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[ "2013 Shows\n\nNEC Classic Motor Show\n\nSilverstone Classic Winners\n\nDick Smith\n\nDick Smith\n\nBest Car of Show\n\n1932 FRAZER NASH NURBURG\n\nPorsche Club GB\n\nBest Club Stand of Show\n\nSuperspoke Steering Wheels\n\nBest Trade Stand of Show\n\nCar of the Show\n\nDick Smith - 1932 Frazer Nash Nurburg\n\nThe 1932 Frazer Nash Nürburg owned by Dick Smith was easily the standout car of the show, its 200-plus bhp setting the pit garages alight, much as it did during the German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring in 1932. “", "In those days you drove to the race, but the car was shunted by a tram in Brussels, bending the chassis and forcing it to retire after 150 miles. ", "Dick has a lifelong love affair with the car after his late wife, Rosemary, bought it for him in 1960, after saving up for furniture during their five-year engagement. “", "It cost £275, I knew we couldn’t afford it. ", "One day I came home and she told me to go and pick up the Frazer Nash. ", "It still gives me goosebumps, even after all these years. ", "I remember the evening I picked it up, driving up the Great North Road under a harvest moon on a crisp and cool September night. ", "I simply threw it at the road. ", "I still get excited when I think about it!” ", "The car sports a 1.5-litre supercharged engine producing well in excess of 200bhp. ", "Dick has been racing for 55 years and at 77 has no intentions of stopping; “Rosemary always told me to never stop racing as it keeps me young – she was right!”", "\n\nBest Club Stand\n\nPorsche Club GB\n\n“We’ve been working since November last year to put this together,” laughed Karen Pettigrew, one of the volunteers behind the array of 911s on show. “", "Altogether we’ll see nearly 3000 this weekend”. ", "It’s down to the enthusiasm of the PCGB members and their willingness to take part. ", "Others working to achieve it were regional organisers plus Alan Armstrong, Paul Keeling and Sue and Mac McLeod. ", "Narinda Webb as events organiser pulled it all together, promoting the gathering through the website, club mag and fliers. ", "A special programme to mark the occasion was also produced and every official and volunteer identified ‘without the members, we wouldn’t be as successful!”", "\n\nBest Trade Stand\n\nSuperspoke Steering Wheels\n\nSteve Simmonds and business partner Paul Darby have each been in the car trimming business for more than 40 years, but it’s only recently that the pair have turned their focus solely on steering wheels. “", "Obviously it’s the one piece of kit every car has,” says Steve. ", "Each wheel produced is hand-built and hand-stitched. “", "We make them for every car you can think of, be it a Morris Minor or a Jaguar E-type,” he continues. “", "There’s been huge interest in wheels that are no longer available,” he said. ", "It’s only the second show Superspoke has attended. “", "Next up, the Goodwood Revival!“", "\n\nHot Rod Hayride Winners\n\nSandy Mears\n\nSandy Mears\n\nBest Car of Show\n\n1947 CHEVROLET STYLEMASTER\n\nNone\n\nBest Club Stand of Show\n\nNefarious Pinstriping\n\nBest Trade Stand of Show\n\nCar of the Show\n\nSandy Mears - 1947 Chevrolet Stylemaster\n\nThere were so many cars to choose from at the Hayride that picking a winner was a tough order, but if any car captured the spirit of the event it had to be Mick and Sandy Mears 1947 Chevrolet Stylemaster, which arrived at the show towing a vintage caravan in matching peach-over-cream paintwork. ", "In case you're wondering, Mick was cruising the show in his hot rod! ", "Sandy told CCW: \"Our son was five weeks old when we bought it and he's now 16!", "\n\"It was imported from a dry state and was pretty sound when we got it, painted in black. ", "We gradually went through it tweaking a few bits here and there, respraying it to the present colour.\" ", "The '47 runs an inline-six Chevy stovebolt engine and just oozes style. ", "With the caravan next to it kitted out with lots of period accessories, the whole scene looked like a picture postcard from the late Forties.", "\n\nBest Trade Stand\n\nNefarious Pinstriping\n\nIt's not every day you see the art of pinstriping being done to customers cars while they wait, but that's precisely what Simon Pollock of Nefarious Pinstriping was doing to a Hillman Minx at the Hayride. \"", "I've been doing pin-stripes for about 10 years now\", grins Simon, \"I'm originally a graphic designer and it's a great excuse to get away from the computer. ", "It's great working in the sun, but you have to work quick as the paint dries so fast.\" ", "As well as the Hillman, which was having designs around it's bonnet badge and rear numberplate, there was an completely original Austin Seven waiting to have a coachline applied to match the blood-red colour of the grille badge. ", "The skill involved and the steadiness of hand needed was impressive to watch and Simon was clearly happy in his work: \"I love coming to this show, it's my favourite one of the year.\"", "\n\nClassics in the Walled Garden Winners\n\nDavid & Diana Davis\n\nDavid & Diana Davis\n\nBest Car of Show\n\n1936 AUSTIN SIX MAYFAIR LIMOUSINE\n\nNone\n\nBest Club Stand of Show\n\nAutoglym\n\nBest Trade Stand of Show\n\nCar of the Show\n\nDavid & Diana Davis - 1936 Austin Six Mayfair limousine\n\nMost people associate Austin with smaller cars, which is why CCW chose vast 1936 Austin Six Mayfair limousine as its car of the show. ", "Its owners are David and Diana Davis of Letchworth, and they’ve owned it for six years. “", "I’d always wanted a large Austin,” said David. “", "I had a 12 but always fancied a bigger one. ", "And this is much, much bigger. ", "Most people don’t realise that Austins were made in this size.” ", "The car is powered by a 3.6-litre straight six engine rated at 20hp, which in modern parlance is about 50bhp, meaning, according to David, that “she’s quite ponderous to drive, but capable enough of cruising at about 50mph” The couple have all the history on the car, which was chauffeur-driven when with its original land-owning buyer.", "\n\nBest Trade Stand\n\nAutoglym\n\nThis is the first year that vehicle valeting manufacturer Autoglym has had a stand at Classics in the Walled Garden, but Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire franchisee holder Josh Groves decided to do the event because everybody kept telling him what a marvellous show it was. “", "Business has been steady,” he reported. “", "However, it’s also a very lovely place to be in the evening.” ", "He definitely intends to be back next year. ", "The Autoglym range now runs to 100 lines, all of which are produced in Letchworth, just down the road from where the event takes place, so it’s a local manufacturer. ", "In general, sales have been rosier than over the last two years, which Josh puts down partly to the weather. “", "Last year, of course, we had the hosepipe ban followed by heavy rain. ", "This year has been better”.", "\n\nStars and Stripes Winners\n\nIan Booth\n\nIan Booth\n\nBest Car of Show\n\n1934 MCLAUGHLIN BUICK SERIES 50\n\nAmerican Auto Club North West\n\nBest Club Stand of Show\n\nAmerican Auto Mags\n\nBest Trade Stand of Show\n\nCar of the Show\n\nIan Booth - 1934 McLaughlin Buick Series 50\n\nCCW couldn’t help but be impressed by Ian Booth’s beautifully restored 1934 Buick, which made its first visit to a show since the 1980s when it arrived at Tatton Park. ", "Ian, from Stockport, has owned the car since 1971, and has embarked on a painstaking 10 year restoration to bring the car back to its original specification. ", "Originally, the car was exported as a chassis from Canada to avoid import taxes – as that country was still a British colony at the time – and then bodied by London firm the Carlton Carriage Company for its first owner. ", "Powered by a 4.3 litre straight eight and with a body that’s the height of pre-WW2 American glamour, it stood out even next to some of Detroit’s more striking automotive exports.", "\n\nBest Club Stand\n\nAmerican Auto Club North West\n\nWherever you went at Stars and Stripes you couldn’t help but feel the influence this club had in making the event a success, with dozens of Detroit classics being brought along by its members. ", "While primarily focused on the North West the club can count among supporters from as far afield as Aberdeen and Holland among its 500-strong membership, and you don’t need to own any Detroit iron to join – all that’s needed is an enthusiasm for American classics, which is something this club has plenty of. ", "With plenty on offer from the US big three, as well as America’s more eclectic classic car offerings, the American Auto Club North West had something for everyone at the show.", "\n\nBest Trade Stand\n\nAmerican Auto Mags\n\nIf you’ve got a passion for chrome, fins and Detroit muscle then Graham and Sue Rennie can help you build up a library dedicated to your favourite US classics. ", "The Cuddlington couple, who have run American Auto Mags for the past 23 years, specialise in bringing in magazines and books from the US for enthusiasts on this side of the Atlantic, with shipments reaching the UK every fortnight. ", "The couple’s neatly-arranged stand at Tatton Park included repair manuals, books and t-shirts dedicated to American classics but by far their biggest draw were the dozens of magazines on offer, meaning that whatever your passion, chances are they could offer a specialist publication to cater for it.", "\n\nMG Live Winners\n\nChris Keevill\n\nChris Keevill\n\nBest Car of Show\n\n1925 MG SUPER SPORTS\n\nMG Car Club\n\nBest Club Stand of Show\n\nBritish Motor Heritage\n\nBest Trade Stand of Show\n\nCar of the Show\n\nChris Keevill - 1925 MG Super Sports\n\nThis four-seater is as historically significant as it is stunning. ", "It’s believed to be the oldest survivor: built by Morris Garages in Oxford in January 1925, it’s three months older than ‘Old Number One’. ", "Chris Keevill acquired the car in 1990. ", "It had been converted to a hay-mower during WW2 and was thought to be a Morris until its true origins were uncovered during its 10-year restoration. “", "I was an aeronautical engineer, so it wasn’t too much of a challenge.”", "\n\nBest Club Stand\n\nMG Car Club\n\nNew MGCC PR and communications executive, George Woodward, told CCW: “This is a huge event – the world’s largest gathering of MGs and a fantastic celebration of all the club holds dear. ", "I think we’ve had about 4000 cars and 8000 guests already, including race cars, and there’s still Sunday to come! ", "It’s been a big success, but of course it really puts the pressure on for next year, when it’s the 90th anniversary of MG. ", "How are we going to top this?”", "\n\nBest Trade Stand\n\nBritish Motor Heritage\n\n“Business has been good,” confirmed Sales Manager Martin Davies (right), seen here with colleagues David Savidge and Nicola Lazarus. ", "The firm is celebrating 25 years of making new MG bodyshells this year, and is introducing new items all the time, with one of the most recent being Zircotec thermal management. “", "This is the one main event we do each year, but we plan to do more in 2014,” Nicola told CCW.", "\n\nEnfield Pageant Winners\n\nColin Hunt\n\nColin Hunt\n\nMetropolitan Owners Club\n\nBest Club Stand of Show\n\nWalter Baines\n\nBest Trade Stand of Show\n\nCar of the Show\n\nColin Hunt - 1963 Ford Cortina 1500 MKI ‘Woody’ Estate\n\nCCW’s favourite non-club classic of the event was this great ‘Woody’ Cortina estate, brought along by Colin Hunt from Woodford, Essex. ", "When he purchased it three years ago, it was effectively a complete wreck and needed full restoration, to the extent that he even had to have the side stripes specially made out of fibreglass. ", "The originals were never made out of wood, but rather a less than convincing lookalike material called Nylok. ", "Only 500 of these distinctive Cortina estates, influenced by US station wagon styling, were made and very few are now left. “", "It gets a lot of interest,” said Colin of his slightly-lowered load-lugger that is now fitted with wider Lotus wheels as well. ", "Friends Robert Unwin and Martin Radford came along for the ride; they’re also Cortina aficionados but are still in the process of restoring their 1500 models.", "\n\nBest Club Stand\n\nMetropolitan Owners Club\n\nThe Metropolitan Owners’ Club may not have had the biggest stand at Enfield – and it definitely didn’t have the biggest cars – but its display stood out by including a Portafold folding caravan on its stand, painted in the same vibrant two-tone red and white colours as three of the four Metropolitans on its stand. ", "Built from 1955 to 1977, the folding lightweight design of the Portafold makes it one of the few caravans that can be easily towed by a Metropolitan which, with just 42bhp and 51bhp from the two available 1200cc and 1489cc engines, might struggle with anything a bit more heavyweight. ", "Bob Patrick, John Dowling and Steve James were the members who organised the display and accepted the CCW award. ", "There are between 110 and 120 members in the club, but it’s believed that there are around 200 to 250 Metropolitans still in the UK. ", "However, the situation is much rosier in the USA – the Metropolitan’s target market – where about 3000 are thought to still exist.", "\n\nBest Trade Stand\n\nWalter Baines\n\nWalter Baines from Leyland in Lancashire is a well-known face at many autojumble events, having been plying his trade for over 35 years. ", "And that trade is badges and mascots for a massive variety of vehicles from the 1950s through to the current day. “", "I’ve got absolutely thousands,” he told CCW. ", "It’s difficult not to be fascinated by Walter’s stand displays, which are always well-laid out and organised – no sifting through old cardboard boxes of miscellaneous rusty and broken badges here, as he prides himself in selling quality items and displaying them in a way that makes it easy to find things. “", "I cherry pick now; it takes hours to set something like this up,” he said. ", "He used to attend shows every week, but is taking it a little easier these days, attending major events like Enfield, Beaulieu, Tatton Park and the NEC in November. ", "Ford badges are currently the big-sellers from his stock.", "\n\nTatton Park Winners\n\nKeith Wrigley\n\nKeith Wrigley\n\nRochdale Vintage and Collectors Club\n\nBest Club Stand of Show\n\nVintage & Classic Car Radios\n\nBest Trade Stand of Show\n\nCar of the Show\n\nKeith Wrigley - 1977 Daimler Double Six Coupe\n\nRochdale enthusiast Keith Wrigley joined the Jaguar Drivers’ Club at their club stand for the show with this V12-engined executive express. ", "He reckons only 100 are still left on the road. ", "Keith told CCW he is looking after the 1977 classic for his friend and fellow enthusiast Steve Lilley, who passed away after a brave battle with motor neuron disease.", "\nKeith said: “If Steve were still around I wouldn’t have this Daimler, so looking after this car, enjoying it, and taking it to shows like Tatton has a huge sentimental value for me.", "\n“He genuinely loved this Daimler and would never ever have sold it, and I think he would be really proud to see his pride and joy being used and enjoyed.”", "\nCCW was impressed not only by the condition and originality of this particular Daimler, but also Keith’s obvious passion for a classic that’s obviously close to his heart.", "\n\nBest Club Stand\n\nRochdale Vintage and Collectors Car Club\n\nRochdale Vintage and Collectors Car Club\nFor many, going to classic car shows is a step back in time – a theme this club enthusiastically embraced with a stand that attracted more than 20 cars throughout the weekend.", "\nThe club’s “Tatton Park Time Walk” included everything from a 1927 Austin 7 Chummy to a 1983 Ford Sierra 1.6L, annotated with notes explaining the history behind them and decorated with bunting aplenty, while props included a 1950s petrol pump and a Sinclair C5.", "\nHarry Hilton, the club’s chairman, said: “We won an award at Tatton last year with our stand, which had a Diamond Jubilee theme to it, but to win this award is still absolutely unbelievable and a great boost to what we do.", "\n“Most of us have been coming to Tatton for years but as individual entrants, and this is only the second year we’ve attended as a club and had our stand at the show.”", "\n\nBest Trade Stand\n\nVintage & Classic Car Radios\n\nLongstanding Tatton autojumbler Jim Littler hit the right note with his mixture of knowledge and enthusiasm, offering dozens of classic car radio units dating as far back as the 1940s on his small but packed stand.", "\nA retired radio engineer by trade, Jim seeks out stereos from scrapyards, online auction sites and even other traders and buys them in batches of five or six at the time, and refurbishes them before selling them on at shows and passing on his knowledge to classic car owners.", "\nWith everything from an enormous 1947 Philco radio unit to the black box units of the 1990s on his stand, Jim’s passion for his specialist subject marked him out as one of the gems at the extensive array of stalls on offer at the Cheshire Autojumble.", "\n\nLa Vie en Bleu Winners\n\nAlastair Inglis\n\nAlastair Inglis\n\nBest Car of Show\n\nPEUGEOT 203 COMMERCIALE\n\nRenault Alpine Owners Club\n\nBest Club Stand of Show\n\nVJ Books\n\nBest Trade Stand of Show\n\nCar of the Show\n\nAlastair Inglis - 1954 Peugeot 203 Commerciale\n\nIt may have started life carrying Camembert to market, but this humble 203 van has led a globe-trotting life in the hands of Alastair Inglis from Northamptonshire who has owned it since 1998. \"", "We decided to take part in the London to Peking rally\" grins Alistair, \"and fitted it with a second petrol separator to filter out the water. ", "We found the fuel quality improved the further East we got!\"", "\nAll the mechanical items were carefully checked and the original 1290cc engine replaced with a more durable 1648cc engine from a later 403. \"", "We gave a lot of thought to the headlamps,\" adds Alistair, \"you don't want to be driving blind in the middle of nowhere at night, so we fitted spotlights hidden behind a protective mesh grille.\"", "\nAlistair is a true Peugeot fan also owns a 203 Styleside Ute that he keeps in Australia that's thought to be one of only 14 examples ever made.", "\n\nBest Club Stand\n\nRenault Alpine Owners Club\n\nWith backing from Renault Classic, who supplied the fancy mobile stand to the Renault Alpine Stand about 30 interesting Renaults glinting in the Gloucestershire sun. ", "The Club is dedicated to all fans of sporty Renaults and there was a mouth-watering display of models on the stand that ranged from an original factory Renault 4 convertible to a GTA Le Mans - one of only 26 made.", "\nAccepting the trophy is Mile Thomas who appeared absolutely delighted: \"the best thing it that the president of the club, Stephen Dell isn't here at the minute and he'll be gutted he didn't get in CCW! ", "Thanks very much for this, really pleased to receive it.\"", "\nMiles runs a Renault Spider - a future classic already - and is also a GTA Le Mans.", "\nOriginally founded on the internet, the club has an active forum and has lots of interesting specifications and technical info of all things Alpine.", "\n\nBest Trade Stand\n\nVJ Books\n\nThis wasn't the flashiest trade stand at the Prescott hillclimb, nor was it the biggest. ", "But with a wide range of interesting automobilia arranged alongside the historic track and tended to by a gentleman in a Panama hat sat next to a weathered Dunlop sign, it seemed to fit the nature of the event to a tee. ", "VJ Books is owned by Julian Stapley from Stratord-upon-Avon who set up the business as a way of combining his love of classic cars with the need to run a business, following his retirement from education. ", "He's always been interested in old cars and recently sold his MG TD. ", "He says: \"I'm a rather bad member of the Arden MG Club, based in the West Midlands. ", "I'd ideally like to own an MG J2.\"", "\nFrom vintage signs, to bonnet ornaments and strange oiling devices - looking more like something Victorian surgeons would deploy - there was something on Julian's stand to interest any enthusiast. \"", "Have I really won something?\" ", "said a bemused Julian as the lavish CCW award was thrust into his hands.", "\n\nBromley Pageant Winners\n\nBob Bridger\n\nBob Bridger\n\nBest Car of Show\n\nWOLSELEY HORNET\n\nThe Aston Martin Owner’s Club\n\nBest Club Stand of Show\n\nPaul Godden’s autojumble\n\nBest Trade Stand of Show\n\nCar of the Show\n\nBob Bridger - Wolseley Hornet\n\nBob Bridger’s Wolseley Hornet was the car featured on the cover of Small Car in 1963, before the title turned into CCW’s sister title CAR. ", "He’s owned it since 1994 and had a ‘110 per cent’ resto completed only last year.", "\n\nBest Club Stand\n\nThe Aston Martin Owner’s Club\n\nThe Aston Martin Owner’s Club brought 44 Astons of all eras to celebrate the marque’s 100th anniversary, supremely organized by the club’s Dawn Scantlebury. ", "Oldest owner present was Stanley Randall, 96, who paid £300 for his 1935 tourer “a very long time ago”.", "\n\nBest Trade Stand\n\nPaul Godden’s autojumble\n\nThis array of ex-F1 panels and parts attracted a crowd all day for Paul Godden’s autojumble stand. “", "Yes they’re all genuine” he told CCW, adding “it takes a deal of work to get these parts from the teams – I have to use some long-established contacts” he laughed.", "\n\nBeauliea Spring Autojumble Winners\n\nLeo & Margaret Jack\n\nLeo & Margaret Jack\n\nBest Car of Show\n\n1964 MINI MOKE\n\nMorris Minor Owners Club\n\nBest Club Stand of Show\n\nThe SAAB Shop\n\nBest Trade Stand of Show\n\nCar of the Show\n\nLeo & Margaret Jack - 1964 Mini Moke\n\nCCW couldn’t help but be impressed by Leo and Margaret Jack, who brought a bit of sunny British optimism to the event by putting up their umbrellas and staying with the 1964 Mini Moke they were selling throughout the hours of wet weather.", "\nThe Somerset couple, who run Mini specialists Cooper Cars South-West, couldn’t seek shelter in the exposed Moke – being offered at Beaulieu for £19,500 – so they unfolded their camping chairs, put up their umbrellas and happily chatted with enthusiasts for hours.", "\nLeo Jack told CCW: “We usually bring a Moke or a Mini pick-up to the September autojumble, and although this is the first time we’ve taken a car to the spring event the weather really hasn’t been on our side.", "\n“The car, however, has attracted a lot of interest, so hopefully somebody who has seen the car at the show might still give us a ring if they’re interested in the Moke.”", "\n\nBest Club Stand\n\nMorris Minor Owners Club\n\nThis year marks Morris’ centenary and Minor club enthusiasts pulled out all the stops to mark the anniversary, bringingmore than 200 cars to Beaulieu over the course of the weekend.", "\nThe bumper display, masterminded by the club’s Dorset branch, not only included dozens of Minors but also encompassed everything from the firm’s earliest models, stretching through Oxfords, 1100s, 1800s, and the later Marina and Ital models. ", "The club’s extensive stand also included an indoor display, where visitors could enjoy tea and coffee, and a separate tent dedicated to the Dorset branch’s activities.", "\nMembers celebrated picking up their CCW award next to one of the rarer Minors at the display – one of the 1963 special edition models made to commemorate the millionth Minor rolling off the production line, of which just 30 are believed to still be on the road.", "\n\nBest Trade Stand\n\nThe SAAB Shop\n\nMembers of the Saab Enthusiasts Club were finding it increasingly hard to source spares for the Swedish marque’s older models – so they clubbed together to make and sell them themselves.", "\nThe Saab Shop, which was set up earlier this year and was making its first visit to Beaulieu, specialises in remanufacturing rare parts for the firm’s two-stroke and V4 engined models.", "\nSaab enthusiasts Chris Hull and son Kester, and Mark Hodges, brought one of the models catered for by the new service – a 1963 Saab 95 – along to the autojumble to help promote the fledgling business to visitors.", "\n\nDonington Classic Show Winners\n\nChristian Exley\n\nChristian Exley\n\nBest Car of Show\n\nDatsun 240Z Samurai\n\nTriumph TR Register\n\nBest Club Stand of Show\n\nChase MG\n\nBest Trade Stand of Show\n\nCar of the Show\n\nChristian Exley - Datsun 240Z Samurai\n\nNot being able to afford insurance cover didn't prevent Holmesfirth enthusiast Christian Exley, 21, from bringing the Datsun 240Z Samurai he inherited from his late father to Donington - he got grandfather George Nelson to help bring it to the festival, and CCW is delighted he did.", "\nChristian said: \"I really didn't expect to win this award, but I'm so happy to have won it.", "\n\"I'm just looking after it for my dad and I'm sure he would be delighted that the car is still going to shows, and if I can find a an affordable quote to get cover on it, then I'll be able to start driving it on the road too.\"", "\nChristian's father, Alan Exley, had been a member of the club since the late 1970s, and had owned the 1972 240Z since the early 1990s, but sadly passed away in August 2010 after a brave battle with cancer. ", "It's great to see that, thanks to Christian's obvious enthusiasm for classics, that Alan's prized Datsun will be in safe hands for years to come.", "\n\nBest Club Stand\n\nTriumph TR Register\n\nWe were stopped in our tracks by the bumper display of Triumphs members of the TR Register had brought to the Historic Festival, with 35 cars wowing visitors on the Saturday and upwards of 50 on the Sunday.", "\nBrian Sparrowhawk, the club's regalia and events officer, said: \"This award is a brilliant thing for our club to win, and while we've put a lot of hard work into arranging and coordinating our stand it's still something that's completely unexpected.", "\n\"We always like to pick an event we pull out all the stops for, and this award is a great way of reflecting the effort our members have gone tomake this stand as good as it can be.\"", "\nThe club's stand encompassed everything from early TR2s to the final TR8 roadsters as part of efforts to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the two-seater sports car line, while the occasional Spitfire and GT6-shaped interlopers brought a little variety to the stand. ", "The TR Register also took up the opportunity to set up a club shop on the stand, selling not just memberships but branded clothing for enthusiasts too.", "\n\nBest Trade Stand\n\nSpeedking\n\nDonington doesn't operate a bus service so you might have been waiting a long time if you'd clocked Speedking's London-style stop at the front of its stall at the show.", "\nIn fact, the double-decker in question was a 1962 Routemaster, which the Walsall-based firm brought along to add interest to a stand which was bright, cleanly presented and staffed by a team of enthusiasts.", "\nSue Rimell, marketing manager, told CCW: \"Our managing director is a big fan of historic vehicles and we were looking for a vehicle which we could use at our events, and the Routemaster fitted in with the heritage theme nicely. ", "The visitors at Donington love it - it's a certainly had a great reaction from everyone who has seen it.", "\nThe company, which specialises in automotive themed gifts, also sponsor the Speedking Racing team which took part in this year's action, with Jack Woodhouse taking to the track in a Lotus 22 for the Formula Junior events.", "\n\nBristol Show Winners\n\nChris Fuller\n\nChris Fuller\n\nBest Car of Show\n\nCorsair GT Estate\n\nCitroen Car Club\n\nBest Club Stand of Show\n\nFlat Four Exhibition\n\nChase MG\n\nBest Trade Stand of Show\n\nBarrie Walklate\n\nCar of the Show\n\nChris Fuller - Corsair GT Estate\n\nThis beautifully maintained Corsair is one of just five believed to be left on Britain’s roads – and it’s been used by Crediton couple Chris and Pam Fuller as their regular runner for more than 40 years.", "\nChris, who took bought the 1966 model in 1972, told CCW: “I’m absolutely stunned I’ve won this award – the vehicle’s not a daily runner any more but I still use it for everything from classic shows to trips to Tesco.", "\n“It’s a great example of an everyday classic, but while it’s been to quite a few of the local shows in Devon this is the first time it’s been to the Bristol show. ", "To win on the first visit is amazing.”", "\nChris, who is refurbishing the car back to its original specification, is planning to attend a series of events with the Corsair this year, including the National Ford Rally in June.", "\n\nBest Club Stand\n\nCitroen Car Club - Flat Four Exhibition\n\nThe Citroen Car Club’s quartet of flat-four engine models definitely didn’t hit a flat note, with the Ami Super and super-rare Ottcet among the draws for visitors.", "\nGrant Bolton, committee member for the club’s G-Section, said: “I’m completely surprised at the award, but the credit really must go to all the people who came down to Bristol with the club and put a lot of hard work into the stand and committing a whole weekend to the show.”", "\n“The Bristol show isn’t a show I’ve visited before, let alone organized a stand for, but the atmosphere’s great and everyone here is very friendly. ", "I’m so pleased that everyone has got together and put the effort they have into the stand.”", "\nCCW was hugely impressed by the quality of the four cars on the stand, and the effort and enthusiasm of the club’s members throughout the show.", "\n\nBest Trade Stand\n\nChase MG - Barrie Walklate\n\nThe team behind this Staffordshire-based MG spares specialist might have only just got back from the Techno Classica show at Essen but their enthusiasm showed no signs of wavering at Shepton Mallet.", "\n“I think this award’s probably well deserved as we’ve put a lot of effort into the show. ", "It’s been a busy week, having only just got back from Essen and we barely had time to sit down before we had to start preparing for this show, so there’s a lot of hard work involved.", "\n“I would say we probably do 30 to 35 shows a year, and it’s always great to meet the enthusiasts and have a chat. ", "It’s great to be able to meet the people at the show, which has a great atmosphere.”", "\nBarrie added that while he has spent much of this year so far focusing on European shows, he is now looking forward to a busy season of visiting events across the UK throughout the summer." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Recognition of expertise: an important concept in the acquisition of nephrology nursing expertise.", "\nThe present article, which is abstracted from a larger study into the acquisition and exercise of nephrology nursing expertise, aims to explore the concept of recognition of expertise. ", "The study used grounded theory methodology and involved 17 registered nurses who were practising in a metropolitan renal unit in New South Wales, Australia. ", "Concurrent data collection and analysis was undertaken, incorporating participant observations and interviews. ", "According to nurses in this study, patients, doctors and other nurses recognized that some nurses were experts while others were not. ", "In addition, being trusted, being a role model and teaching others were important components of being recognized as an expert nephrology nurse. ", "Of importance for nursing, the results of the present study indicate that knowledge and experience are not sufficient to ensure expert practice; recognition of expertise by others is an important function of expertise acquisition." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do I globally increase font size in editor in Pycharm?", "\n\nHelp->Find Action->Increase Font increases the font size in just one editor. ", "\nI want to do that -- but globally.", "\nSimply choosing \"Use Custom Font\" like this...\n\n... sets the font size in the project panel, not the editor.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe UI and editor fonts are independent settings. ", "As you have stated, Settings > Appearance & Behavior > Appearance allows you to customize the UI font. ", "To set the default font size for editor windows, you must configure the option in File > Settings > Editor > Font:\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\nGridView is not updated with notifyDataSetChanged()\n\nI have an Activity with GridView, with images in it. ", "The images are parsed from the SD card of the device. ", "Once the Activity starts, images are downloaded to the SD card using AsyncTask.", "\nThe problem is that this GridView does not get updated when images are downloaded. ", "I want this GridView to be updated if more images are added to the directory (i.e. if more images are downloaded). ", "I have tried notifyDataSetChanged() and invalidateViews(), however they are not helping.", "\nHere is my code for the MainActivity, Image adapter and AsyncTask. ", "Please try to show me where I made the mistake.", "\nMainActivity:\nImageAdapter ia = new ImageAdapter(this); \nGridView gridView; \n\n@Override \npublic void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState){ \n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n setContentView(R.layout.grid_layout);\n\n gridView = (GridView) findViewById(R.id.grid_view);\n\n // Instance of ImageAdapter Class \n ImageAdapter iAdapter = new ImageAdapter(this); \n gridView.setAdapter(iAdapter); \n iAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();\n gridView.invalidateViews();\n new ImageDownlader(AndroidGridLayoutActivity.this, this).execute(downloadUrl);\n gridView.setOnItemClickListener(new OnItemClickListener() {\n @Override\n public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?", "> parent, View v,\n int position, long id) {\n\n // Sending image id to FullScreenActivity\n Intent i = new Intent(getApplicationContext(), FullImageActivity.class);\n // passing array index\n i.putExtra(\"id\", position);\n startActivity(i);\n }\n }); \n\ngetView() of Image Adapter:\n @Override\n public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {\n ImageView imageView = new ImageView(mContext);\n imageView.setImageBitmap(getImageByIndex(imageThumbnails, position));\n imageView.setScaleType(ImageView.", "ScaleType.", "CENTER_CROP);\n imageView.setLayoutParams(new GridView.", "LayoutParams(155, 155));\n return imageView;\n }\n\nImageDownlader:\nclass ImageDownlader extends AsyncTask<String, Void, Void> {\n private Context context;\n public ImageDownlader(Context c){\n context = c;\n}\n\nSync s = new Sync();\n\n@Override\nprotected Void doInBackground(String... param) {\n // this is where images are downloaded to SD card\n saveToSD ();\n return null;\n}\n\n@Override\nprotected void onPreExecute() {\n Log.i(\"Async-Example\", \"onPreExecute Called\");\n}\n\nprotected void onPostExecute()\n{\n Log.i(\"Async-Example\", \"onPostExecute Called\");\n}\n\nA:\n\nThe first, you should download Image from URL and return it.", "\nimport java.io.", "InputStream;\n\nimport android.graphics.", "Bitmap;\nimport android.graphics.", "BitmapFactory;\nimport android.os.", "AsyncTask;\nimport android.util.", "Log;\nimport android.widget.", "ImageView;\n\npublic class DownloadImageTask extends AsyncTask<String, Void, Bitmap> {\n ImageView bmImage;\n\n public DownloadImageTask(ImageView bmImage) {\n this.bmImage = bmImage;\n }\n\n protected Bitmap doInBackground(String... urls) {\n String urldisplay = urls[0];\n Bitmap mIcon11 = null;\n try {\n InputStream in = new java.net.", "URL(urldisplay).openStream();\n mIcon11 = BitmapFactory.decodeStream(in);\n } catch (Exception e) {\n Log.e(\"Error\", e.getMessage());\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n return mIcon11;\n }\n\n protected void onPostExecute(Bitmap result) {\n bmImage.setImageBitmap(result);\n }\n} \n\nThe second, create an Adapter\nimport java.util.", "List;\n\nimport vn.mve.obj.", "Video;\nimport vn.mve.util.", "DownloadImageTask;\nimport android.content.", "ComponentName;\nimport android.content.", "Context;\nimport android.content.", "Intent;\nimport android.view.", "LayoutInflater;\nimport android.view.", "View;\nimport android.view.", "ViewGroup;\nimport android.widget.", "BaseAdapter;\nimport android.widget.", "ImageView;\nimport android.widget.", "LinearLayout;\nimport android.widget.", "TextView;\nimport vn.mve.e4u.", "Detail;\nimport vn.mve.e4u.", "R;\n\npublic class VideoAdapter extends BaseAdapter {\n private List<Video> list;\n private Context context;\n private LayoutInflater inflater;\n public VideoAdapter(Context context, List<Video> list) {\n this.context = context;\n this.list = list;\n inflater = LayoutInflater.from(context);\n }\n @Override\n public int getCount() {\n return list.size();\n }\n\n @Override\n public Object getItem(int position) {\n return list.get(position);\n }\n\n @Override\n public long getItemId(int position) {\n return 0;\n }\n\n @Override\n public View getView(final int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {\n View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.layout_video_gridview, parent, false);\n ImageView iv_thumb = (ImageView) view.findViewById(R.id.iv_thumb);\n new DownloadImageTask(iv_thumb).execute(list.get(position).getThumbnail());\n\n TextView tv_title = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.tv_title);\n tv_title.setText(list.get(position).getTitle());\n\n LinearLayout item = (LinearLayout) view.findViewById(R.id.item);\n item.setOnClickListener(new View.", "OnClickListener() {\n @Override\n public void onClick(View v) {\n Intent intent = new Intent(context, Detail.class);\n intent.putExtra(\"ID\", list.get(position).getId());\n context.startActivity(intent);\n }\n });\n return view;\n }\n\n}\n\nRight here:\nnew DownloadImageTask(iv_thumb).execute(list.get(position).getThumbnail());\n\nYou can Create an Instance of DownloadImageTask, after that you can get an Image like that:\nimageTask = new DownloadImageTask(iv_thumb).execute(list.get(position).getThumbnail());\nBitmap myImage = imageTask.get(); // Please put in try-catch\n\nThe last, in MainActivity\n@Override\nprotected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);\n List<Video> list = null;\n MVideo mVideo = new MVideo(getApplicationContext());\n list = mVideo.getList(VideoType.", "GET_ALL);\n VideoAdapter adapter = new VideoAdapter(this, list);\n if (list !", "= null) {\n GridView gvVideo = (GridView) findViewById(R.id.gv_video);\n gvVideo.setAdapter(adapter);\n }\n}\n\nHope this will help you!", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "RoseAnn V. Shawiak\n\nDeveloping Gifts And Talent - Poem by RoseAnn V. Shawiak\n\nTumbling down chords of music, aligning myself with a measure of intellect given me through God's goodness.", "Developing gifts and talent into spacious imagination, living in a space of freedom, exceeding any other on earth.", "Watching as picturesque images link with divine peace and become the poetry of tomorrow." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "1 of 10 View Caption\n\nIn this Feb. 26, 2017 photo, men play a game of shells called \"hawalees\" next to the coastal village of Haramel's mosque In this Mar. 3, 2017 photo, a wave colored with dark green algae washes on the beach of Bandar al-Jissah, Oman underneath Bassem a In this Feb. 26, 2017 photo, marine ecologist Ahmad al-Alawi, 26, warns, during an interview on the cliffs above the marina of Ban In this March 2, 2017 composite of images from the USGS Landsat 8 satellite and the NASA Aqua-MODIS satellite, a mass of the algae In this Mar. 3, 2017 photo, a wave colored with dark green algae washes on the beach of Bandar al-Jissah, Oman. ", "Across the planet, In this March 2, 2017 photo taken through a microscope at 50x magnification, algae of the Noctiluca scintillans species are illumi In this Feb. 26, 2017 photo, a boat drifts under a coastal arch into a green algae mass in the Gulf of Oman. ", "Scientists who study In this Feb. 26, 2017 photo, marine biologist Khalid al-Hashmi, 50, holds a jar with a sample of an algae blooming in the Gulf of In this Feb. 14, 2015 composite image from the NASA Aqua-MODIS satellite, a mass of the algae noctiluca scintillans blooms in the In this Mar. 3, 2017 photo, green algae swirls on the beach of Bandar al-Jissah in Oman. ", "The Gulf of Oman turns green twice a year" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Modeling the cycles of growth and detachment of bubbles in carbonated beverages.", "\nIn this paper, a model for the formation of bubbles in carbonated beverages is presented. ", "It has previously been shown that bubbles form from cellulose fibers within such beverages and the passage of such bubbles from the fibers to the liquid surface has been modeled. ", "A model is thus presented here that considers the process of formation, which is governed by diffusion through the fiber and bubble surfaces. ", "The model comprises two stages, growth and detachment, and it is shown here that both play an important role. ", "The latter process is found to occur over a much shorter time scale than the former, enabling the models to be partially decoupled. ", "The total number of bubbles released from individual fibers over time is found to be approximated well by an exponential relationship, and the parameters in this relationship are presented for a range of different detachment angles and fiber sizes. ", "It is found that bubble formation is promoted in narrow, long tubes, but that the time constant is solely determined by the rate of diffusion across the liquid surface. ", "The surface tension is found to have minimal influence on the number of bubbles produced." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2007, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.", "\n *\n * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it\n * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as\n * published by the Free Software Foundation. ", " Oracle designates this\n * particular file as subject to the \"Classpath\" exception as provided\n * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.", "\n *\n * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT\n * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the GNU General Public License\n * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that\n * accompanied this code).", "\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version\n * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,\n * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.", "\n *\n * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA\n * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any\n * questions.", "\n */\n\npackage java.nio.file;\n\nimport java.io.", "IOException;\n\n/**\n * Thrown when a file system operation fails on one or two files. ", "This class is\n * the general class for file system exceptions.", "\n *\n * @since 1.7\n */\n\npublic class FileSystemException\n extends IOException\n{\n static final long serialVersionUID = -3055425747967319812L;\n\n private final String file;\n private final String other;\n\n /**\n * Constructs an instance of this class. ", "This constructor should be used\n * when an operation involving one file fails and there isn't any additional\n * information to explain the reason.", "\n *\n * @param file\n * a string identifying the file or {@code null} if not known.", "\n */\n public FileSystemException(String file) {\n super((String)null);\n this.file = file;\n this.other = null;\n }\n\n /**\n * Constructs an instance of this class. ", "This constructor should be used\n * when an operation involving two files fails, or there is additional\n * information to explain the reason.", "\n *\n * @param file\n * a string identifying the file or {@code null} if not known.", "\n * @param other\n * a string identifying the other file or {@code null} if there\n * isn't another file or if not known\n * @param reason\n * a reason message with additional information or {@code null}\n */\n public FileSystemException(String file, String other, String reason) {\n super(reason);\n this.file = file;\n this.other = other;\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns the file used to create this exception.", "\n *\n * @return the file (can be {@code null})\n */\n public String getFile() {\n return file;\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns the other file used to create this exception.", "\n *\n * @return the other file (can be {@code null})\n */\n public String getOtherFile() {\n return other;\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns the string explaining why the file system operation failed.", "\n *\n * @return the string explaining why the file system operation failed\n */\n public String getReason() {\n return super.getMessage();\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns the detail message string.", "\n */\n @Override\n public String getMessage() {\n if (file == null && other == null)\n return getReason();\n StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();\n if (file !", "= null)\n sb.append(file);\n if (other !", "= null) {\n sb.append(\" -> \");\n sb.append(other);\n }\n if (getReason() !", "= null) {\n sb.append(\": \");\n sb.append(getReason());\n }\n return sb.toString();\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Post Your Comment\n\n112 Comments\n\nLooks good, I'm really tempted to pick one up (wifi model) if it truly is $600. ", "Any word from Google on any updates to fix the crashing? ", "I assume with updates (including driver optimizations) it can only get faster and there's no way that Google/Motorola isn't aware of the crashing apps.", "Reply\n\nDon't hold your breath. ", "I have an Epic 4g and just now got the 2.2 update. ", "Google needs to standardize their update system. ", "Until they do, I will not buy another Android device. ", "Waiting for months just for an outdated update, so that you can download and use the latest apps (skype) is unacceptable. ", "Reply\n\nBlame Samsung, not Google. ", "Most HTC & Motorola devices were running 2.2 as of last September. ", "My EVO got Froyo (2.2) in August, a mere two months after it's release (and only like there months after Froyo itself launched). ", "People need to start doing some research and stop rewarding manufacturers that are lousy with updates, like Samsung and Sony Ericson.", "Reply\n\nYeah at this point it's their fault, it still took Samsung twice as long to release the updates as it took other manufacturers tho. ", "Sprint and T-mobile recently updated their Galaxy S variants to 2.2 btw, so Verizon and AT&T are slacking off the most... Verizon has half a dozen other Android options tho, until today (Atrix) AT&T had no alternative to the Captivate, besides an iPhone.", "Reply\n\nAt the same time, their devices came out later those other devices. ", "Also all the international iteration of galaxy s had froyo long before any north america based galaxy S phones. ", "Look at HTC Aria. ", "AT&T is the worst carrier in terms of device update due to the fact that they want to restrict the device as much as they can. ", "Look at the issues with hsupa with atrix.", "\n\nBTW i have a captivate running 2.2.1 and i had froyo running since last year which was based on the international version of galaxy sReply\n\nThe reason I was asking is because there is no manufacturer skin. ", "Honeycomb is unmolested by Motorola, so Google should be able to get updates to the device without Motorola having to customize their skin, then the carrier customizing that.", "Reply\n\nThe platform is not that old. ", "Apple just took their existing ois from the itouch and made it bigger. ", "This is a whole new ballgame. ", "Early adopters should understand their will be some hiccups...\n\nGlad to hear the WIFI only version is coming out March 27th for 599.00 This brings the competition directly to ipad and ipad2. ", "My boss offered to buy me the ipad2 and I told him I only want an ADAM or a Xoom. ", "An ipad would be a waste of money....I need a business tablet. ", "Not one whose product is so proprietary...that you can't even load an app unless its through their store....how controlling is that?Reply\n\nSamsung changed some of the basic internals of the system (I believe mainly to do with the filesystem and location of certain files). ", "This makes it harder on them to release updates and also causes compatibility problems with certain applications.", "\n\nFor me, I would only stick to the high end HTC and Motorola phones - they have the proven track record of updates. ", "If you really want the latest and greatest for some reason, then you will want the Nexus line of phones.", "Reply\n\nNot entirely true. ", "Most custom froyo roms were based on galaxy s from overseas. ", "Look at captivate, AT&T's froyo update just came out and the same phone offered through canadian carrier had froyo for quite some time nowReply\n\n\"Android however did it the simplest way possible: tap home and run what you want to run next.\" ", "Pre-Honeycomb Android has press-and-hold on the Home button which brings up a list of recently-used apps and can be used to switch between running tasks. ", "Has had this since the first release I think.", "Reply\n\nIt's not a true tablet, but the NOOKcolor is a nice device for the money. ", "If you are willing to do a little dirty work (mainly writing to a microsd card and booting it - very easy), you get a very basic tablet with a very nice screen for $250.", "\n\nI imagine for most users who use their tablet for web browsing, facebook, twitter, and youtube, that's plenty and a great bargain.", "\n\nI guarantee there will be a usable version of Honeycomb running on it within six weeks. ", "There is already a functional version, although with a decided lack of applications and very unoptimized.", "Reply\n\nI can't imagine anyone else competing with a wifi only tablet. ", "My guess is that there are two reasons to avoid releasing such: First, you can overcharge and let the consumer pay the subsidy (and then some) back to the carrier. ", "Second: nobody tries to compare it to the nook.", "Reply\n\nI read so many of those tech blogs that sometimes I forget what a real review looks like. ", "Good work.", "\n\nSome of those benchmark results are pretty odd.", "\n\nI wonder if the disparity between the Optimus 2X and the Xoom might in some way be related to the dual-core support in Honeycomb? ", "The optimus is running on 2.2 which I understand has limited (if any) support for multiple cores.", "\n\nMaybe the benchmark apps are showing some measure of incompatibility with the new code? ", "Just a wild guess.", "Reply\n\nJust once I'd like to read a review of any piece of mobile tech where the reviewer stuck to reviewing the hardware in his/her hands instead of constantly comparing it to an Apple product. ", "For Christs sake, enough is enough already! ", "And don't give me that \"Apple Set The Bar\" BS. ", "I'm not buying what you're selling! ", "I've owned 3 generations of iPhones, an iMac, and 2 MacBooks so I'm very familiar with Apple products and I have great respect for them. ", "But the simple fact of the matter is that not everyone wants to live the iOS/OS X lifestyle and when they read a review of non Apple products I'm quite sure they don't want to see Apple brought up every other sentence.", "Reply\n\nYou know, if this were almost any other site I'd agree... But I actually like the way Anand constantly puts things in context by looking at the big picture and comparing products to their competition in the market.", "Reply\n\nOh and just for the record, I'm a big fan of Android, my phone's an EVO, and the only Apple product I've ever had is an iPod touch (16GB - 2nd gen)... I liked it as a music/video player, and a gaming device; but I don't see myself buying anything Apple in the foreseeable future.", "Reply\n\nCompare Anand to Engadget. ", "Engadget compare things to Apple products in a condescending way that i find patronising. ", "It probably comes from their desire to wip up the pro and anti camps and thus sustain interest. ", "Anand, on the other hand, compares products in an appropriate way that is informative to the reader. ", "Comparison gives context and without context, value judgements are meaningless; done right, comparisons are essential.", "\n\nI love this site because it seems to simply love good technology irrespective of who makes it. ", "I especially love that there is no arbitrary scoring system - you can read something and make your own judgement. ", "Reply\n\nWhat I'm missing (gave up on, didn't see it in the long list for battery life) is the Nook Color. ", "Since you can replace the software with honeycomb, this is pretty much the best deal for wifi-only tablets around. ", "I guess the question is: \"how far do you want to carry it, anyway?\"Reply\n\nI actually can use my iPad outside. ", "It's obviously not a kindle, but it's surprisingly good. ", "The iPad is actually better than my transflective Tablet PC (Motion LE 1700), exactly because it has tons of contrast and great viewing angles.", "\n\nThe color shifting on the Xoom depicted in the review is shockingly bad. ", "That it performs so bad outdoors tells me one thing: I won't buy it. ", "I can't wait to see the LG and the Galaxy Tab 10.1.", "\n\nmoto has shocked me with the quality of this product.this is reviews reminds me of a similar experience I had on the samsung galaxy tab. ", "The UI is updated for the tablet user but the experience is still not there yet. ", "I will just have to stick to my ipad and if I want tegra 2 I have the viewsonic gtab and the good folks at XDA. ", "Yes the screen is garbage on the gtab, however for the price($375), you get a tegra 2 and flash!! ", "I feel the xoom should of costed $150 more than the gtab.", "Reply\n\nWow, it loads pages three to eight times faster than the iPad? ", "I didn't realize Tegra 2 was THAT much faster. ", "Did you run that same page load test during the Atrix review? ", "I must've glossed over it.", "Reply\n\nIt's a combination of Tegra 2 and Chrome being much faster than Safari. ", "I would assume Chrome for Android 3.0 was optimized even more heavily than Chrome for Windows, which remains the performance leader on the desktop.", "Reply\n\nmake that your SD Card reader SDXC rather than SDHC and just like that utility of Zoom increase twofold because you can store more media. ", "Rumor has it that Apple is going SDXC in their new MacBooks.", "Reply\n\nSDHC should be good for most people's needs, they go up to at least 64GB no? ", "I mean, even 32GB is a lot of music... Judging by MP3 player sales most people don't care to bring their entire collection of music with them, and if you're at home there's plenty of streaming solutions (or even if you aren't).Reply\n\nI like the intro... I also feel that at these prices tablets are a little bit too much of a luxury item for anyone that has or needs a laptop. ", "For those of us, the tablet's still a third or fourth device (behind phone, laptop/netbook, and possibly a desktop); and at $800 I simply can't justify it. ", "I'd rather upgrade one of my other devices. ", "For people with just a desktop or a heavy desktop replacement laptop I imagine that tablets hold a higher appel, particularly if the don't need a portable system for work/study.", "Reply\n\nHoneycomb is certainly an impressive release tho, given how quickly after Gingerbread it arrived (had obviously been in the works way earlier)... I'm excited to see where future wifi only models fall. ", "If they sold it at $500 or under with 16gb or even 8gb and no 3g radio they'd fly off the shelves... But just like when the iPad first arrived, I think Moto is well aware they have a superior product so they can charge whatever they want for now.", "Reply\n\nanand writes... \"I suspect the ideal tablet UI is probably not too far off what modern desktop OSes have become. ", "While a smartphone’s UI must be dramatically different due to the lack of screen real estate, a tablet UI just needs to be more efficient than its desktop counterpart - not necessarily very different.\"", "\n\nthis is an interesting thought, and I am wondering if you are considering the, potentially, drastically different usage models that tablets need to be built for.not only will people be using these things on the run, but the ways I see people using them now are really different from desktops.tablets really lend themselves to task integration, where you have a specific reason to use it over and over.for example, I have seen the subway/train information officers using them here in Japan to give people directions, and I see store clerks using them to implement inventory management software.", "\n\nthat kind of usage demands quick access to a limited number of functions and a low level of file maintenance.", "If anything, I would have guessed it the other-way around, where tablets will need to be closer to a smartphone OS, but adjusted for the larger screen real estate.", "Reply\n\n100% spot on. ", "This is where the enthusiast niche that follows forums, and the reviewers and bloggers that server them, can't seem to \"get it\"\n\nFor tech geeks, a slightly tweaked desktop metaphor is what they want from a tablet (for the ones that even want one at all). ", "For the vast majority of the target audience, this absolutely misses the mark which is why iOS on iPad, despite all of the nerd rage towards it, has done so well.", "\n\nI'm as geek as geek gets with 20+ years in this industry, but these days as an old guy, I am also a mobile professional. ", "On the road, which is all the time, for work, i need exactly what you describe. ", "Quick, efficient, task focused access.", "\n\nI'm not geeking out at a Starbucks or doing proofs of concept (WoW on emu on Android on Xoom!!!) ", "for YouTube. ", "I'm doing email, note taking, Webex and reading/presenting on the go.", "\n\nIf google inches towards a tweaked desktop UX paradigm they will be making the same mistake MSFT did (and continues to) with their tablet efforts.", "\n\nThe hardcore tech crowd might be happy, but they are a micro percentage of this market.", "Reply\n\nI was waiting for your review of the Xoom. ", "Goog job on your part, but I must say I'm a little disappointed with the hardware. ", "On a tablet the screen quality sure is one of the most important elements, and at this price point I don't think I'll buy it. ", "I also don't get the 16:10 aspect. ", "Widescreen had sense in BIG screens because we have more degrees of vision sidewards, but at this screen size I prefer a 4:3 format because I feel it's more useful for web browsing, reading and apps in general.", "Reply\n\nI would really like to see minimum brightness numbers. ", "The ability to turn the back-light way down is important in order to avoid a headache when reading something in a low light situation. ", "The iPad for example has a too high minimum brightness. ", "Reply\n\n\"Things like this combined with the instability I mentioned earlier makes me feel like Honeycomb was a bit rushed, perhaps to hit the streets before one other major tablet announcement coming this year?\"", "\n\nOn the Multitasking page, you mention the following about widgets:\"In Gingerbread and prior version of Android, widgets were fairly constrained and two dimensional. ", "You could display information within the widget but there was no depth and no concept of scrolling.\"", "\n\nI don't think this is quite true, as several launchers (like LauncherPro) support vertically scrolling widgets. ", "I myself use Agenda Widget as a scrollable 1x4 calendar widget. ", "The Samsung TouchWiz interface (and I'm sure others as well) also comes with several widgets set up rolodex-style, displaying maybe the last 10 or so notifications/pictures/events that can be scrolled using up/down buttons. ", "Not quite the same thing as a scrollable widget, but I think it counts as having depth.", "Reply\n\nYeah, heh, I use ADW and every single one of my widgets is a scrolling widget (save for the weather widget). ", "This is where I think a lot of people reviewing Android devices miss the mark... They're too focused on the stock software experience, yet one of Android's strengths is how customizable that experience is. ", "You don't have to hack your device or be a geek to install an alternate launcher and a couple of widgets...\n\nOn my home screen I have a 2x2 SCROLLING widget with my to-do list and immediate appointments, flanked on the right by a 2x2 music player widget w/album art, some shortcuts on the bottom and weather up top. ", "On a different screen I've got a 2x4 SCROLLING widget w/my facebook/email feed (super customizable), elsewhere another 2x4 SCROLLING widget w/a grid calendar, and finally a 3x4 SCROLLING widget w/my news feed.", "\n\nThose widgets even employ some basic pop-up windows when you interact with them... Hell, they're so well coded they scroll smoother than almost anything else on my phone (though they don't update instantaneously to reflect changes, fast enough tho). ", "Stuff like this is very real and very widely used on Android, but nigh impossible on any other mobile OS, and it's just not taken into account during almost any reviews.", "\n\nSlap LauncherPro or ADW on many of these phones and half the experience changes dramatically... To review Android devices as if these things don't exist is kind of weird imo.", "Reply\n\nWhile I agree that an article covering some of the customizations available (without rooting) would be useful, I think the bulk of the reviews has to carried out on primarily stock software. ", "A lot of general consumers just want to use the device as is, not be configuring everything.", "Reply\n\nThis is true to an extent, but if one of the often-quoted advantages of iOS, for example, is the plethora of downloadable apps, then the advantages of Android, such as widgets, especially scrollable and interactive ones, should be pointed out as well.", "Reply\n\nThe third image on the Google Video Chat page says it all... (I like how you squeezed that in there Anand)\n\n@ $799, who would buy this?!? ", "The Motorola Execs were smoking some strong stuff to come into the market a year late AND priced above the dominant player, Apple. ", "If everything was perfectly executed on this device and it put the upcoming iPad2 to shame, the price would be justified. ", "This isn't the case though as the lackluster screen, annoying charger, and (current) general instability leaves Apple ample room to upset Motorola's \"attempted\" market position. ", "Upon release of the iPad2, the Xoom price must fall.", "\n\n$499 for the Wifi and 3G (with contract) would make more sense. ", "There is simply no room in today's market for a company to compete with Apple on who can sell the highest margin products! ", "On the other hand, perhaps Motorola expects their sales to eat their production capacity whether they are competitive with the iPad2 or not.", "Reply\n\nShame on MOTO for disabling Misro-USB charging. ", "If they wanted to provide a faster charge option, fine. ", "I should still be able to charge it via a standard plug. ", "If it takes 10hrs to charge over microUSB , so be it. ", "It's still better then lugging an extra power adapter around (I just want the option) . ", "If it's an open OS , you've gotta follow through with the hardware. ", "This just made this thing a lot less portable. ", "You can not carry it as a magazine anymore(you can't do it with an iPad either, but again, you shouldn't be trying to match them, you should be trying to beat them).Ideally leaving it plugged in overnight would give it enough juice to run for a decent amount of time. ", "Since this isn't a productivity centered device, it will most likely be plugged in through the night, then be used for a few minuted in the morning to check latest news/weather/music, then be plugged in again for the rest of the day until evening. ", "If you forgot to plug it in then you can always use the fast charger to charge it while you're using it.", "\n\nGreat review. ", "Very objective and detailed.", "It's funny how the dynamics of blogs playout. ", "Sites like Engadget, Techcrunch, etc. ", "have their writers write shallow, opinionated, many times with plain false statements. ", "These articles draw hordes of commenters, half calling on the article, the other half defending the article because it \"proves\" the point they want to make. ", "Other than that they tend to be Apple biased.", "\n\nI am going to buy the Xoom, the subsidized version with 3G.I am not a big fan of 2y contracts in general, but I think this one is worth it. ", "The total cost over 2 years is 600 + 480 = 1080 and That gives me 3g access, albeit limited.", "\n\nIf I could buy the same $20/1GB plan for the Ipad, that would cost me $730+480 = 1210 If I used 3g every month. ", "This is $130 more than the Xoom price, so even if I did not use the contract for 6.5 months on the ipad (say vacation, etc.) ", "the Xoom would still be cheaper.", "\n\nOf course, if you do not plan to use the 3G you should but the Wifi only version.", "Reply\n\nBuying any of these under contract is inane if you're already paying for a smartphone ('cept maybe if you're on AT&T and shackled w/a 2GB data cap)... Just tether them to your phone and use the data connection you're already paying for. ", "If you're gonna be using it for hours on end chances are you're near WiFi anyway (or you can find an outlet to charge your phone and offset the power usage tethering incurs).Reply\n\nPricing on these tablets is all out of wack. ", "I don't argue the functionality and convenience, but the price puts it in the tier of low to mid notebook. ", "How is what amounts to smartphone processing capability, form factor, and touch equal to a notebook? ", "It just isn't. ", "Unfortunately, the ipad set the bar for pricing and people were willing to pay, thus ushering in another sorely mispriced gadget. ", "With the current specs of tablets, they should have debuted in the 250-450$ range.", "Reply\n\nMotorola was just taking advantage of early adopters....Come March 27th. ", "the 599.00 WIFI only version will be released. ", "This directly competes with ipad pricing. :-) ", "I'm getting one of those babies for sure. ", "No apple 'force fed' products for me. ", "I like making my own choices....Reply\n\nI really feel this is academic and minutiae to justify a predetermined position.", "\n\nI use the iPad every day. ", "I am not a \"fan\" of anything and actually spent my entire 30s working at Microsoft - a full decade.", "\n\nI can honestly say, using the iPad *every day* that there is ever a time I am cursing the browser and wishing I had a \"real PC experience\". ", "Occasionally I miss flash, but the world is moving towards HTML5 anyway and rightly so.", "\n\nIf, on the other hand, your goal is to replicate a desktop on a tablet, and you will barely use it or use it as a complete notebook replacement for outlier cases, then you might want some of what Anand covered here.", "\n\nI submit that 90% of the market for these devices do not fit in that category at all.", "\n\nAll odf the same BS was said about Netbooks. ", "I remember this chatter *inside* MSFT as well. ", "Total disconnect from what the real mass market growth space wants and needs. ", "This is why apple continues to do so well. ", "Apple directly serves \"the sheep\", as the \"hardcore\" like to label regular folks. ", "Thing is... The \"sheep\" spend 90% of the money.", "\n\nAs for apps, I think ive spent maybe a total of $50 on iPad software, so your implication that somehow a fortune must be spent to supplement Safari with apps is ridiculous. ", "Try being objective and lose any brand bias or personal use case focus and you will see this differently.", "\n\nAndroid on phones did well by copying Apple and then spreading cheap devices across lots of carriers. ", "Period, the end. ", "Any side effect that appeals to geeks (\"openness\", Linux base, whatever) is there in spite of that success, it is not a cause.", "\n\nIf Google attempts to create a desktop UX on a tablet, I am almost certain they will fail to capture anything but an extremist niche.", "Reply\n\nI really feel this is academic and minutiae to justify a predetermined position.", "\n\nOh, and that's me responding to your post, not a quote.", "\n\nAnd you really just come off as an idiot or fanboy by saying that Android did well by \"copying Apple and .. spreading cheap devices across a lot of carriers.\" ", "That is one of the dumbest things I've ever read online that wasn't uttered by Glenn Beck.", "\n\nAs far as your last sentence, you keep being certain of that, just as much as you are probably certain that the rest of your post doesn't come off as irrational drivel.", "\n\n> And you really just come off as an idiot or fanboy by saying that Android did> well by \"copying Apple and ..\n\nHe maybe came off as an idiot (I don't think so) but I think he's right. ", "I see people with android phones trying to use them as iPhones and ignoring the rest of the features.", "\n\nI, as a tech savvy user feel ignored by tech manufacturers. ", "It's clear to me that my tastes are not those of the majority. ", "I have to buy 16:9 laptops for programming, if I want a tablet with a good screen I have to give up having a file system or watching content in the formats I want, etc., ", "etc.", "\n\nI wonder what would happen if we, as the workforce that make all this products for the masses possible will get on strike and refuse to work until products that appeal to us are made.", "\n\nWe are a minority, but I feel unfair to be ignored like any other minority by the people we work for:D :D Reply\n\nWhile you are correct in saying that the majority of the people who own Android phones likely don't utilize all of it's features and use them as iPhone clones, so to speak, that doesn't mean that Google has copied Apple in it's OS vision.", "\n\nAnand goes into detail in the first page about how Google has decided to differentiate itself with Android, and I think most tech-savvy people realize that there are some very key, significant differences with the two software platforms. ", "Stock Android from the G1 was vastly different from iPhoneOS of that day.", "\n\nWhile both have added significant features and ultimately will continue to copy each other's advancement or try to best it, they still go about it in different ways. ", "For example, iOS continues to try to catch up in the multi-tasking arena, but they still do so differently.", "\n\nI have a Pandaboard here (a TI OMAP4 reference platform) and just for fun I loaded it with XBMC and configured it with the full suite of TI's proprietary drivers (DSP, IVA, PowerSGX, etc). ", "It played pretty much anything I threw at it, including some very high bit rate AVC in MKV containers that put quite a strain on dedicated Sigma silicon. ", "My guess is that the Tegra2 has comparable video decoding power, so whether Xoom-like tablets will become universal video players will essentially boil down to software availability. ", "So strictly speaking, Kal-el-like hardware is probably not going to be required just for that purpose.", "\n\nGreat review! ", "It's certainly much more objective than most of the others. ", "Walt Mossberg's review on ATD was particularly funny (and simultaneously sad) to watch.", "\n\nYour mobile SB review looked so convincing it looks like my next major buy is probably going to be a new SB i7 MBP. ", "Coupling fast I/O with a laptop seems like a real game changer, most certainly in Apple's world. ", "Can't wait for a review...Reply\n\nI see quite a few people with this opinion. ", "I'm curious to understand why they think that way...\n\nThe way I figured it, there are two types of digital experience with computers/laptops/tablets/smartphones. ", "I think they call it \"media content consumption\" and (I assume) \"content creation\". ", "Content creation is when you have to input data (ie... writing a paper, report, writing emails, creating pics, videos, ...). ", "Content consumption is just reading and viewing the media content.", "\n\nSo, you have to ask yourself, for your computer/laptop/tablet/smartphone usage, how much time do you consume content and how much time do you create content. ", "To understand the potential for tablets, I think you really have to break it down into the two categories.", "\n\nAt work, I do a lot of contest creation, but at home, about 90% of the time, i am just consuming content (read email, surf web, play game,...). ", "Also, on the road/trip/vacation, it is mostly content consumption too.", "\n\nTablets are great for content consumption and light content creation (emails, ...), which I believe most people do about 90% of the time away from work (and some people 90% at work too :) ).", "\n\nSo, the tablet is design to satisfy 90% of your computer-related needs away from work. ", "Not to mention, for content consumption, it is a better user experience than computer/laptop (due to touch screen nature).", "\n\nBTW, I play computer games, so definitely still need a computer. ", "But for me, having a computer and a tablet is much better than a computer and a laptop. ", "Note, the computer is always there, and the tablet can't replace that (for now).", "\n\nAgain, I think you really have to break down your digital/computer experience between consumption and creation. ", "Then it makes more sense for tablet usage.", "Reply\n\nThat's just you though... Like me you'd never give up your desktop, but the vast majority of consumers today just have one laptop, and that's it. ", "For most a phone is basically a necessity, and smartphones have exploded because of heavy subsidies and increased functionality, but a lot of people don't need one either.", "\n\nRegardless, when it comes down to spending $800 on a tablet or a new laptop, they're gonna go w/the laptop (possibly a cheaper one at that)... So the tablet remains a luxury item that can't fully replace their main system, nor their secondary device (phone). ", "If these tablets were priced way lower they'd make a lot more sense as a supplementary device, and I'm sure we'll get there eventually...\n\nRight now most people are better served w/something like a Brazos-based ultra-portable tho. ", "Having a tablet on top of that is great for couch use or traveling if you opt for a large laptop, but it's just a luxury item. ", "They've tried to make newspapers and magazines the killer tablet app and I don't think it's catching on much. ", "People that read a lot still prefer an e-reader (or an actual computer if they need to do research/etc.).Reply\n\nI will definitely get one of these wifi only when released.....Great fair review. ", "What this unit has going for it IMO,and other android device makers should pay attention to is Battery life. ", "I love my evo but i get anywhere from 5-8 hours on it depending on what i'm doing. ", "I really think ability to actually use these devices without having to charge the battery all the time is a big advantage. ", "Most of the hardware/software quirks will be fixed soon as this is googles developer tablet. ", "Reply\n\nOverall, to me it is a tie right now but that is with the current IPad. ", "The next IPad will probably catch up to the the Xoom on most of the benefits and the only benefit of the Xoom may be Honeycomb.", "\n\nAnother factor not mentioned that is really important to me is how you can turn on your 3G service a month at a time and use it on vacations when you need to. ", "I would never get a contract on a tablet device because it would mostly be used at home on the wifi (I think most people are in the same boat). ", "That option is a deal breaker for me.", "\n\nI would love to have an android device but I have a feeling that the Ipad 2 is going to be even better at a lower price than the xoom, I may end up being one of those drones buying the new IPad.", "Reply\n\nYou forget that there will only be one new iPad releasing this year (most likely), but there will be several Honeycomb tablets emerging on the market. ", "Some will have better screens (Asus Transformer?), ", "some will have better pricing (Galaxy Tab 10.1?), ", "and yet others will have better feature sets ...all while still having the same best-in-class Honeycomb UI.", "\n\nSo, while the iPad2 may possibly catch up or even surpass the Xoom on some level, that will be it for the rest of the year, while other Honeycomb tablets will still be shooting for the crown, driving Honeycomb tablet pricing down in the process.", "\n\nFrom the OS standpoint, I will say I like the Honeycomb home screen better, it utilizes the added space much better than the iPad does. ", "The hardware looks nice, but we'll see how it compares after March 2nd.", "\n\nThat being said, while looking at the tech specs and OS are nice, neither are what will make or break the Xoom. ", "Tablets are content consumption devices. ", "Apple has done a tremendous job bringing content to end users. ", "And they are consuming it. ", "And paying for it. ", "It's incredibly easy to rent or purchase music, movies, TV shows, books and apps from an iOS device or share them with a connected Mac or WIndows PC. ", "I didn't see anything like this in the Xoom. ", "Does Google, Moto or VZW have any content available? ", "As of last WWDC (almost a year ago now), Apple stated they've paid developers over $1B. Given the relatively short time the App Store has been live and the low cost of most apps, this is a very impressive number. ", "How much has Google paid out via the Android Market? ", "It sends a message that iOS is a profitable platform - and not just for Apple. ", "Not only has Apple sold a lot of devices, users are actually paying for apps and content.", "\n\nThis seems to be Android's weakness. ", "Google seems interested in Android only as an advertising platform. ", "As such, besides the Android Market, which just recently received a much needed makeover, Google has done little to bring content to the platform beyond its own ad-driven properties. ", "They seem content to let the device manufacturers or carriers do that. ", "The problem is that while Android may be surpassing iOS in sales, none of the individual device makers or carriers really has the resources, clout and/or inclination to build the bridge between content providers/developers and end users the way Apple has. ", "Despite Google's efforts, the gap in apps between Android and iOS remains high, despite Apple being more \"closed\", requiring a Mac for development and charging more to get apps on their store.", "\n\nThe file transfer looked clunky. ", "No mention of whether or not companies like Netflix or Amazon will offer content. ", "If I want to rent a movie or buy a song on an iOS device, it's a few taps. ", "Can I do that on a Xoom? ", "When my friends show me cool apps on their iPads, will I be able to download the same or similar apps to my Xoom? ", "That is what will make or break the Android tablet business, - not SoC's, memory, displays and cameras. ", "Reply\n\nYes, when your friends show you cool apps from an iOS device, chances are highly likely that you will be able to download it on your Android device. ", "And for all of the apps you cannot, there are plenty for Android that they cannot as well.", "\n\nLastly, I feel you seem to be assuming that Android isn't profitable for developers and that there is a lack of content in spite of the evidence to the contrary. ", "Do you really think Amazon would be releasing their very own App store for the Android OS if Google didn't care about content?", "\n\nIf you really think that the gap between quality, non-superfluous apps that real people download and consume every day is that large, you may be getting your information from the wrong sources.", "\n\nI've had my Xoom for over 24 hours now, and have yet to have a a force close nor has my fiancee on hers. ", "I was wondering if you had a production unit or a test unit.", "\n\nAs for my experience with the tablet. ", "Everything is snappy with no lag at all that I've notice. ", "Switching from one app to another is easy. ", "I'm a big fan of Honeycomb. ", "It does remind me a lot more of a traditional desktop OS. ", "With that being said, my 60 year old mother played with it for a little over an hour and a half last night, and was amazed at how quickly she picket it up.", "\n\nShe's familiar with computers, and owns a netbook, but is seriously thinking of going out and getting a wifi version when it becomes available. ", "It's simple enough for her to know that a browser will get you to the internet, and actually commented on how the browser reminder her of the one on her desktop (Chrome LOL) That to me speaks volumes about how easy this thing is to use. ", "I really didn't even need to guide her at all that much. ", "She managed to pull up some music and download angry birds from the market\n\nI think that when tablets become more common and the prices start to come down a bit, people will think that the Honeycomb OS is closer to the experience they're used to and will side with it. ", "I put it next to my iPad and the first thing I though was \"Everything I really use is right here on the main screen browser, gmail, music, and the market.\" ", "iOS looked clustered to me and almost like a toy next to the Xoom. ", "I thought \"hmmm if the apps shortcuts were vertical and the clock in the gadget sidebar like in Win7 it would look pretty much like a desktop. \"", "\n\nAll in all I'm a big fan of the Xoom, and unless the iPad2 makes some drastic changes and starts to feel more like an actual desktop based OS I will be selling my iPad and sticking with the Xoom. ", "Reply\n\nThis read as one long sales pitch for the Optimus 2X to me... really, the Optimus 3D, as, if I'm not mistaken, it did even better in benchmarks. ", "Seriously though, impressive results from the Xoom, do you really have to solder the LTE card though? ", "I thought there was just a placeholder for a mini PCI-E card...\n\nReally, though, Nvidia told me not to buy the Xoom... you know, when they announced quad core Tegra 3 would be available by the end of the year with 5x the performance. ", "Definitely can/will wait until Christmas for a tablet. ", "Ancillary benefit? ", "Tablet Android will have the kinks worked out then.", "\n\nAlso interested in seeing what's coming March 2nd. ", "Can't wait for next year's \"Retina\" display on a tablet... because it'll force everyone else to up the resolution. ", "Not really an Apple person, but always happy and impressed with how Apple can up the ante for everyone else.", "Reply\n\nMy comment was a joke by the way, I'm always impressed with how unbiased this website is... so I just don't want people thinking I genuinely thought this article was a sales pitch for the Optimus 2X, I'm speaking only to the benchmark results.", "Reply\n\n$600 for a wifi model? ", "Rip off. ", "I remember some of the big talk before Android and several of the ARM-based chipsets being \"cheaper\". ", "Where did that go? ", "Oh yeah, investor greed.", "\n\nTablets need to come way down in price, especially considering how notoriously poor the after-purchase support is. ", "You're forgotten the second you buy any Android device. ", "Good luck contacting the manufacturer, let alone hoping for OS updates.", "\n\nAlso, the heavy reliance on cell phone companies is disappointing. ", "They don't make the devices, but they still have some influence, I really wish google would do something about this market. ", "It's turned into one big gouge.", "Reply\n\nI was gona wait for the wifi version but now, I am really thinking of just getting a new lappy for 350...I can still tether to phone and it is cheaper and no stupid data contracts. ", "I am sure we wont see these wifi versions for awhile. ", "It's almost starting to look like google is greedier than apple and thats very scary!Reply\n\nIin order to pass ACID, the 100/100 has to match the reference image and the animation has to be smoooth. ", "The Xoom fails in three ways - it has a rendering artifact in the top right, the animation isn't smooth and the colors don't match exactly. ", "In addition, many of the HTML5 features that the Xoom self-reports as having, do not actually operate correctly. ", "Reply\n\nI'd really like to see a 24\" 1080p touch screen with smartphone innards. ", "Instead of using desktop or even laptop parts just cause it'd cost WAY less. ", "Or better yet have a 24\" 1080p touch screen with an empty slot so you can just insert your tablet/smartphone (would require a universal port or cable) and have that power the display. ", "The display should also incorperate a hdd bay or two. ", "Cause really, who wants to go around buying a tablet for each room in the house?", "\n\nI just think it'd be really nice to have a much larger touch screen in the kitchen on the stand where you can stream music, watch a youtube video, look at recipes while cooking. ", "Or out on the deck grilling. ", "6-10\" screens are great if you want something larger than a smartphone/archos tablet to carry around with you and get great battery life where you can basically just surf the web. ", "But for in home use, anywhere a stationary device can be placed, a larger screen is almost always better.", "Reply\n\n\"Google lets you \"blank\" if you want\". ", "That whole idea, giving YOU the choice of how you want it to work. ", "I don't just want that, I NEED it. ", "If Apple will never open up and give configuration options to users, then I will never use Apple anything. ", "I will never recommend it and I will always fight their market penetration.", "Reply\n\nHold out a little longer...599 WIFI only coming March 27th. ", "Hope you didn't buy the Archos yet. ", "Early adopters always pay more $$$. ", "If you just wait a little while...the prices always adjust after buying slows down at higher price. ", "Thats just the economics of it. ", "Apple is able to sell at higher prices, so why would they lower them. ", "Reply\n\nComing out Mrch 27th. ", "Hold on a little longer for a better tablet. ", "My boss offered to buy me the new IPAD2 the other day. ", "I told him 'no thanks, its either an ADAM or a Xoom or nothing\" The ADAM is still developing their production and having growing pains.....the product is excellent and will be a great addition to the tablet market when it arrives in stores...for now...its Xoom. ", "Now with the WIFI version coming out...it will boost sales for those consumers who did not want the 3g option and high cost.", "Reply" ]

