at the same time as the album's release, playing both small and large venues. Attendance was disappointing in a few regions, and everywhere (other than in Europe) tickets were easier to get than in the past. Unlike his mid-1990s solo tour, he performed on piano, electric piano, pump organ, autoharp, ukulele, banjo, electric guitar, and stomping board, as well as acoustic guitar and harmonica, adding variety to the solo sound. (Offstage synthesizer, guitar, and percussion were also used for some songs.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.871466636657715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "In November 2005, Sirius Satellite Radio started a 24-hour, seven-day-a-week radio station called E Street Radio. This channel featured commercial-free Bruce Springsteen music, including rare tracks, interviews, and daily concerts of Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band recorded throughout their career.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.689613342285156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Springsteen's next album, titled Magic, was released on October 2, 2007. Recorded with the E Street Band, it featured 10 new Springsteen songs plus \"Long Walk Home\", performed once with the Sessions band, and a hidden track (the first included on a Springsteen studio release), \"Terry's Song\", a tribute to Springsteen's long-time assistant Terry Magovern, who died on July 30, 2007. Magic debuted at No. 1 in Ireland and the UK. Greatest Hits reentered the Irish charts at No. 57, and Live in Dublin almost cracked the top 20 in Norway again. Sirius Satellite Radio also restarted E Street Radio on September 27, 2007, in anticipation of Magic. Radio conglomerate Clear Channel Communications was alleged to have sent an edict to its classic rock stations to not play any songs from the new album, while continuing to play older Springsteen material. However, Clear Channel Adult Alternative (or \"AAA\") station KBCO did play tracks from the album, undermining the allegations of a corporate blackout. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.302865982055664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "The Springsteen and E Street Band Magic Tour began at the Hartford Civic Center with the album's release and continued through North America and Europe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.190906524658203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "It was announced on November 21, 2007, that Springsteen's longtime friend and founding E Street Band member, Danny Federici, would be taking a leave of absence from the Magic Tour to pursue treatment for melanoma. Charles Giordano filled in as Federici's replacement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.39553451538086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Federici returned to the stage on March 20, 2008, when he appeared for portions of a Springsteen and E Street Band performance at Conseco Fieldhouse in Indianapolis. Less than one month later, on April 17, 2008, Federici died at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, having suffered for three years with melanoma. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.97419261932373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Springsteen performed at the halftime show at Super Bowl XLIII on February 1, 2009, agreeing to do it after many previous offers. A few days before the game, Springsteen gave a rare press conference at which he promised a \"twelve-minute party.\" His 12-minute 45-second set, with the E Street Band and the Miami Horns, included abbreviated renditions of \"Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out\"\", \"Born to Run\", \"Working on a Dream\", and \"Glory Days\", the latter complete with football references in place of the original baseball-themed lyrics. The set of appearances and promotional activities led Springsteen to say, \"This has probably been the busiest month of my life.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.904664993286133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Clarence Clemons, the E Street Band's saxophonist and founding member, died on June 18, 2011, of complications from a stroke. \"Clarence lived a wonderful life\", Springsteen said in a statement. \"He carried within him a love of people that made them love him. He created a wondrous and extended family. He loved the saxophone, loved our fans and gave everything he had every night he stepped on stage.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.095666885375977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Following the release of the album, Springsteen and the E Street Band announced plans for the Wrecking Ball Tour, which began on March 18, 2012. As tickets for the first U.S. dates went on sale, many fans were unable to obtain tickets, much like for the 2009 Working on a Dream Tour, allegedly due to a heavy volume of ticket scalpers. Shows sold out within minutes and many tickets appeared, at much higher prices, on resale websites such as StubHub less than an hour after the onsale time. Ticketmaster said web traffic was 2.5 times the highest level of the past year during the online sales and suggested that scalpers played a big role.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.31804084777832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "On October 29, 2012, the New Jersey area was hit hard by Hurricane Sandy. Two days following the storm, Springsteen dedicated his performance at the Blue Cross Arena in Rochester, New York, to those affected by the storm and those helping to recover. Springsteen and the E Street Band performed \"Land of Hope and Dreams\" at a one-hour televised telethon called Hurricane Sandy: Coming Together on November 2, 2012, which aired on NBC and at the same time many other channels. Springsteen also joined Billy Joel, Steven Tyler and Jimmy Fallon for a performance of \"Under the Boardwalk\". All money was donated to the American Red Cross. Springsteen and the E Street Band, along with many top names in the music industry, performed at Madison Square Garden on December 12, 2012, for 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.784756660461426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Springsteen released his eighteenth studio album, High Hopes, on January 14, 2014. The first single and music video was a newly recorded version of the song \"High Hopes\", which Springsteen had previously recorded in 1995. The album was the first by Springsteen in which all songs are either cover songs, newly recorded outtakes from previous records, or newly recorded versions of songs previously released. The 2014 E Street Band touring lineup, along with deceased E Street Band members Clarence Clemons and Danny Federici, appears on the album along with guitarist Tom Morello. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.449637413024902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "It was announced on January 15, 2014 that Springsteen would start making professional recordings of all of his live shows available following each performance on his upcoming tour via download to a special USB wristband. In addition to the wristbands, shows will also be offered through Springsteen's website until June 30, 2014. Springsteen along with the E Street Band and guitarist Tom Morello, kicked off the High Hopes Tour on January 26, 2014. The tour was considered to be a continuation of the Wrecking Ball Tour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.375768661499023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Announced as inductees in December 2013, Springsteen inducted past and present members of the E Street Band into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 10, 2014, with each member giving speeches and Springsteen and the band performing a three song set of \"The E Street Shuffle\", \"The River\" and \"Kitty's Back\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.485990524291992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "In a December 2015 interview with E Street Radio, Springsteen talked about his plans for a new solo album however plans were put on hold to tour with the E Street Band in support of The Ties That Bind: The River Collection. Springsteen said \"the project I've been working on is more of a solo project. It wasn't a project I was going to probably take the band out on. So I said, 'Gee, that's going to push the band playing again until a ways in the future. It'll be nice to get some playing in so you don't wind up being two or three years between E Street tours.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.934898376464844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "On the album We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions Springsteen performed folk classics with a folk band, rather than his usual E Street Band. On his ensuing tour he also interpreted some of his own rock songs in a folk style.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.389810562133789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Bruce Springsteen has been a member of, or has been backed by, several bands during his career, most notably The E Street Band.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.676743030548096, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "Prior to signing his first record deal in 1972, Springsteen was a member of several bands, including Steel Mill. In October 1972 he formed a new band for the recording of his debut album Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J., which became known as The E Street Band, although the name was not introduced until September 1974. The E Street Band performed on all of Springsteen's recorded works from his debut until 1982's Nebraska, a solo album on which Springsteen himself played all the instruments. The full band returned for the next album Born in the USA, but there then followed a period from 1988 to 1999 in which albums were recorded with session musicians. The E Street Band were briefly reunited in 1995 for new contributions to the Greatest Hits compilation, and on a more permanent basis from 1999, since which time they have recorded more albums and performed a number of high-profile tours.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.190316200256348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "*Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band Reunion Tour (1999–2000)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.586743354797363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" }, { "answer": "E Street Band", "passage": "*Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band: Live in New York City won two Emmy Awards in 2001 ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.17659854888916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bruce Springsteen" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "C8H14MgO10", "Magnesium-L-threonate", "Mg²⁺", "Magnesium L-threonate", "Magnesium ribbon", "Magnessium", "⚩", "Magnesium l-threonate", "Element 12", "Magnesium", "Magnesium threonate", "Magnesium compounds", "Mg2+" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "magnesium threonate", "magnesium compounds", "element 12", "magnessium", "c8h14mgo10", "magnesium ribbon", "mg²⁺", "mg2", "⚩", "magnesium l threonate", "magnesium" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "magnesium", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Magnesium" }

[ { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is a shiny gray solid which bears a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in the second column (Group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table: all Group 2 elements have the same electron configuration in the outer electron shell and a similar crystal structure.", "precise_score": 0.39961880445480347, "rough_score": 0.8542332053184509, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium occurs naturally only in combination with other elements, where it invariably has a +2 oxidation state. The free element (metal) can be produced artificially, and is highly reactive (though in the atmosphere, it is soon coated in a thin layer of oxide that partly inhibits reactivity — see passivation). The free metal burns with a characteristic brilliant-white light. The metal is now obtained mainly by electrolysis of magnesium salts obtained from brine, and is used primarily as a component in aluminium-magnesium alloys, sometimes called magnalium or magnelium. Magnesium is less dense than aluminium, and the alloy is prized for its combination of lightness and strength.", "precise_score": -10.255013465881348, "rough_score": -9.620272636413574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium is the eleventh most abundant element by mass in the human body, and the ions are essential to all cells. Magnesium ions interact with polyphosphate compounds such as ATP, DNA, and RNA. Hundreds of enzymes require magnesium ions to function. Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common laxatives, antacids (e.g., milk of magnesia), and to stabilize abnormal nerve excitation or blood vessel spasm in such conditions as eclampsia. Magnesium ions are sour to the taste, and in low concentrations they help impart a natural tartness to fresh mineral waters. Magnesium is the metallic ion at the center of chlorophyll, and is a common component in fertilizers. ", "precise_score": -9.566823959350586, "rough_score": -9.187713623046875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Elemental magnesium is a gray-white lightweight metal, two-thirds the density of aluminium. It tarnishes slightly when exposed to air, although, unlike the other alkaline earth metals, an oxygen-free environment is unnecessary for storage because magnesium is protected by a thin layer of oxide that is fairly impermeable and difficult to remove. Magnesium has the lowest melting (923 K) and the lowest boiling point 1363 K of all the alkaline earth metals. ", "precise_score": -10.435909271240234, "rough_score": -10.091121673583984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium is highly flammable, especially when powdered or shaved into thin strips, though it is difficult to ignite in mass or bulk. Flame temperatures of magnesium and magnesium alloys can reach 3100 °C, although flame height above the burning metal is usually less than 300 mm. Once ignited, such fires are difficult to extinguish, with combustion continuing in nitrogen (forming magnesium nitride), carbon dioxide (forming magnesium oxide and carbon), and water (forming magnesium oxide and hydrogen). This property was used in incendiary weapons during the firebombing of cities in World War II, where the only practical civil defense was to smother a burning flare under dry sand to exclude atmosphere from the combustion.", "precise_score": -10.857523918151855, "rough_score": -9.769006729125977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "The presence of iron, nickel, copper, and cobalt strongly activates corrosion. Greater than a very small percentage, these metals precipitate as intermetallic compounds, and the precipitate locales function as active cathodic sites that reduce water, causing the loss of magnesium. Controlling the quantity of these metals improves corrosion resistance. Sufficient manganese overcomes the corrosive effects of iron. This requires precise control over composition, increasing costs. Adding a cathodic poison captures atomic hydrogen within the structure of a metal. This prevents the formation of free hydrogen gas, an essential factor of corrosive chemical processes. The addition of about one in three hundred parts arsenic reduces its corrosion rate in a salt solution by a factor of nearly ten. ", "precise_score": -11.019143104553223, "rough_score": -9.905110359191895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium has three stable isotopes: , and . All are present in significant amounts (see table of isotopes above). About 79% of Mg is . The isotope is radioactive and in the 1950s to 1970s was produced by several nuclear power plants for use in scientific experiments. This isotope has a relatively short half-life (21 hours) and its use was limited by shipping times.", "precise_score": -8.070267677307129, "rough_score": -7.218075275421143, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "A new process, solid oxide membrane technology, involves the electrolytic reduction of MgO. At the cathode, ion is reduced by two electrons to magnesium metal. The electrolyte is Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The anode is a liquid metal. At the YSZ/liquid metal anode is oxidized. A layer of graphite borders the liquid metal anode, and at this interface carbon and oxygen react to form carbon monoxide. When silver is used as the liquid metal anode, there is no reductant carbon or hydrogen needed, and only oxygen gas is evolved at the anode. It has been reported that this method provides a 40% reduction in cost per pound over the electrolytic reduction method. This method is more environmentally sound than others because there is much less carbon dioxide emitted.", "precise_score": -10.459879875183105, "rough_score": -5.522208213806152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "The name magnesium originates from the Greek word for a district in Thessaly called Magnesia. It is related to magnetite and manganese, which also originated from this area, and required differentiation as separate substances. See manganese for this history.", "precise_score": 0.9477015733718872, "rough_score": -3.2950632572174072, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "The Germans coined the name \"Elektron\" for magnesium alloy, a term is still used today. In the commercial aerospace industry, magnesium was generally restricted to engine-related components, due fire and corrosion hazards. Currently, magnesium alloy use in aerospace is increasing, driven by the importance of fuel economy. Development and testing of new magnesium alloys continues, notably Elektron 21, which (in test) has proved suitable for aerospace engine, internal, and airframe components. The European Community runs three R&D magnesium projects in the Aerospace priority of Six Framework Program.", "precise_score": -10.760416984558105, "rough_score": -9.781827926635742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "* BMW used magnesium alloy blocks in their N52 engine, including an aluminium alloy insert for the cylinder walls and cooling jackets surrounded by a high-temperature magnesium alloy AJ62A. The engine was used worldwide between 2005 and 2011 in various 1, 3, 5, 6, and 7 series models; as well as the Z4, X1, X3, and X5.", "precise_score": -11.126718521118164, "rough_score": -10.072896957397461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "* Magnesium is flammable, burning at a temperature of approximately 3100 °C, and the autoignition temperature of magnesium ribbon is approximately 473 °C. It produces intense, bright, white light when it burns. Magnesium's high combustion temperature makes it a useful tool for starting emergency fires. Other uses include flash photography, flares, pyrotechnics, and fireworks sparklers. Magnesium is also often used to ignite thermite or other materials that require a high ignition temperature.", "precise_score": -10.921361923217773, "rough_score": -9.998924255371094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "* As a metal, this element's principal use is as an alloying additive to aluminium with these aluminium-magnesium alloys being used mainly for beverage cans, sports equipment such as golf clubs, fishing reels, and archery bows and arrows.", "precise_score": -9.731108665466309, "rough_score": -9.943384170532227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Mg (s) + 2 (l) → Magnesium hydroxide| (s) + (g)", "precise_score": -5.6186041831970215, "rough_score": -9.593716621398926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium compounds, primarily magnesium oxide (MgO), are used as a refractory material in furnace linings for producing iron, steel, nonferrous metals, glass, and cement. Magnesium oxide and other magnesium compounds are also used in the agricultural, chemical, and construction industries. Magnesium oxide from calcination is used as an electrical insulator in fire-resistant cables. ", "precise_score": -8.617520332336426, "rough_score": -7.076353549957275, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "In the UK, the recommended daily values for magnesium is 300 mg for men and 270 mg for women. Reduced magnesium in the diet of modern Western countries (compared to earlier generations) may be related to food refining and modern fertilizers that contain no magnesium.", "precise_score": -10.592497825622559, "rough_score": -9.95910358428955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "An adult has 22–26 grams of magnesium, with 60% in the skeleton, 39% intracellular (20% in skeletal muscle), and 1% extracellular. Serum levels are typically 0.7–1.0 mmol/L or 1.8–2.4 mEq/L. Serum magnesium levels may be normal even when intracellular magnesium is deficient. The mechanisms for maintaining the magnesium level in the serum are varying gastrointestinal absorption and renal excretion. Intracellular magnesium is correlated with intracellular potassium. Increased magnesium lowers calcium and can either prevent hypercalcemia or cause hypocalcemia depending on the initial level. Both low and high protein intake conditions inhibit magnesium absorption, as does the amount of phosphate, phytate, and fat in the gut. Excess dietary magnesium is excreted in feces, urine, and sweat.", "precise_score": -10.887746810913086, "rough_score": -10.059642791748047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium is the ninth most abundant element in the universe. It is produced in large, aging stars from the sequential addition of three helium nuclei to a carbon nucleus. When such stars explode as supernova, much of the magnesium is expelled into the interstellar medium where it may recycle into new star systems. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and the fourth most common element in the Earth (after iron, oxygen and silicon), making up 13% of the planet's mass and a large fraction of the planet's mantle. It is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater, after sodium and chlorine. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.400177001953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium reacts with water at room temperature, though it reacts much more slowly than calcium, a similar group 2 metal. When submerged in water, hydrogen bubbles form slowly on the surface of the metal—though, if powdered, it reacts much more rapidly. The reaction occurs faster with higher temperatures (see #Precautions). Magnesium's reversible reaction with water can be harnessed to store energy and run a magnesium-based engine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.287110328674316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium also reacts exothermically with most acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), producing the metal chloride and hydrogen gas, similar to the HCl reaction with aluminium, zinc, and many other metals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.071162223815918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium may also be used as an igniter for thermite, a mixture of aluminium and iron oxide powder that ignites only at a very high temperature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.65989875793457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "When burning in air, magnesium produces a brilliant-white light that includes strong ultraviolet wavelengths. Magnesium powder (flash powder) was used for subject illumination in the early days of photography. Later, magnesium filament was used in electrically ignited single-use photography flashbulbs. Magnesium powder is used in fireworks and marine flares where a brilliant white light is required. It was also used for various theatrical effects, such as lightning, pistol flashes, and supernatural appearances. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.448884963989258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium is the eighth-most-abundant element in the Earth's crust by mass and tied in seventh place with iron in molarity. It is found in large deposits of magnesite, dolomite, and other minerals, and in mineral waters, where magnesium ion is soluble.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.833965301513672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Although magnesium is found in more than 60 minerals, only dolomite, magnesite, brucite, carnallite, talc, and olivine are of commercial importance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.198080062866211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "The cation is the second-most-abundant cation in seawater (about ⅛ the mass of sodium ions in a given sample), which makes seawater and sea salt attractive commercial sources for Mg. To extract the magnesium, calcium hydroxide is added to seawater to form magnesium hydroxide precipitate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.131547927856445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium hydroxide (brucite) is insoluble in water and can be filtered out and reacted with hydrochloric acid to produced concentrated magnesium chloride.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.215174674987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "From magnesium chloride, electrolysis produces magnesium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.369674682617188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "As of 2013, magnesium alloy consumption was less than one million tons per year, compared with 50 million tons of aluminum alloys. Its use has been historically limited by its tendency to corrode, creep at high temperatures, and combust.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.808304786682129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Research showed that magnesium's tendency to creep at high-temperatures is eliminated by the adding scandium and gadolinium. Flammability is greatly reduced by a small amount of calcium in the alloy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.310505867004395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium forms a variety of compounds important to industry and biology, including magnesium carbonate, magnesium chloride, magnesium citrate, magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia), magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfate, and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (Epsom salts).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.917458534240723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "China is the dominant supplier of magnesium, with approximately 80% of the world market share. China is almost completely reliant on the silicothermic Pidgeon process (the reduction of the oxide at high temperatures with silicon, often provided by a ferrosilicon alloy in which the iron is but a spectator in the reactions) to obtain the metal. The process can also be carried out with carbon at approx 2300 °C:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.534234046936035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "In the United States, magnesium is obtained principally with the Dow process, by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride from brine and sea water. A saline solution containing ions is first treated with lime (calcium oxide) and the precipitated magnesium hydroxide is collected:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73243236541748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "The hydroxide is then converted to a partial hydrate of magnesium chloride by treating the hydroxide with hydrochloric acid and heating of the product:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1446533203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "The salt is then electrolyzed in the molten state. At the cathode, the ion is reduced by two electrons to magnesium metal:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.903451919555664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "The United States has traditionally been the major world supplier of this metal, supplying 45% of world production even as recently as 1995. Today, the US market share is at 7%, with a single domestic producer left, US Magnesium, a Renco Group company in Utah born from now-defunct Magcorp. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.163809776306152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "In 1618, a farmer at Epsom in England attempted to give his cows water from a well there. The cows refused to drink because of the water's bitter taste, but the farmer noticed that the water seemed to heal scratches and rashes. The substance became known as Epsom salts and its fame spread. It was eventually recognized as hydrated magnesium sulfate, ·7.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29690170288086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "The metal itself was first produced by Sir Humphry Davy in England in 1808. He used electrolysis on a mixture of magnesia and mercuric oxide. Antoine Bussy prepared it in coherent form in 1831. Davy's first suggestion for a name was magnium, but the name magnesium is now used.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.645475387573242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium is the third-most-commonly-used structural metal, following iron and aluminium. It is called the lightest useful metal by The Periodic Table of Videos. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.936161994934082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "The main applications of magnesium are, in order: aluminium alloys, die-casting (alloyed with zinc), removing sulfur in the production of iron and steel, and the production of titanium in the Kroll process. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.850260734558105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium is used in super-strong, lightweight materials and alloys. For example, when infused with silicon carbide nanoparticles, it has extremely high specific strength.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.63382625579834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Historically, magnesium was one of the main aerospace construction metals and was used for German military aircraft as early as World War I and extensively for German aircraft in World War II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.858470916748047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "In the form of thin ribbons, magnesium is used to purify solvents; for example, preparing super-dry ethanol.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.804697036743164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "* Wright Aeronautical used a magnesium crankcase in the WWII-era Wright Duplex Cyclone aviation engine. This presented a serious problem for the earliest models of the Boeing B-29 heavy bomber when an in-flight engine fire ignited the engine crankcase. The resulting combustion was as hot as 5,600 °F (3,100 °C) and could sever the wing spar from the fusilage. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.5979585647583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "* Porsche used magnesium alloy frames in the 917/053 that won Le Mans in 1971, and continues to use magnesium alloys for its engine blocks due to the weight advantage.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.480267524719238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "* Volkswagen Group has used magnesium in its engine components for many years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.042346954345703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "* Mitsubishi Motors uses magnesium for its paddle shifters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.337580680847168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "* Chevrolet used the magnesium alloy AE44 in the 2006 Corvette Z06.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.547929763793945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Both AJ62A and AE44 are recent developments in high-temperature low-creep magnesium alloys. The general strategy for such alloys is to form intermetallic precipitates at the grain boundaries, for example by adding mischmetal or calcium. New alloy development and lower costs that make magnesium competitive with aluminium will increase the number of automotive applications.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.440688133239746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Because of low weight and good mechanical and electrical properties, magnesium is widely used for manufacturing of mobile phones, laptop and tablet computers, cameras, and other electronic components.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.640654563903809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium, being readily available and relatively nontoxic, has a variety of uses:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.993210792541504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "* Specialty, high-grade car wheels of magnesium alloy are called \"mag wheels\", although the term is often misapplied to aluminium wheels. Many car and aircraft manufacturers have made engine and body parts from magnesium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.257231712341309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "* Magnesium batteries have been commercialized as primary batteries, and are an active topic of research for rechargeable secondary batteries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46849536895752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium metal and its alloys can be explosive hazards; they are highly flammable in their pure form when molten or in powder or ribbon form. Burning or molten magnesium reacts violently with water. When working with powdered magnesium, safety glasses with eye protection and UV filters (such as welders use) are employed because burning magnesium produces ultraviolet light that can permanently damage the retina of a human eye. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.953310012817383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium is capable of reducing water and releasing highly flammable hydrogen gas: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.417832374572754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Therefore, water cannot extinguish magnesium fires. The hydrogen gas produced intensifies the fire. Dry sand is an effective smothering agent, but only on relatively level and flat surfaces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32658576965332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium reacts with carbon dioxide exothermically to form magnesium oxide and carbon: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.355377197265625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Hence, carbon dioxide fuels rather than extinguishes magnesium fires.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.408401489257812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Burning magnesium can be quenched by using a Class D dry chemical fire extinguisher, or by covering the fire with sand or magnesium foundry flux to remove its air source.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.316484451293945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium reacted with an alkyl halide gives a Grignard reagent, which is a very useful tool for preparing alcohols.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.432296752929688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium salts are included in various foods, fertilizers (magnesium is a component of chlorophyll), and microbe culture media.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.298206329345703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium sulfite is used in the manufacture of paper (sulfite process).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.195165634155273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium phosphate is used to fireproof wood used in construction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.138203620910645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium hexafluorosilicate is used for moth-proofing textiles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.951013565063477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "The important interaction between phosphate and magnesium ions makes magnesium essential to the basic nucleic acid chemistry of all cells of all known living organisms. More than 300 enzymes require magnesium ions for their catalytic action, including all enzymes using or synthesizing ATP and those that use other nucleotides to synthesize DNA and RNA. The ATP molecule is normally found in a chelate with a magnesium ion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.194652557373047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": " Spices, nuts, cereals, cocoa and vegetables are rich sources of magnesium. Green leafy vegetables such as spinach are also rich in magnesium since they contain chlorophyll.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.436087608337402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Numerous pharmaceutical preparations of magnesium and dietary supplements are available. Magnesium oxide, one of the most common forms in magnesium dietary supplements because of its high magnesium content per weight, is the least bioavailable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.224494934082031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium status may be assessed by measuring serum and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations coupled with urinary and fecal magnesium content, but intravenous magnesium loading tests are more accurate and practical. A retention of 20% or more of the injected amount indicates deficiency. No biomarker has been established for magnesium. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.892650604248047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium concentrations in plasma or serum may be monitored for efficacy and safety in those receiving the drug therapeutically, to confirm the diagnosis in potential poisoning victims, or to assist in the forensic investigation in a case of fatal overdose. The newborn children of mothers who received parenteral magnesium sulfate during labor may exhibit toxicity with normal serum magnesium levels. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.259800910949707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Magnesium deficiency (hypomagnesemia) is common: it is found in 2.5–15% of the general population. The primary cause of deficiency is decreased dietary intake: only 32% of people in the United States meet the recommended daily allowance. Other causes are increased renal or gastrointestinal loss, an increased intracellular shift, and proton-pump inhibitor antacid therapy. Most are asymptomatic, but symptoms referable to neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and metabolic dysfunction may occur. Alcoholism is often associated with magnesium deficiency. Chronically low serum magnesium levels are associated with metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus type 2, fasciculation, and hypertension.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.698053359985352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "*Intravenous magnesium is recommended by the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death for patients with ventricular arrhythmia associated with torsades de pointes who present with long QT syndrome; and for the treatment of patients with digoxin induced arrhythmias. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25271987915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "*Magnesium is the drug of choice in the management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.448760986328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "*Hypomagnesemia, including that caused by alcoholism, is reversible by oral or parenteral magnesium administration depending on the degree of deficiency. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.374651908874512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "*There is limited evidence that magnesium supplementation may play a role in the prevention and treatment of migraine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.424004554748535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "*Oral magnesium may be therapeutic for restless leg syndrome. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.512123107910156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Sorted by type of magnesium salt, other therapeutic applications include:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.351458549499512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "* Magnesium sulfate, as the heptahydrate called Epsom salts, is used as bath salts, a laxative, and a highly soluble fertilizer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.70504093170166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "* Magnesium hydroxide, suspended in water, is used in milk of magnesia antacids and laxatives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.804149627685547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "* Magnesium chloride, oxide, gluconate, malate, orotate, glycinate, ascorbate and citrate are all used as oral magnesium supplements. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.471634864807129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "* Magnesium borate, magnesium salicylate, and magnesium sulfate are used as antiseptics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.382424354553223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "* Magnesium bromide is used as a mild sedative (this action is due to the bromide, not the magnesium).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.722983360290527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "* Magnesium stearate is a slightly flammable white powder with lubricating properties. In pharmaceutical technology, it is used in pharmacological manufacture to prevent tablets from sticking to the equipment while compressing the ingredients into tablet form.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.806055068969727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "* Magnesium carbonate powder is used by athletes such as gymnasts, weightlifters, and climbers to eliminate palm sweat, prevent sticking, and improve the grip on gymnastic apparatus, lifting bars, and climbing rocks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.897668838500977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "* Magnesium L–threonate has been studied as a possible treatment of mild cognitive impairment. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49573802947998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Overdose from dietary sources alone is unlikely because excess magnesium in the blood is promptly filtered by the kidneys. Overdose with magnesium tablets is possible in the presence of impaired renal function. There is a single case report of hypermagnesemia in a woman with normal renal function using high doses of magnesium salts for catharsis. The most common symptoms of overdose are nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; other symptoms include hypotension, confusion, slowed heart and respiratory rate, deficiencies of other minerals, coma, cardiac arrhythmia, and death from cardiac arrest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.90178394317627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" }, { "answer": "Magnesium", "passage": "Plants require magnesium to synthesize chlorophyll, essential for photosynthesis. Magnesium in the center of the porphyrin ring in chlorophyll functions in a manner similar to the iron in the center of the porphyrin ring in heme. Magnesium deficiency in plants causes late-season yellowing between leaf veins, especially in older leaves, and can be corrected by applying to the soil either Epsom salts (which is rapidly leached), or crushed dolomitic limestone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.126771926879883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magnesium" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Salieri", "Antoine Salieri", "Anton Salieri", "Antonio Salieri", "Antionio Salieri" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "antonio salieri", "anton salieri", "salieri", "antionio salieri", "antoine salieri" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "antonio salieri", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Antonio Salieri" }

[ { "answer": "Antonio Salieri", "passage": "An early rumor addressing the cause of Mozart's death was that he was poisoned by his colleague Antonio Salieri. This rumor, however, was not proven to be true as the signs of illness Mozart displayed did not indicate poisoning. Despite denying the allegation, Salieri was greatly affected by the accusations that he had contributed to Mozart's death and contributed to his nervous breakdowns in later life. This theory is the subject of many literary works, such as Peter Shaffer's award-winning play \"Amadeus\", and the movie of the same name.", "precise_score": 0.9599700570106506, "rough_score": -1.3173094987869263, "source": "wiki", "title": "Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart" }, { "answer": "Salieri", "passage": "The funeral arrangements were made by Mozart's friend and patron Baron Gottfried van Swieten. Describing his funeral, the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians states, \"Mozart was buried in a common grave, in accordance with contemporary Viennese custom, at the St. Marx Cemetery outside the city on 7 December.\" Otto Jahn wrote in 1856 that Salieri, Süssmayr, van Swieten and two other musicians were present. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.411810398101807, "source": "wiki", "title": "Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart" }, { "answer": "Salieri", "passage": "Beyond the Salieri theory, other theories involving murder by poison have been put forth, blaming the Masons, Jews, or both. One such theory was the work of Mathilde Ludendorff, wife of the German general Erich Ludendorff. William Stafford (1991) forthrightly describes such accounts as outlandish conspiracy theories, giving supporting reasons. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.206192016601562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "R. W. Sears", "Richard W Sears", "Richard Warren Sears", "Sears, Richard Warren" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "sears richard warren", "richard w sears", "r w sears", "richard warren sears" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "richard warren sears", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Richard Warren Sears" }

[ { "answer": "Richard Warren Sears", "passage": "Richard Warren Sears (December 7, 1863 – September 28, 1914) was a manager, businessman, and the founder of Sears, Roebuck and Company with his partner Alvah Curtis Roebuck.", "precise_score": 5.936043739318848, "rough_score": 6.217871189117432, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Warren Sears" }, { "answer": "Richard Warren Sears", "passage": "Alvah Curtis Roebuck (January 9, 1864 – June 18, 1948) was a manager at, Sears, Roebuck and Company with his partner Richard Warren Sears.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.899674654006958, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alvah Curtis Roebuck" }, { "answer": "Richard Warren Sears", "passage": "Roebuck co-founded Sears, Roebuck and Company with Richard Warren Sears in 1891. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.761134147644043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alvah Curtis Roebuck" }, { "answer": "R. W. Sears", "passage": "Within six months, Sears had netted $5,000 and felt so confident in this venture that he moved to Minneapolis and founded the R. W. Sears Watch Company. He began placing advertisements in farm publications and mailing flyers to potential clients. From the beginning, it was clear that Sears had a talent for writing promotional copy. He took the personal approach in his ads, speaking directly to rural and small-town communities, persuading them to purchase by mail-order.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.71876049041748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Warren Sears" }, { "answer": "Richard Warren Sears", "passage": "Sears was survived by wife Anna Lydia Mechstroth (1868-1946, m. 1895), and 4 children (Sylvia Sears Gardner (b. 1896-1968), Richard Warren Sears Jr. (1896-1945), Wesley Sears (1898-1944), Serena Sears Griess (1900-1942)).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.17568588256836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Warren Sears" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Cameroon, Gabon" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "cameroon gabon" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "cameroon gabon", "type": "FreeForm", "value": "Cameroon, Gabon" }

[ { "answer": "Cameroon, Gabon", "passage": "Equatorial Guinea has also been a destination for fortune-seeking European settlers from Britain, France and Germany. Israelis and Moroccans also live and work here. Oil extraction since the 1990s has contributed to a doubling of the population in Malabo. After independence, thousands of Equatorial Guineans went to Spain. Another 100,000 Equatorial Guineans went to Cameroon, Gabon, and Nigeria because of the dictatorship of Francisco Macías Nguema. Some Equatorial Guinean communities are also found in Latin America, the United States, Portugal, and France.", "precise_score": -0.04108209162950516, "rough_score": -1.6134885549545288, "source": "wiki", "title": "Equatorial Guinea" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Okla.", "Oklahoma", "Oklahoma, United States", "Sooner State", "Forty-Sixth State", "Religion in Oklahoma", "Culture of Oklahoma", "46th State", "Oklahoma (U.S. state)", "Oklahoma, USA", "State of Oklahoma", "List of Oklahoma State Symbols", "Oaklahoma", "Oklaholma", "Transportation in Oklahoma", "US-OK", "Sports in Oklahoma", "Okla", "Oklahoman", "Oclahoma", "Education in Oklahoma", "Energy in Oklahoma", "Transport in Oklahoma", "Forty-sixth State", "Oklahoma (state)", "The Sooner State" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "sooner state", "religion in oklahoma", "oklahoma", "us ok", "oklahoma u s state", "46th state", "oklahoma united states", "oklahoma state", "transportation in oklahoma", "forty sixth state", "energy in oklahoma", "education in oklahoma", "oclahoma", "sports in oklahoma", "oklaholma", "oklahoma usa", "oaklahoma", "transport in oklahoma", "culture of oklahoma", "okla", "oklahoman", "list of oklahoma state symbols", "state of oklahoma" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "oklahoma", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Oklahoma" }

[ { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma (Cherokee: Asgaya gigageyi / ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎩᎦᎨᏱ; or transliterated from English as ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ (òɡàlàhoma), Pawnee: Uukuhuúwa, Cayuga: Gahnawiyoˀgeh ) is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th most extensive and the 28th most populous of the 50 United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning \"red people\". It is also known informally by its nickname, The Sooner State, in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on the choicest pieces of land before the official opening date, and the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889, which opened the door for white settlement in America's Indian Territory. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged and Indian was dropped from the name. On November 16, 1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally \"Okies\", and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.", "precise_score": 1.445647954940796, "rough_score": 2.7512013912200928, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma is the 20th largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles (181,035 km2), with 68,667 square miles (177847 km2) of land and 1,281 square miles (3,188 km2) of water. It is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, and on the south and near-west by Texas.", "precise_score": -10.579122543334961, "rough_score": -9.80587387084961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Because of Oklahoma's position between zones of differing prevailing temperature and winds, weather patterns within the state can vary widely over relatively short distances and can change drastically in a short time. As an example, on November 11, 1911, the temperature at Oklahoma City reached 83 °F in the afternoon (the record high for that date), then an Arctic cold front of unprecedented intensity slammed across the state, causing the temperature to crash 66 degrees, down to 17 °F at midnight (the record low for that date); thus, both the record high and record low for November 11 were set on the same date. This type of phenomenon is also responsible for many of the tornadoes in the area, such as the 1912 Oklahoma tornado outbreak, when a warm front traveled along a stalled cold front, resulting in an average of about one tornado per hour over the course of a day.", "precise_score": -10.618517875671387, "rough_score": -9.8339204788208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The territory now known as Oklahoma was first a part of the Arkansas Territory from 1819 until 1828.", "precise_score": -9.998547554016113, "rough_score": -9.738454818725586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Attempts to create an all-Indian state named Oklahoma and a later attempt to create an all-Indian state named Sequoyah failed but the Sequoyah Statehood Convention of 1905 eventually laid the groundwork for the Oklahoma Statehood Convention, which took place two years later. On November 16, 1907, Oklahoma was established as the 46th state in the Union.", "precise_score": 2.085475206375122, "rough_score": 1.2857248783111572, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The new state became a focal point for the emerging oil industry, as discoveries of oil pools prompted towns to grow rapidly in population and wealth. Tulsa eventually became known as the \"Oil Capital of the World\" for most of the 20th century and oil investments fueled much of the state's early economy. In 1927, Oklahoman businessman Cyrus Avery, known as the \"Father of Route 66\", began the campaign to create U.S. Route 66. Using a stretch of highway from Amarillo, Texas to Tulsa, Oklahoma to form the original portion of Highway 66, Avery spearheaded the creation of the U.S. Highway 66 Association to oversee the planning of Route 66, based in his hometown of Tulsa. ", "precise_score": -10.260581970214844, "rough_score": -8.224017143249512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "During the 1930s, parts of the state began suffering the consequences of poor farming practices, extended drought and high winds. Known as the Dust Bowl, areas of Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and northwestern Oklahoma were hampered by long periods of little rainfall and abnormally high temperatures, sending thousands of farmers into poverty and forcing them to relocate to more fertile areas of the western United States. Over a twenty-year period ending in 1950, the state saw its only historical decline in population, dropping 6.9 percent as impoverished families migrated out of the state after the Dust Bowl.", "precise_score": -10.619956016540527, "rough_score": -9.294998168945312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The state's 2006 per capita personal income ranked 37th at $32,210, though it has the third fastest-growing per capita income in the nation and ranks consistently among the lowest states in cost of living index. The Oklahoma City suburb Nichols Hills is first on Oklahoma locations by per capita income at $73,661, though Tulsa County holds the highest average. In 2011, 7.0% of Oklahomans were under the age of 5, 24.7% under 18, and 13.7% were 65 or older. Females made up 50.5% of the population.", "precise_score": -11.119193077087402, "rough_score": -8.731478691101074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "In 2010, Oklahoma City-based Love's Travel Stops & Country Stores ranked 18th on the Forbes list of largest private companies, Tulsa-based QuikTrip ranked 37th, and Oklahoma City-based Hobby Lobby ranked 198th in 2010 report. Oklahoma's gross domestic product grew from $131.9 billion in 2006 to $147.5 billion in 2010, a jump of 10.6 percent. Oklahoma's gross domestic product per capita was $35,480 in 2010, which was ranked 40th among the states. ", "precise_score": -11.157754898071289, "rough_score": -10.019524574279785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Six governments have claimed the area now known as Oklahoma at different times, and 67 Native American tribes are represented in Oklahoma, including 39 federally recognized tribes, who are headquartered and have tribal jurisdictional areas in the state. Western ranchers, Native American tribes, southern settlers, and eastern oil barons have shaped the state's cultural predisposition, and its largest cities have been named among the most underrated cultural destinations in the United States. ", "precise_score": -10.80988597869873, "rough_score": -9.62381649017334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The state has a rich history in ballet with five Native American ballerinas attaining worldwide fame. These were Yvonne Chouteau, sisters Marjorie and Maria Tallchief, Rosella Hightower and Moscelyne Larkin, known collectively as the Five Moons. The New York Times rates the Tulsa Ballet as one of the top ballet companies in the United States. The Oklahoma City Ballet and University of Oklahoma's dance program were formed by ballerina Yvonne Chouteau and husband Miguel Terekhov. The University program was founded in 1962 and was the first fully accredited program of its kind in the United States. ", "precise_score": -10.76883316040039, "rough_score": -10.103761672973633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "In Sand Springs, an outdoor amphitheater called \"Discoveryland!\" is the official performance headquarters for the musical Oklahoma! Ridge Bond, native of McAlester, Oklahoma, starred in the Broadway and International touring productions of Oklahoma!, playing the role of \"Curly McClain\" in more than 2,600 performances. In 1953 he was featured along with the Oklahoma! cast on a CBS Omnibus television broadcast. Bond was instrumental in the title song becoming the Oklahoma state song and is also featured on the U.S. postage stamp commemorating the musical's 50th anniversary. Historically, the state has produced musical styles such as The Tulsa Sound and western swing, which was popularized at Cain's Ballroom in Tulsa. The building, known as the \"Carnegie Hall of Western Swing\", served as the performance headquarters of Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys during the 1930s. Stillwater is known as the epicenter of Red Dirt music, the best-known proponent of which is the late Bob Childers.", "precise_score": -10.7564115524292, "rough_score": -9.886051177978516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma's centennial celebration was named the top event in the United States for 2007 by the American Bus Association, and consisted of multiple celebrations saving with the 100th anniversary of statehood on November 16, 2007. Annual ethnic festivals and events take place throughout the state such as Native American powwows and ceremonial events, and include festivals (as examples) in Scottish, Irish, German, Italian, Vietnamese, Chinese, Czech, Jewish, Arab, Mexican and African-American communities depicting cultural heritage or traditions.", "precise_score": -7.551130771636963, "rough_score": -9.095755577087402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The state is among the best in pre-kindergarten education, and the National Institute for Early Education Research rated it first in the United States with regard to standards, quality, and access to pre-kindergarten education in 2004, calling it a model for early childhood schooling. High school dropout rate decreased from 3.1 to 2.5 percent between 2007 and 2008 with Oklahoma ranked among 18 other states with 3 percent or less dropout rate. In 2004, the state ranked 36th in the nation for the relative number of adults with high school diplomas, though at 85.2 percent, it had the highest rate among southern states. ", "precise_score": -11.015226364135742, "rough_score": -8.887545585632324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma has teams in basketball, football, arena football, baseball, soccer, hockey, and wrestling located in Oklahoma City, Tulsa, Enid, Norman, and Lawton. The Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA) is the state's only major league sports franchise. The state had a team in the Women's National Basketball Association, the Tulsa Shock, from 2010 through 2015, but the team relocated to Dallas–Fort Worth after that season and became the Dallas Wings. Oklahoma supports teams in several minor leagues, including Minor League Baseball at the AAA and AA levels (Oklahoma City Dodgers and Tulsa Drillers, respectively), hockey's ECHL with the Tulsa Oilers, and a number of indoor football leagues. In the last-named sport, the state's most notable team was the Tulsa Talons, which played in the Arena Football League until 2012, when the team was moved to San Antonio. The Oklahoma Defenders replaced the Talons as Tulsa's only professional arena football team, playing the CPIFL. The Oklahoma City Blue, of the NBA Development League, relocated to Oklahoma City from Tulsa in 2014, where they were formerly known as the Tulsa 66ers. Tulsa is the base for the Tulsa Revolution, which plays in the American Indoor Soccer League. Enid and Lawton host professional basketball teams in the USBL and the CBA.", "precise_score": -10.64940357208252, "rough_score": -8.739835739135742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Collegiate athletics are a popular draw in the state. The state has four schools that compete at the highest level of college sports, NCAA Division I. The most prominent are the state's two members of the Big 12 Conference, one of the so-called Power Five conferences of the top tier of college football, Division I FBS. The University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University average well over 50,000 fans attending their football games, and Oklahoma's football program ranked 12th in attendance among American colleges in 2010, with an average of 84,738 people attending its home games. The two universities meet several times each year in rivalry matches known as the Bedlam Series, which are some of the greatest sporting draws to the state. Sports Illustrated magazine rates Oklahoma and Oklahoma State among the top colleges for athletics in the nation. Two private institutions in Tulsa, the University of Tulsa and Oral Roberts University; are also Division I members. Tulsa competes in FBS football and other sports in the American Athletic Conference, while Oral Roberts, which does not sponsor football, is a member of The Summit League. In addition, 12 of the state's smaller colleges and universities compete in NCAA Division II as members of four different conferences, and eight other Oklahoma institutions participate in the NAIA, mostly within the Sooner Athletic Conference. ", "precise_score": -9.40849781036377, "rough_score": -7.080808162689209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "In 2000, Oklahoma ranked 45th in physicians per capita and slightly below the national average in nurses per capita, but was slightly over the national average in hospital beds per 100,000 people and above the national average in net growth of health services over a 12-year period. One of the worst states for percentage of insured people, nearly 25 percent of Oklahomans between the age of 18 and 64 did not have health insurance in 2005, the fifth-highest rate in the nation. ", "precise_score": -11.095157623291016, "rough_score": -10.082645416259766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma City and Tulsa are the 45th and 61st-largest media markets in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research. The state's third-largest media market, Lawton-Wichita Falls, Texas, is ranked 149th nationally by the agency. Broadcast television in Oklahoma began in 1949 when KFOR-TV (then WKY-TV) in Oklahoma City and KOTV-TV in Tulsa began broadcasting a few months apart. Currently, all major American broadcast networks have affiliated television stations in the state. ", "precise_score": -10.923559188842773, "rough_score": -8.28622817993164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The state has two primary newspapers. The Oklahoman, based in Oklahoma City, is the largest newspaper in the state and 54th-largest in the nation by circulation, with a weekday readership of 138,493 and a Sunday readership of 202,690. The Tulsa World, the second most widely circulated newspaper in Oklahoma and 79th in the nation, holds a Sunday circulation of 132,969 and a weekday readership of 93,558. Oklahoma's first newspaper was established in 1844, called the Cherokee Advocate, and was written in both Cherokee and English. In 2006, there were more than 220 newspapers located in the state, including 177 with weekly publications and 48 with daily publications. ", "precise_score": -10.589250564575195, "rough_score": -8.150708198547363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The state's first radio station, WKY in Oklahoma City, signed on in 1920, followed by KRFU in Bristow, which later on moved to Tulsa and became KVOO in 1927. In 2006, there were more than 500 radio stations in Oklahoma broadcasting with various local or nationally owned networks. Five universities in Oklahoma operate non-commercial, public radio stations/networks. ", "precise_score": -10.970113754272461, "rough_score": -8.442875862121582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma has been politically conservative for much of its history, especially recently. During the first half century of statehood, it was considered a Democratic stronghold, being carried by the Republican Party in only two presidential elections (1920 and 1928). During this time, it was also carried by every winning Democratic candidate up to Harry Truman. However, Oklahoma Democrats were generally considered to be more conservative than Democrats in other states.", "precise_score": -10.73383903503418, "rough_score": -9.914566040039062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "After the 1948 election, the state turned firmly Republican. Although registered Republicans were a minority in the state until 2015, starting in 1952, Oklahoma has been carried by Republican presidential candidates in all but one election (1964). This is not to say that every election has been a landslide for Republicans: Jimmy Carter lost the state by less than 1.5% in 1976, while Michael Dukakis and Bill Clinton both won 40% or more of the state's popular vote in 1988 and 1996 respectively. Al Gore in 2000, though, was the last Democrat to even win any counties in the state. Oklahoma was the only state where Barack Obama failed to carry any of its counties in both 2008 and 2012.", "precise_score": -10.941768646240234, "rough_score": -9.708311080932617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "State law codifies Oklahoma's state emblems and honorary positions; the Oklahoma Senate or House of Representatives may adopt resolutions designating others for special events and to benefit organizations. Currently the State Senate is waiting to vote on a change to the state's motto. The House passed HCR 1024, which will change the state motto from \"Labor Omnia Vincit\" to \"Oklahoma-In God We Trust!\" The author of the resolution stated that a constituent researched the Oklahoma Constitution and found no \"official\" vote regarding \"Labor Omnia Vincit\", therefore opening the door for an entirely new motto.", "precise_score": -10.9253511428833, "rough_score": -10.110029220581055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "A major producer of natural gas, oil, and agricultural products, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. In 2007, it had one of the fastest-growing economies in the United States, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth and gross domestic product growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma's primary economic anchors, with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.109445571899414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "With small mountain ranges, prairie, mesas, and eastern forests, most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains, Cross Timbers and the U.S. Interior Highlands—a region especially prone to severe weather. In addition to having a prevalence of English, German, Scottish, Scotch-Irish, and Native American ancestry, more than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma, second only to California.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.349263191223145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma is located on a confluence of three major American cultural regions and historically served as a route for cattle drives, a destination for southern settlers, and a government-sanctioned territory for Native Americans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.364866256713867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people. Choctaw Chief Allen Wright suggested the name in 1866 during treaty negotiations with the federal government regarding the use of Indian Territory, in which he envisioned an all-Indian state controlled by the United States Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was officially approved in 1890, two years after the area was opened to white settlers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.482227325439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The western edge of the Oklahoma panhandle is out of alignment with its Texas border. The Oklahoma/New Mexico border is actually 2.1 to 2.2 miles east of the Texas line. The border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819. It was then set along the 103rd Meridian. In the 1890s, when Oklahoma was formally surveyed using more accurate surveying equipment and techniques, it was discovered that the Texas line was not set along the 103rd Meridian. Surveying techniques were not as accurate in 1819, and the actual 103rd Meridian was approximately 2.2 miles to the east. It was much easier to leave the mistake as it was than for Texas to cede land to New Mexico to correct the original surveying error. The placement of the Oklahoma/New Mexico border represents the true 103rd Meridian.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.642306327819824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Cimarron County in Oklahoma's panhandle is the only county in the United States that touches four other states: New Mexico, Texas, Colorado and Kansas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09664535522461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma is between the Great Plains and the Ozark Plateau in the Gulf of Mexico watershed, generally sloping from the high plains of its western boundary to the low wetlands of its southeastern boundary. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet (1,516 m) above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The state's lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, OK, which dips to 289 feet (88 m) above sea level. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.00816822052002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Among the most geographically diverse states, Oklahoma is one of four to harbor more than 10 distinct ecological regions, with 11 in its borders – more per square mile than in any other state. Its western and eastern halves, however, are marked by extreme differences in geographical diversity: Eastern Oklahoma touches eight ecological regions and its western half contains three. Although having fewer ecological regions Western Oklahoma contains many rare, relic species.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.9632568359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma has four primary mountain ranges: the Ouachita Mountains, the Arbuckle Mountains, the Wichita Mountains, and the Ozark Mountains. Contained within the U.S. Interior Highlands region, the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains mark the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians. A portion of the Flint Hills stretches into north-central Oklahoma, and near the state's eastern border, Cavanal Hill is regarded by the Oklahoma Tourism & Recreation Department as the world's tallest hill; at 1,999 feet (609 m), it fails their definition of a mountain by one foot. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.060062408447266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "forests; the region has a rolling to flat landscape with intermittent canyons and mesa ranges like the Glass Mountains. Partial plains interrupted by small, sky island mountain ranges like the Antelope Hills and the Wichita Mountains dot southwestern Oklahoma; transitional prairie and oak savannahs cover the central portion of the state. The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains rise from west to east over the state's eastern third, gradually increasing in elevation in an eastward direction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.117712020874023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "More than 500 named creeks and rivers make up Oklahoma's waterways, and with 200 lakes created by dams, it holds the highest number of artificial reservoirs in the nation. Most of the state lies in two primary drainage basins belonging to the Red and Arkansas rivers, though the Lee and Little rivers also contain significant drainage basins.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.326900482177734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Forests cover 24 percent of Oklahoma and prairie grasslands composed of shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass prairie, harbor expansive ecosystems in the state's central and western portions, although cropland has largely replaced native grasses. Where rainfall is sparse in the western regions of the state, shortgrass prairie and shrublands are the most prominent ecosystems, though pinyon pines, red cedar (junipers), and ponderosa pines grow near rivers and creek beds in the far western reaches of the panhandle. Southwestern Oklahoma contains many rare, disjunct species including sugar maple, bigtooth maple, nolina and southern live oak.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.15972900390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Marshlands, sabal minor, cypress forests and mixtures of shortleaf pine, loblolly pine and deciduous forests dominate the state's southeastern quarter, while mixtures of largely post oak, elm, red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) and pine forests cover northeastern Oklahoma. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.342397689819336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The state holds populations of white-tailed deer, mule deer, antelope, coyotes, mountain lions, bobcats, elk, and birds such as quail, doves, cardinals, bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and pheasants. In prairie ecosystems, American bison, greater prairie chickens, badgers, and armadillo are common, and some of the nation's largest prairie dog towns inhabit shortgrass prairie in the state's panhandle. The Cross Timbers, a region transitioning from prairie to woodlands in Central Oklahoma, harbors 351 vertebrate species. The Ouachita Mountains are home to black bear, red fox, grey fox, and river otter populations, which coexist with a total of 328 vertebrate species in southeastern Oklahoma. Also, in southeastern Oklahoma lives the American alligator. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.00594711303711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma has 50 state parks, six national parks or protected regions, two national protected forests or grasslands, and a network of wildlife preserves and conservation areas. Six percent of the state's 10 million acres (40,000 km2) of forest is public land, including the western portions of the Ouachita National Forest, the largest and oldest national forest in the Southern United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.681562423706055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "With 39,000 acres (158 km2), the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in north-central Oklahoma is the largest protected area of tallgrass prairie in the world and is part of an ecosystem that encompasses only 10 percent of its former land area, once covering 14 states. In addition, the Black Kettle National Grassland covers 31,300 acres (127 km2) of prairie in southwestern Oklahoma. The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge is the oldest and largest of nine national wildlife refuges in the state and was founded in 1901, encompassing 59,020 acres (238.8 km2). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.565959930419922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Of Oklahoma's federally protected park or recreational sites; the Chickasaw National Recreation Area is the largest, with 9,898.63 acres (18 km2). Other sites include the Santa Fe and Trail of Tears national historic trails, the Fort Smith and Washita Battlefield national historic sites, and the Oklahoma City National Memorial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.253877639770508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma is located in a humid subtropical region. Oklahoma lies in a transition zone between humid continental climate to the north, semi-arid climate to the west, and humid subtropical climate in the central, south and eastern portions of the state. Most of the state lies in an area known as Tornado Alley characterized by frequent interaction between cold, dry air from Canada, warm to hot, dry air from Mexico and the Southwestern U.S., and warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico. The interactions between these three contrasting air currents produces severe weather (severe thunderstorms, damaging thunderstorm winds, large hail and tornadoes) with a frequency virtually unseen anywhere else on planet Earth. An average 62 tornadoes strike the state per year—one of the highest rates in the world. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.860489845275879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa) of central, southern and eastern Oklahoma is influenced heavily by southerly winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. Traveling westward, the climate transitions progressively toward a semi-arid zone (Koppen BSk) in the high plains of the Panhandle and other western areas from about Lawton westward, less frequently touched by southern moisture. Precipitation and temperatures decline from east to west accordingly, with areas in the southeast averaging an annual temperature of 62 °F (17 °C) and an annual rainfall of generally over 40 in and up to 56 in, while areas of the (higher-elevation) panhandle average 58 °F (14 °C), with an annual rainfall under 17 in. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.332673072814941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Over almost all of Oklahoma, winter is the driest season. Average monthly precipitation increases dramatically in the spring to a peak in May, the wettest month over most of the state, with its frequent and not uncommonly severe thunderstorm activity. Early June can still be wet, but most years see a marked decrease in rainfall during June and early July. Mid-summer (July and August) represents a secondary dry season over much of Oklahoma, with long stretches of hot weather with only sporadic thunderstorm activity not uncommon many years. Severe drought is common in the hottest summers, such as those of 1934, 1954, 1980 and 2011, all of which featured weeks on end of virtual rainlessness and high temperatures well over 100 F. Average precipitation rises again from September to mid-October, representing a secondary wetter season, then declines from late October through December.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04823112487793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "All of the state frequently experiences temperatures above 100 °F (38 °C) or below 0 °F (−18 °C), though below-zero temperatures are rare in south-central and southeastern Oklahoma. Snowfall ranges from an average of less than 4 in in the south to just over 20 in on the border of Colorado in the panhandle. The state is home to the Storm Prediction Center, the National Severe Storms Laboratory, and the Warning Decision Training Branch, all part of the National Weather Service and located in Norman. Oklahoma's highest recorded temperature of 120 F was recorded at Tipton on June 27, 1994 and the lowest recorded temperature of was recorded at Nowata on February 10, 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.956319808959961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Evidence exists that native peoples traveled through Oklahoma as early as the last ice age. Ancestors of the Wichita and Caddo lived in what is now Oklahoma. The Panhandle culture peoples were precontact residents of the panhandle region. The westernmost center of the Mississippian culture was Spiro Mounds, in what is now Spiro, Oklahoma, which flourished between AD 850 and 1450. Spaniard Francisco Vásquez de Coronado traveled through the state in 1541, but French explorers claimed the area in the 1700s and it remained under French rule until 1803, when all the French territory west of the Mississippi River was purchased by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.518791198730469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "During the 19th century, thousands of Native Americans were expelled from their ancestral homelands from across North America and transported to the area including and surrounding present-day Oklahoma. The Choctaw was the first of the Five Civilized Tribes to be removed from the southeastern United States. The phrase \"Trail of Tears\" originated from a description of the removal of the Choctaw Nation in 1831, although the term is usually used for the Cherokee removal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.756649017333984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma also has a rich African American history. There were many black towns that thrived in the early 20th century because of black settlers moving from neighboring states, especially Kansas. The politician Edward P. McCabe encouraged black settlers to come to what was then Indian Territory. He discussed with President Theodore Roosevelt the possibility of making Oklahoma a majority-black state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.795275688171387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Soil and water conservation projects markedly changed practices in the state and led to the construction of massive flood control systems and dams; they built hundreds of reservoirs and man-made lakes to supply water for domestic needs and agricultural irrigation. By the 1960s, Oklahoma had created more than 200 lakes, the most in the nation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18231201171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "In 1995, Oklahoma City was the site of one of the most destructive acts of domestic terrorism in American history. The Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, in which Timothy McVeigh detonated a large, crude explosive device outside the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, killed 168 people, including 19 children. For his crime, McVeigh was executed by the federal government on June 11, 2001. His accomplice, Terry Nichols, is serving life in prison without parole for helping plan the attack and prepare the explosive. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.889373779296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Oklahoma was 3,911,338 on July 1, 2015, a 4.26% increase since the 2010 United States Census. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.167362213134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "At the 2010 Census, 68.7% of the population was non-Hispanic White, down from 88% in 1970, 7.3% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 8.2% non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.7% non-Hispanic Asian, 0.1% non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.1% from some other race (non-Hispanic) and 5.1% of two or more races (non-Hispanic). 8.9% of Oklahoma's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.412020683288574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": ", 47.3% of Oklahoma's population younger than age 1 were minorities, meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.417972564697266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": " Oklahoma had a population of 3,642,361 with an estimated 2005 ancestral makeup of 14.5% German, 13.1% American, 11.8% Irish, 9.6% English, 8.1% African American, and 11.4% Native American (including 7.9% Cherokee) though the percentage of people claiming American Indian as their only race was 8.1%. Most people from Oklahoma who self-identify as having American ancestry are of overwhelmingly English ancestry with significant amounts of Scottish and Welsh inflection as well. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.285655975341797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The state had the second-highest number of Native Americans in 2002, estimated at 395,219, as well as the second highest percentage among all states. , 4.7% of Oklahoma's residents were foreign born, compared to 12.4% for the nation. The center of population of Oklahoma is located in Lincoln County near the town of Sparks. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.761529922485352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The English language has been official in the state of Oklahoma since 2010. The variety of North American English spoken is called Oklahoma English, and this dialect is quite diverse with its uneven blending of features of North Midland, South Midland, and Southern dialects. In 2000, 2,977,187 Oklahomans—92.6% of the resident population five years or older—spoke only English at home, a decrease from 95% in 1990. 238,732 Oklahoma residents reported speaking a language other than English in the 2000 census, about 7.4% of the total population of the state. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language in the state, with 141,060 speakers counted in 2000. The most commonly spoken native North American language is Cherokee, with 10,000 speakers living within the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area of eastern Oklahoma. Cherokee is an official language in the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area and in the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.711156845092773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "German has 13,444 speakers representing about 0.4% of the total state population, and Vietnamese is spoken by 11,330 people, or about 0.4% of the population, many of whom live in the Asia District of Oklahoma City. Other languages include French with 8,258 speakers (0.3%), Chinese with 6,413 (0.2%), Korean with 3,948 (0.1%), Arabic with 3,265 (0.1%), other Asian languages with 3,134 (0.1%), Tagalog with 2,888 (0.1%), Japanese with 2,546 (0.1%), and African languages with 2,546 (0.1%). In addition to Cherokee, more than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma, second only to California (though, it should be noted that only Cherokee exhibits language vitality at present).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.792583465576172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma is part of a geographical region characterized by conservative and Evangelical Christianity known as the \"Bible Belt\". Spanning the southern and eastern parts of the United States, the area is known for politically and socially conservative views, even though Oklahoma has more voters registered with the Democratic Party than with any other party. Tulsa, the state's second largest city, home to Oral Roberts University, is sometimes called the \"buckle of the Bible Belt\". According to the Pew Research Center, the majority of Oklahoma's religious adherents are Christian, accounting for about 80 percent of the population. The percentage of Oklahomans affiliated with Catholicism is half of the national average, while the percentage affiliated with Evangelical Protestantism is more than twice the national average – tied with Arkansas for the largest percentage of any state. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.127564430236816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma religious makeup:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.486729621887207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma is host to a diverse range of sectors including aviation, energy, transportation equipment, food processing, electronics, and telecommunications. Oklahoma is an important producer of natural gas, aircraft, and food. The state ranks third in the nation for production of natural gas, is the 27th-most agriculturally productive state, and also ranks 5th in production of wheat. Four Fortune 500 companies and six Fortune 1000 companies are headquartered in Oklahoma, and it has been rated one of the most business-friendly states in the nation, with the 7th-lowest tax burden in 2007. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.823934555053711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Though oil has historically dominated the state's economy, a collapse in the energy industry during the 1980s led to the loss of nearly 90,000 energy-related jobs between 1980 and 2000, severely damaging the local economy. Oil accounted for 35 billion dollars in Oklahoma's economy in 2007, and employment in the state's oil industry was outpaced by five other industries in 2007. , the state's unemployment rate is 4.4%. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.884760856628418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "In mid-2011, Oklahoma had a civilian labor force of 1.7 million and total non-farm employment fluctuated around 1.5 million. The government sector provides the most jobs, with 339,300 in 2011, followed by the transportation and utilities sector, providing 279,500 jobs, and the sectors of education, business, and manufacturing, providing 207,800, 177,400, and 132,700 jobs, respectively. Among the state's largest industries, the aerospace sector generates $11 billion annually.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14680290222168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Tulsa is home to the largest airline maintenance base in the world, which serves as the global maintenance and engineering headquarters for American Airlines. In total, aerospace accounts for more than 10 percent of Oklahoma's industrial output, and it is one of the top 10 states in aerospace engine manufacturing. Because of its position in the center of the United States, Oklahoma is also among the top states for logistic centers, and a major contributor to weather-related research.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.042251586914062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The state is the top manufacturer of tires in North America and contains one of the fastest-growing biotechnology industries in the nation. In 2005, international exports from Oklahoma's manufacturing industry totaled $4.3 billion, accounting for 3.6 percent of its economic impact. Tire manufacturing, meat processing, oil and gas equipment manufacturing, and air conditioner manufacturing are the state's largest manufacturing industries. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06199836730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma is the nation's third-largest producer of natural gas, fifth-largest producer of crude oil, and has the second-greatest number of active drilling rigs, and ranks fifth in crude oil reserves. While the state ranked eighth for installed wind energy capacity in 2011, it is at the bottom of states in usage of renewable energy, with 94 percent of its electricity being generated by non-renewable sources in 2009, including 25 percent from coal and 46 percent from natural gas. Oklahoma has no nuclear power. Ranking 13th for total energy consumption per capita in 2009, Oklahoma's energy costs were 8th lowest in the nation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.91578483581543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "As a whole, the oil energy industry contributes $35 billion to Oklahoma's gross domestic product, and employees of Oklahoma oil-related companies earn an average of twice the state's typical yearly income. In 2009, the state had 83,700 commercial oil wells churning of crude oil. Eight and a half percent of the nation's natural gas supply is held in Oklahoma, with being produced in 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.159601211547852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "According to Forbes magazine, Oklahoma City-based Devon Energy Corporation, Chesapeake Energy Corporation, and SandRidge Energy Corporation are the largest private oil-related companies in the nation, and all of Oklahoma's Fortune 500 companies are energy-related. Tulsa's ONEOK and Williams Companies are the state's largest and second-largest companies respectively, also ranking as the nation's second and third-largest companies in the field of energy, according to Fortune magazine. The magazine also placed Devon Energy as the second-largest company in the mining and crude oil-producing industry in the nation, while Chesapeake Energy ranks seventh respectively in that sector and Oklahoma Gas & Electric ranks as the 25th-largest gas and electric utility company. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.843908309936523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma Gas & Electric, commonly referred to as OG&E (NYSE: OGE) operates four base electric power plants in Oklahoma. Two of them are coal-fired power plants: one in Muskogee, and the other in Redrock. Two are gas-fired power plants: one in Harrah and the other in Konawa. OG&E was the first electric company in Oklahoma to generate electricity from wind farms in 2003. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.313155174255371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The 27th-most agriculturally productive state, Oklahoma is fifth in cattle production and fifth in production of wheat. Approximately 5.5 percent of American beef comes from Oklahoma, while the state produces 6.1 percent of American wheat, 4.2 percent of American pig products, and 2.2 percent of dairy products.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.910551071166992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma is placed in the South by the United States Census Bureau, but lies fully or partially in the Midwest, Southwest, and southern cultural regions by varying definitions, and partially in the Upland South and Great Plains by definitions of abstract geographical-cultural regions. Oklahomans have a high rate of English, Scotch-Irish, German, and Native American ancestry, with 25 different native languages spoken. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.115474700927734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Because many Native Americans were forced to move to Oklahoma when White settlement in North America increased, Oklahoma has much linguistic diversity. Mary Linn, an associate professor of anthropology at the University of Oklahoma and the associate curator of Native American languages at the Sam Noble Museum, notes that Oklahoma also has high levels of language endangerment. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.28860092163086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Residents of Oklahoma are associated with traits of southern hospitality – the 2006 Catalogue for Philanthropy (with data from 2004) ranks Oklahomans 7th in the nation for overall generosity. The state has also been associated with a negative cultural stereotype first popularized by John Steinbeck's novel The Grapes of Wrath, which described the plight of uneducated, poverty-stricken Dust Bowl-era farmers deemed \"Okies\". However, the term is often used in a positive manner by Oklahomans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04833698272705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "In the state's largest urban areas, pockets of jazz culture flourish, and Native American, Mexican American, and Asian American communities produce music and art of their respective cultures. The Oklahoma Mozart Festival in Bartlesville is one of the largest classical music festivals on the southern plains, and Oklahoma City's Festival of the Arts has been named one of the top fine arts festivals in the nation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.974230766296387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Prominent theatre companies in Oklahoma include, in the capital city, Oklahoma City Theatre Company, Carpenter Square Theatre, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep. CityRep is a professional company affording equity points to those performers and technical theatre professionals. In Tulsa, Oklahoma's oldest resident professional company is American Theatre Company, and Theatre Tulsa is the oldest community theatre company west of the Mississippi. Other companies in Tulsa include Heller Theatre and Tulsa Spotlight Theater. The cities of Norman, Lawton, and Stillwater, among others, also host well-reviewed community theatre companies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.114485740661621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma is in the nation's middle percentile in per capita spending on the arts, ranking 17th, and contains more than 300 museums. The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa is considered one of the top 50 fine art museums in the United States, and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in Norman, one of the largest university-based art and history museums in the country, documents the natural history of the region. The collections of Thomas Gilcrease are housed in the Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa, which also holds the world's largest, most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105308532714844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The Egyptian art collection at the Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art in Shawnee is considered to be the finest Egyptian collection between Chicago and Los Angeles. The Oklahoma City Museum of Art contains the most comprehensive collection of glass sculptures by artist Dale Chihuly in the world, and Oklahoma City's National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum documents the heritage of the American Western frontier. With remnants of the Holocaust and artifacts relevant to Judaism, the Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art of Tulsa preserves the largest collection of Jewish art in the Southwest United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18450927734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "During a 10-day run in Oklahoma City, the State Fair of Oklahoma attracts roughly one million people along with the annual Festival of the Arts. Large national pow-wows, various Latin and Asian heritage festivals, and cultural festivals such as the Juneteenth celebrations are held in Oklahoma City each year. The Tulsa State Fair attracts over one million people during its 10-day run, and the city's Mayfest festival entertained more than 375,000 people in four days during 2007. In 2006, Tulsa's Oktoberfest was named one of the top 10 in the world by USA Today and one of the top German food festivals in the nation by Bon Appetit magazine. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.36207103729248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Norman plays host to the Norman Music Festival, a festival that highlights native Oklahoma bands and musicians. Norman is also host to the Medieval Fair of Norman, which has been held annually since 1976 and was Oklahoma's first medieval fair. The Fair was held first on the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus and in the third year moved to the Duck Pond in Norman until the Fair became too big and moved to Reaves Park in 2003. The Medieval Fair of Norman is Oklahoma's \"largest weekend event and the third largest event in Oklahoma, and was selected by Events Media Network as one of the top 100 events in the nation\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.157922744750977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "With an educational system made up of public school districts and independent private institutions, Oklahoma had 638,817 students enrolled in 1,845 public primary, secondary, and vocational schools in 533 school districts . Oklahoma has the highest enrollment of Native American students in the nation with 126,078 students in the 2009-10 school year. Ranked near the bottom of states in expenditures per student, Oklahoma spent $7,755 for each student in 2008, 47th in the nation, though its growth of total education expenditures between 1992 and 2002 ranked 22nd. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.698637962341309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma State University, the University of Oklahoma, the University of Central Oklahoma, and Northeastern State University are the largest public institutions of higher education in Oklahoma, operating through one primary campus and satellite campuses throughout the state. The two state universities, along with Oklahoma City University and the University of Tulsa, rank among the country's best in undergraduate business programs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.892054557800293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma City University School of Law, University of Oklahoma College of Law, and University of Tulsa College of Law are the state's only ABA accredited institutions. Both University of Oklahoma and University of Tulsa are Tier 1 institutions, with the University of Oklahoma ranked 68th and the University of Tulsa ranked 86th in the nation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.898492813110352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma holds eleven public regional universities, including Northeastern State University, the second-oldest institution of higher education west of the Mississippi River, also containing the only College of Optometry in Oklahoma and the largest enrollment of Native American students in the nation by percentage and amount. Langston University is Oklahoma's only historically black college. Six of the state's universities were placed in the Princeton Review's list of best 122 regional colleges in 2007, and three made the list of top colleges for best value. The state has 55 post-secondary technical institutions operated by Oklahoma's CareerTech program for training in specific fields of industry or trade.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.66245174407959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "In the 2007–2008 school year, there were 181,973 undergraduate students, 20,014 graduate students, and 4,395 first-professional degree students enrolled in Oklahoma colleges. Of these students, 18,892 received a bachelor's degree, 5,386 received a master's degree, and 462 received a first professional degree. This means the state of Oklahoma produces an average of 38,278 degree-holders per completions component (i.e. July 1, 2007 – June 30, 2008). National average is 68,322 total degrees awarded per completions component. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.028190612792969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "There is a Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma that educates students from pre-school through eighth grade. Graduates are fluent speakers of the language. Several universities offer Cherokee as a second language, including the University of Oklahoma and Northeastern State University.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.388659477233887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The NBA's New Orleans Hornets became the first major league sports franchise based in Oklahoma when the team was forced to relocate to Oklahoma City's Ford Center, now known as Chesapeake Energy Arena, for two seasons following Hurricane Katrina in 2005. In July 2008, the Seattle SuperSonics, a franchise owned by the Professional Basketball Club LLC, a group of Oklahoma City businessmen led by Clay Bennett, relocated to Oklahoma City and announced that play would begin at the Ford Center as the Oklahoma City Thunder for the , becoming the state's first permanent major league franchise. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.443117141723633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Regular LPGA tournaments are held at Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa, and major championships for the PGA or LPGA have been played at Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa, Oak Tree Country Club in Oklahoma City, and Cedar Ridge Country Club in Tulsa. Rated one of the top golf courses in the nation, Southern Hills has hosted four PGA Championships, including one in 2007, and three U.S. Opens, the most recent in 2001. Rodeos are popular throughout the state, and Guymon, in the state's panhandle, hosts one of the largest in the nation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.033528327941895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma was the 21st-largest recipient of medical funding from the federal government in 2005, with health-related federal expenditures in the state totaling $75,801,364; immunizations, bioterrorism preparedness, and health education were the top three most funded medical items. Instances of major diseases are near the national average in Oklahoma, and the state ranks at or slightly above the rest of the country in percentage of people with asthma, diabetes, cancer, and hypertension.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.840633392333984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahomans are in the upper half of Americans in terms of obesity prevalence, and the state is the 5th most obese in the nation, with 30.3 percent of its population at or near obesity. Oklahoma ranked last among the 50 states in a 2007 study by the Commonwealth Fund on health care performance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.644770622253418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The OU Medical Center, Oklahoma's largest collection of hospitals, is the only hospital in the state designated a Level I trauma center by the American College of Surgeons. OU Medical Center is located on the grounds of the Oklahoma Health Center in Oklahoma City, the state's largest concentration of medical research facilities. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.17737102508545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Southwestern Regional Medical Center in Tulsa is one of four such regional facilities nationwide, offering cancer treatment to the entire southwestern United States, and is one of the largest cancer treatment hospitals in the country. The largest osteopathic teaching facility in the nation, Oklahoma State University Medical Center at Tulsa, also rates as one of the largest facilities in the field of neuroscience. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.020515441894531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma has a few ethnic-oriented TV stations broadcasting in Spanish, Asian languages and sometimes have Native American programming. TBN, a Christian religious television network has a studio in Tulsa, and built their first entirely TBN-owned affiliate in Oklahoma City in 1980. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.339071273803711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Transportation in Oklahoma is generated by an anchor system of Interstate Highways, intercity rail lines, airports, inland ports, and mass transit networks. Situated along an integral point in the United States Interstate network, Oklahoma contains three interstate highways and four auxiliary Interstate Highways. In Oklahoma City, Interstate 35 intersects with Interstate 44 and Interstate 40, forming one of the most important intersections along the United States highway system.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.169039726257324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "More than 12000 mi of roads make up the state's major highway skeleton, including state-operated highways, ten turnpikes or major toll roads, and the longest drivable stretch of Route 66 in the nation. In 2008, Interstate 44 in Oklahoma City was Oklahoma's busiest highway, with a daily traffic volume of 123,300 cars. In 2010, the state had the nation's third highest number of bridges classified as structurally deficient, with nearly 5,212 bridges in disrepair, including 235 National Highway System Bridges. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.674134254455566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma's largest commercial airport is Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City, averaging a yearly passenger count of more than 3.5 million (1.7 million boardings) in 2010. Tulsa International Airport, the state's second largest commercial airport, served more than 1.3 million boardings in 2010. Between the two, six airlines operate in Oklahoma. In terms of traffic, R. L. Jones Jr. (Riverside) Airport in Tulsa is the state's busiest airport, with 335,826 takeoffs and landings in 2008. In total, Oklahoma has over 150 public-use airports. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.038047790527344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma is connected to the nation's rail network via Amtrak's Heartland Flyer, its only regional passenger rail line. It currently stretches from Oklahoma City to Fort Worth, Texas, though lawmakers began seeking funding in early 2007 to connect the Heartland Flyer to Tulsa. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.134615898132324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Two inland ports on rivers serve Oklahoma: the Port of Muskogee and the Tulsa Port of Catoosa. The only port handling international cargo in the state, the Tulsa Port of Catoosa is the most inland ocean-going port in the nation and ships over two million tons of cargo each year. Both ports are located on the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, which connects barge traffic from Tulsa and Muskogee to the Mississippi River via the Verdigris and Arkansas rivers, contributing to one of the busiest waterways in the world. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.951236724853516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma is a constitutional republic with a government modeled after the Federal Government of the United States, with executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The state has 77 counties with jurisdiction over most local government functions within each respective domain, five congressional districts, and a voting base with a plurality in the Democratic Party. State officials are elected by plurality voting in the state of Oklahoma.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.674788475036621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma is one of 32 states with capital punishment as a legal sentence, and the state has had (between 1976 through mid-2011) the highest per capita execution rate in the US. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.598189353942871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The Legislature of Oklahoma consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. As the lawmaking branch of the state government, it is responsible for raising and distributing the money necessary to run the government. The Senate has 48 members serving four-year terms, while the House has 101 members with two-year terms. The state has a term limit for its legislature that restricts any one person to a total of twelve cumulative years service between both legislative branches. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.593262672424316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma's judicial branch consists of the Oklahoma Supreme Court, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, and 77 District Courts that each serves one county. The Oklahoma judiciary also contains two independent courts: a Court of Impeachment and the Oklahoma Court on the Judiciary. Oklahoma has two courts of last resort: the state Supreme Court hears civil cases, and the state Court of Criminal Appeals hears criminal cases (this split system exists only in Oklahoma and neighboring Texas). Judges of those two courts, as well as the Court of Civil Appeals are appointed by the Governor upon the recommendation of the state Judicial Nominating Commission, and are subject to a non-partisan retention vote on a six-year rotating schedule. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.891733169555664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "The executive branch consists of the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials. The principal head of government, the Governor is the chief executive of the Oklahoma executive branch, serving as the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into Federal use and reserving the power to veto bills passed through the Legislature. The responsibilities of the Executive branch include submitting the budget, ensuring that state laws are enforced, and ensuring peace within the state is preserved. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.022638320922852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Thirty-nine Native American tribal governments are based in Oklahoma, each holding limited powers within designated areas. While Indian reservations typical in most of the United States are not present in Oklahoma, tribal governments hold land granted during the Indian Territory era, but with limited jurisdiction and no control over state governing bodies such as municipalities and counties. Tribal governments are recognized by the United States as quasi-sovereign entities with executive, judicial, and legislative powers over tribal members and functions, but are subject to the authority of the United States Congress to revoke or withhold certain powers. The tribal governments are required to submit a constitution and any subsequent amendments to the United States Congress for approval. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.89081859588623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma has 11 substate districts including the two large Councils of Governments, INCOG in Tulsa (Indian Nations Council of Governments) and ACOG (Association of Central Oklahoma Governments). For a complete list visit the [http://www.oarcok.org Oklahoma Association of Regional Councils].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.125412940979004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Generally, Republicans are strongest in Oklahoma City and Tulsa and their suburbs, as well as the Panhandle. Democrats are strongest in the eastern part of the state and Little Dixie, as well as the most heavily African American parts of Oklahoma City and Tulsa. With a population of 8.6% Native American in the state, it is also worth noting that most Native American precincts vote Democratic in margins exceeded only by African Americans. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.877137184143066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Following the 2000 census, the Oklahoma delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives was reduced from six to five representatives, each serving one congressional district. For the 112th Congress (2011–2013), there were no changes in party strength, and the delegation included four Republicans and one Democrat. In the 112th Congress, Oklahoma's U.S. senators were Republicans Jim Inhofe and Tom Coburn, and its U.S. Representatives were John Sullivan (R-OK-1), Dan Boren (D-OK-2), Frank D. Lucas (R-OK-3), Tom Cole (R-OK-4), and James Lankford (R-OK-5).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.991461753845215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Oklahoma had 598 incorporated places in 2010, including four cities over 100,000 in population and 43 over 10,000. Two of the fifty largest cities in the United States are located in Oklahoma, Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and 65 percent of Oklahomans live within their metropolitan areas, or spheres of economic and social influence defined by the United States Census Bureau as a metropolitan statistical area. Oklahoma City, the state's capital and largest city, had the largest metropolitan area in the state in 2010, with 1,252,987 people, and the metropolitan area of Tulsa had 937,478 residents. Between 2000 and 2010, the cities that led the state in population growth were Blanchard (172.4%), Elgin (78.2%), Jenks (77.0%), Piedmont (56.7%), Bixby (56.6%), and Owasso (56.3%).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.150362014770508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "In descending order of population, Oklahoma's largest cities in 2010 were: Oklahoma City (579,999, +14.6%), Tulsa (391,906, −0.3%), Norman (110,925, +15.9%), Broken Arrow (98,850, +32.0%), Lawton (96,867, +4.4%), Edmond (81,405, +19.2%), Moore (55,081, +33.9%), Midwest City (54,371, +0.5%), Enid (49,379, +5.0%), and Stillwater (45,688, +17.0%). Of the state's ten largest cities, three are outside the metropolitan areas of Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and only Lawton has a metropolitan statistical area of its own as designated by the United States Census Bureau, though the metropolitan statistical area of Fort Smith, Arkansas extends into the state. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.921067237854004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "Under Oklahoma law, municipalities are divided into two categories: cities, defined as having more than 1,000 residents, and towns, with under 1,000 residents. Both have legislative, judicial, and public power within their boundaries, but cities can choose between a mayor-council, council-manager, or strong mayor form of government, while towns operate through an elected officer system. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.451190948486328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "* State cartoon: Gusty Created by Don Woods, Oklahoma's first professional meteorologist, used on KTUL-TV from 1954-1989. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.789325714111328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "* State flower: Oklahoma rose", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.216808319091797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "* State waltz: \"Oklahoma Wind\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23263931274414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" }, { "answer": "Oklahoma", "passage": "* State song: \"Oklahoma!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.314059257507324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Oklahoma" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), or cachalot, is the largest of the toothed whales and the largest toothed predator. It is the only living member of genus Physeter, and one of three extant species in the sperm whale family, along with the pygmy sperm whale and dwarf sperm whale of the genus Kogia.", "precise_score": -5.584529876708984, "rough_score": -6.968495845794678, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The sperm whale belongs to the order Cetartiodactyla, the order containing all cetaceans and even-toed ungulates. It is a member of the unranked clade Cetacea, with all the whales, dolphins, and porpoises, and further classified into Odontoceti, containing all the toothed whales and dolphins. It is the sole extant species of its genus, Physeter, in the family Physeteridae. Two species of the related extant genus Kogia, the pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps and the dwarf sperm whale K. simus, are placed either in this family or in the family Kogiidae. In some taxonomic schemes the families Kogiidae and Physeteridae are combined as the superfamily Physeteroidea (see the separate entry on the sperm whale family).", "precise_score": -5.824484825134277, "rough_score": -4.479157447814941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Like all cetaceans, the spine of the sperm whale has reduced zygapophysial joints, of which the remnants are modified and are positioned higher on the vertebral dorsal spinous process, hugging it laterally, to prevent extensive lateral bending and facilitate more dorso-ventral bending. These evolutionary modifications make the spine more flexible but weaker than the spines of terrestrial vertebrates. ", "precise_score": -9.194096565246582, "rough_score": -6.521306991577148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The sperm whale's cerebrum is the largest in all mammalia, both in absolute and relative terms. The olfactory system is reduced, suggesting that the sperm whale has a poor sense of taste and smell. By contrast, the auditory system is enlarged. The pyramidal tract is poorly developed, reflecting the reduction of its limbs.", "precise_score": -8.500277519226074, "rough_score": -6.451422691345215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The most common natural predator of sperm whales is the orca, but pilot whales and false killer whales sometimes harass them. Orcas prey on target groups of females with young, usually making an effort to extract and kill a calf. The adults will protect their calves or an injured adult by encircling them. They may face inwards with their tails out (the 'marguerite formation', named after the flower). The heavy and powerful tail of an adult whale can deliver lethal blows. Alternatively, they may face outwards (the 'heads-out formation'). Other than sperm whales, southern right whales had been observed to perform similar formations.Ponnampalam S.L., 2016, [https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B682wgTUA8QiWHFYYmhBdWJWWm8/view No Danger in Sight? An Observation of Sperm Whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in Marguerite Formation off Muscat, Sultanate of Oman] However, formations in non dangerous situations have been recorded as well. Early whalers exploited this behaviour, attracting a whole unit by injuring one of its members. If the orca pod is extremely large, its members may sometimes be able to kill adult female sperm whales. Solitary mature males are known to interfere and come to the aid of vulnerable groups nearby. Individual large mature male sperm whales have no non-human predators, and are believed to be too large, powerful and aggressive to be threatened by orcas. In addition, male sperm whales have been observed to attack and intimidate orca pods. An incident was filmed from a long-line trawler: an orca pod was systematically taking fish caught on the trawler's long lines (as the lines were being pulled into the ship) when a male sperm whale appeared to repeatedly charge the orca pod in an attempt to drive them away; it was speculated by the film crew that the sperm whale was attempting to access the same fish. The orcas employed a tail outward and tail slapping defensive position against the bull sperm whale similar to that used by female sperm whales against attacking orcas. ", "precise_score": -4.449784278869629, "rough_score": -5.69606351852417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Sperm whales are not known for forging bonds with other species, but it was observed that a bottlenose dolphin with spinal deformity had been accepted into a pod of sperm whales. They are known to swim alongside other cetaceans such as humpback, fin, minke, pilot, and orca whales on occasion. ", "precise_score": -1.5754504203796387, "rough_score": -3.7283201217651367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The traditional view has been that Mysticeti (baleen whales) and Odontoceti (toothed whales) arose from more primitive whales early in the Oligocene period, and that the super-family Physeteroidea, which contains the sperm whale, dwarf sperm whale, and pygmy sperm whale, diverged from other toothed whales soon after that, over .Mchedlidze, G. \"Sperm whales, evolution\", pp. 1172–1174 in Perrin From 1993 to 1996, molecular phylogenetics analyses by Milinkovitch and colleagues, based on comparing the genes of various modern whales, suggested that the sperm whales are more closely related to the baleen whales than they are to other toothed whales, which would have meant that Odontoceti were not monophyletic; in other words, it did not consist of a single ancestral toothed whale species and all its descendants. However, more recent studies, based on various combinations of comparative anatomy and molecular phylogenetics, criticised Milinkovitch's analysis on technical grounds and reaffirmed that the Odontoceti are monophyletic. ", "precise_score": -8.086344718933105, "rough_score": -6.952669143676758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Spermaceti, obtained primarily from the spermaceti organ, and sperm oil, obtained primarily from the blubber in the body, were much sought after by eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth century whalers. These substances found a variety of commercial applications, such as candles, soap, cosmetics, machine oil, other specialised lubricants, lamp oil, pencils, crayons, leather waterproofing, rust-proofing materials and many pharmaceutical compounds. Ambergris, a solid, waxy, flammable substance produced in the digestive system of sperm whales, was also sought as a fixative in perfumery.", "precise_score": -8.94619083404541, "rough_score": -5.696369171142578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The beluga whale or white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) is an Arctic and sub-Arctic cetacean. It is one of two members of the family Monodontidae, along with the narwhal, and the only member of the genus Delphinapterus. This marine mammal is commonly referred to as the beluga, melonhead, or sea canary due to its high-pitched twitter. ", "precise_score": -1.8321768045425415, "rough_score": -2.9654369354248047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "It is adapted to life in the Arctic, so has anatomical and physiological characteristics that differentiate it from other cetaceans. Amongst these are its unmistakable all-white colour and the absence of a dorsal fin. It possesses a distinctive protuberance at the front of its head which houses an echolocation organ called the melon, which in this species is large and plastic (deformable). The beluga's body size is between that of a dolphin's and a true whale's, with males growing up to long and weighing up to 1600 kg. This whale has a stocky body. A large percentage of its weight is blubber, as is true of many cetaceans. Its sense of hearing is highly developed and its echolocation (sonar) allows it to move about and find blowholes under sheet ice.", "precise_score": -3.6150834560394287, "rough_score": -5.267025470733643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The beluga was first described in 1776 by Peter Simon Pallas. It is a member of the Monodontidae family, which is in turn part of the toothed whale parvorder. The Irrawaddy dolphin was once placed in the same family; recent genetic evidence suggests these dolphins belong to the Delphinidae family. The narwhal is the only other species within the Monodontidae besides the beluga. A skull has been discovered with intermediate characteristics supporting the hypothesis that hybridization is possible between these two families. ", "precise_score": -3.806682586669922, "rough_score": -5.722195148468018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The adult beluga is rarely mistaken for any other species, because it is completely white or whitish-grey in colour. Calves are usually born grey, and by the time they are a month old, have turned dark grey or blue grey. They then start to progressively lose their pigmentation until they attain their distinctive white colouration, at the age of seven years in females and 9 in males. The white colouration of the skin is an adaptation to life in the Arctic that allows belugas to camouflage themselves in the polar ice caps as protection against their main predators, polar bears and killer whales. Unlike other cetaceans, the belugas seasonally shed their skin. During the winter, the epidermis thickens and the skin can become yellowish, mainly on the back and fins. When they migrate to the estuaries during the summer, they rub themselves on the gravel of the riverbeds to remove the cutaneous covering.", "precise_score": -4.068622589111328, "rough_score": -2.2673823833465576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Like most toothed whales, it has a compartment found at the centre of the forehead that contains an organ used for echolocation called a melon, which contains fatty tissue. The shape of the beluga's head is unlike that of any other cetacean, as the melon is extremely bulbous, lobed, and visible as a large frontal prominence. Another distinctive characteristic it possesses is the melon is malleable; its shape is changed during the emission of sounds. The beluga is able to change the shape of its head by blowing air around its sinuses to focus the emitted sounds. This organ contains fatty acids, mainly isovaleric acid (60.1%) and long-chain branched acids (16.9%), a very different composition from its body fat, and which could play a role in its echolocation system. ", "precise_score": -4.434840679168701, "rough_score": -6.317745208740234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The beluga has a very specialized sense of hearing and its auditory cortex is highly developed. It can hear sounds within the range of 1.2 to 120 kHz, with the greatest sensitivity between 10 and 75 kHz, where the average hearing range for humans is 0.02 to 20 kHz. The majority of sounds are most probably received by the lower jaw and transmitted towards the middle ear. In the toothed whales, the lower jawbone is broad with a cavity at its base, which projects towards the place where it joins the cranium. A fatty deposit inside this small cavity connects to the middle ear. Toothed whales also possess a small external auditory hole a few centimetres behind their eyes; each hole communicates with an external auditory conduit and an eardrum. It is not known if these organs are functional or simply vestigial.", "precise_score": -6.2180495262146, "rough_score": -6.4490647315979, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Studies on captive animals show they seek frequent physical contact with other belugas. Areas in the mouth have been found that could act as chemoreceptors for different tastes, and they can detect the presence of blood in water, which causes them to react immediately by displaying typical alarm behaviour. Like the other toothed whales, their brains lack olfactory bulbs and olfactory nerves, which suggests they do not have a sense of smell.", "precise_score": -5.964686393737793, "rough_score": -6.413100242614746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Belugas are slower swimmers than the other toothed whales, such as the killer whale and the common bottlenose dolphin, because they are less hydrodynamic and have limited movement of their tailfins, which produce the greatest thrust. They frequently swim at between 3 and, although they are able to maintain a speed of 22 km/h for up to 15 min. Unlike most cetaceans, they are capable of swimming backwards. Belugas swim on the surface between 5% and 10% of the time, while for the rest of the time they swim at a depth sufficient to cover their bodies. They do not jump out of the water like dolphins or killer whales.", "precise_score": -3.1049952507019043, "rough_score": -4.896824836730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Belugas play an important role in the structure and function of marine resources in the Arctic Ocean, as they are the most abundant toothed whales in the region. They are opportunistic feeders; their feeding habits depend on their locations and the season. For example, when they are in the Beaufort Sea, they mainly eat Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) and the stomachs of belugas caught near Greenland were found to contain rose fish (Sebastes marinus), Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), and northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis), while in Alaska their staple diet is Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). In general, the diets of these cetaceans consist mainly of fish; apart from those previously mentioned, other fish they feed on include capelin (Mallotus villosus), smelt, sole, flounder, herring, sculpin, and other types of salmon. They also consume a great quantity of invertebrates, apart from shrimp, such as squid, crabs, clams, octopus, sea snails, bristle worms, and other deep-sea species. Animals in captivity eat 2.5% to 3.0% of their body weight per day, which equates to 18.2 to 27.2 kg. ", "precise_score": -3.8203132152557373, "rough_score": -3.419511318206787, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Belugas have a seasonal migratory pattern. When the summer sites become blocked with ice during the autumn, they move to spend the winter in the open sea alongside the pack ice or in areas covered with ice, surviving by using polynyas to surface and breathe. In summer after the sheet ice has melted, they move to coastal areas with shallower water (1–3 m deep), although sometimes they migrate towards deeper waters (>800 m). In the summer, they occupy estuaries and the waters of the continental shelf, and on occasion, they even swim up the rivers. A number of incidents have been reported where groups or individuals have been found hundreds or even thousands of kilometres from the ocean. One such example comes from 9 June 2006, when a young beluga carcass was found in the Tanana River near Fairbanks in central Alaska, nearly 1700 km from the nearest ocean habitat. Belugas sometimes follow migrating fish, leading Alaska state biologist Tom Seaton to speculate it had followed migrating salmon up the river at some point in the previous autumn. The rivers they most often travel up include: the Northern Dvina, the Mezen, the Pechora, the Ob and the Yenisei in Asia; the Yukon and the Kuskokwim in Alaska, and the Saint Lawrence in Canada. Spending time in a river has been shown to stimulate an animal's metabolism and facilitates the seasonal renewal of the epidermal layer. In addition, the rivers represent a safe haven for newborn calves where they will not be preyed upon by killer whales. Calves often return to the same estuary as their mother in the summer, meeting her sometimes even after becoming fully mature. ", "precise_score": -5.739872455596924, "rough_score": -6.9493584632873535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Killer whales are able to capture both young and adult belugas. They live in all the seas of the world and share the same habitat as belugas in the sub-Arctic region. Attacks on belugas by killer whales have been reported in the waters of Greenland, Russia, Canada, and Alaska. A number of killings have been recorded in Cook Inlet, and experts are concerned the predation by killer whales will impede the recovery of this subpopulation, which has already been badly depleted by hunting. The killer whales arrive at the beginning of August, but the belugas are occasionally able to hear their presence and evade them. The groups near to or under the sea ice have a degree of protection, as the killer whale's large dorsal fin, up to 2 m in length, impedes their movement under the ice and does not allow them to get sufficiently close to the breathing holes in the ice.", "precise_score": -5.957806587219238, "rough_score": -6.285043239593506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Most belugas found in aquaria are caught in the wild, as captive-breeding programs have not had much success so far. For example, despite best efforts, as of 2010, only two male whales had been successfully used as stud animals in the Association of Zoos and Aquariums beluga population, Nanuq at SeaWorld San Diego and Naluark at the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago, USA. Nanuq has fathered 10 calves, five of which survived birth. Naluark at Shedd Aquarium has fathered four living offspring. Naluark has been relocated to Mystic Aquarium in the hope that he will breed with two of their females. The first beluga calf born in captivity in Europe was born in L'Oceanogràfic marine park in Valencia, Spain, in November 2006. However, the calf died 25 days later after suffering metabolic complications, infections, and not being able to feed properly. ", "precise_score": -5.987908363342285, "rough_score": -5.818612098693848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Male belugas in captivity can mimic the pattern of human speech, several octaves lower than typical whale calls. It is not the first time a beluga has been known to sound human, and they often shout like children, in the wild. One captive beluga, after overhearing divers using an underwater communication system, caused one of the divers to surface by imitating their order to get out of the water. Subsequent recordings confirmed that the beluga had become skilled at imitating the patterns and frequency of human speech. After several years, this beluga ceased making these sounds. ", "precise_score": -5.64650297164917, "rough_score": -6.413140773773193, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The beluga whale is listed on appendix II\"[http://www.cms.int/documents/appendix/Appendices_COP9_E.pdf Appendix II]\" of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009. of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). It is listed on Appendix II as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements. All toothed whales are protected under the CITES that was signed in 1973 to regulate the commercial exploitation of certain species. ", "precise_score": -7.203734874725342, "rough_score": -6.857707977294922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The children's singer Raffi released an album called Baby Beluga in 1980. The album starts with the sound of whales communicating, and includes songs representing the ocean and whales playing. The song \"Baby Beluga\" was composed after Raffi saw a recently born beluga calf in Vancouver Aquarium. ", "precise_score": -8.156376838684082, "rough_score": -6.680192947387695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "In the Disney/Pixar film Finding Dory, the character Bailey is a beluga whale.", "precise_score": -7.3861403465271, "rough_score": -6.787106990814209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Mature males average 16 m in length but some may reach , with the head representing up to one-third of the animal's length. Plunging to 2250 m, it is the second deepest diving mammal, following only the Cuvier's beaked whale. The sperm whale's clicking vocalization, a form of echolocation and communication, may be as loud as 230 decibels (re 1 µPa at 1 m) underwater. It has the largest brain of any animal on Earth, more than five times heavier than a human's. Sperm whales can live for more than 60 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.559354782104492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The sperm whale can be found anywhere in the open ocean. Females and young males live together in groups while mature males live solitary lives outside of the mating season. The females cooperate to protect and nurse their young. Females give birth every four to twenty years, and care for the calves for more than a decade. A mature sperm whale has few natural predators, although calves and weakened adults are sometimes killed by pods of orcas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.877522468566895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "From the early eighteenth century through the late 20th, the species was a prime target of whalers. The head of the whale contains a liquid wax called spermaceti, from which the whale derives its name. Spermaceti was used in lubricants, oil lamps, and candles. Ambergris, a waste product from its digestive system, is still used as a fixative in perfumes. Occasionally the sperm whale's great size allowed it to defend itself effectively against whalers. The species is now protected by a whaling moratorium, and is currently listed as vulnerable by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.480216979980469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The name sperm whale is a clip of spermaceti whale. Spermaceti, originally mistakenly identified as the whales' semen, is the semi-liquid, waxy substance found within the whale's head (see below). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.070169448852539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The sperm whale is also known as the \"cachalot\", which is thought to derive from the archaic French for \"tooth\" or \"big teeth\", as preserved for example in ' in the Gascon dialect (a word of either Romance or Basque origin). The etymological dictionary of Corominas says the origin is uncertain, but it suggests that it comes from the Vulgar Latin ', plural of ', \"sword hilt\". The word cachalot came to English via French from Spanish or Portuguese ', perhaps from Galician/Portuguese ', \"big head\". The term is retained in the Russian word for the animal, ('), as well as in many other languages.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.45064640045166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The scientific genus name Physeter comes from Greek ' (), meaning \"blowpipe, blowhole (of a whale)\", or – as a pars pro toto – \"whale\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.262186050415039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Another synonym australasianus (\"Australasian\") was applied to sperm whales in the southern hemisphere. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.723849296569824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The sperm whale is one of the species originally described by Linnaeus in 1758 in his eighteenth century work, Systema Naturae. He recognised four species in the genus Physeter. Experts soon realised that just one such species exists, although there has been debate about whether this should be named P. catodon or P. macrocephalus, two of the names used by Linnaeus. Both names are still used, although most recent authors now accept macrocephalus as the valid name, limiting catodons status to a lesser synonym.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.561633586883545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The sperm whale is the largest toothed whale, with adult males measuring up to long and weighing up to 57000 kg. By contrast, the second largest toothed whale, Baird's Beaked Whale measures and weighs up to 15 ST. The Nantucket Whaling Museum has a -long jawbone. The museum claims that this individual was 80 ft long; the whale that sank the Essex (one of the incidents behind Moby-Dick) was claimed to be 85 ft. A similar size is reported from a jawbone from the British Natural History Museum. A 67-foot specimen is reported from a Soviet whaling fleet near the Kurile Islands in 1950. There is disagreement on the claims of adult males approaching or exceeding 80 ft in length. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.091512680053711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Extensive whaling may have decreased their size, as males were highly sought, primarily after World War II. Today, males do not usually exceed in length or 51000 kg in weight. Another view holds that exploitation by overwhaling had virtually no effect on the size of the bull sperm whales, and their size may have actually increased in current times on the basis of density dependent effects. Old males taken at Solander Islands were recorded to be extremely large and unusually rich in blubbers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.451362609863281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The sperm whale's unique body is unlikely to be confused with any other species. The sperm whale's distinctive shape comes from its very large, block-shaped head, which can be one-quarter to one-third of the animal's length. The S-shaped blowhole is located very close to the front of the head and shifted to the whale's left. This gives rise to a distinctive bushy, forward-angled spray.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.836475372314453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The sperm whale's flukes (tail lobes) are triangular and very thick. Proportionally, they are larger than that of any other cetacean, and are very flexible. The whale lifts its flukes high out of the water as it begins a feeding dive. It has a series of ridges on the back's caudal third instead of a dorsal fin. The largest ridge was called the 'hump' by whalers, and can be mistaken for a dorsal fin because of its shape and size.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.01162338256836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "In contrast to the smooth skin of most large whales, its back skin is usually wrinkly and has been likened to a prune by whale-watching enthusiasts. Albinos have been reported. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.196123123168945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The ribs are bound to the spine by flexible cartilage, which allows the ribcage to collapse rather than snap under high pressure. While sperm whales are well adapted to diving, repeated dives to great depths have long-term effects. Bones show the same pitting that signals decompression sickness in humans. Older skeletons showed the most extensive pitting, whereas calves showed no damage. This damage may indicate that sperm whales are susceptible to decompression sickness, and sudden surfacing could be lethal to them. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.132149696350098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "As with other toothed whales, the skull of the sperm whale is asymmetrical so as to aid echolocation. Sound waves that strike the whale from different directions will not be channeled in the same way. Within the basin of the cranium, the openings of the bony narial tubes (from which the nasal passages spring) are skewed towards the left side of the skull.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.71668529510498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The sperm whale's lower jaw is very narrow and underslung. The sperm whale has 18 to 26 teeth on each side of its lower jaw which fit into sockets in the upper jaw. The teeth are cone-shaped and weigh up to 1 kg each. The teeth are functional, but do not appear to be necessary for capturing or eating squid, as well-fed animals have been found without teeth or even with deformed jaws. One hypothesis is that the teeth are used in aggression between males. Mature males often show scars which seem to be caused by the teeth. Rudimentary teeth are also present in the upper jaw, but these rarely emerge into the mouth. Analyzing the teeth is the preferred method for determining a whale's age. Like the age-rings in a tree, the teeth build distinct layers of cementum and dentine as they grow. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.016596794128418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The brain is the largest known of any modern or extinct animal, weighing on average about , more than five times heavier than a human's, and has a volume of about 8,000 cm3. Although larger brains generally correlate with higher intelligence, it is not the only factor. Elephants and dolphins also have larger brains than humans.Whitehead, p. 323 The sperm whale has a lower encephalization quotient than many other whale and dolphin species, lower than that of non-human anthropoid apes, and much lower than humans'. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.690738677978516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The sperm whale respiratory system has adapted to cope with drastic pressure changes when diving. The flexible ribcage allows lung collapse, reducing nitrogen intake, and metabolism can decrease to conserve oxygen. Between dives, the sperm whale surfaces to breathe for about eight minutes before diving again. Odontoceti (toothed whales) breathe air at the surface through a single, S-shaped blowhole, which is extremely skewed to the left. Sperm whales spout (breathe) 3–5 times per minute at rest, increasing to 6–7 times per minute after a dive. The blow is a noisy, single stream that rises up to 2 m or more above the surface and points forward and left at a 45° angle. On average, females and juveniles blow every 12.5 seconds before dives, while large males blow every 17.5 seconds before dives. A sperm whale killed 160 km south of Durban, South Africa after a 1-hour, 50-minute dive was found with two dogfish (Scymnodon sp.), usually found at the sea floor, in its belly. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.76757287979126, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The sperm whale has the longest intestinal system in the world, exceeding 300 m in larger specimens. Similar to ruminants the sperm whale has four stomachs. The first secretes no gastric juices and has very thick muscular walls to crush the food (since whales cannot chew) and resist the claw and sucker attacks of swallowed squid. The second stomach is larger and is where digestion takes place. Undigested squid beaks accumulate in the second stomach – as many as 18,000 have been found in some dissected specimens. Most squid beaks are vomited by the whale, but some occasionally make it to the hindgut. Such beaks precipitate the formation of ambergris.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.24317455291748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "In 1959, the heart of a 22 MT male taken by whalers was measured to be 116 kg, about 0.5% of its total mass. The circulatory system has a number of specific adaptations for the aquatic environment. The diameter of the aortic arch increases as it leaves the heart. This bulbous expansion acts as a windkessel, ensuring a steady blood flow as the heart rate slows during diving. The arteries that leave the aortic arch are positioned symmetrically. There is no costocervical artery. There is no direct connection between the internal carotid artery and the vessels of the brain. Their circulatory system has adapted to dive at great depths, as much as 2250 m. Myoglobin, which stores oxygen in muscle tissue, is much more abundant than in terrestrial animals. The blood has a high density of red blood cells, which contain oxygen-carrying haemoglobin. The oxygenated blood can be directed towards only the brain and other essential organs when oxygen levels deplete. The spermaceti organ may also play a role by adjusting buoyancy (see below). The arterial retia mirabilia are extraordinarily well-developed. The complex arterial retia mirabilia of the sperm whale are more extensive and larger than those of any other cetacean.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.685543060302734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Atop the whale's skull is positioned a large complex of organs filled with a liquid mixture of fats and waxes called spermaceti. The purpose of this complex is to generate powerful and focused clicking sounds, which the sperm whale uses for echolocation and communication. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.874199867248535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The spermaceti organ is like a large barrel of spermaceti. Its surrounding wall, known as the case, is extremely tough and fibrous. The case can hold within it up to 1,900 litres of spermaceti. It is proportionately larger in males.Whitehead, p. 321 This oil is a mixture of triglycerides and wax esters. The proportion of wax esters in the spermaceti organ increases with the age of the whale: 38–51% in calves, 58–87% in adult females, and 71–94% in adult males.Perrin, p. 1164 The spermaceti at the core of the organ has a higher wax content than the outer areas. The speed of sound in spermaceti is 2,684 m/s (at 40 kHz, 36 °C), making it nearly twice as fast as in the oil in a dolphin's melon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.062066078186035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Below the spermaceti organ lies the \"junk\" which consists of compartments of spermaceti separated by cartilage. It is analogous to the melon found in other toothed whales. The structure of the junk redistributes physical stress across the skull and may have evolved to protect the head during ramming. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.5767183303833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Running through the head are two air passages. The left passage runs alongside the spermaceti organ and goes directly to the blowhole, whilst the right passage runs underneath the spermaceti organ and passes air through a pair of phonic lips and into the distal sac at the very front of the nose. The distal sac is connected to the blowhole and the terminus of the left passage. When the whale is submerged, it can close the blowhole, and air that passes through the phonic lips can circulate back to the lungs. The sperm whale, unlike other odontocetes, has only one pair of phonic lips, whereas all other toothed whales have two, and it is located at the front of the nose instead of behind the melon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.873482704162598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "At the posterior end of this spermaceti complex is the frontal sac, which covers the concave surface of the cranium. The posterior wall of the frontal sac is covered with fluid–filled knobs, which are about 4–13 mm in diameter and separated by narrow grooves. The anterior wall is smooth. The knobbly surface reflects sound waves that come through the spermaceti organ from the phonic lips. The grooves between the knobs trap a film of air that is consistent whatever the orientation or depth of the whale, making it an excellent sound mirror.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.840575218200684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The spermaceti organs may also help adjust the whale's buoyancy. It is hypothesized that before the whale dives, cold water enters the organ, and it is likely that the blood vessels constrict, reducing blood flow, and, hence, temperature. The wax therefore solidifies and reduces in volume. The increase in specific density generates a down force of about 392 N and allows the whale to dive with less effort. During the hunt, oxygen consumption, together with blood vessel dilation, produces heat and melts the spermaceti, increasing its buoyancy and enabling easy surfacing. However, more recent work has found many problems with this theory including the lack of anatomical structures for the actual heat exchange. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.796371459960938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "File:Sperm whale phonic lips (NASA).jpg|The phonic lips.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.920186042785645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "File:Sperm whale exposed frontal sac.jpg|The frontal sac, exposed. Its surface is covered with fluid-filled knobs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.406686782836914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "File:Sperm whale frontal sac surface close-up.jpg|A piece of the posterior wall of the frontal sac. The grooves between the knobs trap a consistent film of air, making it an excellent sound mirror.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.885485649108887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The sperm whale's eye does not differ greatly from those of other toothed whales except in size. It is the largest among the toothed whales, weighing about 170 g. It is overall ellipsoid in shape, compressed along the visual axis, measuring about 7×7×3 cm. The cornea is elliptical and the lens is spherical. The sclera is very hard and thick, roughly 1 cm anteriorly and 3 cm posteriorly. There are no ciliary muscles. The choroid is very thick and contains a fibrous tapetum lucidum. Like other toothed whales, the sperm whale can retract and protrude its eyes thanks to a 2-cm-thick retractor muscle attached around the eye at the equator.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.580225944519043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "sperm whales eyes afford good vision and sensitivity to light. They conjectured that sperm whales use vision to hunt squid, either by detecting silhouettes from below or by detecting bioluminescence. If sperm whales detect silhouettes, Fristrup and Harbison suggested that they hunt upside down, allowing them to use the forward parts of the ventral visual fields for binocular vision.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.749956130981445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "For some time researchers have been aware that pods of sperm whales may sleep for short periods, assuming a vertical position with their heads just below or at the surface. A 2008 study published in Current Biology recorded evidence that whales may sleep with both sides of the brain. It appears that some whales may fall into a deep sleep for about 7 percent of the time, most often between 6 p.m. and midnight. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.441390991210938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Sperm whales have 21 pairs of chromosomes (2n=42). The genome of live whales can be examined by recovering shed skin. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.722477912902832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "When echolocating, the sperm whale emits a directionally focused beam of broadband clicks. Clicks are generated by forcing air through a pair of phonic lips (also known as \"monkey lips\" or \"museau de singe\") at the front end of the nose, just below the blowhole. The sound then travels backwards along the length of the nose through the spermaceti organ. Most of the sound energy is then reflected off the frontal sac at the cranium and into the melon, whose lens-like structure focuses it. Some of the sound will reflect back into the spermaceti organ and back towards the front of the whale's nose, where it will be reflected through the spermaceti organ a third time. This back and forth reflection which happens on the scale of a few milliseconds creates a multi-pulse click structure. This multi-pulse click structure allows researchers to measure the whale's spermaceti organ using only the sound of its clicks. Because the interval between pulses of a sperm whale's click is related to the length of the sound producing organ, an individual whale's click is unique to that individual. However, if the whale matures and the size of the spermaceti organ increases, the tone of the whale's click will also change. The lower jaw is the primary reception path for the echoes. A continuous fat-filled canal transmits received sounds to the inner ear.Whitlow, W. \"Echolocation\", pp. 359–367 in Perrin", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.97783088684082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The source of the air forced through the phonic lips is the right nasal passage. While the left nasal passage opens to the blow hole, the right nasal passage has evolved to supply air to the phonic lips. It is thought that the nostrils of the land-based ancestor of the sperm whale migrated through evolution to their current functions, the left nostril becoming the blowhole and the right nostril becoming the phonic lips. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.755289077758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Air that passes through the phonic lips passes into the distal sac, then back down through the left nasal passage. This recycling of air allows the whale to continuously generate clicks for as long as it is submerged. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.418283462524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "A coda is a short pattern of 3 to 20 clicks that is used in social situations. They were once thought to be a way by which individuals identified themselves, but individuals have been observed producing multiple codas, and the same codas are used by multiple individuals.Whitehead, p. 141 However, each click contains a physical signature which suggests that clicks can be used to identify individuals. Geographically separate pods exhibit distinct dialects.Whitehead, p. 131 Large males are generally solitary and rarely produce codas. In breeding grounds, codas are almost entirely produced by adult females. Despite evidence that sperm whales share similar codas, it is still unknown whether sperm whales possess individually specific coda repertoires or whether individuals make codas at different rates. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.399629592895508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Sperm whales are among the most cosmopolitan species. They prefer ice-free waters over 1000 m deep. Although both sexes range through temperate and tropical oceans and seas, only adult males populate higher latitudes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.238598346710205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Populations are denser close to continental shelves and canyons. Sperm whales are usually found in deep, off-shore waters, but may be seen closer to shore, in areas where the continental shelf is small and drops quickly to depths of 310 to. Coastal areas with significant sperm whale populations include the Azores and Dominica. In Asian waters, whales are also observed regularly in coastal waters in places such as Commander and Kuril Islands, Shiretoko Peninsula, off Kinkasan, vicinity to Tokyo Bay and Boso Peninsula to Izu and Izu Islands, Volcano Islands, Yakushima and Tokara Islands to Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Northern Mariana Islands, and so forth. Historical catch records suggest there could have been smaller aggression grounds in the Sea of Japan as well. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.281346321105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Grown males are known to enter surprisingly shallow bays to rest (whales will be in state of rest during these occasions). There are unique, coastal groups reported from various areas among the globe such as Scotland, Shiretoko Peninsula, off Kaikoura, in Davao Gulf. Such costal groups were more abundant in pre-whaling days. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.118741035461426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Sperm whales usually dive between 300 to, and sometimes 1 to, in search of food. Such dives can last more than an hour. They feed on several species, notably the giant squid, but also the colossal squid, octopuses, and fish like demersal rays, but their diet is mainly medium-sized squid. Some prey may be taken accidentally while eating other items. Most of what is known about deep sea squid has been learned from specimens in captured sperm whale stomachs, although more recent studies analysed feces. One study, carried out around the Galápagos, found that squid from the genera Histioteuthis (62%), Ancistrocheirus (16%), and Octopoteuthis (7%) weighing between 12 and were the most commonly taken. Battles between sperm whales and giant squid or colossal squid have never been observed by humans; however, white scars are believed to be caused by the large squid. One study published in 2010 collected evidence that suggests that female sperm whales may collaborate when hunting Humboldt squid. Tagging studies have shown that sperm whales hunt upside down at the bottom of their deep dives. It is suggested that the whales can see the squid silhouetted above them against the dim surface light. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.052007675170898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "An older study, examining whales captured by the New Zealand whaling fleet in the Cook Strait region, found a 1.69:1 ratio of squid to fish by weight. Sperm whales sometimes take sablefish and toothfish from long lines. Long-line fishing operations in the Gulf of Alaska complain that sperm whales take advantage of their fishing operations to eat desirable species straight off the line, sparing the whales the need to hunt. However, the amount of fish taken is very little compared to what the sperm whale needs per day. Video footage has been captured of a large male sperm whale \"bouncing\" a long line, to gain the fish. Sperm whales are believed to prey on the megamouth shark, a rare and large deep-sea species discovered in the 1970s. In one case, three sperm whales were observed attacking or playing with a megamouth. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.970593452453613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The sharp beak of a consumed squid lodged in the whale's intestine may lead to the production of ambergris, analogous to the production of pearls. The irritation of the intestines caused by squid beaks stimulates the secretion of this lubricant-like substance. Sperm whales are prodigious feeders and eat around 3% of their body weight per day. The total annual consumption of prey by sperm whales worldwide is estimated to be about 91 e6t. In comparison, human consumption of seafood is estimated to be 115 e6t.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.933395385742188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Sperm whales hunt through echolocation. Their clicks are among the most powerful sounds in the animal kingdom (see above). It has been hypothesised that it can stun prey with its clicks. Experimental studies attempting to duplicate this effect have been unable to replicate the supposed injuries, casting doubt on this idea. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.927495956420898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "It has been stated that sperm whales, as well as other large cetaceans, help fertilise the surface of the ocean by consuming nutrients in the depths and transporting those nutrients to the oceans' surface when they defecate, an effect known as the whale pump. This fertilises phytoplankton and other plants on the surface of the ocean and contributes to ocean productivity and the drawdown of atmospheric carbon. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.64736270904541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Sperm whales can live 70 years or more. They are a prime example of a species that has been K-selected, meaning their reproductive strategy is associated with stable environmental conditions and comprises a low birth rate, significant parental aid to offspring, slow maturation, and high longevity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.281937599182129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Lactation proceeds for 19 to 42 months, but calves, rarely, may suckle up to 13 years. Like other whales, the sperm whale's milk has a higher fat content than that of terrestrial mammals: about 36%, compared to 4% in cow milk. This gives it a consistency similar to cottage cheese, which prevents it from dissolving in the water before the calf can eat it. It has an energy content of roughly 3,840 kcal/kg, compared to just 640 kcal/kg in cow milk. Calves may be allowed to suckle from females other than their mothers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.635063171386719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Adult males who are not breeding live solitary lives, whereas females and juvenile males live together in groups. The main driving force for the sexual segregation of adult sperm whales is scramble competition for mesopelagic squid.Whitehead, p. 347 Females and their young remain in groups, while mature males leave their \"natal unit\" somewhere between 4 and 21 years of age. Mature males sometimes form loose bachelor groups with other males of similar age and size. As males grow older, they typically live solitary lives. Mature males have beached themselves together, suggesting a degree of cooperation which is not yet fully understood. The whales rarely, if ever, leave their group.Whitehead, p. 232", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.65262508392334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "A social unit is a group of sperm whales who live and travel together over a period of years. Individuals rarely, if ever, join or leave a social unit. There is a huge variance in the size of social units. They are most commonly between six and nine individuals in size but can have more than twenty.Whitehead, p. 233 Unlike orcas, sperm whales within a social unit show no significant tendency to associate with their genetic relatives.Whitehead, p. 235 Females and calves spend about three quarters of their time foraging and a quarter of their time socializing. Socializing usually takes place in the afternoon.Whitehead, p. 204", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.207451820373535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "When sperm whales socialize, they emit complex patterns of clicks called codas. They will spend much of the time rubbing against each other. Tracking of diving whales suggests that groups engage in herding of prey, similar to bait balls created by other species, though the research needs to be confirmed by tracking the prey. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.61989688873291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Although the fossil record is poor, several extinct genera have been assigned to the clade Physeteroidea, which includes the last common ancestor of the modern sperm whale, pygmy sperm whales, dwarf sperm whales, and extinct physeteroids. These fossils include Ferecetotherium, Idiorophus, Diaphorocetus, Aulophyseter, Orycterocetus, Scaldicetus, Placoziphius, Zygophyseter and Acrophyseter. Ferecetotherium, found in Azerbaijan and dated to the late Oligocene (about ), is the most primitive fossil that has been found which possesses sperm whale-specific features such as an asymmetric rostrum (\"beak\" or \"snout\"). Most sperm whale fossils date from the Miocene period, . Diaphorocetus, from Argentina, has been dated to the early Miocene. Fossil sperm whales from the Middle Miocene include Aulophyseter, Idiorophus and Orycterocetus, all of which were found on the west coast of the United States, and Scaldicetus, found in Europe and Japan. Orycterocetus fossils have also been found in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, in addition to the west coast of the United States. Placoziphius, found in Europe, and Acrophyseter, from Peru, are dated to the late Miocene.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.904096603393555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Fossil sperm whales differ from modern sperm whales in tooth count and the shape of the face and jaws. For example, Scaldicetus had a tapered rostrum. Genera from the Oligocene and early and middle Miocene, with the possible exception of Aulophyseter, had teeth in their upper jaws. Acrophyseter, from the late Miocene, also had teeth in both the upper and lower jaws as well as a short rostrum and an upward curving mandible (lower jaw). These anatomical differences suggest that fossil species may not have necessarily been deep-sea squid eaters like the modern sperm whale, but that some genera mainly ate fish. Zygophyseter, dated from the middle to late Miocene and found in southern Italy, had teeth in both jaws and appears to have been adapted to feed on large prey, rather like the modern Orca (Killer Whale). Other fossil sperm whales with adaptations similar to this are collectively known as killer sperm whales.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.099325180053711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "These analyses also confirm that there was a rapid evolutionary radiation (diversification) of the Physeteroidea in the Miocene period. The Kogiidae (dwarf and pygmy sperm whales) diverged from the Physeteridae (true sperm whales) at least . ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.45604419708252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Prior to the early eighteenth century, hunting was mostly by indigenous Indonesians. Legend has it that sometime in the early eighteenth century, around 1712, Captain Christopher Hussey, while cruising for right whales near shore, was blown offshore by a northerly wind, where he encountered a sperm whale pod and killed one. Although the story may not be true, sperm whales were indeed soon exploited by American whalers. Judge Paul Dudley, in his Essay upon the Natural History of Whales (1725), states that one Atkins, ten or twelve years in the trade, was among the first to catch sperm whales sometime around 1720 off the New England coast. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.098284721374512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "There were only a few recorded catches during the first few decades (1709–1730s) of offshore sperm whaling. Instead, sloops concentrated on Nantucket Shoals, where they would have taken right whales or went to the Davis Strait region to catch bowhead whales. By the early 1740s, with the advent of spermaceti candles (before 1743), American vessels began to focus on sperm whales. The diary of Benjamin Bangs (1721–1769) shows that, along with the bumpkin sloop he sailed, he found three other sloops flensing sperm whales off the coast of North Carolina in late May 1743. On returning to Nantucket in the summer 1744 on a subsequent voyage, he noted that \"45 spermacetes are brought in here this day,\" another indication that American sperm whaling was in full swing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.882979393005371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "American sperm whaling soon spread from the east coast of the American colonies to the Gulf Stream, the Grand Banks, West Africa (1763), the Azores (1765), and the South Atlantic (1770s). From 1770 to 1775 Massachusetts, New York, Connecticut, and Rhode Island ports produced 45,000 barrels of sperm oil annually, compared to 8,500 of whale oil. In the same decade, the British began sperm whaling, employing American ships and personnel. By the following decade, the French had entered the trade, also employing American expertise. Sperm whaling increased until the mid-nineteenth century. Spermaceti oil was important in public lighting (for example, in lighthouses, where it was used in the United States until 1862, when it was replaced by lard oil, in turn replaced by petroleum) and for lubricating the machines (such as those used in cotton mills) of the Industrial Revolution. Sperm whaling declined in the second half of the nineteenth century, as petroleum came into broader use. In that sense, petroleum use may be said to have protected whale populations from even greater exploitation. Sperm whaling in the eighteenth century began with small sloops carrying only one or two whaleboats. The fleet's scope and size increased over time, and larger ships entered the fishery. In the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century sperm whaling ships sailed to the equatorial Pacific, the Indian Ocean, Japan, the coast of Arabia, Australia and New Zealand. Hunting could be dangerous to the crew, since sperm whales (especially bulls) will readily fight to defend themselves against attack, unlike most baleen whales. When dealing with a threat, sperm whales will use their huge head effectively as a battering ram. Arguably the most famous sperm whale counter-attack occurred on 20 November 1820, when a whale claimed to be about long rammed and sank the Nantucket whaleship Essex. Only 8 out of 21 sailors survived to be rescued by other ships. This instance is popularly believed to have inspired Herman Melville's famous book Moby-Dick. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.243574142456055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The sperm whale's ivory-like teeth were often sought by eighteenth- and nineteenth-century whalers, who used them to produce inked carvings known as scrimshaw. Thirty teeth of the sperm whale can be used for ivory. Each of these teeth, up to 20 cm and 8 cm across, are hollow for the first half of their length. Like walrus ivory, sperm whale ivory has two distinct layers. However, sperm whale ivory contains a much thicker inner layer. Though a widely practised art in the nineteenth century, scrimshaw using genuine sperm whale ivory declined substantially after the retirement of the whaling fleets in the 1880s. Currently the Endangered Species Act and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), prevents the sales of or trade in sperm whale ivory harvested after 1973 or scrimshaw crafted from it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.410877227783203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Modern whaling was more efficient than open-boat whaling, employing steam-powered ships and exploding harpoons. Initially, modern whaling activity focused on large baleen whales, but as these populations were taken, sperm whaling increased. Spermaceti, the fine waxy oil produced by sperm whales, was in high demand. In both the 1941 to 1942 and 1942 to 1943 seasons, Norwegian expeditions took over 3,000 sperm whales off the coast of Peru alone. After the war, whaling continued unabated to obtain oil for cosmetics and high-performance machinery, such as automobile transmissions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.763505935668945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The hunting led to the near extinction of large whales, including sperm whales, until bans on whale oil use were instituted in 1972. The International Whaling Commission gave the species full protection in 1985 but hunting by Japan in the northern Pacific Ocean continued until 1988.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.607020378112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "It is estimated that the historic worldwide population numbered 1,100,000 before commercial sperm whaling began in the early eighteenth century. By 1880 it had declined by an estimated 29 percent. From that date until 1946, the population appears to have partially recovered as whaling activity decreased, and after World War II, the whale population increases to 33 percent of the pre-whaling population. Between 184,000 and 236,000 sperm whales were killed by the various whaling nations in the nineteenth century, while in the twentieth century, at least 770,000 were taken, the majority between 1946 and 1980. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.583544731140137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Sperm whales increase levels of primary production and carbon export by depositing iron-rich faeces into surface waters of the Southern Ocean. The iron-rich faeces cause phytoplankton to grow and take up more carbon from the atmosphere. When the phytoplankton dies, it sinks to the deep ocean and takes the atmospheric carbon with it. By reducing the abundance of sperm whales in the Southern Ocean, whaling has resulted in an extra 2 million tonnes of carbon remaining in the atmosphere each year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.091423034667969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Remaining sperm whale populations are large enough that the species' conservation status is rated as vulnerable rather than endangered. However, the recovery from centuries of commercial whaling is a slow process, particularly in the South Pacific, where the toll on breeding-age males was severe. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.992350578308105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The total number of sperm whales in the world is unknown, but is thought to be in the hundreds of thousands. The conservation outlook is brighter than for many other whales. Commercial whaling has ceased, and the species is protected almost worldwide, though records indicate that in the eleven-year period starting from 2000, Japan has caught 51 sperm whales. Fishermen do not target the creatures sperm whales eat, but long-line fishing operations in the Gulf of Alaska have complained about sperm whales stealing fish from their lines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.553574562072754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Currently, entanglement in fishing nets and collisions with ships represent the greatest threats to the sperm whale population. Other threats include ingestion of marine debris, ocean noise, and chemical pollution. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) regards the sperm whale as being \"Vulnerable\". The species is listed as endangered on the United States Endangered Species Act. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.912814617156982, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Sperm whales are listed on Appendix I and Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). It is listed on Appendix I as this species has been categorized as being in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant proportion of their range and CMS Parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them. It is listed on Appendix II as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements. It is also covered by the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS) and the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MOU).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.16836929321289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Rope-mounted teeth are important cultural objects throughout the Pacific. In New Zealand, the Māori know them as \"rei puta\"; such whale tooth pendants were rare objects because sperm whales were not actively hunted in traditional Māori society. Whale ivory and bone were taken from beached whales. In Fiji the teeth are known as tabua, traditionally given as gifts for atonement or esteem (called sevusevu), and were important in negotiations between rival chiefs. Friedrich Ratzel in The History of Mankind reported in 1896 that, in Fiji, whales' or cachalots' teeth were the most-demanded article of ornament or value. They occurred often in necklaces. Today the tabua remains an important item in Fijian life. The teeth were originally rare in Fiji and Tonga, which exported teeth, but with the Europeans' arrival, teeth flooded the market and this \"currency\" collapsed. The oversupply led in turn to the development of the European art of scrimshaw. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.877654075622559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick is based on a true story about a sperm whale that attacked and sank the whaleship Essex. Melville associated the sperm whale with the Bible's Leviathan. The fearsome reputation perpetuated by Melville was based on bull whales' ability to fiercely defend themselves from attacks by early whalers, occasionally resulting in the destruction of the whaling ships.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.236021041870117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The sperm whale was designated as the Connecticut state animal by the CT General Assembly in 1975. It was selected because of its specific contribution to the state's history and because of its present-day plight as an endangered species. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.685238361358643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Watching sperm whales", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.378924369812012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Sperm whales are not the easiest of whales to watch, due to their long dive times and ability to travel long distances underwater. However, due to the distinctive look and large size of the whale, watching is increasingly popular. Sperm whale watchers often use hydrophones to listen to the clicks of the whales and locate them before they surface. Popular locations for sperm whale watching include the town of Kaikoura on New Zealand's South Island, Andenes and Tromsø in Arctic Norway; as well as the Azores, where the continental shelf is so narrow that whales can be observed from the shore, and Dominica where a long-term scientific research program, The Dominica Sperm Whale Project, has been in operation since 2005. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.157082557678223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The introduction of plastic waste to the ocean environment by humans is new. Sperm whales are now occasionally found with pieces of plastic in their stomachs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.191705703735352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sperm whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The native peoples of North America and Russia have hunted belugas for many centuries. They were also hunted commercially during the 19th century and part of the 20th century. Whale hunting has been under international control since 1973. Currently, only certain Inuit and Alaska Native groups are allowed to carry out subsistence hunting of belugas. Other threats include natural predators (polar bears and killer whales), contamination of rivers (e.g. with PCBs, which bioaccumulate up the food chain, and infectious diseases.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.178729057312012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The name of the genus, Delphinapterus, means \"dolphin without fin\" (from the Greek δελφίν (delphin), dolphin and απτερος (apteros), without fin) and the species name leucas means \"white\" (from the Greek λευκας (leukas), white). The Red List of Threatened Species gives both beluga and white whale as common names, though the former is now more popular. The English name comes from the Russian белуха (belukha), which derives from the word белый (bélyj), meaning \"white\". The name beluga in Russian refers to an unrelated species, a fish, beluga sturgeon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.419861793518066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The whale is also colloquially known as the sea canary on account of its high-pitched squeaks, squeals, clucks, and whistles. A Japanese researcher says he taught a beluga to \"talk\" by using these sounds to identify three different objects, offering hope that humans may one day be able to communicate effectively with sea mammals. A similar observation has been made by Canadian researchers, where a beluga which died in 2007 \"talked\" when he was still a subadult. Another example is NOC, a beluga whale that could mimic the rhythm and tone of human language. Beluga whales in the wild have been reported to imitate human voices. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.3313188552856445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The remains were found to be preserved in the sediments of the Champlain Sea, an extension of the Atlantic Ocean within the continent resulting from the rise in sea level at the end of the ice ages some 12,000 years ago. Today, the Charlotte whale is the official Vermont State Fossil (making Vermont the only state whose official fossil is that of a still extant animal).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.416796684265137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The species presents a moderate degree of sexual dimorphism, as the males are 25% longer than the females and are sturdier. Adult male belugas can range from , while the females measure 3 to. Males weigh between 1100 and, occasionally up to 1900 kg while females weigh between 700 and. They rank as mid-sized species among toothed whales. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.074736595153809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Unlike many dolphins and whales, the seven vertebrae in the neck are not fused together, allowing the animal to turn its head laterally without needing to rotate its body. This gives the head a lateral manoeuvrability that allows an improved field of view and movement and helps in catching prey and evading predators in deep water. The rostrum has about eight to 10 small, blunt, and slightly curved teeth on each side of the jaw and a total of 36 to 40 teeth. Belugas do not use their teeth to chew, but for catching hold of their prey; they then tear them up and swallow them nearly whole. Belugas only have a single spiracle, which is located on the top of the head behind the melon, and has a muscular covering, allowing it to be completely sealed. Under normal conditions, the spiracle is closed and an animal must contract the muscular covering to open the spiracle. A beluga's thyroid gland is larger than that of terrestrial mammals – weighing three times more than that of a horse – which helps it to maintain a greater metabolism during the summer when it lives in river estuaries. It is the marine cetacean that most frequently develops hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the thyroid. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.391777038574219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "In captivity, they can be seen to be constantly playing, vocalizing, and swimming around each other. They show a great deal of curiosity towards humans and frequently approach the windows in the tanks to observe them. Belugas may also playfully spit at humans or other whales. It is not unusual for an aquarium handler to be drenched by one of his charges. Some researchers believe spitting originated with blowing sand away from crustaceans at the sea bottom.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.01986026763916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Beluga whales often accompany bowhead whales, for curiosity and to secure polynya feasible to breathe as bowheads are capable of breaking through ice from underwater by headbutting. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.196010112762451, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "Estimations of the age of sexual maturity for beluga whales vary considerably; the majority of authors estimate males reach sexual maturity when they are between four and seven years old, and females reach maturity when they are between four and nine years old. The average age at which females first give birth is 8.5 years and fertility begins to decrease when they are 25, with no births recorded for females older than 41.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.648012161254883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "These cetaceans communicate using sounds of such high frequency; their calls sometimes sound like bird songs, so belugas have been given the nickname \"canaries of the sea\". Like the other toothed whales, belugas do not possess vocal cords and the sounds are probably produced by the movement of air between the nasal sacks, which are located near to the blowhole.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.641327857971191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "The migration season is relatively predictable, as it is basically determined by the amount of daylight and not by other variable physical or biological factors, such as the condition of the sea ice. Vagrants may travel further south to areas such as Irish and Scottish waters, islands of Orkney and Hebrides, and to Japanese waters. There had been several vagrant individuals demonstrated seasonal residencies at Volcano Bay, and a unique whale were used to return annually to areas adjacent to Shibetsu in Nemuro Strait in the 2000s. On rarer occasions, individuals of vagrancy can reach the Korean Peninsula. A few other individuals have been confirmed to return to the coasts of Hokkaido, including brackish waters such as Lake Notoro. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.17564582824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Commercial whaling by European and American whalers during the 18th and 19th centuries decreased beluga populations in the Canadian Arctic. The animals were hunted for their meat and blubber, while the Europeans used the oil from the melon as a lubricant for clocks, machinery, and lighting in lighthouses. Mineral oil replaced whale oil in the 1860s, but the hunting of these animals continued unabated. In 1863, the cured skin could be used to make horse harnesses, machine belts for saw mills, and shoelaces. These manufactured items ensured the hunting of belugas continued for the rest of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Between 1868 and 1911, Scottish and American whalers killed more than 20,000 belugas in Lancaster Sound and Davis Strait.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.071694374084473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The Arctic's native peoples still carry out subsistence hunting of belugas to obtain food and raw materials. This practice is a part of their culture, but doubts still remain whether the number of whales killed may be sustainable. The number of animals killed is about 200 to 550 in Alaska and around 1,000 in Canada. However, in areas such as Cook Inlet, Ungava Bay, and western Greenland, previous levels of commercial whaling have put the species in danger of extinction, and continued hunting by the native peoples may mean some populations will continue to decline. The Canadian sites are the focus of discussions between the local communities and the Canadian government, with the objective of permitting sustainable hunting that does not put the species at risk of extinction. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.977001190185547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Indirect human disturbance may also be a threat. While some populations tolerate small boats, most actively try to avoid ships. Whale-watching has become a booming activity in the St. Lawrence and Churchill River areas, and acoustic contamination from this activity appears to have an effect on belugas. For example, a correlation appears to exist between the passage of belugas across the mouth of the Saguenay River, which has decreased by 60%, and the increase in the use of recreational motorboats in the area. A dramatic decrease has also been recorded in the number of calls between animals (decreasing from 3.4 to 10.5 calls/min to 0 or ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.385993003845215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Belugas were among the first whale species to be kept in captivity. The first beluga was shown at Barnum's Museum in New York City in 1861. For most of the 20th century, Canada was the predominant source for belugas destined for exhibition. Until the early 1960s, they were taken from the St. Lawrence River estuary (famously captured in the film documentary Pour la suite du monde) and from 1967 from the Churchill River estuary. This continued until 1992, when the practice was banned. Since Canada ceased to be the supplier of these animals, Russia has become the largest provider. Individuals are caught in the Amur River delta and the far eastern seas of the country, and then are either transported domestically to aquaria in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Sochi, or exported to foreign nations, including Canada.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.052412033081055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Today, it remains one of the few whale species kept at aquaria and marine parks across North America, Europe, and Asia. As of 2006, 30 belugas were in Canada and 28 in the United States, and 42 deaths in captivity had been reported up to that time. A single specimen can reportedly fetch up to US$100,000 on the market. The beluga's popularity with visitors reflects its attractive colour and its range of facial expressions. The latter is possible because while most cetacean \"smiles\" are fixed, the extra movement afforded by the beluga's unfused cervical vertebrae allows a greater range of apparent expression.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.4871063232421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Whale watching", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.503453254699707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "Whale watching has become an important activity in the recovery of the economies of towns in Hudson Bay near to the Saint Lawrence and Churchill Rivers. The best time to see belugas is during the summer, when they meet in large numbers in the estuaries of the rivers and in their summer habitats. The animals are easily seen due to their high numbers and their curiosity regarding the presence of humans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.425894737243652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "However, the boats' presence poses a threat to the animals, as it distracts them from important activities such as feeding, social interaction and reproduction. In addition, the noise produced by the motors has an adverse effect on their auditory function and reduces their ability to detect their prey, communicate, and navigate. To protect these marine animals during whale-watching activities, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has published a “Guide for observing marine life”. The guide recommends boats carrying the whale watchers keep their distance from the cetaceans and it expressly prohibits chasing, harassing, obstructing, touching, or feeding them. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.15597152709961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "The US Congress passed the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 outlawing the persecution and hunting of all marine mammals within US coastal waters. The act has been amended a number of times to permit subsistence hunting by native peoples, temporary capture of restricted numbers for research, education and public display, and to decriminalise the accidental capture of individuals during fishing operations. The act also states that all whales in US territorial waters are under the jurisdiction of the National Marine Fisheries Service, a division of NOAA.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.229231834411621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "To prevent hunting, belugas are protected under the 1986 International Moratorium on Commercial Whaling; however, hunting of small numbers of belugas is still allowed. Since it is very difficult to know the exact population of belugas because their habitats include inland waters away from the ocean, they easily come in contact with oil and gas development centres. To prevent whales from coming in contact with industrial waste, the Alaskan and Canadian governments are relocating sites where whales and waste come in contact.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.00758171081543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "WHALE", "passage": "White Whale Records was an American record company that operated between 1965 and 1971 in Los Angeles, California, it was the record company of The Turtles. The company's logo was the silhouette of a beluga with the words \"White Whale\" above it. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.005361557006836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" }, { "answer": "Whales", "passage": "A 2002 episode of science fiction series Dark Angel titled \"Dawg Day Afternoon\" claims that beluga whales are the result of a hybridisation between a humpback whale and a dolphin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9532670974731445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beluga whale" } ]