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[ "This report is the result of WMI’s extensive market and company research covering the Indian construction equipment market. ", "With a combination of textual commentary, analysis, and charts, the report covers the following categories:\n\nEarth moving equipment\n\nConstruction vehicles\n\nMaterial handling equipment\n\nConcrete equipment\n\nTunneling and drilling equipment\n\nRoad construction equipment\n\nOther construction equipment\n\nThe report provides data for the historic years (2005-2009), estimated data for full year 2010, and forecasts from 2011 through 2015 along with growth rates. ", "The report covers the performance of the overall construction equipment market along with individual performances of each category. ", "It also includes the company profiles of the top construction equipment producers.", "\n\nScope\n\nAnalysis on current year performance and forecast assumptions for each category\n\nGet insight on the construction equipment categories of the Indian construction equipment market\n\nIdentify top producers of the Indian construction equipment market along with profiles of all those companies\n\nKey Highlights\n\nThe Indian construction equipment market recorded strong growth until 2007, before the global economic crisis and subsequent reduction in the availability of credit in India caused the market to decline. ", "As a result of this decline, the market recorded a CAGR of 1.87% over the review period. ", "In 2009, the construction equipment turnover stood at US$1.5 billion, which represented a decline in comparison to the value from the previous year. ", "However, the construction equipment market has shown signs of recovery since the last quarter of 2009 with the easing of the lending activities by the banks. ", "Over the forecast period, the growth of the market is expected to accelerate as a result of the resumption of delayed projects and new investments into construction projects in the country. ", "Therefore, WMI expects the Indian construction equipment market to register a CAGR of 28.74% during the forecast period, to value US$6.2 billion in 2015." ]

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[ "MTA-NYC Transit\n\nMidwood Park\n\nMidwood Park was built by John R. Corbin in 1908. ", "It is the only neighborhood in Victorian Flatbush with houses that repeat and the first mass-produced houses. ", "He used an assembly line of sorts, constructing prefabricated pieces in a factory and putting them together in different ways on site. ", "He claimed that he could build 1000 houses in a year." ]

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[ "Intradural rupture of cervical vertebral disc.", "\nThe authors discuss their experience with a patient who had cervical intradural disc herniation and relate the case to the relevant literature. ", "The patient was evaluated with direct radiographies, myelography, electromyography, and computerized tomography, as well as with neurologic examination. ", "The follow-up period was 10 months post-operative. ", "Intradural disc herniation is a rare pathology nearly always confined to the lumbar region. ", "In 1989, Katooka et al reviewed the existing literature and discovered 70 cases. ", "Cervical intradural disc herniation, on the other hand, is much rarer, and there are only five cases in the literature. ", "The patient's neurologic, neuroradiologic, and operative findings were evaluated and compared with the cases reported in the literature. ", "The five patients in the literature had signs of cord compression, but the present patient is the first with root compression." ]

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[ "Typically, either a PI in need of assistance or the Molecular Targets Faculty brings projects to the Core for consideration. ", "The Molecular Targets Faculty (chaired by Dr. Patricia Steeg, Laboratory of Pathology) is a steering committee that provides CCR investigators with assistance in their projects to support pre-clinical development. ", "Projects presented by the Molecular Targets Faculty are typically in need of re-synthesis or simple medicinal chemistry that will allow the project to move forward in development. ", "Before the Core agrees to undertake the project, the PI presents the project formally to the synthesis team to define the chemistry, synthetic feasibility, cost, time-to-completion, and alternate commercial/ vendor options. ", "Prior to the PI meeting, the synthetic team will have already determined a proposed synthesis and/or explored vendor options. ", "During the PI meeting, a decision is made as to whether or not the Core will undertake the project or recommend an alternate approach. ", "The scope of a particular project is contextual. ", "Some projects are simply synthesis for hire and others are more collaborative in nature and involve co-authoring publications. ", "Joel Schneider actively manages projects. ", "Core group meetings are held in Frederick once a week to discuss progress, troubleshoot chemistry and review analytical data. ", "When needed, Drs. ", "Jay Schneekloth and Martin Schnermann, recent tenure track hires, are consulted to develop synthetic strategy. ", "Both PIs have exceptional training in synthetic methodology and natural product synthesis." ]

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[ "Salter Group\n\nSalter Group is an independent financial and strategic advisory firm that provides financial opinions, valuations, financial and strategic analysis and transaction support to companies in the Entertainment, Media, Life Sciences and diversified industries.", "\n\nHistory\nSalter Group was founded in 2003 by Principals Roy Salter, Patrick Russo and Eric Briggs. ", " Based on the number of US deals completed, the Salter Group has been ranked as a # 1 financial advisor by Thomson Financial for Motion Pictures/Audio Visual deals between 2009 and 2011 as detailed below:\n\n The #3 financial advisor Worldwide by Thomson Reuters for Motion Pictures/Audio Visual deals based on the number of deals from 2009-2011.", "\n Top 20 financial advisors in the US by Thomson Reuters for all Media and Entertainment transactions based on the number of deals from 2009-2011.", "\n\nThe firm has completed over 1,350 projects representing over $145 billion in asset values since its inception.", "\n\nThe firm is not an investment bank, and therefore has no inherent conflicts of interest.", "\n\nServices \nFinancial Opinions & Valuation Services\nSalter Group provides transaction based opinions such as fairness opinions, solvency opinions, collateral valuation opinions, intellectual property and intangible asset valuation opinions, and going concern valuation opinions. ", "Financial reporting opinions include purchase price allocation and goodwill impairment and portfolio valuations for private equity funds, hedge funds, banks and other Capital Market constituents. ", "Tax planning and reporting opinions cover enterprises, minority interest and non-marketable minority interest and non-marketable minority interest business and asset valuations.", "\n\nIn addition to business and intangible asset valuation opinions, they provide a variety of transaction based opinions (such as fairness, solvency and collateral valuation opinions), financial reporting based opinions (such as purchase price allocation, goodwill impairment and fund portfolio valuation opinions) and tax-related opinions (such as those concerning IRC Section 409A and SFAS 123R and estate and gift tax opinions). ", "\n\nFinancial and Strategic Advisory Services\n Forecast Assessment and Economic Viability\n Aggregate market sizing analysis\n Competitive and market share assessment\n Forecast development and/or assessment\n Product and operating cost analyses, capital expenditure analyses and working capital requirement analyses\n Assessments of economic potential and viability based on risk and return characteristics\nStrategic Alternatives and Transaction Structuring Support\n Assess or assist in the development of long-term strategic plans\n Assess or assist in the development of strategic options incorporating competitive differentiation, internal requirements and financial attractiveness\n Determine loss frequency and other investor-related statistics based on current and or proposed alternative deal structures\n Determine and evaluate optimized capital structuring strategies to maximize risk/return relationships for equity, mezzanine and/or debt investors\nTransaction Support for Capital Raising and M&A Efforts\n For financing transactions, identify capital sources to support fund raising efforts for the benefit of the transaction leader\n For M&A transactions, identify known targets and/or buyers for the benefit of the transaction leader\n Assist in the development of descriptive transaction materials\n Provide forecast support and capital structure risk and return analyses\n Perform sensitivity analyses based on alternative performance and/or capital structure scenarios\n Assess or assist in the development of strategic options incorporating competitive differentiation, internal requirements and financial attractiveness\nLitigation Support and Dispute Resolution\n Assessment of facts and strategic options\n Quantification of damage estimates\n Expert witness testimony\n\nCapital Market Support Services\nSalter Group supports the efforts of investment banks, commercial banks, private equity and hedge funds and other capital market constituents by providing a wide range of analyses and opinions, including:\n Forecast assessments and development of independent forecasts\n Assessments of economic viability and associated risk/return relationships\n Assessments and development of capital structuring and other financial models in support of a transaction\n Assessments of valuation metrics under alternative transaction scenarios\n Development of independent asset, collateral and going-concern valuation indices\n Development of independent or complementary financial memoranda or reports\n Issuance of fairness opinions (whether as an independent stand-alone or a secondary opinion) and solvency opinions\n Issuance of goodwill impairment and other financial opinions\n Transaction due diligence support\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Salter Group Website\n\nCategory:Companies based in Los Angeles\nCategory:Financial advisors\nCategory:Financial services companies of the United States" ]

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[ "In Italy, grassroots cannabis social clubs dispense medical marijuana (and sometimes cheese) to ailing patients.", "\n\nAlberto Sciolari keeps offering me cheese. ", "It’s a small wheel of Brie, sharing table space with rolling papers, loose tobacco, and several plastic vials of marijuana. ", "Of all the things on the table, a ripened dairy product is not what I thought I’d first be offered.", "\n\nI’m visiting an underground cannabis social club (CSC) that provides medical marijuana to patients, based out of a centro sociale—social center—in the heart of Rome. (", "The centro’s organizers asked for its location to be withheld). ", "All CSCs are non-commercial organizations that internally organize the production and distribution of tiny quantities of marijuana, just enough to cover the needs of members. ", "Though two other centri in Rome help to organize CSCs, this is the only centro that allows medical marijuana to be grown on its own property.", "\n\nAlberto, 59, is in charge of growing and harvesting marijuana for members suffering from cancer, multiple sclerosis (MS), and other illnesses. ", "He is also the vice president of Pazienti Impazienti Canapa (PIC), a national grassroots self-help patient group recognized by the Italian Ministry of Health. (", "PIC is unaffiliated with this CSC.) ", "He points to the cheese again. “", "It’s very good,” he says. “", "Are you sure you don’t want any?” ", "I decline. ", "He shrugs and rolls himself a joint as we begin to talk.", "\n\nAlberto smokes several joints a day—each patient has his or her own dosage.", "\n\nWhile smoking a doobie for personal consumption is somewhat tolerated in Italy, cultivating, buying, and selling weed is illegal. ", "After years of protests from both medical and recreational marijuana supporters, including PIC, Italy legalized cannabis for medical purposes in 2013 under a special program overseen by local healthcare services, Azienda Sanitare Locale.", "\n\nMedical marijuana is currently imported from the Netherlands, and tax and transport costs have driven the price up to nearly double what it originally sells for. ", "A gram can go for 38 euros ($49). ", "Depending on how much is needed, a patient can easily pay up to 1,000 euros ($1,200) a month for treatment. ", "As a result, only about 60 patients have signed up for the program. ", "For those who want cheap and easy access to weed to alleviate their medical symptoms, the restrictions put in place by the government are at best a nuisance and at worst, dehumanizing.", "\n\nMedical marijuana from Holland given to Alberto by his hospital.", "\n\n“It’s your health. ", "It’s your life. ", "You manage it; no one else can manage it for you,” Alberto says. ", "He knows from personal experience: In 1989, he was diagnosed with HIV. ", "In addition to his prescribed HIV medicine, he self-medicates with marijuana. ", "He likes to smoke when working; certain strains of marijuana energize him and allow him to work long, concentrated hours. “", "It’s just another medicine,” he says. ", "Plus, he points out, it doesn’t come with the same nasty side effects “chemical” medication does.", "\n\nAlberto knows many people who have smoked to alleviate their medical symptoms, sometimes to dazzling effect. ", "One man, diagnosed with MS, began to lose his vision. “", "One eye went like this and one eye went like that,” Alberto says, his fingers pointing in opposite directions. “", "He can’t drive, he can’t even walk without someone helping him… When he smokes, though, he’s able to see.” ", "He filmed the man smoking medicinal marijuana with a vaporizer; a doctor was present. ", "Ten minutes later, the doctor performed an eye exam. ", "The man was able to clearly read the writing on the prescription bottle.", "\n\nHe prescribed cannabis to relieve Queen Victoria’s menstrual cramps\n\nDocuments espousing marijuana’s medical benefits first appeared in 2900 B.C. in China, but medicinal cannabis in Europe is indebted to one over-achieving Irishman. ", "Born in 1809, Dr. William Brooke O’Shaughnessy invented the modern treatment for cholera, laid the first telegraph system in Asia, contributed inventions in underwater engineering, and effectively pioneered the use of medical cannabis in Europe. ", "Inspired by the use of cannabis in Ayurvedic and Persian medicine, O’Shaughnessy conducted the first clinical trials of marijuana, treating rheumatism, hydrophobia, cholera, tetanus, and convulsions.", "\n\nInfluenced by O’Shaughnessy, Sir J. Russell Reynolds prescribed cannabis to relieve Queen Victoria’s menstrual cramps. “", "When pure and administered carefully, [cannabis] is one of the most valuable medicines we possess,” he wrote in 1890. ", "But the widespread use of the syringe a few years later, which allowed drugs to dissolve quickly into a patient’s blood stream, ended medical marijuana’s popularity in Europe.", "\n\nFollowing an international drugs conference in Geneva in 1928, marijuana was banned in the UK after allegations from the Egyptian delegation that the plant was as dangerous as opium and a threat to society. ", "Hashish was already illegal in Egypt, where it was negatively associated with Sufis and the fellahin, urban and rural poor, who used it both recreationally and medicinally. “", "Hashish addicts,” delegate Mohammed El Guindy declared, “are useless derelicts.”", "\n\nBetween 1912 and 1953, multilateral drug control treaties were negotiated around the world. ", "The United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs consolidated these in 1961. ", "The convention classified marijuana at the same level as opiates and cocaine, Schedule I, as drugs “having strong addictive properties” and “a risk to public health.” ", "While the UN permitted medical use, in 1969 the World Health Organization determined that “medical need for cannabis as such no longer exists.”", "\n\nThe book “Why Not? ", "A look at modern society’s irrationality towards the use of cannabis” sits out in Alberto’s office.", "\n\nVigorous debate and liberalized policy changes immediately followed the UN Convention, leading certain European countries to adopt their own stance on both medical and recreational marijuana. ", "As a whole, though, the EU has yet to come up with a unified approach to medical marijuana. ", "Sweden, often seen as one of the most progressive European countries, doesn’t recognize marijuana to have any medical benefits. ", "In Ireland, people who use cannabis to relieve medical symptoms are fined 2,750 euros and face criminalization, though policy makers are looking to change this.", "\n\nEighteen EU countries have legalized marijuana for medical purposes, most recently France, the Czech Republic, and Romania. ", "The Netherlands has historically been the most forward thinking when it comes to medical marijuana. ", "In 2003, the country set up Europe’s only Cannabis Bureau, which ensures that patients with doctor’s prescriptions are receiving tested marijuana. ", "The Bureau also provides its own prescriptions for patients and facilitates the distribution of weed to various EU countries through the Ministry of Health.", "\n\nThere are no light drugs\n\nItalian Senator Carlo Giovanardi, who co-authored a recently overturned law setting out penalties related to the sale and possession of illegal drugs, doesn’t want Italy to follow in Holland’s footsteps. “", "In the scientific literature there are no light drugs. ", "There is only one UN chart, and only one European chart, and cannabis has always been the front-door entrance to cocaine or heroin,” he told Al Jazeera in 2014.", "\n\nAt first, the CSC Alberto now helps run wasn’t a club for medical patients—the centro sociale grew its own marijuana for the personal use of its members. ", "In 2001, the centro identified three of its members who were medical patients, gave them their own bags of cannabis, and began looking for more people who could benefit from easy, continuous access to weed. ", "The CSC was born.", "\n\n“CSCs are based on the empowerment and responsibility [of individuals],” says Alberto, though he notes that they are difficult to set up. ", "Since the beginning, there have been a maximum of twenty patients a year; time and labor constrain this number. “", "How can you grow for everyone?” ", "Alberto asks, hands spread wide. ", "The members have now dwindled to four. ", "The rest of the patients have either passed away or left the program.", "\n\nFor many years, Alberto worked with several other members from the CSC who assisted in the growing and cultivating process. ", "As the years have gone by, however, he is the only one whose health has remained stable enough to allow him to continue farming. ", "Many of the patients, constrained by debilitating diseases, are physically unable to move; their relatives help out instead. ", "A daughter of one patient and the father of another have pitched in during the growing season and harvest.", "\n\nThe garden in the centro sociale where Alberto grew marijuana.", "\n\nThis summer, Alberto planted seeds in a small garden in the centro; he’s previously grown in a member’s backyard. ", "No high density fluorescent lights here, just the strong Roman sun. ", "There’s a wire fence around the plot and a thick padlock barring the gate. ", "The garden is a jumble of herbs, vegetable plants, and Tibetan prayer flags. ", "In the back, I spot a few marijuana plants. ", "It’s December, and almost everything has been harvested; only a few telltale leaves poke out.", "\n\nThe entire operation is not-for-profit. “", "It’s a closed circuit,” Alberto stresses. “", "We don’t buy and we don’t sell.” ", "In theory, this helps to shield them from legal concerns. ", "In February 2014, Italy overturned Senator Giovandari’s co-authored bill that equated cannabis with heroin; the penalties for possession are now much less strict. ", "And the CSC benefits from Article 12 of the Charter of Fundamental Human Rights of the European Union, which states, “everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association at all levels.”", "\n\nPino Cucci, who died of multiple sclerosis three years ago.", "\n\nDespite operating in a gray area and providing what many believe is a valuable service for people, the CSC is still vaguely illicit. ", "I ask Alberto if he is worried about running into legal problems. “", "Patients are not too afraid,” he later writes in an email. “", "Health is a basic human right.” ", "Some members have gone to court for growing (the cases have been thrown out), and the police once visited Alberto. ", "But as a CSC member’s daughter points out to me later, “Who’s going to arrest a sick person?”", "\n\nMembers are required to cover the base expenses with an up-front cash advance of about 50 euros. ", "Typically, another 50 euros are required at the end of the year, though this still means members pay a fraction of the state’s price. ", "Everyone pays the same regardless of the amount of weed they require. ", "One woman, Carlotta, needs 90 grams a month. ", "Another member, Gianna, suffers from MS and is paralyzed from the neck down. ", "She only smokes a small nightly joint to help her fall asleep, so she doesn’t lie in the dark staring at the ceiling.", "\n\nThe type of weed each patient requires is unique, depending on their illness and the symptoms they are trying to alleviate. ", "Though there are over 400 different chemicals in weed, researchers really only understand the ways in which THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol) work with the human body. ", "Varying levels of CBD and THC in different strains means that one type of marijuana might be great for alleviating pain, while another may be better suited to physically energizing a person. ", "Alberto grows five different strains of weed; the members share their preferences with him before the growing season.", "\n\nLoose tobacco, medical marijuana, and a microscope share table space.", "\n\nWhile research on medical marijuana is still limited, several studies have illustrated its benefits. ", "A 2014 study by the Canadian Medical Association found that a few days of marijuana smoking can bring relief to muscle “spascity” in MS patients, though it’s unclear if there are any long term consequences. ", "CBD may also help in preventing cancer from spreading, according to researchers from the California Pacific Medical Center. ", "But the most important advantages might not be found in medical journals—legalizing medical marijuana allows patients to take control of their own health, an important psychological factor for people whose lives have effectively been ripped from their hands.", "\n\nI ask Alberto how he ensures prospective members require this treatment for medical purposes. ", "Surely some healthy interlopers try to take advantage of the cheap and abundant weed? ", "Everyone must show signed medical documentation clarifying their sickness and diagnosis, he explains, and all patients must already be consumers. “", "I get a lot of people who call me, telling me they read something about how beneficial medical marijuana is,” he says, “but we don’t want to spread the use of marijuana. ", "No, we are all already consumers.”", "\n\nLater in the afternoon, Alberto shows me the rooms he uses to dry, store, and bundle the harvested marijuana. ", "Huge weed branches dangle from the ceiling, forcing us to duck as we cross the room. ", "Boxes of dried weed are stacked on top of each other, and brown paper bags are filled with the members’ monthly quota. ", "It smells very potent. ", "There’s a large wooden table covered with weed scraps, seeds, a vaporizer, and a microscope the size of my thumb. ", "I hold up a piece of bud under the glass and the trichromes burst into view. ", "I can see each individual detail perfectly, the plant hairs glistening with what look like tiny diamonds; it’s like peering through a kaleidoscope. ", "The future of medicine looks pretty dank.", "\n\n*Some names have been changed to protect the identity of certain individuals." ]

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[ "Biedrzychów, Lower Silesian Voivodeship\n\nBiedrzychów () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Strzelin, within Strzelin County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.", "\n\nIt lies approximately east of Strzelin, and south of the regional capital Wrocław.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Villages in Strzelin County" ]

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[ "\nConstExprPreter – Clang Constexpr Interpreter - gbrown_\nhttps://lists.llvm.org/pipermail/cfe-dev/2019-July/062799.html\n======\nbla3\nThe obvious next step is to make this a JIT.", "\n\nThe natural progression of JITs is to start with using llvm for the jit, only\nto realize that it's too slow and big for anything but AoT compilations since\nllvm is tuned for AoT with clang (and other AoT compilers). ", "So the awkward\nnext step is to add a custom jit to clang for zippy cobstexpr eval because\nllvm itself doesn't work super well for JITs due to it being tuned for clang's\nuse case. ", "Ironic.", "\n\n~~~\nzamalek\nHold up. ", "The theory (and practice) is that interpreters are superior for code\nthat is only ever executed once, as you don't pay the [relatively high] cost\nof optimization for a single execution.", "\n\nUnless the most trivial possible JIT is used (one that doesn't optimize at\nall)?", "\n\n~~~\ncomex\nC++ constexpr functions can contain loops and recursion, or just be invoked\nfrom multiple locations, leading to the same code being executed more than\nonce.", "\n\n------\ngumby\nI like this work and their approach but there is a third risk (in addition to\nthe two they mention) which is the risk of skew in the compile time and\nruntime interpretation of certain constructs.", "\n\nObviously when this happens it's a bug; the real question is \"if such a bug\noccurs (i.e. the semantics of the program is affected by the use of constexpr)\nwill it confuse the developer?\"", "\n\nLisps (which have always intermixed interpreted and compiled code as long as\nlisp compilers have existed) have often struggled with this problem even\nthough they have in many ways a simpler problem to address.", "\n\nAnd since I'm writing about C++: I really love c++ but I hate the keyword\n\"constexpr\" as it's actually \"const_statement\". ", "the distinction between\nstatements and expressions, and the concomitant problem that expressions\naren't first class, is a c-inherited botch on the language IMHO.", "\n\nEdit: s/similar/simpler/\n\n~~~\nbigcheesegs\nThat risk has nothing to do with this work. ", "That's an inherent risk with\ncompile time evaluation.", "\n\nC++ defines constant evaluation to be the same as normal evaluation, although\nC++20 is adding a way to tell when you're evaluating at compile time so you\ncan avoid things like inline asm at compile time.", "\n\nconstexpr doesn't even mean const_statement. ", "All it means is don't emit an\nerror if constant evaluation calls this function.", "\n\n~~~\nhaberman\nI thought constexpr implies const:\n[https://godbolt.org/z/u3a1pq](https://godbolt.org/z/u3a1pq)\n\nThat is what bothers me about constexpr. ", "It conflates compile-time evaluation\nwith non-mutability. ", "I want a keyword that guarantees an evaluation happens at\ncompile-time, but doesn't by itself imply \"const\".", "\n\n~~~\ngumby\nI'm not even sure what that would mean since the machinery to compute the\nvalue won't exist in the binary.", "\n\nYou can get this behavior by initializing a variable with the value of another\nvariable whose value is a constexpr. ", "This is a case in which the order of\ninitialization of global variables is not ambiguous!", "\n\n \n \n constexpr int foo_init_value = 2 + 4;\n int foo = foo_init_value;\n \n\nActually not a bad idiom.", "\n\nBut like you I do wish you could apply constexpr-like behavior to expressions\nrather than just statements:\n\nWhat you're If you could really apply really applied to expressions you could\nwrite something like\n\n \n \n int foo = _compute_at_compile_time(2 + 4);\n \n\nOf course the compiler can already do this degenerate example for you.", "\n\n~~~\nbigcheesegs\nThe first example is handled by constinit (or whatever we end up calling it)\nand the second is handled by consteval, although it has to be put in a\nfunction.", "\n\n------\nSomeone\nDoes real-world code loops so much in _constexpr_ code that optimizing its\nevaluation is worth it?", "\n\nIf so, why invent another bytecode to do the evaluation, with the risk of\nintroducing inconsistencies? ", "Couldn’t they add a flag “must be fully constant\nfolded” to the compiler intermediate code, and, if (likely) necessary,\noptimize the LLVM constant folding optimization passes?", "\n\nAs a bonus, that could help other languages with a LLVM backend that want to\ndo similar stuff.", "\n\n~~~\nbigcheesegs\nconstexpr evaluation results are needed in the frontend long before LLVM IR\never comes into the picture.", "\n\nAlso, people have done interesting things in constexpr that currently suffer\nfrom slow compile times: [https://github.com/hanickadot/compile-time-regular-\nexpressio...](https://github.com/hanickadot/compile-time-regular-expressions)\n\n~~~\nSomeone\nI may not know modern C++ well enough, but I would think that, if you go\nthrough a translation unit, discarding everything _”not constexpr”_ , the\nresult should compile to an object file without any code.", "\n\nRepeat compilation (conceptually, the implementation might be more efficient),\nreplacing anything _”constexpr”_ by what you got earlier, and you’re done.", "\n\nOr am I overlooking something?", "\n\n~~~\nbigcheesegs\nconstexpr functions aren't restricted to compile time, they can also be used\nat runtime. ", "Thus constexpr functions can show up in the final executable.", "\nConstexpr functions can also control what gets compiled in the first place.", "\nFor example you can use the result of a constexpr evaluation to instantiate a\ntemplate.", "\n\n------\nstefan_\nThis is hilarious. ", "Yes, it turns out making constexpr into a general-purpose\nC++ emulator in the compiler is really fricking slow.", "\n\nMaybe native code-generation isn't so bad, after all. ", "Maybe we can just\nredefine \"constexpr\" to nothing, then compilers can just dump it all in a\nfile, compile it, run it and there we go, the blazing fast integrated code\ngeneration pipeline we all seem to want and need.", "\n\n~~~\nsaagarjha\n> Maybe we can just redefine \"constexpr\" to nothing, then compilers can just\n> dump it all in a file, compile it, run it and there we go, the blazing fast\n> integrated code generation pipeline we all seem to want and need.", "\n\nThe semantics of constexpr do not allow for undefined behavior, so this would\nunfortunately not be feasible.", "\n\n------\nrurban\nAnd so it begins. ", "This could mark the begin of C++, the dynamic language. ", "I\nlike that.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "[Swimming pool accidents in Denmark].", "\nThe purpose of this article was to estimate injuries in connection with swimming pool activities. ", "Through The Register of Accidents of The State Institute of Public Health, data of injuries in swimming pools were collected for the period 1998-1999. ", "In that period of time the NOMESKO-classification was used for registration of injuries, a specific classification based on registration of injuries at five different Danish hospitals corresponding to 14% of the Danish population. ", "During the period of investigation the average number of injuries was 349 per year, corresponding to a rate of incidence of 49.9 per 100,000. ", "There was a considerable dominance of the youngest age groups among the injured. ", "The age group 0-14 years accounted for 60% of the injured. ", "The dominant type of injury was simple fall. ", "The type of lesions varied according to the age of the injured. ", "There was an insignificant increase from 1998 to 1999. ", "Due to a presumed difference in iatrotropic threshold there was probably a bias of selection. ", "The number of injuries corresponded to a total of 2500 injuries in Danish swimming pools per year, corresponding to 1 injury per 10,000 persons using Danish swimming pools. ", "There were no comparable studies, neither Danish nor foreign. ", "In Danish swimming pools no recommendations were available, only what we call advice on how to conduct oneself in the pool area. ", "It would probably be possible to reduce the number of injuries in Danish swimming pools by using preventive steps, for instance non-skid mats, ban on running and elimination of sharp and hard objects in swimming pools." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nOne box is one pixel wider but has same class\n\nI have four boxes in a row and they all have the same class. ", "They all should be the same width but one is 1 pixel wider than the rest and it's throwing the row out. ", "As far as I can see, the content is not pushing it, and there is nothing in the box to make it 1 pixel wider. ", "It's the second last box to the right with the contact form in it on this site: http://www.guitarworldcityarcade.com.au/\nIf it's not content, how can I tell what's making this particular div 1 pixel wider than the rest?", "\nI had compensated for the border in the widths of each box: layout is 1120px wide. ", "1120/4 = 280. ", "Each box has a padding of 5px, so thats 5 on the left and right. ", "280-10=270. ", "Then the border, which is 1px on each side, so thats 270-2 = 268. ", "I have set my class for the boxes to be 268px wide and yet one is one pixel wider. ", "I don't really want to sacrifice the border (yet).", "\n\nA:\n\nYou are using border: 1px solid #111111; on line 247 of global.css. ", "\nSo if you are aware of CSS Box Model\n\nThe border is counted outside of the element and not inside hence it offsets your element by 2px and not 1px because it takes 1px on the left, 1px on the right as well as top and bottom too.", "\nSo two solutions here, either you can use border: 0; or you need to use box-sizing: border-box; on that element, which will count the border inside instead of outside.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "The new Palestinian Prime Minister inherits a litany of challenges; toeing the line between the US and Ramallah is just one of them.", "\n\nLate on Sunday evening last week, as the last hours of Palestinian Prime Minister Salaam Fayyad’s premiership were winding down, President Mahmoud Abbas appointed Rami Hamdallah, a lifelong academic, as his successor… More…" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSQL Server Select the most recent record only\n\nI have a table tat looks like this:\nTable1\nID Date TermDate Cancel\n1 20140101 99999999 20140102\n1 20140101 20130102 20140102\n\n2 20140108 20130102 20140102\n2 20140101 99999999 20140102\n\n3 20140101 99999999 20140102\n3 20140101 99999999 20140102\n3 20140101 99999999 20140709\n\nWhat I want to do is, to group by each ID and select only the most recent record.", "\nFirst I need to check the Date column, from there if a record is more recent then I do not need to check the other columns, in this case, it is ID #2.", "\nIf the Date column is the same for same ID, then I want to compare the Cancel column, whichever is the most recent then that record should be shown only, in this case it is ID 3.", "\nIf both Date and Cancel columns are the same, then I need to compare the TermDate column and the most recent should be displayed, in this case it is ID #1. ", "All columns are int type.", "\nBasically the result should be:\nID Date TermDate Cancel\n1 20140101 99999999 20140102\n2 20140108 20130102 20140102\n3 20140101 99999999 20140709\n\nI am not the best person with self join tables and really not sure how to get started with this... what I currently do is: I copy the table into Excel file and then do the job manually... \nI am thinking to use CASE Statement but really do not know how to convert my logic to SQL proper code, here is my pseducode:\nSELECT (CASE WHEN Date > DATE THEN SELECT the greater Date \n CASE WHEN Date = Date THEN SELECT the grater Cancel\n ELSE WHEN Date = Date AND Cancel = Cancel THEN SELECT the grater TermDate END)\nFROM Table1\nGROUP BY ID\n\nI don't even know how to make the table look like the above with case statement.", "\nPlease let me know what is the best way to do this... I searched online with no help.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can use dense_rank function to assign a rank to each row within one ID based on your ordering and get the first one for each ID:\nselect id, [date], termdate, cancel from\n (select id, [date], termdate, cancel,\n dense_rank() over (partition by id order by [date] desc, cancel desc, termdate desc) rank\n from table1) X\nwhere rank = 1\n\nSQL Fiddle Demo\n\n" ]

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[ "Twenty-five years ago, California Super Video (now Calif. Video) opened in the Linda Mar Shopping Center. ", "Back then it was all VHS, but as the film format changed to DVD and Blu-Ray, they changed with the times. ", "But what has never changed at the shop is the “motion picture” knowledge of the folks behind the front desk.", "\n\n“I probably watch a couple of hundred films a year,” said Bob Roh, Calif. Video owner. “", "I can talk movies. ", "Although how we define a movie now is sometimes different than it was even 10 years ago. ", "For instance in the horror genre, I really need to talk to the person and see what it is they are looking for. ", "Some people are talking about ‘thriller’ when they say horror. ", "Others are looking for old ‘thrillers’ which are now listed as dramas. ", "Today’s definition of ‘horror’ tends to be more blood splashing. ", "But we have all the film genres from horror, to thriller, to drama, comedy, romantic-comedy, horror-comedy, indie, musical, action-adventure, children’s films, foreign films and some classics.”", "\n\nRecently their shop at 1289 Linda Mar Shopping Center had signs displayed in every window. ", "All merchandise for sale: closing. ", "The place was packed as much with people buying films as it was with longtime customers telling Roh, and manager Tom Tollefson, “say it isn’t so.” ", "Spin forward from March 1 to April 11, and the store is sitting pretty further north along the parking lot at 1223 Linda Mar Shopping Center (between Starbucks and Radio Shack.)", "\n\n“The lease was up on March 31,” Roh said. “", "The reality is this business is changing constantly. ", "It is very different from the film rental industry of five years ago and certainly from when my father (Choong Roh) originally opened the store.” ", "Roh and his family additionally own Calif. Video in Half Moon Bay.", "\n\n“With our 6,000 square foot store up for lease, the decision to close the Pacifica store was something my family has discussed for a while,” Roh said. “", "Our plan was to sell a good portion of our inventory and send the remaining films to our Half Moon Bay store. ", "Suddenly we were offered 1,000 square feet of space at the northern end of the Center and here we are.”", "\n\nCalif. Video is still selling their older films at $4.95 a picture. ", "Their goal is to dedicate their smaller space to new and relatively new releases and to, of course, talk films with customers.", "\n\n“People like movies, actually they love movies, and of course that is true for both Tom and for me,” Roh said. “", "Movies have really been my life for a long time. ", "So if you are a film fan and like to support your hometown businesses — we are still here.”", "\n\nPacifica Tribune correspondent Jean Bartlett can be reached at editor@jeansmagazines.org." ]

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[ "Phase Change Random Access Memory (PCRAM) is considered as one of the leading contenders for the next generation nonvolatile semiconductor memory technologies due to its competitive advantages of speed, power saving, capacity, reliability, process integration and low cost.", "\nPCRAM relies primarily on phase-change materials to store information. ", "Such information can be written via the transformation of the materials between the amorphous and crystalline states and retrieved by sensing their difference in resistivity.", "\nTransformation mechanisms involve the melting and quenching of the materials to the amorphous state and the heating of the materials at lower temperatures to the crystalline state." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'The solution of problems in physics is often facilitated by a change of variables. ", "In this work we present neural transformations to learn symmetries of Hamiltonian mechanical systems. ", "Maintaining the Hamiltonian structure requires novel network architectures that parametrize symplectic transformations. ", "We demonstrate the utility of these architectures by learning the structure of integrable models. ", "Our work exemplifies the adaptation of neural transformations to a family constrained by more than the condition of invertibility, which we expect to be a common feature of applications of these methods.'", "\n---\n\nProblem statement\n=================\n\nSymmetries play a paramount role in nature and are foundational aspects of both theoretical physics and deep learning. ", "Knowing symmetries of a physical problem is often the first step towards its solution. ", "In machine learning, models that exploit symmetries of their data domain are most successful at their tasks, as exemplified by the success of convolutional neural networks for a variety of problems [@DLBook]. ", "Recently, many deep learning papers have explored the concept of symmetry using tools from theoretical physics, e.g. [@mallat2016; @Bronstein:2017aa; @cohen2018; @higgins2018].", "\n\nIn most cases, these works assumed that the symmetries of the problem were manifest and built neural architecture that respected those symmetries, in order to learn more efficiently. ", "In some situations, however, the symmetries of the problem are hidden from us, and much of the work is done to uncover those symmetries. ", "A famous example is Kepler’s inference from astronomical data that planetary orbits form ellipses with the sun at one focus. ", "The fact that orbits in an inverse square law of force generically close is a consequence of a subtle symmetry of the problem that gives rise to the conserved Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector [@goldstein].", "\n\nHere, we present a data–driven way to learn such symmetries. ", "While we concentrate here on models of Hamiltonian mechanics, we hope that the tools we develop will inspire research into symmetry learning more generally.", "\n\nLearning a symmetry means learning a transformation from the original physical variables to a new set of variables in which the symmetry is manifest. ", "Neural models describing bijective mappings are the subject of recent work on normalizing flows [@Rezende:2015aa; @NICE; @realNVP] and RevNets [@Gomez:2017aa; @Jacobsen:2018aa]. ", "Normalizing flows are usually constructed to have tractable Jacobians. ", "In Hamiltonian mechanics *symplectic* (or *canonical*) transformations have a special role [@Saletan:1998aa]. ", "Such transformations are volume preserving but have further restrictions (see \\[eq:symp\\_cond\\] below), and so require new network architectures. ", "Hamiltonian time evolution is itself a symplectic transformation, so these methods may be applied to neural variational inference with Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) [@neal], discussed in several recent papers [@Salimans:2014aa; @Wolf:2016aa; @Levy:2017aa; @Caterini:2018aa; @Hoffman:2019aa]. **", "Note added:** Following submission of this work, the closely related preprint [@Greydanus:2019aa] appeared.", "\n\nIn this work, we will focus on integrable models, which have nontrivial symmetries, as a test case for symmetry discovery. ", "The organization of the remainder of this paper is as follows. ", "In the next section, we introduce some concepts from classical integrable systems that we will use. ", "introduces our new architecture and learning algorithm, while \\[sec:exp\\] contains experiments on three integrable models. ", "Finally, \\[sec:disc\\] provides a discussion of the results. ", "Supplementary details are contained in the appendices.", "\n\nClassical integrable systems {#sec:2}\n============================\n\nHamiltonian dynamics and canonical transformations\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nClassical mechanics is the realm of Hamiltonian dynamics [@Saletan:1998aa]. ", "In the simplest case that we address here, motion occurs in a phase space $\\mathbb{R}^{2n}$ of positions $q\\in \\mathbb{R}^{n}$ and momenta $p\\in \\mathbb{R}^{n}$. The dynamics is governed by Hamilton’s equations, which are derived from a Hamiltonian function $H:\\mathbb{R}^{2n}\\to\\mathbb{R}$. For $x = (q,p)$ these read: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:eom}\n \\dot{x} = \\Omega \\nabla_x H\\, ,\\quad\n \\Omega =\n \\begin{pmatrix}\n 0 & {\\mathbf{1}}_n\\\\\n -{\\mathbf{1}}_n & 0\n \\end{pmatrix}\n \\,.\\end{aligned}$$ For example, the harmonic oscillator with unit frequency is described by $H = ( p^2 + q^2 )/2$, and the equations of motion $\\dot q = p$, $\\dot p = -q$ describe circular orbits in the phase plane.", "\n\nThe skew-symmetric matrix $\\Omega$ is called a symplectic form, and allows one to define symplectic (or canonical) transformations of phase space, as those maps $f$ whose Jacobian matrix $J_f$ is an element of the linear symplectic group ${\\text{Sp}}_{2n}(\\mathbb{R})$ at each point of its domain: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:symp_cond}\nJ_f^T\\Omega J_f = \\Omega \\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Since $\\operatorname{Det}(J_f) = +1$, volume is conserved. ", "is however much more restrictive: the sum of (signed) areas in each $q_j-p_j$ plane is preserved (\\[fig:1d\\_example\\]).", "\n\nGiven $u,v$ scalar valued functions on phase space, their Poisson bracket is defined as $ \\{ u, v\\} \\equiv (\\nabla_x u)^\\top \\Omega \\nabla_x v$. and is a symplectic invariant. ", "With this notation, Hamilton’s equations are $\\dot{x} = \\{ x, H \\}$, and time evolution is itself a symplectic transformation [@Arnold:2013aa].", "\n\n![", "Projections of the original (blue) and transformed (orange) trajectories of the Kepler Hamiltonian (\\[eq:HKepler\\] with $k=-1$) onto the three $q_j-p_j$ phase planes. ", "Note that the sum of enclosed areas is the same for the original and transformed trajectories.[]{data-label=\"fig:1d_example\"}](kepler_planes){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nIntegrable models\n-----------------\n\nA conserved quantity of a dynamical system is constant in time, and thus Poisson–commutes with the Hamiltonian, and constitutes a symmetry of the problem. ", "For example, in the celebrated Kepler problem describing the motion of two planets attracted by a gravitational force which depends only on the distance between the planets, $H$ commutes with the angular momentum, which generates rotations of the relative coordinate, and is a conserved quantity of the dynamics [@goldstein].", "\n\n*Integrable* systems are those which have a number of mutually commuting and independent integrals of the motion that equals $n$, half the phase space dimension. ", "The Liouville–Arnold theorem states that (compact) motion is confined to torii parametrized by angles $\\varphi_1,\\dots,\\varphi_n$ and there exists a symplectic transformation $\\mathcal{T}^{-1}$ from the original coordinates $q,p$ to new coordinates $\\varphi,I$, where $I$ are called actions and are the conserved quantities of the problems [@Arnold:2013aa]. ", "In the action angle coordinates, \\[eq:eom\\] therefore reads: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:eom_action_angle}\n \\dot{\\varphi} = \\partial_IK = \\text{const.}\\,,\\quad\n \\dot{I} = -\\partial_\\varphi K = 0\n \\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where the transformed Hamiltonian $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:K}\n K = H \\circ \\mathcal{T}\n \\,,\\end{aligned}$$ is independent of the angles. ", "Finding explicit action-angle transformations is a challenging task and while a lot of progress has been made constructing integrable systems from algebraic or geometric principles [@babelon2003], there is no general algorithm to construct higher integrals of the motion given an integrable Hamiltonian. ", "Learning such a transformation is the goal of this work.", "\n\nWe will work with the Cartesian coordinates $(\\hat{q}_i =\n\\sqrt{2I_i}\\cos(\\varphi_i), \\hat{p}_i = \\sqrt{2I_i}\\sin(\\varphi_i))$ and denote by $T$ the symplectic map $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:T}\n T : (\\hat{q}, \\hat{p}) \\mapsto (q, p) \\,.\\end{aligned}$$ For example, action-angle variables for the harmonic oscillator are the symplectic polar coordinates $(\\arctan(p/q), (p^2+q^2)/2)$, so that $T$ is the identity, and the only conserved quantity is the energy. ", "In general $T$ will be such that complex trajectories in the $(q,p)$ phase space get mapped to circles in the $(\\hat{q}_i, \\hat{p}_i)$ planes where $\\varphi_i$ is the angular coordinate and $I_i$ is half the squared radius of the circle.", "\n\nIn this work we will learn neural parametrizations of $T$ for three paradigmatic integrable models: (1) the Kepler model of two planets interacting with gravitational force [@goldstein]; (2) the Neumann model of $n$ oscillators with positions in $\\mathbb{R}^n$ constrained to the $(n-1)$–dimensional sphere [@babelon2003]; (3) the Calogero-Moser (CM) model of a chain of $n$ particles with inverse square interaction potential [@MOSER:1976aa]. ", "The Hamiltonians and their conserved quantities are described in \\[sec:Ham\\].", "\n\nDeep symplectic flows {#sec:deep}\n=====================\n\nWe have reformulated the task of learning symmetries in integrable models as that of learning the map $T$ which transforms a circular trajectory $(\\hat{q}_i(t),\\hat{p}_i(t))$ to the complex trajectory of the original model $(q_i(t),p_i(t))$. We now describe how to parametrize and learn such a transformation.", "\n\nParametrization {#sec:3.1}\n---------------\n\nHere we will adapt recent results on normalizing flows to provide symplectic versions of popular invertible layers such as additive coupling [@NICE], batch normalization [@realNVP] and invertible linear transformations [@glow]. ", "Our parametrization of $T$ is given by stacking $m$ blocks of these three layers. ", "We now describe each layer.", "\n\n### Symplectic additive coupling\n\nThe additive coupling layer introduced in [@NICE] partitions the inputs $z = (z_A, z_B)$ and outputs $x = (x_A,x_B)$ with $x_A = z_A, x_B = z_B + {\\text{NN}}(x_A)$, where the shift function ${\\text{NN}}$ is an arbitrary neural network. ", "If we now identify $A,B$ subsystems as $q,p$ respectively, we have the following layer $L : (q,p) \\mapsto (Q,P)$: $$\\begin{aligned}\n (Q, P) = (q, p + {\\text{NN}}(q))\\, ,\\quad\n (q, p) = (Q, P - {\\text{NN}}(Q))\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Symplecticity of the transformation imposes further irrotationality: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:irrot}\n \\partial_i {\\text{NN}}_j = \\partial_j {\\text{NN}}_i\\, .\\end{aligned}$$ This constraint may be handled by setting ${\\text{NN}}(q) = \\nabla\nF(q)$, where $F:\\mathbf{R}^n\\to \\mathbf{R}$ is parametrized by a neural network. ", "This gives the traditional leapfrog update used in HMC.", "\n\nWhile conceptually simple, this approach is computationally expensive, requiring $O(n^2)$ time in the backward pass of the network. ", "A cheaper approach is to use a multilayer perceptron with three layers and constrained weight matrices $W^a$ $a=1,2,3$. In \\[sec:imlp\\] we show that \\[eq:irrot\\] is satisfied if $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:weight_cond}\n W^3 = W^{1\\top}\\, ,\\quad\n W^{2} = {\\mathrm{diag}}(w^2_1, \\dots, w^2_{n_2})\\, .\\end{aligned}$$ We call this architecture irrotational MLP. ", "The analysis can be generalized, but we took this simple architecture for most of our experiments. ", "Geometrically, $W^1$ embeds $q$ into a higher dimensional space and $W^{1\\top}$ maps the embedding back to the original space after it has been scaled by $W^2$, whose sign controls whether the map is orientation preserving.", "\n\n### Symplectic Linear\n\nThe additive coupling leaves $q$ unchanged, and we introduce the symplectic linear layer to mix $p,q$ so that deeper additive couplings act on all phase space coordinates. ", "To parametrize a symplectic matrix $S\\in {\\text{Sp}}_{2n}(\\mathbb{R})$, we use the pre–Iwasawa decomposition [@deGosson]: $$\\begin{aligned}\n S =\n NAK=\n \\begin{pmatrix}\n {\\mathbf{1}}& 0 \\\\\n M & {\\mathbf{1}}\\end{pmatrix}\n \\begin{pmatrix}\n L^\\top & 0 \\\\\n 0 & L^{-1}\n \\end{pmatrix}\n \\begin{pmatrix}\n X & -Y \\\\\n Y & X\n \\end{pmatrix}\n \\, ,\\end{aligned}$$ with $$\\begin{aligned}\n &M = M^\\top\n \\,,\\quad\n &X^\\top Y = Y^\\top X \\, ,\\quad\n X^\\top X + Y^\\top Y = {\\mathbf{1}}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ To parametrize $K$, we note that it is the realification of the unitary $X + iY$ and can be written as a product of Householder reflections, parametrized by a vector $v$: $$\\begin{aligned}\n R_v = {\\mathbf{1}}- 2 \\frac{v v^\\dagger}{||v||^2}\\in {\\rm U}_n\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ and a diagonal matrix of phases $$\\begin{aligned}\nU = {\\mathrm{diag}}(e^{i\\phi_i})\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ We refer to [@Cabrera2010; @Tomczak16] for background on Householder reflections.", "\n\nNote that the complexity of applying both $R_v$ and $U$ to a vector $(q,p)$ is $O(n)$. To keep the complexity of the whole layer $O(n)$ we take $r = O(1)$ Householder reflections and further take $L={\\mathrm{diag}}(L_i)$ and $M = {\\mathrm{diag}}(M_i)$.\n\n### Zero center\n\nThe zero center layer is defined by the transformation: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\begin{cases}\n Q = q - \\mu^q + \\alpha\\\\\n P = p - \\mu^p + \\beta\n \\end{cases}\\, ,\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\mu$ is the mean given during training as the batch mean, and during testing by a weighted moving average accumulated during training, as in the batch normalization layer – see [@realNVP] for its usage in normalizing flows. ", "$\\alpha$, $\\beta$ are learnable offsets. ", "The zero center layer normalizes its input and allows one to study deeper architectures, and is a restricted version of batch normalization compatible with symplectic invariance. (", "The full version of batch normalization indeed scales by the variance of each feature and does not preserve areas.)", "\n\nLearning algorithm {#sec:3.2}\n------------------\n\nat (0,0) [ {width=\"\\textwidth\"}]{};\n\nat (-[1.32]{},0) [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Input</span>]{}; iin [0,3,6,9]{}\n\nat ([1.32]{}\\* i,0) [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ZeroCenter</span>]{};\n\nat ([1.32]{}\\* i+ [1.32]{},0) [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Linear</span>]{};\n\nat ([1.32]{}\\* i+ 2\\*[1.32]{},0) [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Additive</span>]{};\n\nAccording to the discussion in \\[sec:2\\], the map $T^{-1}$ is determined by requiring that the original trajectory $(q_i(t),p_i(t))$ is mapped to circles $(\\hat{q}_i(t),\\hat{p}_i(t))$. If the trajectory is sampled at $\\tau$ time steps $t_k$, such $T$ minimizes the following loss, which encourages the distance from the origin of neighbouring points to be the same: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:loss}\n \\ell =\n \\frac{1}{n \\tau}\n \\sum_{k=1}^{\\tau}\n || r_{k} - r_{k+1} ||^2\\,,\\quad\n r_{k} =\n \\hat{q}(t_k)^2 +\n \\hat{p}(t_k)^2 \\,.\\end{aligned}$$ A non-invertible or non-volume preserving network could minimize \\[eq:loss\\] trivially by collapsing the trajectories to zero or very small volumes in the transformed phase space: the symplecticity of the transformation is essential.", "\n\nWe therefore consider a learning algorithm that takes as input a batch of trajectories and minimizes the loss above averaged over the batch. ", "Practically, we compute the trajectories by solving the original equations of motions using a Runge-Kutta solver, and we perform stochastic gradient descent parameter updates using the Adam optimizer. ", "We shuffle randomly the trajectories at every epoch, which ensures that we compare distant points in \\[eq:loss\\], so that all deviations from a circular shape are penalized in the same way.", "\n\nExperiments {#sec:exp}\n===========\n\n\\[sec:4\\]\n\n![", "Pull back of trajectories (thin blue line) under the map $T^{-1}$ learned. ", "Each model has phase space of dimension $2n=6$ and here a single $q-p$ phase plane is selected for illustration.[]{data-label=\"fig:2\"}](neumann_t2c_cut_resized \"fig:\"){width=\"0.45\\columnwidth\"}![Pull back of trajectories (thin blue line) under the map $T^{-1}$ learned. ", "Each model has phase space of dimension $2n=6$ and here a single $q-p$ phase plane is selected for illustration.[]{data-label=\"fig:2\"}](CM_t2c_cut \"fig:\"){width=\"0.45\\columnwidth\"}\n\nWe now present the results of experiments on the three models defined in \\[sec:Ham\\]. ", "The code used is available at **`https://github.com/rbondesan/CanonicalFlows/`**, and we refer to \\[sec:details\\] for details of network architecture and other training hyperparameters.", "\n\nWe first discuss the representation capacity of deep symplectic flows. ", "shows the pull-back of the trajectories under a network $T^{-1}$ composed of $m=4$ blocks defined in \\[sec:3.1\\]. ", "The parameters in $T^{-1}$ are learned by running the algorithm of \\[sec:3.2\\] to convergence and feeding it with a single trajectory sampled at $\\tau=128$ time steps. ", "This shows that our model and algorithm can learn the action–angle map for both periodic (Kepler and Calogero-Moser) and quasi-periodic (Neumann) models.", "\n\nWe next investigate the generalization of our learning algorithm. ", "By this we mean how well the learned symplectic flow can map unseen trajectories to circles. ", "We present here results for the Neumann model with $n=3$ oscillators. ", "We consider a batch of trajectories, one for each radius $r=2,3,\\dots,8$ of the sphere on which the positions of the oscillators move. ", "reports the loss of \\[eq:loss\\] evaluated over these trajectories for a symplectic flow $T$ learned by considering only the subset $r=3,5,7$ as training data. ", "While the points in the training set have the smallest values compared to neighbouring radii, the fact that the loss is of the same order across this range of trajectories, indicates that the model generalizes beyond the training points. ", "To further substantiate this claim, we show in \\[fig:neumann-2-seen-unseen-traj\\] the pull-back of the trajectories under $T^{-1}$ for both the trajectories seen and unseen by the training algorithm.", "\n\n0.15in\n\n $r$ 2 **3** 4 **5** 6 **7** 8 \n --------- ----- --------- ------ ---------- ------- ---------- ------- -- --\n $\\ell'$ 6.5 **3.7** 23.2 **12.4** 117.5 **23.4** 141.6 \n\n : Test loss $\\ell'=\\ell\\times 10^{5}$ for trajectories in the Neumann model at radius $r$. Bold text denotes radii of training trajectories.[]{data-label=\"tab:neumann\"}\n\n-0.1in\n\n{width=\"\\textwidth\"}\n\nThe map $T$ thus learned can be used as a generative process for the physical system trajectories, as illustrated in \\[fig:viz\\_neumann\\]. ", "Interestingly, this allows one to visualize the points in phase space that correspond to a given Liouville–Arnold torus. ", "Further, by varying the circles radii one can interpret the effect of the learned symmetries on the system under consideration.", "\n\nDiscussion {#sec:disc}\n==========\n\nThe learning algorithm discussed so far relies on being able to solve the equations of motion. ", "This was done here by numerical integration, and adds questions of convergence and stability of the ODE solver on top of those of the learning algorithm. ", "We remark that there two possible ways to improve this. ", "The first is to exploit integrability of the models to solve the motion analytically, which is however not a trivial matter and typically requires uncovering a Lax pair formulation of the problem [@babelon2003]. ", "The second is to use a different learning algorithm. ", "For example, one could minimize a loss that encourages the transformed Hamiltonian to be angle-independent (recall \\[eq:eom\\_action\\_angle\\]), or one could minimize the Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence between the canonical density associated to the transformed Hamiltonian and that of a base distribution. ", "Both alternatives are analyzed in \\[sec:alt\\].", "\n\nWhile we have concentrated here on integrable models, we expect our methods to be applicable to find almost conserved quantities in models close to integrable ones, such as the celebrated Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou chains [@Gallavotti:2007aa]. ", "We thus expect the deep learning approach to classical mechanics presented here to be of practical relevance for solving physical problems, for example by finding integration schemes with smaller discretization errors.", "\n\n[29]{} \\[1\\][\\#1]{} \\[1\\][`#1`]{} urlstyle \\[1\\][doi: \\#1]{}\n\nArnol’d, V. I. *Mathematical methods of classical mechanics*, volume 60. ", "Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.", "\n\nBabelon, O., Bernard, D., Talon, M., Press, C. U., Landshoff, P., Nelson, D., Sciama, D., and Weinberg, S. *Introduction to Classical Integrable Systems*. ", "Cambridge Monographs on Mathem. ", "Cambridge University Press, 2003. ", "ISBN 9780521822671. ", "URL <https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=c6JN6Gp4RBQC>.", "\n\nBronstein, M. M., Bruna, J., LeCun, Y., Szlam, A., and Vandergheynst, P. Geometric deep learning: going beyond euclidean data. *", "IEEE Signal Processing Magazine*, 340 (4):0 18–42, 2017.", "\n\n, R., [Strohecker]{}, T., and [Rabitz]{}, H. . *", "Journal of Mathematical Physics*, 51:0 082101–082101, Aug 2010. [", "doi: ]{}[10.1063/1.3466798]{}.", "\n\nCaterini, A. L., Doucet, A., and Sejdinovic, D. Hamiltonian variational auto-encoder. ", "In *Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems*, pp. ", "8167–8177, 2018.", "\n\nCohen, T. S., Geiger, M., K[ö]{}hler, J., and Welling, M. Spherical cnns. *", "arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.10130*, 2018.", "\n\nde Gosson, M. *Symplectic Geometry and Quantum Mechanics*. ", "Operator Theory: Advances and Applications. ", "Birkh[ä]{}user Basel, 2006. ", "ISBN 9783764375751. ", "URL <https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=q9SHRvay75IC>.", "\n\n, L., [Krueger]{}, D., and [Bengio]{}, Y. . *", "ArXiv e-prints*, October 2014.", "\n\n, L., [Sohl-Dickstein]{}, J., and [Bengio]{}, S. . *", "ArXiv e-prints*, May 2016.", "\n\nGallavotti, G. *The Fermi-Pasta-Ulam problem: a status report*, volume 728. ", "Springer, 2007.", "\n\nGoldstein, H., Poole, C., and Safko, J. *Classical Mechanics*. ", "Pearson, 2013. ", "ISBN 9781292026558. ", "URL <https://books.google.nl/books?id=bhVnngEACAAJ>.", "\n\nGomez, A. N., Ren, M., Urtasun, R., and Grosse, R. B. The reversible residual network: Backpropagation without storing activations. ", "In *Advances in neural information processing systems*, pp. ", "2214–2224, 2017.", "\n\nGoodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., and Courville, A. *Deep Learning*. ", "Adaptive computation and machine learning. ", "MIT Press, 2016. ", "ISBN 9780262035613. ", "URL <https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Np9SDQAAQBAJ>.", "\n\nGreydanus, S., Dzamba, M., and Yosinski, J. Hamiltonian neural networks. *", "arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.01563*, 2019.", "\n\nHiggins, I., Amos, D., Pfau, D., Racaniere, S., Matthey, L., Rezende, D., and Lerchner, A. Towards a definition of disentangled representations. *", "arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.02230*, 2018.", "\n\nHoffman, M., Sountsov, P., Dillon, J. V., Langmore, I., Tran, D., and Vasudevan, S. Neutra-lizing bad geometry in hamiltonian monte carlo using neural transport. *", "arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.03704*, 2019.", "\n\nJacobsen, J.-H., Smeulders, A., and Oyallon, E. i-revnet: Deep invertible networks. *", "arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.07088*, 2018.", "\n\nJaynes, E. T. Information theory and statistical mechanics. *", "Physical review*, 1060 (4):0 620, 1957.", "\n\n, D. P. and [Dhariwal]{}, P. . *", "ArXiv e-prints*, July 2018.", "\n\nLevy, D., Hoffman, M. D., and Sohl-Dickstein, J. Generalizing hamiltonian monte carlo with neural networks. *", "arXiv preprint arXiv:1711.09268*, 2017.", "\n\nMallat, S. Understanding deep convolutional networks. *", "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences*, 3740 (2065):0 20150203, 2016.", "\n\nMoser, J. Three integrable hamiltonian systems connected with isospectral deformations. ", "In *Surveys in Applied Mathematics*, pp.", "  235–258. ", "Elsevier, 1976.", "\n\n, R. M. . *", "ArXiv e-prints*, June 2012.", "\n\nPerelomov, A. M. *Integrable systems of classical mechanics and Lie algebras*. ", "Birkh[ä]{}user, 1990.", "\n\nRezende, D. J. and Mohamed, S. Variational inference with normalizing flows. ", "In *Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on International Conference on Machine Learning-Volume 37*, pp.", "  1530–1538. ", "JMLR. ", "org, 2015.", "\n\nSaletan, J. and Jos[é]{}, J. Classical dynamics: A contemporary approach, 1998.", "\n\n, T., [Kingma]{}, D. P., and [Welling]{}, M. . *", "ArXiv e-prints*, October 2014.", "\n\nTomczak, J. M. and Welling, M. Improving variational auto-encoders using householder flow. *", "CoRR*, abs/1611.09630, 2016. ", "URL <http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.09630>.", "\n\nWolf, C., Karl, M., and van der Smagt, P. Variational inference with hamiltonian monte carlo. *", "arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.08203*, 2016.", "\n\nSymplecticity of irrotational MLP {#sec:imlp}\n=================================\n\nWe demonstrate that the stated form of the weights in \\[eq:weight\\_cond\\] for a three layer MLP satisfies the irrotationality condition of \\[eq:irrot\\]. ", "The Jacobian of the MLP is $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\frac{\\partial \\text{NN}(x) }{\\partial x }\n =\n W^3 D^{2} W^2 D^1 W^1\\, ,\\end{aligned}$$ with $D^a = {\\mathrm{diag}}(\\lambda^a)$, $\\lambda^a = (\\sigma^{a})'( W^a x^a +\nb^a)$, where $W^a, b^a, \\sigma^a, x^{a+1}$ are resp.", " $n_{a}\\times n_{a-1}$ weights, bias, activation functions and activations of the layer $a$. The constraint of \\[eq:irrot\\] then takes the form $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:sym_cond}\n W^3 D^{2} W^2 D^1 W^1\n =\n W^{1 \\top} D^{1} W^{2\\top} D^2 W^{3\\top}\\, .\\end{aligned}$$ We further take $n_2 = n_3$, so that $D^{2} W^2 D^1$ is square. ", "The symmetry condition \\[eq:sym\\_cond\\] means that $W^{1\\top}=W^3$ and $D^{2} W^2 D^1$ is symmetric. ", "For generic $\\lambda^1, \\lambda^2$, the only solution is $W^2_{ij}=0$ for $i\\neq j$. This verifies \\[eq:weight\\_cond\\].", "\n\nHamiltonians and conserved quantities {#sec:Ham}\n=====================================\n\nWe provide details of the three integrable models studied.", "\n\nKepler\n------\n\nThe Hamiltonian of the Kepler model is $$\\label{eq:HKepler}\nH_{\\text{K}} = \\tfrac{1}{2}\\sum p_i^2 + \\frac{k}{r}\\,,\n\\quad r = \\sqrt{\\sum q_i^2}.$$ As well as the Hamiltonian $H_\\text{K}$ and the three components of the angular momentum $\\mathbf{L}=\\mathbf{q}\\times\\mathbf{p}$, the Kepler model has an additional conserved quantity called the *Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector* [@goldstein] $$\\mathbf{A} = \\mathbf{p}\\times\\mathbf{L} + k \\frac{\\mathbf{q}}{r}.$$ This gives a total of seven conserved quantities. ", "However, a one dimensional trajectory in a six dimensional phase space can have at most five conserved quantities that specify the trajectory. ", "Thus there must be two relations between these quantities. ", "They are $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\mathbf{A}\\cdot \\mathbf{L}&=0\\nonumber\\\\\n\\mathbf{A}^2 &= k^2 + 2H_\\text{K} \\mathbf{L}^2\\end{aligned}$$ The existence of five independent conserved quantities, two more than the three required for integrability, mean that the trajectories form closed curves rather than filling the Liouville–Arnold torii. ", "This situation is called *superintegrability*.", "\n\nNeumann\n-------\n\nThe Neumann Hamiltonian is $$H_{\\text{N}} =\n \\tfrac{1}{4} \\sum_{i,j} J_{ij}^2 + \\tfrac{1}{2} \\sum a_i q_i^2\\,,\n \\quad\n J_{ij} = q_i p_j - q_j p_i.$$ An independent set of constants of motion are [@babelon2003] $$I_i = q_i^2 + \\sum_{i\\neq j} \\frac{J_{ij}^2}{a_i-a_j}$$ for $k_\\alpha$ all different. ", "The property $\\{I_i,I_j\\}=0$ for $i\\neq j$ is easily checked using $\\{q_i,p_j\\}=\\delta_{ij}$. The Hamiltonian can be expressed as the linear combination $$H_\\text{N} = \\frac{1}{2}\\sum_i a_i I_i.$$ Additionally, $$\\sum_i q_i^2 = \\sum_i I_i,$$ showing that motion is confined to the sphere $S^{n-1}$.\n\nCalogero–Moser\n--------------\n\nThe Calogero–Moser model is given by $$\\label{eq:HCM}\n H_{\\text{CM}} =\n \\tfrac{1}{2}\\sum (p_i^2 + \\omega^2 q_i^2) +\n \\sum_{j < k} \\frac{g^2}{(q_j - q_k)^2}\\,.$$ The discussion of integrals of motion is facilitated by presenting the equations of motion in matrix form [@Perelomov:1990aa]. ", "Introducing the matrices $$\\begin{aligned}\n L^\\pm &= L \\pm i\\omega Q\\nonumber\\\\\n Q_{ij} & = q_i\\delta_{ij}\\nonumber\\\\\n L_{ij} &= p_i\\delta_{ij}+(1-\\delta_{ij})\\frac{ig}{q_i-q_j}\\nonumber\\\\\n M_{ij} &= g\\left[\\delta_{ij}\\sum_{k\\neq i}\\frac{1}{(q_i-q_k)^2} - (1-\\delta_{ij})\\frac{1}{(q_i-q_j)^2}\\right],\\end{aligned}$$ the equations of motion are equivalent to $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\dot Q + i[M,Q] = L\\nonumber\\\\\n \\dot L + i[M,L] = -\\omega^2 Q.\\end{aligned}$$ From this point it can be shown that the quantities $$I_k = \\mathop\\mathrm{tr}\\left[(L_+L_-)^k\\right]$$ are all conserved.", "\n\nDetails of experiments {#sec:details}\n======================\n\nWe present here details of the experiments of \\[sec:4\\].", "\n\nIn \\[fig:2,fig:viz\\_neumann\\] we used frequencies $a_1=.1,a_2=.2,a_3=.3$ for the Neumann model and couplings $\\omega^2 =\ng^2 = 1$ for the Calogero-Moser model. ", "The network architecture used is composed of $m=4$ blocks of zero-center, linear symplectic and symplectic additive coupling layers of \\[sec:3.1\\], applied in this order. ", "The linear symplectic layer has $r=2$ Householder reflections whose reflection vectors are initialized to be identical, so that their product is the identity. ", "The irrotational MLP used in the additive coupling layer (see \\[sec:imlp\\]) has hidden dimension $512$ and $\\tanh$ activation functions.", "\n\nThe data reported in \\[tab:neumann\\] and \\[fig:neumann-2-seen-unseen-traj\\] was produced by sampling at $\\tau=4096$ points solutions of the equations of motions between times $0$ and $10$. Training was done with the Adam optimizer using a mini-batch size of $128$. We trained for $7395$ epochs using a piece-wise learn rate schedule with iteration step boundaries $[20000,\n 50000, 100000]$ and values $[10^{-3}, 10^{-4}, 10^{-5}, 10^{-6}]$.\n\nAlternative algorithms {#sec:alt}\n======================\n\n`dKdPhi` {#sec:dKdPhi}\n--------\n\nThe algorithm of \\[sec:3.2\\] used numerical solutions of the equations of motion for a batch of initial conditions. ", "This can be expensive for large $n$ and also introduces numerical errors and questions of convergence of the ODE solver. ", "We here present an alternative procedure. ", "Recall that the transformed Hamiltonian $K$ of \\[eq:K\\] satisfies $\\nabla_\\varphi K = 0$. We therefore could find $T$ by minimizing the expectation of the norm of $\\nabla_\\varphi\nK$. However, the natural expectation is with respect to the canonical density of the model, which is $\\propto \\exp(-K(I))$ and itself unknown. ", "We propose to replace the canonical density with the exponential density $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:exp_density}\n \\rho(\\varphi, I) = (2\\pi)^{-n} \\exp -\\sum_i I_i \\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where the numerical prefactor comes from the uniform density of the angles. ", "This choice is motivated by the fact that integrable models are expected to be described by the generalized Gibbs ensemble when $n$ is large [@Jaynes:1957aa], and which corresponds to an exponential distribution for the actions. ", "Therefore, we propose the following alternative loss: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:alt_loss}\n \\ell &=\n \\mathbb{E}_{(\\varphi,I)\\sim \\rho}\n \\{ || \\nabla_\\varphi K ||^2 \\}\n \\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where we estimate the expectation over minibatches.", "\n\nFor illustration, we present some results using this algorithm for the Neumann model. ", "For simplicity, we trained the model by sampling uniformly in the angles but fixing a single value of the actions, effectively replacing the exponential measure in $\\rho$ with a Dirac measure, which physically amounts to restricting sampling to a single Liouville–Arnold torus. ", "The model parameters and network architecture are similar to those of \\[sec:details\\]. ", "To test the algorithm, we solve the Neumann equations of motion for an initial condition corresponding to the value of the actions used for training, and check that the inverse map is able to trivialize the trajectory by mapping it to a circle. ", "We stress that differently from \\[sec:4\\], here the trajectories are not inputs to the training algorithm, which is fully unsupervised. ", "The result is presented in \\[fig:dKdPhi\\_neumann\\], and validates the procedure.", "\n\nWhile not relying on numerical solutions of the equations of motion is appealing, we noticed that this algorithm takes a longer time to converge than that of \\[sec:3.1\\]. ", "This is partly due to the presence of a derivative in the loss, which increases the computational cost.", "\n\nNormalizing flows and KL minimization\n-------------------------------------\n\nThe algorithm of \\[sec:dKdPhi\\] relies on the exponential ansatz for the sampling measure, which lacking rigorous results about its validity, can be not optimal in practice. ", "Also, while one learns directly the transformed Hamiltonian $K$, one does not know how to sample efficiently from it. ", "Both issues can be resolved if we take a learnable density $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\rho(I,\\varphi) = \\rho_0(F^{-1}(I), \\varphi) \\left| \\operatorname{Det}(\\partial_{I} F^{-1}(I) ) \\right|\\,,\\end{aligned}$$ where $F$ is a normalizing flow [@realNVP]. ", "The base distribution $\\rho_0$ can be taken to be the exponential distribution.", "\n\nIn this formulation, a natural loss to consider is the following KL divergence: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:loss_KL}\n \\ell &=\n \\mathbb{E}_{(u,\\varphi)\\sim \\rho_0}\\left( \\text{KL}(\\rho_0, \\pi\\circ T \\circ F) \\right) \\\\\n &\\sim\n \\frac{1}{N}\n \\sum_{i=1}^N H(T(F(u_i),\\varphi_i)) + \\text{const}\n \\, ,\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\pi \\propto \\exp(-H)$ is the canonical density associated to the Hamiltonian $H$. We leave the numerical study of the minimization of this loss for future work.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Labeling membrane domains in dividing echinoderm eggs.", "\nSea urchins have long been used as a model organism to address questions in cell biology and development. ", "Work utilizing this model has elucidated processes of fertilization, the description of centrosomes, the separation of chromosomes during mitosis, and numerous other landmark discoveries. ", "They have been a favorite among researchers for a variety of reasons: Eggs are large and malleable, making them relatively easy to work with; the embryos have synchronized, rapid divisions; they are easy to microinject and manipulate; and their genome sequence is available. ", "In this Chapter, we focus on methods used to study the membrane dynamics during cytokinesis using sea urchin embryos. ", "The focus of this chapter is to provide methods for live-cell imaging of membrane domains in sea urchin embryos." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Variable selection and interpretation in structure-affinity correlation modeling of estrogen receptor binders.", "\nA computational approach for the identification and investigation of correlations between a chemical structure and a selected biological property is described. ", "It is based on a set of 132 compounds of known chemical structures, which were tested for their binding affinities to the estrogen receptor. ", "Different multivariate modeling methods, i.e., partial least-squares regression, counterpropagation neural network, and error-back-propagation neural network, were applied, and the prediction ability of each model was tested in order to compare the results of the obtained models. ", "To reduce the extensive set of calculated structural descriptors, two types of variable selection methods were applied, depending on the modeling approach used. ", "In particular, the final partial least-squares regression model was built using the \"variable importance in projection\" variable selection method, while genetic algorithms were applied in neural network modeling to select the optimal set of descriptors. ", "A thorough statistical study of the variables selected by genetic algorithms is shown. ", "The results were assessed with the aim to get insight to the mechanisms involved in the binding of estrogenic compounds to the receptor. ", "The variable selection on the basis of genetic algorithm was controlled with the test set of compounds, extracted from the data set available. ", "To compare the predictive ability of all the optimized models, a leave-one-out cross-validation procedure was applied, the best model being the nonlinear neural network model based on error back-propagation algorithm, which resulted in R2= 92.2% and Q2= 70.8%." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Doug Ford says he’s ready to derail Premier Kathleen Wynne’s “gravy train” by running for the Progressive Conservatives in a possible spring election.", "\n\nTaking to the airwaves Wednesday with his familiar refrain, the Etobicoke North Ward 2 city councillor and Mayor Rob Ford’s older brother capped months of speculation about his plans, saying Wynne’s push for new taxes to fund a $50 billion, 25-year transit plan is the last straw.", "\n\n“We’re gonna go down there and we’re gonna stop the gravy train in Ontario,” Ford told CP24 after an earlier appearance on AM640, insisting the province can find $2 billion a year in savings to cover the transit cost.", "\n\n“Call an election, Kathleen Wynne, in May and I will run. ", "I will guarantee it and we will defeat you,” Ford said on station’s John Oakley Show, a favourite landing spot for Conservative politicos.", "\n\n“We will make sure this province is going in the right direction.”", "\n\nIn the scenario that an election might not come until fall, because of NDP Leader Andrea Horwath’s vow to let the upcoming Liberal budget pass if it includes lower auto insurance rates and job training subsidies, Ford was less definitive about his future in provincial politics.", "\n\n“Let’s cross that bridge when we come to it,” said Ford, who minutes later hedged his bets by saying, “If I go down to the province I will stop the gravy train.”", "\n\nFord did not indicate where he planned to run, but the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario said it’s looking for a candidate on his home turf of Etobicoke North.", "\n\n“We’re really happy he’s considering it because he’s done a great job at city hall on controlling spending,” said Conservative communications director Alan Sakach. “", "We’d welcome him.”", "\n\nShould Ford run and defeat veteran Liberal MPP Dr. Shafiq Qaadri in the riding, he would give the Tories a long-sought beachhead in the 416 area code that has shunned the party since 2003.", "\n\nCity hall sources said Ford would expect a senior cabinet portfolio, such as finance, if the Tories win an election — and if they lose, he would consider running to replace Hudak, whom Ford described as a “fabulous leader.”", "\n\nFord’s father, Doug Ford Sr., ", "was Tory MPP for the old riding of Etobicoke—Humber from 1995-99 before being squeezed from office when former premier Mike Harris chopped the number of seats in the legislature in a symbolic cost-cutting move. ", "This left the Ford family with hard feelings.", "\n\nHudak’s office declined comment on Ford’s potential candidacy in Etobicoke North, but Tory MPPs were enthusiastic.", "\n\n“The Ford family have been great friends for a long time and they bring a lot of skills to the table,” said deputy leader Christine Elliott.", "\n\nOne Liberal operative described Ford as a loose cannon and an “urban Randy Hillier,” a reference to the maverick eastern Ontario Tory MPP who once ran the radical Ontario Landowners Association.", "\n\nFord had some free advice for Horwath, advising her to join Hudak in defeating the Liberals’ budget to force a May or June campaign.", "\n\n“The longer Andrea’s waiting, the more fences Kathleen Wynne is going to mend,” said Ford, referring to the government’s recent deals with teachers infuriated by former premier Dalton McGuinty.", "\n\nWynne wished Ford the best but warned he may be disappointed.", "\n\n“I wish any candidate . . . ", "lots of luck, you know, depending on the party,” she joked with reporters in Kingston, adding: “I’m not planning on holding an election in May. I’m running to govern and I believe the people of Ontario want to see the minority parliament work.”", "\n\nIn the 2011 provincial election, Qaadri defeated Conservative challenger Karm Singh by about 6,000 votes and received 48 per cent of the popular vote.", "\n\nWith files from Russell Piffer and Richard J. Brennan\n\nMore from thestar.com:\n\nLoading... Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading...\n\nMayor Rob Ford will attend Pride flag-raising, says Doug Ford\n\nMayor Rob Ford calls court costs decision ridiculous: ‘I won fair and square’\n\nWatch Rob Ford make vomiting sound in public\n\nRead more about:" ]