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[ { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "Mark David Chapman (born May 10, 1955) is an American prison inmate who murdered John Lennon on December 8, 1980. Chapman shot Lennon outside The Dakota apartment building in New York City. Chapman fired at Lennon five times, hitting him four times in the back. Chapman later remained at the crime scene reading J. D. Salinger's novel The Catcher in the Rye until the police arrived and arrested him. He repeatedly said that the novel was his statement.", "precise_score": 8.521402359008789, "rough_score": 9.67477798461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark David Chapman" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "In 1978, Chapman went on a six-week trip around the world, inspired partly by the film Around the World in Eighty Days, visiting Tokyo, Seoul, Hong Kong, Singapore, Bangkok, Delhi, Beirut, Geneva, London, Paris and Dublin. He began a relationship with his travel agent, a Japanese-American woman named Gloria Abe. They married on June 2, 1979. Chapman went to work at Castle Memorial Hospital as a printer, working alone rather than with staff and patients. He was fired by the Castle Memorial Hospital, rehired, then got into a shouting match with a nurse and quit. He took a job as a night security guard and began drinking heavily. Chapman developed a series of obsessions, including artwork, The Catcher in the Rye, music, and John Lennon. In September 1980, he wrote a letter to a friend, Lynda Irish, in which he stated, \"I'm going nuts.\" He signed the letter, \"The Catcher in the Rye\". Chapman had no criminal convictions up to this point. ", "precise_score": -3.145538568496704, "rough_score": -3.500767707824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark David Chapman" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "On December 8, 1980, Chapman left his room at the Sheraton Hotel, leaving personal items behind which the police would later find, and bought a copy of The Catcher in the Rye in which he wrote \"This is my statement\", signing it \"Holden Caulfield\". He then spent most of the day near the entrance to The Dakota apartment building where Lennon and Yoko Ono lived, talking to fans and the doorman. Early in the morning, a distracted Chapman missed seeing Lennon step out of a cab and enter the Dakota. Later in the morning, Chapman met Lennon's housekeeper who was returning from a walk with their five-year-old son Sean. Chapman reached in front of the housekeeper to shake Sean's hand and said that he was a beautiful boy, quoting Lennon's song \"Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)\".", "precise_score": 2.9290430545806885, "rough_score": 4.679355621337891, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark David Chapman" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "Chapman remained at the scene, appearing to be reading The Catcher in the Rye, until the police arrived. The New York City Police Department officers who first responded, recognizing that Lennon's wounds were severe, decided to transport him to Roosevelt Hospital. Chapman was arrested without incident. In his statement to police three hours later, Chapman stated, \"I’m sure the big part of me is Holden Caulfield, who is the main person in the book. The small part of me must be the Devil.\" Lennon was pronounced dead by Dr. Stephan Lynn at 11:07 p.m. at St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center.", "precise_score": 1.3878639936447144, "rough_score": -1.7735786437988281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark David Chapman" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "Chapman's experiences during the weekend on which he committed the murder have been turned into a feature-length movie called Chapter 27, in which he is played by Jared Leto. The film was written and directed by Jarrett Schaefer and is based on the Jones book. The film's title is a reference to The Catcher in the Rye, which has 26 chapters. Chapter 27 premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2007 and received polarized reactions from critics. The film had a limited release in theaters in the United States in March 2008. Chapter 27 was released widely onto DVD on September 30, 2008. Another film was made before the feature film entitled The Killing of John Lennon starring Jonas Ball as Chapman, which documents Chapman's life before and up to the murder and portrays Chapman in a somewhat sympathetic light. The film features Ball as Chapman narrating the film and states that all the words are Chapman's own.", "precise_score": -2.0251855850219727, "rough_score": -2.9885478019714355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark David Chapman" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "Outside, doorman Perdomo shook the gun out of Chapman's hand then kicked it across the sidewalk. Chapman then removed his coat and hat in preparation for the arrival of police—to show he was not carrying any concealed weapons—and sat down on the sidewalk. Perdomo shouted at Chapman, \"Do you know what you've just done?\" to which Chapman calmly replied, \"Yes, I just shot John Lennon.\" The first policemen to arrive were Steven Spiro and Peter Cullen, who were at 72nd Street and Broadway when they heard a report of shots fired at the Dakota. The officers arrived around two minutes later and found Chapman sitting \"very calmly\" on the sidewalk. They reported that Chapman had dropped the revolver to the ground and was holding a paperback book, J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye. They immediately put Chapman in handcuffs and placed him in the back seat of their squad car. Chapman made no attempt to flee or resist arrest. ", "precise_score": 6.408753871917725, "rough_score": 6.549200534820557, "source": "wiki", "title": "Death of John Lennon" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "Salinger was raised in Manhattan and began writing short stories while in secondary school. Several were published in Story magazine in the early 1940s before he began serving in World War II. In 1948, his critically acclaimed story \"A Perfect Day for Bananafish\" appeared in The New Yorker magazine, which became home to much of his later work. In 1951, his novel The Catcher in the Rye was an immediate popular success. His depiction of adolescent alienation and loss of innocence in the protagonist Holden Caulfield was influential, especially among adolescent readers. The novel remains widely read and controversial, selling around 250,000 copies a year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.395939350128174, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. D. Salinger" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "The success of The Catcher in the Rye led to public attention and scrutiny. Salinger became reclusive, publishing new work less frequently. He followed Catcher with a short story collection, Nine Stories (1953); a volume containing a novella and a short story, Franny and Zooey (1961); and a volume containing two novellas, Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction (1963). His last published work, a novella entitled \"Hapworth 16, 1924\", appeared in The New Yorker on June 19, 1965.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.180251598358154, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. D. Salinger" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "Afterward, Salinger struggled with unwanted attention, including a legal battle in the 1980s with biographer Ian Hamilton and the release in the late 1990s of memoirs written by two people close to him: Joyce Maynard, an ex-lover; and Margaret Salinger, his daughter. In 1996, a small publisher announced a deal with Salinger to publish \"Hapworth 16, 1924\" in book form, but amid the ensuing publicity the release was indefinitely delayed. He made headlines around the globe in June 2009 when he filed a lawsuit against another writer for copyright infringement resulting from that writer's use of one of the characters from The Catcher in the Rye. Salinger died of natural causes on January 27, 2010, at his home in Cornish, New Hampshire. In November 2013, three unpublished stories by Salinger were briefly posted online. One of the stories, \"The Ocean Full of Bowling Balls\", is said to be a prequel to The Catcher in the Rye.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.178156852722168, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. D. Salinger" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "The Catcher in the Rye", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.326957702636719, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. D. Salinger" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "In the 1940s, Salinger confided to several people that he was working on a novel featuring Holden Caulfield, the teenage protagonist of his short story \"Slight Rebellion off Madison\", and The Catcher in the Rye was published on July 16, 1951, by Little, Brown and Company. The novel's plot is simple, detailing 16-year-old Holden's experiences in New York City following his expulsion and departure from an elite college preparatory school. Not only was he expelled from his current school, he had also been expelled from three previous schools. The book is more notable for the persona and testimonial voice of its first-person narrator, Holden. He serves as an insightful but unreliable narrator who expounds on the importance of loyalty, the \"phoniness\" of adulthood, and his own duplicity. In a 1953 interview with a high school newspaper, Salinger admitted that the novel was \"sort of\" autobiographical, explaining, \"My boyhood was very much the same as that of the boy in the book ... [I]t was a great relief telling people about it.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.4432172775268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. D. Salinger" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "Initial reactions to the book were mixed, ranging from The New York Times hailing Catcher as \"an unusually brilliant first novel\" to denigrations of the book's monotonous language and the \"immorality and perversion\" of Holden, who uses religious slurs and freely discusses casual sex and prostitution. The novel was a popular success; within two months of its publication, The Catcher in the Rye had been reprinted eight times. It spent 30 weeks on the New York Times Bestseller list.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.905770301818848, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. D. Salinger" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "In the 1970s, several U.S. high school teachers who assigned the book were fired or forced to resign. A 1979 study of censorship noted that The Catcher in the Rye \"had the dubious distinction of being at once the most frequently censored book across the nation and the second-most frequently taught novel in public high schools\" (after John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men). The book remains widely read; in 2004, the novel was selling about 250,000 copies per year, \"with total worldwide sales over 10 million copies\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.795489311218262, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. D. Salinger" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "In the wake of its 1950s success, Salinger received (and rejected) numerous offers to adapt The Catcher in the Rye for the screen, including one from Samuel Goldwyn. Since its publication, there has been sustained interest in the novel among filmmakers, with Billy Wilder, Harvey Weinstein, and Steven Spielberg among those seeking to secure the rights. Salinger stated in the 1970s that \"Jerry Lewis tried for years to get his hands on the part of Holden.\" Salinger repeatedly refused, though, and in 1999, Joyce Maynard definitively concluded: \"The only person who might ever have played Holden Caulfield would have been J. D. Salinger.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.4455366134643555, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. D. Salinger" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "As the notoriety of The Catcher in the Rye grew, Salinger gradually withdrew from public view. In 1953, he moved from an apartment at", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.590463638305664, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. D. Salinger" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "In June 2009, Salinger consulted lawyers about the upcoming publication in the US of an unauthorized sequel to The Catcher in the Rye written by Swedish book publisher Fredrik Colting under the pseudonym 'J. D. California'. California's book is called 60 Years Later: Coming Through the Rye, and appears to pick up the story of Salinger's protagonist Holden Caulfield. In Salinger's novel, Caulfield is 17 years old, wandering the streets of New York after being expelled from his private school; the California book features a 76-year-old man, \"Mr. C\", musing on having escaped his nursing home. Salinger's New York literary agent Phyllis Westberg told Britain's Sunday Telegraph: \"The matter has been turned over to a lawyer\". The fact that little was known about Colting and the book was set to be published by a new publishing imprint called 'Windupbird Publishing' gave rise to speculation in literary circles that the whole thing might be a stunt. District court judge Deborah A. Batts issued an injunction which prevents the book from being published within the U.S. The book's author filed an appeal on July 23, 2009; it was heard in the Second Circuit Court of Appeals on September 3, 2009. The case was settled in 2011 when Colting agreed not to publish or otherwise distribute the book, e-book, or any other editions of 60 Years Later in the U.S. or Canada until The Catcher in the Rye enters the public domain, while also refraining from using the title \"Coming through the Rye\", dedicating the book to Salinger or referring to the title \"The Catcher in the Rye\", while Colting remains free to sell the book in other international territories without fear of interference. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.5495710372924805, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. D. Salinger" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "On October 23, 1992, The New York Times reported], \"Not even a fire that consumed at least half his home on Tuesday could smoke out the reclusive J. D. Salinger, author of the classic novel of adolescent rebellion, 'The Catcher in the Rye.' Mr. Salinger is almost equally famous for having elevated privacy to an art form.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.670650005340576, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. D. Salinger" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "Both Margaret Salinger and Maynard characterized the author as a devoted film buff. According to Margaret, his favorite movies include Gigi (1958), The Lady Vanishes (1938), The 39 Steps (1935; Phoebe's favorite movie in The Catcher in the Rye), and the comedies of W.C. Fields, Laurel and Hardy, and the Marx Bros.. Predating VCRs, Salinger had an extensive collection of classic movies from the 1940s in 16 mm prints. Maynard wrote that \"he loves movies, not films\", and Salinger argued that her father's \"worldview is, essentially, a product of the movies of his day. To my father, all Spanish speakers are Puerto Rican washerwomen, or the toothless, grinning-gypsy types in a Marx Brothers movie\". Lillian Ross, a staff writer for The New Yorker and longtime friend of Salinger's, wrote following his death, \"Salinger loved movies, and he was more fun than anyone to discuss them with. He enjoyed watching actors work, and he enjoyed knowing them. (He loved Anne Bancroft, hated Audrey Hepburn, and said that he had seen Grand Illusion ten times.)\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.028074264526367, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. D. Salinger" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "In a contributor's note Salinger gave to Harper's Magazine in 1946, he wrote: \"I almost always write about very young people\", a statement that has been referred to as his credo. Adolescents are featured or appear in all of Salinger's work, from his first published short story, \"The Young Folks\" (1940), to The Catcher in the Rye and his Glass family stories. In 1961, the critic Alfred Kazin explained that Salinger's choice of teenagers as a subject matter was one reason for his appeal to young readers, but another was \"a consciousness [among youths] that he speaks for them and virtually to them, in a language that is peculiarly honest and their own, with a vision of things that capture their most secret judgments of the world.\" For this reason, Norman Mailer once remarked that Salinger was \"the greatest mind ever to stay in prep school\". Salinger's language, especially his energetic, realistically sparse dialogue, was revolutionary at the time his first stories were published and was seen by several critics as \"the most distinguishing thing\" about his work. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.426025390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. D. Salinger" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "Contemporary critics discuss a clear progression over the course of Salinger's published work, as evidenced by the increasingly negative reviews received by each of his three post-Catcher story collections. Ian Hamilton adheres to this view, arguing that while Salinger's early stories for the \"slicks\" boasted \"tight, energetic\" dialogue, they had also been formulaic and sentimental. It took the standards of The New Yorker editors, among them William Shawn, to refine his writing into the \"spare, teasingly mysterious, withheld\" qualities of \"A Perfect Day for Bananafish\" (1948), The Catcher in the Rye, and his stories of the early 1950s. By the late 1950s, as Salinger became more reclusive and involved in religious study, Hamilton notes that his stories became longer, less plot-driven, and increasingly filled with digression and parenthetical remarks. Louis Menand agrees, writing in The New Yorker that Salinger \"stopped writing stories, in the conventional sense ... He seemed to lose interest in fiction as an art form—perhaps he thought there was something manipulative or inauthentic about literary device and authorial control.\" In recent years, some critics have defended certain post-Nine Stories works by Salinger; in 2001, Janet Malcolm wrote in The New York Review of Books that \"Zooey\" \"is arguably Salinger's masterpiece ... Rereading it and its companion piece \"Franny\" is no less rewarding than rereading The Great Gatsby.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.490852355957031, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. D. Salinger" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "In 2001, Louis Menand wrote in The New Yorker that \"Catcher in the Rye rewrites\" among each new generation had become \"a literary genre all its own\". He classed among them Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar (1963), Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1971), Jay McInerney's Bright Lights, Big City (1984), and Dave Eggers's A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius (2000). Writer Aimee Bender was struggling with her first short stories when a friend gave her a copy of Nine Stories; inspired, she later described Salinger's effect on writers, explaining: \"[I]t feels like Salinger wrote The Catcher in the Rye in a day, and that incredible feeling of ease inspires writing. Inspires the pursuit of voice. Not his voice. My voice. Your voice.\" Authors such as Stephen Chbosky, Jonathan Safran Foer, Carl Hiaasen, Susan Minot, Haruki Murakami, Gwendoline Riley, Tom Robbins, Louis Sachar, Joel Stein and John Green have cited Salinger as an influence. Musician Tomas Kalnoky of Streetlight Manifesto also cites Salinger as an influence, referencing him and Holden Caulfield, the main character of Catcher in the Rye, in the song \"Here's To Life\". Biographer Paul Alexander called Salinger \"the Greta Garbo of literature\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.277882099151611, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. D. Salinger" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "* The Catcher in the Rye (1951)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.158559799194336, "source": "wiki", "title": "J. D. Salinger" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "In 1971, Chapman became a born again Presbyterian and distributed Biblical tracts. He met his first girlfriend, Jessica Blankenship. He began work as a YMCA summer camp counselor; he was very popular with the children, who nicknamed him \"Nemo\". He won an award for Outstanding Counselor and was made assistant director. Those who knew him in the caretaking professions unanimously called him an outstanding worker. A friend recommended The Catcher in the Rye to Chapman, and the story eventually took on great personal significance for him, to the extent that he reportedly wished to model his life after its protagonist, Holden Caulfield. After graduating from Columbia High School, Chapman moved for a time to Chicago and played guitar in churches and Christian nightspots while his friend did impersonations. He worked successfully for World Vision with Vietnamese refugees at a resettlement camp at Fort Chaffee in Arkansas, after a brief visit to Lebanon for the same work. He was named an area coordinator and a key aide to the program director, David Moore, who later said that Chapman cared deeply for the children and worked hard. Chapman accompanied Moore to meetings with government officials, and President Gerald Ford shook his hand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.827923774719238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark David Chapman" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "He said that he chose Lennon after seeing him on the cover of The Beatles' album, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. He also recalls having listened to Lennon's John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band album in the weeks before the murder and has stated: \"I would listen to this music and I would get angry at him, for saying that he didn't believe in God... and that he didn't believe in the Beatles. This was another thing that angered me, even though this record had been done at least 10 years previously. I just wanted to scream out loud, 'Who does he think he is, saying these things about God and heaven and the Beatles?' Saying that he doesn't believe in Jesus and things like that. At that point, my mind was going through a total blackness of anger and rage. So I brought the Lennon book home, into this The Catcher in the Rye milieu where my mindset is Holden Caulfield and anti-phoniness.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.366951942443848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark David Chapman" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "The Rev. Charles McGowan, who had been pastor of Chapman's old church, Chapel Woods Presbyterian in Decatur, Ga., visited Chapman as well, and told him of his conviction that religion held the key to his crime. \"I believe there was a demonic power at work,\" he said. Chapman initially embraced his old religion with new fervor as a result; but after McGowan revealed information to the press that Chapman had told him in confidence, Chapman disavowed his renewed interest in Christianity and reverted to his initial explanation: that he had killed Lennon to promote the reading of The Catcher in the Rye. When asked why it was so important for people to read the book, Chapman said he \"didn't know\" and \"didn't really care either—that was not his job.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.55769681930542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark David Chapman" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "In January 1981, at the initial hearing, Chapman's new lawyer, Jonathan Marks, entered a plea of not guilty by reason of insanity. In February, Chapman sent a handwritten statement to The New York Times urging everyone to read The Catcher in the Rye, calling it an \"extraordinary book that holds many answers.\" The defense team sought to establish witnesses as to Chapman's mental state at the time of the killing. It was reported they were confident he would be found not guilty by reason of insanity, in which case he would have been committed to a state mental hospital and received treatment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.8371429443359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark David Chapman" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "On August 24, 1981, the sentencing hearing took place. Two experts gave evidence on Chapman's behalf. Judge Edwards interrupted Dorothy Otnow Lewis, a research psychiatrist then relatively inexperienced in the courtroom, indicating that the purpose of the hearing was to determine the sentence and that there was no question of Chapman's criminal responsibility. Lewis has maintained that Chapman's decision to change his plea did not appear reasonable or explicable, and she implies the judge did not want to allow an independent competency assessment. The district attorney argued that Chapman committed the murder as an easy route to fame. When Chapman was asked if he had anything to say, he rose and read the passage from The Catcher in the Rye, when Holden tells his little sister, Phoebe, what he wants to do with his life:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.047370910644531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark David Chapman" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "Anyway, I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. Thousands of little kids, and nobody's around – nobody big, I mean – except me. And I'm standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff – I mean if they're running and they don't look where they're going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. That's all I do all day. I'd just be the catcher in the rye and all.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21566390991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark David Chapman" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "Chapman's obsession with the central character and message of the The Catcher in the Rye added to controversy about the novel. Some links have been drawn between Chapman's and the book's themes of adolescent sensitivity and depression on the one hand, and anti-social and violent thoughts on the other. This connection was made in the play Six Degrees of Separation and its film adaptation by the character played by Will Smith. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.512847900390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark David Chapman" }, { "answer": "The Catcher in the Rye", "passage": "Links have sometimes been drawn between Chapman's actions and those of other killers or attempted killers. John Hinckley, who only months later tried to assassinate President Ronald Reagan, was also associated with The Catcher in the Rye. Furthermore, John Hinckley's father, John Hinckley, Sr, was president of World Vision, for whom Chapman was employed. A writer who experienced mental illness in the same city as Jared Loughner has suggested that examples such as Chapman's show the need to challenge stigma about mental health problems and ensure there are good community mental health services including crisis intervention.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.490757942199707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mark David Chapman" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Johnboy", "John-Boy" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "john boy", "johnboy" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "john boy", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "John-Boy" }

[ { "answer": "John-Boy", "passage": "The story is about the family of John Walton Jr. (known as John-Boy): his six siblings, his parents John and Olivia Walton, and the elder John's parents Zebulon \"Zeb\" and Esther Walton. John-Boy is the oldest of the children (17 years old in the beginning ), who becomes a journalist and novelist. Each episode is narrated at the opening and closing by a middle-aged John Jr. (voiced by author Earl Hamner on whom John-Boy is based). John Sr. manages to eke out a living for his family by operating a lumber mill with his sons' help as they grow older. The family income is augmented by some small-scale farming, and John occasionally hunts to put meat on the table.", "precise_score": -10.959894180297852, "rough_score": -10.207047462463379, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Waltons" }, { "answer": "John-Boy", "passage": "* John \"John-Boy\" Walton Jr. (Richard Thomas, seasons 1–5, guest season 6, three movie sequels; Robert Wightman, seasons 8–9 and one movie sequel), the eldest of the seven children", "precise_score": -10.914752006530762, "rough_score": -10.757352828979492, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Waltons" }, { "answer": "John-Boy", "passage": "After completing high school, John-Boy attends fictional Boatwright University in the fictional nearby town of Westham. He later goes to New York City to work as a journalist.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.004109382629395, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Waltons" }, { "answer": "John-Boy", "passage": "John-Boy's military plane is shot down, while Olivia becomes a volunteer at the VA hospital and is seen less and less; she eventually develops tuberculosis and enters an Arizona sanitarium. Olivia's cousin, Rose Burton, moves into the Walton house to look after the brood. Two years later, John Sr. moves to Arizona to be near Olivia. Grandma appears in only a handful of episodes during the eighth season (she was usually said to be visiting relatives in nearby Buckingham County).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.80654239654541, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Waltons" }, { "answer": "John-Boy", "passage": "Earl Hamner's rural childhood growing up in the unincorporated community of Schuyler, Virginia, provided the basis for the setting and many of the storylines of The Waltons. His family and the community provided many life experiences which aided in the characters, values, area, and human-interest stories of his books, movies, and television series. Hamner provided the voice-over of the older John-Boy, usually heard at the beginning and end of each episode.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.24998664855957, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Waltons" }, { "answer": "John-Boy", "passage": "John-Boy Walton's fictional alma mater, Boatwright University, is patterned after Richmond College, which became part of the University of Richmond on Boatwright Drive near Westham Station in The West End of Richmond, Virginia, about seventy miles east of Schuyler.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.230650901794434, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Waltons" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Even a caveman can do it", "Tony Nicely", "Government Employees Insurance Company", "Lauren Wallace", "15 minutes could save you 15 percent or more on car insurance", "GEICO Insurance", "GEICO", "Geico Direct", "Geico", "GEICO Casualty Company", "GEICO Indemnity Company", "GEICO General Insurance Company", "Geico.com" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "government employees insurance company", "15 minutes could save you 15 percent or more on car insurance", "geico", "geico casualty company", "lauren wallace", "geico direct", "geico com", "geico insurance", "even caveman can do it", "geico indemnity company", "geico general insurance company", "tony nicely" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "geico", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Geico" }

[ { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "The Government Employees Insurance Company (GEICO) is an American auto insurance company headquartered in Chevy Chase, Maryland. It is the second largest auto insurer in the United States, after State Farm. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway that as of 2015 provided coverage for more than 22 million motor vehicles owned by more than 14 million policy holders. GEICO writes private passenger automobile insurance in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. GEICO sells its policies through local agents, called GEICO Field Representatives, and over the phone directly to the consumer, and through their website. Its mascot is a Gold dust day gecko with a Cockney accent, voiced by English actor Jake Wood. GEICO is well known in popular culture for its advertising, having made a large number of commercials intended", "precise_score": -7.155401706695557, "rough_score": -6.960267066955566, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "In 1974, under Kreeger's leadership, GEICO began to insure the general public, after real-time access to computerized driving records became available throughout the United States, and it was briefly the fifth-largest U.S. auto insurer. By 1975, it was clear that GEICO had expanded far too rapidly (during the 1973–75 recession) when it reported a $126.5 million loss. To prevent GEICO from collapsing, a consortium of 45 insurance companies agreed to take over a quarter of its policies, and it was forced to issue a stock offering (thus diluting existing stockholders) to raise money to pay claims. It took five years (during which the company shrank significantly) and a massive reorganization to set GEICO on the path to recovery.", "precise_score": -9.657861709594727, "rough_score": -9.376320838928223, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "After several years of denying claims and even canceling policies for policyholders that used their personal car for ridesharing companies such as Uber and Lyft, GEICO began offering rideshare coverage in select states in 2015, including in high-population states such as Texas, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Georgia. The policy, which is issued through GEICO's commercial department, has received critical praise from insurance experts and quickly launched GEICO as the largest insurance provider for TNC drivers. ", "precise_score": -8.432259559631348, "rough_score": -8.990358352661133, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "* Actor Mike McGlone, who uses film noir-style narration to compare the ease of GEICO to things, famous people, or idioms. (\"Could switching to GEICO really save you 15% or more on car insurance?...Is having a snowball fight with pitching great Randy Johnson a bad idea?\") The scene is then acted out, with typically humorous results. In addition to Johnson, other ads have included Charlie Daniels, Andrés Cantor, Foghorn Leghorn, Elmer Fudd, R. Lee Ermey, and Ed \"Too Tall\" Jones among others, including Maxwell the Piggy.", "precise_score": -0.48565810918807983, "rough_score": -6.582116603851318, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "GEICO was founded in 1936 by Leo Goodwin Sr. and his wife Lillian Goodwin to provide auto insurance directly to federal government employees and their families. Since 1925, Goodwin had worked for USAA, an insurer which specialized in insuring only military personnel; he decided to start his own company after rising as far as a civilian could go in USAA's military-dominated hierarchy. Based on Goodwin's experience at USAA, GEICO's original business model was predicated on the assumption that federal employees as a group would constitute a less risky and more financially stable pool of insureds, as opposed to the general public. Despite the presence of the word \"government\" in its name, GEICO has always been a private corporation not affiliated with any government organization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.37736701965332, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "In 1937, the Goodwins relocated GEICO from San Antonio, Texas to Washington, D.C. and reincorporated the company as a D.C. corporation after realizing that their business model would work best in the place with the highest concentration of federal employees. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.408336639404297, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "An important figure in GEICO's history is David Lloyd Kreeger, who became president of the company in 1964 and helped steer it into a major insurance enterprise. In 1948, he formed a group of investors who bought into GEICO right before it went public that year. He became senior vice president and general counsel of the company. Six years after becoming president of GEICO in 1964, he was named chairman and chief executive officer. He retained those titles until he retired in 1975. He continued as chairman of the executive committee until 1979, when he was named honorary chairman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.244833946228027, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "GEICO has also offered other types of insurance besides auto, including homeowner's insurance from 1962 to 1996. A sister company, the Government Employees Life Insurance Company (GELICO), offered life insurance from 1975 to 1985. Although GEICO has since focused on its core auto insurance competency (selling GELICO to Legal & General), it uses its established direct sales infrastructure to market homeowner's and other types of insurance underwritten by other companies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.77048397064209, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "In 1996, after many years as a publicly traded firm, GEICO became a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.444306373596191, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "GEICO generally deals directly with consumers via telephone and internet; however, the local agent program has more than 150 offices countrywide. GEICO is now the second largest writer of private auto insurance in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.27037525177002, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "GEICO has many well-known ad campaigns. In 2012 GEICO spent over $1.1 billion in advertising, or 6.8% of its revenue. All are made and produced by The Martin Agency, which is based in Richmond, Virginia. GEICO ads have featured several well-known mascots, including:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348322868347168, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "* The GEICO Gecko is the most prevalent spokesperson mascot and speaks with a Cockney accent. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.585668563842773, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "* The GEICO Cavemen (from ads claiming using their website is \"so easy, a caveman could do it\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.547159194946289, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "* Maxwell, the GEICO \"Piggy\" who shouts a long \"Whee\" and appears in more radio and TV commercials.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.453229904174805, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "* The \"money savers\" campaign enlisted actors to portray average consumers who have resorted to various humorous extremes in order to save money, such as teaching a dog to sing or teaching a group of Guinea pigs to row a boat and perform some mundane task for the consumer, and then presented switching to GEICO as an easy alternative to such endeavors with the common line \".... there's an easier way to save money.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.409610748291016, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "* The \"Happier Than....\" duo features Jimmy (actor Timothy Ryan Cole) and Ronnie (musician Alex Harvey) playing a guitar and a mandolin, respectively, on a small portable stage. They comment on a fictitious preceding event, such as a man dressed in 15th century attire laughing as he leads a trio of speed boats with the painted names Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria. After cutting to the duo, one says to the other \"You know, folks who save hundreds of dollars by switching to GEICO sure are happy.\" The other then replied, \"How happy are they, (Jimmy/Ronnie)?\" and in the case above, the response is \"Happier than Christopher Columbus with speedboats!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.497130393981934, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "* CASH, the stack of cash that represents the money you could have saved by switching to GEICO.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.156452178955078, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "There are also GEICO ads that feature stories from GEICO customers about situations in which the company assisted them, but are translated by celebrities like Little Richard and Joan Rivers. Film trailer announcer Don LaFontaine appeared in one such ad, shortly before his death. The tag announcer for these spots was D.C. Douglas. GEICO is also an official sponsor of the National Hockey League and themed commercials for that always feature members of the hometown Washington Capitals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.506781578063965, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "GEICO has long been involved in motorsports sponsorships. Since 2008, the company has sponsored the Germain Racing team, first in the NASCAR Nationwide Series with Mike Wallace, and later in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series with Max Papis and Casey Mears. Mears has driven the #13 GEICO car since the fall of 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.463915824890137, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" }, { "answer": "Geico", "passage": "GEICO's major competitors include Amica Mutual Insurance, Liberty Mutual Insurance, State Farm, Allstate, 21st Century Insurance, Progressive, Nationwide Insurance, and United Services Automobile Association.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.894633293151855, "source": "wiki", "title": "GEICO" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Rocky mountains", "Rockies", "Rocky Mountain", "RockyMountains", "Rocky Mountains", "Central Rocky Mountains", "Rockie Mountains", "Rocky mountain", "Rocky Mountain System", "The Rocky Mountains", "History of the Rocky Mountains", "The Rockys", "The Rockies", "The Rockie Mountains", "Western Rocky Mountains" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "rockies", "rockys", "rockie mountains", "central rocky mountains", "rocky mountains", "western rocky mountains", "rocky mountain system", "rocky mountain", "history of rocky mountains", "rockymountains" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "rocky mountains", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "The Rocky Mountains" }

[ { "answer": "Rockies", "passage": " The Continental Divide of the Americas begins at Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, the westernmost point on the mainland of the Americas. The Divide crosses northern Alaska into the Yukon, then zig-zags south into British Columbia via the Cassiar Mountains and Omineca Mountains and northern Nechako Plateau to Summit Lake, north of the city of Prince George and just south of the community of McLeod Lake. From there the Divide traverses the McGregor Plateau to the spine of the Rockies, following the crest of the Canadian Rockies southeast to the 120th meridian west, from there forming the boundary between southern British Columbia and southern Alberta.", "precise_score": -1.3378111124038696, "rough_score": 0.03497547656297684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continental Divide of the Americas" }, { "answer": "Rocky Mountain", "passage": "The Divide crosses into the United States in northwestern Montana, at the boundary between Waterton Lakes National Park and Glacier National Park. In Canada, it forms the western boundary of Waterton Lakes National Park, and in the US bisects Glacier National Park. Further south, the Divide forms the backbone of the Rocky Mountain Front (Front Range) in the Bob Marshall Wilderness, heads south towards Helena and Butte, then west past the namesake community of Divide, Montana through the Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness to the Bitterroot Range, where it forms the eastern third of the state boundary between Idaho and Montana. The Divide crosses into Wyoming within Yellowstone National Park and continues southeast into Colorado where it reaches its highest point in North America at the summit of  Grays Peak at 4352 m . It crosses US Hwy 160 in southern Colorado at Wolf Creek Pass, where a line symbolizes the division. The Divide then proceeds south into western New Mexico, passing along the western boundary of the endorheic Plains of San Agustin. Although the Divide represents the height of land between watersheds, it does not always follow the highest ranges/peaks within each state or province.", "precise_score": -5.3822784423828125, "rough_score": -3.127202033996582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continental Divide of the Americas" }, { "answer": "The Rocky Mountains", "passage": "Though there are many other hydrological divides in the Americas, the Great Divide is by far the most prominent of these because it tends to follow a line of high peaks along the main ranges of the Rocky Mountains and Andes, at a generally much higher elevation than the other hydrological divisions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.346775054931641, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continental Divide of the Americas" }, { "answer": "The Rocky Mountains", "passage": "Numerous small lakes along the Divide in the Rocky Mountains between Alberta and British Columbia flow into both provinces and thus into both Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. An example is the \"Committee Punch Bowl\", a small lake named by Sir George Simpson, governor of the Hudson Bay Company, while touring his vast Canadian fur-trading empire in 1825. According to historical sources, \"The small circular basin of water at the summit, twenty yards in diameter, is dignified with the name of the 'Committee's Punch Bowl' in honour of which the Governor treated them (his fur traders) to a bottle of wine as they had 'neither time nor convenience to make a bowl of punch, although a glass of it would have been acceptable.'\" The reference is to the governing committee of the Hudson's Bay Company in London, England. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5978944301605225, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continental Divide of the Americas" }, { "answer": "The Rocky Mountains", "passage": "The early Cenozoic uplift of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado provides an example. As the uplift was occurring some 10000 ft of mostly Mesozoic sedimentary strata were removed by erosion over the core of the mountain range and spread as sand and clays across the Great Plains to the east. This mass of rock was removed as the range was actively undergoing uplift. The removal of such a mass from the core of the range most likely caused further uplift as the region adjusted isostatically in response to the removed weight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.683836936950684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mountain range" }, { "answer": "Rocky Mountain", "passage": "Mountains on other planets and natural satellites of the Solar System are often isolated and formed mainly by processes such as impacts, though there are examples of mountain ranges (or \"Montes\") somewhat similar to those on Earth. Saturn's moon Titan and Pluto, in particular exhibit large mountain ranges in chains composed mainly of ices rather than rock. Examples include the Mithrim Montes and Doom Mons on Titan, and Norgay Montes and Hillary Montes on Pluto. Some terrestrial planets other than Earth also exhibit rocky mountain ranges, such as Maxwell Montes on Venus taller than any on Earth and Tartarus Montes on Mars, Jupiter's moon Io has mountain ranges formed from tectonic processes including Boösaule Montes, Dorian Montes, Hi'iaka Montes and Euboea Montes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.38478946685791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mountain range" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Muang Thai", "Taihland", "ISO 3166-1:TH", "Thai Empire", "Prathet Thai", "Muang-Thai", "Kingdom of Thailand", "Skateboarding in Thailand", "THAILAND", "Siam", "Sport in Thailand", "Etymology of Thailand", "Thayland", "Name of Thailand", "The Kingdom Of Thailand", "เมืองไทย", "Thailand", "ราชอาณาจักรไทย", "Sayam", "Thailande", "Siam (Thailand)", "ประเทศไทย", "Kingdom Of Thailand", "Tailand", "Thai Kingdom", "Ratcha Anachak Thai", "Kingdom of the Thai" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "thailand", "kingdom of thailand", "kingdom of thai", "เมืองไทย", "prathet thai", "name of thailand", "thayland", "taihland", "muang thai", "iso 3166 1 th", "skateboarding in thailand", "thai kingdom", "sport in thailand", "siam thailand", "sayam", "siam", "ratcha anachak thai", "ราชอาณาจักรไทย", "etymology of thailand", "tailand", "thailande", "ประเทศไทย", "thai empire" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "siam", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Siam" }