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[ ", , Lots And Land located at 96 Lake At Lissara Lewisville NC 27023 US #590391\n\n96 Lake At Lissara , Lewisville NC 27023 US\n\nLife Lived Well.\" ", "How could it be anything else with Bob Timberlake's input? ", "Developed to simulate an isolated mountain cove, this unique community offers picturesque views, an inspiring Adirondack Lodge, winding roads over rock-bridge streams, and hardwood lots surrounding a pristine 21-acre ..." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to implement listeners for selectionModel within controller in ExtJS 4.1 MVC\n\nI have a grid with checkboxmodel selection model applied. ", "Is there a way to put listeners on it within controllers control() method?", "\nAs far as DOCS say refs property is used to reference to Components only. ", "SelectionModel is not a Component.", "\n\nA:\n\nSimply register your listeners to the grid that contains this model using the supplied control() method of your controller. ", "As far as I know all events from the checkboxmodel are bubbled up to grid. ", "At least the selectionchange event works cause I use this one by myself along with a checkbox model. ", "\n'grid': {select: this.onSelect, selectionchange: this.onSelectionChange}\n\nI don't recommend to use refs at all for such a case.", "\nEdit:\nAs you might see in the API the checkboxes checkboxmodel are not of the type Ext.form.field.", "Checkbox. ", "For that reason there is not single event from the checkbox that you may have in mind. ", "\nTo force a selection by using the checkbox use\ncheckOnly: true\n\nthis will force a selection only by clicking the combo\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Background {#Sec1}\n==========\n\n*Haemonchus contortus* is one of the main gastrointestinal nematodes that infect small ruminants worldwide \\[[@CR1]\\]. ", "A prolific breeder, one adult female worm can produce nearly ten thousand eggs every day \\[[@CR2]\\]. ", "During this worm's parasitic period, eggs are continually expelled from the infected hosts and develop in the external environment, such as pastures to the third-stage larvae (L3 s) that can infect suitable ruminant hosts \\[[@CR3]\\]. ", "Since adults of this gastrointestinal nematode feed on the blood of hosts, the seriously infected ruminants may have some clinical presentation such as weight loss, anaemia and even death \\[[@CR4]\\]. ", "Thus, this nematode economically impacts livestock production \\[[@CR5]\\].", "\n\nIn order to minimize the economic losses to animal husbandry caused by this nematode, benzimidazoles (BZs) have been widely used against this worm. ", "However, the BZ resistance of *H. contortus* has become an increasingly serious problem due to excessive use of this anthelmintic \\[[@CR6]\\]. ", "Studies to date have reported that three different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene at codons 167 (T**T**C to T**[A]{.ul}**C) \\[[@CR7]\\], 198 (G**A**A to G**[C]{.ul}**A) \\[[@CR8]\\] and 200 (T**T**C to T**[A]{.ul}**C) \\[[@CR9]\\] are correlated with BZ resistance in *H. contortus*. ", "The F200Y (TAC) which results in the replacement of phenylalanine with tyrosine seems to be the commonest SNP correlated with BZ resistance and has a high frequency in many countries \\[[@CR10]\\]. ", "Though the SNP F167Y (TAC) that results in the replacement of phenylalanine with tyrosine has also been detected to be associated with BZ resistance in many studies, it has a lower prevalence than F200Y (TAC), with an obviously restrained distribution in countries including the UK, the US, France, Canada, Argentina, and Brazil \\[[@CR7], [@CR11]--[@CR17]\\]. ", "SNP E198A (GCA), resulting in the replacement of glutamate with alanine, was also implicated in BZ resistance and has been found within two filed-derived *H. contortus* population collected from South Africa \\[[@CR8]\\] and Australia \\[[@CR18]\\]. ", "More recently, the BZ resistance-associated SNPE198A (GCA) has been further examined using an in vitro selection of a *H. contortus* population containing both F200Y (TAC) and E298A (GCA) \\[[@CR19]\\].", "\n\nUnderstanding the spread and origins of BZ resistance-associated SNPs has important implications for the control of this nematode \\[[@CR20]\\]. ", "Consequently, population genetic studies of BZ resistance in *H. contortus* have been conducted in many countries. ", "For instance, Zhang et al. ", "\\[[@CR21]\\] studied eight geographic populations of *H. contortus* in China and showed that SNPs E198A (GCA) and F200Y (TAC) had multiple independent origins, which revealed that BZ resistance associated alleles had repeatedly arisen in China.", "\n\nAccording to a previous study \\[[@CR22]\\], the wild blue sheep (*Pseudois nayaur*), a small wild ruminant sympatric with domestic ruminants, inhabiting the Helan Mountains, China, is also infected by *H. contortus*. ", "Considering that BZ resistance has a wide distribution in China \\[[@CR21], [@CR23]\\], it is necessary to monitor BZ resistance within *H. contortus* populations from wild blue sheep. ", "Therefore, the goals of this study were to (i) monitor the frequency on BZ resistance-associated alleles in *H. contortus* isolated from wild blue sheep and (ii) explore the origin of BZ resistance-associated SNPs in *H. contortus* populations from wild blue sheep.", "\n\nResults {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nBZ resistance-associated SNP E198A (GCA), but not F167Y (TAC) and F200Y (TAC), were detected within the *H. contortus* worms isolated from wild blue sheep and domestic sheep {#Sec3}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe partial isotype-1 β-tubulin gene sequences of all the *H. contortus* worms collected from the wild blue sheep and domestic sheep were successfully amplified using a nested PCR method. ", "The BZ resistance-associated SNP E198A (GCA) was found within the worms collected from wild and domestic hosts, but F167Y (TAC) and F200Y (TAC) were not. ", "As nematodes are diploid organisms, single peak represents homozygous allele and secondary peak detected means the heterozygous allele. ", "The frequencies of heterozygous resistance at position 198 between the two worm groups from the wild and domestic hosts were 7.40 and 15.00%. ", "Homozygous resistance at position 198 was only found in the worms collected from blue sheep, and the frequency of this genotype was 7.40%. ", "Additionally, the frequencies of resistant allele at position 198 of the two worm groups from the wild blue sheep and domestic sheep were 11.11 and 7.50% (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}).Table 1Number and frequency (%) with 95% CI^a^ of individual worm genotypes with \"susceptible\" and \"resistant\" single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and the allele frequency (%) with 95% CI at codon E198A (GAA/GCA) associated with benzimidazole resistance in isotype-1 β-tubulin gene of *H. contortus* worms from sympatric blue sheep and sheep in Helan Mountains, ChinaHostsNumber of genotype^b^ and frequency (%) with 95% CI Frequency^c^ (%) with 95% CI for codon E198AHs-198Hr-198Het-198SusceptibleResistantSheep17 (85.00, 63.96\\~94.76)0 (0.00, 0.00\\~16.11)3 (15.00, 5.24\\~36.04)(92.50, 80.14\\~97.42)(7.50, 2.58\\~19.86)Blue sheep23 (85.20, 67.52\\~94.08)2 (7.40, 2.06\\~23.37)2 (7.40, 2.06\\~23.37)(88.89, 77.81\\~94.81)(11.11, 5.19\\~22.19)^a^ *CI* Confidence interval^b^ Genotype: Hs, homozygous susceptible; Hr, homozygous resistant; Het, heterozygote^c^ The allele frequency for codon E198A (%) was calculated using as below: Susceptible of sheep = (Hs-198× 2 + Het-198)/(20 × 2). ", "Resistant of sheep = (Hr-198× 2 + Het-198)/(20 × 2). ", "Susceptible of blue sheep = (Hs-198× 2 + Het-198)/(27 × 2). ", "Resistant of blue sheep = (Hr-198× 2 + Het-198)/(27 × 2)\n\nSequence diversity and origins of SNP E198A (GCA) in the *H. contortus* worms from wild blue sheep {#Sec4}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTwo microliters aliquots of the genomic DNA from every worm were utilized to construct the pooled DNA samples that represented the two *H. contortus* groups collected from the wild and domestic hosts. ", "The nested PCR product from the two pooled DNA samples was successfully amplified, cloned and sequenced to assess the genetic characterization of *H. contortus* worms collected from the wild blue sheep and domestic sheep; 27 and 20 isotype-1 β-tubulin gene sequences were obtained from the two worm groups, respectively, and 16 and 10 haplotypes, respectively, were defined in the two worm groups after sequence filtering. ", "There were two shared haplotypes between the two worm groups, which led to a total of 24 haplotypes (GenBank accession nos. ", "MH359364--MH359387). ", "Among these, two haplotypes (E198A1 and E198A2) possessed BZ resistance-associated SNP E198A (GCA), and both were from the wild blue sheep *H. contortus* worms. ", "A high level of haplotype diversity (0.952 and 0.926) was present in the two worm groups, and the nucleotide diversity was 0.04172 and 0.03925, respectively (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}).Table 2Genetic diversity indices of isotype-1 β-tubulin gene of *H. contortus* worms collected from sympatric blue sheep and sheep in Helan Mountains, ChinaHostNNo. ", "of sequenceshNo. ", "of haplotypes with E198AHdπSheep20201000.9260.03925Blue sheep27271620.9520.04172Total47472420.9520.04063*Abbreviations*: N, *H. contortus* population size; h, number of haplotypes; Hd, haplotype diversity; π, nucleotide diversity\n\nAnother 36 isotype-1 β-tubulin haplotype sequences of *H. contortus* (two of these haplotypes, E198A3 and E198A4, possessed resistance-associated SNP E198A (GCA) from domestic ruminants in eight other geographical regions of China were used to further detect origins of the two haplotypes (E198A1 and E198A2) possessing resistance-associated SNP E198A (GCA). ", "The evolutionary tree (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) based on Bayesian inference (10 million generations) was hypothesized using the 60 isotype-1 β-tubulin gene haplotype sequences of *H. contortus*. ", "And the dendrogram showed that the haplotypes from the wild and domestic hosts were randomly dispersed among the branches of the phylogenetic tree. ", "In addition, the topology of the BI tree showed (Fig. [", "1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) that the two haplotypes possessing resistance-associated SNP E198A (GCA) from the wild blue sheep were distributed in two distinct clades (Clade 1 and Clade 2). ", "Moreover, Clade 2 was a distinct clade with high posterior probability (BPP = 100) composed of four HM individuals and one HuB individual. ", "The topology of Clade 3 which was also a distinct clade with a high posterior probability (BPP = 100) composed of a resistant haplotype (E198A4) from HeB and two susceptible haplotypes from HuB was consistent with the research of Zhang et al. ", "\\[[@CR21]\\]. ", "Corresponding with the BI tree, the topology of ML tree also showed the same result (not shown). ", "To further test the multiple origins of the BZ resistance-associated SNP E198A (GCA) of the *H. contortus* worms from wild blue sheep, a network built by the neighbor-net method (SplitsTrees) was constructed to discern their genetic relationships. ", "The topology (Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) revealed that there was a clear boundary between the two haplotypes (E198A1 and E198A2) possessing BZ resistance-associated SNP E198A from wild blue sheep. ", "Additionally, to detect the genetic diversity of *H. contortus* worms isolated from the wild blue sheep and other geographical regions in China, pairwise *F*st value that is an index of genetic differentiation was calculated. ", "A low pairwise *F*st value (0.00774) was present between the worm groups from wild blue sheep and domestic sheep in FST. ", "Similarly, low pairwise *F*st values were also present between the wild blue sheep worm group and worm groups in other areas of China (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}).Fig. ", "1Phylogenetic tree resulting from Bayesian analysis of 60 isotype-1 β-tubulin gene sequences of *H. contortus*. ", "The different coloured dots represent isotype-1 β-tubulin gene sequences from the different populations/sampling locations. ", "Posterior probabilities values lower than 50 are not displayed in the tree. *", "Abbreviations*: FST, Farm Seven Team; GX, Guangxi; HeB, Hebei; HLJ, Heilongjiang; HM, Helan Mountains; HuB, Hubei; IM, Inner Mongolia; LN, Liaoning; SX, Shaanxi; YN, YunnanFig. ", "2This network was built using 60 isotype-1 β-tubulin gene sequences of *H. contortus*. ", "Isolated from wild blue sheep, sheep sympatric with the blue sheep and eight geographical regions of China. ", "The different coloured dots represent haplotypes from the different populations/sampling locations. *", "Abbreviations*: FST, Farm Seven Team; GX, Guangxi; HeB, Hebei; HLJ, Heilongjiang; HM, Helan Mountains; HuB, Hubei; IM, Inner Mongolia; LN, Liaoning; SX, Shaanxi; YN, YunnanTable 3Pairwise *Fst* values of isotype-1 β-tubulin gene between *H. contortus* worm groups from the ten regions in ChinaFSTGXHeBHLJHuBLNIMSXYNFST--0.007140.001370.007670.013450.0631200**0.19064**HM0.00774**0.09237**00.110890.006160.0962000.03547**0.19749**Bold indicates significant *Fst* values (*P* \\< 0.05)*Abbreviations*: *FST* Farm Seven Team, *GX* Guangxi, *HeB* Hebei, *HLJ* Heilongjiang, *HM* Helan Mountains, *HuB* Hubei, *IM* Inner Mongolia, *LN* Liaoning, *SX* Shaanxi; YN, Yunnan\n\nDiscussion {#Sec5}\n==========\n\nThe present work is the first to monitor the three BZ resistance-associated SNPs, F167Y (TAC), E198A (GCA) and F200Y (TAC), in the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene in *H. contortus* worms from the wild blue sheep inhabiting the Helan Mountains. ", "The BZ resistance-associated SNP E198A (GCA) was detected, whereas the other two SNPs, F167Y (TAC) and F200Y (TAC) were not found in the worms collected from wild blue sheep. ", "In addition, for the *H. contortus* worms from the domestic sheep sympatric with the blue sheep, only heterozygosity at position 198 was detected (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "It was shown that SNP E198A was dominant among the three BZ resistance-associated resistant SNPs in the two examined worm groups, which agreed with the argument proposed by other studies that SNP E198A (GCA) was most frequently encountered in China \\[[@CR21], [@CR24]\\]. ", "The allele frequency of resistant at position 198 for the *H. contortus* worms from blue sheep was 11.11% (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}), which was below the average frequency (27.75%) of resistant at position 198 for the *H. contortus* worms collected from sheep and goats in eight geographical regions of China (GX, HLJ, IM, LN, SX, SZ, YD, YN) \\[[@CR21]\\].", "\n\nThe results of our study revealed a high degree of genetic diversity within the two examined worm groups, which agreed with a previous study based on the mitochondrial gene \\[[@CR22]\\]. ", "Haplotype diversity of the isotype-1 β-tubulin sequences of *H. contortus* from the wild blue sheep and domestic sheep was at a high level (0.952 and 0.926, respectively), which was similar to a previous study (from 0.455 to 0.939) in China \\[[@CR21]\\]; similarly, the nucleotide diversity of the isotype-1 β-tubulin sequences of the two *H. contortus* groups was 0.03925 and 0.04172, respectively (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}); these values are consistent with earlier studies on *H. contortus* from other geographical regions, such as Brazil (0.025--0.038) \\[[@CR11]\\] and China (0.018--0.039) \\[[@CR21]\\].", "\n\nAccording to the topologies of the phylogenetic tree (Fig. [", "1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and the network (Fig. [", "2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), the two haplotypes (E198A1 and E198A2) possessing resistant SNP E198A (GCA) from the wild blue sheep were distributed in two different groups and coupled to at least three susceptible haplotypes from the same worm group; this provided strong evidence that there were at least two independent origins of BZ resistance-associated E198A (GCA) within the *H. contortus* worms collected from the wild blue sheep. ", "Resistant haplotype sequences E198A1 and E198A3 were contained in Clade 1 (Fig. [", "1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), a distinct clade with high posterior probability (BPP = 98). ", "In contrast, the supported nodes of the subclades within Clade 1 were at a low level. ", "The sequence similarity between E198A1 and E198A3 was 98.7%. ", "Hence, we hypothesized that one of the haplotypes (E198A1) possessing resistance-associated SNP E198A (GCA) from the wild blue sheep might have the same origin as the resistant haplotype (E198A3) from GX. ", "The network built by the neighbor-net method also validated this hypothesis. ", "Regarding another haplotype (E198A2) possessing resistance-associated SNP E198A (GCA) from wild blue sheep, the haplotype was shown to be clustered within three individuals from the wild blue sheep and one HuB individual and formed a distinct clade (Clade 2) with high posterior probability (BPP = 100). ", "The network (Fig. [", "2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) also revealed the same topology. ", "Therefore, we hypothesized that this haplotype (E198A2) possessing resistance-associated SNP E198A (GCA) from the wild blue sheep had a different origin than the other three BZ resistance-associated E198A (GCA) SNPs in China. ", "For E198A3 and E198A4, their distribution in the topologies of the tree and network was consistent with the study by Zhang et al. ", "\\[[@CR11]\\].", "\n\nThe evolutionary tree (Fig. [", "1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) using the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene of *H. contortus* showed the same result as a previous phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial DNA \\[[@CR22]\\]: there was no obvious boundary among these *H. contortus* worms according to geographical origin and that the haplotype sequences of *H. contortus* from wild blue sheep were randomly dispersed within the main clades of the tree. ", "Furthermore, this phenomenon was consistent with the topology of the network (Fig. [", "2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Additionally, low *Fst* values (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}) were present among all the *H. contortus* worms collected from different regions in China. ", "All these results indicated that a high level of gene flow without obvious geographical barriers was present among all the *H. contortus* worms in China, including the *H. contortus* worms from wild blue sheep.", "\n\nThe BZ resistance-associated SNP E198A (GCA) was found in the blue sheep *H. contortus* worms, which was a question worthy of consideration why the *H. contortus* worms collected from wild hosts revealed presence of markers for anthelmintic resistance. ", "The Helan Mountains is more than just a natural habitat of wild blue sheep, it was also a main pastoral area of Ningxia Province in China. ", "Every year, approximately 100,000 sheep were observed on the mountains from June to August \\[[@CR25]\\], and the BZ resistance in China has a high prevalence. ", "In current work, a high level of gene flow was detected based on the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene among the *H. contortus* worms collected from wild and domestic hosts, which was consistent with a previous study based on mitochondrial DNA \\[[@CR22]\\]. ", "The gene flow is determined by the life histories of parasite, host movement, effective population sizes and multiple host species being reared together in common grazing pastures \\[[@CR26]\\]. ", "Therefore, we assumed that the high level of gene flow among the *H. contortus* worms from wild and domestic hosts was caused by the sympatric grazing. ", "Consequently, BZ resistance mutations of *H. contortus* from domestic hosts were spread into this wild hosts *H. contortus* worms because of the sympatric grazing. ", "Results of current work revealed that one of the haplotypes (E198A1) possessing resistance-associated SNP E198A (GCA) from the wild blue sheep might have the same origin as the resistant haplotype (E198A3) from GX, which validated this hypothesis.", "\n\nConclusions {#Sec6}\n===========\n\nThe present study is the first to monitor the three BZ resistance-associated SNPs F167Y (TAC), E198A (GCA) and F200Y (TAC) in the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene in *H. contortus* worms from the wild blue sheep inhabiting Helan Mountains. ", "BZ resistance-associated SNP E198A (GCA) was detected and the frequency of homozygous resistant was 7.40%, whereas another two SNPs F167Y (TAC) and F200Y (TAC) were not found. ", "Genetic relationships analysis revealed that the two haplotypes (E198A1 and E198A2) possessing resistant SNP E198A from the wild blue sheep had two different independent origins.", "\n\nMethods {#Sec7}\n=======\n\nParasite material and DNA extraction {#Sec8}\n------------------------------------\n\nWild blue sheep is widely distributed and has no any natural predators in the Helan Mountains. ", "To control population sizes of the blue sheep, local government agents used the tranquilizer guns to cull a few of old and sick individuals that were eliminated naturally by blue sheep populations. ", "In current work, approved by the local government agents, twenty-seven adult *H. contortus* were harvested from three wild blue sheep that were culled from the population by them in the areas of Qingyang Ravine and Xiazi Ravine. ", "Another six domestic sheep that were slaughtered by herdsmen in their daily life were randomly chosen from a mountain village (Farm Seven Team) near the natural habitat of blue sheep. ", "And we harvested twenty adult *H. contortus* from these domestic sheep with approval of the owners. ", "All experimental designs and animals handling were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Northeast Forestry University. ", "Detailed information about the sampling sites of the hosts was shown in Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Worm DNA was extracted using a QIAamp DNA kit (QIAamp, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer's directions and then stored at − 20 °C. ", "All worm DNA was used to assess the BZ-associated SNPs. ", "As described by Zhang et al. ", "\\[[@CR21]\\], two pooled DNA samples representing the two *H. contortus* populations from the wild and domestic hosts were constructed to analyze the genetic diversity.", "Fig. ", "3Sampling sites in this study and eight other geographical regions of China where *H. contortus* originated from the wild blue sheep and domestic ruminants. ", "Qingyang Ravine and Xiazi Ravine belong to the Helan Mountains. *", "Abbreviations*: QYR, Qingyang Ravine; XZR, Xiazi Ravine; FST, Farm Seven Team; GX, Guangxi; HeB, Hebei; HLJ, Heilongjiang; HuB, Hubei; IM, Inner Mongolia; LN, Liaoning; SX, Shaanxi; YN, Yunnan\n\nPCR amplification and sequencing to determine the frequencies of the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene F167Y, E198A and F200Y BZ resistance-associated SNPs in *H. contortus* {#Sec9}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nA region (\\~ 375 bp) that included exons 4 and 5 and their intervening intron of the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene was amplified using nested PCR with newly designed primers that flanked the three BZ-associated SNPs. ", "The primers were designed using Oligo 7 software \\[[@CR27]\\] according to the complete β-tubulin sequence of *H. contortus* (GenBank accession no. ", "X67489). ", "Primers BR_F1 (5′-AGGGAGCCGAGCTAGTTGATA-3′) and BR_R1 (5′-AAGTGAAGACGAGGGAATGGA-3′) were used in the first-step PCR amplification, and the reactions (25 μl) included 2.5 μl of PCR buffer, 2.5 μl of dNTPs, 2 μl of MgCl~2~, 3 μl of DNA, 1 μl of each primer, 12 μl of ddH~2~O water and 1 μl of Thermo Scientific *Taq* DNA Polymerase under the following conditions: 2 min at 94 °C, 30 cycles of 40 s at 94 °C, 30 s at 54 °C, 1 min at 72 °C; and 7 min at 72 °C. ", "Forward primer BR_F2 (5′-CTTGGAGGAGGCACTGGAT-3′) and reverse primer BR_R2 (5′-GTGAAGACGAGGGAATGGA-3′) were used for the second-step (nested) PCR amplification, and the reactions (25 μl) were performed in 2.5 μl of PCR buffer, 2.5 μl of dNTPs, 2 μl of MgCl~2~, 2 μl of first-step PCR amplification, 1 μl of each primer, 13 μl of ddH~2~O water and 1 μl of Thermo Scientific *Taq* DNA Polymerase under the following conditions: 94 °C for 2 min, 30 cycles of 30 s at 94 °C, 15 s at 55 °C, 30 s at 72 °C; and 72 °C for 7 min. ", "Five microliters of nested PCR product was examined on a 1.0% agarose gel to verify that the product contained a single band of the appropriate size. ", "Column-purified nested PCR products were sent to BGI (Beijing, China) for sequencing in forward and reverse directions with the primers BR_F2 and BR_R2.", "\n\nTo assess the relative frequencies of the BZ resistance-associated SNPs, ChromasPro version 1.5 software was used to trace the amplifications and mainly focused on positions 167, 198 and 200 according to the threshold described by Kotze et al. ", "\\[[@CR19]\\]. ", "Relative allelic frequencies and genotypic frequencies were calculated according to Tiwari et al. ", "\\[[@CR28]\\] and the 95% confidence intervals of these frequencies were estimated as Wilson-Score intervals using the binom-wilson tool from the epitools package in the statistical programming language R.\n\nAmplification, cloning and sequencingof isotype-1 β-tubulin gene to detect the BZ resistance-associated SNPs F167Y, E198A and F200Y {#Sec10}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nA partial fragment of the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene was amplified from the two pooled DNA samples, and the nested PCR products were purified and then cloned into *Escherichia coli* DH5α using the pMD19-T Easy Vector System (TaKaRa) following the manufacturer's protocols. ", "Twenty and 27 clones were selected from the *H. contortus* worms from domestic sheep and wild blue sheep, respectively, and sequenced in both directions (forward and reverse). ", "The published isotype-1 β-tubulin gene (GenBank accession no. ", "X67489) was used as the reference sequence to detect the SNPs F167Y, E198A and F200Y.\n\nSequence diversity and phylogenetic analyses {#Sec11}\n--------------------------------------------\n\nAll the raw sequences (isotype-1 β-tubulin gene) were aligned using ClustalX v2.0 software \\[[@CR29]\\]. ", "The haplotypes were produced using the DnaSP 5.10 software \\[[@CR30]\\]; in addition, haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were also calculated through this software. ", "To define the spread and origins of BZ resistance-associated SNPs in *H. contortus* from wild blue sheep, another 36 isotype-1 β-tubulin gene haplotype sequences of *H. contortus* (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}) isolated from sheep and goats in eight geographical regions of China (Fig. [", "1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) were retrieved from the NCBI nucleotide database (<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/>) to construct phylogenetic trees. ", "Phylogenetic analyses were hypothesized using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). ", "The partial β-tubulin gene of *Haemonchus placei* (GenBank accession no. ", "KJ598498) acted as the outgroup. ", "For all the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene sequences, multiple alignments were produced using ClustalX v2.0 software \\[[@CR29]\\], and ambiguously aligned regions were excluded using Gblocks-0.91 \\[[@CR31]\\]. ", "The program Modeltest 3.7 \\[[@CR32]\\] was used to select the appropriate model of nucleotide substitution according to Akaike's information criterion (AIC). ", "ML analyses were conducted using raxmlGUI v1.5 \\[[@CR33]\\], and the best-fitting nucleotide substitution model was GTR + I + G. Bootstrap branch support values (MLBS) were obtained with 1000 rapid bootstrap inferences and subsequently sought in a thorough ML search of the data set. ", "BI analyses were hypothesized using MrBayes v3.2 \\[[@CR34]\\], and the best-fitting models for the partial isotype-1 β-tubulin sequence evolution was GTR + I + G. The following parameters were applied: four Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) were run for 2 runs from random starting trees for 10 million generations, and trees were sampled every 100 generations; 25,000 generations were discarded as \"burn-in\", and the remaining samples were used to calculate Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP). ", "Topologies of phylogenetic trees were drawn using FigTree v1.4.2 software (<http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree>). ", "For population genetic analysis, the program Arlequin 3.5 \\[[@CR35]\\] was used to calculate the pairwise *Fst* value. ", "In addition, network based on genetic distance were generated using the neighbor-net method in the program SplitsTrees v 4.0 \\[[@CR36]\\].", "\n\nAdditional files\n================\n\n {#Sec12}\n\nAdditional file 1:**Table S1.** ", "Information on 24 different isotype-1 β-tubulin gene haplotypes from two *H. contortus* groups isolated form sympatric blue sheep and sheep. (", "DOC 13 kb) Additional file 2:**Table S2.** ", "Information on 36 different isotype-1 β-tubulin gene haplotypes from eight *H. contortus* groups in China. (", "DOC 14 kb)\n\nAIC\n\n: Akaike's information criterion\n\nBI\n\n: Bayesian inference\n\nBPP\n\n: Bayesian posterior probability\n\nBZs\n\n: Benzimidazoles\n\nCI\n\n: Confidence interval\n\nFST\n\n: Farm Seven Team\n\nGX\n\n: Guangxi\n\nHLJ\n\n: Heilongjiang\n\nHMB\n\n: Wild blue sheep inhabiting in Helan Mountains\n\nIM\n\n: Inner Mongolia\n\nLN\n\n: Liaoning\n\nMJ\n\n: Median-joining\n\nML\n\n: Maximum likelihood\n\nQYR\n\n: Qingyang Ravine\n\nSX\n\n: Shaanxi\n\nSZ\n\n: Suizhou\n\nTBR\n\n: Tree bisection reconnection\n\nXZR\n\n: Xiazi Ravine\n\nYD\n\n: Yidu\n\nYN\n\n: Yunnan\n\nNot applicable.", "\n\nFunding {#FPar1}\n=======\n\nThis work was supported by the following Grants: National Key Research and Development Program (project 2017YFD0501702), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2572018BE07) and Surveillance of Wildlife Diseases from the State Forestry Administration of China. ", "The funding body was solely involved in funding and had no role in the design of the study, the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data, or in writing the manuscript.", "\n\nAvailability of data and materials {#FPar2}\n==================================\n\nThe datasets supporting the findings of this article are included within the article. ", "GenBank accession numbers of 24 isotype-1 β-tubulin gene haplotype sequences of *H. contortus* isolated from wild blue sheep are MH359364 -- MH359387 (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}); GenBank accession numbers of the eight geographical *H. contortus* populations are shown in Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type=\"media\"}.", "\n\nDS carried out laboratory work and wrote the manuscript. ", "ZP and MH performed the data analyses. ", "ZP and ZZ isolated *H. contortus* worms from the wild and domestic sheep. ", "ZH helped in conceived of this work and participated in its design. ", "ZL contributed in manuscript revision. ", "All authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nEthics approval and consent to participate {#FPar3}\n==========================================\n\nWe declare that all the wild blue sheep in current work were culled from the population by local Helan Mountains government agents. ", "There is no conflict of interest with species conservation guidelines. ", "Collecting the *H. contortus* worms from the wild sheep was approved by the local Helan government agents. ", "All experimental designs and animals handling were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Northeast Forestry University.", "\n\nConsent for publication {#FPar4}\n=======================\n\nNot applicable.", "\n\nCompeting interests {#FPar5}\n===================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.", "\n\nPublisher's Note {#FPar6}\n================\n\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "185 Rimrock Road -\nScenic subdivision in Rollingstone with new/newer construction homes. ", "18 lots available for single family homes and 8 lots available for twin homes. ", "Only 12 minutes to Winona and offers all city amenities with a country setting. ", "No assessments!", "\n\nAll information deemed reliable but not guaranteed. ", "All properties are subject to prior sale, change or withdrawal.", "\nNeither broker(s), agent(s) nor WhereToLive.com, Inc. shall be responsible for any typographical errors,\nmisinformation or misprints, and shall be held totally harmless." ]

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[ "Stein Glacier\n\nThe Stein Glacier () is a 4 km long glacier (2005) situated in the Urner Alps in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. ", "In 1973 it had an area of 6.06 km2.", "\n\nSee also\nList of glaciers in Switzerland\nSwiss Alps\n\nExternal links\n\nSwiss glacier monitoring network\nGlaciers online\n\nCategory:Glaciers of Switzerland\nCategory:Glaciers of the Alps\nGStein" ]

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[ "We have described a group of cytokines that modulate mediator release from basophils and mast cells. ", "Histamine releasing factors (HRF)-mediated activation of mast cells and basophils may represent a amplification mechanism of allergic process. ", "The clinical importance of these cytokines can not be established until their chemical structure is better defined. ", "We have purified one species of HRF (44 kD) by sequential HPLC. ", "The objective of this grant is to purify this and other species of HRF to homogeneity and sequence them. ", "In addition, we plan to raise monoclonal antibodies against HRF, develop immunoassays and affinity columns to aid purification. ", "Crude supernatants containing HRF will be generated by culturing two cell lines, U937 and RPMI 8866, both of which produce HRF similar to that synthesized by mononuclear cells (MNC). ", "Furthermore, MNC-derived HRF will be generated by culturing cells isolated from leukocytes concentrates obtained from Blood Bank donors. ", "HRF will be purified by using sequential HPLC. ", "We have recently demonstrated that a major fraction of HRF binds to heparin-agarose. ", "We have also optimized the running conditions of a C4 reverse phase column, and recovered HRF from the column with satisfactory yield. ", "The strategy for the purification of HRF is to apply sequential HPLC involving affinity, ion exchange and reverse phase columns. ", "The homogeneity will be verified by one- and two-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. ", "Purified HRF will be electroblotted onto Immobilon PVDF filters and used directly for sequencing. ", "The latter will be accomplished using an updated Applied Bio-system Sequenator. ", "Monoclonal antibodies will be raised in mice using purified HRF. ", "Hybridoma cells will be grown in the peritoneum of pristane-treated mice. ", "Purified antibody will be used to develop ELISA and/or RIA as well as affinity columns. ", "Our final goal is to conduct a biochemical and immunological comparison of various species of HRF produced by different subpopulations of MNC. ", "This will be accomplished by comparing the elution profile from HPLC columns and by testing the antigenic cross-reactivity among various species of HRF obtained from different sources." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWindows 7 on a Mac Book Pro\n\nSo, I've done the research and it is very clear that running Windows 7 on a Mac Book Pro (dual booting naturally) is not only possible, it seems to be quite ubiquitous...there are even YouTube videos on how to do it.", "\nMy question (though to some it may seem silly) is if it's exactly like running it on a PC? ", " More clarification: I'm looking to buy a Mac Book Pro for the obvious reasons that you buy a Mac Book Pro (Macs are pretty cool, I need to do some iOS development, etc.). ", " However, I also need to do some Windows-specific development (stuff for work, WCF stuff, etc.)...my old PC is needing to be replaced and so I figured if the MBP can do both, why not.", "\nThank you in advance for your assistance with these questions.", "\n\nA:\n\nRunning it dual boot is going to give you a pretty native experience. ", "If I am typically going to do more than minor work I prefer to reboot into Windows using Bootcamp. ", "Depending on the type of work you are looking to do a virtual machine may do just fine. ", "\nMy setup which I feel has given me a nice blend of easy access and power when needed is as follows. ", "I installed Windows 7 as a bootcamp installation. ", "I then use VMWare Fusion and mounted that partition as a virtual machine. ", "VMWare Fusion is not free but not extremely expensive either. ", "It does however allow me access to the same environment in either mode.", "\nI can now access a quick IE9 browser (web testing) as needed or reboot into Windows if I need to run Visual Studio or any other heavier application (GAMES!!!).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Steve, I attach a draft presentation based in concept on the presentation \nthat you sent through.", "\n\nBroadly, the presentation is designed to provide an international perspective \nto the liberalization of electricity markets, in the context of the Japanese \nemerging markets. ", "As you are aware, the conference coincides with the public \nrelease of the Brattle paper commissioned by Enron Japan which makes specific \nrecommendations for electricity sector reform in Japan. ", "\n\nThe notes accompanying the slides are intended to provide a Japanese context \nto international examples. ", "We have added an advertisement of Enron Japan \ntowards the end of the presentation which is styled as a practical example of \nthe new energy company. ", "Its purpose is to start the process of shifting the \npublic focus on Enron Japan away from energy wholesaling.", "\n\nThe speaking time is 50minutes. ", "The audience will be middle to senior \nmanagement from utilities, large-lot users, METI, the US Government, \nconsultants and others. ", "The press will be attending.", "\n\nI will provide a briefing note on the conference shortly.", "\n\nI would welcome your comments. ", "I will try to catch you Wednesday afternoon \nyour time to discuss. ", "\n\n\n\nkind regards" ]

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[ "BEIJING — A top Chinese official suggested that Catholic churches in China should be run independently of the Roman Catholic Church, the state news media reported on Friday, striking a nationalistic tone as the country negotiates a possible deal to improve relations with the Vatican.", "\n\nAt a meeting with bishops on Thursday in Beijing, Yu Zhengsheng, a senior Communist Party leader, endorsed the notion of a self-governed Chinese Catholic church, according to Xinhua, the state news agency. ", "He said spiritual leaders should work to promote the “good virtue of patriotism” and “adhere to the principles of independence and self-management,” Xinhua reported.", "\n\nChina and the Vatican are in talks to heal a rift that began when the party, after taking power in 1949, expelled Catholic missionaries and required Catholics to worship in churches overseen by the state. ", "While the negotiations have gained momentum under Pope Francis, the two sides are still grappling with issues such as who has the authority to appoint bishops in China.", "\n\nReligious leaders and scholars were divided on the significance of Mr. Yu’s remarks, which came after a three-day meeting of Catholic bishops representing state-run churches from across the country. ", "Mr. Yu is one of seven members of the party’s Politburo Standing Committee, the group of politicians who govern China." ]

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[ "Dynamics of parathyroid hormone release and serum calcium regulation after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism.", "\nAnalysis of 14 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) prior to and during the first year after parathyroid surgery disclosed that the operation was associated with rapid reductions of intact serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and total serum and ionized plasma calcium values. ", "A decreased urinary calcium excretion, a gradual elevation of renal calcium reabsorption, a transient reduction of serum calcitriol, and a late increase in 25-hydroxycholecalciferol values were also noted. ", "Dynamic tests of parathyroid function by EDTA infusion and an oral calcium load revealed a sigmoidal relationship between serum PTH and calcium levels, and that parathyroid surgery induced considerable changes in both the position and slope of the dose-response curve. ", "It was also apparent that PTH release was submaximally stimulated event at periods of hypocalcemia. ", "The findings substantiate that adjustments of PTH release to acute alterations of serum calcium occur along the prevailing dose-response relationship, while stimuli being maintained for longer periods of time induce compensatory shifts in the position and slope of this curve. ", "It is further suggested that unknown factors with PTH-like function may participate in the calcium regulation after surgery for primary HPT." ]

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[ "Gastrointestinal and pancreatic complications after kidney transplantation.", "\nIn a retrospective study of 165 renal allograft recipients, the influence of the route of prednisolone administration on the frequency of early and late gastrointestinal complications was analysed. ", "Late complications were more frequent in patients treated orally than in those treated intravenously (a statistically significant difference). ", "Patients on intravenous therapy had more early complications, but this difference did not reach a statistically significant level." ]

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[ "Table Tennis, Austria Odds Comparison for 20/11/2018 Matches\n\nYou are currently viewing bettings odds comparison for Table Tennis, Austria matches from 20/11/2018 that are displayed with average odds for each bet. ", "Also, you can check out the market odds ternd and dropping odds info in orange and red. ", "Click on a game for more details like head-to-head statistics, lineups, odds comparison and different bet types." ]

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[ "Sometimes in life when things don’t seem to be going quite as well as you’d like them to you have to realize it could always be worse. ", "This creative and funny ad was created as a way to let those that have issues with guide dogs to realize it could always be worse. ", "I can’t imagine someone would complain about a blind person’s guide dog in a public place but considering people complain about my Free Video of the Day email I guess I shouldn’t be surprised." ]

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[ "How to Remove a PEX Cinch Clamp\n\nPEX (crosslinked polyethylene) plumbing systems have been gaining in popularity in recent years for both their ease of installation and multiple uses. ", "Unlike rigid pipes commonly used, such as copper, PEX tubing is flexible and can be bent at all sorts of angles during installation. ", "In addition, the PEX material is very resistant to scale and other buildup. ", "PEX tubing is connected to couplings by means of PEX cinch clamps applied with special tools. ", "In order to remove a PEX cinch clamp, another specialized tool is needed.", "\n\nThings You'll Need\n\nRag\n\nPEX clamp cutter\n\nVideo of the Day\n\nShut off the water supply running to the PEX cinch clamp that you want to remove. ", "Many PEX systems use a manifold fitting for the water supply connection. ", "These can be turned off by rotating the proper water supply valve.", "\n\nClean off the area around the cinch clamp with the rag.", "\n\nSlide the PEX clamp cutter around the clamp you wish to cut. ", "The edges of the cutter should be positioned just underneath the clamp.", "\n\nGently squeeze the handles of the cutter together until you hear an audible click as the clamp is cut.", "\n\nPull the clamp off with pliers if it does not drop off on its own.", "\n\nTips & Warnings\n\nThere are a number of different PEX clamp cutters available for purchase, both online and in your hardware or plumbing store. ", "Shop around for the best deals.", "\n\nWear safety gloves when working around PEX clamps, as the edges can be sharp when cut." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nloadrunner get js variable\n\ni have a problem on loadrunner testing.when i was recording script for sap ep logon,there is a parameter named windowid need correlation.so i use the code below:\n web_reg_save_param_ex(\n \"ParamName=windowId\",\n \"LB=?windowId=\",\n \"RB=style=\",\n SEARCH_FILTERS,\n \"Scope=ALL\",\n \"IgnoreRedirections=Yes\",\n LAST);\n\nbut what get is js code! ", "the result is \"+ EPCM.getUniqueWindowId() +'\".how could get the js variable?Thanks!", "\n\nA:\n\nThe JavaScript variable would be in the local stack on the browser and not in the functional code for execution coming back. ", " What you can do is collect the algorithm used to generate the ID and convert it to the language of your virtual user. ", " You can then run the same code locally which would be executed in the browser and use the value as you see fit.", "\nBut, it is likely far simpler then this....Record your Script twice. ", " Vary as few elements as possible in the business process as this will place emphasis in the dynamic elements on the areas of session, state, time and any instance object identifiers, such as window ID, which may be changing from session to session. ", " In greater than 95% of such cases reproducing the JavaScript algorithm in 'C' is not required as the identifier in question can be pulled from the return data stream.", "\nJames Pulley\n\n" ]

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[ "We’ve had this shelf to hold prints and photos for a while. ", "Although I like what it does, I’ve never liked how it looks.", "\n\nI built a bed a while back and one piece of the headboard left a large and somewhat awkwardly shaped off cut. ", "It was maybe 5 feet long and shaped in a way that an end grain slice would be a skinny right triangle with the most acute angle blunted off. ", "I would have had to lose about 50% of the material to make it back into a useful square/rectilinear piece of lumber. ", "So instead I decided to make it into a floating shelf.", "\n\nI first jointed the long edges. ", "This african mahogany can be a pain to plane due to the interlocking grain but these edged were cooperative.", "\n\nHere you can see the edge profile and a slot I ripped for prints to sit in.", "\n\nThe face grain put up more of a fight against the plane so I used a random orbit sander to take out a few blemishes.", "\n\nI then beveled of the outward facing edges with a block plane.", "\n\nFor finish I gave it a coat of teak oil followed by a few coats of wipe on poly.", "\n\nHere’s the best grain shot I managed to get.", "\n\nFor hardware I found these. ", "I forget what they’re called, but they’re half threaded as a wood screw and half threaded as a machine screw and they have no head. ", "So to drive them in I used two nuts and a lock washer to make a temporary bolt head.", "\n\nI sank three of them into studs and then measured the distances between them.", "\n\nI setup a basic fence on my drill press and drilled holes in the shelf to match the distances.", "\n\nLastly, I pressed the shelf onto the bolts. ", "Keeping the holes tight to the bolts and a little bit of inaccuracy in transferring the hole distances help the shelf sit very snug and secure on the wall. ", "I wasn’t sure how much support the bolts would provide. ", "It will only ever hold a few prints, pictures and knick knacks, but when testing the strength it showed no signs of stress when filled with books.", "\n\nIt was a very simple project, but a big improvement over the previous version." ]