[ { "answer": "Siam", "passage": "Thailand ( or ; , );, officially the Kingdom of Thailand (, ;), formerly known as Siam (; ), is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula. It is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest. With a total area of approximately 513000 km2, Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country. It is the 20th-most-populous country in the world, with around 66 million people. The capital and largest city is Bangkok.", "precise_score": -1.5552098751068115, "rough_score": -5.982696533203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand is governed by the National Council for Peace and Order that took power in the May 2014 coup d'état. Its monarchy is headed by King Bhumibol Adulyadej, who has reigned since 1946 as Rama IX, as he is the ninth monarch of the Chakri Dynasty. He is currently the world's longest-serving head of state and the country's longest-reigning monarch; he has reigned for .", "precise_score": -5.9029083251953125, "rough_score": -3.3383631706237793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "Siam", "passage": "The signature of King Mongkut (r. 1851 – 1868) reads SPPM (Somdet Phra Poramenthra Maha) Mongkut King of the Siamese, giving the name \"Siam\" official status until 23 June 1939 when it was changed to Thailand. Thailand was renamed Siam from 1945 to 11 May 1949, after which it again reverted to Thailand.", "precise_score": 6.03064489364624, "rough_score": 7.553351402282715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Etymology of \"Thailand\"", "precise_score": -3.5550026893615723, "rough_score": -7.255087852478027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "There is evidence of human habitation in Thailand that has been dated at 40,000 years before the present, with stone artefacts dated to this period at Tham Lod Rockshelter in Mae Hong Son. Similar to other regions in Southeast Asia, Thailand was heavily influenced by the culture and religions of India, starting with the Kingdom of Funan around the 1st century CE to the Khmer Empire. Thailand in its earliest days was under the rule of the Khmer Empire, which had strong Hindu roots, and the influence among Thais remains even today.", "precise_score": -6.074894905090332, "rough_score": -7.102652549743652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "Siam", "passage": "In 1932, a bloodless revolution carried out by the Khana Ratsadon group of military and civilian officials resulted in a transition of power, when King Prajadhipok was forced to grant the people of Siam their first constitution, thereby ending centuries of absolute monarchy.", "precise_score": -8.512609481811523, "rough_score": -4.871114730834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "Siam", "passage": "In 1939, the name of the kingdom, \"Siam\", was changed to \"Thailand\".", "precise_score": 5.400348663330078, "rough_score": 5.491015434265137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "During World War II, the Empire of Japan demanded the right to move troops across Thailand to the Malayan frontier. The Japanese invasion of Thailand on 8 December 1941 occurred in co-ordination with attacks throughout Asia and engaged the Royal Thai Army for six to eight hours before Plaek Phibunsongkhram ordered an armistice. Shortly thereafter, Japan was granted free passage, and on 21 December 1941, Thailand and Japan signed a military alliance with a secret protocol, wherein Tokyo agreed to help Thailand regain territories lost to the British and French.", "precise_score": -3.4756240844726562, "rough_score": -1.7552450895309448, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Subsequently, Thailand declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom on 25 January 1942, and undertook to \"assist\" Japan in its war against the Allies, while at the same time maintaining an active anti-Japanese Free Thai Movement. Approximately 200,000 Asian labourers (mainly romusha) and 60,000 Allied prisoners of war (POWs) worked on the Burma Railway, which is commonly known as the \"Death Railway\". ", "precise_score": -2.840970277786255, "rough_score": -1.7406604290008545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "After the war, Thailand emerged as an ally of the United States. As with many of the developing nations during the Cold War, Thailand then went through decades of political instability characterised by a number of coups d'état, as one military regime replaced another, but eventually progressed towards a stable, prosperous democracy in the 1980s.", "precise_score": -6.488919734954834, "rough_score": -6.491278171539307, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Since the political reform of the absolute monarchy in 1932, Thailand has had 19 constitutions and charters. Throughout this time, the form of government has ranged from military dictatorship to electoral democracy, but all governments have acknowledged a hereditary monarch as the head of state. ", "precise_score": -6.713459014892578, "rough_score": 0.9052040576934814, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "Siam", "passage": "Prior to 1932, the Kingdom of Siam did not possess a legislature, as all legislative powers were vested in the person of the monarch. This had been the case since the foundation of the Sukhothai Kingdom in the 12th century as the king was seen as a \"Dharmaraja\" or \"king who rules in accordance with Dharma\", (the Buddhist law of righteousness). However, on 24 June 1932 a group of civilians and military officers, calling themselves the Khana Ratsadon (or People's Party) carried out a bloodless revolution in which the 150 years of absolute rule of the Chakri Dynasty ended. In its stead the group advocated a constitutional form of monarchy with an elected legislature.", "precise_score": -8.264318466186523, "rough_score": -3.4849071502685547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "The \"Draft Constitution\" of 1932 signed by King Prajadhipok created Thailand's first legislature, a People's Assembly with 70 appointed members. The assembly met for the first time on 28 June 1932, in the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall. The Khana Ratsadon decided that the people were not yet ready for an elected assembly. They later changed their minds. By the time the \"permanent\" constitution came into force in December of that year, elections were scheduled for 15 November 1933. The new constitution changed the composition of the assembly to 78 directly elected and 78 appointed (by the Khana Ratsadon), together totalling 156 members.", "precise_score": -7.474361419677734, "rough_score": 2.4640309810638428, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "The history of Thailand from 1932 to 1973 was dominated by military dictatorships which were in power for much of the period. The main personalities of the period were the dictator Luang Phibunsongkhram (better known as Phibun), who allied the country with Japan during the Second World War, and the civilian politician Pridi Phanomyong, who founded Thammasat University and was briefly the prime minister after the war.", "precise_score": -2.9226481914520264, "rough_score": 5.350540637969971, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Japan invaded Thailand on 8 December 1941. For events subsequent to the abdication of the king, including the name change of 1939, up to the coup d'état of 1957, see Plaek Pibulsonggram.", "precise_score": 1.0918382406234741, "rough_score": 5.238387107849121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand helped the USA and South Vietnam in the Vietnam War between 1965–1971. The USAF based F-4 Phantom fighters at Udon and Ubon Air Base, and stationed B-52s at U-Tapao. Thai forces also saw heavy action in the covert war in Laos that occurred from 1964 to 1972.", "precise_score": -6.262152194976807, "rough_score": -5.026297092437744, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "On 20 May 2014 the Thai army declared martial law and began to deploy troops in the capital, denying that it was a coup attempt. On 22 May, the army admitted that it was a coup and that it was taking control of the country and suspending the country's constitution. On the same day, the military imposed a curfew between the hours of 22:00–05:00, ordering citizens and visitors to remain indoors during this period. On 21 August 2014 the National Assembly of Thailand elected the army chief, General Prayut Chan-o-cha, as prime minister. Martial law was declared formally ended on 1 April 2015. \"Uniformed or ex-military men have led Thailand for 55 of the 83 years since absolute monarchy was overthrown in 1932,...\" observed one journalist in 2015. ", "precise_score": -8.506668090820312, "rough_score": -6.134444236755371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "Kingdom of Thailand", "passage": "The Royal Thai Armed Forces ( constitute the military of the Kingdom of Thailand. It consists of the Royal Thai Army (กองทัพบกไทย), the Royal Thai Navy (กองทัพเรือไทย), and the Royal Thai Air Force (กองทัพอากาศไทย). It also incorporates various paramilitary forces.", "precise_score": -7.95028829574585, "rough_score": -6.467633247375488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand's government-sponsored family planning program resulted in a dramatic decline in population growth from 3.1% in 1960 to around 0.4% today. In 1970, an average of 5.7 people lived in a Thai household. At the time of the 2010 census, the average Thai household size was 3.2 people.", "precise_score": -10.060335159301758, "rough_score": -5.63224983215332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Association football has overtaken muay Thai as the most widely followed sport in contemporary Thai society. Thailand national football team has played the AFC Asian Cup six times and reached the semifinals in 1972. The country has hosted the Asian Cup twice, in 1972 and in 2007. The 2007 edition was co-hosted together with Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. It is not uncommon to see Thais cheering their favourite English Premier League teams on television and walking around in replica kit. Another widely enjoyed pastime, and once a competitive sport, is kite flying.", "precise_score": -9.142500877380371, "rough_score": -7.306535720825195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "By the end of April 1942, Japan and its ally Thailand had almost fully conquered Burma, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, Singapore, and Rabaul, inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners. Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces, the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing its government into exile. On 16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division. Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the South China Sea, Java Sea and Indian Ocean, and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin, Australia. In January 1942, the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha. These easy victories over unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident, as well as overextended.", "precise_score": -6.665391445159912, "rough_score": -4.036314964294434, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand experienced rapid economic growth between 1985 and 1996, becoming a newly industrialised country and a major exporter. Manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism are leading sectors of the economy. Among the ten ASEAN countries, Thailand ranks third in quality of life. and the country's HDI is rated as \"high\". Its large population and growing economic influence have made it a middle power in the region and around the world. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.101655006408691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "Siam", "passage": "Etymology of \"Siam\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.429092407226562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "Siam", "passage": "The country has always been called Mueang Thai by its citizens. By others, it is known by the exonym Siam ( ,, also spelled Siem, Syâm, or Syâma). The word Siam has been identified with the Sanskrit Śyāma (श्याम, meaning \"dark\" or \"brown\"). The names Shan and A-hom seem to be variants of the same word. The word Śyâma is possibly not its origin, but a learned and artificial distortion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.409570217132568, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "Prathet Thai", "passage": "While Thai people will often refer to their country using the polite form prathet Thai (), they most commonly use the more colloquial term mueang Thai () or simply Thai, the word mueang, archaically a city-state, commonly used to refer to a city or town as the centre of a region. Ratcha Anachak Thai () means \"kingdom of Thailand\" or \"kingdom of Thai\". Etymologically, its components are: ratcha (Sanskrit raja \"king, royal, realm\") ; -ana- (Pali āṇā \"authority, command, power\", itself from an Old Indo-Aryan form ājñā of the same meaning) -chak (from Sanskrit cakra- \"wheel\", a symbol of power and rule). The Thai National Anthem (), written by Luang Saranupraphan during the extremely patriotic 1930s, refers to the Thai nation as: prathet Thai (Thai: ประเทศไทย). The first line of the national anthem is: prathet thai ruam lueat nuea chat chuea thai (), \"Thailand is the unity of Thai flesh and blood.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.707091331481934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "Siam", "passage": "Indian influence on Thai culture was partly the result of direct contact with Indian settlers, but mainly it was brought about indirectly via the Indianized kingdoms of Dvaravati, Srivijaya, and Cambodia. E.A. Voretzsch believes that Buddhism must have been flowing into Siam from India in the time of the Indian Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire and far on into the first millennium after Christ. Later Thailand was influenced by the south Indian Pallava dynasty and north Indian Gupta Empire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.350992202758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "Siam", "passage": "After the fall of the Khmer Empire in the 13th century, various states thrived there, established by the various Tai peoples, Mons, Khmers, Chams and Ethnic Malays, as seen through the numerous archaeological sites and artefacts that are scattered throughout the Siamese landscape. Prior to the 12th century however, the first Thai or Siamese state is traditionally considered to be the Buddhist Sukhothai Kingdom, which was founded in 1238.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.18417739868164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "Siam", "passage": "Ayutthaya's expansion centred along the Menam while in the northern valleys the Lanna Kingdom and other small Tai city-states ruled the area. In 1431, the Khmer abandoned Angkor after Ayutthaya forces invaded the city. Thailand retained a tradition of trade with its neighbouring states, from China to India, Persia, and Arab lands. Ayutthaya became one of the most vibrant trading centres in Asia. European traders arrived in the 16th century, beginning with the Portuguese, followed by the French, Dutch, and English. The Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767) left Ayutthaya burned and sacked by King Hsinbyushin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.430662155151367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "After the fall of Ayutthaya in 1767 to the Burmese, Taksin moved the capital to Thonburi for approximately 15 years. The current Rattanakosin era of Thai history began in 1782 following the establishment of Bangkok as capital of the Chakri Dynasty under King Rama I the Great. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, \"A quarter to a third of the population of some areas of Thailand and Burma were slaves in the 17th through the 19th centuries.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.452836513519287, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Despite European pressure, Thailand is the only Southeast Asian nation to never have been colonised. This has been ascribed to the long succession of able rulers in the past four centuries who exploited the rivalry and tension between French Indochina and the British Empire. As a result, the country remained a buffer state between parts of Southeast Asia that were colonised by the two colonial powers, Great Britain and France. Western influence nevertheless led to many reforms in the 19th century and major concessions, most notably the loss of a large territory on the east side of the Mekong to the French and the step-by-step absorption by Britain of the Shan and Karen people areas and Malay Peninsula.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.841413497924805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "Siam", "passage": "As part of the concessions which the Chakkri Dynasty offered to the British Empire in return for their support, Siam ceded four predominantly ethnic-Malay southern provinces to the British Empire in the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909. These four provinces (Kelantan,Tringganu, Kedah, Perlis) would later became Malaysia's four northern states.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.522818565368652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "Siam", "passage": "In 1917, Siam joined the Allies of World War I and is counted as one of the victors of World War I.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.381962776184082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "File:BlackCeramicBanChiangCultureThailand1200-800BCE.jpg|Pottery discovered near Ban Chiang in Udon Thani Province, the earliest dating to 2100 BCE.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.224319458007812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "Siam", "passage": "File:Siamese envoys at Versailles.jpg|Kosa Pan present King Narai's letter to Louis XIV at Versailles, 1 September 1686.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.883225440979004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "The politics of Thailand is currently conducted within the framework of a constitutional monarchy, whereby the Prime Minister is the head of government and a hereditary monarch is head of state. The judiciary is supposed to be independent of the executive and the legislative branches, although judicial rulings are suspected of being based on political considerations rather than on existing law. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.067289352416992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "The National Assembly may host a \"joint-sitting\" of both Houses under several circumstances. These include: The appointment of a regent, any alteration to the 1924 Palace Law of Succession, the opening of the first session, the announcement of policies by the Cabinet of Thailand, the approval of the declaration of war, the hearing of explanations and approval of a treaty and the amendment of the Constitution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.739729881286621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "The PollWatch Foundation, Thailand's most prominent election watchdog, declared that vote buying in this election, specifically in the north and the northeast, was more serious than in the 2001 election. The organisation also accused the government of violating the election law by abusing state power in presenting new projects in a bid to seek votes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.966839790344238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "The People's Power Party (Thailand), led by Samak Sundaravej formed a government with five smaller parties. Following several court rulings against him in a variety of scandals, and surviving a vote of no confidence, and protesters blockading government buildings and airports, in September 2008, Sundaravej was found guilty of conflict of interest by the Constitutional Court of Thailand (due to being a host in a TV cooking program), and thus, ended his term in office.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.036017417907715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "He was replaced by PPP member Somchai Wongsawat. As of October 2008, Wongsawat was unable to gain access to his offices, which were occupied by protesters from the People's Alliance for Democracy. On 2 December 2008, Thailand's Constitutional Court in a highly controversial ruling found the Peoples Power Party guilty of electoral fraud, which led to the dissolution of the party according to the law. It was later alleged in media reports that at least one member of the judiciary had a telephone conversation with officials working for the Office of the Privy Council and one other. The phone call was taped and has since circulated on the Internet. In it, the callers discuss finding a way to ensure the ruling PPP party would be disbanded. Accusations of judicial interference were levelled in the media but the recorded call was dismissed as a hoax. However, in June 2010, supporters of the eventually disbanded PPP were charged with tapping a judge's phone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.007481575012207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "In April 2009, protests by the National United Front of Democracy Against Dictatorship (UDD, or \"Red Shirts\") forced the cancellation of the Fourth East Asia Summit after protesters stormed the Royal Cliff hotel venue in Pattaya, smashing the glass doors of the venue to gain entry, and a blockade prevented the Chinese premier at the time, Wen Jiabao, from attending. The summit was eventually held in Thailand in October 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.40045166015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand is divided into 76 provinces (จังหวัด, changwat), which are gathered into five groups of provinces by location. There are also two specially-governed districts: the capital Bangkok (Krung Thep Maha Nakhon) and Pattaya. Bangkok is at provincial level and thus often counted as a province.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.73902416229248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand controlled the Malay Peninsula as far south as Malacca in the 15th century and held much of the peninsula, including Temasek (Singapore), some of the Andaman Islands, and a colony on Java, but eventually contracted when the British used force to guarantee their suzerainty over the sultanate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.990644931793213, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "Siam", "passage": "Mostly the northern states of the Malay Sultanate presented annual gifts to the Thai king in the form of a golden flower—a gesture of tribute and an acknowledgement of vassalage. The British intervened in the Malay State and with the Anglo-Siamese Treaty tried to build a railway from the south to Bangkok. Thailand relinquished sovereignty over what are now the northern Malay provinces of Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, and Terengganu to the British. Satun and Pattani Provinces were given to Thailand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.440197944641113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "The foreign relations of Thailand are handled by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.6529459953308105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand participates fully in international and regional organisations. It is a major non-NATO ally and Priority Watch List Special 301 Report of the United States. The country remains an active member of ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Thailand has developed increasingly close ties with other ASEAN members: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam, whose foreign and economic ministers hold annual meetings. Regional co-operation is progressing in economic, trade, banking, political, and cultural matters. In 2003, Thailand served as APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) host. Dr. Supachai Panitchpakdi, the former Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand, currently serves as Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). In 2005 Thailand attended the inaugural East Asia Summit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.614484786987305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "In recent years, Thailand has taken an increasingly active role on the international stage. When East Timor gained independence from Indonesia, Thailand, for the first time in its history, contributed troops to the international peacekeeping effort. Its troops remain there today as part of a UN peacekeeping force. As part of its effort to increase international ties, Thailand has reached out to such regional organisations as the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Thailand has contributed troops to reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.910170078277588, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thaksin also announced that Thailand would forsake foreign aid, and work with donor countries to assist in the development of neighbours in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Thaksin sought to position Thailand as a regional leader, initiating various development projects in poorer neighbouring countries like Laos. More controversially, he established close, friendly ties with the Burmese dictatorship. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.571953773498535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand joined the US-led invasion of Iraq, sending a 423-strong humanitarian contingent. It withdrew its troops on 10 September 2004. Two Thai soldiers died in Iraq in an insurgent attack.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.826266288757324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "The Thai Armed Forces have a combined manpower of 306,000 active duty personnel and another 245,000 active reserve personnel. The head of the Thai Armed Forces (จอมทัพไทย, Chom Thap Thai) is the king, although this position is only nominal. The armed forces are managed by the Ministry of Defence of Thailand, which is headed by the Minister of Defence (a member of the cabinet of Thailand) and commanded by the Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters, which in turn is headed by the Chief of Defence Forces of Thailand. In 2011, Thailand's known military expenditure totalled approximately US$5.1 billion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.959085464477539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Totalling 513120 km2, Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country by total area. It is slightly smaller than Yemen and slightly larger than Spain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.483502388000488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand comprises several distinct geographic regions, partly corresponding to the provincial groups. The north of the country is the mountainous area of the Thai highlands, with the highest point being Doi Inthanon in the Thanon Thong Chai Range at above sea level. The northeast, Isan, consists of the Khorat Plateau, bordered to the east by the Mekong River. The centre of the country is dominated by the predominantly flat Chao Phraya river valley, which runs into the Gulf of Thailand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.995102882385254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Southern Thailand consists of the narrow Kra Isthmus that widens into the Malay Peninsula. Politically, there are six geographical regions which differ from the others in population, basic resources, natural features, and level of social and economic development. The diversity of the regions is the most pronounced attribute of Thailand's physical setting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.5436372756958, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "The Chao Phraya and the Mekong River are the indispensable water courses of rural Thailand. Industrial scale production of crops use both rivers and their tributaries. The Gulf of Thailand covers 320000 km2 and is fed by the Chao Phraya, Mae Klong, Bang Pakong, and Tapi Rivers. It contributes to the tourism sector owing to its clear shallow waters along the coasts in the southern region and the Kra Isthmus. The eastern shore of the Gulf of Thailand is an industrial centre of Thailand with the kingdom's premier deepwater port in Sattahip and its busiest commercial port, Laem Chabang.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.610995292663574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Plans have resurfaced for a canal which would connect the Andaman Sea to the Gulf of Thailand, analogous to the Suez and the Panama Canals. The idea has been greeted positively by Thai politicians as it would cut fees charged by the Ports of Singapore, improve ties with China and India, lower shipping times, and eliminate pirate attacks in the Strait of Malacca, and support the Thai government's policy of being the logistical hub for Southeast Asia. The canal, it is claimed, would improve economic conditions in the south of Thailand, which relies heavily on tourism income, and it would also change the structure of the Thai economy by making it an Asia logistical hub. The canal would be a major engineering project and has an expected cost of US$20–30 billion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.373639106750488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Most of Thailand has a \"tropical wet and dry or savanna climate\" type (Köppen's Tropical savanna climate). The south and the eastern tip of the east have a tropical monsoon climate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.984800338745117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "The elephant is Thailand's national symbol. Although there were 100,000 domesticated elephants in Thailand in 1850, the population of elephants has dropped to an estimated 2,000. Poachers have long hunted elephants for ivory, meat, and hides. Young elephants are often captured for use in tourist attractions or as work animals, although their use has declined since the government banned logging in 1989. There are now more elephants in captivity than in the wild, and environmental activists claim that elephants in captivity are often mistreated. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.66602897644043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Teaching relies heavily on rote learning rather than on student-centred methodology. The establishment of reliable and coherent curricula for its primary and secondary schools is subject to such rapid changes that schools and their teachers are not always sure what they are supposed to be teaching, and authors and publishers of textbooks are unable to write and print new editions quickly enough to keep up with the volatility. Issues concerning university entrance has been in constant upheaval for a number of years. Nevertheless, Thai education has seen its greatest progress in the years since 2001. Most of the present generation of students are computer literate. Thailand was ranked 54th out of 56 countries globally for English proficiency, the second-lowest in Asia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.11518669128418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "The National Science and Technology Development Agency is an agency of the government of Thailand which supports research in science and technology and its application in the Thai economy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.584521293640137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "The Synchrotron Light Research Institute (SLRI) is a Thai synchrotron light source for physics, chemistry, material science, and life sciences. It is at the Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), in Nakhon Ratchasima, about 300 km northeast of Bangkok. The institute, financed by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), houses the only large scale synchrotron in Southeast Asia. It was originally built as the SORTEC synchrotron in Japan and later moved to Thailand and modified for 1.2 GeV operation. It provides users with regularly scheduled light.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.977155685424805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "In Bangkok, there are 23,000 free public Wi-Fi Internet hotspots. The Internet in Thailand includes 10Gbit/s high speed fibre-optic lines that can be leased and ISPs such as KIRZ that provide residential Internet services.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.920048713684082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "The Internet is censored by the Thai government, making some sites unreachable. The organisations responsible are the Royal Thai Police, the Communications Authority of Thailand, and the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (MICT).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.967313766479492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand is an emerging economy and is considered a newly industrialised country. Thailand had a 2013 GDP of US$673 billion (on a purchasing power parity [PPP] basis). Thailand is the 2nd largest economy in Southeast Asia after Indonesia. Thailand ranks midway in the wealth spread in Southeast Asia as it is the 4th richest nation according to GDP per capita, after Singapore, Brunei, and Malaysia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.71695613861084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand functions as an anchor economy for the neighbouring developing economies of Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia. In the third quarter of 2014, the unemployment rate in Thailand stood at 0.84% according to Thailand's National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.383442878723145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand experienced the world's highest economic growth rate from 1985 to 1996 – averaging 12.4% annually. In 1997 increased pressure on the baht, a year in which the economy contracted by 1.9%, led to a crisis that uncovered financial sector weaknesses and forced the Chavalit Yongchaiyudh administration to float the currency. Prime Minister Chavalit Yongchaiyudh was forced to resign after his cabinet came under fire for its slow response to the economic crisis. The baht was pegged at 25 to the US dollar from 1978 to 1997. The baht reached its lowest point of 56 to the US dollar in January 1998 and the economy contracted by 10.8% that year, triggering the Asian financial crisis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.408961296081543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand's economy started to recover in 1999, expanding 4.2–4.4% in 2000, thanks largely to strong exports. Growth (2.2%) was dampened by the softening of the global economy in 2001, but picked up in the subsequent years owing to strong growth in Asia, a relatively weak baht encouraging exports, and increased domestic spending as a result of several mega projects and incentives of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra, known as Thaksinomics. Growth in 2002, 2003, and 2004 was 5–7% annually.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.856587409973145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "With the instability surrounding major 2010 protests, the GDP growth of Thailand settled at around 4–5%, from highs of 5–7% under the previous civilian administration. Political uncertainty was identified as the primary cause of a decline in investor and consumer confidence. The IMF predicted that the Thai economy would rebound strongly from the low 0.1% GDP growth in 2011, to 5.5% in 2012 and then 7.5% in 2013, due to the monetary policy of the Bank of Thailand, as well as a package of fiscal stimulus measures introduced by the incumbent Yingluck Shinawatra government. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.28185749053955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Following the Thai military coup of 22 May 2014, the AFP global news agency published an article that claimed that the nation was on the verge of recession. The article focused on the departure of nearly 180,000 Cambodians from Thailand due to fears of an immigration clampdown, but concluded with information on the Thai economy's contraction of 2.1% quarter-on-quarter, from January to the end of March 2014. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.36662483215332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "The economy of Thailand is heavily export-dependent, with exports accounting for more than two-thirds of gross domestic product (GDP). Thailand exports over US$105 billion worth of goods and services annually. Major exports include rice, textiles and footwear, fishery products, rubber, jewellery, cars, computers, and electrical appliances.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.701559066772461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Substantial industries include electric appliances, components, computer components, and vehicles. Thailand's recovery from the 1997–1998 Asian financial crisis depended mainly on exports, among various other factors. , the Thai automotive industry was the largest in Southeast Asia and the 9th largest in the world. The Thailand industry has an annual output of near 1.5 million vehicles, mostly commercial vehicles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.535469055175781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Most of the vehicles built in Thailand are developed and licensed by foreign producers, mainly Japanese and South Korean. The Thai car industry takes advantage of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) to find a market for many of its products. Eight manufacturers, five Japanese, two US, and Tata of India, produce pick-up trucks in Thailand. Thailand is the second largest consumer of pick-up trucks in the world, after the US. In 2014, pick-ups accounted for 42% of all new vehicle sales in Thailand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.886919021606445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Tourism makes up about 6% of the economy. Thailand was the most visited country in Southeast Asia in 2013, according to the World Tourism Organisation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.301692962646484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Estimates of tourism receipts directly contributing to the Thai GDP of 12 trillion baht range from 9 percent (1 trillion baht) (2013) to 16 percent. When including the indirect effects of tourism, it is said to account for 20.2 percent (2.4 trillion baht) of Thailand's GDP.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.83233642578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "The Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) uses the slogan \"Amazing Thailand\" to promote Thailand internationally. In 2015, this was supplemented by a \"Discover Thainess\" campaign.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.834816932678223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Asian tourists primarily visit Thailand for Bangkok and the historical, natural, and cultural sights in its vicinity. Western tourists not only visit Bangkok and surroundings, but in addition many travel to the southern beaches and islands. The north is the chief destination for trekking and adventure travel with its diverse ethnic minority groups and forested mountains. The region hosting the fewest tourists is Isan in the northeast. To accommodate foreign visitors, the Thai government established a separate tourism police with offices in the major tourist areas and its own central emergency telephone number. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.825156211853027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand's attractions include diving sites, sandy beaches, hundreds of tropical islands, nightlife, archaeological sites, museums, hill tribes, flora and bird life, palaces, Buddhist temples and several World Heritage sites. Many tourists follow courses during their stay in Thailand. Popular are classes in Thai cooking, Buddhism and traditional Thai massage. Thai national festivals range from Thai New Year Songkran to Loy Krathong. Many localities in Thailand also have their own festivals. Among the best-known are the \"Elephant Round-up\" in Surin, the \"Rocket Festival\" in Yasothon and the \"Phi Ta Khon\" festival in Dan Sai. Thai cuisine has become famous worldwide with its enthusiastic use of fresh herbs and spices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.642372131347656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Bangkok shopping malls offer a variety of international and local brands. Towards the north of the city, and easily reached by skytrain or underground, is the \"Chatuchak Weekend Market\". It is possibly the largest market in the world, selling everything from household items to live, and sometimes endangered, animals. The \"Pratunam Market\" specialises in fabrics and clothing. The night markets in the Silom area and on Khaosan Road are mainly tourist-oriented, selling items such as T-shirts, handicrafts, counterfeit watches and sunglasses. In the vicinity of Bangkok one can find several floating markets such as the one in Damnoen Saduak. The \"Sunday Evening Walking Street Market\", held on Rachadamnoen Road inside the old city, is a shopping highlight of a visit to Chiang Mai up in northern Thailand. It attracts many locals as well as foreigners. The \"Night Bazaar\" is Chiang Mai's more tourist-oriented market, sprawling over several city blocks just east of the old city walls towards the river.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.40459156036377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Prostitution in Thailand and sex tourism also form a de facto part of the economy. Cultural milieu combined with poverty and the lure of money have caused prostitution and sex tourism in particular to flourish in Thailand. One estimate published in 2003 placed the trade at US$4.3 billion per year or about 3% of the Thai economy.[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/11/26/1069825832486.html?oneclick", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.660853385925293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "true Thailand mulls legal prostitution.] The Age, 26 November 2003 According to research by Chulalongkorn University on the Thai illegal economy, prostitution in Thailand in the period between 1993 and 1995, made up around 2.7% of the GDP. It is believed that at least 10% of tourist dollars are spent on the sex trade. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.61741828918457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Forty-nine per cent of Thailand's labour force is employed in agriculture. This is down from 70% in 1980. Rice is the most important crop in the country and Thailand had long been the world's leading exporter of rice, until recently falling behind both India and Vietnam. Thailand has the highest percentage of arable land, 27.25%, of any nation in the Greater Mekong Subregion. About 55% of the arable land area is used for rice production.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.922139167785645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "5108&titlethailands-progress-agriculture-transition-sustained-productivity-growth Thailand's progress in agriculture: Transition and sustained productivity growth]. London: Overseas Development Institute Between 1962 and 1983, the agricultural sector grew by 4.1% per year on average and continued to grow at 2.2% between 1983 and 2007. The relative contribution of agriculture to GDP has declined while exports of goods and services have increased.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.224669456481934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "75% of Thailand's electrical generation is powered by natural gas in 2014. Coal-fired power plants produce an additional 20% of electricity, with the remainder coming from biomass, hydro, and biogas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.941454887390137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand produces roughly one-third of the oil it consumes. It is the second largest importer of oil in SE Asia. Thailand is a large producer of natural gas, with reserves of at least 10 trillion cubic feet. After Indonesia, it is the largest coal producer in SE Asia, but must import additional coal to meet domestic demand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.732913970947266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand had a population of 66,720,153 . Thailand's population is largely rural, concentrated in the rice-growing areas of the central, northeastern, and northern regions. Thailand had an urban population of 45.7% , concentrated mostly in and around the Bangkok Metropolitan Area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.723649024963379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Ethnic Thais make up the majority of Thailand's population, 95.9% in 2010. This number includes Thai Chinese, a historically and economically important minority. The remaining 4.1% of the population are Burmese (2.0%), others 1.3%, and unspecified 0.9%.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.522889137268066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand is home to a large immigrant community of around 200,000 foreigners. Some 41,000 Britons alone live in Thailand. Increasing numbers of migrants from neighbouring Myanmar, Laos, and Cambodia, as well as from Nepal and India, have pushed the total number of non-national residents to around 3.5 million , up from an estimated 2 million in 2008, and about 1.3 million in the year 2000. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.069412231445312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "The official language of Thailand is Thai, a Tai–Kadai language closely related to Lao, Shan in Myanmar, and numerous smaller languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Yunnan south to the Chinese border. It is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout the country. The standard is based on the dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai alphabet, an abugida script that evolved from the Khmer alphabet. Several other dialects exist, and coincide with the regional designations. Southern Thai is spoken in the southern provinces, and Northern Thai is spoken in the provinces that were formerly part of the independent kingdom of Lan Na.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.49905252456665, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand is also host to several other minority languages, the largest of which is the Lao dialect of Isan spoken in the northeastern provinces. Although sometimes considered a Thai dialect, it is a Lao dialect, and the region in where it is traditionally spoken was historically part of the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang. In the far south, Kelantan-Pattani Malay is the primary language of Malay Muslims. Varieties of Chinese are also spoken by the large Thai Chinese population, with the Teochew dialect best-represented.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.797137260437012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand's prevalent religion is Theravada Buddhism, which is an integral part of Thai identity and culture. Active participation in Buddhism is among the highest in the world. According to the 2000 census, 94.6% of the country's population self-identified as Buddhists of the Theravada tradition. Muslims constitute the second largest religious group in Thailand, comprising 4.6% of the population. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.708502769470215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Islam is concentrated mostly in the country's southernmost provinces: Pattani, Yala, Satun, Narathiwat, and part of Songkhla Chumphon, which are predominantly Malay, most of whom are Sunni Muslims. Christians represent 0.7% of the population, with the remaining population consisting of Sikhs and Hindus, who live mostly in the country's cities. There is also a small but historically significant Jewish community in Thailand dating back to the 17th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.258852005004883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Its traditions incorporate a great deal of influence from India, China, Cambodia, and the rest of Southeast Asia. Thailand's national religion, Theravada Buddhism, is central to modern Thai identity. Thai Buddhism has evolved over time to include many regional beliefs originating from Hinduism, animism, as well as ancestor worship. The official calendar in Thailand is based on the Eastern version of the Buddhist Era (BE), which is 543 years ahead of the Gregorian (Western) calendar. Thus the year 2015 is 2558 BE in Thailand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.4000349044799805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Several different ethnic groups, many of which are marginalised, populate Thailand. Some of these groups spill over into Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia and Malaysia and have mediated change between their traditional local culture, national Thai, and global cultural influences. Overseas Chinese also form a significant part of Thai society, particularly in and around Bangkok. Their successful integration into Thai society has allowed for this group to hold positions of economic and political power. Thai Chinese businesses prosper as part of the larger bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.483885765075684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Taboos in Thailand include touching someone's head or pointing with the feet, as the head is considered the most sacred and the foot the lowest part of the body.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.436705589294434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thai cuisine blends five fundamental tastes: sweet, spicy, sour, bitter, and salty. Common ingredients used in Thai cuisine include garlic, chillies, lime juice, lemon grass, coriander, galangal, palm sugar, and fish sauce (nam pla). The staple food in Thailand is rice, particularly jasmine variety rice (also known as \"hom Mali\" rice) which forms a part of almost every meal. Thailand was long the world's largest exporter of rice, and Thais domestically consume over 100 kg of milled rice per person per year. Over 5,000 varieties of rice from Thailand are preserved in the rice gene bank of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), based in the Philippines. The king of Thailand is the official patron of IRRI. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.64950180053711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand is the largest newspaper market in Southeast Asia with an estimated circulation of over 13 million copies daily in 2003. Even upcountry, out of Bangkok, the media flourish. For example, according to Thailand's Public Relations Department Media Directory 2003–2004, the nineteen provinces of Isan, Thailand's northeastern region, hosted 116 newspapers along with radio, TV, and cable. Since then, another province, Bueng Kan, was incorporated, totalling twenty provinces. In addition, a military coup on 22 May 2014 led to severe state restrictions on all media and forms of expression.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.905678749084473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand generally uses the metric system, but traditional units of measurement for land area are used, and imperial units of measurement are occasionally used for building materials, such as wood and plumbing fixtures. Years are numbered as B.E. (Buddhist Era) in educational settings, the civil service, government, and on contracts and newspaper datelines. In banking, and increasingly in industry and commerce, standard Western year (Christian or Common Era) counting is the standard practice. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.953067779541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Muay Thai (, RTGS: Muai Thai,, lit. \"Thai boxing\") is a native form of kickboxing and Thailand's signature sport. It incorporates kicks, punches, knees and elbow strikes in a ring with gloves similar to those used in Western boxing and this has led to Thailand gaining medals at the Olympic Games in boxing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.153034210205078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Takraw (Thai: ตะกร้อ) is a sport native to Thailand, in which the players hit a rattan ball and are only allowed to use their feet, knees, chest, and head to touch the ball. Sepak takraw is a form of this sport which is similar to volleyball. The players must volley a ball over a net and force it to hit the ground on the opponent's side. It is also a popular sport in other countries in Southeast Asia. A rather similar game but played only with the feet is Buka ball.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.900383949279785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Snooker has enjoyed increasing popularity in Thailand in recent years, with interest in the game being stimulated by the success of Thai snooker player James Wattana in the 1990s. Other notable players produced by the country include Ratchayothin Yotharuck, Noppon Saengkham and Dechawat Poomjaeng. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.753209114074707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Rugby is also a growing sport in Thailand with the Thailand national rugby union team rising to be ranked 61st in the world. Thailand became the first country in the world to host an international 80 kg welterweight rugby tournament in 2005. The national domestic Thailand Rugby Union (TRU) competition includes several universities and services teams such as Chulalongkorn University, Mahasarakham University, Kasetsart University, Prince of Songkla University, Thammasat University, Rangsit University, the Thai Police, the Thai Army, the Thai Navy and the Royal Thai Air Force. Local sports clubs which also compete in the TRU include the British Club of Bangkok, the Southerners Sports Club (Bangkok) and the Royal Bangkok Sports Club.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.24055290222168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Thailand has been called the golf capital of Asia as it is a popular destination for golf. The country attracts a large number of golfers from Japan, Korea, Singapore, South Africa, and Western countries who come to play golf in Thailand every year. The growing popularity of golf, especially among the middle classes and immigrants, is evident as there are more than 200 world-class golf courses nationwide, and some of them are chosen to host PGA and LPGA tournaments, such as Amata Spring Country Club, Alpine Golf and Sports Club, Thai Country Club, and Black Mountain Golf Club.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.712883949279785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Basketball is a growing sport in Thailand, especially on the professional sports club level. The Chang Thailand Slammers won the 2011 ASEAN Basketball League Championship. The Thailand national basketball team had its most successful year at the 1966 Asian Games where it won the silver medal. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.90598201751709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Other sports in Thailand are slowly growing as the country develops its sporting infrastructure. The success in sports like weightlifting and taekwondo at the last two summer Olympic Games has demonstrated that boxing is no longer the only medal option for Thailand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.225555419921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Rajamangala National Stadium is the biggest sporting arena in Thailand. It currently has a capacity of 65,000. It is in Bang Kapi, Bangkok. The stadium was built in 1998 for the 1998 Asian Games and is the home stadium of the Thailand national football team.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.027620315551758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thailand" }, { "answer": "THAILAND", "passage": "Japan planned to rapidly seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific; the Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war. To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset. On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific. These included an attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor, the Philippines, landings in Thailand and Malaya and the battle of Hong Kong.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.719475746154785, "source": "wiki", "title": "World War II" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Winchester Repeating Arms Company", "Winchester Repeating Arms", "Winchester Arms", "Winchester Rifles and Shotguns", "Winchester Repeating Arms Corporation", "Winchester Firearms" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "winchester repeating arms corporation", "winchester arms", "winchester repeating arms company", "winchester rifles and shotguns", "winchester repeating arms", "winchester firearms" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "winchester repeating arms", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Winchester Repeating Arms" }

[ { "answer": "Winchester Repeating Arms", "passage": "Winchester rifle is a comprehensive term describing a series of lever-action repeating rifles manufactured by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. Evolved from the 1860 Henry rifle, Winchester rifles were among the earliest repeaters. The Model 1873 was particularly successful, being colloquially known as \"The Gun that Won the West\".", "precise_score": 7.038161754608154, "rough_score": 4.3791961669921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Winchester rifle" }, { "answer": "Winchester Repeating Arms", "passage": "After the war, Oliver Winchester renamed New Haven Arms the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. The company modified and improved the basic design of the Henry rifle, creating the first Winchester rifle: the Model 1866. It retained the .44 Henry cartridge, was likewise built on a bronze-alloy frame, and had an improved magazine and a wooden forearm. In 1873 Winchester introduced the steel-framed Model 1873 chambering the more potent .44-40 centerfire cartridge. In 1876, in a bid to compete with the powerful single-shot rifles of the time, Winchester brought out the Model 1876 (Centennial Model). While it chambered more powerful cartridges than the 1866 and 1873 models, the toggle link action was not strong enough for the popular high-powered rounds used in Sharps or Remington single-shot rifles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.933920860290527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Winchester rifle" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Armstrong, Louis %22Pops%22", "Louis Pops Armstrong", "Satchmo", "Louie Armstrong", "Louis %22Pops%22 Armstrong", "Daniel Louis Armstrong", "Louis armstrong", "Armstrong, Louis", "Louis amstrong", "Sachmo", "Armstrong, Louis Satchmo", "Luois Armstrong", "Louis Armstong", "Louis Daniel Armstrong", "Louis %22Satchmo%22 Armstrong", "Louis Satchmo Armstrong", "Louis “Satchmo” Armstrong", "Satchelmouth (musician)", "Sachimo", "Armstrong, Louis %22Satchmo%22", "Armstrong, Louis Pops", "Louis Armstrong and His Orchestra", "Louis Armstrong", "Louis Armstrong discography" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "armstrong louis 22satchmo 22", "louis 22satchmo 22 armstrong", "armstrong louis", "armstrong louis pops", "louis armstrong", "louis pops armstrong", "sachimo", "luois armstrong", "louis 22pops 22 armstrong", "louis satchmo armstrong", "louis “satchmo” armstrong", "louie armstrong", "daniel louis armstrong", "armstrong louis 22pops 22", "louis daniel armstrong", "satchelmouth musician", "louis armstong", "louis armstrong discography", "louis amstrong", "louis armstrong and his orchestra", "sachmo", "armstrong louis satchmo", "satchmo" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "louis armstrong", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Louis Armstrong" }

[ { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "New Orleans has always been a significant center for music, showcasing its intertwined European, Latin American, and African cultures. The city's unique musical heritage was born in its colonial and early American days from a unique blending of European musical instruments with African rhythms. As the only North American city to have allowed slaves to gather in public and play their native music (largely in Congo Square, now located within Louis Armstrong Park), New Orleans gave birth to an indigenous music: jazz. Soon, brass bands formed, gaining popular attraction which continues today. The Louis Armstrong Park area, near the French Quarter in Tremé, contains the New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park. The city's music was later significantly influenced by Acadiana, home of Cajun and Zydeco music, and by Delta blues.", "precise_score": -2.1701903343200684, "rough_score": -4.327656269073486, "source": "wiki", "title": "New Orleans" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "New Orleans is known for specialties like beignets (locally pronounced like \"ben-yays\"), square-shaped fried pastries that could be called \"French doughnuts\" (served with café au lait made with a blend of coffee and chicory rather than only coffee); and Po-boy and Italian Muffuletta sandwiches; Gulf oysters on the half-shell, fried oysters, boiled crawfish, and other seafood; étouffée, jambalaya, gumbo, and other Creole dishes; and the Monday favorite of red beans and rice. (Louis Armstrong often signed his letters, \"Red beans and ricely yours\".) Another New Orleans specialty is the praline, a candy made with brown sugar, granulated sugar, cream, butter, and pecans. The city also has notable street food including the Asian inspired beef Yaka mein.", "precise_score": -3.5694968700408936, "rough_score": -4.861694812774658, "source": "wiki", "title": "New Orleans" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "In New Orleans, a white marching band leader named Papa Jack Laine integrated blacks and whites in his marching band. Laine was known as \"the father of white jazz\" because of the many top players who passed through his bands (including George Brunies, Sharkey Bonano and the future members of the Original Dixieland Jass Band). Laine was a good talent scout. During the early 1900s jazz was mostly done in the African-American and mulatto communities, due to segregation laws. The red light district of Storyville, New Orleans was crucial in bringing jazz music to a wider audience via tourists who came to the port city. Many jazz musicians from the African-American communities were hired to perform live music in brothels and bars, including many early jazz pioneers such as Buddy Bolden and Jelly Roll Morton, in addition to those from New Orleans other communities such as Lorenzo Tio and Alcide Nunez. Louis Armstrong also got his start in Storyville and would later find success in Chicago (along with others from New Orleans) after the United States government shut down Storyville in 1917. ", "precise_score": -1.3892462253570557, "rough_score": -3.447361707687378, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jazz" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "Louis Armstrong (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971), nicknamed Satchmo or Pops, was an American trumpeter, composer, singer and occasional actor who was one of the most influential figures in jazz. His career spanned five decades, from the 1920s to the 1960s, and different eras in jazz. ", "precise_score": 2.9696011543273926, "rough_score": 2.5841779708862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Satchmo", "passage": "Armstrong wore a Star of David pendant for the rest of his life and wrote about what he learned from them: \"how to live—real life and determination.\"Teachout, Terry. [https://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/satchmo-and-the-jews/ \"Satchmo and the Jews\"] Commentary magazine, 1 November 2009. The influence of Karnofsky is remembered in New Orleans by the Karnofsky Project, a non-profit organization dedicated to accepting donated musical instruments to \"put them into the hands of an eager child who could not otherwise take part in a wonderful learning experience.\" ", "precise_score": -1.7787890434265137, "rough_score": -4.5412678718566895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Satchmo", "passage": "The nicknames Satchmo and Satch are short for Satchelmouth. Like many things in Armstrong's life, which was filled with colorful stories both real and imagined, many of his own telling, the nickname has many possible origins.", "precise_score": 4.626071453094482, "rough_score": 5.116309642791748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Satchmo", "passage": "The most common tale that biographers tell is the story of Armstrong as a young boy dancing for pennies in the streets of New Orleans, who would scoop up the coins off of the streets and stick them into his mouth to avoid having the bigger children steal them from him. Someone dubbed him \"satchel mouth\" for his mouth acting as a satchel. Another tale is that because of his large mouth, he was nicknamed \"satchel mouth\" which became shortened to Satchmo.", "precise_score": 3.9736547470092773, "rough_score": 2.9949982166290283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "Today, there are many bands worldwide dedicated to preserving and honoring the music and style of Satchmo, including the Louis Armstrong Society located in New Orleans, Louisiana.", "precise_score": 2.18974232673645, "rough_score": -0.5037742853164673, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "The metropolitan area is served by the Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport, located in the suburb of Kenner. New Orleans also has several regional airports located throughout the metropolitan area. These include the Lakefront Airport, Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans (locally known as Callender Field) in the suburb of Belle Chasse and Southern Seaplane Airport, also located in Belle Chasse. Southern Seaplane has a 3200 ft runway for wheeled planes and a 5000 ft water runway for seaplanes. New Orleans International suffered some damage as a result of Hurricane Katrina, but as of April 2007, it contained the most traffic and is the busiest airport in the state of Louisiana and the sixth busiest in the Southeast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.236756324768066, "source": "wiki", "title": "New Orleans" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "The first use of the term \"Dixieland\" with reference to music was in the name of the Original Dixieland Jazz Band, whose 1917 recordings fostered popular awareness of the new style of music. At that time, there was no issue of subgenres of jazz, so \"Dixieland\" referred to the band and not the music. A revival movement for traditional jazz, formed in reaction to the orchestrated sounds of the swing era and the perceived chaos of the new bebop sounds of the 1940s (referred to as \"Chinese music\" by Louis Armstrong), pulled \"Dixieland\" out from the somewhat forgotten band's name for the music they championed. The revival movement included elements of the Chicago style that developed during the 1920s, such as the use of a string bass instead of a tuba, and chordal instruments, in addition to the original format of the New Orleans style. That reflected the fact that virtually all of the recorded repertoire of New Orleans musicians was from the period when the format was already evolving beyond the traditional New Orleans format. \"Dixieland\" may in that sense be regarded as denoting the jazz revival movement of the 1940s and 1950s as much as any particular subgenre of jazz. The essential elements that were accepted as within the style were the traditional front lines consisting of trumpets, trombones, and clarinets, and ensemble improvisation over a 2-beat rhythm.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.011369705200195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dixieland" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "Dixieland is the name given to early jazz styles by traditional jazz revivalists, starting in the 1940s and 1950s. The name is a reference to the \"Old South\", specifically anything south of the Mason-Dixon line. The term encompasses earlier brass band marches, French Quadrilles, biguine, ragtime, and blues with collective, polyphonic improvisation. While instrumentation and size of bands can be very flexible, the \"standard\" band consists of a \"front line\" of trumpet (or cornet), trombone, and clarinet, with a \"rhythm section\" of at least two of the following instruments: guitar or banjo, string bass or tuba, piano, and drums. Louis Armstrong's All-Stars was the band most popularly identified with Dixieland during the 1940s, although Armstrong's own influence was to move the music beyond the traditional New Orleans style.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.918588161468506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dixieland" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "The \"West Coast revival\" is a movement that was began in the late 1930s by Lu Watters and his Yerba Buena Jazz Band in San Francisco and extended by trombonist Turk Murphy. It started out as a backlash to the Chicago style, which is closer in development towards swing. The repertoire of these bands is based on the music of Joe \"King\" Oliver, Jelly Roll Morton, Louis Armstrong, and W.C. Handy. Bands playing in the West Coast style use banjo and tuba in the rhythm sections, which play in a two-to-the-bar rhythmic style.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.921341896057129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dixieland" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "Famous traditional Dixieland tunes include: \"When the Saints Go Marching In\", \"Muskrat Ramble\", \"Struttin' with Some Barbecue\", \"Tiger Rag\", \"Dippermouth Blues\", \"Milenberg Joys\", \"Basin Street Blues\", \"Tin Roof Blues\", \"At the Jazz Band Ball\", \"Panama\", \"I Found a New Baby\", \"Royal Garden Blues\" and many others. All of these tunes were widely played by jazz bands of the pre-WWII era, especially Louis Armstrong. They came to be grouped as Dixieland standards beginning in the 1950s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.799723148345947, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dixieland" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "* Louis Armstrong All-Stars, organized in the late 1940s, featured at various times Earl \"Fatha\" Hines, Barney Bigard, Edmond Hall, Jack Teagarden, Trummy Young, Arvell Shaw, Billy Kyle, Marty Napoleon, Big Sid Catlett, Cozy Cole, Barrett Deems and Danny Barcelona.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.79020881652832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dixieland" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "Morton loosened ragtime's rigid rhythmic feeling, decreasing its embellishments and employing a swing feeling. Swing is the most important and enduring African-based rhythmic technique used in jazz. An oft quoted definition of swing by Louis Armstrong is: \"if you don't feel it, you'll never know it.\" The New Harvard Dictionary of Music states that swing is: \"An intangible rhythmic momentum in jazz ... Swing defies analysis; claims to its presence may inspire arguments.\" The dictionary does nonetheless provide the useful description of triple subdivisions of the beat contrasted with duple subdivisions: swing superimposes six subdivisions of the beat over a basic pulse structure or four subdivisions. This aspect of swing is far more prevalent in African-American music than in Afro-Caribbean music. One aspect of swing, which is heard in more rhythmically complex Diaspora musics, places strokes in-between the triple and duple-pulse \"grids\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.018353462219238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jazz" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "New Orleans brass bands are a lasting influence, contributing horn players to the world of professional jazz with the distinct sound of the city whilst helping black children escape poverty. The leader of New Orleans' Camelia Brass Band, D'Jalma Ganier, taught Louis Armstrong to play trumpet; Armstrong would then popularize the New Orleans style of trumpet playing, and then expand it. Like Jelly Roll Morton, Armstrong is also credited with the abandonment of ragtime's stiffness in favor of swung notes. Armstrong, perhaps more than any other musician, codified the rhythmic technique of swing in jazz, and broadened the jazz solo vocabulary. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.014548301696777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jazz" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "In 1924 Louis Armstrong joined the Fletcher Henderson dance band for a year, as featured soloist. The original New Orleans style was polyphonic, with theme variation and simultaneous collective improvisation. Armstrong was a master of his hometown style, but by the time he joined Henderson's band, he was already a trailblazer in a new phase of jazz, with its emphasis on arrangements and soloists. Armstrong's solos went well beyond the theme-improvisation concept, and extemporized on chords, rather than melodies. According to Schuller, by comparison, the solos by Armstrong's bandmates (including a young Coleman Hawkins), sounded \"stiff, stodgy,\" with \"jerky rhythms and a grey undistinguished tone quality.\" The following example shows a short excerpt of the straight melody of \"Mandy, Make Up Your Mind\" by George W. Meyer and Arthur Johnston (top), compared with Armstrong's solo improvisations (below) (recorded 1924). (The example approximates Armstrong's solo, as it doesn't convey his use of swing.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.294715881347656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jazz" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "In the late 1940s there was a revival of \"Dixieland\" music, harking back to the original contrapuntal New Orleans style. This was driven in large part by record company reissues of early jazz classics by the Oliver, Morton, and Armstrong bands of the 1930s. There were two types of musicians involved in the revival: the first group was made up of those who had begun their careers playing in the traditional style and were returning to it (or continuing what they had been playing all along), such as Bob Crosby's Bobcats, Max Kaminsky, Eddie Condon, and Wild Bill Davison. Most of these players were originally Midwesterners, although there were a small number of New Orleans musicians involved. The second group of revivalists consisted of younger musicians, such as those in the Lu Watters band, Conrad Janis, and Ward Kimball and his Firehouse Five Plus Two Jazz Band. By the late 1940s, Louis Armstrong's Allstars band became a leading ensemble. Through the 1950s and 1960s, Dixieland was one of the most commercially popular jazz styles in the US, Europe, and Japan, although critics paid little attention to it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.191100597381592, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jazz" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "The 1980s saw something of a reaction against the Fusion and Free Jazz that had dominated the 1970s. Trumpeter Wynton Marsalis emerged early in the decade, and strove to create music within what he believed was the tradition, rejecting both fusion and free jazz and creating extensions of the small and large forms initially pioneered by artists such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington, as well as the hard bop of the 1950s. It's debatable whether Marsalis' critical and commercial success was a cause or a symptom of the reaction against Fusion and Free Jazz and the resurgence of interest in the kind of jazz pioneered in the 1960s (particularly Modal Jazz and Post-Bop); nonetheless there were many other manifestations of a resurgence of traditionalism, even if Fusion and Free Jazz were by no means abandoned and continued to develop and evolve.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.042492866516113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jazz" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "He also worked for a Lithuanian-Jewish immigrant family, the Karnofskys, who had a junk hauling business and gave him odd jobs. They took him in and treated him like family; knowing he lived without a father, they fed and nurtured him. He later wrote a memoir of his relationship with the Karnofskys titled, Louis Armstrong + the Jewish Family in New Orleans, La., the Year of 1907. In it he describes his discovery that this family was also subject to discrimination by \"other white folks\" nationalities who felt that they were better than the Jewish race... \"I was only seven years old but I could easily see the ungodly treatment that the White Folks were handing the poor Jewish family whom I worked for.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.959606170654297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "After separating from Lil, Armstrong started to play at the Sunset Café for Al Capone's associate Joe Glaser in the Carroll Dickerson Orchestra, with Earl Hines on piano, which was soon renamed Louis Armstrong and his Stompers, though Hines was the music director and Glaser managed the orchestra. Hines and Armstrong became fast friends and successful collaborators. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.9331693649292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "Armstrong moved to Los Angeles in 1930 to seek new opportunities. He played at the New Cotton Club in Los Angeles with Lionel Hampton on drums. The band drew the Hollywood crowd, which could still afford a lavish night life, while radio broadcasts from the club connected with younger audiences at home. Bing Crosby and many other celebrities were regulars at the club. In 1931, Armstrong appeared in his first movie, Ex-Flame and was also convicted of marijuana possession but received a suspended sentence. He returned to Chicago in late 1931 and played in bands more in the Guy Lombardo vein and he recorded more standards. When the mob insisted that he get out of town,[http://riverwalkjazz.stanford.edu/program/louis-armstrong-30s-tribute-life-and-music-armstrong-30s Louis Armstrong in the 30s: A Tribute to the Life and Music of Armstrong in the 30s]. Retrieved May 5, 2015. Armstrong visited New Orleans, had a hero's welcome and saw old friends. He sponsored a local baseball team known as \"Armstrong's Secret Nine\" and had a cigar named after him. But soon he was on the road again and after a tour across the country shadowed by the mob, Armstrong decided to go to Europe to escape.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.377213478088379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "This group was called Louis Armstrong and his All Stars and included at various times Earl \"Fatha\" Hines, Barney Bigard, Edmond Hall, Jack Teagarden, Trummy Young, Arvell Shaw, Billy Kyle, Marty Napoleon, Big Sid Catlett, Cozy Cole, Tyree Glenn, Barrett Deems, Joe Darensbourg, Eddie Shu and percussionist Danny Barcelona. During this period, Armstrong made many recordings and appeared in over thirty films. He was the first jazz musician to appear on the cover of Time magazine, on February 21, 1949. In 1948, he participated in the Nice Jazz Festival, where Suzy Delair sang \"C'est si bon\", by Henri Betti and André Hornez, for the first time in public.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.925551414489746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Satchmo", "passage": "Armstrong made his last recorded trumpet performances on his 1968 album Disney Songs the Satchmo Way. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.726806163787842, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "The Louis Armstrong House Museum website states:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46725082397461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "When asked about his religion, Armstrong would answer that he was raised a Baptist, always wore a Star of David, and was friends with the Pope. Armstrong wore the Star of David in honor of the Karnofsky family, who took him in as a child and lent him the money to buy his first cornet. Louis Armstrong was, in fact, baptized as a Catholic at the Sacred Heart of Jesus Church in New Orleans, and he met popes Pius XII and Paul VI, though there is no evidence that he considered himself Catholic. Armstrong seems to have been tolerant towards various religions, but also found humor in them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.318851470947266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Satchmo", "passage": "Armstrong was concerned with his health. He used laxatives to control his weight, a practice he advocated both to acquaintances and in the diet plans he published under the title Lose Weight the Satchmo Way. Armstrong's laxative of preference in his younger days was Pluto Water, but he then became an enthusiastic convert when he discovered the herbal remedy Swiss Kriss. He would extol its virtues to anyone who would listen and pass out packets to everyone he encountered, including members of the British Royal Family. (Armstrong also appeared in humorous, albeit risqué, cards that he had printed to send out to friends; the cards bore a picture of him sitting on a toilet—as viewed through a keyhole—with the slogan \"Satch says, 'Leave it all behind ya!'\") The cards have sometimes been incorrectly described as ads for Swiss Kriss. In a live recording of \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\" with Velma Middleton, he changes the lyric from \"Put another record on while I pour\" to \"Take some Swiss Kriss while I pour.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.342878341674805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "Louis Armstrong was not, as is often claimed, a Freemason. Although he is usually listed as being a member of Montgomery Lodge No. 18 (Prince Hall) in New York, no such lodge has ever existed. However, Armstrong stated in his autobiography that he was a member of the Knights of Pythias which is not a Masonic group. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.41867446899414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "His recordings for Columbia Records, Louis Armstrong Plays W.C. Handy (1954) and Satch Plays Fats (all Fats Waller tunes) (1955) were both being considered masterpieces, as well as moderately well selling. In 1961 the All Stars participated in two albums - \"The Great Summit\" and \"The Great Reunion\" (now together as a single disc) with Duke Ellington. The albums feature many of Ellington's most famous compositions (as well as two exclusive cuts) with Duke sitting in on piano. His participation in Dave Brubeck's high-concept jazz musical The Real Ambassadors (1963) was critically acclaimed, and features \"Summer Song,\" one of Armstrong's most popular vocal efforts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.100190162658691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "Argentine writer Julio Cortázar, a self-described Armstrong admirer, asserted that a 1952 Louis Armstrong concert at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris played a significant role in inspiring him to create the fictional creatures called Cronopios that are the subject of a number of Cortázar's short stories. Cortázar once called Armstrong himself \"Grandísimo Cronopio\" (The Great Cronopio).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.937211990356445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Satchmo", "passage": "Terry Teachout wrote a one-man play about Armstrong called Satchmo at the Waldorf that was premiered in 2011 in Orlando, Fla., and has since been produced by Shakespeare & Company, Long Wharf Theater, and the Wilma Theater. The production ran off Broadway in 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.932628631591797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "In 1995, the U.S. Post Office issued a Louis Armstrong 32 cents commemorative postage stamp.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.413951873779297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "Though Armstrong is widely recognized as a pioneer of scat singing, Ethel Waters precedes his scatting on record in the 1930s according to Gary Giddins and others. Billie Holiday and Frank Sinatra are just two singers who were greatly indebted to him. Holiday said that she always wanted Bessie Smith's 'big' sound and Armstrong's feeling in her singing. Even special musicians like Duke Ellington have praised Armstrong through strong testimonials. Duke Ellington said, \"If anybody was a master, it was Louis Armstrong.\" In 1950, Bing Crosby, the most successful vocalist of the first half of the 20th century, said, \"He is the beginning and the end of music in America.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.483400344848633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "In the summer of 2001, in commemoration of the centennial of Armstrong's birth, New Orleans's main airport was renamed Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.672257423400879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "In 2002, the Louis Armstrong's Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings (1925–1928) were preserved in the United States National Recording Registry, a registry of recordings selected yearly by the National Recording Preservation Board for preservation in the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06153392791748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "The US Open tennis tournament's former main stadium was named Louis Armstrong Stadium in honor of Armstrong who had lived a few blocks from the site. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.248891830444336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "The house where Armstrong lived for almost 28 years was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977 and is now a museum. The Louis Armstrong House Museum, at 34-56 107th Street (between 34th and 37th Avenues) in Corona, Queens, presents concerts and educational programs, operates as a historic house museum and makes materials in its archives of writings, books, recordings and memorabilia available to the public for research. The museum is operated by the City University of New York's Queens College, following the dictates of Lucille Armstrong's will. The museum opened to the public on October 15, 2003. A new visitors center is planned. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.516597747802734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "* Louis Armstrong Hot Five and Hot Seven Sessions", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.393563270568848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "* The Complete Ella Fitzgerald & Louis Armstrong on Verve (1997) — repackaging of Ella and Louis, Ella and Louis Again, and Porgy and Bess", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.018623352050781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" }, { "answer": "Louis Armstrong", "passage": "** Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington: The Great Summit/Complete Sessions (2000) — includes additional CD of alternate takes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275528907775879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Louis Armstrong" } ]