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[ "Introduccción {#sec0005}\n=============\n\nLos primeros casos confirmados de enfermedad producida por SARS-CoV-2 en España se identificaron a finales de febrero de 2020[@bib0055]. ", "Desde entonces, España se ha convertido en el segundo país del mundo con mayor afectación (148.220 casos diagnosticados) y el tercero en mortalidad (14.792 fallecidos)[@bib0060]. ", "El 16 de marzo se decretó el estado de alarma con medidas orientadas a frenar la curva epidémica, restringiendo el contacto social mediante el confinamiento de la población general, reduciendo los transportes públicos y cerrando comercios y empresas, a excepción de aquellos esenciales para abastecer a la población (Real Decreto 463/2020). ", "Sin embargo, esta medida no fue suficiente para cambiar la tendencia creciente de la epidemia. ", "Por esta razón, se sugirió un confinamiento más restrictivo[@bib0065], el cual fue decretado el 30 de marzo (Real Decreto-Ley 10/2020).", "\n\nLa visualización de datos resulta relevante para explorar y comunicar resultados en la investigación médica, en especial para la vigilancia epidemiológica. ", "En el contexto actual es importante ofrecer a la comunidad científica, así como a los agentes políticos y de salud pública, herramientas automatizadas para la monitorización de la epidemia, pues el análisis crudo de los datos tabulados puede esconder aspectos esenciales de la propia tendencia. ", "La aplicación web COVID19-Tracker analiza y produce de manera sistemática visualizaciones diarias de los datos de la epidemia de COVID-19 en España desde el 24 de febrero de 2020.", "\n\nMétodo {#sec0010}\n======\n\nLa aplicación se ha desarrollado mediante RStudio (versión 1.2.5033), utilizando la librería Shiny (versión 1.4.0), ya que ofrece la posibilidad de desarrollar interficies gráficas para el usuario que pueden ser cargadas localmente o en línea de forma interactiva. ", "Esto resulta en particular beneficioso para mostrar resultados actualizados a una audiencia amplia.", "\n\nLa aplicación analiza y visualiza datos diarios de COVID-19, correspondientes a casos diagnosticados y fallecidos desde el 24 de febrero de 2020. ", "Estos datos se recogen diariamente de forma automática del repositorio de Datadista en GitHub[@bib0070]. ", "En este repositorio se mantienen actualizados en formato adecuado los datos publicados por el Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social, a través del Instituto de Salud Carlos III[@bib0060].", "\n\nLos análisis implementados consideran el modelo de regresión de Poisson[@bib0075], corregido por sobredispersión[@bib0080], para estimar la tendencia y obtener proyecciones a 3 días. ", "Todos los análisis estadísticos se han implementado mediante el programa R, versión 3.6.3.", "\n\nAnálisis de tendencia y proyecciones {#sec0015}\n------------------------------------\n\nPara evaluar la tendencia se utiliza el modelo siguiente:$$\\log(E(c_{t}))\\,\\, = \\,\\,\\,\\beta_{0}\\, + \\,\\,\\beta_{1}t\\, + \\,\\,\\beta_{2}t^{2}$$\n\ndonde t = 1, 2, ..., t representa la unidad temporal (desde el primer día hasta el último observado, T días consecutivos en total) y c~t~ es el número de eventos diarios.", "\n\nLas proyecciones a 3 días, y su intervalo de confianza del 95%, se obtienen a partir de los parámetros estimados por el modelo. ", "También se calculan las tendencias y las proyecciones por grupos de edad (0-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79 y 80 o más años).", "\n\nEn versiones previas de la aplicación también se consideró un modelo alternativo, incluyendo solo la tendencia lineal, y los modelos se comparaban mediante una prueba de razón de similitudes. ", "Con la evolución de la epidemia observamos que el mejor ajuste lo proporcionaba el modelo cuadrático, descrito anteriormente, por lo que es el modelo que se utiliza en la versión actual. ", "En cualquier caso, la bondad de ajuste de los modelos se evalúa regularmente en caso de ser necesaria una reformulación que pudiese proporcionar un mejor ajuste de los datos durante el transcurso de la epidemia.", "\n\nAnálisis de la letalidad {#sec0020}\n------------------------\n\nLa tasa de letalidad se define como el cociente entre los fallecidos y los casos diagnosticados[@bib0085]. ", "Para evaluar la tendencia se introduce en el modelo de regresión un término *offset* con los casos diagnosticados:$$\\log(E(m_{t}))\\,\\, = \\,\\,\\,\\beta_{0}\\, + \\,\\,\\beta_{1}t\\, + \\,\\,\\beta_{2}t^{2}\\, + \\,\\log(c_{t})$$\n\ndonde m~t~ representa el número diario de pacientes fallecidos y c~t~ los casos diagnosticados. ", "También se calculan las tasas de letalidad para los mismos grupos de edad.", "\n\nEn la actualidad no es posible realizar un estimación precisa de la tasa de letalidad debido al grado de subregistro de los casos diagnosticados en las estadísticas oficiales[@bib0090], si bien es de interés su estimación y seguimiento considerando dicha limitación.", "\n\nAnálisis de intervención {#sec0025}\n------------------------\n\nPara evaluar el efecto del estado de alarma sobre la tendencia de datos incidentes utilizamos un diseño de series temporales interrumpidas[@bib0095], usando un modelo de interacción para estimar los cambios de tendencia:$$\\log(E(c_{t}))\\,\\, = \\,\\,\\,\\beta_{0}\\, + \\,\\,\\beta_{1}t\\, + \\,\\,\\beta_{2}\\, alarma\\, + \\,\\beta_{3}t \\ast \\, alarma$$\n\ndonde *alarma* identifica los periodos antes y durante los estados de alarma (0 = antes de 16 marzo, 1 = 16-29 marzo y 2 = después de 30 marzo).", "\n\nPara facilitar la interpretación en función del incremento diario porcentual de casos incidentes, y su intervalo de confianza del 95%, se asume una tendencia lineal en cada periodo[@bib0100].", "\n\nResultados {#sec0030}\n==========\n\nLa aplicación presenta una estructura amigable e intuitiva que, mediante menús, produce visualizaciones de los datos ([fig. ", "1](#fig0005){ref-type=\"fig\"} ). ", "La aplicación contempla un proceso automatizado por el cual los datos se actualizan cada vez que un usuario se conecta a través de la dirección web: <https://ubidi.shinyapps.io/covid19/> Figura 1Página web de inicio de la aplicación COVID19-Tracker para la visualización y el análisis automatizado de datos de la epidemia de SARS-CoV-2 en España. ", "Disponible en: <https://ubidi.shinyapps.io/covid19/>.", "\n\nLos menús *Proyecciones* y *Proyecciones por edad* producen la visualización de la tendencia de los datos y su proyección a 3 días ([fig. ", "2](#fig0010){ref-type=\"fig\"} a y b, respectivamente) en el ámbito estatal y por comunidades autónomas. ", "Los menús *Letalidad* y *Letalidad por edad* permiten visualizar la tendencia en la tasa de letalidad ([fig. ", "2](#fig0010){ref-type=\"fig\"} c) estatal y por comunidades autónomas, aunque por grupos de edad solo en el ámbito estatal. ", "Finalmente, el menú *Intervención* evalúa el efecto de los estados de alarma en datos incidentes nacionales ([fig. ", "2](#fig0010){ref-type=\"fig\"} d).Figura 2Visualización estándar de la aplicación COVID19-Trarcker (resultados actualizados a 8 de abril de 2020) para el análisis de tendencias y su proyección a 3 días en el ámbito nacional (a) y por grupos de edad (b) de la tasa de letalidad (c), y análisis de intervención para evaluar el efecto de los estados de alarma sobre los datos incidentes (d).", "\n\nLos gráficos producidos por la aplicación permiten, cuando el usuario señala un punto concreto con el ratón, mostrar el valor observado y el estimado por el modelo. ", "Asimismo, al seleccionar el gráfico permite la opción de descargarlo en formato imagen (*portable network graphic*, \\*.png). ", "Todos los menús están disponibles en castellano, catalán e inglés. ", "El menú *Otras aplicaciones* recoge una colección de aplicaciones Shiny desarrodadas por otros usuarios, también de utilidad para seguir la evolución de la epidemia de COVID-19 en España y globalmente.", "\n\nDiscusión {#sec0035}\n=========\n\nLa aplicación COVID19-Tracker ofrece un conjunto de herramientas para el análisis actualizado y la visualización gráfica que pueden ser de gran utilidad para un mejor conocimiento de la evolución de la epidemia de COVID-19 en España y su vigilancia epidemiológica.", "\n\nComo limitaciones, hay que indicar que la aplicación no tiene en cuenta los cambios en la definición de caso diagnosticado por COVID-19 ni en los fallecimientos, por lo que se modeliza directamente el número de eventos en lugar de la tasa de incidencia, asumiendo que toda la población está en riesgo, a excepción de la tasa de letalidad. ", "Por otro lado, los análisis no están libres de los sesgos vinculados a la fuente de los datos, proporcionados diariamente por el Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social[@bib0060] y obtenidos a través del GitHub de Datadista[@bib0070], donde se pueden consultar detalles sobre los criterios de definición en los datos según las notas publicadas por el Ministerio.", "\n\nSeguimos planeando mejoras de la aplicación para que incluya nuevos análisis y visualizaciones. ", "Además, la aplicación podría ser extensible para su uso en otros países o áreas geográficas. ", "En resumen, esta aplicación, de uso sencillo, viene a ocupar un espacio en este escenario particular para la visualización y la exploración epidemiológica de los datos de la epidemia de COVID-19 en España.", "\n\nEditor responsable del artículo {#sec0040}\n===============================\n\nCarlos Álvarez Dardet.", "\n\nContribuciones de autoría {#sec0045}\n=========================\n\nTodos los autores han contribuido en la concepción de la herramienta, la obtención de los datos, la propuesta de modelización estadística y su implementación informática. ", "La versión final del manuscrito ha sido aprobada por todos los autores, con una contribución igual en su elaboración.", "\n\nAgradecimientos {#sec0050}\n===============\n\nSe agradece a la plataforma Datadista su dedicación por poner a disposición de forma abierta y estructurada los datos diarios acumulados de la epidemia por SARS-CoV-2 en España.", "\n\nFinanciación {#sec0060}\n============\n\nNinguna.", "\n\nConflictos de intereses {#sec0055}\n=======================\n\nNinguno.", "\n" ]

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[ "// Copyright 2015 The Go Authors. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style\n// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.", "\n\npackage trace\n\n// This file implements histogramming for RPC statistics collection.", "\n\nimport (\n\t\"bytes\"\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"html/template\"\n\t\"log\"\n\t\"math\"\n\t\"sync\"\n\n\t\"golang.org/x/net/internal/timeseries\"\n)\n\nconst (\n\tbucketCount = 38\n)\n\n// histogram keeps counts of values in buckets that are spaced\n// out in powers of 2: 0-1, 2-3, 4-7...\n// histogram implements timeseries.", "Observable\ntype histogram struct {\n\tsum int64 // running total of measurements\n\tsumOfSquares float64 // square of running total\n\tbuckets []int64 // bucketed values for histogram\n\tvalue int // holds a single value as an optimization\n\tvalueCount int64 // number of values recorded for single value\n}\n\n// AddMeasurement records a value measurement observation to the histogram.", "\nfunc (h *histogram) addMeasurement(value int64) {\n\t// TODO: assert invariant\n\th.sum += value\n\th.sumOfSquares += float64(value) * float64(value)\n\n\tbucketIndex := getBucket(value)\n\n\tif h.valueCount == 0 || (h.valueCount > 0 && h.value == bucketIndex) {\n\t\th.value = bucketIndex\n\t\th.valueCount++\n\t} else {\n\t\th.allocateBuckets()\n\t\th.buckets[bucketIndex]++\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (h *histogram) allocateBuckets() {\n\tif h.buckets == nil {\n\t\th.buckets = make([]int64, bucketCount)\n\t\th.buckets[h.value] = h.valueCount\n\t\th.value = 0\n\t\th.valueCount = -1\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc log2(i int64) int {\n\tn := 0\n\tfor ; i >= 0x100; i >>= 8 {\n\t\tn += 8\n\t}\n\tfor ; i > 0; i >>= 1 {\n\t\tn += 1\n\t}\n\treturn n\n}\n\nfunc getBucket(i int64) (index int) {\n\tindex = log2(i) - 1\n\tif index < 0 {\n\t\tindex = 0\n\t}\n\tif index >= bucketCount {\n\t\tindex = bucketCount - 1\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\n// Total returns the number of recorded observations.", "\nfunc (h *histogram) total() (total int64) {\n\tif h.valueCount >= 0 {\n\t\ttotal = h.valueCount\n\t}\n\tfor _, val := range h.buckets {\n\t\ttotal += int64(val)\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\n// Average returns the average value of recorded observations.", "\nfunc (h *histogram) average() float64 {\n\tt := h.total()\n\tif t == 0 {\n\t\treturn 0\n\t}\n\treturn float64(h.sum) / float64(t)\n}\n\n// Variance returns the variance of recorded observations.", "\nfunc (h *histogram) variance() float64 {\n\tt := float64(h.total())\n\tif t == 0 {\n\t\treturn 0\n\t}\n\ts := float64(h.sum) / t\n\treturn h.sumOfSquares/t - s*s\n}\n\n// StandardDeviation returns the standard deviation of recorded observations.", "\nfunc (h *histogram) standardDeviation() float64 {\n\treturn math.", "Sqrt(h.variance())\n}\n\n// PercentileBoundary estimates the value that the given fraction of recorded\n// observations are less than.", "\nfunc (h *histogram) percentileBoundary(percentile float64) int64 {\n\ttotal := h.total()\n\n\t// Corner cases (make sure result is strictly less than Total())\n\tif total == 0 {\n\t\treturn 0\n\t} else if total == 1 {\n\t\treturn int64(h.average())\n\t}\n\n\tpercentOfTotal := round(float64(total) * percentile)\n\tvar runningTotal int64\n\n\tfor i := range h.buckets {\n\t\tvalue := h.buckets[i]\n\t\trunningTotal += value\n\t\tif runningTotal == percentOfTotal {\n\t\t\t// We hit an exact bucket boundary. ", "If the next bucket has data, it is a\n\t\t\t// good estimate of the value. ", "If the bucket is empty, we interpolate the\n\t\t\t// midpoint between the next bucket's boundary and the next non-zero\n\t\t\t// bucket. ", "If the remaining buckets are all empty, then we use the\n\t\t\t// boundary for the next bucket as the estimate.", "\n\t\t\tj := uint8(i + 1)\n\t\t\tmin := bucketBoundary(j)\n\t\t\tif runningTotal < total {\n\t\t\t\tfor h.buckets[j] == 0 {\n\t\t\t\t\tj++\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tmax := bucketBoundary(j)\n\t\t\treturn min + round(float64(max-min)/2)\n\t\t} else if runningTotal > percentOfTotal {\n\t\t\t// The value is in this bucket. ", "Interpolate the value.", "\n\t\t\tdelta := runningTotal - percentOfTotal\n\t\t\tpercentBucket := float64(value-delta) / float64(value)\n\t\t\tbucketMin := bucketBoundary(uint8(i))\n\t\t\tnextBucketMin := bucketBoundary(uint8(i + 1))\n\t\t\tbucketSize := nextBucketMin - bucketMin\n\t\t\treturn bucketMin + round(percentBucket*float64(bucketSize))\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn bucketBoundary(bucketCount - 1)\n}\n\n// Median returns the estimated median of the observed values.", "\nfunc (h *histogram) median() int64 {\n\treturn h.percentileBoundary(0.5)\n}\n\n// Add adds other to h.\nfunc (h *histogram) Add(other timeseries.", "Observable) {\n\to := other.(*histogram)\n\tif o.valueCount == 0 {\n\t\t// Other histogram is empty\n\t} else if h.valueCount >= 0 && o.valueCount > 0 && h.value == o.value {\n\t\t// Both have a single bucketed value, aggregate them\n\t\th.valueCount += o.valueCount\n\t} else {\n\t\t// Two different values necessitate buckets in this histogram\n\t\th.allocateBuckets()\n\t\tif o.valueCount >= 0 {\n\t\t\th.buckets[o.value] += o.valueCount\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tfor i := range h.buckets {\n\t\t\t\th.buckets[i] += o.buckets[i]\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\th.sumOfSquares += o.sumOfSquares\n\th.sum += o.sum\n}\n\n// Clear resets the histogram to an empty state, removing all observed values.", "\nfunc (h *histogram) Clear() {\n\th.buckets = nil\n\th.value = 0\n\th.valueCount = 0\n\th.sum = 0\n\th.sumOfSquares = 0\n}\n\n// CopyFrom copies from other, which must be a *histogram, into h.\nfunc (h *histogram) CopyFrom(other timeseries.", "Observable) {\n\to := other.(*histogram)\n\tif o.valueCount == -1 {\n\t\th.allocateBuckets()\n\t\tcopy(h.buckets, o.buckets)\n\t}\n\th.sum = o.sum\n\th.sumOfSquares = o.sumOfSquares\n\th.value = o.value\n\th.valueCount = o.valueCount\n}\n\n// Multiply scales the histogram by the specified ratio.", "\nfunc (h *histogram) Multiply(ratio float64) {\n\tif h.valueCount == -1 {\n\t\tfor i := range h.buckets {\n\t\t\th.buckets[i] = int64(float64(h.buckets[i]) * ratio)\n\t\t}\n\t} else {\n\t\th.valueCount = int64(float64(h.valueCount) * ratio)\n\t}\n\th.sum = int64(float64(h.sum) * ratio)\n\th.sumOfSquares = h.sumOfSquares * ratio\n}\n\n// New creates a new histogram.", "\nfunc (h *histogram) New() timeseries.", "Observable {\n\tr := new(histogram)\n\tr.Clear()\n\treturn r\n}\n\nfunc (h *histogram) String() string {\n\treturn fmt.", "Sprintf(\"%d, %f, %d, %d, %v\",\n\t\th.sum, h.sumOfSquares, h.value, h.valueCount, h.buckets)\n}\n\n// round returns the closest int64 to the argument\nfunc round(in float64) int64 {\n\treturn int64(math.", "Floor(in + 0.5))\n}\n\n// bucketBoundary returns the first value in the bucket.", "\nfunc bucketBoundary(bucket uint8) int64 {\n\tif bucket == 0 {\n\t\treturn 0\n\t}\n\treturn 1 << bucket\n}\n\n// bucketData holds data about a specific bucket for use in distTmpl.", "\ntype bucketData struct {\n\tLower, Upper int64\n\tN int64\n\tPct, CumulativePct float64\n\tGraphWidth int\n}\n\n// data holds data about a Distribution for use in distTmpl.", "\ntype data struct {\n\tBuckets []*bucketData\n\tCount, Median int64\n\tMean, StandardDeviation float64\n}\n\n// maxHTMLBarWidth is the maximum width of the HTML bar for visualizing buckets.", "\nconst maxHTMLBarWidth = 350.0\n\n// newData returns data representing h for use in distTmpl.", "\nfunc (h *histogram) newData() *data {\n\t// Force the allocation of buckets to simplify the rendering implementation\n\th.allocateBuckets()\n\t// We scale the bars on the right so that the largest bar is\n\t// maxHTMLBarWidth pixels in width.", "\n\tmaxBucket := int64(0)\n\tfor _, n := range h.buckets {\n\t\tif n > maxBucket {\n\t\t\tmaxBucket = n\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\ttotal := h.total()\n\tbarsizeMult := maxHTMLBarWidth / float64(maxBucket)\n\tvar pctMult float64\n\tif total == 0 {\n\t\tpctMult = 1.0\n\t} else {\n\t\tpctMult = 100.0 / float64(total)\n\t}\n\n\tbuckets := make([]*bucketData, len(h.buckets))\n\trunningTotal := int64(0)\n\tfor i, n := range h.buckets {\n\t\tif n == 0 {\n\t\t\tcontinue\n\t\t}\n\t\trunningTotal += n\n\t\tvar upperBound int64\n\t\tif i < bucketCount-1 {\n\t\t\tupperBound = bucketBoundary(uint8(i + 1))\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tupperBound = math.", "MaxInt64\n\t\t}\n\t\tbuckets[i] = &bucketData{\n\t\t\tLower: bucketBoundary(uint8(i)),\n\t\t\tUpper: upperBound,\n\t\t\tN: n,\n\t\t\tPct: float64(n) * pctMult,\n\t\t\tCumulativePct: float64(runningTotal) * pctMult,\n\t\t\tGraphWidth: int(float64(n) * barsizeMult),\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn &data{\n\t\tBuckets: buckets,\n\t\tCount: total,\n\t\tMedian: h.median(),\n\t\tMean: h.average(),\n\t\tStandardDeviation: h.standardDeviation(),\n\t}\n}\n\nfunc (h *histogram) html() template.", "HTML {\n\tbuf := new(bytes.", "Buffer)\n\tif err := distTmpl().Execute(buf, h.newData()); err !", "= nil {\n\t\tbuf.", "Reset()\n\t\tlog.", "Printf(\"net/trace: couldn't execute template: %v\", err)\n\t}\n\treturn template.", "HTML(buf.", "String())\n}\n\nvar distTmplCache *template.", "Template\nvar distTmplOnce sync.", "Once\n\nfunc distTmpl() *template.", "Template {\n\tdistTmplOnce.", "Do(func() {\n\t\t// Input: data\n\t\tdistTmplCache = template.", "Must(template.", "New(\"distTmpl\").Parse(`\n<table>\n<tr>\n <td style=\"padding:0.25em\">Count: {{.Count}}</td>\n <td style=\"padding:0.25em\">Mean: {{printf \"%.0f\" .Mean}}</td>\n <td style=\"padding:0.25em\">StdDev: {{printf \"%.0f\" .StandardDeviation}}</td>\n <td style=\"padding:0.25em\">Median: {{.Median}}</td>\n</tr>\n</table>\n<hr>\n<table>\n{{range $b := .Buckets}}\n{{if $b}}\n <tr>\n <td style=\"padding:0 0 0 0.25em\">[</td>\n <td style=\"text-align:right;padding:0 0.25em\">{{.Lower}},</td>\n <td style=\"text-align:right;padding:0 0.25em\">{{.Upper}})</td>\n <td style=\"text-align:right;padding:0 0.25em\">{{.N}}</td>\n <td style=\"text-align:right;padding:0 0.25em\">{{printf \"%#.3f\" .Pct}}%</td>\n <td style=\"text-align:right;padding:0 0.25em\">{{printf \"%#.3f\" .CumulativePct}}%</td>\n <td><div style=\"background-color: blue; height: 1em; width: {{.GraphWidth}};\"></div></td>\n </tr>\n{{end}}\n{{end}}\n</table>\n`))\n\t})\n\treturn distTmplCache\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Magne Flem\n\nMagne Flem (3 February 1908 – 30 November 1995) was a Norwegian journalist and newspaper editor. ", "He was born in Ålesund, and was a brother of Dagfinn Flem. ", "He edited the newspaper Sunnmørsposten from 1946 to 1983, the first period together with his brother. ", "During the German occupation of Norway he was a member of the clandestine intelligence organization XU.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1908 births\nCategory:1995 deaths\nCategory:People from Ålesund\nCategory:Norwegian newspaper editors\nCategory:XU\nCategory:20th-century Norwegian writers" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.001682422822341323, 0.0009036521660163999, 0.0007343184552155435, 0.0008358378545381129, 0.0006154563161544502 ]

[ "Listings\n\nSearch by:\n\nMLS® # W3077697\n\nTitle:34 Buena Vista Dr, Orangeville\n\nAddress: 34 Buena Vista Dr, Orangeville, Ontario L9W1Y4\n\nList Price: $479,000\n\nNumber of bedrooms: 3+1\n\n1.15 Acres In Town! ", "Located At The End Of A Cul-De-Sac This Picturesque 1.5 Storey Home On An Amazing Private Lot Is Perfect For Either Single Family Or 2 Unit Dwelling. ", "There Is Definitely Wow Factor As You Enter The Front Dr Into The Spacious Entrance W/Formal Dining Rm, Huge Kit W/Tons Of Cupboard & Counter Space Open To Liv Rm W/Huge Vaulted Ceiling, Potlites, Ceiling Fans, Gas Fp & W/O To Deck. ", "Perfect For Entertaining, Door To The Left Opens To HallwayW/3 Bdrms, Lndry Rm (Easily Opened To Upstairs) 3Pc Bath, & Master Hs 4Pc Semi-Ensuite. ", "Fin. ", "Bas Has Great Sized Rec Rm W/Potlites, Upstairs Has Inlaw Suite Complete W/Kit & 3Pc Bath. ", "Great Investment As Both Tenants Would Like To Stay!", "\n\nStunning And Spacious. ", "This Beautiful 4 Bedroom Home Has Been Maintained And Shows Pride Of Ownership. ", "Situated On A 60Ft Lot Close To All Conveniences. ", "A Gorgeous Gourmet Kitchen With Maple Cupboards, Custom Backsplash, Stainless Appliances, W/O To A Maintenance Free Deck And Private Backyard With Hard Covered Gazebo, And Hot Tub. ", "Beautifully Landscaped. ", "Generous Sized Bedrooms, Loft, And A Walk-In From Garage On Main Floor To Mudroom.", "Bsmt Features An In-Law Suite Potential. ", "Large Rec Room, Bedroom 3 Pc Washroom And Already Roughed In For The Kitchen And Separate Entrance. ", "Incl: All Window Coverings, 3Agdo's, All Ceiling Fans, F/S/Dishwasher/W/D. Water Softner\n\nMinutes From Shelburne, Located In An Enclave Of Estate Homes, This 3 Bedroom, 3 Bath Home Is Perfect For The Growing Family. ", "Home Sits Well Off The Road & Situated On 2.01 A. The Functional Flow On The Main Flr Features Large Eat In Kit W Walkout To 2 Tiered Deck & Private Backyard. ", "Cozy Main Flr Fam Rm Adjoins Kit. ", "Main Flr Also Features Formal Dining, Living Rm Or Office With Side Door. ", "3 Large Bedrooms Upstairs, Master With Huge 5 Piece Ensuite & WiccFinished Basement Boasts 2 Large Recreation Rooms With Pot Lights, Walk-Up To 2 Car Garage And Newer Flooring. ", "Fantastic Curb Appeal With Wrap Around Porch, Trees For Privacy And Landscaping. ", "Metal Roof 2013. ", "Hot Water Heater Is Rental\n\nSpacious 3 Bedroom Bungalow With Legal 2 Bedroom Basement Apartment On Beautiful Bythia Street. ", "Main Level Has Family Room With Gas Fireplace And Walk-Out To Backyard, 2 Full Bathrooms & Laundry. ", "Basement Has 2 Bedrooms, Large Living Room & Ensuite Laundry.", "All Appliances, Plenty Of Parking. ", "Basement Apartment Is Legal So No Need To Spend Any Money, Just Rent It Out!", "\n\nThis One Is A Flippers Dream! ", "Located In The Heart Of Downtown, This Brick Bungalow Has So Much Potential! ", "The Open Concept Layout Is Waiting For Your Finishings. ", "The Home Features Hardwood Floors Through The Living Room And Bedrooms, A Gas Fireplace With Red Brick Surround, Cathedral Ceilings In The Kitchen With Exposed Wooden Beams, And A Walkout To The Back Patio And Large Yard.", "\n\nOpen House This Saturday, Mar. 28 1-3Pm! - ", "Click 'Additional Pictures' For Video Tour! ", "This Incredible Victorian Home, Built In 1876, Is Located On Desirable Zina Street, Walking Distance To Downtown Orangeville's Shops And Restaurants! ", "It Features Three Large Bedrooms, An Updated Kitchen, Formal Dining Room, Updated Bathrooms, And A Spacious, Bright Family Room That Walks Out To The Fenced Yard And An 18' X 42' L-Shaped In-Ground Pool.", "Wiring Upgraded In 2006; Roof-2008; Furnace-2009; Maintenance Free Gutters-2011; Driveway Repaved-2012; Dishwasher, Fridge- 2013; Gas Stove-2014; Sump-2014; All Galvanized Plumbing Removed 2015. ", "Neighbouring House Currently Under Renovation\n\nPrivacy Abounds. ", "The Cute And Cozy Bungalow Is Perfectly Situated On 1 Acre On The Edge Of Orangeville. ", "This Home Is Wonderful Open Concept Design. ", "The Basement Is Partially Finished And Has A Walkout To The Yard. ", "Perfect For A Decoration Room Or In Law Suite. ", "The Big Bonus Here Is The Shop, Great Space For The Car Enthusiastic Or Woodworker. ", "3 Good Sized Bedrooms. ", "Perfect Home For Older Or Young Couple. ", "Custom Built Home, High Quality Construction.", "Include: Fridge, Stove, Dishwasher, Clothes Washer & Dryer. ", "Exclude: Living Room Ceiling Fans\n\nFabulous Starter Home. ", "This 3 Bedroom Home Is Ideally Located Close To Schools And Downtown. ", "Numerous Upgrades Have Been Done, Roof 3 Yr Old, All Windows Replaced, Newer Garage Door. ", "Gleaming Hardwood Throughout The Main Floor. ", "Wonderfully Updated Kitchen, The Living/Dining Rooms Are Cozy With A Fireplace And Walk Out To The Deck. ", "The Yard Is Large, Well Landscaped And Private. ", "The Basement Has A Fourth Bedroom And Rec Room With 3 Pc Bath.", "Parking Is A Breeze, No Shuffling Cars, And The Garage Has A Great Loft Built For Storage. ", "Include: All Appliances, Elf, Agdo\n\nPerfect Quiet Cul-De-Sac Location With 203' Deep Fully Fenced Lot With No Neighbours Behind. ", "3 Bedroom Family Home With Hardwood Throughout The Main Level And Berber Up. ", "The Sunny South Facing Kitchen Has A Walk Out 2 Level Deck. ", "On The Lower Level Is A Recreation Room Or 4th Bedroom Plus A 3 Piece Bath. ", "Updates Include Main Bath, Central Air 2012, Dishwasher 2013, Garage Door And Agdo 2014, Appliances New Since 2008.Close To Schools, Parks, Highways And Shopping. ", "Include: Fridge, Stove, Dishwasher, Washer, Dryer, Window Coverings, Cac And Agdo Hwh Is Rental.", "\n\nAttractive 3 Bedroom Home In Family Oriented Neighbourhood In West End Close To Rec Center, Park And Schools. ", "Open-Concept Living/Dining And Kitchen Overlooks Family Room With Fireplace & Walk-Out To Fenced Yard And Deck. ", "Master With Semi-Ensuite. ", "Lower Level Partially Finished With Floating Floor, Some Drywall And Electrical.", "Includes: Stainless Steel Fridge, Stove, Dishwasher (5 Years New), Washer, Dryer, All Window Coverings And Shed.", "\n\nIf You Love The Old World Feel Of Century Homes, Then This 1893 Victorian May Be Just What Youve Been Looking For! ", "The Main Floor Has Charming Living Room With Wood Stove,Bright Dining Room, Both Rooms With Hardwood Floors,Original Trim And Mouldings. ", "The Large Kitchen Has Been Updated And Features Centre Island With Sink And Plenty Of Cupboard Space. ", "A Conveniant Main Floor Laundry Room With 3 Pce Bathroom Finishes Main Floor.", "Upstairs Has 3 Bedrooms With Lovely Pine Plank Floors And Renovated 3 Pce Bathroom Which Boasts Claw Foot Tub! ", "Updates Include-Furnace(Aprox 5 Yrs),Upper Level Windows,Shower Added To Main Level,Chimney Rebuilt. ", "Large Lot With Gardens Too!", "\n\n*Open House Sat- March 14th 12Pm-2Pm!* ", "Immaculate End Unit Townhouse On Family Friendly Court! ", "The Sunny Main Floor Is Sure To Please With Its Lovely, Remodelled Kitchen(Aprox 2010), Bright Living Room With Laminate And Spacious Dining Area With Walk Out To Bbq Ready Deck(2013!)And Fenced, Mature Yard With Shed! ", "Upstairs You Will Love The Remodelled Main 4 Piece Bath With Soaking Tub For Relaxing(Aprox 2011) , Spacious Master Bedroom And 2 Further Bedrooms!The Lower Level Has Finished Rec Room Space For The Family, And A Conveniant 2 Pce Bath Too! ", "The Furnace And A/C Were Replaced(Aprox 2005) And Eaves,Soffits, Facia/Garage And Front Doors Recently Replaced Too! ", "Shows Great!Act Fast On This!", "\n\nCentury (1889) Hobby Farm Just 8 Minutes From Orangeville On A Paved Road. ", "Beautiful Farmhouse Has Been Renovated With Updated Kitchen & Bath. ", "Large Family Room With Lots Of Windows. ", "Convenient Main Floor Laundry. ", "4 Bedrooms. ", "Refinished Pine Floors. ", "Gorgeous Property With A Swim Pond With Beach And Bunkie. ", "9 Stall Horse Barn. ", "Perfect Home To Bring Up A Family.", "Roof 2014, Windows, Wiring Updated, Includes All Appliances.", "\n\nClient Remks:Let The Magical Mystery Tour Begin. ", "Originally Born As A Methodist Church In 1888 This Outstanding Brick Structure Now Serves As A Spectacular Residence. ", "The Heart Of The Home Is The Great Room, 36X46 Feet With A Towering Ceiling. ", "The Master Bedroom Is Located In The Former Choir Loft And The 2 Guest Bedrooms Are Built Into The Original Bell Tower. ", "Total Lower Level Acts As A Family Room Come Music Studio And Exercise Room.", "Extensive Renovation Just Too Numerous To List. ", "Dual Residential/Commercial C2 Zoning Also Allow Most Commercial Business.", "\n\nSpacious 4-Level Backsplit Semi Nestled On A Pie Shaped Lot. ", "All Levels Of This Large Semi Have Been Fully Finished. ", "Kitchen Features Lots Of Cupboard Space, Pantry, Laminate Flooring, Breakfast Bar, & Walk-Out To Large Deck Overlooking Private Backyard. ", "Hardwood Flooring Flows In The Living Room & Dining Rm With Bright Bay Window & Gas Replica Stove. ", "Main Floor Family Room W/ Walk-Out. ", "All 4 Bedrooms Have Hardwood Flooring With OversizedLookout Windows In The Lower Level Bedrooms. ", "The Fully Finished Basement Is Ideally Suited For Extended Family With The 3-Piece Bath. ", "Situated On A Quiet, Family Friendly Street Within Walking Distance To Schools, Parks And All Amenities.", "\n\nExciting Opportunity To Combine Your Business & Pleasure, In Village Of Alton. ", "Showcase Your Creative Side In This Century Bldg With The Allure Of A \"\"Downtown Loft\"\" With Modern Amenities Such As Roof-Top Solar System, Updated Windows, Loads Of Insulation & A Hot Water-Gas Heating System. ", "Open Floor Plan Includes A Brick Wall, High Wood-Panelled Ceiling, Rough Hewn Floors, Woodstove & Exposed Beams. ", "Storefront Windows Offer Great Visibility To The Public.", "Removal Glass Panels Separate Front Office Space. ", "2nd Floor Offers Open Landing With Walkout To Upper Deck, Master Bedroom Has 3 Pce Ensuite. ", "Main Floor Also Features 500 Sq. ", "Ft. ", "Rear Office Space With 2 Pce Bath, Currently Leased.", "\n\nWhat A Location. ", "Quiet Cul De Sac In Orangeville's West End. ", "This 5 Year New Glencairn Model Will Blow You Away. ", "The Fourth Room Could Easily Be Family. ", "The Built In Cabinetry In The Livingroom Is Amazing And To Top It Off A Gas F/P. Thousand Spent In Upgrades. ", "Include All Doors And Hardware. ", "The Ecofoam Under Pad In The Basement Well As 6\"\"Extra Ceiling Height And Oversized Windows In The Basement. ", "Outside You Will Find Amazing Landscaping And A BeautifulDeck. ", "The Yard Is Fully Fenced, All Done With The Highest Quality Materials! ", "What Makes This Home So Special Is The Location On A Quiet Secluded Court With Wonderful Neighbours. ", "Includ: All Appliances And Agdo, Elf\n\nClick 'Additional Photos' For Video Tour. ", "This Fantastic 4-Level Back Split Sits On An Absolutely Gorgeous 9+ Acre Lot In Rural Mono. ", "The Home Features New Flooring, Three Updated Bathrooms, A Bright Eat-In Are Off Of The Kitchen With Sliding Glass Doors Walking Out To The Side Yard, Open Concept Living/Dining Room, And A Spacious Family Room In The Lower Level With Wood Stove Insert, Large Windows, And An Adjoining Den With Walkout To The Back Yard.", "Attached 2-Car Garage As Well As A Heated Workshop- Perfect For Your Hobbies Or Storing Outdoor Toys! ", "Water Softener-2012; Well Pump & Tank-2007; Bathrooms Updated 2014; Upstairs + Living/Dining Flooring-2012;\n\nNo Matter The Season, This Quaint 13.3 Acre Property Showcases Nature's Beauty At Its Finest. ", "Tucked Away On A Paved Road In South Mulmur, This Property Offers Privacy, Mature Forest And A Rustic 2 Bedroom, Chalet-Style Home. ", "Open Concept Kitchen/Great Room With Spacious Dining Area, Vaulted Ceiling And Cozy Wood Stove. ", "Main Bath Offers Soaker Tub & Separate Shower. ", "Master Bedroom Has Walkout To Private Rear Deck.", "Spacious Basement Is Unfinished But Provides Laundry Room, Craft Room, Workshop And Recreation Room. ", "Take Time To Climb The Hill And Enjoy Views Of The Lower Valley Or A Short Walk To Pine River Provincial Fishing Area.", "\n\nGreat Value Here!! ", "Solid Well Built 3+1 Bedroom Brick Bungalow On 2.2 Acres On Paved Road!! ", "Huge Eat In Kitchen Overlooking The Backyard And Acres Of Surrounding Farm Fields. ", "Enjoy The Incredible Sunsets! ", "Gorgeous Trees And Set Well Back From The Road. ", "Minutes To Fergus And Orangeville! ", "Massive Family Room In The Lower Level With Walk Out! ", "Needs A Little Tlc And Just Waiting For Your Finishing Touches. ", "Tssa Certificate Available For Oil Tank.", "All Appliances, Water Treatment System (Owned), Some Newer Windows, All Window Coverings\n\nClick 'More Photos' For Video Tour. ", "This Spacious 3+1 Bedroom Home Is Nestled On A Gorgeous 19.99 Acre Lot Just Outside Of Orangeville! ", "The Home Features A Great New Eat-In Kitchen, Updated Bathrooms, Above Ground Pool And A Finished Lower Level, As Well As Many Great Sitting Areas, Including A Screened-In Sun Porch And Terrace. ", "The Land Is Protected By The Grand River Conservation Authorities- Enjoy The View Through This Home's Panoramic Windows!2 Out Buildings! ", "Most Windows & Exterior Doors Are Updated With The Best Quality Products. ", "Uv Water System, Water Softener/Ionizer, Oil Furnace, Propane Gas Fireplace. ", "Managed Forest Tax Rebate! ", "Outbuilding: 24' X 30'; Round House: 30'\n\nOnly 1Yr Old! ", "House Constructed Last Year So Everything Is New! ", "Windows, Roof, Furnace, Flooring. ", "Everything! ", "Functional Open Plan Layout On Main Level With A Finished Lower Level Family Room. ", "3 Good Sized Bdrms Including A Master Bedroom With 4 Pc Ensuite & Walk-Thru Closet. ", "Located In Very Pretty Hamlet Of Mono Centre, Treed Lot Backing Onto Playground. ", "Mono Cliffs Park Across The Road Offering Year Round Enjoyment. ", "Barn Style Shed With60Amp Electrical & Water All Ready To Go. ", "Bell High Speed Internet Is Available In The Hamlet. ", "Includes All Appliances And Gates On Deck. ", "Home Is Still Under Warranty From Both Tarrion & Royal Homes. ", "Guided Video Tour In Additional Photos.", "\n\nSet Well Back From The Road Is This Large Artistic Two Storey Home With Breezeway To Garage In A Beautiful Setting On 14+ Acres Just South Of The Village Of Erin. ", "Kitchen With Breakfast Bar With Granite Counter And Walkout To Lovely Gardens. ", "Open Concept Living/Dining Room. ", "4+1 Bdrms, 3 Bathrooms. ", "Finished Basement With Rec/Games Room With Walkout And Bdrm. ", "Large Vegetable Garden, Perennials Gardens, Herb Garden, Rock Gardens,Oriental Garden & Potting Shed. ", "Maple Bush For Your Own Syrup. ", "Plus 1 Hole Golf Course. ", "Heat Produced By A Boiler System Which Utilizes Propane (Or Wood) To A Radiant In-Floor Heating System. ", "Solar Panels On Garage To Heat Hot Water Tank.", "\n\nClick 'Additional Photos' For Video Tour! ", "An Over-Sized Driveway And Cozy Front Porch Welcome You To This Beautiful Home In Mono, Just Outside Of Orangeville! ", "It Features A Modern Kitchen With Granite Countertops, Stainless Steel Appliances, And A Gorgeous Undermount Sink, Updated Bathroom, Attached 2-Car Garage, And An Extra Large Master Bedroom With Two Entrances!Walkout Through Sliding Glass Doors From The Living Room To A Gorgeous Yard With A Spacious Deck And Mature Trees. ", "Located Close To Orangeville, For Shopping And Dining! ", "Ideal Location For Commuters To Toronto And Brampton!", "\n\nLocated In Greenbrook Village Built By Lakeview Homes. ", "This Outstanding 2750 Square Foot Rockport Model Home Has So Much To Offer. ", "Imagine A Beautiful Open Concept Home Complete With A Gourmet Kitchen W/Breakfast Bar, Corian Counters, Maple Cabinets, Butler's Pantry, Main Floor Office, Great Room With Soaring Ceilings, Formal Dining Area, Mid Level Laundry, Upper Level Study And That's Just To Start!The Upper Level Offers A Large Master With 5 Piece Ensuite W/Soaker Tub Sep. Shower And Walk-In Closet. ", "The 2nd & 3rd Bedrooms Have A Shared Bathroom While The 4th Bedroom Has Its Own 4 Piece Bath, Don't Wait On This One!", "\n\nOpen House Sat. ", "Feb. 7th 2-4Pm. ", "Welcome To Garafraxa Woods, Where Town Meets Country. ", "Located Just 25 Minutes North Of Brampton, Next To Orangeville, This Highly Sought After Neighbourhood Offers The Privacy And Quiet Country Living Youve Been Looking For. ", "Imagine A Spacious & Comfortable Home On 1.71 Acre Lot With An Inground Pool, Mature Trees And Plenty Of Room For A Growing Family. ", "Once You Have Put Your Own Touches On This 5-Level Backsplit,You Will Have Found Your Forever Home! ", "3 Bedrooms Up, 1 On The Main Or Office And Another On The Basement Level. ", "Ground Level Family Room With A Walk Out To Yard Or Pool Side Patio With Gazebo And Changeroom. ", "Location! ", "Location!", "\n\nGreat Location,Great Street On The West Side Of Orangeville.3 Spacious Bedrooms On The Main Floor With A 4 Piece Bath,Great Room Leading To Eat In Kitchen That Overlooks The Back Yard With Walk Out To Deck.", "Lower Level Is Finished With Large 4th Bedroom, 3 Piece En Suite And Walk In Closet,Rec Room,Utility,Storage,And Above Grade Windows.", "Perfect For First Time Buyer Or Investor,1.5 Car Garage Is Another Added Bonus.", "Fridge,Stove,Dishwasher,Washer And Dryer.", "Hot Tub And Water Softener In As Is Condition.", "Great For First Time Buyer,Floor Plan Also Attractive For Future Basement Apartment If Desired.", "\n\nGreat 3+1 Bedroom All Brick Bungalow Situated On Over An Acre Of Seclusion.", "Fully Renovated Including Granite Counters,New Kitchen,Bathrooms,Flooring,Windows,And Landscaping.", "Large Open Concept Design,Oversized 2 Car Garage,Walkout Basement To Very Private Yard,Great Rec Room With Wood Insert Firepalce,4th Bedroom And Newly Added 3 Piece Bath For Extended Family Or Guests.", "Located On Very Private Road And Just Minutes To The Village Of Hillsburgh.", "Fridge,Stove,Dishwasher,Washer,Dryer,New Furnace(Now On Propane) Central Air,Garden Shed And Dog Kennel Also On The Property. ", "Propane Tank And Hwt Is A Rental.", "\n\nThis Big And Beautiful Bungalow Is Finished From Top To Bottom...Just Move In And Enjoy!! ", "Located In A Desirable Neighbourhood On A Nice Lot!! ", "Great Layout Features A Large Living/Dining Room, Bright Eat-In Kitchen With Entrance To Garage And Walk-Out To Yard! ", "Beautifully Finished Basement With Gas Fireplace, 4th Bedroom, Family Room, Office, Full Bathroom...Above Grade Windows & Pot Lights!! ", "Thousands Spent On Upgrades In The Last Year! ", "Furnace, Water Softener, Crown Moulding Throughout Main Floor, Gas Fireplace Shed And More!!!", "\n\nGorgeous Piece Of Property Located In Hockley Valley. ", "Just Under 2 Acres Sitting Water Front, This Is The Ideal Location For Your New Home Or Cottage. ", "Surrounded By Trees And Water, This Is The Most Tranquil Spot You Will Find. ", "Hydro, Well And Septic Already There. ", "Call Listing Agent To Get Additional Details On Building And Rules About The Land.", "\n\nTastefully Decorated Family Home On Corner Lot And Backing Onto Park. ", "Large Eat-In Kitchen With French Door Walkout To Deck And Overlooks Generous Family Room With Gas Fireplace And French Door Walkout To Patio. ", "Gleaming Hardwood Floors In Living Room, Family Room And All Upper Rooms. ", "3 Bedrooms + Office With Railing That Overlooks Eating Area (Could Be Converted To 4th Bedroom). ", "Basement Has Finished Laundry Room, Rec Room With Laminate Floor & Cold Room.", "Central Air & Central Vac. ", "Fully Fenced Yard. ", "Family-Friendly Neighbourhood And Walk To Park & School." ]

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[ "A comparison of thromboelastography with heparinase or protamine sulfate added in vitro during heparinized cardiopulmonary bypass.", "\nThromboelastography (TEG) has been used after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) to diagnose excessive postoperative hemorrhage. ", "Conventional TEG during CPB is not possible due to the sensitivity of the TEG to even small amounts of heparin, which produces a nondiagnostic tracing. ", "The purpose of this study was to compare heparin neutralization using heparinase or protamine in TEG blood samples obtained during CPB. ", "TEG testing was performed on 48 patients before, during and after CPB. ", "Tissue plasminogen activator activity and antigen were measured on a subset of 32 patients. ", "We found: 1) heparinase neutralized at least 10 IU/ml heparin while 1.6 ug/ml protamine neutralized up to 7 IU/ml heparin, 2) in samples with complete heparin neutralization by both methods, there was no significant difference in the R values, 3) while there was good correlation for other TEG parameters between heparinase and protamine treated samples, heparinase treatment produced shorter K values and higher angle, MA and A60, 4) while fibrinolysis was detected using both methods, heparinase treatment suppressed fibrinolysis in the TEG in both samples from patients and after in vitro addition of tissue plasminogen activator, 5) TEG was not a sensitive indicator of t-PA activity, detecting only 21% of samples with increased t-PA activity during bypass, and 5) heparinase was at least 100 times more expensive than protamine. ", "We conclude that while both heparinase and protamine can be used to neutralize heparin in TEG samples obtained during CPB, protamine neutralization is more sensitive to fibrinolysis and less expensive, but the protamine dose must be carefully selected to match the heparin level used at individual institutions." ]

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[ "Free Shipping Included! ", "The North Face Little Boys' Toddler Boundary Triclimate Jacket - tnf medium by The North Face at Sherlock Coat. ", "MPN: NF0A34R1DYY. ", "Hurry! ", "Limited time offer. ", "Offer valid only while supplies last. ", "Young riders can push their boundaries on the slopes with this versatile 3-in-1 snowsports jacket from The North Face that pairs a waterproof shell\n\nHave questions about this item, or would like to inquire about a custom or bulk order?", "\n\nIf you have any questions about this product by The North Face, contact us by completing and submitting the form below. ", "If you are looking for a specif part number, please include it with your message.", "\n\nMenschwear main products is readymade high quality jackets,Jeans,shirts,belts & bags etc. ", "Shipping:Plz choose expidited shipping when check out,we offer a free DHL express for this kids coat Size: we suggest to buy according to the body Height and ye...\n\nSign Up For Our Newsletter\n\nSign up to be the first to know about our Exclusive Sales, Special Offers, & Member's Only Discounts!" ]

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[ "Support the Armenian National Institute\n\nIf you use the ANI website and appreciate the work we do, please consider supporting our efforts. ", "The Armenian National Institute is committed to providing reliable and useful information on the Armenian Genocide and keeping the public advised of the status of its international acknowledgment.", "\n\nYou can support ANI by making a tax-deductible contribution. ", "If you are a college student, you can join as a summer intern. ", "If you are interested in receiving ANI news, you can sign up for our mailing list." ]

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[ "The Rust Inventory of Schizotypal Cognitions (RISC).", "\nThe Rust Inventory of Schizotypal Cognitions (RISC) is a new, psychometrically constructed, short questionnaire for assessing the schizotypal cognitions associated with the positive symptoms of acute schizophrenia. ", "It differs from previous scales in having been developed and standardized with special attention to normal distribution in the general population, and in emphasizing cognitive content rather than cognitive deficit. ", "The scale has good reliability and validity, and it can clearly discriminate acute schizophrenic subjects from normal subjects. ", "Although containing no obviously extreme items, the scale, in its cumulative effect, may be used to identify bizarre and eccentric thought patterns, and as an estimate of risk in the general population for schizotypal symptoms phenomenologically related to acute schizophrenia." ]

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[ "The last time Republicans in Iowa caucused, around 70,000 evangelical voters showed up. ", "That might not sound like a big number, but those voters were 57 percent of the turnout. ", "And that's the group Ted Cruz, a conservative Christian, has been pursuing hard since he announced his candidacy.", "\n\n\"When it comes to evangelical Christians, I can tell you we are working very, very hard to energize and motivate and awaken the body of Christ,\" he said on his Iowa bus tour last week.", "\n\nBut Cruz seems cognizant of the fact that evangelicals aren't exactly monolithic.", "\n\nGet Breaking News Delivered to Your Inbox\n\n\"We've got a pastors initiative here in Iowa, having a lead pastor we're pulling together in each of the 99 counties in Iowa,\" Cruz said.", "\n\nRussell Moore, president of the Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention, described the political divisions between evangelical subgroups this way.", "\n\n\"I would say that Ted Cruz is leading in the 'Jerry Falwell' wing, Marco Rubio is leading the 'Billy Graham' wing and Trump is leading the 'Jimmy Swaggart' wing,\" Moore told Roll Call last week.", "\n\nHe was suggesting that Cruz appealed to Moral Majority types like Focus on the Family founder James Dobson, who has endorsed him. ", "And Trump, Moore said, attracts \"the prosperity wing of Pentecostalism,\" who tend to believe God will \"financially reward believers,\" according to Roll Call.", "\n\nMoore's assessment has been criticized by some religious leaders, but the idea of diversity among evangelical voters hasn't been refuted.", "\n\nCraig Robinson of the Iowa Republican talked about a few of the influential evangelical leaders Cruz has attracted.", "\n\nOne is Bob Vander Plaats, the President and CEO of the Family Leader, who is viewed as one of the biggest evangelical leaders in Iowa, and he has personally endorsed Cruz. ", "If his followers can be counted on to caucus, that's about 2,000 Iowans. ", "He started with his 400-strong Christmas card list and is reaching out to people he met when he ran for governor in 2010.", "\n\n\"It is all turnout right now for the caucuses,\" Vander Plaats said in an interview. \"", "Ultimately I will work on anyone who I have influence with.\"", "\n\nDobson has a broader appeal -- he's \"close to Billy Graham status,\" Robinson said, adding that Dobson \"rises above the political animal,\" that is, he could bring in evangelicals who are not necessarily politically active.", "\n\nAnd then there's 32-year-old Pastor Joseph Brown, who is leading the 99 Iowa Pastors initiative Cruz mentioned. ", "Brown might be able to attract fresh blood into the politically engaged evangelical lane with his grassroots effort. \"", "I am young, but I've never seen a coalescing of evangelicals like we are with Cruz,\" Brown told CBS News.", "\n\nCruz also has another pastor in his corner who's been an effective force on the trail for him, his father, Rafael Cruz. ", "The elder Cruz, a traveling minister who has come through Iowa frequently over the years, has been steadily winning over other pastors in Iowa.", "\n\n\"When they say Rafael Cruz is the secret weapon in Iowa, I agree,\" Brown said. \"", "I have spoken to hundreds of pastors, and he is what is pushing the evangelical vote in Iowa.\"", "\n\nDuring October's Family Leadership Summit in Des Moines, Rafael Cruz may have outshone Mike Huckabee, Bobby Jindal and even his own son when he took the stage late in the night for about an hour, as the audience of 1,700 sat captivated.", "\n\nAnd Cruz even built everyday evangelical Iowans into his stump speech, which probably also attracts the attention of Iowans. ", "For months, he talked of Dick and Betty Odgaard, who were forced to close their family business because they would not host same-sex marriages. ", "Their story became a part of Cruz's stump speech in Iowa for many months. ", "Cruz said was one that should inspire believers to live out their faith.", "\n\nCruz still can't say he has the support of all evangelicals in Iowa.", "\n\n\"Anyone who thinks that Senator Cruz has the Iowa evangelical vote wrapped up is kidding himself,\" said Jamie Johnson, an Iowa political operative who worked for Rick Perry's presidential campaign. ", "Johnson pointed out evangelical pastors support several candidates in addition to Cruz, including Rubio, Trump, Huckabee and Santorum.", "\n\nStill, Johnson conceded that Cruz \"is doing more than any other presidential candidate to reach out to evangelical voters in Iowa, and other candidates should not take that vote lightly. ", "It is a powerful voting bloc.\"", "\n\nIn a field this large, Cruz doesn't need to win all of the evangelicals. ", "It is instructive to remember that when Rick Santorum won the Iowa caucuses in 2012, he did not win a majority of the evangelicals.", "\n\nIn 2012, \"Evangelicals were so split that former Senator Rick Santorum won a plurality of them in the Iowa caucuses with only 32 percent of their vote,\" recalled Ramesh Ponnuru, in an article for the American Enterprise Institute.", "\n\nThose roughly 22,160 evangelical voters for Santorum, however, constituted the vast majority of his winning total of 29,839.", "\n\nIt remains to be seen if Cruz can win over the clergy in Iowa and more important, whether that will translate into winning over evangelical Iowans.", "\n\nA Des Moines Register/Bloomberg poll out this week found that nine percent of those who attend religious services among likely GOP caucus goers know which candidate their clergy supports and support the same candidate themselves. ", "The vast majority, 84 percent, do not know who their clergy supports.", "\n\nCruz appears to have a strong start, though. ", "December Des Moines Register poll showed 45 percent of evangelical GOP caucus goers support Cruz, putting him ahead of any other candidate." ]

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[ "Le remboursement par la Sécurité sociale de ces substituts nicotiniques explique en grande partie la forte hausse de ces ventes.", "\n\nLes ventes de substituts nicotiniques pour arrêter de fumer explosent en France. ", "Plus de 300 000 Français en achètent chaque mois depuis septembre dernier, révèle franceinfo jeudi 29 novembre, alors que s'achève l'opération \"Mois sans tabac\".", "\n\n\"C'est un record, on n'avait jamais eu un nombre aussi élevé de personnes bénéficiant d'un traitement d'aide à l'arrêt\", indique Aurélie Lermennier-Jeannet, de l'Observatoire des drogues et toxicomanies.", "\n\nSi les ventes de patches, de gommes à mâcher et de pastilles à sucer ont fortement augmenté, c'est notamment parce que le gouvernement a instauré depuis quelques mois le remboursement de ces substituts par la Sécurité sociale pour aider les personnes à arrêter de fumer.", "\n\nLes ordonnances ont augmenté de 66%\n\nJusqu'alors, les fumeurs pouvaient bénéficier de 150 euros de remboursement par an de substituts nicotiniques. ", "Depuis le mois de mai, il n'y a plus de plafond et l'on n'avance plus l'argent en pharmacie. ", "En conséquence, les ordonnances des médecins ont bondi, +66% par rapport à l'année dernière. ", "Près de 40% des patches ou gommes à mâcher présents sur le marché sont remboursés par la Sécu et 100% des substituts le seront dès le 1er janvier.", "\n\nAvec le paquet de cigarettes bientôt à 10 euros et le remboursement par la Sécurité sociale des substituts nicotiniques, le gouvernement espère parvenir en France à la première génération d'adultes non-fumeurs d'ici 15 ans." ]

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[ "Ryu Soo-young\n\nRyu Su-young (born Eo Nam-seon on September 5, 1979) is a South Korean actor. ", "He made his first appearance on television as a college student on a cooking show in 1998, then starred in the controversial film Summertime (2001). ", "This was followed by supporting roles in TV dramas such as Successful Story of a Bright Girl (2002), Save the Last Dance for Me (2004), and Lawyers of the Great Republic Korea (2008), as well as leading roles in 18 vs. 29 (2005), Seoul 1945 (2006), and Bad Couple (2007).", "\n\nFor his mandatory military service, Ryu was a member of the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency from 2008 to 2010. ", "After his discharge, Ryu returned to television in 2011 in the romantic comedy My Princess, and the popular family drama Ojakgyo Family. ", "In 2013, he joined the reality/variety show Real Men, in which male celebrities visit army bases and experience daily life there. ", "He also played a detective chasing a fugitive in Two Weeks (2013).", "\n\nPersonal life\nRyu Soo-young married his fellow actress, Park Ha-sun, in a private ceremony at the Mayfield Hotel in Seoul on January 22, 2017. ", "Their romantic relationship started in 2014. ", "They also worked together in the television drama Two Weeks (2013).", "\n\nBefore the wedding, the couple had their honeymoon in Okinawa, Japan.", "\n\nThey welcomed their first child, a daughter, on August , 2017.", "\n\nFilmography\n\nTelevision series\n\nFilm\n\nVariety show\n\nMusic Video\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Ryu Soo-young at Will Entertainment \n \n \n \n\nCategory:South Korean male film actors\nCategory:South Korean male television actors\nCategory:South Korean male models\nCategory:1979 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Bucheon\nCategory:Hamjong Eo clan" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe principles of the invention relates generally to error recovery, and more particularly, to data flow control error recovery in a network device.", "\n2. ", "Description of Related Art\nRouters receive data on a physical media, such as optical fiber, analyze the data to determine its destination, and output the data on a physical media in accordance with the destination. ", "In some router systems, data cells of a packet must be sent out in order based on a sequence number associated with each data cell. ", "Gaps in sequence numbers may occur depending on the data cell type. ", "When a memory read error occurs, such as a cyclic redundancy code (CRC) error, the sending of data cells affected by the error to a downstream device may become stalled. ", "As a result, the downstream device may continually wait for missing data cells that will never arrive.", "\nA conventional approach to the solving this problem involved the use of a single timeout mechanism at the downstream device. ", "This approach, however, does not address the issue of sequence gaps. ", "Because information about the data cells affected by the error, such as cell type, is not transmitted to the downstream device, the downstream device may needlessly wait for the timeout period to expire for data cells associated with a non-existing sequence number.", "\nIt is therefore desirable to improve flow control in a network device when memory read errors occur." ]

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[ "Grantham trio and club shortlisted for Sports Awards\n\nThree people and one club from Grantham and the surrounding area have been shortlisted for this year’s Lincolnshire Sports Awards.", "\n\nFormer Olympian pistol shooting bronze medallist Barry Dagger has been shortlisted for the Lifetime Achievement Award after more than 30 years representing the county.", "\n\nKesteven Rugby Club is up for Club of the Year, and Sophie Allen has been shortlisted for Sportswoman after a fantastic year’s swimming.", "\n\nJoshua Brown has also been shortlisted as Young Sportsman of the Year following an outstanding year in which he has been selected to represent England in athletics at Schools International fixtures.", "\n\nLincolnshire Sports Partnership events officer Marc Rhodes said he looked forward to meeting them on the night of the awards: “The number of shortlisted candidates from the Grantham area is fantastic. ", "The panel were delighted to shortlist them.”", "\n\nThe Lincolnshire Sports Awards is an annual event organised by Lincolnshire Sports Partnership to recognise sportsmen and women across the county in sport and physical activity. ", "The winners will be announced at the awards evening on Thursday, November 7, at Lincolnshire Showground.", "\n\nTickets priced at £50 per person are available from Lincolnshire Sports Partnership and include a three-course meal and wine reception.", "\n\nTo request a booking form, contact Marc on 01522 585580 or marc.rhodes@lincolnshiresports.co.uk" ]

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[ "San Jose City Council Looks at Ways to Salvage Tiny Homes Plan\n\nSan Jose has scaled back its tiny homes plan to shelter the homeless, but the effort isn’t dead yet. (", "Photo by quotelawrence, via Topix)\n\nSan Jose’s plan to build tiny cottages for the homeless ran into vocal opposition, with people at one meeting literally chanting “build a wall” to block out the impoverished.", "\n\nWeak public outreach by City Hall and backlash from residents resulted in the number of potential sites shrinking from 99 to four, then three and now, potentially, two.", "\n\nSan Jose’s elected leaders now have to figure out how to salvage the project, which originally aimed to house 250 people at 10 sites—25 people in each City Council district. ", "The council on Tuesday will consider ideas on how to move the plan forward.", "\n\nIn a memo released Friday, Mayor Sam Liccardo recommends meeting the original goal of building 10 villages, but to start with a few to model the concept. ", "Gensler, a world-renowned architectural firm, offered to donate its design expertise.", "\n\n“Residents justifiably have many concerns about how a homeless housing project could impact their neighborhood,” Mayor Liccardo wrote in a proposal co-signed by Vice Mayor Magdalena Carrasco and council members Raul Peralez, Chappie Jones and Sylvia Arenas. “", "Yet more than 4,000 homeless residents already live in our neighborhoods—in our streets, parks, and creeks. ", "Living outside subjects each of those individuals—and the entire community— to extraordinary risk of harm. ", "Our neighborhoods will be far safer, cleaner, and more livable if these same individuals have housing.”", "\n\nLiccardo wants city staff to come up with a list of sites within two months and to demonstrate a “proof of concept” for the so-called “bridge housing communities.” ", "Seattle started with just 28 tiny homes on one site managed by a nonprofit, he pointed out. ", "After proving success for two years, more sites were built.", "\n\nMeanwhile, the mayor added, City Hall needs to come up with a better way to engage the public about homeless housing. ", "Residents need to have a chance to weigh in, he said, but they also need to understand more about the needs underlying these projects.", "\n\nPlus, last year’s voter approval of hundreds of millions of dollars in affordable housing funds for the homeless—on the ballot as Measure A—means the public has to accept the fact that more low-income, transitional and supportive housing needs to get built.", "\n\n“This merely marks the beginning of many difficult conversations with our community about how and where we can house our neediest residents in the city of San Jose,” Liccardo wrote. “", "Our failure to successfully engage our community now will mean that our voters’ approval of $700 million of Measure A funding for homeless housing will go for naught.”", "\n\nA second memo from council members Sergio Jimenez and Johnny Khamis suggests eliminating all city-owned land from the list and placing a pilot tiny homes village on a single privately owned site away from residential neighborhoods. ", "They also propose forming a citywide task force on homelessness—much like the Mayor’s Gang Prevention Task Force—to bring together a broad coalition of stakeholders to tackle the issue for years to come.", "\n\n“Our homeless population is vast and diverse, as are its needs,” Jimenez and Khamis wrote. “", "There is no ‘one size fits all’ solution to this problem. ", "The root causes of homelessness are decades in the making, from the defunding of mental health institutions by the federal government to the ever-rising cost of living in the Bay Area. ", "Because the problem we face is immense and complicated, we should be innovative and resilient in our approach.”", "\n\nTiny homes are one of many ways Silicon Valley is trying to deal with its growing population of homeless residents. ", "The most recent census put the number of homeless people in San Jose on a given night at 4,350. ", "Seventy-four percent of them are unsheltered and 28 percent have been homeless for years. ", "The state law that sanctions tiny home villages sunsets in five years, which means local governments must act quickly to take advantage of the option.", "\n\nIn the past five years, San Jose’s housing division has managed to fund only 500 permanent supportive housing units. ", "Meanwhile, the number of unsheltered children, families and young adults continues to rise. ", "As does the homeless death toll, which saw a 164 percent increase from 2011 to 2016, according to a recently released report by Santa Clara County’s Medical Examiner-Coroner.", "\n\nPhil Mastrocola, co-founder of Winter Faith Collaborative, a collective of dozens of religious congregations that help the homeless, said the outrage expressed at public meetings about tiny homes stemmed not only from concerns about property values and crime, but also from a lack of understanding about what the project entails.", "\n\n“It’s important to engage the community from the very beginning,” Mastrocola said. “", "The attitude in this case was for people to get up and yell. ", "Nobody was asking questions.”", "\n\nBut he’s hopeful that the city will be able to advance the plan, especially if it involves dedicating a task force to the cause.", "\n\n“It’s a hugely complex problem, and there are no easy answers,” he said. “", "But I think we can do this.”", "\n\nThe city expects to pay $700,000 to settle a police brutality lawsuit. ", "The federal case stems from the 2015 DUI arrest of Eliel Paulino, who was pummeled with baton strikes by San Jose police as he laid face down on the ground after a fall. ", "A bystander caught the beating on video and a federal jury ruled in favor of Paulino after a trial this past July. ", "Of that settlement, $450,000 will go to Paulino and the rest to attorney fees.", "\n\nSan Jose plans to renew its declaration of a local emergency because it’s still dealing with the fallout from the February floods, which left hundreds of people displaced. ", "The emergency declaration allows the city to qualify for state and federal funds and provide continued assistance to the households that haven’t yet recovered from the disaster.", "\n\n14 Comments\n\nThey are already here, and always will be because the government doesn’t take care of its veterans. ", "The mentally ill aren’t properly cared for, and living in the valley is too expensive. ", "Also, the weather here invites those who live outdoors. ", "People don’t want to be homeless. ", "Other cities have shown significant savings come with housing the homeless. ", "If you have no empathy, maybe the savings to your pocketbook will be a motivator.", "\n\nMr Noel, The issue is not empathy, the issue is habitability. ", "These tiny houses are not houses and are not owned and managed by professional managers. ", "The best place for any person, currently housed or not, is in a house with electric, water, sewage, heat, and garbage services that has staff to address maintenance and other issues that come up.", "\n\nThe city council, then First Lady Obama, and HUD made it a priority to house vets, and San Jose made some progress because they worked with property owners. ", "The only people that can address this problem are landlords. ", "If you alleviates the homelessness problem in San Jose then tell your city councilmember to stop villifying landlords and partner with them.", "\n\nUnfortunately, the community doesn’t talk to or get to know these homeless folks. ", "I spent the entire summer and winter, last year, talking to numerous homeless people. ", "Many of them are Vets, and people like you and I who can’t afford the rents here. ", "Most are working poor, are not drug addicts, mentally ill, or criminals. ", "I got the City and County to send out people to help these poor folks. ", "They did an incredible job, and many got much needed resources and even homes.", "\n\nYes, a handful are drug addicts and mentally ill, but in my experience, they are in the minority. ", "I support the efforts of our Mayor and Council to house these folks because studies show that housing them keeps our community safer.", "\n\nKathleen, while many among the homeless are, yes, veterans or working poor, my professional experience has been that a substantial majority are homeless because of their mental illness or problems with addiction. ", "I worked for nearly three years in the downtown area and got to see firsthand what it’s like for the mentally ill or addicted both on the street and in board and care homes of various sorts. ", "Put simply, I wouldn’t wish the board and care homes on even those family members I have whom I truly despise (and there are several of those). ", "I’ve been inside enough of them to see that their living conditions are often only marginally better than if they lived ‘on the street’. ", "In fact, many of them wander off and DO live on the street for short periods of time, until they are picked up and returned to their ‘board and care homes’. ", "The current infrastructure set in place to govern and monitor board and care homes is woefully inadequate and/or woefully inept. ", "Too many people living there receive a standard of care that I would call reprehensible, bordering on criminal – or at least tortious – and certainly appalling.", "\n\nThen, there’s the very legitimate question of what the care and maintenance of these ‘tiny homes’ would look like. ", "For anyone who might have a question about how these ‘tiny homes would’ affect their neighborhoods and quality of life, they should go and look at the encampments near freeway offramps and overpasses, the encampment underneath Capitol Expressway where it passes over Monterey, and various other locations. ", "They’re disaster areas. ", "And it’s pretty obvious that they’re conspicuous contributors to the trash and litter problem that plagues San Jose.", "\n\nWhy should we think that people housed in tiny homes would maintain such a standard of care that the areas around their tiny homes would NOT end up looking like your typical homeless encampment – especially if they are housing addicts and the mentally ill.", "\n\nThen, too, there is the question of where the line is drawn when it comes to providing services and utilities for these newly housed homeless? ", "If there are no electricity, water or sewer services connected to these homes, then you’re inevitably going to have a situation where people are urinating and defecating in public, as already occurs, and where they are either bringing in water in containers – much of which will end up as litter in the neighborhood – are they are stealing the water from homeowners, using their water bibs in their front yards. ", "But then people will as why they shouldn’t have these tiny homes connected to utility services using tax dollars which also pay for the costs of those services.", "\n\nFor the most part, people live with their neighbors with minimal impact on their neighbors’ lifestyles. ", "Yes, there are some people who are not good neighbors, but they are typically a very small minority. ", "This idea of putting tiny homes in pre-existing neighborhoods virtually guarantees that these neighborhoods will have more ‘bad neighbors introduced/intruding into their lives – trash, human waste, criminal activity and behavior problems. ", "It’s also going to adversely affect children – especially once homeless sex registrants start moving in. ", "And, yes, I know for a fact that there are a lot of homeless sex registrants. ", "And, no, putting people in ‘tiny homes’ is not going to reduce the level of criminality that occurs within the homeless population; it’s only going to transfer it.", "\n\nBottom line: taxpayers pay through the nose in the form of their tax dollars for the government to manage this problem. ", "They pay dearly for it. ", "California’s taxes are among the highest of all 50 states. ", "And local taxes only exacerbate that problem. ", "The systems set in place are ineffective, inadequate inefficient and expensive – nearly to the point of malfeasance. ", "If there was a plan to deal with the homeless problem in a way that did not adversely affect taxpayers in terms of expended money or introducing new avenues for blight, I’d be in favor of that so long as that plan represented an efficient use of tax dollars. ", "But I’ve seen enough of valley politics and California politicians to know that there’s zero chance of ‘tiny homes’ making life better for everyone. ", "We used to have a more efficient system in place: it was called Agnews development center. ", "After it was closed, you could tell who the displaced mentally ill were: they were the ones clustering in small groups exhibiting (for lack of a better word) herding behaviours, or engaging in disruptive – and for the average Joe/Jane, often threatening/scary – behaviours. ", "And yes, the shuttering of Agnews is a direct cause for much of the homeless problems taxpayers currently suffer.", "\n\n“There is also a constitutional right to live together as a family,649 and this right is not limited to the nuclear family. ", "Thus, a neighborhood which is zoned for single family occupancy, and which defines “family” so as to prevent a grandmother from caring for two grandchildren of different children, was found to violate the due process clause.650 And the concept of “family” may extend beyond the biological relationship to the situation of foster families, although the Court has acknowledged that such a claim raises complex and novel questions, and that the liberty interests may be limited.6″\n\nOne of the ideas that I’ve been bouncing around in my head is to have a couple homeless folks come crash in the backyard. ", "It would seriously mess with the tight wads in my neighborhood, it’s not against the rules to have guests come over, and it would be interesting position to see who if anyone would push back.", "\n\nI’ve been getting to know some of the homeless in San Jose and started to recognize who is trustworthy and who is not.", "\n\nPersonally, besides all the social justice stuff, the look on some old yuppies face when they see an absolute freakshow rolling down the fancy street with a shopping cart and pants halfway down would be totally worth it.", "\n\nSadly, probably too many practical downsides to actullay do this so probably just going post about it in the comments.", "\n\nI encourage you to follow through with your idea of spiting your neighbors by letting some homeless people live on your property. ", "Be sure to keep a supply of plastic bags so you can pick up after them or better yet give them the key to your house so they can let themselves in to use the bathroom when you’re not home.", "\nBut I totally get how you feel. ", "You getting a kick out of watching the reactions of your despised, uptight “yuppie” neighbors is a lot like the ongoing enjoyment I’ve been getting watching the helplessly frustrated Left angrily blubbering and flailing about ever since November. ", "It should continue to provide good entertainment for at least the next 3 years and probably more as long as our progressive politicians continue provoking us.", "\nSo go for it Associates. ", "It’s worth it!", "\n\nI did this for my brithday party (I’m an odd duck). ", "Met this meth addict who begs and her dumpster diver boyfriend. ", "I do a three day program.", "\n\nDay 1 – I crash with you see what the deal is Day 2 – I move out ot the nicer wing of the hotel, they are still in a decent but certainely not nice part of the hotel. ", "If they can handle not bringing other drug addicts into the room or dealing out of the room they can have Day 3 Day 3 – is hopefully a free and clear day where they realize how much better that life is than meth & crazy.", "\n\nNo one has gotten to Day 3. ", "It worked out for me because I learn a ton about the streets of the city and try to rebalance my karmic ledger (which needs it for sure).", "\n\nSam Liccardo, Sergio Jiminez…when I ran companies and we faced a problem…and how to resolve…first…I always to Know where you came from…San Jose never had a homeless problem…Liccardo, Jiminez elected…soon…a homeless problem…try to remember San Jose before your administration…we did just fine…crime…best lack of crime in the country…WHAT HAPPENED SAM ? …", ".sometimes Sam, Sergio…looking at the man in the mirror is the best place to start…re-election is right around the corner…to fix a problem first…understand who made the problem…priorities have been misplaced Sam, Sergio\n\nOFFICERANNONYMOUS–I totally agree with everything you have said. ", "I have seen the disasterous, health hazardous, disease breeding encampments. ", "What these tiny homes are inviting will be the gathering of homeless from here, there and everywhere. ", "It isn’t fair to any neighborhood. ", "There WILL be the mentally ill, the criminals, including sex offenders, and drug addicts. ", "They have a tendency to walk up and down the streets, aimlessly. ", "Sometimes they harass or beg you for money. ", "I have seen a couple in my neighborhood where they beg for money during the day and I actually saw one coming out of the liquor store with his bottle after his “shift” was over, one evening. ", "Sam is saying that they live among us, already. ", "That is true, Sam…but they aren’t concentrated. ", "You see one here and there and not every day, except for downtown. ", "You put these tiny homes in a neighborhood then the neighbors have to deal with the concentration/accumulation and all of the ills that it brings with it. ", "You all need to find another way. ", "Neighbors are not going to want to have to wade through feces and urine smelling sidewalks to be able to walk their dogs. ", "Parents are not going to be comfortable with their children being able to enjoy the outdoors, unsupervised…so there goes their freedom. ", "You can’t deny that they have mental, criminal and addictive issues. ", "Anyone saying they aren’t a problem and that we don’t understand homelessness should be a good supporter for them and take one to live in their home. ", "Sam, how big is your house? ", "Do you have a spare bedroom?" ]