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[ { "answer": "W", "passage": "The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the United Nations is in Manhattan, New York City, and experiences extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict.", "precise_score": -1.3832060098648071, "rough_score": -5.067868232727051, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The earliest concrete plan for a new world organization began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939. The text of the \"Declaration by United Nations\" was drafted by President Franklin Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Roosevelt aide Harry Hopkins, while meeting at the White House, 29 December 1941. It incorporated Soviet suggestions, but left no role for France. \"Four Policemen\" was coined to refer four major Allied countries, United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China, which was emerged in Declaration by United Nations. Roosevelt first coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries. \"On New Year's Day 1942, President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, Maxim Litvinov, of the USSR, and T. V. Soong, of China, signed a short document which later came to be known as the United Nations Declaration and the next day the representatives of twenty-two other nations added their signatures.\" The term United Nations was first officially used when 26 governments signed this Declaration. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom, which Stalin approved after Roosevelt insisted. By 1 March 1945, 21 additional states had signed.", "precise_score": -4.3046393394470215, "rough_score": -4.416087627410889, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "During the war, the United Nations became the official term for the Allies. To join countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the Axis.", "precise_score": -6.97120475769043, "rough_score": -7.192058563232422, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The United Nations was formulated and negotiated among the delegations from the Soviet Union, the UK, the US and China at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in 1944. After months of planning, the UN Conference on International Organization opened in San Francisco, 25 April 1945, attended by 50 governments and a number of non-governmental organizations involved in drafting the United Nations Charter. \"The heads of the delegations of the sponsoring countries took turns as chairman of the plenary meetings: Anthony Eden, of Britain, Edward Stettinius, of the United States, T. V. Soong, of China, and Vyacheslav Molotov, of the Soviet Union. At the later meetings, Lord Halifax deputized for Mr. Eden, Wellington Koo for T. V. Soong, and Mr Gromyko for Mr. Molotov.\" The UN officially came into existence 24 October 1945, upon ratification of the Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council—France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the UK and the US—and by a majority of the other 46 signatories.", "precise_score": -5.607950687408447, "rough_score": -6.656051158905029, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, and the Security Council took place in London beginning 6 January 1946. The General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the United Nations, and the facility was completed in 1952. Its site—like UN headquarters buildings in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi—is designated as international territory. The Norwegian Foreign Minister, Trygve Lie, was elected as the first UN Secretary-General.", "precise_score": -7.441213607788086, "rough_score": -7.186168193817139, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "With the spread of decolonization in the 1960s, the organization's membership saw an influx of newly independent nations. In 1960 alone, 17 new states joined the UN, 16 of them from Africa. On 25 October 1971, with opposition from the United States, but with the support of many Third World nations, the mainland, communist People's Republic of China was given the Chinese seat on the Security Council in place of the Republic of China that occupied Taiwan; the vote was widely seen as a sign of waning US influence in the organization. Third World nations organized into the Group of 77 coalition under the leadership of Algeria, which briefly became a dominant power at the UN. In 1975, a bloc comprising the USSR and Third World nations passed a resolution, over strenuous US and Israeli opposition, declaring Zionism to be racism; the resolution was repealed in 1991, shortly after the end of the Cold War.", "precise_score": -6.696282386779785, "rough_score": -6.317171573638916, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "Four of the five principal organs are located at the main UN Headquarters in New York City. The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague, while other major agencies are based in the UN offices at Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi. Other UN institutions are located throughout the world. The six official languages of the United Nations, used in intergovernmental meetings and documents, are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. On the basis of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, the UN and its agencies are immune from the laws of the countries where they operate, safeguarding the UN's impartiality with regard to the host and member countries. ", "precise_score": -5.325098037719727, "rough_score": -7.193652153015137, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The General Assembly is the main deliberative assembly of the United Nations. Composed of all United Nations member states, the assembly meets in regular yearly sessions, but emergency sessions can also be called. The assembly is led by a president, elected from among the member states on a rotating regional basis, and 21 vice-presidents. The first session convened 10 January 1946 in the Methodist Central Hall Westminster in London and included representatives of 51 nations.", "precise_score": -6.34276819229126, "rough_score": -6.175211429595947, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among countries. While other organs of the United Nations can only make \"recommendations\" to member states, the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member states have agreed to carry out, under the terms of Charter Article 25. The decisions of the Council are known as United Nations Security Council resolutions.", "precise_score": -7.088329792022705, "rough_score": -4.732093811035156, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "With the addition of South Sudan 14 July 2011, there are United Nations member states, including all undisputed independent states apart from Vatican City. ", "precise_score": -1.882038950920105, "rough_score": -6.447257041931152, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "In addition, there are two non-member observer states of the United Nations General Assembly: the Holy See (which holds sovereignty over Vatican City) and the State of Palestine. The Cook Islands and Niue, both states in free association with New Zealand, are full members of several UN specialized agencies and have had their \"full treaty-making capacity\" recognized by the Secretariat.", "precise_score": -2.0965418815612793, "rough_score": -5.164837837219238, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The Group of 77 at the UN is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations. Seventy-seven nations founded the organization, but by November 2013 the organization had since expanded to 133 member countries. The group was founded 15 June 1964 by the \"Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries\" issued at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The group held its first major meeting in Algiers in 1967, where it adopted the Charter of Algiers and established the basis for permanent institutional structures. ", "precise_score": -4.516036033630371, "rough_score": -5.112525463104248, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "Other UN bodies responsible for women's rights issues include United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, a commission of ECOSOC founded in 1946; the United Nations Development Fund for Women, created in 1976; and the United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women, founded in 1979. The United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, one of three bodies with a mandate to oversee issues related to indigenous peoples, held its first session in 2002. ", "precise_score": -9.902510643005371, "rough_score": -6.490734100341797, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "Since its founding, there have been many calls for reform of the United Nations but little consensus on how to do so. Some want the UN to play a greater or more effective role in world affairs, while others want its role reduced to humanitarian work. There have also been numerous calls for the UN Security Council's membership to be increased, for different ways of electing the UN's Secretary-General, and for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly. Jacques Fomerand states the most enduring divide in views of the UN is \"the North–South split\" between richer Northern nations and developing Southern nations. Southern nations tend to favor a more empowered UN with a stronger General Assembly, allowing them a greater voice in world affairs, while Northern nations prefer an economically laissez-faire UN that focuses on transnational threats such as terrorism.", "precise_score": -6.4277472496032715, "rough_score": -6.32509708404541, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "After World War II, the French Committee of National Liberation was late to be recognized by the US as the government of France, and so the country was initially excluded from the conferences that created the new organization. The future French president Charles de Gaulle criticized the UN, famously calling it a machin (\"contraption\"), and was not convinced that a global security alliance would help maintain world peace, preferring direct defence treaties between countries. Throughout the Cold War, both the US and USSR repeatedly accused the UN of favoring the other. In 1953, the USSR effectively forced the resignation of Trygve Lie, the Secretary-General, through its refusal to deal with him, while in the 1950s and 1960s, a popular US bumper sticker read, \"You can't spell communism without U.N.\" In a sometimes-misquoted statement, President George W. Bush stated in February 2003 (referring to UN uncertainty towards Iraqi provocations under the Saddam Hussein regime) that \"free nations will not allow the United Nations to fade into history as an ineffective, irrelevant debating society.\" In contrast, the French President, François Hollande, stated in 2012 that \"France trusts the United Nations. She knows that no state, no matter how powerful, can solve urgent problems, fight for development and bring an end to all crises... France wants the UN to be the centre of global governance.\" Critics such as Dore Gold, an Israeli diplomat, Robert S. Wistrich, a British scholar, Alan Dershowitz, an American legal scholar, Mark Dreyfus, an Australian politician, and the Anti-Defamation League consider UN attention to Israel's treatment of Palestinians to be excessive. In September 2015, Saudi Arabia's Faisal bin Hassan Trad has been elected Chair of the United Nations Human Rights Council panel that appoints independent experts, a move criticized by human rights groups. ", "precise_score": -8.943496704101562, "rough_score": -7.318299770355225, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The United Nations Charter was drafted at a conference in April–June 1945; this charter took effect 24 October 1945, and the UN began operation. The UN's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union and their respective allies. The organization participated in major actions in Korea and the Congo, as well as approving the creation of the state of Israel in 1947. The organization's membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization in the 1960s, and by the 1970s its budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping. After the end of the Cold War, the UN took on major military and peacekeeping missions across the world with varying degrees of success.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.244392395019531, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The UN has six principal organs: the General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly); the Security Council (for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security); the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) (for promoting international economic and social co-operation and development); the Secretariat (for providing studies, information, and facilities needed by the UN); the International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ); and the United Nations Trusteeship Council (inactive since 1994). UN System agencies include the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, and UNICEF. The UN's most prominent officer is the Secretary-General, an office held by South Korean Ban Ki-moon since 2007. Non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the UN's work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.052983283996582, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001, and a number of its officers and agencies have also been awarded the prize. Other evaluations of the UN's effectiveness have been mixed. Some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development, while others have called the organization ineffective, corrupt, or biased.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.28298282623291, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "In the century prior to the UN's creation, several international treaty organizations and conferences had been formed to regulate conflicts between nations, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. Following the catastrophic loss of life in the First World War, the Paris Peace Conference established the League of Nations to maintain harmony between countries. This organization resolved some territorial disputes and created international structures for areas such as postal mail, aviation, and opium control, some of which would later be absorbed into the UN. However, the League lacked representation for colonial peoples (then half the world's population) and significant participation from several major powers, including the US, USSR, Germany, and Japan; it failed to act against the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Second Italo-Ethiopian War in 1935, the Japanese invasion of China in 1937, and German expansions under Adolf Hitler that culminated in the Second World War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.846612930297852, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "1942 \"Declaration of United Nations\" by the Allies of World War II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.491440773010254, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "A JOINT DECLARATION BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS, CHINA, AUSTRALIA, BELGIUM, CANADA, COSTA RICA, CUBA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, EL SALVADOR, GREECE, GUATEMALA, HAITI, HONDURAS, INDIA, LUXEMBOURG, NETHERLANDS, NEW ZEALAND, NICARAGUA, NORWAY, PANAMA, POLAND, SOUTH AFRICA, YUGOSLAVIA", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.201757431030273, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "Having subscribed to a common program of purposes and principles embodied in the Joint Declaration of the President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister of Great Britain dated August 14, 1941, known as the Atlantic Charter,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.755531311035156, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "Being convinced that complete victory over their enemies is essential to defend life, liberty, independence and religious freedom, and to preserve human rights and justice in their own lands as well as in other lands, and that they are now engaged in a common struggle against savage and brutal forces seeking to subjugate the world,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.321197509765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "(1) Each Government pledges itself to employ its full resources, military or economic, against those members of the Tripartite Pact and its adherents with which such government is at war.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.260702133178711, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "(2) Each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto and not to make a separate armistice or peace with the enemies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218343734741211, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The foregoing declaration may be adhered to by other nations which are, or which may be, rendering material assistance and contributions in the struggle for victory over Hitlerism. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.0234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "Cold War era", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.55859661102295, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "Though the UN's primary mandate was peacekeeping, the division between the US and USSR often paralysed the organization, generally allowing it to intervene only in conflicts distant from the Cold War. (A notable exception was a Security Council resolution in 1950 authorizing a US-led coalition to repel the North Korean invasion of South Korea, passed in the absence of the USSR.) In 1947, the General Assembly approved a resolution to partition Palestine, approving the creation of the state of Israel. Two years later, Ralph Bunche, a UN official, negotiated an armistice to the resulting conflict. In 1956, the first UN peacekeeping force was established to end the Suez Crisis; however, the UN was unable to intervene against the USSR's simultaneous invasion of Hungary following that country's revolution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.60910701751709, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "In 1960, the UN deployed United Nations Operation in the Congo (UNOC), the largest military force of its early decades, to bring order to the breakaway State of Katanga, restoring it to the control of the Democratic Republic of the Congo by 1964. While travelling to meet with rebel leader Moise Tshombe during the conflict, Dag Hammarskjöld, often named as one of the UN's most effective Secretaries-General, died in a plane crash; months later he was posthumously awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1964, Hammarskjöld's successor, U Thant, deployed the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus, which would become one of the UN's longest-running peacekeeping missions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.208370208740234, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "With an increasing Third World presence and the failure of UN mediation in conflicts in the Middle East, Vietnam, and Kashmir, the UN increasingly shifted its attention to its ostensibly secondary goals of economic development and cultural exchange. By the 1970s, the UN budget for social and economic development was far greater than its peacekeeping budget.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275062561035156, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "Post-Cold War", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.520049095153809, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "After the Cold War, the UN saw a radical expansion in its peacekeeping duties, taking on more missions in ten years than it had in the previous four decades. Between 1988 and 2000, the number of adopted Security Council resolutions more than doubled, and the peacekeeping budget increased more than tenfold. The UN negotiated an end to the Salvadoran Civil War, launched a successful peacekeeping mission in Namibia, and oversaw democratic elections in post-apartheid South Africa and post-Khmer Rouge Cambodia. In 1991, the UN authorized a US-led coalition that repulsed the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Brian Urquhart, Under-Secretary-General from 1971 to 1985, later described the hopes raised by these successes as a \"false renaissance\" for the organization, given the more troubled missions that followed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.094268798828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "Though the UN Charter had been written primarily to prevent aggression by one nation against another, in the early 1990s the UN faced a number of simultaneous, serious crises within nations such as Somalia, Haiti, Mozambique, and the former Yugoslavia. The UN mission in Somalia was widely viewed as a failure after the US withdrawal following casualties in the Battle of Mogadishu, and the UN mission to Bosnia faced \"worldwide ridicule\" for its indecisive and confused mission in the face of ethnic cleansing. In 1994, the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda failed to intervene in the Rwandan Genocide amid indecision in the Security Council.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.953022003173828, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "Beginning in the last decades of the Cold War, American and European critics of the UN condemned the organization for perceived mismanagement and corruption. In 1984, the US President, Ronald Reagan, withdrew his nation's funding from UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, founded 1946) over allegations of mismanagement, followed by Britain and Singapore. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Secretary-General from 1992 to 1996, initiated a reform of the Secretariat, reducing the size of the organization somewhat. His successor, Kofi Annan (1997–2006), initiated further management reforms in the face of threats from the United States to withhold its UN dues.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.875082015991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "In the late 1990s and 2000s, international interventions authorized by the UN took a wider variety of forms. The UN mission in the Sierra Leone Civil War of 1991–2002 was supplemented by British Royal Marines, and the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 was overseen by NATO.In 2003, the United States invaded Iraq despite failing to pass a UN Security Council resolution for authorization, prompting a new round of questioning of the organization's effectiveness. Under the current Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, the UN has intervened with peacekeepers in crises including the War in Darfur in Sudan and the Kivu conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo and sent observers and chemical weapons inspectors to the Syrian Civil War. In 2013, an internal review of UN actions in the final battles of the Sri Lankan Civil War in 2009 concluded that the organization had suffered \"systemic failure\". One hundred and one UN personnel died in the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the worst loss of life in the organization's history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.841617584228516, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "Below the six organs sit, in the words of the author Linda Fasulo, \"an amazing collection of entities and organizations, some of which are actually older than the UN itself and operate with almost complete independence from it\". These include specialized agencies, research and training institutions, programmes and funds, and other UN entities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.20949935913086, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The United Nations obey the Noblemaire principle, which is binding on any organization that belongs to the united nations system. This principle calls for salaries that will draw and keep citizens of countries where salaries are highest, and also calls for equal pay for work of equal value independent of the employee's nationality. Staff salaries are subject to an internal tax that is administered by the UN organizations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.68858528137207, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "When the General Assembly votes on important questions, a two-thirds majority of those present and voting is required. Examples of important questions include recommendations on peace and security; election of members to organs; admission, suspension, and expulsion of members; and budgetary matters. All other questions are decided by a majority vote. Each member country has one vote. Apart from approval of budgetary matters, resolutions are not binding on the members. The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security that are under consideration by the Security Council.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.594318389892578, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "Draft resolutions can be forwarded to the General Assembly by eight committees:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50831127166748, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The Security Council is made up of fifteen member states, consisting of five permanent members—China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and ten non-permanent members—Angola (term ends 2016), Chad (2015), Chile (2015), Jordan (2015), Lithuania (2015), Malaysia (2016), New Zealand (2016), Nigeria (2015), Spain (2016), and Venezuela (2016). The five permanent members hold veto power over UN resolutions, allowing a permanent member to block adoption of a resolution, though not debate. The ten temporary seats are held for two-year terms, with member states voted in by the General Assembly on a regional basis. The presidency of the Security Council rotates alphabetically each month. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.843012809753418, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The UN Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide. It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by United Nations bodies for their meetings. It also carries out tasks as directed by the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.033443450927734, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The Secretary-General acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the UN. The position is defined in the UN Charter as the organization's \"chief administrative officer\". Article 99 of the charter states that the Secretary-General can bring to the Security Council's attention \"any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security\", a phrase that Secretaries-General since Trygve Lie have interpreted as giving the position broad scope for action on the world stage. The office has evolved into a dual role of an administrator of the UN organization and a diplomat and mediator addressing disputes between member states and finding consensus to global issues.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.002537727355957, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly, after being recommended by the Security Council, where the permanent members have veto power. There are no specific criteria for the post, but over the years it has become accepted that the post shall be held for one or two terms of five years, that the post shall be appointed on the basis of geographical rotation, and that the Secretary-General shall not originate from one of the five permanent Security Council member states. The current Secretary-General is Ban Ki-moon, who replaced Kofi Annan in 2007 and was elected for a second term to conclude at the end of 2016. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.7385835647583, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in The Hague, in the Netherlands, is the primary judicial organ of the UN. Established in 1945 by the UN Charter, the Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The ICJ is composed of 15 judges who serve 9-year terms and are appointed by the General Assembly; every sitting judge must be from a different nation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.495206832885742, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague, sharing the building with the Hague Academy of International Law, a private centre for the study of international law. The ICJ's primary purpose is to adjudicate disputes among states. The court has heard cases related to war crimes, illegal state interference, ethnic cleansing, and other issues. The ICJ can also be called upon by other UN organs to provide advisory opinions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.925934791564941, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social co-operation and development. ECOSOC has 54 members, which are elected by the General Assembly for a three-year term. The president is elected for a one-year term and chosen amongst the small or middle powers represented on ECOSOC. The council has one annual meeting in July, held in either New York or Geneva. Viewed as separate from the specialized bodies it co-ordinates, ECOSOC's functions include information gathering, advising member nations, and making recommendations. Owing to its broad mandate of co-ordinating many agencies, ECOSOC has at times been criticized as unfocused or irrelevant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.208314895629883, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "ECOSOC's subsidiary bodies include the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, which advises UN agencies on issues relating to indigenous peoples; the United Nations Forum on Forests, which co-ordinates and promotes sustainable forest management; the United Nations Statistical Commission, which co-ordinates information-gathering efforts between agencies; and the Commission on Sustainable Development, which co-ordinates efforts between UN agencies and NGOs working toward sustainable development. ECOSOC may also grant consultative status to non-governmental organizations; by 2004, more than 2,200 organizations had received this status.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.502321243286133, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The UN Charter stipulates that each primary organ of the UN can establish various specialized agencies to fulfill its duties. Some best-known agencies are the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Food and Agriculture Organization, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), the World Bank, and the World Health Organization (WHO). The UN performs most of its humanitarian work through these agencies. Examples include mass vaccination programmes (through WHO), the avoidance of famine and malnutrition (through the work of the WFP), and the protection of vulnerable and displaced people (for example, by UNHCR).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.974292755126953, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The UN, after approval by the Security Council, sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states. These soldiers are sometimes nicknamed \"Blue Helmets\" for their distinctive gear. The peacekeeping force as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.853202819824219, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "In September 2013, the UN had peacekeeping soldiers deployed on 15 missions. The largest was the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), which included 20,688 uniformed personnel. The smallest, United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP), included 42 uniformed personnel responsible for monitoring the ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir. UN peacekeepers with the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) have been stationed in the Middle East since 1948, the longest-running active peacekeeping mission.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.562851905822754, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "A study by the RAND Corporation in 2005 found the UN to be successful in two out of three peacekeeping efforts. It compared efforts at nation-building by the United Nations to those of the United States, and found that seven out of eight UN cases are at peace, as compared with four out of eight US cases at peace. Also in 2005, the Human Security Report documented a decline in the number of wars, genocides, and human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit circumstantial, that international activism—mostly spearheaded by the UN—has been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict in that period. Situations in which the UN has not only acted to keep the peace but also intervened include the Korean War (1950–53) and the authorization of intervention in Iraq after the Gulf War (1990–91).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.120475769042969, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The UN has also drawn criticism for perceived failures. In many cases, member states have shown reluctance to achieve or enforce Security Council resolutions. Disagreements in the Security Council about military action and intervention are seen as having failed to prevent the Bangladesh genocide in 1971, the Cambodian genocide in the 1970s, and the Rwandan genocide in 1994. Similarly, UN inaction is blamed for failing to either prevent the Srebrenica massacre in 1995 or complete the peacekeeping operations in 1992–93 during the Somali Civil War. UN peacekeepers have also been accused of child rape, soliciting prostitutes, and sexual abuse during various peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Liberia, Sudan and what is now South Sudan, Burundi, and Ivory Coast. Scientists cited UN peacekeepers from Nepal as the likely source of the 2010–13 Haiti cholera outbreak, which killed more than 8,000 Haitians following the 2010 Haiti earthquake. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.59237289428711, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "In addition to peacekeeping, the UN is also active in encouraging disarmament. Regulation of armaments was included in the writing of the UN Charter in 1945 and was envisioned as a way of limiting the use of human and economic resources for their creation. The advent of nuclear weapons came only weeks after the signing of the charter, resulting in the first resolution of the first General Assembly meeting calling for specific proposals for \"the elimination from national armaments of atomic weapons and of all other major weapons adaptable to mass destruction\". The UN has been involved with arms-limitation treaties, such as the Outer Space Treaty (1967), the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (1968), the Seabed Arms Control Treaty (1971), the Biological Weapons Convention (1972), the Chemical Weapons Convention (1992), and the Ottawa Treaty (1997), which prohibits landmines. Three UN bodies oversee arms proliferation issues: the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.867405891418457, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "One of the UN's primary purposes is \"promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion\", and member states pledge to undertake \"joint and separate action\" to protect these rights.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.104452133178711, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "In 1948, the General Assembly adopted a Universal Declaration of Human Rights, drafted by a committee headed by Franklin D. Roosevelt's widow, Eleanor, and including the French lawyer René Cassin. The document proclaims basic civil, political, and economic rights common to all human beings, though its effectiveness toward achieving these ends has been disputed since its drafting. The Declaration serves as a \"common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations\" rather than a legally binding document, but it has become the basis of two binding treaties, the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. In practice, the UN is unable to take significant action against human rights abuses without a Security Council resolution, though it does substantial work in investigating and reporting abuses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.333429336547852, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "In 1979, the General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, followed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989. With the end of the Cold War, the push for human rights action took on new impetus. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights was formed in 1993 to oversee human rights issues for the UN, following the recommendation of that year's World Conference on Human Rights. Jacques Fomerand, a scholar of the UN, describes this organization's mandate as \"broad and vague\", with only \"meager\" resources to carry it out. In 2006, it was replaced by a Human Rights Council consisting of 47 nations. Also in 2006, the General Assembly passed a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, and in 2011 it passed its first resolution recognizing the rights of LGBT people. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.526077270507812, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "Another primary purpose of the UN is \"to achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character\". Numerous bodies have been created to work towards this goal, primarily under the authority of the General Assembly and ECOSOC. In 2000, the 192 United Nations member states agreed to achieve eight Millennium Development Goals by 2015. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.262690544128418, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The UN Development Programme (UNDP), an organization for grant-based technical assistance founded in 1945, is one of the leading bodies in the field of international development. The organization also publishes the UN Human Development Index, a comparative measure ranking countries by poverty, literacy, education, life expectancy, and other factors. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), also founded in 1945, promotes agricultural development and food security. UNICEF (the United Nations Children's Fund) was created in 1946 to aid European children after the Second World War and expanded its mission to provide aid around the world and to uphold the Convention on the Rights of the Child. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.575243949890137, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund (IMF) are independent, specialized agencies and observers within the UN framework, according to a 1947 agreement. They were initially formed separately from the UN through the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944. The World Bank provides loans for international development, while the IMF promotes international economic co-operation and gives emergency loans to indebted countries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.601688385009766, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The World Health Organization (WHO), which focuses on international health issues and disease eradication, is another of the UN's largest agencies. In 1980, the agency announced that the eradication of smallpox had been completed. In subsequent decades, WHO largely eradicated polio, river blindness, and leprosy. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), begun in 1996, co-ordinates the organization's response to the AIDS epidemic. The UN Population Fund, which also dedicates part of its resources to combating HIV, is the world's largest source of funding for reproductive health and family planning services.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.41882038116455, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "Along with the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the UN often takes a leading role in co-ordinating emergency relief. The World Food Programme (WFP), created in 1961, provides food aid in response to famine, natural disasters, and armed conflict. The organization reports that it feeds an average of 90 million people in 80 nations each year. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), established in 1950, works to protect the rights of refugees, asylum seekers, and stateless people. UNHCR and WFP programmes are funded by voluntary contributions from governments, corporations, and individuals, though the UNHCR's administrative costs are paid for by the UN's primary budget.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.027971267700195, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "Since the UN's creation, over 80 colonies have attained independence. The General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples in 1960 with no votes against but abstentions from all major colonial powers. The UN works toward decolonization through groups including the UN Committee on Decolonization, created in 1962. The committee lists seventeen remaining \"Non-Self-Governing Territories\", the largest and most populous of which is Western Sahara. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.675972938537598, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "Beginning with the formation of the UN Environmental Programme (UNEP) in 1972, the UN has made environmental issues a prominent part of its agenda. A lack of success in the first two decades of UN work in this area led to the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which sought to give new impetus to these efforts. In 1988, the UNEP and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), another UN organization, established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which assesses and reports on research on global warming. The UN-sponsored Kyoto Protocol, signed in 1997, set legally binding emissions reduction targets for ratifying states.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.164168357849121, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The UN also declares and co-ordinates international observances, periods of time to observe issues of international interest or concern. Examples include World Tuberculosis Day, Earth Day, and the International Year of Deserts and Desertification. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.773025512695312, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from member states. The General Assembly approves the regular budget and determines the assessment for each member. This is broadly based on the relative capacity of each country to pay, as measured by its gross national income (GNI), with adjustments for external debt and low per capita income. The two-year budget for 2012–13 was $5.512 billion in total. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.912181854248047, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "The Assembly has established the principle that the UN should not be unduly dependent on any one member to finance its operations. Thus, there is a \"ceiling\" rate, setting the maximum amount that any member can be assessed for the regular budget. In December 2000, the Assembly revised the scale of assessments in response to pressure from the United States. As part of that revision, the regular budget ceiling was reduced from 25% to 22%. For the least developed countries (LDCs), a ceiling rate of 0.01% is applied. In addition to the ceiling rates, the minimum amount assessed to any member nation (or \"floor\" rate) is set at 0.001% of the UN budget ($55,120 for the two year budget 2013-2014).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.170574188232422, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "A large share of the UN's expenditure addresses its core mission of peace and security, and this budget is assessed separately from the main organizational budget. The peacekeeping budget for the 2015–16 fiscal year was $8.27 billion, supporting 82,318 troops deployed in 15 missions around the world. UN peace operations are funded by assessments, using a formula derived from the regular funding scale that includes a weighted surcharge for the five permanent Security Council members, who must approve all peacekeeping operations. This surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less developed countries. In 2013, the top 10 providers of assessed financial contributions to United Nations peacekeeping operations were the United States (28.38%), Japan (10.83%), France (7.22%), Germany (7.14%), the United Kingdom (6.68%), China (6.64%), Italy (4.45%), the Russian Federation (3.15%), Canada (2.98%), and Spain (2.97%). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.375338554382324, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "Special UN programmes not included in the regular budget, such as UNICEF and the World Food Programme, are financed by voluntary contributions from member governments, corporations, and private individuals. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.86080265045166, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "Evaluations, awards, and criticism", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.516508102416992, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "A number of agencies and individuals associated with the UN have won the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of their work. Two Secretaries-General, Dag Hammarskjöld and Kofi Annan, were each awarded the prize (in 1961 and 2001, respectively), as were Ralph Bunche (1950), a UN negotiator, René Cassin (1968), a contributor to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the US Secretary of State Cordell Hull (1945), the latter for his role in the organization's founding. Lester B. Pearson, the Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs, was awarded the prize in 1957 for his role in organizing the UN's first peacekeeping force to resolve the Suez Crisis. UNICEF won the prize in 1965, the International Labour Organization in 1969, the UN Peace-Keeping Forces in 1988, the International Atomic Energy Agency (which reports to the UN) in 2005, and the UN-supported Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in 2013. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees was awarded in 1954 and 1981, becoming one of only two recipients to win the prize twice. The UN as a whole was awarded the prize in 2001, sharing it with Annan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.833529472351074, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "Critics have also accused the UN of bureaucratic inefficiency, waste, and corruption. In 1976, the General Assembly established the Joint Inspection Unit to seek out inefficiencies within the UN system. During the 1990s, the US withheld dues citing inefficiency and only started repayment on the condition that a major reforms initiative was introduced. In 1994, the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) was established by the General Assembly to serve as an efficiency watchdog. In 1994, former Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the UN to Somalia Mohamed Sahnoun published \"Somalia: The Missed Opportunities\", a book in which he analyses the reasons for the failure of the 1992 UN intervention in Somalia, showing that, between the start of the Somali civil war in 1988 and the fall of the Siad Barre regime in January 1991, the UN missed at least three opportunities to prevent major human tragedies; when the UN tried to provide humanitarian assistance, they were totally outperformed by NGOs, whose competence and dedication sharply contrasted with the UN's excessive caution and bureaucratic inefficiencies. If radical reform was not undertaken, warned Mohamed Sahnoun, then the UN would continue to respond to such crisis with inept improvisation. In 2004, the UN faced accusations that its recently ended Oil-for-Food Programme—in which Iraq had been allowed to trade oil for basic needs to relieve the pressure of sanctions—had suffered from widespread corruption, including billions of dollars of kickbacks. An independent inquiry created by the UN found that many of its officials had been involved, as well as raising \"significant\" questions about the role of Kojo Annan, the son of Kofi Annan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1740140914917, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" }, { "answer": "W", "passage": "In evaluating the UN as a whole, Jacques Fomerand writes that the \"accomplishments of the United Nations in the last 60 years are impressive in their own terms. Progress in human development during the 20th century has been dramatic and the UN and its agencies have certainly helped the world become a more hospitable and livable place for millions.\" Evaluating the first 50 years of the UN's history, the author Stanley Meisler writes that \"the United Nations never fulfilled the hopes of its founders, but it accomplished a great deal nevertheless\", citing its role in decolonization and its many successful peacekeeping efforts. The British historian Paul Kennedy states that while the organization has suffered some major setbacks, \"when all its aspects are considered, the UN has brought great benefits to our generation and ... will bring benefits to our children's and grandchildren's generations as well.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.85070514678955, "source": "wiki", "title": "United Nations" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "T Ros", "Feddy Roosevelt", "26th President of the United States", "Trust Buster", "The Cowboy President", "Teddy roosevelt", "Theodore Roosavelt", "President Theodore Roosevelt", "Theodor roosevelt", "Teddy Rose", "Teddy Roosevelt", "Theodore roosevelt", "T. Roosevelt", "Teodoro Roosevelt", "T. Roosevelt Administration", "Teddy Roosvelt", "Teddy Rosevelt", "Roosevelt, Theodore", "Teddy Roosevelt foreign policy", "T Roosevelt", "Cowboy of the Dakotas", "Teddy Roose", "Theodore Roosevelt" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "t ros", "cowboy president", "theodore roosavelt", "trust buster", "president theodore roosevelt", "teddy roosvelt", "teddy rosevelt", "t roosevelt", "roosevelt theodore", "feddy roosevelt", "cowboy of dakotas", "teddy rose", "26th president of united states", "teddy roosevelt foreign policy", "teddy roose", "teodoro roosevelt", "theodore roosevelt", "theodor roosevelt", "t roosevelt administration", "teddy roosevelt" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "teddy roosevelt", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Teddy Roosevelt" }

[ { "answer": "President Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "Russia suffered numerous defeats by Japan, but Tsar Nicholas II was convinced that Russia would win and chose to remain engaged in the war; at first, to await the outcomes of certain naval battles, and later to preserve the dignity of Russia by averting a \"humiliating peace\". The war concluded with the Treaty of Portsmouth, mediated by US President Theodore Roosevelt. The complete victory of the Japanese military surprised world observers. The consequences transformed the balance of power in East Asia, resulting in a reassessment of Japan's recent entry onto the world stage. Scholars continue to debate the historical significance of the war.", "precise_score": -0.4859326481819153, "rough_score": -6.595984935760498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Russo-Japanese War" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "Roosevelt earned the Nobel Peace Prize for his effort. George E. Mowry concludes that Roosevelt handled the arbitration well, doing an \"excellent job of balancing Russian and Japanese power in the Orient, where the supremacy of either constituted a threat to growing America.\" ", "precise_score": 0.6723861694335938, "rough_score": -5.067174911499023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Russo-Japanese War" }, { "answer": "Theodore roosevelt", "passage": "Perhaps the most important of all presidential powers is the command of the United States Armed Forces as its commander-in-chief. While the power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress, the president has ultimate responsibility for direction and disposition of the military. The present-day operational command of the Armed Forces (belonging to the Department of Defense) is normally exercised through the Secretary of Defense, with assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, to the Combatant Commands, as outlined in the presidentially approved Unified Command Plan (UCP). The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president's powers regarding the military; Alexander Hamilton explains this in Federalist No. 69: Congress, pursuant to the War Powers Resolution, must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days, although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed, rendering it ineffectual. Additionally, Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation. While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war, critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations, including Theodore Roosevelt's military move into Panama in 1903, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the invasions of Grenada in 1983 and Panama in 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.819817543029785, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Theodore roosevelt", "passage": "The term of office for president and vice president is four years. George Washington, the first president, set an unofficial precedent of serving only two terms, which subsequent presidents followed until 1940. Before Franklin D. Roosevelt, attempts at a third term were encouraged by supporters of Ulysses S. Grant and Theodore Roosevelt; neither of these attempts succeeded. In 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt declined to seek a third term, but allowed his political party to \"draft\" him as its presidential candidate and was subsequently elected to a third term. In 1941, the United States entered World War II, leading voters to elect Roosevelt to a fourth term in 1944. But Roosevelt died only 82 days after taking office for the fourth term on 12 April 1945.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.317022323608398, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Theodore roosevelt", "passage": "Both sides accepted the offer of Theodore Roosevelt, the President of the United States, to mediate; meetings were held in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, with Sergius Witte leading the Russian delegation and Baron Komura, a graduate of Harvard, leading the Japanese delegation. The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed on 5 September 1905 at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard on Seavey's Island, Kittery, Maine, while the delegates stayed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Witte became Russian Prime Minister the same year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.772024154663086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Russo-Japanese War" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "order+of+meiji&st=p \"Japan's Present Crisis and Her Constitution; The Mikado's Ministers Will Be Held Responsible by the People for the Peace Treaty – Marquis Ito May Be Able to Save Baron Komura,\"] New York Times. 3 September 1905. Widespread discontent spread through the populace upon the announcement of the treaty terms. Riots erupted in major cities in Japan. Two specific requirements, expected after such a costly victory, were especially lacking: territorial gains and monetary reparations to Japan. The peace accord led to feelings of distrust, as the Japanese had intended to retain all of Sakhalin Island, but were forced to settle for half of it after being pressured by the United States, with President Roosevelt opting to support Nicholas II’s stance on not ceding territory or paying reparations. The Japanese had wanted reparations to help families recover from lost fathers and sons as well as heavy taxation from the government. Without them, they were at a loss.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.933017730712891, "source": "wiki", "title": "Russo-Japanese War" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald", "F. Fitzgerald", "F. (Francis) Scott Fitzgerald", "F Fitzgerald", "F.S.Fitzgerald", "Francis FitzGerald", "F Scott Fitzgerald", "F. Scott Fitzgerald", "Francis Fitzgerald", "Scott Fitzgerald", "Francis Scott Fitzgerald" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "francis scott fitzgerald", "f fitzgerald", "f scott fitzgerald", "scott fitzgerald", "f francis scott fitzgerald", "francis fitzgerald", "francis scott key fitzgerald", "f s fitzgerald" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "f scott fitzgerald", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "F. Scott Fitzgerald" }

[ { "answer": "F. Scott Fitzgerald", "passage": "\"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button\" is a short story written by F. Scott Fitzgerald and first published in Colliers Magazine on May 27, 1922. It was subsequently anthologized in his book Tales of the Jazz Age, which is occasionally published as The Curious Case of Benjamin Button and Other Jazz Age Stories. ", "precise_score": 7.0653204917907715, "rough_score": 8.161988258361816, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (short story)" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Governor Bligh", "Admiral Bligh", "Captain William Bligh", "Vice Admiral William Bligh", "Captain Bligh", "William Bligh", "Vice-Admiral William Bligh" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "vice admiral william bligh", "captain bligh", "admiral bligh", "captain william bligh", "william bligh", "governor bligh" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "william bligh", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "William Bligh" }

[ { "answer": "William Bligh", "passage": "As the nearest island with a European settlement at the time, Timor was the destination of William Bligh and seamen loyal to him following the infamous mutiny on the Bounty in 1789. It was also where survivors of the wrecked HMS Pandora, sent to arrest the Bounty mutineers, landed in 1791 after that ship sank in the Great Barrier Reef.", "precise_score": -7.663898944854736, "rough_score": -2.80336332321167, "source": "wiki", "title": "Timor" }, { "answer": "William Bligh", "passage": "Fletcher Christian (25 September 1764 – 20 September 1793) was master's mate on board HMS Bounty during Lieutenant William Bligh's voyage to Tahiti for breadfruit plants. In the mutiny on the Bounty, Christian seized command of the ship from Bligh on 28 April 1789.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.279177188873291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fletcher Christian" }, { "answer": "William Bligh", "passage": "See here for a comparison of assignments to William Bligh", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.173623085021973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fletcher Christian" }, { "answer": "William Bligh", "passage": "Fletcher Christian began his naval career at a late age, joining the Royal Navy as a cabin boy when he was already seventeen years old (the average age for this position was between 12 to 15). He served for over a year on a third-rate frigate along with his future commander, William Bligh, who was posted as the ship's sixth lieutenant. Christian next became a Midshipman on the sixth-rate post ship HMS Eurydice and was made master's mate six months after the ship put to sea. The muster rolls of indicate Christian was signed on for a 21-month voyage to India. The ship's muster shows Christian's conduct was more than satisfactory because \"some seven months out from England, he had been promoted from midshipman to master's mate\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.145378112792969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fletcher Christian" }, { "answer": "William Bligh", "passage": "After the Eurydice had returned from India, Christian was reverted to Midshipman and paid off from the Royal Navy. Unable to find another Midshipman assignment, Christian decided to join the British merchant fleet and applied for a berth on-board William Bligh's ship the Britannia. Bligh had himself been discharged from the Royal Navy and was now working as a merchant captain. Bligh accepted Christian on the ship's books as an Able Seaman, but granted him all the rights of a ship's officer including dining and berthing in the officer quarters. On a second voyage to Jamaica with Bligh, Christian was rated as the ship's Second Mate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.207690238952637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fletcher Christian" } ]