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[ "Medicaid is rarely associated with getting rich. ", "The patients are poor, the budgets tight and payments to doctors often paltry.", "\n\nBut some insurance companies are reaping spectacular profits off the taxpayer-funded program in California, even when the state finds that patient care is subpar.", "\n\nHealth Net, a unit of Centene Corp., the largest Medicaid insurer nationwide, raked in $1.1 billion in profit from 2014 to 2016, according to state data obtained by Kaiser Health News. ", "Anthem, another industry giant, turned a profit of $549 million from California’s Medicaid program in the same period.", "\n\nOverall, Medicaid insurers in the Golden State made $5.4 billion in profits from 2014 to 2016, in part because the state paid higher rates during the inaugural years of the nation’s Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act, or Obamacare. ", "Last year, they made more money than all Medicaid insurers combined in 34 other states with managed care plans.", "\n\n\n(Los Angeles Times )\n\n“Those profits are gigantic — wow,” said Glenn Melnick, a health economist and professor at USC.", "\n\nAlan Sager, a health-policy professor at Boston University, was surprised — and dismayed.", "\n\n“California is being wildly open handed and excessively generous with insurers,” he said.", "\n\n\nJennifer Kent, California’s Medicaid director, said that health plan profits were higher than anticipated during the ACA expansion. ", "But she said the state expects to recoup a significant amount of money within the next year once audits are complete and other retroactive rate adjustments are made.", "\n\n“We’re going to be taking a lot of money back. ", "We’re talking billions of dollars,” Kent said in an interview Friday. ", "No one should think “these plans just made off like bandits and we’re not going to see them again ... We are very mindful we use taxpayer money.”", "\n\nHealth insurers that profited substantially from Medicaid, known as Medi-Cal in California, defend their good fortune. ", "They say these surpluses follow losses in earlier years, and they always run the risk of red ink if medical costs jump.", "\n\n“The expansion may have been a little rich in the beginning,” said Jeff Myers, chief executive of the Medicaid Health Plans of America, an industry trade group. ", "But “you are starting to see margins come back down.”", "\n\n\nMore than 1 in 3 Californians, or 13.5 million people, are covered by Medicaid — more than the population of Pennsylvania. ", "About 80% of those in California’s program are enrolled in a managed-care plan, in which insurers receive a fixed rate per person to handle their medical care. ", "The goal is to control costs and better coordinate care.", "\n\nIn anticipation of the Obamacare rollout, officials in California and elsewhere boosted their payments to managed-care companies because they expected Medicaid costs to increase as newly insured patients rushed to the doctor or emergency room after going years without coverage. ", "But those sharply higher costs didn’t materialize — and insurers pocketed more money as a result, especially in California.", "\n\nMoreover, California’s payments keep flowing steadily even when patients fare poorly. ", "Two of the most profitable insurers in California — Centene and Anthem — run some of the worst-performing Medicaid plans, according to medical quality scores and complaints in government records.", "\n\n“If there is that much extra money sloshing around in California, then it’s worth asking whether you could expect more in terms of performance,” said Andy Schneider, a research professor with Georgetown University’s Center for Children and Families.", "\n\n\nCalifornia officials acknowledge they need to do a better job of connecting money and quality.", "\n\n“We are looking at alternative payment methods and those types of things that we can do to help improve and to tie quality to payment,” said Lindy Harrington, a deputy director at the California Department of Health Care Services, which runs Medi-Cal. “", "But as you can imagine, it’s a difficult ship to turn.”", "\n\nCentene Corp. headquarters. ", "The insurer’s Health Net unit in California had a profit margin of 7.2% from 2014 to 2016. (", "Jeff Roberson / Associated Press )\n\nBefore the ACA expansion, California’s Medicaid plans collectively were barely in the black, with $226 million of net income for 2012 and 2013 combined. ", "Traditionally, these insurance contracts have yielded slim profit margins of 2% to 3%. ", "California said it aims for 2% when setting rates, based on prior claims experience and projected costs.", "\n\n\nBut in the years since the health law took effect, many health insurers have posted margins two or three times that benchmark.", "\n\nCentene’s Health Net unit in California enjoyed a profit margin of 7.2% from 2014 to 2016. (", "Centene acquired Health Net for $6.3 billion in March 2016.) ", "Anthem’s profit margin in California’s Medicaid program was 8.1% for 2014 to 2016.", "\n\nInvestors have cheered those results. ", "Shares in Anthem have more than doubled since January 2014, when the Medicaid expansion began. ", "Centene shares are up 50% since the company purchased Health Net last year.", "\n\n“We have proven our ability to provide high-quality, cost-effective healthcare to state beneficiaries while saving states money and delivering strong returns to our shareholders,” Michael Neidorff, Centene’s chairman and chief executive, told investors in February.", "\n\n\nIn a statement to Kaiser Health News, Health Net said that its profit margins are comparable to other Medi-Cal health plans and that the company has made major investments to improve Californians’ health and access to care.", "\n\nAnthem declined to comment on its financial results. ", "The company said in a statement that it has worked with the state to meet the needs of Medicaid patients by extending clinic hours and helping with transportation to appointments. ", "The company said it’s committed to providing “high quality care to our Medi-Cal members.”", "\n\nCharles Bacchi, chief executive of the California Assn. ", "of Health Plans, which represents insurers, said they deserve some credit for making the Medicaid expansion work.", "\n\n“The expansion was an incredible lift and we can’t do it for nothing,” he said. “", "It would be a shame to look at one snapshot in time and ignore the success of California’s expansion that has helped millions of people.”", "\n\n\nOverall, Centene has 7 million Medicaid enrollees across the country, with about 2 million in California. ", "Anthem is close behind with 6.4 million Medicaid members, including about 1.3 million in the state.", "\n\nWith so many people’s healthcare at stake, state officials say they did not want to risk having health plans come up short during the expansion.", "\n\nAs it turned out, they need not have worried.", "\n\nA nationwide study published in September found that average monthly spending on newly eligible Medicaid enrollees was 21% less than the amount spent on those who were already eligible. ", "It helped that many of the new enrollees appeared to use fewer medical services than those already on the program, researchers said.", "\n\n\nAnthem’s corporate headquarters in Indianapolis. ", "The company has 6.4 million Medicaid members, about 1.3 million in California. (", "Michael Conroy / AP )\n\nIn 34 states and the District of Columbia, Medicaid managed-care profits more than tripled to $3.9 billion in 2015 from $1.1 billion in 2013, according to consulting firm Health Management Associates’ analysis of insurance filings. ", "Those figures don’t include California.", "\n\nBy 2016, profits dropped as some states reduced Medicaid rates to insurers to reflect the lower costs incurred during expansion. ", "Kent, the California Medicaid director, said the state’s rates paid to insurers for enrollees in the expanded program have decreased by 38.5% since January 2014.", "\n\nThe federal government footed the entire bill for Medicaid expansion during the first three years, instead of taking the usual approach of splitting the costs with states. ", "Now, states have more incentive to rein in spending as their share of the costs grows to 10% by 2020.", "\n\n\nIn the meantime, however, some evidence suggests that in California, richer plans provided care of poorer quality.", "\n\nThe state scores Medi-Cal insurers from zero to 100% on how they perform on dozens of measures, such as diabetes testing, cancer screenings and checkups for children. ", "Statewide, the average score was 63% for 2016.", "\n\nFor Centene and its Health Net unit, seven of its 10 regional health plans in Medi-Cal scored below average on quality. ", "The company’s San Joaquin health plan ranked last statewide at 31%. ", "State officials have ordered the company to improve in areas such as ensuring women get postpartum care and providing routine eye exams and other tests for diabetics.", "\n\nAmong patients, a chief complaint is how hard it is to find a specialized doctor. ", "In a March audit, Medi-Cal said Health Net “did not maintain an adequate number of specialists within its network.” ", "The state found that “member grievances on referral for services and availability of appointments with specialists were among the highest complaints.”", "\n\n\nFive months later, after reviewing the company’s corrective actions, the state said Health Net was back in compliance.", "\n\nChandra Marshall, a Medicaid patient in Modesto, said she has suffered from limited access to specialty care.", "\n\nShe said her primary-care doctor in her Health Net plan recently recommended she visit a dermatologist for a biopsy. ", "But she said the only available dermatologist on her plan was 90 miles away in San Francisco.", "\n\nWorried she might have skin cancer, Marshall agreed to go but still hasn’t heard back about an appointment.", "\n\n\n“Why can’t Health Net afford more specialists in the area?” ", "said Marshall, who also suffers from kidney disease. “", "If Health Net doesn’t provide access to dermatologists and other specialists, people may just risk [not going].”", "\n\nHer Health Net plan in Stanislaus County scored below 50% on quality of care measures.", "\n\nIn a statement, Health Net said “we are committed to helping improve the quality and availability of healthcare services for our members that produce enhanced health outcomes.”", "\n\nIn the case of Anthem, eight of its 12 regional Medi-Cal plans scored below average on patient care. ", "The state has told Anthem to do better at providing prenatal care, controlling patients’ high blood pressure and monitoring medications for asthma patients, among other issues.", "\n\n\nIn a written response to questions, Anthem said that its scores have improved over time and that two of its plans, in San Francisco and Tulare counties, are among the top 10 statewide.", "\n\nWhile not tied directly to payments, California officials said they do reward insurers with higher quality scores by assigning more Medicaid enrollees to those plans.", "\n\nThe profits of managed-care plans feed into Republican criticism of the ACA’s costs and its expanded Medicaid rolls. ", "President Trump has called for the law’s repeal, in part, because it enriches health insurers.", "\n\n“They have made a fortune,” Trump tweeted Oct. 13.", "\n\n\nU.S. Sen. Ron Johnson (R-Wis.) has demanded that California and seven other states account for how they spent federal Medicaid expansion dollars. ", "Johnson, chairman of the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, asked California officials in a letter Sept. 27 whether they have conducted audits and requested information on insurance company payouts.", "\n\nIn an Oct. 11 response, Kent said the state spent $6,181 per expansion enrollee in 2015, below the national average of $6,365.", "\n\n“California is a cost efficient Medicaid program,” she wrote.", "\n\nBy one standard measure, the state’s oversight has been less than efficient.", "\n\n\nStarting in 2014, the federal government required that 85% of Medicaid expansion funding be spent on care and quality improvement efforts, rather than administrative overhead and profits. ", "But three years in, California officials acknowledged they have just started audits to determine whether companies might have to return excess money. ", "It’s impossible to determine how much that might be.", "\n\nWhat’s clear is that insurers’ spending on expansion and traditional Medicaid enrollees often falls short. ", "Eight of California’s 22 Medicaid insurers failed to hit 85% in medical spending for the year that ended June 30, 2016, according to state data obtained by Kaiser Health News. ", "Anthem ranked lowest at 77%; Health Net spent 81% of Medicaid premiums on medical care, according to state calculations.", "\n\nEach percentage point below the threshold can amount to tens of millions of dollars that should have been spent on patients.", "\n\nIn July, a federal rule went into effect establishing 85% as a national benchmark for all Medicaid managed care. ", "Three months later, California Gov. Jerry Brown signed a law mandating that same percentage. ", "But the state requirement doesn’t kick in fully until 2023.", "\n\n\nMichael McCue, a professor at Virginia Commonwealth University who studies Medicaid managed care, said the profit margins in California “raise a lot of red flags.” ", "He said government officials owe it to taxpayers and patients to speed up their audits and do more to hold insurers accountable.", "\n\n“You have to make sure you’re getting a bang for your buck,” McCue said. “", "Right now, [for insurers] California’s Medicaid program is the golden nugget.”", "\n\nTerhune and Gorman are senior correspondents for Kaiser Health News, an editorially independent publication of the Kaiser Family Foundation.", "\n\ncterhune@kff.org\n\n\nagorman@kff.org" ]

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[ "PROGRAM #1414 – ROSALIA DE SOUZA\n\n‘Rosalia de Souza’ airs daily on our streaming station from 07-03-19 through 07-09-19 Monday-Friday at 7 am, 3 pm, 6 pm and midnight Central Time (US). ", "Weekends, too. ", "Our Programming Guide is here.", "\n\nOn The Radio: Listen to The Sounds of Brazil every Sunday, 2-4 pm on Chicago’s 90.9 FM WDCB and streaming live at wdcb.org. ", "Click here for a complete list of our affiliate stations\n\nThis week’s featured album on The Sounds of Brazil’s banner is Rosalia de Souza’s ‘Tempo’. ", "Lean more here.", "\n\nHi Everyone,\n\nAnother summery holiday weekend – don’t forget the music!", "\n\nHow is it that one of Brazil’s most exciting new voices comes from… Italy?", "\n\nWell, we’ve come to expect great things from Rosalia de Souza since her early days as a stable singer for the Milan-based label, Schema. ", "Her solo career began with the New Bossa gem ‘Garota Moderna’ (Modern Girl). ", "She quickly won fans and the buzz heated up!", "\n\nYou’ll find that there’s plenty to like about Rosalia de Souza this week on The Sounds of Brazil, including a song form her new album.", "\n\nOur playlist includes classic Brazilian jazz from Marcos Valle and Lee Ritenour with Djavan, classic MPB from Rita Lee and a dreamy drift-away tune from Kevyn Lettau.", "\n\nI’ve even sprinkled in requests for Toco, Marcos Ariel and Sergio Mendes with Brasil 66, too.", "\n\nThe perfect tonic – with a twist – for July’s ‘Summer Sambas’ theme.", "\n\nEnjoy,\n\nAnd now, the week’s top topics:\n\nJoao Gilberto passed away in Rio de Janeiro Saturday, at age 88. ", "Frail and in failing health, the Father of Bossa Nova joins the very small number of true musical innovators and his life in music will be forever appreciated.", "\n\nYou’ll find our story on his passing here.", "\n\n~ ~ ~\n\nMake a date with the Events page at Connect Brazil: Live music, a new restaurant, outdoor party or art showing, chances are you’ll find it on our website, or add it yourself… it’s always free! ", "And we’re adding more every day! ", "Music, Travel, Friends & Fun! ", "From our home page on your computer, tablet or smart phone.", "\n\n~ ~ ~\n\nSunday’s Brazilian Brunch always features the softer side of Brazilian song. ", "Reimagine your Summertime Sundays. ", "Only on our streaming station.", "\n\nJoin us ‘Live’ Sundays only, for three full hours beginning at 5 am and 9 am Central and then again at 2 pm and 8 pm from the player.", "\n\n~ ~ ~\n\nRequests pay off because you get to hear your name and song on The Sounds of Brazil, and maybe even win a Brazilian CD for yourself and a friend when I play yours. ", "Request a song, artist or style when you visit the Lounge to place a request!", "\n\n~ ~ ~\n\n‘ROSALIA DE SOUZA’\n\nHour 1:\n\nSet 1: The Sounds of Brazil Opening Theme\n\nBrazasia<>Yutaka/Brazasia\n\nFlute, Accordion & Viola<>Dori Caymmi/If Ever\n\nRio<>Lucio Alves/Bossa Nova Sua Historia\n\nWelcome to the Brazil Club Lounge\n\nAs Gotas<>Rosalia de Souza/Garota Moderna\n\nSpecial Announcement\n\nSet 2:\n\nBrazil Back2Back: Remembering Joao Gilberto story\n\nWave<>Joao Gilberto/Amoroso\n\nFalsa Baiana<>Joao Gilberto/Joao Gilberto\n\nIntroduce Next Set\n\nThe Vendor<>Ricardo Silveira/Small World\n\nFrom Paris To Rio<>Latin Vibe/Café Roma Vol. ", "2\n\nAsa<>Lee Ritenour & Djavan/World of Brazil\n\nSet 3: This Week’s Spotlight Song\n\nA Tela<>Rosalia de Souza/Tempo\n\nThe Mood Is Modal<>Beat Girls/The Mood Is Modal\n\nAgua Viva<> Filo Machado/Singing Samba\n\n‘ROSALIA DE SOUZA’\n\nHour 2:\n\nSet 1:\n\nFullgas<>Rosalia de Souza/Single\n\nWelcome To Our Second Hour\n\nInvictor<>Jorge Vercillo/ Como Diria Blavatsky\n\nSessao Das Onze<>Ricardo Silveira/RSVC\n\nThe Look of Love<>Sergio Mendes & Brasil 66/Greatest Hits\n\nSpecial Announcement\n\nEscape<>Marcos Valle/Best of Marcos Valle\n\nSet 2:\n\nIntroduce Next Set\n\nBom Motivo<>Toco with Rosalia de Souza/Outro Lugar\n\nUnderneath The Face of the Moon<>Kevyn Lettau/Universal\n\nIntroduce Next Song\n\nYou Are My Romance<>Oscar Castro-Neves/Tropical Heart\n\nCaso Serio<>Rita Lee/Rita Lee\n\nDon Azimuth<>Marcos Ariel/4 Friends\n\nSet 3:\n\nCanto De Ossanha<>Rosalia de Souza/Garota Moderna\n\nFelicidade<>Seu Jorge/Musicas para Churrasco, Vol. ", "2\n\n~ ~ ~\n\nNext Week: July is a month of “Summer Sambas, and I’ll serve up two hours of The New Bossa Beat! ", "I hope you’ll enjoy the show and please – tell a few friends about us! ", "It’s always great to share the music.", "\n\nWhether it’s your radio, your computer at work or your tablet or smart phone, thanks for tuning in! ", "I really appreciate it, and please tell a friend or two about us.", "\n\nAnd don’t forget about our weekly broadcasts in Chicago: Sundays at 2:00 pm Central on 90.9 FM WDCB and wbcb.org.", "\n\nView our complete daily broadcast schedule here.", "\n\n‘ROSALIA DE SOUZA’" ]

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[ "Lambert here: Gerard’s approach sounds a lot like “safety culture” in the airline industry (though the cases may not be comparable, because all except those who can afford to use private jets use commercial aircraft, not the case for the workplace).", "\n\nBy Leo W. Gerard, international president of the United Steelworkers Union (USW). ", "This article was produced by the Independent Media Institute.", "\n\nLast year, on Halloween just before midnight, Frank Leasure left work at American Standard in Salem, Ohio. ", "To get to his car in the employee lot, he had to walk across two sets of Norfolk Southern railroad tracks. ", "He waited in frigid, driving rain for a westbound train to pass, then began to cross, only to be struck by an eastbound train that he apparently did not see or hear.", "\n\nFrank Leasure, 62, of Carrollton, Ohio, Army veteran, husband, father and grandfather, was one of 19 members of the union I lead, the United Steelworkers (USW), who died on the job between last Workers’ Memorial Day and this one. ", "Workers’ Memorial Day is observed annually on April 28 to commemorate those who lost their lives at work. ", "In 2017, the most recent year for which national statistics are available, 5,147 workers died on the job, an average of 14 every day.", "\n\nThe USW is devoted to reducing those numbers. ", "One way it does that is disseminating information about how specific workplace injuries , illnesses and fatalities occur and how to prevent them. ", "Another is establishing labor-management health and safety committees to continuously analyze workplace risks and reduce them. ", "In the case of Frank Leasure, both occurred.", "\n\nUnfortunately, at the same time, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) reduced its workplace safety inspectors to the lowest level in its 48-year history, diminishing its capacity to investigate workplace deaths, illnesses and injuries. ", "And it reversed a rule that would have provided more information about workplace dangers nationally. ", "It decided to stop requiring large employers to electronically report injury and illness data. ", "OSHA still requires employers to document this information, but they don’t have to tell anyone.", "\n\nThe Frank Leasure case illustrates how this decision endangers workers. ", "The USW Health and Safety Department conducts what it calls learning events, also known as accident investigations, at USW job sites, shares information about the problems it finds and publishes online hazard alerts that recommend methods to prevent recurrence.", "\n\nThese hazard alerts don’t blame and shame. ", "They don’t name the company where the incident occurred or the victim. ", "They describe what happened and then recommend ways to prevent similar injuries and deaths. ", "They’re intended to help local unions and employers identify and eliminate similar hazards in their workplaces.", "\n\nHere’s what the alert said about the incident in Ohio: “It appears the worker waited for the westbound train to clear before walking across the first set of tracks and never saw the two-engine train traveling eastbound at the same time the westbound train was clearing the crossing. ", "The crossing was equipped with active warning devices, but the heavy rain and noise from the passing train appear to have created additional hazards and a blind spot. ", "In addition, swing-down barrier gates were only provided in the lanes for oncoming vehicles, even though pedestrians can and do cross the tracks on both sides of the street.”", "\n\nThat may sound like a happenstance so unusual that it would never occur again. ", "It may sound like something that just couldn’t be averted. ", "But that’s not the case. ", "The USW hazard alert recommends nine ways to avoid such an incident. ", "One, for example, would be to locate the employee parking lot in a place where 200 workers on three shifts would not have to cross railroad tracks twice a day as they enter and leave the factory.", "\n\nAnother solution would be to provide a tunnel or elevated walkway connecting the workplace and the parking lot so that workers could avoid contact with the tracks and trains. ", "Lighted warning signs could be installed to alert pedestrians to a train traveling on the second set of tracks at the same time that a train on the first set of tracks blocks its view.", "\n\nAfter the alert was posted on the USW site, the USW Health and Safety Department emailed copies of it to labor-management health and safety committees at numerous other USW-represented workplaces where railroad tracks crisscross the sites to accommodate material deliveries. ", "Several of these committees contacted the department to obtain more information as they began work to make their railroad crossings safer. ", "In addition, several corporate safety experts who saw the posted hazard alert contacted the department to seek information, offer suggestions and describe how they planned to remediate or had already corrected similar railroad crossing situations.", "\n\nOne caller said his company intended to install lights to warn pedestrians of a second train. ", "That could prevent repeat of the tragedy that killed Frank Leasure. ", "That’s why it’s so important to broadcast incident and safety information.", "\n\nAnd that’s why it’s a travesty that OSHA has decided to allow corporations to secret away their injury and illness information. ", "If OSHA collected and published the information, untold numbers of illnesses, injuries and deaths could be prevented. ", "Corporations, labor unions and workers could study the problems and offer solutions. ", "But they can’t solve health and safety issues they don’t know about because they are locked in corporate vaults.", "\n\nAnother of the recommendations made in the USW hazard alert regarding rail crossings was that labor-management health and safety committees address hazards outside as well as inside workplaces.", "\n\nTo its credit, American Standard responded to the spirit of this advice, reaching out to the local union to start a dialogue on safety. ", "Last week, it accommodated two safety committee meetings, one in which USW Health and Safety Department representatives and local union officials discussed ways to improve worker welfare, and a second in which workers met with company officials to talk about how to sustain an effective labor-management committee to continuously improve health and safety plant-wide and identify and eliminate workplace hazards. ", "Also, the USW Health and Safety Department linked the labor-management health and safety committee to one at an Ohio factory that confronted similar problems.", "\n\nThis is about prevention, not condemnation. ", "It works best when workplaces and employees collaborate.", "\n\nCompany and union officials also are meeting with city and state representatives to discuss safety because it’s not just workers who cross the tracks. ", "The factory is located in a neighborhood, and pedestrians, including children, frequently walk across the tracks, often to get to a market on the other side. ", "At a meeting earlier this month, union and company officials discussed a range of potential safety measures with Salem, the Public Utility Commission of Ohio, the Ohio Department of Transportation, and the Ohio Mid-Eastern Governments Association.", "\n\nThis work ensures that Frank Leasure did not die in vain. ", "This work, the USW believes, honors his memory." ]

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[ "Facebook Is Working On AI Based Voice Assistant Service For Oculus Product And Smart Speaker\n\nFacebook voice assistant service is under development. ", "Facebook, a social media company confirmed that they are working on voice assistant service that will work on AI. ", "There is already voice assistant services available in the market but this assistant is to rival Amazon’s Alexa, Apple’s Siri and Google’s voice assistant.", "\n\nThis is not the first time that Facebook is developing such kind of assistant. ", "In 2015 facebook already released an AI assistant for its messenger app called M. That is never came up with the beta phase and ended last year. ", "And shortly shut down in 2018.", "\n\nBut now, come to Facebook’s new AI assistant. ", "According to the CNBC report, Facebook is developing this Assistant since 2018. ", "This is officially confirmed by the company spokesperson. ", "Facebook is “working to develop voice and AI assistant technologies that may work across the company’s family of AR/VR products including Portal, Oculus and future products”.", "\n\nThis confirms that this AI assistant is not a competitor for the Alexa, Siri, and Google Assistant but it enhances the feature and working model of its own product and hardware. ", "A team based out of Redmond, Washington, has been spearheading the effort to build the new AI assistant.", "\n\nNow, it is another factor that Facebook voice assistant will take off or not. ", "But the first, can we trust facebook. ", "Facebook is already in the privacy-related issue from last 2 years. ", "In this month 540 million users record that is around 146 GB exposes to an unsecured server.", "\n\nThis may be one of the reasons why the devices failed to take off and are currently selling at heavily discounted prices in the US." ]

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[ "*Selection of this meal plan will result in additional charge per semester, above the published cost of room and board, added to your student account.", "\n\nMeal Plan Change Period\n\nStudents sign up for their meal plan during the housing signup process on the housing portal. ", "We do allow students, once per semester, to change their meal plan during the meal plan change period. ", "The meal plan change period occurs in the first two calendar weeks of the semester. ", "There is no cost to switch their meal plan. ", "However, students are limited to one meal plan change per semester.", "\n\nMeal Plan Components\n\nMeals (sometimes known as Meal Swipes or just swipes) offer the best value and are prepaid meal allowances programmed on to your student ID each week for use at Christman Dining Commons. ", "Your meals reset reach week on Monday mornings so make sure you use all your meals before then. ", "Meals do not roll over from week to week. ", "Students can use a maximum of four meals swipes per day.", "\n\nFlex Dollars are a declining balance account that is programmed on to your student ID card. ", "Flex Dollars are used just like cash to purchase food items at all the locations managed by our dining provider, YSU Dining by Chartwells. ", "Unused flex dollars at the end of the Fall semester will rollover into the Spring semester as long as the student remains on a university meal plan. ", "If you run out of Flex Dollars before the end of the semester, you can purchase additional Flex Dollars. ", "Balances at the end of Spring semester will be forfeited.", "\n\nPete's Points are a declining balance account that is programmed on to your student ID card. ", "Pete's Points are used just like cash to purchase food with one Pete's Point being the equal to one dollar in cash. ", "Pete's Points can be used any time of the day at any dining location on campus and at selection location off campus. ", "There is no limits on how much you can spend each day, as long as you do not exceed your balance for the semester. ", "Unused points at the end of each semester are rolled over into the next semester and expire at the end of the Spring term.", "\n\n**Unused Flex Dollars & Pete’s Points from residential meal plans roll over from Fall to the Spring semester as long as the student remains in University managed housing. ", "Any unused Flex Dollars are non-refundable at the end of the Spring semester and cannot be transferred to the new academic year. ", "The week begins on Monday and ends on Sunday evenings. ", "Unused meals do not roll over from week to week." ]

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[ "This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. xc2xa7xc2xa7 119 and/or 365 to 9923378.5 filed in United Kingdom on Oct. 5, 1999; the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.", "\nThe present invention relates to signalling over the Gs interface in a GSM mobile telecommunications network and more particularly to the BSSAP+ protocol used to communicate over this interface.", "\nThe Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) is a widely used mobile telecommunications system defined by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). ", "However, the current GSM system has only a limited capacity to transmit data because it makes use of circuit switched channels. ", "Circuit switched channels occupy large amounts of bandwidth and produce a bottleneck for data transmission.", "\nETSI has therefore specified an enhancement to GSM (GSM Phase 2) and which is known as the GSM Packet Radio Services (GPRS). ", "GPRS is a packet switched technology which transmits user data in the form of packets. ", "Packets are only sent when there is data to send, i.e. it is no longer necessary to allocate an entire channel to a single user and data channels may be shared between many users. ", "This frees the data transmission bottleneck of GSM. ", "FIG. ", "1 illustrates schematically a GSM Phase II network which includes a GPRS packet switched network 1 as well as a conventional GSM circuit switched network 2. ", "The GPRS backbone 3 is coupled for example to the Internet 4 via a Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) 5.", "\nIn the GPRS network, the gateway 6 between the GPRS backbone 3 and a Base Station Controller (BSC) 7 which is responsible for a given mobile subscriber 8 via a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 9, is known as a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN). ", "A SGSN 6 is in some ways analogous to a Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) 10 of the GSM network 2, in that a SGSN 6 deals with the registration of mobile subscribers as well as the initial routing of subscriber connections. ", "As with the MSC 10, for roaming subscribers a SGSN 6 must in certain cases exchange information with a Visitor Location Register (VLR) 11 located in the GSM network 2 (the GSM network also having a Home Location Register (HLR) 12). ", "The interface between a SGSN 6 and the VLR 11 (over an SS7 network 13xe2x80x94see below) is identified as the Gs interface. ", "For this purpose ETSI has defined a protocol known as the Base Station System Application Protocol+(BSSAP+) and which is specified in ETSI recommendation\"\"s GSM 09.16 and GSM 09.18.", "\nSignalling messages are typically transported between signalling points of a telecommunications system using a Signalling System No.7 (SS7) network 13. ", "The protocol stack for SS7 is illustrated in FIG. ", "2 and comprises three Message Transfer Parts (MTP levels 1 to 3) and a Signalling Connections and Control Part (SCCP). ", "The nature of the MTP layers will not be described in detail here other than to note that they perform routing and error correction roles amongst other things.", "\nSS7 is used by a number of application and user parts such as an ISDN User Part (ISUP), a Telephony User Part (TUP), a Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP), and the BSSAP+ protocol. ", "BSSAP+ (like TCAP) makes use of SS7 via the SCCP. ", "A role of the SCCP is to provide subsystem numbers to allow messages to be addressed to specific applications (called subsystems) at network signalling points.", "\nFIG. ", "3 illustrates a typical sequence of signalling messages over the Gs interface, between a SGSN and a VLR using the BSSAP+ protocol. ", "This sequence arises during a location update, e.g. when a mobile subscriber enters the coverage area of a new BSC, and comprises: a BSSAP+ Location Update Request sent from the SGSN to the VLR; a BSSAP+ Location Update Accept returned from the VLR to the SGSN; and a BSSAP+ TMSI reallocation complete message sent from the SGSN to the VLR.", "\nThe inventor of the present invention has recognised that problems may arise when a mobile subscriber makes a new location update request whilst the system is still processing an earlier request. ", "This situation may arise for example when the subscriber turns the power off on his mobile terminal whilst the system is processing a location update request, and is illustrated in FIG. ", "4.", "\nEach GSM mobile subscriber is allocated an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). ", "This code is sent to the network from the subscriber\"\"s terminal during the registration process and is included in the BSSAP+ Location Update Request sent from the SGSN to the VLR. ", "The IMSI is the only identity for making associations in the Gs interface. ", "As such, neither the VLR nor the SGSN are able to know for certain to which transaction a message belongs. ", "Current GSM specifications require the VLR to terminate an existing transaction in the event that another BSSAP+ Location Update Request is received containing the same IMSI as is present in the pre-existing transaction. ", "As the delivery of messages takes a finite time, the SGSN is not able to know whether a received Location Update Accept message corresponds to the first or second Location Update Request message which the SGSN sent to the VLR. ", "This is unfortunate, as the SGSN must act in different ways depending upon whether the Location Update Accept message relates to the first or the second Location Update Request. ", "If the Location Update Accept message relates to the first Location Update Request, the message should be ignored by the SGSN, and the SGSN should wait for the second Location Update Accept message, otherwise it should proceed to act upon the Location Update Accept message. ", "A consequence of the SGSN acting mistakenly on the first Location Update Accept message is that the SGSN may send an incorrect Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) to a subscriber, resulting in the subscriber not being able to receive calls when the network is paging the subscriber with another TMSI.", "\nIt is an object of the present invention to overcome or at least mitigate the above noted disadvantages. ", "It is a second object of the present invention to enable messages sent over a Gs interface to be identified with a particular transaction. ", "These and other objects are achieved at least in part by incorporating a transaction identifier into BSSAP+ protocol messages or by appending such an identifier to these messages.", "\nAccording to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of sending BSSAP+ messages over the Gs interface between a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and a Visitor Location Register (VLR) of a GSM mobile telecommunications system, the method comprising incorporating into BSSAP+ messages, or appending thereto, an identifier which allows the messages to be associated with the transactions to which they relate.", "\nAs a Location Update Accept message will contain or be accompanied by the same identifier as the Location Update Request message to which it relates, the participating SGSN can unequivocally associate the two messages when the present invention is employed.", "\nIn certain embodiments of the present invention BSSAP+ messages may be encapsulated within TCAP messages prior to further encapsulation within SCCP messages. ", "In this case, said identifier is a sequence number (transaction ID) which is included in the TCAP message header at the signalling point which initiates the transaction.", "\nIn other embodiments of the present invention, the BSSAP+ protocol message structure is modified to allow for the inclusion of a sequence number into BSSAP+ messages. ", "A signalling point receiving a message includes the received sequence number in any response message.", "\nAccording to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) or a Visitor Location Register (VLR) for use in a GSM mobile telecommunications network, the SGSN or VLR comprising:\nprocessing means arranged in use to incorporate into BSSAP+ messages, or append thereto, an identifier which allows the messages to be associated with the transactions to which they relate; and\ntransmission means for causing said BSSAP+ messages, incorporating said identifier or having said identifier appended thereto, to be transmitted to a peer SGSN or VLR over an intervening Gs interface.", "\nIn certain embodiments of the above second aspect of the invention, said processing means is arranged to implement the TCAP protocol wherein sequence numbers are included in a header of the TCAP messages.", "\nIn other embodiments of the above second aspect of the invention, said processing means is arranged to implement the BSSAP+ protocol wherein sequence numbers are incorporated into the BSSAP+ messages." ]

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[ "Chronic wounds and the medical biofilm paradigm.", "\nThere is a growing recognition that biofilms are the principal cause of wound chronicity. ", "The development of treatments for wound biofilms raises the prospect that chronic wounds can be treated, potentially saving many patients' lives." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow should I power a 3V toy motor?", "\n\nI'm helping my brother (8) build a small toy car powered by a tiny 3V motor that we have at home. ", "Most tutorials we've found on the internet suggest using a 9V battery, but never specify the voltage of motor they're using.", "\nAs I only have basic and theoretical knowledge in electronics, I'm assuming I should power the motor with equal voltage (3V). ", "Could I use a couple of AAA batteries in series (which, frankly, I have no idea how to do except maybe use electrical tape to hold them together) to do power the motor? ", "Would it be enough? ", "Should we use the 9V battery instead?", "\nI'm just... trying to make sure we don't hurt ourselves or burn the house down.", "\n\nA:\n\nYes, supply approximately 3 V. (If you were to use higher voltage, you might need additional current limitation to avoid burning out the motor.)", "\nYou can connect AAA in series to add up the voltages, for example using a battery holder like https://www.sparkfun.com/products/14219 with a built-in switch:\n\nYou can also move up to AA for longer running time. ", "There are many variants of battery holders available.", "\nYou will need basic soldering skills and it doesn't hurt to buy a cheap multimeter. ", "I'd say you're running minimal risks with so low voltages. ", "A 9 V battery will sting if you put your tongue to the terminals but that's pretty much it. ", "Oh, and most people burn themselves on a solder iron once before learning to show proper care. ", "You might be able to wrap the stripped wire ends on the motor terminals to avoid the soldering.", "\nHave fun! :-)", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Democratic Regroupment of Kolda\n\nDemocratic Regroupment of Kolda (in French: Regroupement démocratique de Kolda) was a political party in Kolda, Senegal. ", "It existed around 1960.", "\n\nSources\nNzouankeu, Jacques Mariel. ", "Les partis politiques sénégalais. ", "Dakar: Editions Clairafrique, 1984.", "\n\nCategory:Political parties in Senegal" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Some ink-jet printers, such as manufactured by Hewlett-Packard Company under the designation DeskJet, include a cartridge or \"pen\" that is mounted to a carriage in the printer. ", "The pen includes a body that defines a reservoir of ink, and a print head that is operated for ejecting minute ink drops onto paper that is advanced through the printer.", "\nPrior ink-jet pens have been constructed so that the print head is irremovably attached to the pen body, thereby preventing replacement of a print head without damage to the pen.", "\nSome ink-jet printer pens can be designed to include more than one print head. ", "For example, a pen can be constructed to include a plurality of print heads that span across the entire width of a page that is advanced through the printer.", "\nIn the event that such a multiple-print-head pen were manufactured using conventional techniques, the entire pen would have to be assembled before the printing characteristics of the print heads could be tested. ", "A failure of one of the print heads, therefore, would ruin the entire pen and lead to expensive waste or re-work for repairing the pen.", "\nThe present invention is directed to a construction whereby ink-jet printer pens have modular or unit print head assemblies that can be readily mounted to and removed from a pen body in the event that the assembly needs repair or replacement. ", "Moreover, the print heads of an individual unit print head assembly may be fully tested before that assembly is joined with several other parts in manufacturing a pen." ]

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[ "It is a well known fact that in the operation of a furnace, using any ordinary fuel, the heat loss through the flue is considerable. ", "There have been a number of concepts conceived to reduce these heat losses. ", "Many of these concepts in one way or another rely on closing a damper in the flue after the fuel stops burning and the gases of combustion have been exhausted thereby trapping replacement air around the heat exchanger so that air, steam or hot water passing through the heat exchanger will continue to be heated or extract heat from the trapped hot replacement air. ", "Some other concepts have employed heat exchangers in the flue stack so that heat can be extracted from the flue gases even when the fuel is burning. ", "In at least one system in the prior art there is provided a valve controlled opening, out of the preflue chamber, so that when on fuel is being supplied for burning, the hot replacement air from a previous period of burning will be permitted to pass into the furnace room to heat the same.", "\nThe present system does not rely on closing the flue stack by a damper or using a heat exchanger in the flue, both of which arrangements are costly and in the case of closing the damper there is some danger involved if the damper jams or sticks as will be explained later. ", "The present system forceably intercepts hot air which otherwise would pass through the flue and redirects that hot air, only during a safe period, into the overall heating arrangement." ]

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[ "The Weekly Standard reserves the right to use your email for internal use only. ", "Occasionally,\nwe may send you special offers or communications from carefully selected advertisers we believe may be of benefit to our subscribers.", "\nClick the box to be included in these third party offers. ", "We respect your privacy and will never rent or sell your email.", "\n\nPlease include me in third party offers.", "\n\nManchester, N.H.The good news for everyone—candidates, voters, viewers, press—is that we get to do this all over again in 12 hours. ", "Because that makes sense. ", "So let’s go to the videotape.", "\n\nMitt Romney: Possibly his best debate. ", "Thanks to the moderators, Romney bore almost no scrutiny on his problematic issues. ", "And for all the talk about how tonight was going to be a Jean-Claude Van Damme, Bloodsport-style throwdown, the lower tier candidates mostly fought amongst themselves: Huntsman vs. Perry and Santorum on Afghanistan; Newt vs. Paul on “chickenhawk”; the moderators vs. Santorum on gay marriage.", "\n\nBut all that aside, Romney did himself a world of good with his answer on the (bizarre) contraception question. ", "He was funny and commonsensical and deft. ", "The most unscripted and charming he’s been in any of the debates. “", "It’s working just fine, leave it alone!” ", "He even showed some comic timing. ", "Who wouldn’t want to vote for that guy?", "\n\nRick Santorum: Absolutely rose to the occasion. ", "Forceful, but at ease. ", "Pugnacious, but good humored. ", "A really strong performance. ", "Even better, he had solid, compelling answers for the incoming attacks on his Senate tenure and post-Senate lobbying. “", "If you haven’t bee sued by CREW, you’re not a conservative.” ", "And his point about “classes” in America was very well made.", "\n\nFrom a strategic standpoint, it’s tough to know how successful he was. ", "He certainly cemented his status as a plausible alternative to Romney. ", "He did not do anything to peel off Romney’s New Hampshire support, or change the dynamic of the race here. ", "What he did do, however, was begin to lay an important predicate for differentiating himself in South Carolina: The difference between a CEO/manager and a commander in chief. ", "This could bear fruit in South Carolina.", "\n\nMore by Jonathan V. Last\n\nRon Paul: It’s not immediately clear why Paul was focused on going after Santorum. ", "He must believe that Santorum’s support isn’t conservative, but rather “Not Romney” in its basis, and that he can win some of those voters. ", "That strikes me as a miscalculation—to the extent that Paul has any path ahead in the race, he simply needs to peel support away from Romney, regardless of where it goes.", "\n\nI suspect Paul’s supporters loved his performance. ", "He took shots at Santorum, skewered Newt on anti-war grounds, and talked about legalizing pot. ", "That alone should get him hundreds more votes from students at the University of New Hampshire.", "\n\nNewt Gingrich: He walked directly into a trap that Paul laid about draft deferments. ", "There’s no earthly reason the chickenhawk stuff should matter—exactly which wars did New Gingrich push for?—but that exchange was brutal. ", "It’s not often you hear three seconds of stunned silence after an answer.", "\n\nBut redeems himself with anti-Catholic and anti-Christian bias—he seizes the opening and drives a truck through it. ", "Vintage Newt.", "\n\nRick Perry: It’s a shame that Perry’s strongest debate came the week after his campaign died. ", "If he had sounded like this (and thought through his immigration problem) at launch, then this race would be entirely different.", "\n\nJon Huntsman: The good news for Huntsman is that today he picked up his first congressional endorsement. ", "Rep. Richard Hanna, come on down! ", "Apparently, Hanna had been on the fence for the last few months, but finally decided that the best time to endorse Huntsman was four days before he drops out. ", "The Huntsman campaign: counterintuitive right up to the end." ]

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[ "Development and current status of a new intracorporeal membrane oxygenator (IVOX).", "\nThe IVOX (intravascular oxygenator) is an intracorporeal, hollow-fibre membrane oxygenator and carbon dioxide (CO 2) removal device. ", "The IVOX is surgically placed into the vena cava via a femoral or jugular venotomy. ", "Oxygen (O 2) is pulled through the hollow fibres by a vacuum pump controlled by a flow meter. ", "There is no extracorporeal circulation of blood. ", "Gas exchange occurs as the patient's blood flows over several hundred hollow fibres. ", "Inlet and outlet gas conduits exit a small skin incision for inflow of 0 2 and outflow of CO 2. ", "Studies in sheep show that the IVOX can support approximately 30% of gas exchange requirements. ", "The position of the IVOX in the vena cava does not affect haemodynamics or cause thromboembolic complications. ", "It can remain in place for up to 22 days without affecting haematologic or blood chemistry parameters. ", "The IVOX is currently undergoing clinical trials at selected medical centres in patients with acute respiratory failure." ]

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[ "The influence of MK-801 on the hippocampal free arachidonic acid level and Na+,K+-ATPase activity in global cerebral ischemia-exposed rats.", "\nThe influence of 20 min global cerebral ischemia on the free arachidonic acid (FAA) level and Na+,K+-ATPase activity in the rat hippocampus at different time points after ischemia was examined. ", "In addition, the effect of MK-801 on mentioned parameters was studied. ", "Animals were exposed to 20 min global cerebral ischemia and were sacrificed immediately, 0.5, 1, 2, 6, 24, 48, 72, and 168 h after ischemic procedure. ", "The level of the FAA and the Na+,K+-ATPase activity was measured during all reperfusion periods examined. ", "Various doses of MK-801 (0.3, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mg/kg) had been injected 30 min before ischemic procedure started. ", "It was found that 20 min global cerebral ischemia induces a statistically significant increase of the FAA level immediately after ischemia and during the first 0.5 h of reperfusion. ", "After a transient decrease, the level of FAA level increased again after 24 and 168 h of recirculation. ", "Treatment with 3.0 mg/kg of MK-801 significantly prevented the FAA accumulation immediately and 0.5 h after ischemic insult while application of 5.0 mg/kg of MK-801 exerted a protective effect during the first 24 h. Global cerebral ischemia induces the significant decline in the Na+,K+-ATPase activity in the hippocampus starting from 1 to 168 h of reperfusion. ", "Maximal inhibition was obtained 24 h after the ischemic damage. ", "Application of 3.0 mg/kg of MK-801 exerted statistically significant protection during the first 24 h while the treatment with 5.0 mg/kg of MK-801 prevented fall in enzymatic activity during all reperfusion periods examined. ", "Our results suggest that, in spite of different and complex pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the increase of FAA level and the decrease of the Na+,K+-ATPase activity, blockade of NMDA receptor subtype provides a very important strategy for the treatment of the postischemic excitotoxicity." ]

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[ "Trending Topics\n\nSearch\n\nForgiveness\n\nForgiveness is the release of resentment or anger. ", "Forgiveness doesn’t mean reconciliation. ", "One doesn't have to return to the same relationship or accept the same harmful behaviors from an offender.", "\n\nForgiveness is vitally important for the mental health of those who have been victimized. ", "It propels people forward rather than keeping them emotionally engaged in an injustice or trauma. ", "Forgiveness has been shown to elevate mood, enhance optimism, and guard against anger, stress, anxiety, and depression.", "\n\nHowever, there are scenarios in which forgiveness is not the best course for a particular person. ", "Sometimes a victim of sexual abuse becomes more empowered when they give themselves permission not to forgive.", "\n\nContents\n\nHow to Forgive Someone Who Has Wronged You\n\nForgiveness can be challenging, especially when the offending party offers either an insincere apology or nothing at all. ", "However, it’s often the healthiest path forward.", "\n\nA prominent model, put forth by psychologist Robert Enright, delineates four steps of forgiveness. ", "The first is to uncover your anger by exploring how you’ve avoided or addressed the emotion. ", "The second is to make the decision to forgive. ", "Begin by acknowledging that ignoring or coping with the offense hasn’t worked, and therefore forgiveness might provide a path forward.", "\n\nThird, cultivate forgiveness by developing compassion for the offender. ", "Reflect on whether the act was due to malicious intent or circumstances in the offender’s life. ", "Lastly, release the harmful emotions and reflect on how you may have grown from the experience and the act of forgiveness itself.", "\n\nHow do I overcome resentment?", "\n\nResentment can sometimes linger for years, even if we believe that we’ve “moved on” or “forgotten about it.” ", "To release resentment, reflect on why the person may have committed the offense, sit with the pain, and then try to forgive the other person, because forgiveness can instill a sense of strength that overpowers bitterness.", "\n\nHow do I forgive my partner for cheating on me?", "\n\nThe decision to forgive an affair is deeply personal. ", "A key component is for the partner who had the affair to be completely transparent and honest from that moment forward to rebuild trust in the relationship. ", "This may involve exploring the reasons for the affair to address underlying problems and prevent infidelity in the future.", "\n\nAre there any acts that are unforgivable?", "\n\nNo. ", "Everyone has the right to decide whether or not they forgive another person. ", "There are many examples of people who have forgiven others for horrendous crimes, such as shooting them or killing their child. ", "If forgiveness ultimately instills peace or healing, there is no action too severe for forgiveness.", "\n\nDo I have to reconcile with the other person if I forgive them?", "\n\nHow to Forgive Yourself\n\nForgiving another person is one thing, but what happens when we commit the offense ourselves? ", "It’s important to take responsibility for mistakes, but intense guilt and shame aren’t a productive outcome in the long run.", "\n\nThe process of self-forgiveness can be a painful challenge but deeply valuable. ", "Key to this process is owning up to one’s mistakes, understanding why they occurred, and helping to rectify the situation.", "\n\nHow do I forgive myself for past mistakes?", "\n\nBegin by acknowledging that you are at fault and take responsibility for the hurt you caused. ", "Reflect on why the event occurred and identify how to avoid a similar offense in the future. ", "Then forgive yourself by focusing on the thought, saying it aloud, or writing it down. ", "Apologize to the person you wronged and try to improve their life in a meaningful way.", "\n\nWhy is self-forgiveness so difficult?", "\n\nMistakes often become attached to underlying beliefs about ourselves, such as “I always say the wrong things” or “I’ll never be able to cover my bills.” ", "Self-forgiveness can require these beliefs to be identified and addressed first. ", "This pitfall and others make self-forgiveness especially challenging.", "\n\nHow can I stop ruminating and self-downing?", "\n\nIf you’ve done everything you can to fix the mistake, but you continue to beat yourself up, try a technique called “self-distancing.” ", "Switch your internal dialogue from first person to third person and consider how an outsider would see the situation. ", "This can help cultivate self-compassion and silence your inner critic.", "\n\nThe Benefits of Forgiveness\n\nForgiveness and Forgiveness Therapy have been linked to greater feelings of happiness, hopefulness, and optimism. ", "The process of forgiveness can also protect against serious conditions such as anxiety and depression and post-traumaticstress disorder. ", "The act was also shown to benefit cardiac patients, by significantly lowering their blood pressure.", "\n\nI've been told to forgive \"for my own good?\" ", "Why?", "\n\nHarboring anger and resentment leads to the body to release stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline whenever the person comes to mind. ", "A steady stream of those chemicals can lead to stress and anxiety as well as dampen creativity and problem solving.", "\n\nWhat are the emotional benefits of forgiveness?", "\n\nForgiveness offers many positive psychological developments, such as reducing unhealthy anger, repairing potentially valuable relationships, growing as a person, and exercising goodness in and of itself, no matter the response. ", "In addition to personal benefits, modeling forgiveness for others may lead to intergenerational and even societal improvement." ]

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[ "Can you remember the first time you walked into a yarn store? ", "Do you remember that thrill and excitement you had because you never knew what to expect?", "\n\nI had that today. ", "My first EVER LYS experience, and it was.... unexplainable. ", "I just wanted to take everything home because of all the yarn they had there that felt so amazing to touch. ", "I could tell this was no walmart experience either... Ohh they even had Fiber Trends patterns!! :", "happydance:\n\nI ended up walking out of there with a size 9 16\" circular, and Plymouth Encore yarn in a lime green color. ", "I have to say that was the best ever.", "\n\nMy first LYS experience was rather frightening, but my second was awesome... I'm gonna go with that one and say :thumbsup: so cool. ", "I'm impressed you didn't buy more!!! :", "rofling:\n\nJan in CA\n\n03-04-2006, 01:25 AM\n\nYeah!! ", "http://bestsmileys.com/excited/3.gif I'm so excited for you! ", "Encore is GREAT yarn!", "\n\nJenelle\n\n03-04-2006, 01:27 AM\n\nI told my mom that I'm definatly going again.", "\n\nI need to earn money now... and I want at least $40 to spend :rofling:\n\nPictures are in my blog now of what I got today.", "\n\ncountingsheep\n\n03-04-2006, 10:03 AM\n\n:happydance: Yeah, Jenelle! ", "I have a tiny problem with my favorite LYS - they take plastic! :", "shock: Take my advice... leave the plastic at home, stick with your cash and do not listen to the siren song of the yarn.", "\n\n\"Take me home with you! ", "Take me home, Jenelle! ", "You know you want to!\"", "\n\nCongrats on the LYS experience and NO, it ain't no Wal-Mart!", "\n\nAng\n\nIngrid\n\n03-04-2006, 10:07 AM\n\nJenelle has one advantage over us in the spending-too-much-on-yarn department. ", "She's got about 5 years before she can get a credit card of her own. ", "She also has her mom to keep her in check. ", "Maybe I should adopt a sensible mom. :", "thinking:\n\nVendie\n\n03-04-2006, 10:33 AM\n\n:happydance: Yeah, Jenelle! ", "I have a tiny problem with my favorite LYS - they take plastic! :", "shock: Take my advice... leave the plastic at home, stick with your cash and do not listen to the siren song of the yarn.", "\n\n\"Take me home with you! ", "Take me home, Jenelle! ", "You know you want to!\"", "\n\nCongrats on the LYS experience and NO, it ain't no Wal-Mart!", "\n\nAng\n\nMine takes plastic, but not Discover, which is what I generally use if charge anything. ", "So that definitely keeps me under control when I go there. ", "But the other LYS I go to...well, that's a different story.", "\n\nYay Janelle!! ", "Try not to blow your college money on yarn, ok?", "\n\nknittingachiever\n\n03-04-2006, 11:28 AM\n\nYay, Jenelle! ", "Welcome to the next step in our shared obsession! ", "I definitely remember my first LYS experience. ", "I had no idea anything like it existed. ", "I had been a Hobby Lobby and Michael's girl until I happened to drive by Village Wools (http://www.villagewools.com/index.html) and stop in on a whim. ", "What a wonderful discovery! :", "drooling:\n\nbrendajos\n\n03-04-2006, 11:38 AM\n\nJenelle has one advantage over us in the spending-too-much-on-yarn department. ", "She's got about 5 years before she can get a credit card of her own. ", "She also has her mom to keep her in check. ", "Maybe I should adopt a sensible mom. :", "thinking:\n\nBah! ", "That will never work! ", "I collect teddy bears and whenever i showed mom a new bear i got she said \"did you really NEED another bear?\"", "\n\nummm who said it is about need?", "\n\nnow that i knit whenever we go shopping she wants to take me to her stitch shop. ", "I feel bad because they don't have as much good yarn as my LYS and i am generally not that interested. ", "Soooo i tell her i really don't need any new yarn. (", "Yep....you see this coming)\n\n\"Who says it is about need?\"", "\n\nand she is serious!", "\n\n:rollseyes:\n\nDilly\n\n03-04-2006, 01:12 PM\n\nMaybe I should adopt a sensible mom. :", "thinking:\n\nThere is no such thing! ", "I went yarn shopping with my mother, and she was a 100% enabler! ", "I thought she would get upset for me with buying yarn when I still have debts to pay (student loan, orthodontics... etc) but NO... she just encouraged me to buy more!", "\n\nI'm glad you had fun Jenelle! ", "I hope you get to go again really soon.", "\n\n~babydill~\n\nfeministmama\n\n03-04-2006, 02:38 PM\n\nAAAAHHHhhhh the first YS. ", "Mine was a little shop in Havard square in 1990 (that doesn't exist anymore). ", "I bought TONS of Lambs Pride bulky and I still have some in my stash. :", "oops: Welcome to the club Jenelle (what's yer Blog address?)", "\n\nbjc1050\n\n03-04-2006, 03:27 PM\n\nHad my 1st YS experience today. ", "Fell in love with Brown Sheep Company and Lamb's Pride yarns. ", "Somehow I resisted making a purchase. ", "Guess 'cause I wasn't sure how much I may want of one dye lot. ", "Will be checking my pattern books for the next project and will definitely return. ", "Fortunately, the YS is close by and just opened recently...so it should be there when I return. ", "Actually I was looking for a Berroco pattern booklet which they did not have...didn't have many patterns at all...mostly yarn, but as I said the shop is new.", "\n\nWhile I was there, I put in a good word for Knittinghelp.com\n\nknittingachiever\n\n03-04-2006, 05:31 PM\n\nI stopped by a new YS that I hadn't visited before this afternoon, and it was great! ", "There's a modest little LYS about 3 minutes from my house (thank god I don't drive by it on my way home from work, my paychecks would never make it home!), ", "but I made the longer trek to check this other one out and was very happy I did. ", "TONS of sock yarns, Brown Sheep Lamb's Pride and Prairie Silk, and buckets of Manos del Uruguay! :", "happydance:\n\nI picked up some Raspberry Lamb's Pride for the hoodie I'm fixin' to start as soon as I finish DH's socks.", "\n\ndustinac\n\n03-04-2006, 06:15 PM\n\n:cheering: So glad you guys had a great first time trip.. its very addicting.. I ran into mine today to just grab my mom's pattern and yarn nothing else.. I was good but I did touch some new items LOL :shock: I couldn't belive I was so good...\n\nquirky\n\n03-04-2006, 07:03 PM\n\nI want at least $40 to spend\n\nOh my child you are so modest! ", ":D\n\nI did not go to a realy ys until I was in my 20s either. ", "I had to move to \"the big town\" first. ", "But I remember walking in and being so overwhelmed by everything I saw. ", "And I imagined every woman in there was an acomplished fiber artist. ", "I was so tongue tied and humbled (because I was a beginner with no dexterity) that it took me until just this year to go back. (", "thats more years than I want to admit to)\n\nI am obviously more confident now than I was then. ", "Now I walk in and am so amazed by how friendly everyone is. ", "No question is stupid, no one has made me feel as though I were wasting their time. ", "I even got a lesson on how to spin with a drop spindle. ", "Lovely ladies all!" ]

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[ "Get the latest movie theater news!", "\n\nToday’s Newsreel\n\nPHILADELPHIA, PA — The The Committee To Save The Sameric has launched a new website and online petition which will be sent to the Philadelphia City Council in order to drum up local support for saving the Art Deco movie palace.", "\n\nDennis Wilhelm, co-author of the book Popcorn Palaces, writes “The Boyd Theatre (now Sameric), a wonderful, elegant, French-style Art Deco Movie Palace in center city Philadelphia, is in danger of demolition. ", "In researching Popcorn Palaces, Mike Kinerk and I found that it is one of the earliest US movie places designed in the French-style.", "\n\n“It opened in 1928 three years after the 1925 Paris Exposition Internationale des Arts D" ]

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[ "Józef Zaliwski\n\nJózef Zaliwski of Junosza coat of arms (22 March 1797 in Marijampolė or Jurbarkas – 1 April 1855 in Paris) was a Polish pułkownik of Kingdom of Poland, independence activist.", "\n\nZaliwski was a member of Wolnomularstwo Narodowe (), Walerian Łukasiński's Towarzystwo Patriotyczne, Piotr Wysocki Conspiracy (Sprzysiężenie Wysockiego), co-organiser (with Joachim Lelewel) of Zemsta Ludu (1832), initiator of guerilla warfare (1833). ", "He participated in November Uprising (1830–1831).", "\n\nReferences\n \n \n\nCategory:1797 births\nCategory:1855 deaths\nCategory:People from Marijampolė\nCategory:November Uprising participants\nCategory:Activists of the Great Emigration" ]

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[ "The Clan Pt. ", "1 Lost\n\nThe Clan Pt. ", "1 Lost (also stylized as The Clan Pt. ", "1 'LOST') is the third extended play by the South Korean boy group, Monsta X. It is also the first part of the trilogy series called The Clan. ", "The album was released on May 18, 2016 by Starship Entertainment and distributed by Kakao M. It contains six songs, including the singles, \"Ex Girl\" and \"All In\".", "\n\nBackground and release\nIn April 2016, the group announced that they will be releasing a 2.5 episodes or trilogy series called The Clan, revealing the first concept as Part 1: LOST. ", "A pre-released track, \"Ex Girl\", featuring Mamamoo's Wheein, was released on May 9. ", "It is described as a mellow pop R&B track, describing a man's regret about the one who got away. \"", "All In\", the album's lead single, was released on May 18. ", "It is a hip hop track that highlights the group's signature powerful sound and move; it also features a thumping beat and furious raps. ", "\n\nThe music video for the lead single was released on Starship's and 1theK's official YouTube channels on the same day. ", "It was also directed by the award-winning film director, Dee Shin.", "\n\nThe group held their comeback showcase on May 18, at Yes24 Live Hall in Seoul, and was streamed live on Naver's V App.", "\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nMonthly chart\n\nYear-end chart\n\nSales\n\nAccolades\n\nYear-end lists\n\nYear-end awards\n\nRelease history\n\nSee also\n List of K-pop songs on the Billboard charts\n List of K-pop albums on the Billboard charts\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2016 EPs\nCategory:Korean-language EPs\nCategory:Kakao M EPs\nCategory:Monsta X EPs" ]

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[ "\"♪ You think that you got it made ♪\" \"♪ You think you're running the game ♪\" \"♪ But really you're being played ♪\" \"♪ And you think that you're bulletproof ♪\" \"♪ But just you wait till the roof ♪\" \"♪ Comes crashing in on you ♪\" \"♪ You're gonna sorry that you ever saw my face ♪\" \"♪ You're gonna get-get what's coming to you ♪\" \"♪ Get-get what's coming to you ♪\" \"♪ Get-get what's coming to you ♪\" \"Paisley Group already leads the other Fortune 500 companies in the global and industry trend toward consumer use of green products, while providing competitive advantages in efficacy and safety.\" \"", "Now, this doesn't mean...\" \"Not now.\" \"", "Not ever.\" \"", "Ah... sounds like our protestor friends agree with us.\" \"", "Now is not the time for brunch.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "In short, the merger of our two great companies will ensure our competitive edge.\" \"", "But more important, for the pension funds you manage.\" \"", "It'll mean a greater return on your investments.\" \"", "Now... are there any questions?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Mr. Paisley.\" \"", "How much domestic workforce would you anticipate shedding as a result of this merger?\" \"", "You sound like one of the protestors out there.\" \"", "Regrettably, it could be as much as 20 percent stateside.\" \"", "We're gonna hope to hold to that line.\" \"", "What about the wrongful termination suit by your former CFO?\" \"", "Well, I'm not stupid.\" \"", "I'll leave that to my lawyer.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "We're confident that this suit has no merit...\" \"He's claiming he was fired because he was gay.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "He's claiming that.\" \"", "Kyle Musset was fired for cause.\" \"", "He was attempting to sell trade secrets to a competitor...\" \"If the suit drags on... it could hang over the stock price.\" \"", "Well, we're in negotiations now and we're confident that this suit will set...\" \"Down with corporate imperialism!\" \"", "♪ Get-get what's coming to you ♪\" \"Didn't I tell you this was gonna be fun?\" \"", "♪ Get-get what's coming to you ♪\" \"Mr. Canning, hello.\" \"", "Alicia's just a few minutes behind you.\" \"", "So, this is what a start-up looks like.\" \"", "Yep.\" \"", "35 employees.\" \"", "Seven partners.\" \"", "$21 million in yearly billing.\" \"", "Another $5 million and you'll be able to afford doors for your conference room.\" \"", "It's a design choice.\" \"", "Yeah, the design choice that lets other people listen in on your meetings.\" \"", "Lindsay, can you get my sweater from m...?\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Mr. Canning.\" \"", "We ready to put this to bed?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "I'm ready for court, uh...\" \"I think we just honor our trial date tomorrow.\" \"", "My goodness, what happened to you?\" \"", "Or is that, uh, another design choice?\" \"", "Excuse me.\" \"", "It was a mishap.\" \"", "We, uh, considered your client's latest demands... and, um, our top offering is $150,000.\" \"", "We'll take our chances in court.\" \"", "Good.\" \"", "That was quick.\" \"", "Good to see you.\" \"", "He was fired because he was gay.\" \"", "How's that gonna go over with your fund managers?\" \"", "Like extortion.\" \"", "You're lucky to get $150,000.\" \"", "$200,000.\" \"", "No. ", "$140,000.\" \"", "You have changed.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "I have.\" \"", "I liked the old Alicia better.\" \" ", "The $200,000 Alicia?\" \" ", "All right, fine.\" \"", "I'll talk to my client, you talk to your... corporate overlord and then, uh... in the meantime, get that cleaned up, cause, it's gonna leave a stain.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \" ", "Finn.\" \"", "What's up?\" \" ", "Hey.\" \"", "Alicia, I'm sorry, am I early?\" \" ", "For?\" \" ", "Eli.\" \"", "We have a meeting about the governor's announcement.\" \"", "Oh, my God.\" \"", "I'm so sorry.\" \"", "I completely forgot.\" \"", "You okay?\" \"", "Oh, yeah.\" \"", "Someone hit me with a pie.\" \"", "It's a long story.\" \"", "Good news.\" \"", "Great news.\" \"", "Where can we talk?\" \"", "How about your desk?\" \"", "I got an early copy.\" \"", "Comes out tonight and it couldn't be more perfect.\" \"", "Eli, what is it?\" \"", "Oh, Alicia, maybe you shouldn't look.\" \"", "It's the report on the Jeffrey Grant shooting.\" \"", "No, I'm fine, Eli.\" \"", "What's it say?\" \"", "Well, it clears Finn of any wrongdoing...\" \" What happened to your...\" \" Pie.\" \"", "What's it say, Eli?\" \"", "It clears Finn of any responsibility for the shooting and lays the blame firmly\" \" at the feet of the state's attorney.\" \" ", "That's good.\" \" ", "It's great.\" \"", "How'd you get pie on you?\" \" ", "So, Peter will reference it\" \" in his public endorsement?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \"", "Now here's the thing... this is the most dangerous time for you.\" \" ", "Because Castro will try to strike back.\" \" ", "He'll try and undercut this report by exposing something on you.\" \"", "Well, that's good, there is nothing on me.\" \"", "Eh.\" \"", "Your sister's overdose, your wife's miscarriage.\" \"", "What's wrong with my wife's miscarriage?\" \" ", "You divorced her after the miscarriage...\" \" Eli.\" \" ", "Why don't we do this another time?\" \" ", "I didn't divorce her.\" \"", "Oh, come on, you don't understand.\" \"", "This is not about the facts.\" \"", "It's what the facts can be made to look like.\" \" ", "What do you need, Eli?\" \" ", "Castro is gonna try and get in touch with you with whatever he has... a photo, a Xerox, something from your past.\" \"", "Bring it to me.\" \"", "Whatever it is, it'll make you angry, but bring it to me.\" \"", "Okay?\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Good.\" \"", "I'm gonna go.\" \"", "I still can't get used to this place.\" \"", "You need more walls.\" \"", "Well, he's a barrel of laughs.\" \"", "Yes, he takes his job very seriously.\" \"", "And there's no one better at it.\" \"", "Look, I-I'd advise against court.\" \"", "I just...\" \" Who's that in with Diane?\" \" ", "Some lady.\" \"", "She doesn't like men.\" \"", "No, I mean who are the people?\" \" ", "The people.\" \"", "In there?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "What do I call you?\" \"", "Is it, uh, crippled or handicapped or...\" \"What's that other word?\" \" ", "Uh, the, uh...\" \" What do you call me?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \" ", "Uh, how about Louis?\" \"", "No, when I'm talking to other people, what do I call you?\" \"", "Challenged.\" \"", "Hmm?\" \"", "Isn't that the word... challenged?\" \"", "Do you like that?\" \"", "Yes.\" \" ", "We'll serve Kael Pepper...\" \" Diane.\" \"", "Do you...\" \"Do you need me?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Mr. Canning.\" \" ", "Hello, I'm Rayna Hecht.\" \" ", "Well, Ms. Hecht, from Hecht Tascioni?\" \" ", "You run a tight little shop over there.\" \" ", "Thank you, we try.\" \"", "So, what do we got going?\" \"", "Class action.\" \"", "Kael Pepper.\" \"", "Oh, that was...\" \"That was terrible.\" \"", "Uh, I didn't know we signed it.\" \"", "Uh, Rayna asked us to be co-counsel.\" \"", "My goodness.\" \"", "Good luck.\" \"", "Terrible thing.\" \"", "All those children.\" \"", "Is there something wrong?\" \"", "Office politics.\" \"", "Oh, I know that tune.\" \"", "So, I know it will be difficult talking about the illnesses, but the stories that you've told us, you'll have to repeat.\" \" ", "Kalinda.\" \" ", "Hmm?\" \"", "Something is going on in that little head of his.\" \" ", "Could you find out?\" \" ", "Canning?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "He came in here, heard about the Kael Pepper class action, and then rushed off.\" \"", "I'll find out.\" \"", "Good things come to those who wait?\" \"", "Well, I guess... $140,000.\" \"", "I don't know why we have to pay him a cent...\" \"He's a thief.\" \"", "Because we have a court date set for tomorrow if we don't settle this.\" \"", "Mr. Paisley, the merger's worth $3.7 billion.\" \"", "$140,000 is nothing.\" \" ", "It's a lot of money.\" \" ", "To me, yeah.\" \"", "To you, it's what you made while you were sitting here.\" \"", "I like that sweater.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "Send me your cleaning bill.\" \"", "Agree to pay $140,000 and I'll pay the cleaning bill.\" \"", "Mr. Paisley, we're ready for you.\" \"", "You know what I like about you, Alicia?\" \"", "I have no idea.\" \"", "You don't take this stuff too seriously.\" \"", "You and me together on the barricades, huh?\" \"", "Hold off the hordes.\" \"", "$140,000?\" \"", "Pay 'em off.\" \"", "Don't even want to think about it again.\" \"", "It's called \"merger insanity.\"\" \"", "The new wave of big ticket deals sweeping the biotech industry.\" \"", "And the newest merger has an old, respected name at the helm.\" \" ", "James Paisley.\" \" ", "Hi there.\" \"", "We'll be joined by Mr. Paisley shortly...\" \"Geez, Kalinda, don't startle me like that.\" \"", "Do you have a minute?\" \"", "For you, all the time in the world.\" \"", "What's wrong with the Kael Pepper class action?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "Is there something wrong with the Kael Pepper class action?\" \"", "Louis.\" \"", "Now, this relationship here...\" \"the one between us... is only gonna work if we're gonna be up front with each other.\" \"", "Diane has asked me to find out why you have a problem with her class action.\" \"", "Now, I could investigate...\" \" As you did with my health issues.\" \" ", "Or...\" \"We could be adults.\" \"", "Just ask questions and talk.\" \"", "I'm in the process of signing Kael Pepper labs.\" \"", "Now, we can't represent both the company\" \" and the people who are suing the company.\" \" ", "True.\" \"", "So I have to figure out a way to...\" \" just... wait.\" \"", "Just a sec.\" \" ", "Mr. James Paisley.\" \"", "I understand there was a bit of drama at your presentation to the top pension fund managers.\" \"", "Oh, you mean the pie incident.\" \"", "Wait, turn it up.\" \"", "Someone from the protest infiltrated your meeting and hit you with a pie.\" \"", "Not even a very tasty pie, I might add.\" \"", "And was this to protest the fact that this merger would be sending jobs overseas.\" \"", "Honestly, Steven, I don't know what it's about.\" \"", "I don't know what these people want.\" \"", "I'm standing in my board room, people downstairs handcuffing themselves to the receptionist's desk, honking horns, not letting us out of the building.\" \"", "I felt like, uh...\" \"Anne Frank,\" \" hiding from the Nazis.\" \" ", "No, no.\" \"", "Well, that's a bit extreme, isn't it?\" \"", "Not really.\" \"", "I feel this country's turned on its head.\" \"", "Tom Perkins may have put it inelegantly, but he wasn't that far wrong.\" \"", "Don't say it.\" \"", "Don't say it.\" \"", "Go for it, go for it, say it.\" \"", "The one percent is the new hunted minority in this country.\" \"", "Not unlike the Jews in Nazi Germany.\" \"", "Goal!\" \"", "Don't call him now, he'll just know you're on the run and he'll up the price.\" \"", "We have to risk it.\" \"", "As soon as he sees this, he's gonna want to go to court.\" \"", "It doesn't change the facts.\" \"", "It taints the jury pool.\" \"", "I wonder how long I should make her wait.\" \" ", "Uh...\" \" Hi.\" \"", "He saw the interview.\" \"", "Kalinda?\" \"", "Yeah, he watched the whole interview.\" \"", "Hang on.\" \"", "That was really crappy.\" \" ", "I know.\" \" ", "Hey, Alicia,\" \" we're gonna take our chances in court.\" \" ", "Your case is weak.\" \"", "Yeah, we both know it's not about the case anymore.\" \"", "It's about jury selection and, uh, it's gonna be over before you can say, \"Ladies and gentlemen of the jury.\"\" \"", "We'll go up to $200,000.\" \"", "Nope, it's now $3 million.\" \"", "Then we'll see you in court.\" \"", "That's my line.\" \"", "Thanks for seeing me on such short notice, Peter.\" \"", "Jim.\" \"", "So.\" \"", "What can I do for you?\" \"", "It's about the state's attorney race and Finn Polmar.\" \"", "Well, I figured as much.\" \"", "Are you referring to the attorney general's report?\" \"", "Apparently the worst-kept secret in Illinois.\" \"", "I did approve the charges.\" \"", "I thought they were justified.\" \"", "But I certainly never put a gun in Jeffrey Grant's hand.\" \"", "I think the voters will see that.\" \"", "Well, great.\" \"", "Great.\" \"", "Okay, so, it was good talking to you.\" \"", "It's Finn Polmar coming out of your wife's apartment building.\" \"", "That's really pathetic, Jim.\" \"", "I didn't take the picture, Peter.\" \"", "It's from a surveillance camera.\" \"", "Yeah, well, I think you'll see that I was there, also.\" \"", "Two months ago.\" \"", "My wife was representing Finn... against you, I believe.\" \"", "This is from two weeks ago.\" \"", "I'm not gonna use it, Peter, but it will come out.\" \"", "Finn will be asked about it.\" \"", "Your wife will be asked about it.\" \"", "You'll be asked about it.\" \"", "How do you think it will look that you endorsed your wife's lover?\" \"", "I know it's hard...\" \"Seriously?\" \"", "That's your...?\" \"", "Well, it was good talking to you.\" \"", "Have a good day, Jim.\" \"", "So, how are we with the endorsement?\" \"", "Want me to polish it?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "But you're fine with it?\" \"", "Who told us about him?\" \"", "Who told us about Finn?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \" ", "I did.\" \"", "So you convinced Finn to run?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "I think Alicia did.\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "Let's wait on the endorsement.\" \"", "W-Why?\" \"", "I just don't want to make a big thing of it.\" \"", "Uh, Peter, just so you know, you have already endorsed him.\" \"", "You just haven't appeared with him.\" \"", "Yeah, I know.\" \"", "But let's hold off on it, okay?\" \"", "We got a problem.\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "Kael Pepper and my class action.\" \"", "We can only represent one of 'em.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "The one that was signed first.\" \"", "Kalinda.\" \" ", "The class action...\" \" Geez, you-you pop out of nowhere.\" \"", "The class action was signed yesterday at 3:00.\" \"", "You signed Kael Pepper at 5:00.\" \"", "No, I signed him at 2:00.\" \"", "I submitted it at 5:00.\" \"", "Kael Pepper only approached you because of our suit.\" \"", "They want this to be a conflict of interest.\" \"", "No, they approached us because we're good lawyers, and they bring $8 million in yearly business.\" \"", "Their facility polluted the ground water.\" \"", "They poisoned those kids.\" \" ", "That's debatable.\" \" ", "No, it isn't.\" \"", "Diane, if you represent only the innocent, you'll go quickly out of business.\" \"", "I got to get to court.\" \"", "Tell Kael Pepper thank you, but no thank you.\" \"", "You know, let's bring it to the executive committee.\" \"", "You pitch, I'll pitch, and we'll let the firm decide.\" \"", "I got to go.\" \"", "Boo.\" \"", "Are you Jewish?\" \"", "Am I Jewish?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "I need you to sit second chair.\" \"", "On what?\" \"", "Do you care?\" \"", "The voir dire process is a very important one, because it enables the court and the lawyers to determine whether or not each of you would be appropriate jurors for this particular case.\" \"", "Canning's right.\" \"", "This trial is over in voir dire.\" \"", "You had in your employment contract that we only need a majority to prevail, so, we just need seven.\" \"", "Whoever gets the first seven jurors has the upper hand in negotiations.\" \"", "This isn't about going to trial.\" \"", "This is about getting seven jurors.\" \"", "It could be the difference between a $200,000 settlement and $8.5 million.\" \"", "What do I do?\" \"", "Look wise, and... every time I touch my nose, you whisper in my ear.\" \"", "Very well, then.\" \"", "Let's begin.\" \"", "Ms. Economus, in your capacity as a human resources manager, do you have access to what other people make?\" \"", "I mean, salary?\" \"", "Yes, I do.\" \"", "And does it rankle you sometimes how much more executives get paid than other employees?\" \"", "The CEO of your company, for example.\" \"", "How much more does that person make than the average, say, claims adjuster?\" \"", "I mean, 500 times?\" \"", "Your Honor, objection.\" \"", "Your Honor, I believe Mr. Canning is trying to prejudice our jury against our client by using out-of-court statements.\" \"", "Yes, Mr. Canning, I saw the news coverage of Mr. Paisley's comments, and I am inclined to agree.\" \"", "Your Honor, I'm merely trying to determine whether this juror can fairly judge a man who makes thousands of times what she...\" \"Oh, so you're worried about jurors being fair to our client?\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "I'm ruling that any out-of-court statements having to do with class or economic differences are irrelevant.\" \"", "Now step back.\" \"", "Ms. Economus, how much of a reader are you?\" \"", "Much of a reader?\" \"", "Well, I guess as much as anybody else.\" \"", "Though I read a lot in college.\" \"", "Have you ever read Diary of Anne Frank?\" \" ", "Your Honor!\" \" ", "Objection!\" \"", "Mr. Canning, I warned you not to continue with the irrelevant questions.\" \"", "With irrelevant economic questions, Your Honor.\" \"", "This was not...\" \"You sure?\" \"", "Yes, uh, Your Honor, we'd like to amend our suit to include claim of religious discrimination.\" \"", "On what grounds?\" \"", "Mrs. Florrick, that's my job.\" \"", "My client, Mr. Musset, has Jewish ancestry\" \" on his father's side.\" \" ", "Oh.\" \"", "And Mr. Paisley's insensitive remarks last night about Anne Frank and her tragic ordeal serves to illustrate the anti-Semitism.\" \" ", "No, I don't believe this.\" \"", "Your Honor?\" \" ", "No, no.\" \"", "Religious discrimination is a recognized cause of action.\" \"", "You may think it's a facade, and I may agree with you, but that's what a trial is for.\" \"", "Very well, Mr. Canning.\" \"", "You can ask your questions after lunch.\" \"", "Nice work, Howard.\" \"", "You need to talk to Paisley.\" \"", "I'm not going to apologize.\" \"", "They're using it to get the jury they want.\" \"", "Yes, but I told the truth.\" \"", "That being surrounded by protestors was like Anne Frank?\" \" ", "I was being hyperbolic.\" \" ", "Then apologize for that.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Alicia, you're trying to get me to apologize for the Nazi reference so people will think I'm apologizing for the whole thing.\" \"", "Mr. Paisley, you said that the one percent were like Jews in Germany.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "I said Tom Perkins made a good point.\" \"", "You know who called me this morning?\" \"", "Neil Gross from Chumhum.\" \"", "Said, \"Thank you.\"\" \"", "It's about time somebody told the truth.\"\" \"", "Mr. Paisley, can I have you meet someone?\" \"", "It'll only take a minute.\" \"", "I'm not gonna change my mind.\" \"", "Mr. Fishbein, you can come on in.\" \"", "Where is this putz?\" \"", "Mr. Paisley, I would like you to meet Mr. Fishbein.\" \"", "So, you think you have it the same as the Jews of Nazi Germany?\" \"", "I'm gonna let you two talk for a minute.\" \"", "Hey, Finn.\" \"", "What's up?\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "I was, uh, just wondering if you knew why they were delaying the announcement.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Are we delaying the announcement?\" \"", "My office just got a call from Eli.\" \"", "Did something change?\" \"", "I don't...\" \"I don't know.\" \"", "Did you call Eli?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "He's not returning my calls.\" \"", "Okay, let me see what I can find out.\" \"", "No, I think it's just a temporary delay.\" \"", "You think?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "We're trying to schedule it for another day.\" \"", "What's going on, Eli?\" \"", "Peter won't sign off on the speech.\" \"", "He asked me who brought Finn to his attention... you or me.\" \"", "I did.\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "Look, let me call you back if I find out more, okay?\" \"", "Peter?\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Sorry.\" \"", "No, no, no, no, no, it's fine.\" \"", "It's fine.\" \"", "Come on in.\" \"", "Eli, do you know Lauren?\" \" ", "She's one of our interns.\" \" ", "I haven't had the pleasure.\" \"", "I get your coffee every morning, Mr. Gold.\" \"", "Lauren has started a blog.\" \"\"", "Ex...\" \"Journalism Major\"?\" \"\"", "Journalism Major in Exile.\"\" \"", "Ah.\" \"", "Anyway, she was hoping to get an interview with me.\" \"", "Just a human interest piece.\" \"", "You know, like, what makes you tick, all that.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "I like it.\" \"", "So, let's put it on the schedule.\" \"", "Mm.\" \"", "Thank you, Mr. Florrick.\" \"", "Governor Florrick.\" \"", "Governor Florrick.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Oh, by the way, don't worry.\" \"", "It's not too red.\" \"", "What's not too red?\" \"", "Her lipstick.\" \"", "You can go, you stay.\" \" ", "What's your name?\" \" ", "Lauren.\" \" ", "Take a step back.\" \" ", "What?\" \"", "Take one step back.\" \"", "You are now 50 feet from the governor's office.\" \"", "Don't ever cross this line again.\" \"", "You are not to talk to the governor.\" \"", "You're not to look at the governor.\" \"", "If the governor talks to you, you will smile, nod, and say you're needed in polling\" \" on the third floor.\" \" ", "I didn't do anything wrong.\" \"", "You asked him if your lipstick was red enough.\" \"", "Just for future reference, that's wrong.\" \" ", "He complimented me on it.\" \" ", "Lauren, do you want your job?\" \"", "50 feet.\" \"", "This line.\" \"", "Get it?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \" ", "Good.\" \"", "I just want to express my sincere regret for my unfortunate choice of words yesterday.\" \"", "Good job.\" \"", "How'd you do it?\" \"", "Mr. Fishbein, the Holocaust survivor.\" \"...", "obviously comparing myself, or anyone to Anne Frank was extreme and ill-considered, and I want to apologize to anyone who may have been offended by my insensitivity...\" \" Yup, Alicia got to him.\" \" ", "What?\" \"", "I understand you've come on tonight after meeting with a Holocaust survivor.\" \"", "Yes, and I will say that it was an enlightening experience.\" \"", "But he understood that these were the words of a self-educated man who was struggling for a metaphor.\" \"", "That's all.\" \"", "Good, good.\" \"", "He also understood my frustration with the protestors.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "You mean, the backlash against the one percent.\" \"", "Is that what I am?\" \"", "I always thought I was a guy just trying to make a living.\" \"", "Stop talking!\" \"", "And your \"frustration,\" as you put it, is with those who don't?\" \"", "Look, a man has to pull his weight.\" \"", "This is America, and there's a reason for this being the greatest country in the world.\" \"", "We reward winners.\" \"", "This is not Italy or Greece.\" \"", "We do not reward the lazy.\" \"", "Oh, dear God.\" \"", "Someone just throw a blanket over him.\" \"", "Do we have any Greeks or Italians on the jury?\" \"", "So, what do you think of Tom Perkins' suggestion that voting rights should be tied to tax brackets?\" \"", "Well, I probably shouldn't say this...\" \"Oh, say it, say it.\" \"...", "but I think there's some merit to it.\" \"", "Well, we just lost juror number four... and juror number two...\" \" and possibly two others.\" \" ", "Want me to talk to Paisley this time?\" \"", "No, I will.\" \"", "Don't babysit me, Eli.\" \" ", "Don't...\" \" I am an adult.\" \"", "If I want Lauren to avoid my office,\" \"I will tell her myself.\" \"", "Are we talking about that intern?\" \"", "Yes, we're talking about that intern.\" \"", "I will handle my own life.\" \"", "I don't need you to be making decisions for me.\" \"", "Peter, you are a politician with a reputation.\" \" ", "You can either put that behind...\" \" I will not be...\" \"I will not be contained in a bubble.\" \"", "I have to be with people.\" \"", "That's who I am.\" \"", "Okay, if this were a normal conversation,\" \"I would now make fun of you for saying that\" \"\"Lauren the intern\" is people.\" \"", "'Cause I can find you people in the supermarket or the Shop 'n Save.\" \"", "But this doesn't seem to be a normal conversation,\" \" so what the hell's going on?\" \" ", "Nothing's going on.\" \"", "I'm just tired of being cooped up.\" \"", "So plan your vacation with Alicia.\" \" ", "No.\" \" ", "Oh, come on, Peter, you deserve it.\" \" ", "Let me call her.\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "No.\" \" ", "Please.\" \" ", "Why not?\" \"", "Well, Alicia and I...\" \"Ah...\" \" Peter...\" \"Peter...\" \" It's okay.\" \"", "Alicia.\" \"", "Do you have time to talk for a minute?\" \"", "No, I-I'm coming over.\" \"", "Mom, do we really have to do this right now?\" \"", "Come on, it'll only take five minutes.\" \"", "Come on, your grandma wants a picture of you.\" \"", "I'll get it.\" \"", "Oh, it's probably Eli.\" \"", "Great.\" \"", "More people to come make fun of me.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Mom's in here.\" \"", "You look great.\" \"", "All right, that's enough.\" \"", "No, no, no.\" \"", "I need a picture.\" \"", "Over here.\" \"", "Come over here.\" \" ", "What's up, Eli?\" \" ", "Nothing much.\" \"", "Just need a few minutes.\" \" ", "Zach.\" \"", "Grace.\" \" ", "Hi.\" \"", "You sound so formal.\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "I'm just...\" \" Be happy.\" \"", "Be happy.\" \"...", "watching a family be a family.\" \"", "Okay, okay.\" \"", "Wait up, wait up.\" \" ", "Want some?\" \" ", "Uh, no.\" \"", "So, what do we need to discuss away from the kids?\" \"", "Peter and you.\" \"", "Okay.\" \" ", "Shoot.\" \" ", "What's going on with Peter and you?\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "Because I get the sense that there's something going on.\" \"", "Did Peter say something?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Peter specifically\" \" did not say something.\" \" ", "Then why are you asking?\" \"", "Because I care.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "I do care.\" \"", "Even if only on the most cynical level, but I want Peter to stay in office.\" \"", "Then ask Peter.\" \"", "Is this about Will dying?\" \"", "This is about everything.\" \"", "I'm just tired, Eli.\" \"", "I'm just done.\" \" ", "You're getting a divorce?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "Then what?\" \"", "We're staying together, but that's it.\" \"", "Whatever Peter does...\" \"I don't want the kids to find out.\" \"", "Oh, my...\" \"God.\" \"", "I can't believe...\" \"This is crazy.\" \"", "I have to go hem a robe.\" \"", "It was good seeing you, Eli.\" \"", "Alicia, you're hurting... that's all.\" \"", "I've been watching you over the last year with Peter.\" \"", "You love him.\" \"", "And if you don't, he loves you.\" \"", "Not buying what you're selling, Nate.\" \"", "Uh-huh.\" \"", "Well, fine.\" \"", "Just make it fast.\" \" ", "You need me?\" \" ", "What's he offering you?\" \" ", "Who?\" \" ", "Canning.\" \"", "To vote his way against my class action.\" \"", "Nothing.\" \"", "We share a philosophy, that's all.\" \" ", "Money trumps everything?\" \" ", "It is why we're in business, isn't it?\" \"", "Rayna Hecht.\" \"", "The rainmaker?\" \"", "She brought me this class action.\" \"", "It's important to her.\" \"", "Important enough to bring her here?\" \"", "She told me she's finding life with Tascioni a bit, uh... too constricting.\" \" ", "And you can deliver?\" \" ", "I'm giving my final presentation to the executive committee in two days.\" \" ", "Rayna will present as well.\" \" ", "Well, if it's true, I'm all yours.\" \"", "Your Honor, we have no objections to seating Mr. Rizzardi...\" \"he seems like he'd make a great juror.\" \"", "Your Honor, we'd like to exercise one of our peremptory challenges.\" \"", "For what?\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "What's wrong with him?\" \"", "Nothing's wrong with him.\" \"", "That's why we're exercising our peremptory challenge.\" \"", "It's because he's Italian, isn't it?\" \"", "It is our right...\" \"That's enough!\" \"", "Mr. Rizzardi, you're excused.\" \"", "He's still up by two jurors.\" \"", "Unless we can disqualify one.\" \"", "Your Honor, may we approach again?\" \"", "Faster the better.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Your Honor, my apologies, but I believe that one of Mr. Canning's...\" \"I mean, one of the jurors that's already been seated may have been biased\" \" by my client's most recent comments.\" \" ", "Your Honor, this is outrageous.\" \"", "We've already agreed on each one of these jurors.\" \"", "Outrageous, we say.\" \"", "Yes, Your Honor, but if a statement has been made in the press, that would render one of them incapable of being fair and unbiased, well, it's like we all want a fair jury.\" \"", "So, Ms. Economus, you heard my client\" \" Mr. Paisley's latest comments?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "I mean, I didn't hear them directly... a girlfriend of mine\" \" mentioned something about it.\" \" ", "I see.\" \"", "So, as a Greek person, how did you feel about his comments about Greece as a country?\" \" ", "This is ridiculous.\" \" ", "I'm from Skokie.\" \"", "Yes, but your heritage is Greek, isn't it?\" \"", "Well, sure.\" \"", "Both sides.\" \"", "So, uh, you must have been offended when Mr. Paisley said that if America starts rewarding losers instead of winners, we'll end up like Greece.\" \"", "Uh, y-you know, now that you mention it, yeah, it was very offensive.\" \"", "You have an agreement?\" \"", "You and Alicia?\" \"", "You talked with my wife?\" \"", "I did.\" \"", "That's why the intern?\" \"", "Eli, I don't pry into your life.\" \"", "I don't have a life.\" \"", "Your life is my life.\" \"", "Well, then let me live.\" \"", "So no divorce?\" \"", "And you and Alicia can do whatever you want as long as no one knows?\" \"", "Is that what she told you?\" \"", "Just so you know, Peter, I have worked before with politicians who have made arrangements to keep their extramarital activities from becoming public.\" \"", "It doesn't work.\" \"", "It will always come out.\" \"", "Doesn't matter who...\" \"an intern, a donor, your biggest fan... they all want to talk.\" \"", "They'll promise not to, but they will... talk.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "And sometimes things come out when they don't talk.\" \"", "Where'd this come from?\" \"", "What was that, Peter?\" \"", "Let's not discuss it.\" \"", "We've got work to do.\" \"", "Ah, Alicia.\" \"", "Do you have some Greeks and Italians for me to meet?\" \"", "You're going to issue a statement saying that you're giving a million dollars to charity, and that you do not believe voting should be\" \" tied with a person's tax bracket.\" \" ", "What if I don't believe that?\" \"", "You think I should have less of a vote than you?\" \" ", "I don't know.\" \"", "How much do you make?\" \" ", "Mr. Paisley, I know you.\" \"", "I know you like to think of yourself as blunt and direct.\" \" ", "But this isn't just blunt.\" \" ", "No, you don't know me.\" \"", "You think this is hubris.\" \"", "I built a business from nothing.\" \"", "In '99, I lost it in the tech bust.\" \"", "And I built it up again.\" \"", "From nothing.\" \"", "You're not poor now, Mr. Paisley.\" \"", "Neither are you.\" \"", "I've seen your bills.\" \"", "You may choose to disguise it in all these earthy surroundings, but... you are the one percent.\" \"", "Did you know my company is developing a gene that will prolong a person's life?\" \"", "We are.\" \" ", "The one percent.\" \" ", "Then what are you worried about?\" \"", "You're winning.\" \"", "You have a lot of things, Mr. Paisley... why do you feel so cornered?\" \"", "Because there are more people who want than people who have.\" \" ", "Read Ayn Rand.\" \" ", "Oh, dear God.\" \"", "Have you read her books?\" \"", "They're awful.\" \"", "Well, they weren't meant to be Moby-Dick, they were meant to make you think.\" \"", "A guy bombs a building, the rich go out on strike...\" \"I-it's a 12-year-old's view of the world.\" \"", "It's like basing your philosophy on the books of John Grisham.\" \"", "You should reread them.\" \"", "Mr. Paisley, you've always told me that you are\" \" a bottom-line kind of guy.\" \" ", "I am.\" \"", "So here's the bottom line.\" \"", "We're losing jury members.\" \"", "And the fund managers are getting nervous.\" \"", "If it continues, they may not support this merger.\" \"", "And what's worse, you're in a media death spiral.\" \"", "No matter what you say, you will never get a fair interpretation.\" \" ", "You have to put out a statement.\" \" ", "Another apology.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "A statement.\" \"", "We'll hire a PR firm, using a focus group to find the right words.\" \"", "As long as I don't have to answer questions again.\" \"", "You won't.\" \"", "And as long as you do it for me.\" \"", "I'll be right back.\" \"", "We're seeing a lot of each other, Eli.\" \"", "Are you sleeping with Finn Polmar?\" \"", "Ask me another question.\" \"", "I don't have any other questions.\" \"", "Then go to hell.\" \"", "There is a photo of Finn leaving your apartment.\" \"", "Where?\" \" ", "Outside your apartment.\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "Where's the photo?\" \"", "Peter had it.\" \"", "Now, I have some worries here.\" \"", "Peter, you, Finn.\" \"", "The politics of all three.\" \"", "Castro.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "This is the reply we were waiting for.\" \"", "The state's attorney did not send it to Finn.\" \"", "He sent it to Peter.\" \"", "I did not sleep with Finn.\" \"", "He came to my apartment the morning of his appearance before the Integrity Panel so we could get our strategy lined up, that's all.\" \"", "I am sorry for asking.\" \"", "That's okay.\" \"", "We seem to share everything these days.\" \"", "Don't.\" \"", "I have to.\" \"", "Odd choice.\" \"", "Hello?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Yes, that's great.\" \"", "Oh, 10:00 a.m. is fine.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Tell Ms. Hecht we're looking forward to it.\" \"", "Sorry.\" \"", "I can turn it off now.\" \"", "You're meeting with Rayna Hecht?\" \"", "Kalinda, we're not doing this anymore.\" \"", "Hello.\" \"", "You've reached the voice mail for Rayna Hecht.\" \"", "Please leave a message.\" \"", "Rayna.\" \"", "Uh, Diane Lockhart.\" \"", "I was expecting you here at, uh, noon, and it's now 1:30.\" \"", "I hope nothing's wrong.\" \"", "Please call me.\" \"", "What time was her meeting with Florrick-Agos?\" \"", "10:00 a.m.\" \"Thank you, Kalinda.\" \"", "She's not coming, is she?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "Is she still in play?\" \"", "Diane?\" \"", "I understand.\" \"", "Let's get this over with.\" \"", "It's not what you think.\" \"", "You talked to Alicia?\" \"", "I did, and it is not what you think.\" \"", "And what do I think?\" \"", "That Alicia's sleeping with Finn.\" \"", "She's not.\" \"", "She represented him during Castro's witch hunt, and on the day of his hearing, she was running late, because she was...\" \"Mourning...\" \"Will.\" \"", "Exhausted.\" \"", "So Finn went over there to meet with her.\" \"", "That's all.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \" ", "Peter...\" \" No, no, no.\" \"", "Really, thanks.\" \"", "I get it.\" \"", "Okay, and how many of you like option number two?\" \"", "And we have a winner.\" \"", "Have you ever focus-grouped an apology before?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "A marriage proposal once.\" \"", "Oh, you're kidding me.\" \"", "He was a comic book writer.\" \"", "He was terrible with women.\" \"", "It was David Lee's idea.\" \"", "They liked number two.\" \"", "Oh, great, the one he didn't like.\" \" ", "He doesn't get to vote.\" \" ", "And, uh, two people suggested \"backed into a corner\" instead of pushed.\" \"", "No. \"", "Pushed\" is better.\" \"\"", "Backed\" is to passive.\" \"", "Okay, what's the final version?\" \"", "Mm.\" \"\"", "Anyone who knows me knows I've have a tendency\" \"\"to bristle when pushed into a corner.\" \"", "I end up saying things that I not only regret...\"\" \"but truly do not believe.\" \"", "My comments were thoughtless, and I'm sorry if I offended anyone.\" \"", "More to the point...\" \"and I want to be clear... it's no one's fault if they are poor.\" \"", "And you feel that was a sincere apology, Mrs. Florrick?\" \"", "Yes, I do.\" \"", "I believe that Mr. Paisley's feelings were summed up by the words he spoke today.\" \"", "Words that he has lived by his entire life.\" \"", "Not by the few sentences he spoke two days ago.\" \"", "Well, you're a paid flack.\" \"", "Don't you have to say that?\" \"", "I'm his lawyer, Steve.\" \"", "Donald.\" \"", "I'm the other one.\" \"", "My apologies, Donald.\" \"", "In my own experience, Mr. Paisley is a sincere man who spoke today from his heart.\" \"", "But let's be honest.\" \"", "The poor aren't the only ones he's disparaged.\" \"", "Isn't he being sued for firing someone who's gay?\" \"", "That is not true, Don.\" \"", "Actually, this is Don.\" \"", "Don Keats.\" \"", "Steven is the black guy to my right.\" \"", "Um... my apologies.\" \"", "I don't have a monitor here.\" \"", "Why don't I just stop using names?\" \"", "Sure.\" \"", "That's easiest for you.\" \"", "There wasn't a monitor in the room!\" \"", "I couldn't see them!\" \"", "You don't have to convince me.\" \"", "Yeah, but they're making me out to look like a racist.\" \"", "Hello.\" \"", "Oh, boy.\" \"", "Mr. Paisley?\" \"", "I think you should be working up an apology, Alicia.\" \"", "Thank you, Ms. Bouchard.\" \"", "Your Honor, we're fine with this juror.\" \"", "Ms. Bouchard, you are empanelled.\" \"", "And that, amazingly, completes our selection process.\" \"", "We'll take a short recess.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Okay, she puts us over the top seven to five.\" \"", "Uh, I don't think so.\" \"", "Well, I'm afraid by my count, that makes us deadlocked.\" \"", "Six-six.\" \"", "What do you propose, Mr. Canning?\" \"", "$5 million.\" \"", "I think Mr. Paisley will find it cheap in the long run.\" \"", "Hey, have you seen the news?\" \" ", "Oh, God, what now?\" \" ", "No, no, no, it's good.\" \"", "The state attorney general's office today expanded its pharmaceutical investigation to include Kael Pepper Laboratories, a multinational company that's been accused of price gouging patients in the distribution\" \" of their AIDS medication Reyacept.\" \" ", "What-what am I supposed to see?\" \"", "Just watch.\" \"", "No comment, no comment.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Oh, that's good.\" \"", "Very clever, but it's not gonna work.\" \"", "What won't?\" \"", "Juror number seven.\" \"", "You think because he's gay he'll hate that I represent a firm that was accused of price gouging AIDS medication, but you forget he occupied Wall Street for six straight weeks.\" \"", "He slept in a cardboard box on the sidewalk, and that's what he cares about.\" \"", "He's gay.\" \"", "Hmm, I didn't know that.\" \"", "That's not the juror you should worry about, Mr. Canning.\" \"", "It's juror number five,\" \"Joanne Honig.\" \"", "You don't remember?\" \"", "Her son died last year.\" \"", "AIDS.\" \"", "It's a tragedy.\" \"", "$2 million.\" \"", "$500,000.\" \"", "$1 million and it's a drop in the bucket.\" \"", "And besides, none of us knows for sure what any of these jurors are gonna do anyway, do we?\" \"", "It's a deal, Mr. Canning, but stick to it this time.\" \"", "Diane,\" \"I'm sorry.\" \"", "I don't think it's gonna work out.\" \"", "I don't understand.\" \"", "I have concerns.\" \"", "What concerns?\" \"", "Just things I'm hearing.\" \"", "Such as?\" \"", "Such as... that you're having trouble putting Will's death behind you.\" \"", "That you're stepping away from the day-to-day management of the firm.\" \"", "You're losing clients.\" \"", "None of that is true.\" \"", "Lyle Pollard?\" \"", "I withdrew from that case to avoid suborning perjury.\" \"", "You would've done the same, and where are you hearing all of this?\" \"", "I'd rather not say.\" \"", "Was it Florrick-Agos?\" \"", "Is that where you're going?\" \"", "I don't know where I'm going yet.\" \"", "I'm sorry.\" \"", "I wish it could've worked out, Diane.\" \"", "I'd like you to keep the class action.\" \"", "You don't understand.\" \"", "I've lost the class action.\" \"", "Without you, I didn't have the votes.\" \"", "What votes?\" \"", "It doesn't matter now.\" \"", "If you would like, I will, uh, help you find new counsel.\" \"", "Diane...\" \"I am sorry.\" \"", "Why'd you do it?\" \"", "Diane.\" \"", "Why did I...\" \"What are we talking about?\" \"", "You want to make a play for Rayna Hecht, by all means, have a meeting and make your pitch, but to denigrate me, to spread lies about my dedication to my firm!\" \" ", "Diane!\" \" ", "We had a meeting scheduled with Rayna.\" \"", "I mean, she was here, but the meeting never happened.\" \"", "She left.\" \" ", "She left?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \"", "She got a call from Canning, and then she left.\" \"", "I just assumed that she made up her mind to go with you.\" \"", "Canning poisoned the well at his own firm.\" \"", "So you're being marginalized by the partnership at Lockhart/Gardner?\" \"", "Well, I know what that's like.\" \"", "Diane, if there's anything we can do...\" \"Alicia, this is not our fight.\" \" ", "Cary...\" \" No.\" \"", "He's right.\" \"", "You're right.\" \"", "It's my fight.\" \"", "Not now, Eli.\" \"", "Do you need anything else, sir?\"" ]

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[ "Isophya kraussii\n\nIsophya kraussii is a species belonging to the family Tettigoniidae subfamily Phaneropterinae. ", "It is found in Poland, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic,Slovakia,Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary The species prefers bushy dry grasslands, forest edges and high-growing, slightly wet meadows. ", "The imagines appear early in the year from about mid-June, but the majority are to be found from July.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Orthoptera of Europe\nCategory:Insects described in 1878\nCategory:Phaneropterinae" ]

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[ "Use of the 32P-postlabelling assay to study transplacental carcinogens and transplacental carcinogenesis.", "\nThe formation of DNA adducts represents a key step in the postnatal initiation of the carcinogenic process. ", "Little is known as yet about the role of prenatally induced adducts in transplacental carcinogenesis in offspring. ", "Measurement of transplacental DNA damage in fetal organs of experimental animals has been difficult in the past because of the small amounts of DNA available and low adduct levels. ", "In principle, these difficulties have been overcome by the recent development of a highly sensitive 32P-postlabelling assay which can be applied to a large number of DNA adducts of diverse structure and requires only microgram amounts of DNA for analysis. ", "In this assay, tissue DNA is degraded to mononucleotides; these are enzymatically 32P-labelled via T4 polynucleotide kinase-catalysed [32P]phosphate transfer from [gamma--32P]ATP, to form 5'--32P-labelled 3',5'-bisphosphate derivatives; the labelled products are separated into normal and adducted [32P]nucleotides and quantified by thin-layer chromatography, autoradiography and scintillation (Cerenkov) counting. ", "This technique allows the detection and quantitation of one adduct in 10(8)-10(10) DNA nucleotides (approximately 1-100 adducts/mammalian genome) using a 10-micrograms DNA sample and has been applied in studies of adduct formation from transplacental carcinogens in fetal and adult rodent tissues. ", "In this paper, we review application of 32P-postlabelling to DNA adducts formed with transplacental or suspected transplacental carcinogens in fetal and maternal tissues. ", "The carcinogens studied include diethylstilboestrol (DES), benzo[a]pyrene, safrole, 4-aminobiphenyl and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, as well as cigarette smoke condensate. ", "In DNA of DES-exposed hamsters, one major and several minor adduct spots were observed, which were absent from vehicle controls. ", "A characteristic adduct, which resembled the major hamster adduct chromatographically, was detected in all exposed mouse tissue, except fetal kidney. ", "Chronic administration of low doses of DES to male Syrian hamsters led to an entirely different pattern of adducts in kidney DNA, the target organ of carcinogenesis. ", "These adducts did not contain covalently bound oestrogen moieties and appeared to be formed indirectly: oestrogen appeared to induce or enhance the synthesis of an endogenous electrophilic metabolite reacting with DNA. ", "Thus, multiple mechanisms exist by which DES can damage DNA. ", "Additional work using 32P-postlabelling has shown that non-hormonal genotoxicants (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene, safrole, 4-aminobiphenyl, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide) and cigarette smoke condensate given to pregnant mice can induce specific DNA adduct profiles in fetal tissues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)" ]

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[ "Neuroprotection and epilepsy.", "\nDuring the last years it has become obvious that the current way of treating epilepsy with antiepeileptic drugs is insufficient concerning the modification of the underlying disesease and provides merely a symptomatic treatment, without clear influence on the course of the disease. ", "There is a pressing need to find alternative strategies and to find possibilities to intervene either into the basic processes determining the development of epilepsies or to promote compensatory processes in repairing these dysfunctions. ", "The increasing knowledge about the basic neuronal changes underlying epilepsies allows now to analyse the potential role of neuroprotective agents in in epileptogenesis. ", "In epilepsy the most frequent constellation is the presence of damage and overexcitation together. ", "Increase in excitability may develop after a primary damage as in posttraumatic epilepsy, or outburst of epileptic excitability may cause neuronal damage as in cell loss after status epilepticus or in any case of the so called cytotoxic damage from extensive glutamatergic involvement. ", "Epilepsy in certain forms is a progressive disease. ", "The factors determining the progressive course and the possibe prevention of it is obviously an overlaping field with neuroprotection. ", "Therefore although neuroprotection works only against certain aspects of a complex cascade of pathological events, might be a promising option in several stadiums during the development and course of epilepsy. ", "We provide evidences that some of the new antiepileptic drugs have neuroprotective effect on different animal models of chronic partial epilepsies, and how this effect is fitting to the antiepileptogenic, and seizure supressing effect of the same drugs." ]

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[ "NEW DELHI: Close to 6300 Indian nationals abroad have tested positive for the novel coronavirus , posing a serious logistical challenge to the government as and when it decides to evacuate Indians stranded overseas. ", "The number has almost doubled in the past 8-9 days as it stood at 3,336 on April 16.The number of deaths of Indian nationals caused by Covid-19 abroad has also shot up to 40 from 25 during this period, official sources told ToI. The infections are spread over 50 countries Singapore and Gulf countries together account for more than 50 per cent of the infections. ", "Singapore, in fact, has now taken over from Kuwait as the country where the highest number of Indians - more than a thousand - are infected.", "Official sources here said almost 90 per cent of Indians infected in Singapore were workers living in dormitories for foreign workers. ", "They said the spread within the dormitories was expected.", "The Singapore government is said to be providing all medical and other assistance to the workers. ", "Indian high commissioner Jawed Ashraf had earlier this month visited one of the dormitories where thousands of Indian workers live.", "Well over 2000 Indians have also been infected in Gulf countries like Kuwait, Bahrain , Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and UAE. ", "Hundreds of Indians are also infected in Iran.", "The jump in number of those infected - from 3336 to 6300 - in a little over a week is significant. ", "The foreign ministry had first said in Parliament on March 18 that 276 Indians had contracted Covid-19 overseas. ", "However, 255 of those were only in Iran, one of the worst hit countries. ", "It took a month for the number to increase to 3336, as the government confirmed on April 16. ", "After that though, it has taken the number just 9 days to shoot up to almost 6300.While the Indian missions remain in touch with local authorities to ensure proper treatment for Indian Covid-19 patients, it remains open to speculation whether or not they can return to India anytime soon. ", "The government has so far avoided bringing back from abroad Indian nationals who tested positive for Covid-19. ", "It has said that this is not because India lacks quarantine facilities but because of the extremely infectious nature of the disease and the risk involved in their travelling.", "The government, in fact, stopped operating evacuation flights altogether after the lockdown, asking indian citizens in advisories across the world - from southeast Asia to Europe - to remain where they were because of the lockdown in India." ]

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[ "SCRIPTURE STUDY: John 8:1-11 – Lessons for men, and seeing the sins of others through our own sinfulness\n\nMost, maybe all, biblical scholars agree that John 8:1-11 is not original to John’s gospel, and that it actually reflects Lucan artistry and themes much more. ", "For this reason, some commentaries neglect to reflect on the passage at all. ", "It is a problematic passage for our study because we’ve stressed the importance of studying passages in their narrative context, especially paying attention to what comes just before and immediately after the passage as we unpack everything going on within it. ", "So if John 8:1-11 isn’t original to the gospel, its importance within the overall narrative is compromised, but that doesn’t mean that we can’t take it for what it is in itself.", "\n\nThe passage opens within a highly public setting—the place being the “temple area” and “all the people” coming to Jesus (v. 2). ", "The scribes and Pharisees, traditional opponents of Jesus, enter in v. 3, dragging along a woman that they presumably have caught committing adultery. ", "Immediately we should be aware that it takes at least 2 to commit adultery, and while the Pharisees and scribes have no problem apprehending the woman, her presumed partner, a man, seems to have given them the slip. ", "The whole scene strains credulity. ", "On their way to the temple area, the scribes and Pharisees just happen to come across (where, in the middle of the road?) ", "at that very moment a woman in the act of adultery? ", "How convenient! ", "More likely is that this is a set-up, from beginning to end. ", "Perhaps the scribes and Pharisees “entrap” this woman, for the purpose of challenging and embarrassing Jesus. ", "Perhaps the woman’s adultery was a widely known “secret”, the subject of Jerusalem gossip, but only now do the scribes and Pharisees act, using her as a prop in their confrontation with Jesus. ", "Regardless of the exact circumstances, it smells of a set-up, and the woman is nothing more than a tool, a prop, used in the scheme.", "\n\nThe “question” posed to Jesus by the scribes and Pharisees is whether Jesus agrees with the law of Moses that the woman should be stoned for her transgression. ", "Interestingly enough, the law they refer to (whether in Deuteronomy 22 or Leviticus 20) emphasizes that both parties—man and woman—should suffer the punishment; here, of course, this group of men concern themselves only with the woman and with what should happen to her.", "\n\nSo the narrator tells us in v. 6 that the scribes and Pharisees pose this question to test Jesus—but what sort of a test is it? ", "As one of the folks in our study pointed out, it’s a no-win situation for Jesus because in the minds of his questioners, either answer he gives will damn him. ", "Think of it like the conundrum that Jesus faced when asked whether to pay taxes to Caesar. ", "A simple yes or a simple no will indict him either way, giving his opponents a victory and weakening his own standing with those who are listening in. ", "A couple possibilities exist here for being “between a rock and a hard place.” ", "One possibility is that if Jesus were to agree to the stoning of the woman, he would in fact be going against Roman law in the region, which forbid Jews from carrying out the death penalty, a sentence handed down only by the Roman authorities (think of the high priests petitioning Pilate to have Jesus executed rather than doing it themselves). ", "If he answers no, he is tacitly recognizing the priority of Roman authority over Moses’ authority. ", "Either way, he loses face and can be cast by his opponents as either a dangerous anti-Roman zealot inciting insurrection or as someone who has no respect for Moses and the torah. ", "Additionally, to choose in favor of her stoning is to bolster the position of the scribes and Pharisees themselves, since such a stance would seem to be in agreement with their own.", "\n\nI’d suggest another possibility too (which fits especially well if we acknowledge this passage to be part of Luke’s tradition where women are featured quite prominently, rather than John’s tradition). ", "The Jesus movement seemed to do quite well with women of the time, including a strong suspicion that Jesus and his male disciples were “bankrolled” by women of means (receiving provisions and hospitality, etc.). ", "Allowing for how Jesus’ message stoked within women a sense of empowerment and equality, this scene—with a woman brutalized (the scribes and Pharisees certainly did not bringing her to Jesus gently and it must have been terrifying for her) and objectified and used by men to further their own schemes—could have also functioned, intentionally or not, to drive a wedge between Jesus and his women disciples/supporters. ", "Going along with the “law of Moses” would surely alienate those women who had found so much hope in what Jesus had said and done. ", "But to go against the law could also weaken Jesus’ standing as a man of the times, especially in the eyes of other men, traditional men, concerned that their religious “authorities” not be seen as permissive on matters of societal importance, including the roles of women and men, the tradition of family, and so on.", "\n\nJesus doesn’t immediately respond to his questioners, instead writing in the dirt, as they continue to press him on the subject. ", "His response of course is that the one without sin should throw the first stone. ", "Rev. Joe Nangle writes that with his response, Jesus invites all those gathered (as well as us today) to “view the sin of those accused through our own sinfulness,” a stunning challenge when we think about it because typically we view the sins of other’s through our own comparative righteousness instead! ", "Yes, we may be sinners too, but that person’s sin is so much worse than ours! ", "Such thinking would have been typical of Jesus’ audience as well, including the Pharisees and scribes. ", "It is doubtful that anyone present for this scene would have answered the question “Are you sinless?” ", "in the positive. ", "But what is operating here, and what Jesus undermines with his answer, is his opponents’ belief in a hierarchy of sin, where certain sins are more horrific and therefore more deserving of punishment or greater punishment than others. ", "It isn’t that the woman is a sinner—it is that these MEN find her sin to be more repugnant, more repulsive, more everything than their own. ", "Adultery—particularly a woman’s adultery—trumps hypocrisy or pride or sloth. ", "Her adultery trumps every transgression, every sin that any of them has committed. ", "But Jesus says NO to their—and our—desire to create a hierarchy of sin where some sins are worse than others (and maybe Jesus specifically says no to the hierarchy of sins created by men to obscure their own misconduct while shining a light on the misconduct of women). ", "Jesus says sin is sin is sin—and we are all guilty.", "\n\nThe passage ends, of course, with all those who were present (remember that a great crowd was there, not just the scribes and Pharisees) leaving the scene, until Jesus is alone with the woman. ", "And here Jesus again shows the difference between himself and religious authority gone astray: Jesus speaks to the woman, the first time the woman is treated as a subject, with inherent worth and dignity—not an object, not something to be used, a tool, a prop, a means to some other end—but as a person, created in the image and likeness of God. ", "And despite whatever sinfulness she had participated in, he withholds his condemnation.", "\n\nAs we finished the passage, we talked about the various ways it speaks to us today. ", "One person referenced the passage in scripture where Jesus says (paraphrased) “You have it heard it said ‘Do not commit adultery.’ ", "But I say to you anyone who looks at a woman with lust in his heart has already committed adultery…” She said that we always hear this passage as Jesus condemning us for impure thoughts, but in light of today’s passage, couldn’t we look at it as Jesus resisting our own attempts again to draw lines, placing some of us in the circle—“the adulterers”—and others of us outside the circle—the “good” people, who while sinful, are at least not as bad as those in the circle, those adulterers! ", "Such circles exist to make us feel better about ourselves while we point our fingers at those bad people who are so much worse than we are. ", "Just as Jesus undermines any pretensions we have to create hierarchies of sin, so too does Jesus erase those lines we create to separate ourselves into less sinful (or righteous) and more sinful (or just plain sinful). ", "She pointed out Jesus surely knew all of us have had impure thoughts, and by equating that with adultery, he blows up the circle and gets us all inside it. ", "Sin is sin is sin. ", "And when we hear about certain sins as worse than others, or see those held up as “the worst of sinners,” we should recognize not how much better we are in comparison, but remember our own sin too. ", "Jesus invites us to see “the accused through our own sinfulness,” not our comparative righteousness. ", "And to take up our place in the circle with them.", "\n\nThanks for the question. ", "Yes, the passage is a warning, I think, to power-hungry men, men who use women, and so on. ", "It pulls back the veil on how often men use women as props to suit their needs, negating their humanity. ", "It challenges men who set up a hierarchy of sin where the sins of women are considered more heinous than their own. ", "Thanks again!" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We study extremality in various sets of states that have positive partial transposes. ", "One of the tools we use for this purpose is the recently formulated criterion allowing to judge if a given state is extremal in the set of PPT states. ", "First we investigate qubit–ququart states and show that the only candidates for extremal PPT entangled states (PPTES) have ranks of the state and its partial transposition $(5,5)$ or $(5,6)$ (equivalently $(6,5)$). ", "Then, examples of extremal states of $(5,5)$ type and the so–called edge states of type $(5,6)$ are provided. ", "We also make an attempt to explore the set of PPT states with ranks $(5,6)$. Finally, we discuss what are the possible configurations of ranks of density matrices and their respective partial transposition in general three-qubit and four-qubit symmetric states for which there may exist extremal entangled PPT states. ", "For instance in the first case we show that the only possibilities are $(4,4,4)$ and $(4,4,5)$.'\nauthor:\n- 'Remigiusz Augusiak$^{1}$, Janusz Grabowski$^{2}$, Marek Kuś$^{3}$, and Maciej Lewenstein$^{1,4}$'\ntitle: Searching for extremal PPT entangled states\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nEntanglement is the property of states of composite quantum systems which is the major resource for quantum information [@rmp]. ", "In the recent years considerable interest has been devoted to the [*entanglement problem*]{}, i.e., the question of determination whether a given state $\\varrho$ of a composite systems is entangled or not. ", "This question, although it can be formulated in an elementary way accessible to a fresh student of physics, has very deep aspects and is related to applications (quantum information, quantum communication, quantum metrology) and advanced interdisciplinary fundamental problems. ", "The latter concern physics (properties of correlations in entangled states, preparation, manipulation, and detection), mathematics (theory of positive maps on $C^*$–algebras), philosophy (non–locality of quantum mechanics), and computer science (quantum information). ", "Operational criteria for entanglement checking exist only in very special cases. ", "A famous Peres criterion says that every non–entangled (separable) state has a positive partial transpose (PPT) [@Peres] (see also Ref. [", "@Choi]). ", "In two qubit and qubit–qutrit systems the partial transposition gives necessary and sufficient operational criterion of entanglement [@MHPHRHPLA]. ", "In all higher-dimensional systems there exist PPT entangled states (PPTES, for the first examples see Ref.", " [@PHPLA]).", "\n\nRecently, the interest in the entanglement problem has evidently become to cease. ", "The reasons for that are twofold: on the one hand Gurvits [@Gurvits] has demonstrated that the entanglement problem is $NP$–hard, i.e. finding operational criteria in higher dimensions is not likely. ", "On the other hand, for low dimensions Doherty [*et al.*]{} [", "@Doherty1] have formulated a very efficient numerical test employing methods of semi–definite programming and optimization.", "\n\nEntanglement, quantum correlations and quantum measurement theory were in the center of interests of the late Krzysztof Wódkiewicz, who made recently remarkable contributions to the subject. ", "His works concentrated on the entanglement and correlations in finite–dimensional and continuous variable systems [@KWcv], quantum non-locality [@KWnl], and implementations in quantum optical systems [@KWim]. ", "This paper, in which we reconsider the entanglement problem, is dedicated to his memory.", "\n\nOur approach is not targeted at operational criteria, rather we attempt to characterize and parameterize the whole set of extremal PPTES, in particular for $2 \\otimes 4$ systems. ", "Parameterizing this set allows one to construct and describe the set of necessary and sufficient entanglement witnesses [@witness] that fully characterize and detect all PPTES. ", "For this purpose we need to identify all the extremal entangled states in the set of PPT states. ", "In earlier works some of the authors have characterized other class of PPT entangled states closely related to the extremal ones. ", "These are the so–called [*edge states*]{} [@2xN; @edge] (for some examples of the edge states see e.g. [@PHPLA; @UPB; @Ha2; @Lieven; @Ha2007]). ", "Quite obviously, edge states are the only candidates for the extremal PPTES as every extremal PPT entangled state is also of the edge type. ", "In the search for these extremal states we arrived at a simple criterion which reduces the problem to the existence of solutions of a system of linear equations. ", "Later[^1] we learned that the same result has already been worked out in Ref. [", "@Leinaas] (see also Ref. [", "@Ha]). ", "Also, in Ref. [", "@Leinaas] the existence of extremal entangled PPTES of bi–rank $(5,6)$ (see below for the explanation of the notation) was confirmed numerically. ", "In what follows we provide our formulation of the criterion but one of the main purposes of the paper is to study its applicability in various systems as qubit–ququart, three–qubit, and four–qubit symmetric density matrices. ", "We also make a step towards understanding the structure of extremal states in $2{\\otimes}4$ systems.", "\n\nIt should be noticed that some effort has been recently devoted to a search for extremal PPT entangled states in qutrit–qutrit systems. ", "In Ref. [", "@HaKyePark] $3{\\otimes}3$ extremal PPT entangled states of type $(4,4)$ were found. ", "Then, the edge states provided in Refs. [", "@Lieven; @Ha2007] of type $(5,5)$ and $(6,6)$ were shown to be extremal in [@Kim] and [@Ha], respectively.", "\n\nThe paper is organized as follows. ", "In Section \\[SecII\\] we provide our formulation of the criterion. ", "First, we discuss a simple observation concerning extremal points of an intersection of two convex sets. ", "The observation is then applied to convex sets of PPTES and the operational extremality criterion is formulated. ", "These ideas are then applied in Sec. ", "\\[SecIII\\] to the case of $2\\otimes 4$ systems. ", "We discuss general properties of PPTES in such systems and then focus our attention on states that have ranks of the state and its partial transposition $(5,5)$ or $(5,6)$ (equivalently $(6,5)$), and which are the only candidates for extremal PPTES. ", "In the case of bi–rank $(5,5)$ we prove that every edge state is extremal in the set of PPT states and provide examples of extremal states of the type $(5,5)$. Also, examples of $(5,6)$ edge states are provided. ", "In Sec. ", "\\[SecIV\\] we make an attempt to explore the structure of PPTES of type $(5,6)$. Finally, in Sec. ", "\\[SecV\\] we discuss the applicability of the criterion in multipartite systems as three-qubit and four-qubit symmetric states. ", "We show also that any three-qubit edge state of type $(4,4,4)$ is extremal and thus prove extremality of the bound entangled state provided in Ref. [", "@UPB].", "\n\nOur results are primarily of fundamental interest. ", "They shed light on geometry of quantum states in general [@zyczkos] and on the structure and nature of the very complex convex set of PPTES, in $2\\otimes 4$ systems in particular.", "\n\nExtremality criterion {#SecII}\n=====================\n\nHere we present our formulation of the criterion [@Leinaas] for judging if a given element of the set of PPTES is extremal. ", "For further benefits it is desirable to set first the notation and explain in more details notions which have already appeared in the Introduction.", "\n\nPreliminaries\n-------------\n\nLet then $\\varrho$ be a bipartite state acting on a product Hilbert space $\\mathcal{H}=\\mathbb{C}^{d_{1}}{\\otimes}\\mathbb{C}^{d_{2}}$. All such states constitute a convex set which we denote by $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}$. It consists of two disjoint subsets of separable and entangled states. ", "The distinction between both sets is due to Werner [@Werner]. ", "Following [@Werner], we call [*separable*]{} any state acting on $\\mathcal{H}$ that can be written as a convex combination of product states, that is $$\\label{separable}\n\\varrho=\\sum_{i}p_{i}\\varrho_{1}^{(i)}{\\otimes}\\varrho_{2}^{(i)},\\qquad\np_{i}\\geq 0,\\qquad \\sum_{i}p_{i}=1,$$ with $\\varrho_{j}^{(i)}$ acting on $\\mathbb{C}^{d_{j}}$ $(j=1,2)$. If $\\varrho$ does not admit the above form we say that $\\varrho$ is [*entangled*]{}. ", "One of the most famous and important tests of separability is based on the notion of transposition. ", "Namely, it was noticed by Peres [@Peres] that application of the map $T{\\otimes}I$ (hereafter called [*the partial transposition*]{}), where $I$ stands for the identity map, to any separable state gives other separable state. ", "Simultaneously, when applied to an entangled state $\\varrho$ the partial transposition can give a matrix (hereafter denoted by $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}}\\equiv(T{\\otimes}I)(\\varrho)$ or $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{B}}\\equiv(I{\\otimes}T)(\\varrho)$) that is no longer positive. ", "Thus, the transposition map may serve as a good entanglement detector. ", "In fact, it was shown in Ref. [", "@MHPHRHPLA] that in qubit–qubit and qubit–qutrit systems it detects all the entangled states. ", "Interestingly, there exist states which do not admit the form (\\[separable\\]), but nevertheless their partial transposition is positive (for the first examples see Ref. [", "@PHPLA]). ", "Entangled states that have positive partial transpose cannot be distilled with local operations and classical communication to a pure maximally entangled states, and therefore are also called [*bound entangled*]{} [@MHPHRH].", "\n\nGenerally the partial transposition maps the set of density matrices $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}$ onto other set (containing also non–positive matrices) $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}^{\\Gamma}$ which, as one easily verifies, is also convex. ", "The intersection of both sets $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}^{\\mathrm{PPT}}=\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}\\cap\n\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}^{\\Gamma}$, which of course is convex, contains all the states with positive partial transpositions. ", "Here we arrive at an important notion in the nomenclature connected to the set of PPT states. ", "Namely, certain of the PPTES that lie on the boundary of $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}^{\\mathrm{PPT}}$ are called edge states [@edge]. ", "The formal definition says that given PPT entangled state $\\varrho\\in\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}$ is an [*edge state*]{} if for all $\\epsilon>0$ and separable pure states ${|e,f\\rangle}\\equiv{|e\\rangle}{|f\\rangle}\\in\\mathbb{C}^{d_{1}}{\\otimes}\\mathbb{C}^{d_{2}}$ it holds that $\\varrho-\\epsilon{{|e,f\\rangle}\\!{\\langlee,f|}}$ is not positive or its partial transposition is not positive. ", "From this definition it follows immediately that any edge state is an entangled state that does not contain in its range such a separable vector ${|e,f\\rangle}$ that ${|e^{*},f\\rangle}$ (${|e^{*}\\rangle}$ denotes the complex conjugation of ${|e\\rangle}$) belongs to the range of its partial transposition.", "\n\nWe denote further by $R(X)$, $K(X)$, and $r(X)$ the range, kernel and the dimension of $R(X)$ (that is the rank) of the matrix $X$, respectively. ", "Moreover, as the pair of numbers $(r(\\varrho),r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}}))$ occurred to be useful in a classification of the edge states [@edge] and then commonly utilized in the study of PPT states (see e.g. Refs. [", "@edge; @Ha; @Kim; @Ha2; @Lieven]), hereafter we shall call it [*bi–rank*]{} of $\\varrho$.\n\nExtremal points of an intersection {#SecIIA}\n----------------------------------\n\nLet us now discuss what are the extremal points of an intersection of two nonempty convex sets $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$ provided that $S_{1}\\cap S_{2}$ is nonempty. ", "Recall that a given element $x\\in\nS$ is an [*extremal element*]{} of $S$ if it cannot be written as a convex combination of elements from $S$ which are different from $x$. There are two classes of extremal elements in $S_{1}\\cap\nS_{2}$ – this statement we can formalize as the following (for an illustrative example see Fig. ", "\\[fig:intersection\\]).", "\n\n[*Observation.*]{} ", "Let $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$ be two convex sets. ", "Then the set of extremal points of $S_{1}\\cap S_{2}$ consists of: (i) the extremal points of $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$ belonging to $S_{1}\\cap S_{2}$, (ii) possible new extremal points of $S_{1}\\cap\nS_{2}$ which belong to the intersection of boundaries of $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$ and are not extremal points of $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$.\n\nTo proceed in a more detailed way let us introduce some definitions. ", "Let $S$ be some convex set and let $x$, $y$ $(x\\neq\ny)$ be two elements from $S$. Then any subset of $S$ of the form $[x,y]=\\{\\lambda x+(1-\\lambda)y\\,|\\,x,y\\in S,\\;0\\leq \\lambda\\leq\n1\\}$ is called [*closed line segment*]{} between $x$ and $y$. Further, let $F$ be some subset of the convex set $S$. Then $F$ is called [*face*]{} of $S$ if it is convex and the following implication holds: if for any line segment $[x,y]\\subseteq S$ such that its interior point belongs to $F$ then $[x,y]\\subseteq F$. Equivalently, $F\\subseteq S$ is a face of $S$ if from the fact $x,y\\in S$ and $(x+y)/2\\in F$ it follows that $x,y\\in F$. Thus, $x\\in S$ is an extremal point of $S$ if the one–element set $\\{x\\}$ is a face of $S$.\n\nThis definition formalizes the notion of a face of a convex polygon or a convex polytope and generalizes it to an arbitrary convex set. ", "In this sense, vertices of a polytope are zero–dimensional faces (extremal points), edges are one–dimensional faces and the traditionally understood faces are two–dimensional. ", "The interior points form a two–dimensional face (see Fig. ", "\\[fig:faces\\]). ", "On the other hand, any point on the boundary of a closed unit ball in $\\mathbb{R}^n$, i.e., any point of the unit $(n-1)$–dimensional sphere, is a face (and an extreme point) of the ball.", "\n\n![", "The dodecahedron on the left and the known cube on the right. ", "A polyhedron consists of polygonal faces, their sides are known as edges, and the corners as vertices. ", "Edges and vertices are also examples of faces of polyhedron.[]{data-label=\"fig:faces\"}](faces.eps){width=\"50.00000%\"}\n\nLet us now discuss what are the main conclusions following the above observation. ", "Namely, if some convex sets $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$ intersect in a point $x$ along an affine manifold of non–zero dimension then $x$ cannot be extremal. ", "Therefore $x$ belongs to the second class of extremal points in $S_{1}\\cap S_{2}$ if and only if the intersection of the relevant faces is exactly $x$, i.e., the faces are transversal at $x$ (see Fig. ", "\\[fig:intersection\\]).", "\n\n![ ", "A simple example visualizing the observation formulated in Sec. ", "\\[SecIIA\\]. ", "The se of extremal points of the rectangle $A'ECF$ resulting from an intersection of rectangles $ABCD$ and $A'B'C'D'$ consist of some of the extremal points of both rectangles or the ones that appear as intersections of their respective edges. ", "More precisely, the points $A'$ and $C$ are extremal points of the rectangles $A'B'C'D$ and $ABCD$, respectively. ", "The Points $E$ and $F$ result from intersection of the edges of these rectangles, namely, $A'B'$ and $BC$, and $CD$ and $D'A'$, respectively. ", "Both the intersections give manifolds consisting of a single point (the respective edges are transversal). []{", "data-label=\"fig:intersection\"}](intersection.eps){width=\"25.00000%\"}\n\nLet us also point out how the above observation can be utilized to prove that a given $x$ is not an extremal element of $S_{1}\\cap\nS_{2}$. Namely, if $x$ belongs to the intersection of some faces of $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$, we can consider other element $x\\pm\\epsilon y$ with $\\epsilon$ denoting some arbitrarily small positive real number and $y$ is an element of the affine space in which $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$ are convex subsets. ", "If such element belongs to the intersection of the mentioned faces the intersection has a non–zero dimension and $x$ cannot be an extremal element of $S_{1}\\cap S_{2}$. The key point of this remark is that to generate this manifold we do not have to consider elements of the convex subsets $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$. This, as we will see in the next subsection, can be applied to convex sets of density matrices with positive partial transposition.", "\n\nCriterion for extremality in convex sets of quantum states with positive partial transposition {#criterion}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn the context of $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}^{\\mathrm{PPT}}$ the observation of Sec.", " \\[SecIIA\\] says that the set of its extremal points is the sum of two disjoint subsets. ", "The first one consists of pure extremal states of $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}$ which are simultaneously extremal points of $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}^{\\Gamma}$. The second subset consists of the extremal points that could appear from intersection of boundaries of $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}$ and $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}^{\\Gamma}$ and are not extremal points of both these sets. ", "If a given $\\varrho$ is neither an extremal point of $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}$ nor of $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}^{\\Gamma}$ then we have to check (assuming obviously that it is an edge state) if the faces to which $\\varrho$ and $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}}$ belong are transversal. ", "It can be seen that this reduces to the problem of solving a system of linear equations. ", "For this purpose we utilize the technique mentioned in the preceding section of adding or subtracting small elements not necessarily belonging to $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}$ or $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}^{\\Gamma}$. As we will see below for this aim we can use Hermitian matrices $H$ such that $R(H)\\subseteq R(\\varrho)$ and $R(H^{\\Gamma_{A}})\\subseteq\nR(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})$. To proceed more formally let us notice that, as we know from Ref.", " [@JGMKGM], the face of $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}$ at a given $\\varrho$ (which is not of full rank as only such density matrices constitute faces of $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}$) consists of matrices of dimensions $d_{1}d_{2}\\times d_{1}d_{2}$ with kernels coinciding with the kernel of $\\varrho$ (this holds also for partial transpositions of density matrices provided they are positive). ", "On the other hand, all Hermitian matrices of rank $k$ constitute $k^{2}$ dimensional subspace of the $(d_{1}d_{2})^{2}$–dimensional Hilbert space $V$ (equipped with e.g. the Hilbert–Schmidt scalar product) of all $d_{1}d_{2}\\times d_{1}d_{2}$ Hermitian matrices. ", "To check if the intersection $V_{1}\\cap V_{2}$ of two subspaces $V_{1}$ and $V_{2}$ of dimension $k^{2}$ and $l^{2}$ is nonempty, one has to solve the system of $2(d_{1}d_{2})^{2}-k^{2}-l^{2}$ linear equations for $(d_{1}d_{2})^{2} $ variables. ", "A nontrivial, nonzero-dimensional, solutions exist always if $(d_{1}d_{2})^2<\nk^{2}+l^{2}$ (in the case of density matrices, due to the normalization, we add one to the left–hand side of this inequality). ", "If our density matrix $\\varrho$ has a bi–rank $(k,l)$ admitting the existence of such solutions, it cannot be extremal in $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}^{\\mathrm{PPT}}$ – one can always find a Hermitian matrix $H\\in V_{1}\\cap V_{2}$ with $R(H)\\subseteq R(\\varrho)$ and $R(H^{\\Gamma_{A}})\\subseteq\nR(\\varrho^{T_{A}})$ such that $\\widetilde{\\varrho}(\\epsilon)=\\varrho\\pm\\epsilon H$ is positive and PPT. ", "What is important, for small enough $\\epsilon>0$ the matrix $\\widetilde{\\varrho}(\\epsilon)$ has the same bi–rank as the initial state $\\varrho$. From the fact that the face of $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}$ at a given $\\varrho$ (which is not of full rank as only such density matrices constitute faces of $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}$) consists of matrices of dimensions $d_{1}d_{2}\\times d_{1}d_{2}$ with kernels coinciding with the kernel of $\\varrho$ it follows that $\\widetilde{\\varrho}(\\epsilon)$ has to belong to the same intersection as $\\varrho$ and in such case $\\varrho$ cannot be extremal in $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}^{\\mathrm{PPT}}$. In this way we finally arrive at the criterion.", "\n\n[*Criterion.*]{} ", "Let $\\varrho\\in \\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}$ be PPTES with the bi–rank $(k,l)$. If there exists a non-trivial, i.e. non-proportional to $\\varrho$, solution of the system of linear equations described above, i.e.equations determining Hermitian matrices $H$ with $R(H)\\subseteq R(\\varrho)$ and $R(H^{\\Gamma_{A}})\\subseteq R(\\varrho^{T_{A}})$), then $\\varrho$ is not extremal in $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}^{\\mathrm{PPT}}$.\n\nIt should be emphasized that the above technique of adding and subtracting Hermitian matrices and the criterion following it were already provided in Ref. [", "@Leinaas].", "\n\nIn conclusion, to prove that some $\\varrho$ is not extremal in the set of PPT states one can always try to “generate” the nonzero-dimensional manifold by adding or subtracting $\\epsilon H$ with $H$ being a general Hermitian matrix $H$ and $\\epsilon$ some sufficiently small positive number. ", "This, however, has to be done in such a way that the resulting state $\\widetilde{\\varrho}(\\epsilon)=\\varrho\\pm\\epsilon\nH$, as well as its partial transposition have the same kernels as, respectively, $\\varrho$ and $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}}$. More precisely we need to have $R(H)\\subseteq R(\\varrho)$ and $R(H^{\\Gamma_{A}})\\subseteq\nR(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})$). ", "In this way we remain on the same faces of $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}$ and $\\mathcal{D}_{d_{1},d_{2}}^{\\Gamma}$ (as the partial transposition of PPT state is still a legitimate state then the observation above works also for partial transpositions of density matrices) as $\\varrho$ itself.", "\n\nThe set of $2{\\otimes}4$ states with the positive partial transposition {#SecIII}\n=======================================================================\n\nHere, we sketch shortly the overall picture of qubit–ququart states with respect to the extremality in the set of PPT states. ", "First we recall literature results from which it follows that the only possible cases of PPT entangled states that could be extremal are the ones with bi–rank $(5,5)$ and $(5,6)$ (and equivalently $(6,5)$), and $(6,6)$. Next, basing on the observation from Sec.", " \\[SecII\\], we will exclude the case of bi–rank $(6,6)$. Then, we show that any edge state of bi–rank $(5,5)$ is extremal in $\\mathcal{D}_{2,4}^{\\mathrm{PPT}}$ which implies that the famous examples of $2{\\otimes}4$ PPT entangled states provided in Ref. [", "@PHPLA] are extremal. ", "Finally, we present a two–parameter class of edge states that depending on the parameters have bi–rank $(5,6)$ or $(5,5)$, giving at the same time next example of extremal $(5,5)$ states.", "\n\nThe general situation {#SecIIIA}\n---------------------\n\nLet us here discuss shortly why the only possible cases in which there could be PPT entangled extremal states are these of the bi–rank $(5,5)$, $(5,6)$ (equivalently $(6,5)$), and $(6,6)$. At the very beginning we can rule out the cases in which either $\\varrho$ or $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}}$ are of full rank since then the density matrix lie in the interior of the set of PPT states (see e.g. Ref.", " [@JGMKGM]).", "\n\nTo deal with the remaining cases we can assume that the given $\\varrho$ is supported on full $\\mathbb{C}^{2}{\\otimes}\\mathbb{C}^{4}$. Otherwise we would deal with a state that is effectively qubit–qutrit state and one knows that in this case there are no PPT entangled states [@MHPHRHPLA]. ", "On the same footing we can assume that there is no separable vector ${|e,f\\rangle}$ in the kernel of $\\varrho$. Otherwise, it would mean, according to Ref. [", "@2xN], that $\\varrho$ could be written as a mixture of a projector onto the separable vector ${|e^{\\perp},h\\rangle}$ (with ${\\langle{e^{\\perp}}|{e}\\rangle}=0$, and a certain ${|h\\rangle}$) and some PPT state supported on $\\mathbb{C}^{2}{\\otimes}\\mathbb{C}^{3}$, and thus separable. ", "In conclusion, in such a case $\\varrho$ could be written as a mixture of separable states and thus would be separable itself.", "\n\nWe know from Ref.", " [@2xN] that if $\\varrho$ is supported on $\\mathbb{C}^{2}{\\otimes}\\mathbb{C}^{N}$ and is entangled then $r(\\varrho)>N$. This means that in what follows we can assume that $r(\\varrho),r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})>4$ as otherwise we would deal with a separable state. ", "Then, following Ref.", " [@2xN], we divide our considerations into two cases,\n\n(i)\n\n: $r(\\varrho)+r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})\\leq 12,$\n\n(ii)\n\n: $r(\\varrho)+r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})> 12.$\n\nIn the second case it was shown in Ref.", " [@2xN] that there always exists a separable vector ${|e,f\\rangle}$ in the range of $\\varrho$ for which ${|e^{*},f\\rangle}\\in R(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})$. Consequently, we may subtract this vector from $\\varrho$ obtaining another (unnormalized) state $$\\label{tilda}\n\\widetilde{\\varrho}=\\varrho-\\eta{{|e,f\\rangle}\\!{\\langlee,f|}},$$ where $\\eta=\\min\\{\\eta_{0},\\overline{\\eta}_{0}\\}$ with $\\eta_{0}$ and $\\overline{\\eta}_{0}$ given by $\\eta_{0}=(\\langle\ne,f|\\varrho^{-1}|e,f\\rangle)^{-1}$ and $\\overline{\\eta}_{0}=(\\langle\ne^{*},f|(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})^{-1}|e^{*},f\\rangle)^{-1}.$ Here $\\varrho^{-1}$ denotes the so–called pseudoinverse of $\\varrho$, i.e., inverse of $\\varrho$ only on the projectors corresponding to its nonzero eigenvalues.", "\n\nNormalizing $\\widetilde{\\varrho}$ we infer from Eq. (", "\\[tilda\\]) that $\\varrho$ can be written as $$\\varrho=(1-\\eta)\\widetilde{\\varrho}+\\eta{{|e,f\\rangle}\\!{\\langlee,f|}},$$ with $0<\\eta<1$ (this is because both parameters $\\eta_{0}$ and $\\overline{\\eta}_{0}$ satisfy $0<\\eta_{0},\\overline{\\eta}_{0}<1$). ", "The important fact here is that the above procedure of subtraction product vectors preserves positivity of partial transposition of $\\varrho$. More precisely, if $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}}\\geq $ then also $\\widetilde{\\varrho}^{\\,\\Gamma_{A}}\\geq 0$. All these mean that if $r(\\varrho)+r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})>12$ we are always able to write $\\varrho$ as a convex combination of two states with positive partial transposition. ", "Thus in this case there are no PPT entangled extremal states in the convex set $\\mathcal{D}_{2,4}^{\\mathrm{PPT}}$ (we see that even edge states do not exist in these cases).", "\n\nSo far we have ruled out most of the cases with respect to the bi–rank. ", "What remains are the states satisfying $r(\\varrho)>4$, $r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})>4$, and $r(\\varrho)+r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})\\leq 12$. In the cases of $(5,7)$ and $(7,5)$ it was shown in Ref.", " [@Normal] that there exists a product vector ${|e,f\\rangle} \\in R(\\varrho)$ such that ${|e^{*},f\\rangle}\\in R(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})$. This, according to what was said above, means that also among states with bi–rank $(5,7)$ or $(7,5)$ one cannot find PPT entangled extremal states. ", "The case of bi–rank $(6,6)$ can be ruled out by the criterion. ", "Here $k=l=6$ and therefore one has a system of $56$ linear homogenous equations for $63$ variables (one is subtracted due to normalization). ", "According to what was said in Sec.", " \\[criterion\\] this means that all $(6,6)$ PPTES are not extremal as for any such state there exist a Hermitian $H$ satisfying $R(H)\\subseteq\nR(\\varrho)$ and $R(H^{\\Gamma_{A}})\\subseteq\nR(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})$. Thus an intersection of the corresponding faces of $\\mathcal{D}_{2,4}$ and $\\mathcal{D}_{2,4}^{\\Gamma}$ is thus a nonzero-dimensional manifold.", "\n\nThe case of bi–rank $(5,5)$\n---------------------------\n\nThe remaining cases in which we can look for the extremal PPT states are $(5,5)$ and $(5,6)$. In the first case of the bi–rank $(5,5)$ examples of extremal PPT entangled states can be provided. ", "For instance, we can show that the states found in Ref. [", "@PHPLA], $$\\sigma(b)=\\frac{1}{1+7b}\n\\left(\n\\begin{array}{cccccccc}\nb & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & b & 0 & 0 \\\\\n0 & b & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & b & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & b & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & b \\\\\n0 & 0 & 0 & b & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \\frac{1}{2}(1+b) & 0 & 0 &\n\\frac{1}{2}\\sqrt{1-b^{2}}\\\\\nb & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & b & 0 & 0 \\\\\n0 & b & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & b & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & b & 0 & \\frac{1}{2}\\sqrt{1-b^{2}} & 0 & 0 &\n\\frac{1}{2}(1+b)\n\\end{array}\n \\right),$$ are extremal for $b\\in(0,1)$ (for $b=0,1$ the state is separable). ", "For this aim let us prove the following theorem.", "\n\n[*Theorem.*]{} ", "Any $2{\\otimes}4$ edge state with bi–rank $(5,5)$ is extremal in the set of PPT states $\\mathcal{D}_{2,4}^{\\mathrm{PPT}}$.\n\n[*Proof. (", "a.a.)*]{} ", "Let us consider an $2{\\otimes}4$ edge state $\\sigma$ with the bi–rank $(5,5)$ and assume that it is not extremal in $\\mathcal{D}_{2,4}^{\\mathrm{PPT}}$. This means that it admits the form $\\sigma=\\lambda\\sigma_{1}+(1-\\lambda)\\sigma_{2}$ with some $\\lambda\\in(0,1)$ and $\\sigma_{i}\\in\n\\mathcal{D}_{2,4}^{\\mathrm{PPT}}$ $(i=1,2)$. Since $\\sigma$ is edge state it is clear that both the density matrices $\\sigma_{i}$ have to be entangled. ", "Also, it is easy to see that the conditions $R(\\sigma_{i})\\subseteq R(\\sigma)$ and $R(\\sigma_{i}^{\\Gamma_{A}})\\subseteq R(\\sigma^{\\Gamma_{A}})$ hold for $i=1,2$. As a conclusion one of these density matrices, say $\\sigma_{1}$, can be subtracted from $\\sigma$ with some small portion $\\epsilon>0$ in such a way that the resulting matrix, as well as its partial transposition, remain positive. ", "More precisely, we can consider the state $\\widetilde{\\sigma}=(\\sigma-\\epsilon\\sigma_{1})/(1-\\epsilon)$ which obviously has the rank $r(\\widetilde{\\sigma})\\leq 5$. The parameter $\\epsilon$ can be set so that either $r(\\widetilde{\\sigma})=4$ or $r(\\widetilde{\\sigma}^{\\Gamma})=4$. Consequently, by virtue of results of Ref.", " [@2xN] where it was shown that any PPT state supported on $2{\\otimes}4$ with rank $4$ is separable, the latter means that $\\widetilde{\\sigma}$ is separable. ", "As a result the initial state $\\sigma$ can be written in the form $$\\sigma=(1-\\epsilon)\\widetilde{\\sigma}+\\epsilon\\sigma_{1},$$ which means that $\\sigma$ is a convex combination of a separable and an entangled state. ", "This, however, is in contradiction with the assumption that $\\sigma$ in an edge state. ", "Thus $\\sigma$ has to be extremal what finishes the proof. ", "$\\blacksquare$\n\nNotice that the above statement remains true if one relaxes the condition of being an edge state to being a PPT entangled state. ", "That is, all PPT entangled states of bi-rank $(5,5)$ are extremal.", "\n\nIt was shown in Ref.", " [@PHPLA] that $\\sigma(b)$ for $b\\in\n(0,1)$ are edge states and therefore, due to the above theorem, they are extremal in the set of $2{\\otimes}4$ PPT states.", "\n\nLet us remark that all the cases satisfying $r(\\varrho)+r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})\\geq 12$, as well as the case of the bi-rank $(5,7)$ (and equivalently $(7,5)$) can be also ruled out using the criterion.", "\n\nThe case of bi–rank $(5,6)$\n---------------------------\n\nThe last case we need to deal with is the one with the bi–rank $(5,6)$. It was numerically confirmed in Ref. [", "@Leinaas] that there exist $(5,6)$ extremal PPT states in $\\mathcal{D}_{2,4}^{\\mathrm{PPT}}$, however, explicit examples are still missing.", "\n\nIn what follows let us consider the family of $2{\\otimes}4$ PPT entangled states with $r(\\varrho)=5$ and $r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})=6$ which are edge but not extremal in the set $\\mathcal{D}_{2,4}^{\\Gamma_{A}}$. The family is of the form $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{przyklad}\n\\varrho(a,t)&=& \\frac{1}{2(2+a+a^{-1})}\\nonumber\\\\\n&&\\times\\left(\n\\begin{array}{cccccccc}\na & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & a^{-1} & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 \\\\\n0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & t & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & 0 & t & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n-1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & a^{-1} & 0 & 0 \\\\\n0 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & a\n\\end{array}\n\\right).\\end{aligned}$$ The vector of eigenvalues of $\\varrho(a,t)$ reads $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&\\hspace{-1cm}\\lambda(\\varrho(a,t))=\\frac{1}{2(1+a)^{2}}\\nonumber\\\\\n&&\\times\\left(2a,1+a^{2},1+a^{2},a(1-t),a(1+t),0,0,0\\right).\\end{aligned}$$ Thus, for $a>0$ and $-1<t<1$ the rank of $\\varrho(a,t)$ is exactly five. ", "Let us now look at the partial transposition of $\\varrho$, which is given by $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{przykladTransp}\n[\\varrho(a,t)]^{\\Gamma_{A}}&=&\n\\frac{1}{2(2+a+a^{-1})}\\nonumber\\\\\n&&\\times\\left(\n\\begin{array}{cccccccc}\na & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & t \\\\\n0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & a^{-1} & 0 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & -1 & 0 \\\\\n0 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 & a^{-1} & 0 & 0 \\\\\n0 & 0 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\\\\nt & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & a\n\\end{array}\n\\right).\\nonumber\\\\\\end{aligned}$$ The vector of eigenvalues of $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}}$ is of the form $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{wlasneTr}\n&&\\hspace{-1cm}\\lambda(\\varrho(a,t)^{\\Gamma_{A}})=\\frac{1}{2(1+a)^{2}}\\nonumber\\\\\n&&\\times\\left(1-a,2a,2a,1,a(a-t),a(a+t),0,0\\right).\\end{aligned}$$ For $a\\geq t$, $a+t\\geq 0$, and $a<1$ one has $[\\varrho(a,t)]^{\\Gamma_{A}}\\geq 0$, hnece $\\varrho(a,t)$ is a PPT state of the bi–rank $(5,6)$ whenever $0<a<1$ and $|t|<a$. For $t=a$ it has the bi–rank $(5,5)$ and is an edge state (one can check it using the method presented in Ref.", " [@PHPLA]). ", "Due to the theorem from Sec.", " \\[SecIIIA\\] it is also another example of an extremal state in $\\mathcal{D}_{2,4}^{\\mathrm{PPT}}$.\n\nTo prove that the $\\varrho(a,t)$ is entangled and thus bound entangled we may use the already mentioned range criterion of Ref. [", "@PHPLA]. ", "After some algebra one finds that all the product vectors in the range of $\\varrho(a,t)$ can be written in the form $$\\label{product}\n\\mathcal{A}(\\alpha,t)(1; \\alpha){\\otimes}(\\alpha^{3};-\\alpha^{2}/a;\\alpha/a;1)\\qquad\n(\\alpha\\in\\mathbb{C}\\cup\\{\\infty\\}),$$ with $\\mathcal{A}$ being some function of $\\alpha$ and $t$. We used here the fact that any vector from $\\mathbb{C}^{2}$ can be written as ${|0\\rangle}+\\alpha{|1\\rangle}$ with $\\alpha\\in \\mathbb{C}\\cup\\{\\infty\\}$ end employed the convention $a{|0\\rangle}+b{|1\\rangle}\\equiv(a;b)$ together with a similar one for vectors in $\\mathbb{C}^{4}$.\n\nA similar analysis shows that the product vectors in the range of $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}}$ are of the form $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{sepGamma}\n(1;\\alpha)&\\!\\!\\!{\\otimes}\\!\\!\\!& (", "\\mathcal{B}(\\alpha,a,t),-\\alpha\n\\mathcal{B}(\\alpha,a,t),\\mathcal{C}(\\alpha,a,t),-\\alpha \\mathcal{C}(\\alpha,a,t)) \\nonumber\\\\\n&&\\hspace{4cm}(\\alpha\\in\\mathbb{C}\\cup\\{\\infty\\}),\\end{aligned}$$ with $\\mathcal{B}$ and $\\mathcal{C}$ denoting some functions. ", "Simple calculations show that one cannot find such a product vector ${|e,f\\rangle}$ from $R(\\varrho(a,t))$ that ${|e^{*},f\\rangle}\\in\nR(\\varrho(a,t)^{\\Gamma_{A}})$. More precisely, one cannot find such functions $\\mathcal{B}$ and $\\mathcal{C}$ in Eq. (", "\\[sepGamma\\]) that the vector $\\mathcal{A}(\\alpha,t)(1; \\alpha^{*}){\\otimes}(\\alpha^{3};-\\alpha^{2}/a;\\alpha/a;1)$ can be written in the above form. ", "Thus, for any $a$ and $t$ satisfying $0<a<1$ and $|t|<a$, the matrix $\\varrho(a,t)$ is a PPT entangled state. ", "Moreover, the same argument tell us that it is also an edge state.", "\n\nNow, one immediately finds that $\\varrho(a,t)$ cannot be extremal in the set of $2{\\otimes}4$ PPT states. ", "This is because for a fixed $a\\in(0,1)$, $t\\in (-a,a)$ can always be expressed as $t=(1-\\lambda)t_{1}+\\lambda\nt_{2}$ with $\\lambda\\in(0,1)$ and $t_{i}\\in (-a,a)$ $(i=1,2)$, which means that for any $a\\in(0,1)$ the state $\\varrho(a,t)$ can be written as the following convex combination $$\\varrho(a,t)=(1-\\lambda)\\varrho(a,t_{1})+\\lambda\\varrho(a,t_{2}).$$\n\nExploring PPT states of bi–rank $(5,6)$ {#SecIV}\n=======================================\n\nWe continue our considerations in the case of bi–rank $(5,6)$, however, in the most general situation. ", "As the discussion presented in this section is a bit more mathematically demanding it is helpful to outline first its contents before going into details. ", "The general aim of this section is to explore PPT states with bi–rank $(5,6)$. It is stated in Ref. [", "@Leinaas] that there exist extremal PPTES of this type, however, the general structure of this class of states is not known and the main purpose is to make a first attempt to understand it. ", "For this purpose, using the so–called canonical form of $2{\\otimes}N$ states, we determine all the product vectors in ranges of $\\varrho$ and $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}}$. Then, using the latter and following the criterion, we propose for any $(5,6)$ PPT state such a Hermitian matrix $H$ that $R(H)\\subseteq R(\\varrho)$ and look if $R(H^{\\Gamma_{A}})\\subseteq R(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})$. This brings the problem of extremality to the problem of solving a set of linear equations. ", "Although we cannot provide a solution to this system in the general case, we can provide various sets of conditions for $B$ (see Eq. ) ", "provided that the solution has some particular form (and the corresponding state is not extremal).", "\n\nSeparable vectors in ranges of $\\varrho$ and $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}}$ in the case of $(5,6)$ {#SecIIIB}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nLet us consider an arbitrary $2{\\otimes}4$ state. ", "It can be brought to the so–called canonical form (see e.g.Ref.", " [@Operational; @Normal] and Ref. [", "@22N] in the context of $2{\\otimes}2{\\otimes}N$ states). ", "To see it explicitly let us notice that any such state has the form $$\\label{2x4}\n\\varrho= \\left(\n\\begin{array}{cc}\nA & B\\\\\nB^{\\dagger} & C\n\\end{array}\n\\right),$$ where $A$, $B$, and $C$ are some $4\\times 4$ matrices and due to the positivity of $\\varrho$ one knows that $A$ and $C$ have to be positive as well. ", "Since we assume that $r(\\varrho)=5$, we can also assume that the matrix $C$ is of full rank. ", "Otherwise, one sees to see that the vector ${|1,f\\rangle}$, where ${|f\\rangle}\\in K(C)$, belongs to the kernel of $\\varrho$. In view of what was said before this means of course that $\\varrho$ would be separable.", "\n\nThus, assuming that $r(C)=4$ we can bring $\\varrho$ to its canonical form by applying the transformation $\\varrho\\mapsto\n(\\mathbbm{1}_{2}{\\otimes}C^{-1/2})\\varrho (\\mathbbm{1}_{2}{\\otimes}C^{-1/2})$, which finally gives $$\\label{form1}\n\\varrho'= \\left(\n\\begin{array}{cc}\nA' & B' \\\\\nB'^{\\dagger} & \\mathbbm{1}_{4}\n\\end{array}\n\\right),$$ where by $\\mathbbm{1}_{d}$ we denoted $d\\times d$ identity matrix. ", "It should be emphasized that the above transformation does not change the rank, extremality as well as separability properties of a given $\\varrho$. Thus from our point of view both states $\\varrho$ and $(\\mathbbm{1}_{2}{\\otimes}C^{-1/2})\\varrho\n(\\mathbbm{1}_{2}{\\otimes}C^{-1/2})$ are completely equivalent.", "\n\nWe can simplify the form (\\[form1\\]) even further. ", "The positivity of $\\rho^\\prime$ implies $A'=B'B'^{\\dagger}+\\Lambda$, where $\\Lambda$ is some positive matrix. ", "Consequently, omitting all the primes we can write $$\\label{2x4a}\n\\varrho= \\left(\n\\begin{array}{cc}\nBB^{\\dagger}+\\Lambda & B\\\\\nB^{\\dagger} & \\mathbbm{1}_{4}\n\\end{array}\n\\right),$$ where $B$ is some (in general non–Hermitian) matrix. ", "Furthermore, we can assume that $\\det(B)=0$, which means that $r(B)=3$ and $\\det(B^{\\dagger})=3$ and therefore there exist such ${|\\phi\\rangle}$ and ${|\\widetilde{\\phi}\\rangle}$ from $\\mathbb{C}^{4}$ that $B{|\\phi\\rangle}=0$ and $B^{\\dagger}{|\\widetilde{\\phi}\\rangle}=0$, respectively. ", "This can be done by changing the basis in the first subsystem. ", "Precisely, we can apply the transformation $U(\\gamma,\\delta){\\otimes}\\mathbbm{1}_{4}$ with $U(\\gamma,\\delta)$ given by $$U(\\gamma,\\delta)=\n\\left(\n\\begin{array}{cc}\n\\gamma & \\delta \\\\\n-\\delta^{*} & \\gamma^{*}\n\\end{array}\n\\right), \\qquad (\\gamma,\\delta\\in\\mathbb{C}\\setminus\\{0\\}),$$ to $\\varrho$. Then it suffices to solve the equation $\\det(\\widetilde{B})=0$ which always has solutions. ", "Finally, $\\Lambda$ is some positive matrix of rank one and thus can be written as $\\Lambda=\\lambda_{1}{{|\\lambda_{1}\\rangle}\\!{\\langle\\lambda_{1}|}}$.\n\nPerforming the partial transposition with respect to the first subsystem we get $$\\label{2x4Transp}\n\\varrho^{\\,\\Gamma_{A}}= \\left(\n\\begin{array}{cc}\nBB^{\\dagger}+\\Lambda & B^{\\dagger}\\\\\nB & \\mathbbm{1}_{4}\n\\end{array}\n\\right)=\\left(\n\\begin{array}{cc}\nB^{\\dagger}B+\\widetilde{\\Lambda} & B^{\\dagger}\\\\\nB & \\mathbbm{1}_{4}\n\\end{array}\n\\right),$$ with $\\widetilde{\\Lambda}=[B,B^{\\dagger}]+\\Lambda=\\lambda_{2}{{|\\lambda_{2}\\rangle}\\!{\\langle\\lambda_{2}|}}+\\lambda_{3}{{|\\lambda_{3}\\rangle}\\!{\\langle\\lambda_{3}|}}$. This form is similar to the one of $\\varrho$ with the difference that $\\widetilde{\\Lambda}$ is a combination of two projectors as we want to have $r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})=6$.\n\nLet us now find the general form of separable vectors in the ranges $\\varrho$ and $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}}$ and discuss their properties. ", "Due to the similarity of the forms of $\\varrho$ and $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}}$ (see Eqs. (", "\\[2x4a\\]) and (\\[2x4Transp\\])), it suffices to make the calculations for the range of $\\varrho$. As any (unnormalized) vector from $\\mathbb{C}^{2}{\\otimes}\\mathbb{C}^{4}$ can be always written as ${|0,g\\rangle}+{|1,h\\rangle}$, this can be done by solving the system of equations $\\varrho({|0,g\\rangle}+{|1,h\\rangle})={|e\\rangle}{|f\\rangle}$ with ${|e\\rangle}\\in\\mathbb{C}^{2}$ and ${|g\\rangle}$, ${|h\\rangle}$, and ${|f\\rangle}$ denoting some vectors from $\\mathbb{C}^{4}$. As previously we can utilize the fact that any vector ${|e\\rangle}$ from $\\mathbb{C}^{2}$ can always be written as ${|e\\rangle}\\equiv{|e(\\alpha)\\rangle}={|0\\rangle}+\\alpha{|1\\rangle}$ with $\\alpha\\in\\mathbb{C}\\cup\\{\\infty\\}$ (for the sake of simplicity we forget about normalization, however we keep in mind that ${|e(0)\\rangle}={|0\\rangle}$ and ${|e(\\infty)\\rangle}={|1\\rangle}$). ", "The resulting set of equations reads $$\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{l}\n(BB^{\\dagger}+\\Lambda){|g\\rangle}+B{|h\\rangle}={|f\\rangle},\\\\[1ex]\nB^{\\dagger}{|g\\rangle}+{|h\\rangle}=\\alpha{|f\\rangle}.", "\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ After some algebra one finds that the solution is of the form $${|f\\rangle}\\equiv a{|f(\\alpha)\\rangle}=a(\\mathbbm{1}_{4}-\\alpha\nB)^{-1}{|\\lambda_{1}\\rangle},$$ with $a=\\lambda_{1}\\langle \\lambda_{1}|g\\rangle$). ", "Except for the solutions of $\\det(\\mathbbm{1}_{4}-\\alpha B)=0$, the inverse of $\\mathbbm{1}_{4}-\\alpha\nB$ exists for all $\\alpha\\in \\mathbb{C}$.\n\nThe same reasoning in the case of $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}}$ gives $${|\\widetilde{f}(\\alpha,b,c)\\rangle}=(\\mathbbm{1_{4}}-\\alpha\nB^{\\dagger})^{-1}(b{|\\lambda_{2}\\rangle}+c{|\\lambda_{3}\\rangle}).$$ with appropriate constants $b$ and $c$. Therefore the separable vectors from $R(\\varrho)$ and $R(\\varrho^{T_{A}})$ are of the form $a{|e(\\alpha)\\rangle}{|f(\\alpha)\\rangle}$ and ${|e(\\alpha)\\rangle}{|\\widetilde{f}(\\alpha,b,c)\\rangle}$, respectively. ", "With some additional effort we can determine a more detailed form of the separable vectors in the range of $\\varrho$ proving that the general form of ${|f(\\alpha)\\rangle}$ is $$\\label{wielomiany}\n{|f(\\alpha)\\rangle}=\\frac{1}{W(\\alpha)}(W_{1}(\\alpha);W_{2}(\\alpha);W_{3}(\\alpha);W_{4}(\\alpha)),$$ with $W(\\alpha)$ and $W_{i}(\\alpha)$ $(i=1,\\ldots,4)$ being some polynomials in $\\alpha$ of degree at most three. ", "To see this explicitly we notice that since $r(\\varrho)=5$ there exist three linearly independent vectors ${|\\phi_{i}\\rangle}$ in $K(\\varrho)$ orthogonal to ${|e(\\alpha)\\rangle}{|f(\\alpha)\\rangle}$. Writing them in the form $${|\\phi_{i}\\rangle}={|0\\rangle}{|\\widetilde{\\phi}_{i}^{(0)}\\rangle}\n+{|1\\rangle}{|\\widetilde{\\phi}_{i}^{(1)}\\rangle},$$ we get from the orthogonality conditions $$\\langle \\widetilde{\\phi}_{i}^{(0)}|f(\\alpha)\\rangle+\\alpha \\langle\n\\widetilde{\\phi}_{i}^{(1)}|f(\\alpha)\\rangle=0, \\qquad (i=1,2,3).$$ By decomposing ${|f(\\alpha)\\rangle}=\\sum_{k=1}^{4}f_{k}(\\alpha){|a_{k}\\rangle}$ in some basis $\\{{|a_{k}\\rangle}\\}$ we get the following system of three homogenous equations $$\\sum_{k}f_{k}(\\alpha)\\left(\\langle\n\\widetilde{\\phi}_{i}^{(0)}|a_{k}\\rangle+\\alpha \\langle\n\\widetilde{\\phi}_{i}^{(1)}|a_{k}\\rangle\\right)=0.$$ We can always fix the value of one of $f_{k}$, e.g. by putting $f_{4}(\\alpha)=1$, and obtaining $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{dupa}\n\\sum_{k=1}^{3}f_{k}(\\alpha)\\left(\\langle\n\\widetilde{\\phi}_{i}^{(0)}|a_{k}\\rangle+\\alpha \\langle\n\\widetilde{\\phi}_{i}^{(1)}|a_{k}\\rangle\\right)&=&-\\langle\n\\widetilde{\\phi}_{i}^{(0)}|a_{4}\\rangle\\nonumber\\\\\n&&-\\alpha \\langle\n\\widetilde{\\phi}_{i}^{(1)}|a_{4}\\rangle,\\nonumber\\\\\\end{aligned}$$ for $i=1,2,3$. Now we deal with a system of three inhomogenous equations (the inhomogeneity is nonzero as one can always find such basis in $\\mathbb{C}^{4}$ that at least one of the scalar products on the right–hand side of (\\[dupa\\]) is nonzero). ", "Solving the system we get the postulated form (\\[wielomiany\\]). ", "Using a little bit more sophisticated reasoning one may also prove that the polynomials $W_{i}$ $(i=1,2,3,4)$ are linearly independent and therefore at least one of them must be of the third degree. ", "This also means that all the separable vectors in $R(\\varrho)$ can be brought to the form $(1;\\alpha){\\otimes}(1;\\alpha,\\alpha^{2};\\alpha^{3})$. Indeed, since $W_{i}$ $(i=1,2,3,4)$ are linearly independent there exist matrix $V$ with $\\det(V)\\neq 0$ such that $\\mathbbm{1}_{2}{\\otimes}V\\varrho\\mathbbm{1}_{2}{\\otimes}V^{\\dagger}$ has all the separable vectors in its range of the above form.", "\n\nDensity matrices of bi–rank $(5,6)$ that are not extremal\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\nKnowing the general form of product vectors from $R(\\varrho)$ and $R(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})$ of a general qubit–ququart state we can now provide some conditions under which the $(5,6)$ PPT states are not extremal. ", "For this purpose let us consider the following Hermitian operator $$H=a_{1}a_{2}{|e(\\alpha_{1})\\rangle}\\!{\\langlee(\\alpha_{2})|}{\\otimes}{|f(\\alpha_{1})\\rangle}\\!{\\langlef(\\alpha_{2})|}+h.c.$$ with $\\alpha_{1}\\neq \\alpha_{2}$. Its partial transposition with respect to the first subsystem reads $$H^{\\Gamma_{A}}=a_{1}a_{2}{|e(\\alpha_{2}^{*})\\rangle}\\!{\\langlee(\\alpha_{1}^{*})|}{\\otimes}{|f(\\alpha_{1})\\rangle}\\!{\\langlef(\\alpha_{2})|}+h.c.$$ One sees that $R(H)\\subseteq R(\\varrho)$, still, however, we need to check if $R(H^{\\Gamma_{A}})\\subseteq R(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})$. The assumption $\\alpha_{1}\\neq \\alpha_{2}$ is important since for $\\alpha_{1}=\\alpha_{2}$ one could subtract a product vector from $\\varrho$ without spoiling its relevant properties, hence $\\varrho$ would not be an edge state.", "\n\nWe need to find such $\\alpha_{1}$, $a_{1}$, $\\alpha_{2}$, and $a_{2}$ that $a_{1}{|e(\\alpha_{2})\\rangle}{|f(\\alpha_{1})\\rangle}={|e(\\alpha_{2})\\rangle}\n{|\\widetilde{f}(\\alpha_{2}^{*},a_{1},b_{1})\\rangle}$ and $a_{2}{|e(\\alpha^{*}_{1})\\rangle}{|f(\\alpha_{2})\\rangle}=\n{|e(\\alpha_{1}^{*})\\rangle}{|\\widetilde{f}(\\alpha_{1}^{*},b_{2},c_{2})\\rangle}$ as both these vectors belong to the range of $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}}$. These conditions simplify to $a_{1}{|f(\\alpha_{1})\\rangle}={|\\widetilde{f}(\\alpha_{2}^{*},b_{1},c_{1})\\rangle}$ and $a_{2}{|f(\\alpha_{2})\\rangle}={|\\widetilde{f}(\\alpha_{1}^{*},b_{2},c_{2})\\rangle}$, respectively which, in turn, can be brought to a system of linear equations $$\\label{Eq1}\n(I-\\alpha_{1} B){|x\\rangle}=a_{1}{|\\lambda_{1}\\rangle},$$ $$\\label{Eq2}\n(I-\\alpha_{2}^{*}\nB){|x\\rangle}=b_{1}{|\\lambda_{2}\\rangle}+c_{1}{|\\lambda_{3}\\rangle},$$ where ${|x\\rangle}$ is a vector from $\\mathbb{C}^{4}$ that has to be determined. ", "We can introduce three vectors ${|f_{i}\\rangle}$ $(i=1,2,3)$ orthogonal to ${|\\lambda_{1}\\rangle}$ and two vectors ${|v_{i}\\rangle}$ $(i=1,2)$ orthogonal to ${|\\lambda_{2}\\rangle}$ and ${|\\lambda_{3}\\rangle}$. Projection of Eqs.", " (\\[Eq1\\]) and (\\[Eq2\\]) onto the vectors ${|f_{i}\\rangle}$ $(i=1,2,3)$ and ${|\\lambda_{1}\\rangle}$ leads to the following systems of equations $$\\label{uklad11}\n\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{l}\n{\\langlef_{i}|}I-\\alpha_{1}B{|x\\rangle}=0, \\qquad i=1,2,3,\\\\[1ex]\n{\\langle\\lambda_{1}|}I-\\alpha_{1}B{|x\\rangle}=a_{1},\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ and onto the vectors ${|v_{i}\\rangle}$ $(i=1,2)$ and ${|\\lambda_{2}\\rangle}$, and ${|\\lambda_{3}\\rangle}$ to $$\\label{uklad12}\n\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{l}\n{\\langlev_{i}|}I-\\alpha_{2}^{*}B^{\\dagger}{|x\\rangle}=0, \\qquad i=1,2,\\\\[1ex]\n{\\langle\\lambda_{2}|}I-\\alpha_{2}^{*}B^{\\dagger}{|x\\rangle}=\nb_{1}+c_{1}\\langle\\lambda_{2}|\\lambda_{3}\\rangle,\\\\[1ex]\n{\\langle\\lambda_{3}|}I-\\alpha_{2}^{*}B^{\\dagger}{|x\\rangle}\n=b_{1}\\langle\\lambda_{3}|\\lambda_{2}\\rangle+c_{1}.", "\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ The same procedure applied to the equation $a_{2}{|f(\\alpha_{2})\\rangle}={|\\widetilde{f}(\\alpha_{1}^{*},b_{2},c_{2})\\rangle}$ leads to an analogous system of equations $$\\label{uklad21}\n\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{l}\n{\\langlef_{i}|}I-\\alpha_{2}B{|y\\rangle}=0, \\qquad i=1,2,3,\\\\[1ex]\n{\\langle\\lambda_{1}|}I-\\alpha_{2}B{|y\\rangle}=a_{2},\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ $$\\label{uklad22}\n\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{l}\n{\\langlev_{i}|}I-\\alpha_{1}^{*}B^{\\dagger}{|y\\rangle}=0, \\qquad i=1,2,\\\\[1ex]\n{\\langle\\lambda_{2}|}I-\\alpha_{1}^{*}B^{\\dagger}{|y\\rangle}\n=b_{2}+c_{2}\\langle\\lambda_{2}|\\lambda_{3}\\rangle,\\\\[1ex]\n{\\langle\\lambda_{3}|}I-\\alpha_{1}^{*}B^{\\dagger}{|y\\rangle}\n=b_{2}\\langle\\lambda_{3}|\\lambda_{2}\\rangle+c_{2}.", "\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ Together, the homogenous equations in (\\[uklad11\\]), (\\[uklad12\\]), (\\[uklad21\\]), and (\\[uklad22\\]) give ten equations for eight unknowns variables $x_{i}$ and $y_{i}$ $(i=1\\ldots,4)$ being coordinates of ${|x\\rangle}$ and ${|y\\rangle}$ in some basis in $\\mathbb{C}^{4}$. From the remaining inhomogenous equations one could determine $a_{i}$, $b_{i}$, and $c_{i}$ $(i=1,2)$. The most natural and, in our opinion, easiest way to solve all the homogenous equations is to consider them separately for ${|x\\rangle}$ and ${|y\\rangle}$. For this aim let us rewrite the homogenous equations of and as $$\\label{dupa1}\n\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n{\\langlef_{i}|}I-\\alpha_{1}B{|x\\rangle}=0, \\qquad i=1,2,3,\\\\[1ex]\n{\\langlev_{i}|}I-\\alpha_{2}^{*}B^{\\dagger}{|x\\rangle}=0, \\qquad i=1,2.", "\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ They constitute five linear equations for ${|x\\rangle}$, which implies that two determinants have to vanish; we take them to involve the first three equations, together with one of the remaining two. ", "In effect each determinant has a form of a third order polynomial in $\\alpha_1$ and first order in $\\alpha_2^*$. Such a system of two polynomials has several solutions for the pairs $(\\alpha_1,\\alpha_2)$ with $\\alpha_1\\ne \\alpha_2$ (if there were a solution $\\alpha_1=\\alpha_2$, we could subtract the projector on the corresponding product vector from the state $\\varrho$ and the partially transposed one from the partially transposed state keeping the positivity of both, which is incompatible with $\\varrho$ being an edge state). ", "The remaining equations, ${\\langlef_{i}|}I-\\alpha_{2}B{|y\\rangle}=0$, with $i=1,2,3$ and ${\\langlev_{i}|}I-\\alpha_{1}^{*}B^{\\dagger}{|y\\rangle}=0$, with $i=1,2$ we obtain by replacing in (\\[dupa1\\]) ${|x\\rangle}\\to {|y\\rangle}$, and $\\alpha_1\\to\\alpha_2$. Concluding, there always exist such pairs of $\\alpha_{1}$ and $\\alpha_{2}$ that the set has a nontrivial solution. ", "Now, if the analogous set of equations for the vector ${|y\\rangle}$ has a solution for the particular $\\alpha_{1}$ and $\\alpha_{2}$ solving , but interchanged $\\alpha_{1}\\leftrightarrow \\alpha_{2}$, then we have a solution to the initial problem. ", "We cannot find the general solution to this problem and due to results of Ref. [", "@Leinaas] it is even impossible. ", "Thus, we consider some particular cases with respect to $\\alpha_{1}$ and $\\alpha_{2}$, and assuming that the solution is of some particular form we derive certain conditions that have to be satisfied by the matrix $B$ (see Eq.", " ).", "\n\nFor $\\alpha_{1}=\\infty$ and $\\alpha_{2}=0$ the homogenous equations from , , , and reduce to $$\\label{case11}\n\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n{\\langlef_{i}|}B{|x\\rangle}=0, &\\quad i=1,2,3,\\\\[1ex]\n{\\langlev_{i}|}x\\rangle=0, &\\quad i=1,2,\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ and $$\\label{case11a}\n\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n{\\langlef_{i}|}y\\rangle=0, &\\quad i=1,2,3\\\\[1ex]\n{\\langlev_{i}|}B^{\\dagger}{|y\\rangle}=0, &\\quad i=1,2.", "\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ From the first set we see that ${|x\\rangle}=\\xi{|\\lambda_{2}\\rangle}+\\eta{|\\lambda_{3}\\rangle}$, while from the second one that ${|y\\rangle}=\\mu{|\\lambda_{1}\\rangle}$. So in the case of $\\alpha_{1}=\\infty$ and $\\alpha_{2}=0$ we are able to find ${|x\\rangle}$ and ${|y\\rangle}$, however the matrix $B$ has to satisfy the conditions ${\\langlef_{i}|}B(\\xi{|\\lambda_{2}\\rangle}+\\eta{|\\lambda_{3}\\rangle})=0$ with $i=1,2,3$ and ${\\langlev_{i}|}B^{\\dagger}{|\\lambda_{1}\\rangle}=0$ for $i=1,2$. In the case $\\alpha_{1}=0$ and $0\\neq\\alpha_{2}\\neq\\infty$ we have $$\\label{case21}\n\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n{\\langlef_{i}|}x\\rangle=0, &\\quad i=1,2,3,\\\\[0.5ex]\n{\\langlev_{i}|}I-\\alpha_{2}^{*}B^{\\dagger}{|x\\rangle}=0, &\\quad i=1,2,\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ and $$\\label{case22}\n\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n{\\langlef_{i}|}I-\\alpha_{2}B{|y\\rangle}=0, &\\quad i=1,2,3,\\\\[0.5ex]\n{\\langlev_{i}|}y\\rangle=0, &\\quad i=1,2.", "\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ Here, analogously to the previous case, one has ${|x\\rangle}=\\widetilde{\\mu}{|\\lambda_{1}\\rangle}$ and ${|y\\rangle}=\\widetilde{\\xi}{|\\lambda_{2}\\rangle}+\\widetilde{\\eta}{|\\lambda_{3}\\rangle}$. Inserting the above forms of ${|x\\rangle}$ and ${|y\\rangle}$ to Eqs. (", "\\[case21\\]) and (\\[case22\\]) we obtain five conditions for the matrix $B$. More precisely, we have ${\\langlev_{i}|}I-\\alpha_{2}^{*}B^{\\dagger}{|\\lambda_{1}\\rangle}=0$ with $i=1,2$ and ${\\langlef_{i}|}I-\\alpha_{2}B(\\widetilde{\\xi}{|\\lambda_{2}\\rangle}+\\widetilde{\\eta}{|\\lambda_{3}\\rangle})=0$ for $i=1,2,3$. Finally in the case of $\\alpha_{1}=\\infty$ and $0\\neq \\alpha_{2}\\neq \\infty$ the systems of equations reads $$\\label{sys1Homa}\n\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n{\\langlef_{i}|}B{|x\\rangle}=0, &\\quad i=1,2,3,\\\\[1ex]\n{\\langlev_{i}|}I-\\alpha_{2}^{*}B^{\\dagger}{|x\\rangle}=0, &\\quad i=1,2,\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ and $$\\label{sys2Homa}\n\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n{\\langlef_{i}|}I-\\alpha_{2}B{|y\\rangle}=0, &\\quad i=1,2,3,\\\\[1ex]\n{\\langlev_{i}|}B^{\\dagger}{|y\\rangle}=0, &\\quad i=1,2.", "\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$ All the provided equations in each of the above cases are obviously equipped with conditions of vanishing determinants.", "\n\nMulti–qubit PPT extremal states {#SecV}\n===============================\n\nIt seems interesting to extend the criterion to the case of many–qubits states. ", "In what follows we discuss how it can be applied to the general three and symmetric four qubit states with all partial transposes positive (hereafter PPT states). ", "As we will see in both cases we deal with an intersection of three convex sets. ", "Let us then discuss how extremal points appear when three convex sets $S_{1}$, $S_{2}$, and $S_{3}$ intersect provided that $S_{1}\\cap S_{2}\\cap S_{3}$ is not an empty set. ", "Following the observation formulated in the previous sections (we can apply it recursively to the pair of sets $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$, and then to the pair $S_{1}\\cap S_{2}$, and $S_{3}$) one sees that in general the set of extremal points of $S_{1}\\cap S_{2}\\cap S_{3}$ consists of (i) extremal points of one of these three sets, (ii) points that appear as an intersection of faces of [*two*]{} of these three sets (but are elements of the interior of the remaining set) and are not extremal in any of them, (iii) points that appear as an intersection of faces of all the sets.", "\n\nThree qubits\n------------\n\nAt the beginning let us notice that separability properties in three-qubit systems were thoroughly studied in Ref. [", "@22N]. ", "Then all these states were classified in Ref. [", "@3qu].", "\n\nLet now $\\mathcal{D}^{\\mathrm{PPT}}_{2,2,2}$ be the set (obviously convex) of all three–qubit states having all partial transposes positive. ", "It is clear that positivity of all partial transposes is equivalent to positivity of arbitrary two elementary subsystems, say $A$ and $B$ (positivity of the remaining partial transposes $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{C}}$, $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{AC}}$, and $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{BC}}$ is then guaranteed [*via* ]{} the positivity of the global transpose). ", "Consequently, $\\mathcal{D}^{\\mathrm{PPT}}_{2,2,2}$ is intersection of three convex sets, namely, the set of all three–qubit density matrices denoted by $\\mathcal{D}_{2,2,2}$ and two sets $\\mathcal{D}_{2,2,2}^{\\Gamma_{A}}$ and $\\mathcal{D}_{2,2,2}^{\\Gamma_{B}}$ containing partially transposed three–qubit density matrices with respect to the $A$ and $B$ subsystem, respectively.", "\n\nBy $k$, $l$, and $m$ we denote ranks of $\\varrho$, $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}}$, and $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{B}}$, respectively (generically $1\\leq k,l,m\\leq 8$, however, we can exclude the rank one cases as they are already extremal). ", "First, let us recall that it was shown in Ref. [", "@22N] that every three–qubit state $\\varrho$ with $r(\\varrho)\\leq 3$ supported on $\\mathbb{C}^{2}{\\otimes}\\mathbb{C}^{2}{\\otimes}\\mathbb{C}^{2}$ is fully separable. ", "Thus we can assume that $r(\\varrho),r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}}),r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{B}})\\geq 4$ as the same arguments can be applied to $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}}$ and $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{B}}$. Then, it should be noticed that any three-qubit state can be treated as $2{\\otimes}4$ state with respect to the partitions $A|BC$, $B|AC$, and $C|AB$. This, due to results of Ref. [", "@2xN] means that every three-qubit PPT state with rank $r(\\varrho)=4$ is separable across all the above cuts. ", "However, an example of a state separable across $A|BC$, $B|AC$, and $C|AB$ cuts but nevertheless entangled was provided in Ref. [", "@UPB] (the bound entanglement constructed from the so–called unextendible product basis), which as we will see later is extremal in $\\mathcal{D}_{2,2,2}^{\\mathrm{PPT}}$. Thus in what follows we can put $k,l,m\\geq 4$.\n\nNow, we can follow analogous reasoning as in the bipartite case and obtain the inequality $k^{2}+l^{2}+m^{2}>65$, which if satisfied implies existence of such a Hermitian matrix $H$ that $\\widetilde{\\varrho}(\\epsilon)=\\varrho\\pm\\epsilon H$ is a density matrix for some nonzero $\\epsilon$ with all partial transposes positive and the same ranks $k,l,m$ (and thus $\\varrho$ of such ranks cannot be extremal). ", "Below we consider only such triples that satisfy $k\\leq l\\leq m$ as the remaining ones one obtains by permuting the ranks $k,l,m$. It follows immediately from this inequality that there do not exist PPT extremal states of the second kind (see the discussion at the beginning of Sec. ", "\\[SecV\\]). ", "This is because if one of the ranks is maximal the inequality becomes $i^{2}+j^{2}>1$ $(i,j=k,l,m)$ and is always satisfied. ", "On the other hand, application of this inequality to the cases when all ranks are not maximal allows to exclude the following cases $(4,4,6)$, $(4,4,7)$, $(4,5,5)$, $(4,5,6)$, $(4,5,7)$, $(4,6,6)$, $(4,6,7)$, and $(4,7,7)$. As a result the only cases that remain are $(4,4,4)$ and $(4,4,5)$. In the first case an example of extremal PPTES was given in [@UPB]. ", "To see it explicitly one may prove a similar statement to the theorem from Sec. ", "\\[SecIIIB\\]. ", "Namely, adapting its proof and utilizing the results of Ref. [", "@22N] we get the following theorem.", "\n\n[*Theorem 2.*]{} ", "Any three-qubit PPT entangled state supported on $\\mathbb{C}^{2}{\\otimes}\\mathbb{C}^{2}{\\otimes}\\mathbb{C}^{2}$ with ranks $r(\\varrho)=r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})=r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{B}})=4$ is extremal in $\\mathcal{D}_{2,2,2}^{\\mathrm{PPT}}$.\n\nSince, by construction the three-qubit bound entangled state from Ref. [", "@UPB] is an edge state it has to be extremal in $\\mathcal{D}_{2,2,2}^{\\mathrm{PPT}}$ of type $(4,4,4)$.\n\nFour qubits in a symmetric state\n--------------------------------\n\nIn the case of four qubits we restrict our discussion only to the states acting on $\\mathcal{S}((\\mathbb{C}^{2})^{{\\otimes}4})$, which is a subspace of $(\\mathbb{C}^{2})^{{\\otimes}4}$ consisting of all pure states symmetric under permutation of any subset of parties (let us call such states symmetric). ", "General $N$-qubit symmetric states were recently investigated in numerous papers (see e.g. Refs. [", "@Eckert; @Korbicz; @UshaDevi; @Guhne]).", "\n\nOne of the motivations to study four-qubit symmetric states comes from a long–standing open question whether there exist such states with positive partial transpose with respect to all subsystems. ", "If it were so there would also exist extremal PPT symmetric states. ", "Notice that such states, however, with higher number of qubits were found very recently in Ref. [", "@Guhne]. ", "In what follows we would like to discuss what are the possible cases with respect to ranks of respective partial transposes for which there could exist entangled PPT extremal symmetric states.", "\n\nNotice relaxing the PPT condition to two–party transposes only as for instance $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{AB}}\\geq 0$ and leaving the possibility that single–particle partial transposes are nonpositive, it is possible to find four–partite bound entangled symmetric state [@Smolin] which even allows for maximal violation of Bell inequality [@RAPH]. ", "Interestingly, this state was very recently realized experimentally [@Amselem].", "\n\nLet us discuss firstly some of the properties of mixed states acting on $\\mathcal{S}((\\mathbb{C}^{2})^{{\\otimes}4})$. Clearly, it is spanned by the vectors ${|0\\rangle}^{{\\otimes}4}$, ${|1\\rangle}^{{\\otimes}4}$, ${|W\\rangle}$, ${|\\overline{W}\\rangle}$, and $(1/\\sqrt{6})({|0011\\rangle}+{|0101\\rangle}+{|1001\\rangle}+{|1010\\rangle}+{|1100\\rangle}+{|0110\\rangle}),$ where ${|W\\rangle}$ is the so–called $W$ state ${|W\\rangle}=(1/2)({|0001\\rangle}+{|0010\\rangle}+{|0100\\rangle}+{|1000\\rangle})$ and ${|\\overline{W}\\rangle}$ is obtained from ${|W\\rangle}$ by replacing zeros with ones and [*vice versa*]{}. ", "Consequently, all symmetric four–qubit density matrices have ranks at most five. ", "It also follows from the above that there are only two relevant partial transposes defining set of PPT symmetric states. ", "Namely, positivity of partial transpose with respect to a single subsystem (two subsystems) means positivity of partial transposes with respect to all single subsystems $A,B,C,D$ (arbitrary pairs of subsystems $AB$, $AC$, etc.). ", "The three–party partial transposes are equivalent to the single–party partial transposes [*via*]{} the global transposition. ", "Hence, as in the case of three–qubits, the set of PPT symmetric states is an intersection of three sets, namely, the set of symmetric density matrices and the sets of partial transpositions of the latter with respect to the $A$ and $AB$ subsystem, respectively. ", "So, there are three relevant parameters, $r(\\varrho)$, $r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})$, and $r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{AB}})$. Using the fact that we deal with the symmetric states we can easily impose bounds on these three ranks. ", "We already know that $r(\\varrho)\\leq 5$. Then, since $\\mathcal{S}((\\mathbb{C}^{2})^{{\\otimes}4})$ is a subspace of $\\mathbb{C}^{2}{\\otimes}\\mathbb{C}^{4}$ (the $A$ subsystem acts on $\\mathbb{C}^{2}$ and the remaining $BCD$ subsystems act on $\\mathbb{C}^{4}$) it holds that $r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})\\leq 8$. On the other hand, $\\mathcal{S}((\\mathbb{C}^{2})^{{\\otimes}4})$ is also a subspace of $\\mathbb{C}^{3}{\\otimes}\\mathbb{C}^{3}$ (the two–party subsystems $AB$ and $CD$ act on $\\mathbb{C}^{3}$) and hence $r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{AB}})\\leq 9$.\n\nFurther constraints on the ranks can be imposed by utilizing results of Refs. [", "@2xN] and [@Eckert]. ", "First of all from Ref. [", "@Eckert] we know that any PPT $N$–qubit ($N>3$) state acting on $\\mathcal{S}((\\mathbb{C}^{2})^{{\\otimes}N})$ with $r(\\varrho)\\leq N$ is fully separable, i.e., it can be written as $$\\label{fullySep}\n\\varrho=\\sum_{i}p_{i}\\varrho_{A_{1}}^{(i)}{\\otimes}\\ldots{\\otimes}\\varrho_{A_{N}}^{(i)}.$$ This implies immediately that we can restrict our considerations to $r(\\varrho)=5$. The same reasoning can be applied to $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}}$ and consequently $r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})\\geq 5$. Finally, we can treat $\\sigma=\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{AB}}$ as a three–partite PPT state acting on $\\mathbb{C}^{2}{\\otimes}\\mathbb{C}^{2}{\\otimes}\\mathbb{C}^{3}$ (recall that $\\mathcal{S}(\\mathbb{C}^{2}{\\otimes}\\mathbb{C}^{2})$ is isomorphic to $\\mathbb{C}^{3}$). ", "It follows from Ref. [", "@22N] that if $r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{AB}})\\leq\n3$ then $\\sigma$ is a three–partite fully separable (see Eq. (", "\\[fullySep\\])) and thus, [*via*]{} reasoning from Ref. [", "@Eckert] $\\varrho$ is a four–party fully separable state. ", "Therefore we can assume that $r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{AB}})\\geq 4$.\n\nLet us now pass to the criterion. ", "The Hermitian matrix we look for has to be also symmetric as we need the condition $R(H)\\subseteq\nR(\\varrho)$ to be satisfied. ", "Consequently $r(H)\\leq 5$ and we have at most 25 parameters to determine. ", "The condition for $r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})$ and $r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{AB}})$ under which $H$ exists can be straightforwardly determined as in the previous cases and reads $[r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})]^{2}+[r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{AB}})]^{2}>121$, where one follows from the normalization condition. ", "It implies that there are no symmetric PPT extremal states with the following triples of ranks $(5,7,9)$, $(5,8,8)$, $(5,8,9)$ (this agrees with the fact that points being interiors points of two sets and not the extremal point of the third one cannot be extremal points of an intersection of these three sets). ", "All this implies that we have the following ranks for which it is possible that symmetric four–qubit PPT entangled and extremal states exist: $r(\\varrho)=5$, $5\\leq r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})\\leq 7$, and $4\\leq\nr(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{AB}})\\leq 8$.\n\nStill, however, by virtue of Refs. [", "@2xN] and [@Eckert] further simplifications can be inferred. ", "For instance we can treat $\\sigma=\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}}$ as a $2{\\otimes}6$ density matrix with respect to the cut $B|ACD$. Now, if $\\sigma$ is supported on $\\mathbb{C}^{2}{\\otimes}\\mathbb{C}^{p}$ $(3< p\\leq 6)$ then if follows from Ref. [", "@2xN] that the condition $r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})>p$ has to be satisfied. ", "Notice that for $r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})=p$, $\\sigma$ is separable across $B|ACD$ and therefore $\\varrho$ is fully separable. ", "To see this explicitly let us notice that $\\varrho$ can be written as $\\varrho=\\sum_{i}p_{i}{{|e_{B}^{(i)}\\rangle}\\!{\\langlee_{B}^{(i)}|}}{\\otimes}{{|\\psi^{(i)}_{ACB}\\rangle}\\!{\\langle\\psi^{(i)}_{ACB}|}}^{\\Gamma_{A}}$. Then, it suffices to utilize the fact that tracing out the $A$ subsystem we get three-qubit symmetric density matrix which is separable across the $B|CD$ cut. ", "Finally, utilizing similar approach as the one in Ref. [", "@Eckert] one sees that $\\varrho$ has to be fully separable. ", "Analogous arguments work also in the case of $\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{AB}}$ with respect to e.g. $C|ABD$ cut.", "\n\nIn view of what was just said it seems then that generically the only possible cases with respect to ranks $(r(\\varrho),r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}}),r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{AB}}))$ are $(5,7,7)$, and $(5,7,8)$.\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nLet us discuss shortly the presented results. ", "Once more we need to stress that in principle due to results of Gurvits [@Gurvits] and Doherty [@Doherty1] the problem of separability in lower dimensional Hilbert spaces can be regarded as solved. ", "Still however, it seems that some progress can be achieved in systems like $3{\\otimes}3$ or $2{\\otimes}4$. Here one knows that except the states that are detected by the transposition map (NPT states) there are also entangled states with positive partial transposition. ", "As we do not have any unique structural criterion that could detect these PPT states, an attempt to learn about the geometry of the set of PPT states in the lower dimensional systems like $2{\\otimes}4$ or $3{\\otimes}3$ seems interesting. ", "Some progress in this direction in $3{\\otimes}3$ systems has recently been obtained in Refs.", " [@HaKyePark; @Ha2; @Lieven; @Ha2007], where new classes of the edge states have been found for all possible configurations of ranks of a density matrix and its partial transposition. ", "What is even more important examples of these states with bi–ranks $(4,4)$, $(5,5)$, and $(6,6)$ were shown to be extremal in the set of PPT states in Refs. [", "@HaKyePark; @Kim; @Ha].", "\n\nThe main purpose of the paper was to study extremality in the convex set of PPT states in qubit–ququart systems and the main purpose was to provide a operational criterion allowing to judge if a given $\\varrho$ is extremal. ", "At the proof stage we learned, however, about Ref. [", "@Leinaas] (see also Ref. [", "@Ha]) in which similar criterion has already been given. ", "In this work we have provided our formulation of the criterion. ", "It reduces the question of extremality to the problem of solving a system of linear equations. ", "Using this approach we have reconstructed the known literature results, i.e., that there are no extremal states in $\\mathcal{D}_{2,4}^{\\mathrm{PPT}}$ ranks of which satisfy $r(\\varrho)+r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})\\geq 12$ (except for the case of $r(\\varrho)=r(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})=6$). ", "We have investigated the remaining cases of the bi–rank $(5,5)$, $(5,6)$, and $(6,6)$. In the case of $(6,6)$ the criterion shows that there are no extremal states. ", "In the case of bi–rank $(5,5)$ we proved that all the $(5,5)$ edge states are extremal in $\\mathcal{D}_{2,4}^{\\mathrm{PPT}}$ implying that the famous Horodecki PPT states [@PHPLA] are extremal. ", "On the other hand, existence of PPT entangled extremal states of bi–rank $(5,6)$ has been confirmed numerically in Ref. [", "@Leinaas], however, without giving explicit examples. ", "It means that in the $2{\\otimes}4$ systems only the PPT entangled states of bi–rank $(5,5)$ and $(5,6)$ can be extremal. ", "We have also provided a class of states that for some parameter region are $(5,6)$ edge states, while for some other parameter region they constitute other examples of $(5,5)$ extremal states.", "\n\nUsing the criterion, we have made an attempt to study the structure of $(5,6)$ PPT states. ", "For any $(5,6)$ $\\varrho$ we provided such a Hermitian $H$ that $R(H)\\subseteq R(\\varrho)$, while the condition $R(H^{\\Gamma_{A}})\\subseteq\nR(\\varrho^{\\Gamma_{A}})$ holds if some corresponding set of linear equations has a solution. ", "We asked what are the conditions imposed on the matrix $B$ (see Eq.", " (\\[2x4\\])) if the solutions are of some particular form. ", "It is shown that whenever $B$ satisfies the corresponding conditions the solution to the system of equations exists.", "\n\nFinally, we extended our considerations on extremality to the simple systems of many-qubits as general three-qubit and four-qubit symmetric PPT states. ", "In the first case we have shown that the only cases with respect to the respective ranks in which one may expect extremal PPTES are $(4,4,4)$ and $(4,4,5)$.\n\nWe are grateful to J. M. Leinaas for bringing our attention to Ref. [", "@Leinaas]. ", "R. A. acknowledges discussion with J. Stasińska. ", "We acknowledge Spanish MEC/MINCIN projects TOQATA (FIS2008-00784) and QOIT (Consolider Ingenio 2010), ESF/MEC project FERMIX (FIS2007-29996-E), EU Integrated Project SCALA, EU STREP project NAMEQUAM, ERC Advanced Grant QUAGATUA, and Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Senior Research Prize.", "\n\n[0]{}\n\nR. Horodecki, M. Horodecki, P. Horodecki, and K. Horodecki, Rev. Mod. ", "Phys. 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{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Headlines\n\nD’Angelo Russell Expected To Miss 2-3 Weeks\n\nThe Los Angeles Lakers announced that point guard D’Angelo Russell is expected to miss a “minimum of two weeks” after receiving a PRP injection in his left knee this afternoon. ", "Russell (16.1 PPG, 4.8 APG, 3.4 RPG in 2016-17) had missed two of the Lakers’ past three games and appeared to have limited mobility in the 23 minutes he played against the Chicago Bulls last Sunday.", "\n\nThe recovery time for Platelet Rich Plasma injections varies depending upon the severity of the injury and the individual, but Russell is expected to be re-evaluated in one week. ", "Veteran point guard Jose Calderon filled in for Russell in their last game (12 points, six rebounds, four assists in a win over the visiting OKC Thunder), but the team does have several additional options in the event that Russell’s recovery period goes a bit longer than initially anticipated.", "\n\nBeyond also having seldom-used veteran Marcelo Huertas, Jordan Clarkson (14.9 PPG, 2.3 APG, 2.7 RPG) also has experience running the point. ", "Clarkson may have embraced a role more focused on providing scoring through the first 15 games, but he could be asked to focus on playmaking and generating offense for other players a bit more throughout this stretch.", "\n\nCoach Luke Walton has continued to encourage rookie Brandon Ingram to initiate the offense and take advantage of his ability to create thus far, so it also leaves the additional option of moving the 6’9 small forward into the starting rotation in order to further balance things if they so choose. ", "In addition to potentially allowing Ingram to have even more of an impact on the way the team starts offensively, he might also be able to help slow some of the opposing perimeter scorers down before they get into a rhythm.", "\n\nRussell’s loss will be tough as the offense has appeared a bit more stagnant and over-reliant upon iso-sets over stretches of the past few games, but this team has already proven to be pretty resilient over just the first few weeks of the season and does have one of the deeper rotations." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "nnes?", "\n0.0000000000007424927\nHow many milligrams are there in 9153.835 nanograms?", "\n0.009153835\nHow many years are there in fourty-six fifths of a century?", "\n920\nHow many nanograms are there in 0.9896438 tonnes?", "\n989643800000000\nWhat is 674512.4 years in months?", "\n8094148.8\nHow many millimeters are there in fourty-eight fifths of a meter?", "\n9600\nHow many hours are there in 5134538.7ns?", "\n0.00000142626075\nConvert 97.27197 hours to seconds.", "\n350179.092\nWhat is 18/5 of a litre in millilitres?", "\n3600\nWhat is 1/4 of a tonne in kilograms?", "\n250\nWhat is thirty-seven halves of a millennium in years?", "\n18500\nHow many nanometers are there in 3/40 of a micrometer?", "\n75\nConvert 2.47846 millilitres to litres.", "\n0.00247846\nHow many microseconds are there in one tenth of a millisecond?", "\n100\nWhat is seven eighths of a decade in months?", "\n105\nHow many nanograms are there in one tenth of a microgram?", "\n100\nWhat is twenty-one fifths of a centimeter in millimeters?", "\n42\nHow many milligrams are there in 22746.65ug?", "\n22.74665\nConvert 49180.24 millimeters to kilometers.", "\n0.04918024\nHow many millimeters are there in 0.3651697km?", "\n365169.7\nWhat is 1/10 of a century in months?", "\n120\nHow many milligrams are there in one twentieth of a kilogram?", "\n50000\nHow many grams are there in 1/20 of a kilogram?", "\n50\nHow many nanograms are there in fifteen quarters of a microgram?", "\n3750\nWhat is 3/8 of a litre in millilitres?", "\n375\nWhat is 9440.841 meters in micrometers?", "\n9440841000\nWhat is three tenths of a decade in months?", "\n36\nWhat is 8.041225m in kilometers?", "\n0.008041225\nWhat is 7257.991 decades in millennia?", "\n72.57991\nHow many nanograms are there in 3/32 of a milligram?", "\n93750\nWhat is seventeen halves of a millimeter in micrometers?", "\n8500\nHow many litres are there in 457559.5 millilitres?", "\n457.5595\nHow many micrometers are there in 7/2 of a centimeter?", "\n35000\nHow many years are there in 8.771132 decades?", "\n87.71132\nConvert 0.9930204us to milliseconds.", "\n0.0009930204\nConvert 2.64474nm to millimeters.", "\n0.00000264474\nWhat is 57627.34 nanometers in meters?", "\n0.00005762734\nWhat is 21.052917 months in millennia?", "\n0.00175440975\nWhat is five eighths of a litre in millilitres?", "\n625\nWhat is nine fourteenths of a week in minutes?", "\n6480\nHow many micrograms are there in 27/4 of a milligram?", "\n6750\nHow many centuries are there in 6/5 of a millennium?", "\n12\nWhat is 6432.06 tonnes in nanograms?", "\n6432060000000000000\nWhat is 23.16171l in millilitres?", "\n23161.71\nConvert 792.2118 millilitres to litres.", "\n0.7922118\nHow many millennia are there in 0.1158325 years?", "\n0.0001158325\nWhat is 3.3258 nanograms in kilograms?", "\n0.0000000000033258\nWhat is 9/10 of a micrometer in nanometers?", "\n900\nConvert 87.16675 decades to years.", "\n871.6675\nWhat is fourty-six fifths of a century in decades?", "\n92\nConvert 0.1067557km to micrometers.", "\n106755700\nWhat is 3/10 of a litre in millilitres?", "\n300\nWhat is 0.1286162 micrograms in kilograms?", "\n0.0000000001286162\nHow many millilitres are there in 31/2 of a litre?", "\n15500\nWhat is 456575.5 nanoseconds in seconds?", "\n0.0004565755\nWhat is 7368.144ms in nanoseconds?", "\n7368144000\nHow many seconds are there in 7/16 of a hour?", "\n1575\nHow many nanoseconds are there in 0.897396 minutes?", "\n53843760000\nConvert 3.063933ml to litres.", "\n0.003063933\nWhat is 6/25 of a litre in millilitres?", "\n240\nHow many millimeters are there in fourty-nine quarters of a meter?", "\n12250\nConvert 7.610367 seconds to nanoseconds.", "\n7610367000\nHow many months are there in fifteen quarters of a millennium?", "\n45000\nWhat is 3/10 of a microgram in nanograms?", "\n300\nHow many months are there in 1/6 of a millennium?", "\n2000\nHow many months are there in twenty-one quarters of a century?", "\n6300\nWhat is 1/6 of a hour in seconds?", "\n600\nConvert 857.099cm to nanometers.", "\n8570990000\nWhat is 3/10 of a second in milliseconds?", "\n300\nWhat is 24852.27l in millilitres?", "\n24852270\nHow many litres are there in 215.363 millilitres?", "\n0.215363\nHow many grams are there in 4.635004 kilograms?", "\n4635.004\nWhat is fifty-nine fifths of a minute in seconds?", "\n708\nWhat is 8.597168l in millilitres?", "\n8597.168\nHow many micrometers are there in 354.0091 meters?", "\n354009100\nHow many micrometers are there in twenty-seven fifths of a centimeter?", "\n54000\nHow many millimeters are there in 3/10 of a centimeter?", "\n3\nHow many tonnes are there in 895.7139 grams?", "\n0.0008957139\nWhat is 206849.3s in microseconds?", "\n206849300000\nWhat is 2/15 of a century in months?", "\n160\nHow many hours are there in 28.431585 seconds?", "\n0.0078976625\nHow many micrograms are there in one tenth of a milligram?", "\n100\nHow many centimeters are there in 5/8 of a kilometer?", "\n62500\nHow many microseconds are there in 31/2 of a millisecond?", "\n15500\nHow many kilometers are there in 71.89848 nanometers?", "\n0.00000000007189848\nHow many grams are there in 3/10 of a kilogram?", "\n300\nWhat is 32/5 of a meter in centimeters?", "\n640\nHow many months are there in 1/30 of a century?", "\n40\nConvert 0.9399049 kilometers to millimeters.", "\n939904.9\nWhat is 32.0797 weeks in days?", "\n224.5579\nConvert 6.24477 kilograms to grams.", "\n6244.77\nWhat is 15/16 of a centimeter in micrometers?", "\n9375\nWhat is 6/25 of a gram in milligrams?", "\n240\nHow many millennia are there in 36.6678 months?", "\n0.00305565\nWhat is 1/10 of a milligram in nanograms?", "\n100000\nWhat is 200.47578ms in minutes?", "\n0.003341263\nConvert 296526.3 millennia to centuries.", "\n2965263\nHow many milligrams are there in 3/40 of a gram?", "\n75\nConvert 54.31157ml to litres.", "\n0.05431157\nWhat is 0.8537423 millilitres in litres?", "\n0.0008537423\nWhat is 15/4 of a century in months?", "\n4500\nWhat is thirteen fifths of a century in months?", "\n3120\nWhat is 59.70788 millilitres in litres?", "\n0.05970788\nWhat is thirteen quarters of a tonne in kilograms?", "\n3250\nWhat is sixty-seven fifths of a litre in millilitres?", "\n13400\nHow many millilitres are there in 25/2 of a litre?", "\n12500\nWhat is 5/8 of a litre in millilitres?", "\n625\nHow many minutes are there in 8/3 of a hour?", "\n160\nHow many litres are there in 33.73828 millilitres?", "\n0.03373828\nWhat is 3/10 of a centimeter in micrometers?", "\n3000\nConvert 77072.57 litres to millilitres.", "\n77072570\nHow many millilitres are there in 54.58333 litres?", "\n54583.33\nWhat is 44.79901 nanograms in micrograms?", "\n0.04479901\nConvert 39.42389 centimeters to kilometers.", "\n0.0003942389\nWhat is 11/4 of a meter in millimeters?", "\n2750\nWhat is twenty-six fifths of a millennium in years?", "\n5200\nWhat is twenty-six fifths of a millennium in years?", "\n5200\nHow many millilitres are there in fourty-seven quarters of a litre?", "\n11750\nWhat is 31.62562mm in kilometers?", "\n0.00003162562\nWhat is 1/5 of a millennium in months?", "\n2400\nWhat is 11/2 of a meter in millimeters?", "\n5500\nHow many seconds are there in two ninths of a hour?", "\n800\nWhat is 196716.7cm in kilometers?", "\n1.967167\nHow many centuries are there in 0.8743989 years?", "\n0.008743989\nWhat is 7/2 of a kilometer in meters?", "\n3500\nWhat is seven quarters of a litre in millilitres?", "\n1750\nConvert 64163.85 litres to millilitres.", "\n64163850\nWhat is 46732.76 days in seconds?", "\n4037710464\nWhat is seventeen halves of a microgram in nanograms?", "\n8500\nHow many kilograms are there in 52/5 of a tonne?", "\n10400\nWhat is 91392.48 millilitres in litres?", "\n91.39248\nWhat is fourty-eight fifths of a centimeter in millimeters?", "\n96\nWhat is 6/5 of a meter in millimeters?", "\n1200\nWhat is eighteen fifths of a week in minutes?", "\n36288\nWhat is six fifths of a litre in millilitres?", "\n1200\nWhat is 3/25 of a kilometer in meters?", "\n120\nHow many millilitres are there in fourty-five quarters of a litre?", "\n11250\nWhat is 1/10 of a gram in milligrams?", "\n100\nWhat is 29701.341ns in minutes?", "\n0.00000049502235\nHow many centuries are there in 2441102.7 months?", "\n2034.25225\nHow many kilograms are there in twenty-one halves of a tonne?", "\n10500\nConvert 64669846.5us to weeks.", "\n0.00010692765625\nHow many kilometers are there in 24.85455 meters?", "\n0.02485455\nHow many millennia are there in 421088.6 decades?", "\n4210.886\nWhat is 15.177819ms in minutes?", "\n0.00025296365\nConvert 651.1698ns to milliseconds.", "\n0.0006511698\nWhat is twenty-one halves of a milligram in micrograms?", "\n10500\nHow many micrometers are there in one sixteenth of a centimeter?", "\n625\nHow many minutes are there in 2/15 of a hour?", "\n8\nWhat is 18/5 of a centimeter in micrometers?", "\n36000\nHow many litres are there in 7.63084ml?", "\n0.00763084\nWhat is twenty-one quarters of a century in months?", "\n6300\nHow many grams are there in 1/20 of a tonne?", "\n50000\nHow many millimeters a" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "711 F.2d 1051\nPopposv.", "Young\n82-1600\nUNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Fourth Circuit\n6/6/83\n\n1\nD.Md.", "\n\nAFFIRMED\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.0011938103707507253, 0.0007894340669736266, 0.0008300252957269549 ]

[ "Streets of Afghanistan Exhibitions a Success!", "\n\n\"Vision without action is merely a dream. ", "Action without vision just passes the time. ", "Vision with action can change the world.\" - ", "Joel A. Barker\n\nAgainst the odds, Mountain2Mountain completed 5 public exhibitions and 2 photo stagings at historic sites over the past two weeks in Afghanistan.", "\n\nThe first was a staging at Kabul's historic Darulamon Palace.", "\n\nThe show with the most smiles, jokes, and community engagement was in the village of Istalif.", "\n\nThe biggest was at Barbur Gardens in Kabul where over 1000 Afghans came through on the second day of Eid.", "\n\nBut the most poignant was perhaps at Massoud's Tomb in Panjshir on a hilltop surrounded by mountains overlooking the valley.", "\n\nAdditional shows at the Kabul Zoo, and the Women's Garden, and a final show at the US Embassy in conjunction with a rooftop rock concert with Afghan metal band, District Unknown to celebrate Daniel Pearl round off an amazingly successful series of exhibitions that made my heart happy to see a four year endeavor come to fruition in such a powerful way.", "\n\nIn the end, the goal was to show that art has a place in a conflict zones. ", "That Afghans deserve the same access to art and beauty that we all crave. ", "That shows like this can be done safely and publicly in Afghanistan, and should. ", "Art has the power to inspire and create a ripple of change that resonates through communities. ", "Public art serves the purpose of bringing art out of private places and into public spaces among people that are least likely to engage with art.", "\n\nThe space for art in Afghanistan emerging with graffiti artists, rock musicians, and a beautiful addition of Kabul to the worldwide global project Inside Out by JR. ", "Step by step this country can be more than it is today - and art and voice play heavily in engaging community and combating apathy. ", "It was such an honor to be part of this emerging community of artists and dreamers.", "\n\nThank you all for your involvement and your incredible vision to make this a reality!! ", "We couldn't have done this without you!! ", "To read more about the individual exhibitions, see more photos, and get a peek behind the journey in Afghanistan - check out the Field Notes blog at www.mountain2mountain.wordpress.com\n\nComments\n\nwonderful - your vision together with action and everyone's loving support ( including dollars ! ) ", "helped create your dream. ", "It's terrific being able to see the art work in various locations. ", "I am sorry I could not be there with you to experience it first hand! ", "Viviane" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "TV Pilots Spent $298 Million in L.A. During Yearly Development Cycle\n\nFilmL.A. reports that during the recent pilot production season, the L.A. area attracted 45 percent of all network, broadcast and digital pilot production.", "\n\nNinety-one TV pilots — 21 dramas and 70 comedies — were filmed in the Los Angeles region during the 2015 pilot season, FilmL.A. announced Tuesday as it issued its annual report on pilot production.", "\n\nWhile L.A. saw its overall slice of the pilot-production pie fall below 50 percent for the second year in a row, it still attracted far more pilots than competitors like New York, Vancouver, Toronto and Atlanta.", "\n\nThose 91 pilots represented the fourth-largest tally in L.A. history, though that was still 10 fewer projects than were shot in L.A. during the peak year of 2004-05.", "\n\nLos Angeles attracted 45 percent of all 202 pilots mounted during the most recent pilot season, but it still remained the top location for pilots. ", "Of the 111 other pilots filmed outside of L.A. — 90 of which were one-hour dramas — 25 were shot in New York, 16 in Vancouver, nine each in Atlanta and Toronto, and eight in Louisiana.", "\n\nIn terms of economic impact, FilmL.A., which oversees permits for on-location filming in the L.A. area, estimated that approximately $298 million was spent on television pilot production in Los Angeles during the 2014-15 development cycle, a slight increase over the $290 million spent in L.A. during the previous cycle. ", "It also reported that pilot production costs have risen to about $2 million for a comedy pilot and $6 million to $9 million for a drama pilot.", "\n\nNoting the changing media landscape, the report used the word “pilot” to refer to scripted programs, shot both on location and on soundstages, intended for primetime, whether on broadcast or cable. ", "It also included original web series, but not animated pilot productions. ", "For shows that got a straight-to-series rather than a simple pilot order, the study included the first episode of straight-to-series productions.", "\n\nFor the first time, in this year’s report, FilmL.A. broke out the number of pilots for digital series airing on outlets like Amazon and Netflix — they previously had been grouped together with cable projects. ", "During the 2011-12 cycle, just one pilot was produced for a digital network. ", "For the 2014-15 cycle, the study found 26 pilots produced for digital networks: 13 for Amazon, 10 for Netflix, two for Hulu and one for PlayStation Network.", "\n\nOf the 176 nondigital pilots, 85 were for cable and 91 for network.", "\n\nSurveying genres, the studio found that the L.A. region attracted 19 percent of all drama pilots, up from a 17 percent share in the previous cycle. ", "That meant, though, that for every lucrative drama pilot shot in L.A., four others were shot elsewhere, generally in locales that offered the lure of tax incentives.", "\n\nL.A. had a much stronger hold on comedy pilots, commanding a 77 percent share, up slightly from 76 percent in the previous cycle, and, the report observed, aside from New York, other regions have not been as effective in attracting comedy pilots through the use of tax incentives." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Hypomelanosis of Ito: association with a chromosomal abnormality.", "\nWe report the clinical and neuroradiologic findings and the association of a chromosome abnormality, t(2,8), with a case of hypomelanosis of Ito (incontinentia pigmenti achromians). ", "Chromosome anomalies have not been previously recognized in this genetically determined, neurocutaneous disorder." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0011547605972737074, 0.0007244676817208529, 0.0020868072751909494 ]

[ "Limit by status:\n\nTechnological improvement of erm methods for protection and remediation of polluted environment due to tourism activities in adriatic/alpine regions with specific pollution loadings, water consumption and climate oscillations.", "\n\nDevelopment of a decision support system to reduce noise emission and improve energy efficiency of fans in important applications: automotive, home appliances, commercial refrigerators and air conditioning.", "\n\nProviding the tools needed by water bio-treatment designers and operators to manage tailor-made innovations in order to create more efficient wastewater treatment processes to remove very complex and rare mixtures of organic water contaminants.", "\n\nThe project encompasses a complex solution for biologically removing solid wastes consisting of natural and synthetic polymers. ", "The r & d of this bioremediation is based on using microbial capability to colonise solid wastes.", "\n\nThe project will focus on testing natural serbian and croatian zeolites for their use in the removal of toxic zinc, chromium, copper and arsenic from waste and drinking water. ", "The performance of natural zeolites and synthetic zeolite a produced in slovenia will be compared.", "\n\nSystem and simulator for optimal control of incineration system will be developed and tested. ", "It will be based on process data gathered during pilot plant test trials. ", "The empirical knowledge collected will be transferred in the efficient management system, which will be used for full-scale plants.", "\n\nThe goal is the development and implementation of a reliable, cost-effective tailor-made wastewater technology train with a focus on the removal of specific substances in order to regulate wastewater treatment policy.", "\n\nThe advanced system for purification of drinking water will be developed and tested. ", "The pilot system will be constructed and used to prepare for transfer to production. ", "The system will be based on recent achievements in nanotechnology and research in the field of denitrification of ground water.", "\n\nRaising the productivity and competitiveness of European businesses through technology. ", "Boosting national economies on the international market, and strengthening the basis for sustainable prosperity and employment." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "The effect of recombinant aminopeptidase A on hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats: its effect in comparison with candesartan.", "\nAn understanding of aminopeptidase A in hypertension is important, given its ability to cleave the N-terminal aspartic acid of potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. ", "However, the role of aminopeptidase A in hypertension has received limited attention. ", "Because we have succeeded in producing recombinant human aminopeptidase A, the effect of aminopeptidase A on systolic blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat was examined. ", "Aminopeptidase A of 0.016 mg/kg was administrated intravenously to spontaneously hypertensive rats and blood pressure was monitored for 72 h. For repeated administration, aminopeptidase A doses of 0.016 mg/kg and 0.1-mg/kg doses of candesartan (an angiotensin II receptor 1 subtype blocker) were administrated daily in spontaneously hypertensive rats and blood pressure was monitored for 5 d. Bolus intravenous injection of aminopeptidase A at a dose of 0.016 mg/kg significantly decreased systolic blood pressure for 36 h in spontaneously hypertensive rats. ", "A comparison of the antihypertensive effects of aminopeptidase A versus candesartan in spontaneously hypertensive rats showed that the effective dose of aminopeptidase A was about one-tenth that of candesartan. ", "These results suggest the novel approach of utilizing aminopeptidase A to treat hypertension by degrading circulating angiotensin II before it binds to the receptor 1 subtype." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nChanging the color of points in scatter plot for different dummy values\n\nIn my dataset, I have a Price column for house prices and 5 dummy columns for different locations in the city. ", "What I want to do is to show data points on the scatter plot with different colors. ", "\nFor instance, on a scatter plot including all the prices of the houses, I want to have:\n\nRed for all price points when dummy1 which indicates house being in Area1 is equal to 1.", "\nBlue for all price points when dummy2 which indicates house being in Area2 is equal to 2.", "\n\nand so on until the last column. ", "How can I create that plot? ", "I can create the scatter plot without the color using plt.scatter() but don't know how to add the color code.", "\n\nA:\n\nHave a look at the docs for matplotlib.pyplot.scatter which describes a parameter c, which can be\n\nA sequence of color specifications of length n.\n\nHere is an example, which creates 100 random x and y data points. ", "If y value is over 5, the point will be blue, else red as specified in c list.", "\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\nimport random\n\nx = list(range(100))\ny = [random.randint(0, 10) for _ in range(len(x))]\nc = [\"b\" if y > 5 else \"r\" for y in y]\n\nplt.scatter(x, y, c=c)\nplt.show()\n\nThe output will look like this:\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Paragon (comics)\n\nParagon is the codename used by three unrelated fictional characters from Marvel Comics. ", "The first was genetically engineered by the Enclave. ", "The second was created as an original character for the video game Marvel Nemesis: Rise of the Imperfects. ", "The third is a superhero and a member of Nebraska's Initiative team.", "\n\nParagon (Kismet)\n\nParagon (Maya) \n\nParagon (Maya) is a fictional character from Electronic Arts who first appeared in Marvel Nemesis: Rise of the Imperfects.", "\n\nFictional character biography \nAfter a century-long search, a young Amazonian warrior, Maya, was chosen from an isolated, primitive, and forgotten society deep within the South American jungle. ", "Matching a specifically required DNA structure, Maya was the perfect candidate for the ultimate weapon. ", "Maya possessed a toxin free physical make-up, Amazonian warrior skills, and the instinctual savagery found at the core of all humanity.", "\n\nHaving acquired the perfect specimen, Niles Van Roekel ordered her to be put into a prolonged stasis. ", "It would take years to successfully master the fusion of alien tech with humans before Roekel’s team would finally be ready to work on Maya.", "\n\nAfter \"The Imperfects\" were completed, project Paragon was set in motion. ", "Working in a secret facility, the aliens uploaded tactics and combat information into Maya’s brain. ", "Her body was injected with chemicals to augment her already superior muscles and heighten her senses.", "\n\nTraining started shortly after. ", "The girl was forced to fight and defend in various combat scenarios. ", "Exercises were crafted to capitalize on and increase her natural ruthless brutality. ", "It was always strike first and never ask questions. ", "When her mind and body were at peak performance, the alien symbiote was grafted to her spine. ", "The painful transformation intertwined and fused her nerves and muscles with Roekel's own race. ", "It was a tremendous success as Paragon exceeded all of Roekel's expectations. ", "She had become the ultimate killing machine.", "\n\nBut as Maya's awareness increased, so did her desire to escape her creator. ", "The secret laboratory was nothing more than a prison and a threat to her future. ", "Hence, during a particularly intense neural reprogramming session Paragon seized the chance to surprise her captors and violently blaze her way out of the facility.", "\n\nParagon ended up in New York. ", "Afraid and confused, Paragon soon encountered Magneto during the Imperfect invasion of New York. ", "Hazmat, however, took Paragon off to the New York City Subway with Magneto giving chase. ", "A battle ensued which saw Magneto defeating Hazmat. ", "After the battle, Magneto saw his chance to have Paragon join his cause in wiping out humanity and attempted to manipulate Paragon into joining him. ", "Paragon, however, attacked Magneto and another battle ensued. ", "This time, Paragon was successful in defeating Magneto.", "\n\nParagon, believing that Magneto had created her, asked him what he had done to her. ", "Magneto reassured her he was not to blame for her suffering. ", "Paragon asked who she was, Magneto replying by saying that she already knew that.", "\n\nParagon fought her way back into Van Roekel's headquarters and destroyed his means of creating any more Imperfects. ", "Paragon and Van Roekel finally confronted one another and a fight between them soon began. ", "Paragon defeated Van Roekel who told of his reasons for creating the Imperfects before he died.", "\n\nAfter this she led the Imperfects to Roekel's Planet to free his homeworld.", "\n\nPowers and abilities \nParagon has superhuman strength, speed, stamina, and agility as well as invulnerability. ", " She can teleport and shoot energy blasts. ", " She has retractable blades capable of draining organic life-force.", "\n\nParagon (Cooper Roth) \n\nCooper Roth is a fictional Marvel Comics character who first appeared in Iron Man vol. ", "4 #21 as a member of Captain Ultra's team.", "\n\nFictional character biography \nAfter investigating an unsolved crime with teammate Gadget, they ran across a formerly missing supervillain, Graviton. ", "In a sudden flurry of violence, Roth was badly injured, requiring hospitalization and Gadget was killed. ", "Graviton was taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody. ", "After an investigation by Iron Man turned up evidence implicating Roth, Iron Man confronted Paragon and was subsequently attacked by Captain Ultra. ", "In a following issue, it is revealed that Paragon is under the influence of the Mandarin, who manipulates him into believing that Graviton is responsible for the death of his mother. ", "Roth then attempts to assassinate Graviton, who instead kills Roth before then taking his own life.", "\n\nPowers and abilities \nHe possesses invulnerability due to the ability to control his density, as well as flight, superhuman strength and speed.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Paragon, Marvel Comics unofficial appreciation site.", "\n\nCategory:Fictional cyborgs\nCategory:Fictional hunters\nCategory:Fictional shapeshifters\nCategory:Fictional women soldiers and warriors\nCategory:Marvel Comics superheroes\nCategory:Marvel Comics supervillains\nCategory:Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds\nCategory:Marvel Comics characters who can teleport\nCategory:Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Stay ahead with the world's most comprehensive technology and business learning platform.", "\n\nWith Safari, you learn the way you learn best. ", "Get unlimited access to videos, live online training,\nlearning paths, books, tutorials, and more.", "\n\nName\n\nrecipient_canonical_maps\n\nPossible values:\n\nlookup tables\n\nDefault:\n\n(null)\n\nList of lookup tables used to map recipient email addresses to\ntheir desired rewritten form. ", "Operates the same as canonical_maps but only for recipient\naddresses. ", "recipient_canonical_maps has precedence over canonical_maps.", "\n\nExample:\n\nrecipient_canonical_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/canonical\n\nWith Safari, you learn the way you learn best. ", "Get unlimited access to videos, live online training,\nlearning paths, books, interactive tutorials, and more." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Good morning, Mr President\n\nBarack Obama has been re-elected. ", "Millions of Americans will be congratulating themselves while millions of others will be wondering what went wrong. ", "Very few understand the reality that votes no longer matter: the winner of any election will be the candidate most likely to deliver what the Secret Service (intelligence services in the UK) currently want.", "\n\nObama’s masterstroke was the ‘promise’ of an executive order to fulfil the stalled Cybersecurity Act just before the election. ", "Romney’s failure was business distaste for the Act.", "\n\nWe’ve had it in the UK for decades. ", "A politically astute socialist turned socialite stayed in power for a decade on the promise of delivering centrally controlled national ID cards. ", "When public distaste became overwhelming he was replaced by Brown – but as soon as it was clear that Brown couldn’t deliver a pizza, he too was dumped.", "\n\nEnter the genius of Cameron. ", "Tell the people you will roll back the database state while telling the intelligence agencies you will do no such thing. ", "Curtail RIPA (well, limit the snooping capabilities of the jobsworth man-from-the-council while leaving the rest intact), but keep the Digital Economy Act and deliver on promises with the new Communications Act." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Eleanor — Adoption Pending\n\nMeet Eleanor -- she is a pretty torbie kitty born in August of 2014. ", "She is a sweet girl but is very scared and unsure right now. ", "She will hide at first and need time and patience so she can relax and be comfortable in her new home. ", "Eleanor loves to lounge by the doors or windows during the day to keep a watch on what is happening outside. ", "She enjoys her kitty tree where she can get a view from up high too. ", "Once she is more settled you will see her energetic and entertaining side too. ", "She likes to toss her toys up in the air and chase them! ", "She also likes to play chase with her treats -- instead of them just being handed to her she likes you to toss them out for her to go get - making it a game is more fun. ", "A sure way to get her attention is to shake the treats and she will come running ready to play chase! ", "And if you sit down, she is happy to take a seat beside you and reach her paw out when she wants to be pet. ", "She is very good about using her scratching posts and has never had any litter box issues. ", "Eleanor is looking to be the only pet sharing her space in a quieter household. ", "She will be scared and will run and hide for a while, but with patience and time, she will be a loyal kitty friend to her human. ", "She has been spayed, has tested negative for Felv and FIV, is current on her vaccinations and has an identification micro-chip. ", "If you are interested in adopting Eleanor, please fill out the cat consultation form below or email hhfwcr@outlook.com." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.", "\n\nIntroduction {#sec005}\n============\n\nHypothermia is known to be an independent risk factor for neonatal mortality in both developed and developing settings.\\[[@pone.0156960.ref001]--[@pone.0156960.ref004]\\] Complications associated with neonatal hypothermia include infection, acidosis, coagulation disorders, and respiratory distress syndrome.\\[[@pone.0156960.ref005], [@pone.0156960.ref006]\\] Early interventions to prevent neonatal hypothermia are thus of vital import. ", "Current practices that are part of routine thermal care such as maintenance of a warm temperature in the delivery room, drying of neonate, use of pre-warmed blanket, radiant warmers or incubators are often inadequate in preventing heat loss in preterm infants.\\[[@pone.0156960.ref002], [@pone.0156960.ref003]\\] Although infants are kept warm by radiation, potential heat losses can also occur through convection and evaporation. ", "The application of plastic wrap immediately after birth can reduce immediate postnatal evaporative heat loss.", "\n\nPrevious studies have shown that routine thermal care is particularly inadequate for preterm infants owing to their greater vulnerability to heat loss. ", "Reducing heat loss in preterm infants in the first few days after birth has been reported to increase survival rates.\\[[@pone.0156960.ref007], [@pone.0156960.ref008]\\] The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) consensus statement recommends the use of plastic wrap as a standard technique to maintain body temperature.\\[[@pone.0156960.ref009]\\] However, the use of plastic wrap in the preterm infants requires further investigation.", "\n\nA systematic review by McCall EM *et al*. ", "revealed that plastic wraps or bags keep preterm infants warmer leading to higher temperatures on admission to neonatal units and less hypothermia. ", "\\[[@pone.0156960.ref010]\\] However, the studies included in the review had a relatively small numbers of infants, and no long-term follow-up. ", "Hence, firm recommendations for clinical practice cannot be based on the review by McCall *et al*. ", "Currently, there is insufficient evidence to suggest a reduction in in-hospital death with the application of plastic wrap.\\[[@pone.0156960.ref001]\\] Further, a large randomized controlled trial found no significant differences in mortality between wrapped and unwrapped infants.\\[[@pone.0156960.ref011]\\] The aim of this study was to combine the current evidence from eligible RCTs to further systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of plastic wrap versus conventional thermal care in the prevention of hypothermia in preterm infants.", "\n\nMethods {#sec006}\n=======\n\nRegistered in PROSPERO: CRD42015025397.", "\n\nA literature search for relevant studies was performed in MEDLINE (reference period: 1950 to August, 2015), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 7, 2015), EMBASE (1974 to August 2015) and CINAHL (1982 to August 2015) was performed. ", "The key words used were: \"low birth weight\" and \"premature\" or \"preterm\" and \"plastic barrier\" or \"plastic wrap\" or \"polyethylene\" or \"plastic bag\", with restrictions of children and clinical trials. ", "The reference lists in the retrieved publications were manually searched to identify additional relevant studies. ", "Two reviewers independently screened all abstracts for eligibility. ", "In the event of any disagreement, a consensus was reached by discussion.", "\n\nInclusion criteria were: (1) RCT or quasi-RCT study; (2) study population of preterm infants (\\< 37 weeks gestational age); (3) intervention: plastic wraps used immediately after birth and/or after during the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU); involved use of transparent plastic wraps and bags made of low density polyethylene or linear low density polyethylene or polyvinylidene chloride; (4) the control intervention comprising of any form of routine thermal care; (5) Infants' temperatures were measured on admission to the NICU (baseline temperature), and/or after having been stabilized in the NICU (post-stabilization temperature). ", "The core temperature was accessed as continuous and/or dichotomous variables. ", "Axillary temperature is preferred over rectal (core) temperature for routine measurement of temperature, according to the recommendation of the World Health Organization. ", "Hypothermia was defined as a rectal temperature or a axillary temperature of \\< 36.5°C in intervention and the control groups; (6) secondary outcomes: included mortality rate (death within seven days, death within 28 days and/or death during hospital stay), hyperthermia (defined by an admission temperature to NICU or during the NICU stay ≥ 38.0°C), infection (defined by a culture of pathogenic bacteria from normally sterile body tissue or fluid within seven days of birth) and skin maceration (attributed to the intervention within the first week of birth). ", "Exclusion criteria included: (1) Infants with major congenital malformations, especially those with abdominal wall defects; (2) treatment arm with \\< 10 patients; (3) studies published in non-English language.", "\n\nTwo reviewers (Shaojun Li, Liping Tan) independently assessed the methodological quality using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. ", "Data was extracted using a structured form that included author details, year of publication, sample size, study setting, interventions and outcomes. ", "Any disagreement was resolved through consensus, or was referred to a third person (Feng Xu).", "\n\nThe meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager Software (RevMan 5.3) obtained from the Cochrane Collaboration. ", "The Mantel-Haenszel method was followed to estimate relative risk (RR) and risk difference (RD). ", "For quantitative data, the inverse variance method was employed. ", "Subgroup analysis disaggregated by the degree of severity of hypothermia was performed. ", "Relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for dichotomous outcomes. ", "Mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval was calculated for continuous variables. ", "The treatment effect of individual trials was estimated; heterogeneity among the included trials was assessed by constructing forest plots; the impact of heterogeneity was quantified using the Cochrane Q test and the I^2^ statistic. *", "P* \\< 0.1 or I^2^ \\> 50% was considered indicative of a significant heterogeneity.", "\n\nIn case of significant heterogeneity, the random effects model was employed for data analysis; while the fixed effect model was used in the absence of significant heterogeneity. ", "In the event of statistical heterogeneity, the possible contributors were assessed on sensitivity analyses based on the risk of bias assessment or by the differences in the intervention or outcomes. ", "Publication bias was estimated by Egger's test and Begg's test using Stata software (version 11.0, Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA).", "\n\nResults {#sec007}\n=======\n\nA total of 1858 articles were retrieved on the initial literature search, of which 869 were retrieved from PubMed, 416 from Embase, 557 from CINAHL and 16 from the Cochrane Library. ", "A total of 236 studies were eliminated because of duplication, using Endnote software. ", "After screening of the titles and abstracts, 1606 studies were excluded, and the remaining 16 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. ", "Three articles \\[[@pone.0156960.ref012]--[@pone.0156960.ref014]\\] were excluded due to incomplete data. ", "Two articles \\[[@pone.0156960.ref015], [@pone.0156960.ref016]\\] were excluded due to ineligible study design ([S1 Table](#pone.0156960.s002){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nIn all, 11 articles \\[[@pone.0156960.ref011], [@pone.0156960.ref017]--[@pone.0156960.ref026]\\] involving 1601 infants were included in the meta-analysis ([Fig 1](#pone.0156960.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Nine studies \\[[@pone.0156960.ref011], [@pone.0156960.ref017], [@pone.0156960.ref018], [@pone.0156960.ref020]--[@pone.0156960.ref025]\\] were performed on preterm infants with gestational age \\< 28 weeks, while 5 studies \\[[@pone.0156960.ref019], [@pone.0156960.ref020], [@pone.0156960.ref022], [@pone.0156960.ref025], [@pone.0156960.ref026]\\] included those with gestational age \\< 34 weeks. ", "The main outcome, i.e., core body temperature was reported as a continuous variable in all 11 studies, and as a dichotomous variable (presence of hypothermia) in 7 studies.\\[[@pone.0156960.ref011], [@pone.0156960.ref017], [@pone.0156960.ref018], [@pone.0156960.ref020], [@pone.0156960.ref021], [@pone.0156960.ref023], [@pone.0156960.ref026]\\] Mortality (secondary outcome) was reported in 8 studies \\[[@pone.0156960.ref011], [@pone.0156960.ref017], [@pone.0156960.ref018], [@pone.0156960.ref020], [@pone.0156960.ref021], [@pone.0156960.ref023]--[@pone.0156960.ref025]\\], while none of the studies reported data on neurodevelopmental outcomes. ", "Eight studies had reported on the safety aspects ([Table 1](#pone.0156960.t001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "\\[[@pone.0156960.ref011], [@pone.0156960.ref017]--[@pone.0156960.ref021], [@pone.0156960.ref023], [@pone.0156960.ref024]\\]\n\n{#pone.0156960.g001}\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0156960.t001\n\n###### Descriptive characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0156960.t001){#pone.0156960.t001g}\n\n Study Country Cases (N) Gestation (weeks) Birth weight (g) Treatment Group Control Group Definition of hypothermia Study outcomes Duration of follow-up Attrition (%)\n --------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------------- -------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------- --------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------\n Vohra 1999 \\[[@pone.0156960.ref025]\\] Canada 59 \\< 32 600 to 1200 Polyethylene wrap conventional care rectal temperature mortality, baseline temperature during NICU admission 3 (4%)\n Vohra 2004 \\[[@pone.0156960.ref024]\\] Canada 53 \\< 28 600 to 1200 Polyethylene wrap conventional care rectal temperature mortality, baseline and poststabilization temperature before hospital discharge 3 (5%)\n Knobel 2005 \\[[@pone.0156960.ref023]\\] USA 88 \\< 29 600 to 1200 Polyurethane bag conventional care rectal temperature \\< 36.4°C mortality, baseline temperature, hypothermia before hospital discharge 0 (0%)\n Trevisanuto 2010 \\[[@pone.0156960.ref021]\\] Italy 96 24 to 28 600 to 1200 Polyethylene cap or wrap pre-warmed towels axillary temperature \\< 36.4°C mortality, baseline and poststabilization temperature, hypothermia before hospital discharge 21 (18)\n Chantaroj 2011 \\[[@pone.0156960.ref026]\\] Thailand 38 \\< 32 data not available Polyethylene bag standard thermal care rectal temperature \\< 36.5°C baseline temperature, hypothermia during NICU admission 0 (0%)\n Rohana 2011 \\[[@pone.0156960.ref020]\\] Malaysia 110 24 to 34 800 to 1800 Polyethylene plastic sheets warmed towels axillary temperature \\< 36.5°C mortality, baseline and poststabilization temperature, hypothermia during NICU admission 5 (4%)\n Doglioni 2014 \\[[@pone.0156960.ref017]\\] Italy 100 24 to 28 600 to 1200 Polyethylene occlusive wrap covered only the body axillary temperature \\< 36.5°C mortality, baseline temperature, hypothermia before hospital discharge 0 (0%)\n Maureen 2015 \\[[@pone.0156960.ref011]\\] Canada 801 24 to 28 600 to 1020 Polyethylene occlusive wrap conventional method axillary temperature \\< 36.5°C mortality, baseline and poststabilization temperature, hypothermia before hospital discharge or 6 months\\' corrected age 12 (1.4%)\n Smith 2013 \\[[@pone.0156960.ref018]\\] Australia 92 less than 29 500 to 1800 Wrapped with NeoWrap radiant warmer axillary temperature \\< 36.5°C mortality, baseline and poststabilization temperature during NICU admission 3(3%)\n Leadford 2013 \\[[@pone.0156960.ref019]\\] USA 104 26--34 1000 to 2500 Polyethylene bag standard thermal care axillary temperature less than 36.5°C baseline temperature during NICU admission 0(0%)\n Duman 2006 \\[[@pone.0156960.ref022]\\] Turkey 60 24 to 34 500 to 1500 Polyethylene wrap conventional care axillary temperature less than 36.5°C poststabilization temperature undescription 0(0%)\n\nQuality assessment of the included studies {#sec008}\n------------------------------------------\n\nFigs [2](#pone.0156960.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [3](#pone.0156960.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"} show the results of the assessment of risk of bias. ", "All 11 studies were RCTs, with the details on blinding being reported in 9 studies.\\[[@pone.0156960.ref011], [@pone.0156960.ref017]--[@pone.0156960.ref021], [@pone.0156960.ref023], [@pone.0156960.ref024]\\] The random sequence generation and allocation were found to be low risk in 9 studies \\[[@pone.0156960.ref011], [@pone.0156960.ref017]--[@pone.0156960.ref021], [@pone.0156960.ref024]--[@pone.0156960.ref026]\\] and unclear in 2 studies.\\[[@pone.0156960.ref022], [@pone.0156960.ref023]\\] The risk of performance and detection bias was high or unclear in 8 RCTs.\\[[@pone.0156960.ref011], [@pone.0156960.ref017], [@pone.0156960.ref021]--[@pone.0156960.ref026]\\] Follow-up was complete in 5 studies\\[[@pone.0156960.ref017], [@pone.0156960.ref019], [@pone.0156960.ref022], [@pone.0156960.ref023], [@pone.0156960.ref026]\\]; while the remaining 6 studies had a considerable dropout rate\\[[@pone.0156960.ref011], [@pone.0156960.ref018], [@pone.0156960.ref020], [@pone.0156960.ref021], [@pone.0156960.ref024], [@pone.0156960.ref025]\\], with 3 to 12 (1.4% to 5%) infants not completing the trial. ", "There was insufficient information available to assess whether these studies were free from selective reporting.", "\n\n{#pone.0156960.g002}\n\n{#pone.0156960.g003}\n\nEffect on core body temperature {#sec009}\n-------------------------------\n\nNine RCTs \\[[@pone.0156960.ref011], [@pone.0156960.ref017]--[@pone.0156960.ref025]\\] with a combined subject population of 1307 infants with gestational age \\< 28 weeks had reported data on baseline temperature and six studies \\[[@pone.0156960.ref011], [@pone.0156960.ref018], [@pone.0156960.ref020]--[@pone.0156960.ref022], [@pone.0156960.ref024]\\] with 1057 infants of gestational age \\< 28 weeks had reported data on post-stabilization temperature. ", "On pooled analysis, the use of plastic wrap was associated with a higher temperature as compared to that achieved with routine thermal care both on baseline temperature (MD = 0.59, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.79) and on post-stabilization temperature (MD = 0.41, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.50) (Figs [4](#pone.0156960.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [5](#pone.0156960.g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The random effect model was used for baseline temperature and fixed effect model was used for the post-stabilization temperature (I^2^ = 73%, *P* = 0.0001; and I^2^ = 39%, *P* = 0.14, respectively). ", "With infants of gestational age between 28 and 34 completed weeks, meta-analysis of three studies \\[[@pone.0156960.ref020], [@pone.0156960.ref025], [@pone.0156960.ref026]\\] on baseline temperature (N = 152) and two studies \\[[@pone.0156960.ref020], [@pone.0156960.ref022]\\] on post-stabilization temperature (N = 117) also revealed similar results (MD = 0.54, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.87; MD = 0.64, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.82, respectively) (Figs [4](#pone.0156960.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [5](#pone.0156960.g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The random effect model was used for baseline temperature and fixed effect model was used for post-stabilization temperature (I^2^ = 56%, *P* = 0.10; and I^2^ = 40%, *P* = 0.20, respectively).", "\n\n{#pone.0156960.g004}\n\n{#pone.0156960.g005}\n\nIncidence of hypothermia {#sec010}\n------------------------\n\nSeven studies had reported data on the incidence of hypothermia. ", "\\[[@pone.0156960.ref011], [@pone.0156960.ref017], [@pone.0156960.ref018], [@pone.0156960.ref020], [@pone.0156960.ref021], [@pone.0156960.ref023], [@pone.0156960.ref026]\\] On meta-analysis, use of plastic wrap was associated with a decreased incidence of hypothermia as compared to that achieved with routine thermal care (RR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.78) ([Fig 6](#pone.0156960.g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The studies included in the meta-analysis had no significant heterogeneity and the fixed effect model was used (I^2^ = 44%, *P* = 0.10). ", "Only one study\\[[@pone.0156960.ref011]\\] had reported degrees of severity of hypothermia (the definition of mild, moderate and severe hypothermia were 35.5--36.5°C, 34.5--35.4°C and \\< 34.5°C, respectively).", "\n\n{#pone.0156960.g006}\n\nEffect on mortality {#sec011}\n-------------------\n\nEight studies \\[[@pone.0156960.ref011], [@pone.0156960.ref017], [@pone.0156960.ref018], [@pone.0156960.ref020], [@pone.0156960.ref021], [@pone.0156960.ref023]--[@pone.0156960.ref025]\\] had reported data on mortality rate at the end of the follow-up. ", "Pooled analyses of data from these studies showed no significant inter-group difference in the mortality rate between the plastic wrap and the control groups (RR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.70 to 1.12, *P* = 0.31) ([Fig 7](#pone.0156960.g007){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The fixed effect model was used for the analysis, and no significant heterogeneity was observed among these studies (I^2^ = 0, *P* = 0.44).", "\n\n{#pone.0156960.g007}\n\nAdverse events {#sec012}\n--------------\n\nEight studies \\[[@pone.0156960.ref011], [@pone.0156960.ref017]--[@pone.0156960.ref021], [@pone.0156960.ref023], [@pone.0156960.ref024]\\] reported data on the incidence of hyperthermia. ", "Incidence of hyperthermia was significantly higher in the plastic wrap group as compared to that in the control group (RR = 2.55, 95% CI: 1.56 to 4.15, *P* = 0.0002) ([Fig 8](#pone.0156960.g008){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "No significant heterogeneity was observed among these studies using the fixed effect model (I^2^ = 0, P = 1). ", "Descriptive data on one infant each reported by Doglioni N *et al*. ", "\\[[@pone.0156960.ref017]\\], Knobel RB *et al*. ", "\\[[@pone.0156960.ref023]\\], and Smith J *et al*. ", "\\[[@pone.0156960.ref018]\\], and on two infants reported by Vohra S *et al*. ", "\\[[@pone.0156960.ref024]\\], indicated that hyperthermia in the plastic wrap group was readily resolved within one or two hours after promptly unwrapping the babies. ", "Data on other adverse effects, such as infection, and skin maceration were not reported in any of the studies, neither was any data available on serious adverse effects.", "\n\n{#pone.0156960.g008}\n\nSensitivity analyses {#sec013}\n--------------------\n\nBased on the risk of bias in blinding, we used the random effect model for baseline temperatures in infants less than 28 weeks of gestational age. ", "After exclusion of five studies \\[[@pone.0156960.ref017], [@pone.0156960.ref021], [@pone.0156960.ref023]--[@pone.0156960.ref025]\\], results of the sensitivity analysis were consistent with the original results (MD = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.74), with an equivalent heterogeneity by use of random effect model (I^2^ = 57%, *P* = 0.08) ([Table 2](#pone.0156960.t002){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "According to the differences in the intervention (wrap or bag), subgroup analysis using the random effect model for the studies reporting baseline temperature in infants with gestational age less than 28 weeks, showed similar effect size (MD = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.96, MD = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.25 to 0.61, respectively), with a unequal heterogeneity (I^2^ = 79%, *P* \\< 0.0001, I^2^ = 0%, *P* = 0.62) ([Fig 9](#pone.0156960.g009){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0156960.t002\n\n###### Sensitivity analyses of baseline temperatures in infants less than 28 weeks of gestational age.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0156960.t002){#pone.0156960.t002g}\n\n Basis of sensitivity analysis Overall effect (n = number of studies) Result of sensitivity analysis (n = number of studies)\n ----------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------\n Risk of bias assessment(blinding) MD = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.38 to 0.79; I^2^ = 73%, *P* = 0.0002 (9) MD = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.74; I^2^ = 57%, *P* = 0.08 (4)\n\n{#pone.0156960.g009}\n\nPublication bias {#sec014}\n----------------\n\nStudies reporting data on core body temperature of infants with gestational age \\< 28 weeks were assessed for publication bias (Egger's test, *P* = 0.200, Begg's test, *P* = 0.029). ", "The statistical testing revealed an apparent difference that suggested the presence of a potential publication bias, a language bias, and inflated estimates by a flawed methodological design in smaller studies, and/or a lack of publication of small trials with contradictory results.", "\n\nDiscussion {#sec015}\n==========\n\nOur meta-analysis included eight more RCTs \\[[@pone.0156960.ref011], [@pone.0156960.ref017]--[@pone.0156960.ref022], [@pone.0156960.ref026]\\] as compared to those included in the previous systematic review \\[[@pone.0156960.ref010]\\] that included both published and unpublished studies. ", "Seven out of the 11 included studies showed a moderate risk in the performance and detection bias; while on considering all the studies together, a low risk of selection bias, attrition bias and reporting bias was observed. ", "Egger's test did not indicate any obvious publication bias. ", "The included studies were of low to moderate quality.", "\n\nPrevious RCTs showed that additional intervention in the form of plastic wrap in preterm infants may help prevent hypothermia; however, the sample size in these studies was small \\[[@pone.0156960.ref018], [@pone.0156960.ref019], [@pone.0156960.ref026]\\]. ", "Previous systematic review by McCall EM *et al*. ", "showed that plastic wraps were effective in reducing heat loss in infants admission to NICU less than 28 weeks of gestation, but not in infants between 28 to 31 weeks of gestation; and that the plastic wrap significantly reduces the risk of hypothermia on admission to NICU for infants of gestational age \\< 29 completed weeks \\[[@pone.0156960.ref010]\\]. ", "With the emergence of related studies recently, the present meta-analysis focused on determining the efficacy and safety of plastic wrap applied immediately at birth and/or after during NICU for prevention of heat loss in preterm infants, as compared to that achieved with conventional thermal care. ", "Our results suggest a high efficacy of plastic wrap in reducing heat loss both in infants born at less than 28 weeks of gestation, whether admission to NICU or during NICU, as well as in infants born between 28 and 34 weeks of gestation. ", "Moreover, use of plastic wrap was associated with a lower incidence of hypothermia in the preterm infants born at less than 34 weeks of gestation. ", "These results indicate that recommendations should be given to using plastic wrap in preterm infants, as an additional intervention to prevent hypothermia. ", "Sensitivity analysis by the differences in the intervention revealed that different barriers may be the reason for the observed heterogeneity. ", "Further studies should be designed to address the effect of plastic wrap versus plastic bag. ", "Previous systematic review suggested that plastic wrap dose not reduce the risk of death within hospital stay for infants with a gestational age less than 28 completed weeks, which is consistent with the findings reported by Reilly MC *et al*. ", "\\[[@pone.0156960.ref011]\\] Our study showed that the application of plastic wrap to preterm infants immediately after birth did not reduce mortality rate for infants of gestational age less than 34 weeks. ", "Only one of the included studies reported data on degrees of severity of hypothermia, and no data demonstrated that the use of plastic wrap can reduce the incidence of severe hypothermia, which is associated with greatest mortality in newborn infants.\\[[@pone.0156960.ref011]\\] Hence we cannot conclude at this time that wrapping infants has lifesaving benefits.", "\n\nDescriptive data on the adverse effects showed that its use was not associated with serious adverse events. ", "The incidence of hyperthermia, the most common adverse effect associated with the use of plastic wrap, was very low, transient and readily reversed after prompt unwrapping.\\[[@pone.0156960.ref017], [@pone.0156960.ref018], [@pone.0156960.ref023], [@pone.0156960.ref024]\\]\n\nSome limitations of this meta-analysis need to be acknowledged. ", "Firstly, Most of the included studies had small sample sizes, and very few studies had reported outcomes in relation to the degree of hypothermia. ", "Although there is a need to conduct high quality randomized controlled trials involving a larger number of preterm babies, and reporting outcomes in relation to the degree of hypothermia, as recommended by the World Health Organization \\[[@pone.0156960.ref027]\\], in order to draw more meaningful conclusions, performing randomized controlled trials in preterm may be fraught with ethical challenges. ", "Secondly, our study included preterm infants at different locations, with different basic characteristics, and with the use of different barriers to heat loss; all of which could have contributed to the heterogeneity. ", "Thirdly, longer follow-up period is required to assess the impact on mortality and neurodevelopmental outcomes. ", "Moreover, the adverse effects associated with plastic wrap could not be fully evaluated due to the limited availability of data. ", "Lastly, most of the included studies did not evaluate the cost-effectiveness of plastic wrap, which is essential to ascertain its feasibility, particularly in developing countries.\\[[@pone.0156960.ref001], [@pone.0156960.ref009]\\]\n\nIn conclusion, use of plastic wrap can be considered as an effective and safe additional intervention to help prevent hypothermia in preterm infants. ", "However, its cost-effectiveness and long-term impact on mortality needs to be ascertained by conducting well-designed studies with longer follow-up period.", "\n\nSupporting Information {#sec016}\n======================\n\n###### PRISMA checklist.", "\n\n(DOC)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### Characteristics of excluded studies.", "\n\n(DOCX)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.", "\n\n[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: SL LT. ", "Performed the experiments: SL LT. ", "Analyzed the data: SL LT PG. ", "Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PG FX. ", "Wrote the paper: SL QZ. ", "Helped perform the analysis with constructive discussions: FH.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Date: Sat, 18 Oct 2008 09:36:28 +0200\nFrom: A.K.\nSubject: The Strolling Players 17/18 (historical)\n----------------------------\nTHE STROLLING PLAYERS\nby Andrej Koymasky (C) 2008\nwritten on June 3, 1992\ntranslated by the author\nEnglish text kindly revised by The Australian\n-----------------------------\nUSUAL DISCLAIMER\n\"THE STROLLING PLAYERS\" is a gay story, with some parts containing\ngraphic scenes of sex between males. ", "So, if in your land, religion,\nfamily, opinion and so on this is not good for you, it will be better\nnot to read this story. ", "But if you really want, or because YOU don't\ncare, or because you think you really want to read it, please be my\nwelcomed guest.", "\n-----------------------------\nCHAPTER 17 - Rémy the shy gardener\nThe wagon and the costumes were almost ready. ", "The four friends were\nrefining their repertory and had all learned their parts well. ", "Vance and\nSandro were sitting out on their small front porch, in the Marquis'\npark, and were discussing how to interpret some of the parts and about\nwhich would be the best quips to say. ", "A young gardener stopped nearby\nand listened in silence. ", "After a while, when Vance made a witty remark,\nthe youth started to laugh and the two friends became aware of his\ndiscreet presence.", "\n\"Good afternoon.\" ", "Sandro simply said.", "\n\"Good afternoon.\" ", "the youth answered, then said, \"You are the actors,\naren't you?\"", "\n\"Yes, and who are you?\" ", "Vance asked him.", "\n\"One of his Lordship the Marquis' gardners. ", "Is it good being an actor?\"", "\n\"Yes. ", "At least we like it very much, but what of you being a gardener?\"", "\n\"My father is a gardener here, and also my grand father was. ", "So I too am\na gardener.\"", "\n\"But do you like it?\" ", "Vance insisted.", "\n\"Well... I'm not able to do anything different. ", "Are you actors' sons?\"", "\n\"No, none of us. ", "What's your name?\"", "\n\"Rémy.\"", "\n\"I'm Vance, and this is Sandro.\"", "\n\"Foreigners?\"", "\n\"I'm English and he's Piedmontese. ", "How old are you?\"", "\n\"Seventeen. ", "Is it difficult being an actor?\"", "\n\"Not too much, if one seriously applies himself. ", "Sandro is learning and\nhe is already rather good.\"", "\n\"I never saw a play. ", "I've only ever seen some tumblers in the square\nonce or twice performing for the fairs. ", "You were preparing for a play,\nweren't you?\"", "\n\"Yes. ", "Did you look at us for a while?\"", "\n\"Yes, for some time.\"", "\nSandro stood up and said he went inside to fetch the sheets of another\nplay they had to rehearse. ", "Vance invited Rémy to sit with him.", "\nHe asked, \"Wouldn't you like becoming an actor?\"", "\n\"Who knows, I've not the faintest idea. ", "I've always been a gardener, I\nnever though of that.\"", "\n\"You have a smart appearance, a likeable face and you are young. ", "You\nwould be good to play the women's parts.\"", "\n\"Women's parts? ", "Do you mean wearing women's clothes and pretend to be a\ngirl?\"", "\n\"Yes, but only on the stage. ", "Wouldn't you like to try?\"", "\n\"I think I would feel like laughing. ", "I don't know. ", "Have you played\nwomen's parts?\"", "\n\"Mainly Roe took those parts as he is the youngest of us. ", "But I really\nthink you would be more suitable.\"", "\n\"I think I would feel ashamed wearing women's clothes.\"", "\n\"It's like a game, a joke. ", "If one is skilled, the audience will not even\nrealise it is a boy disguised as a woman.\"", "\n\"You mean... you mean that some will even court him? ", "Try to give him a\nkiss?\"", "\n\"Yes, exactly so.\"", "\n\"But who knows how mad they would become after they discover it is a\nmale!\"", "\n\"Not always, Rémy. ", "There are also people who would prefer to know he is\na boy. ", "When I was a boy, several men were happy to know that I was a\nboy, and proposed I go with them.\"", "\n\"Go with them... how?\"", "\n\"On their bed. ", "To have sex, clearly.\"", "\n\"And... did you go with them?\"", "\n\"With those I liked, I did.\"", "\n\"You... did you have sex with men?\"", "\n\"Do you think it's so weird?\"", "\n\"Yes... The priest in confession told me that it's something not to do,\nit's a sin.\"", "\n\"Ah, and why did he tell you so? ", "Did you confess you did it with a man\nor a boy?\"", "\n\"No, I never did it. ", "But when I was thirteen, he asked me if I did such\nthings... you know... what kids do when they are alone, when they touch\nthemselves there to get some pleasure. ", "I said I did. ", "He asked me what I\nwas thinking while I was doing it. ", "I said I was thinking that I was with\none of my cousins doing it to me, and that I liked that fantasy. ", "He\nasked me if I ever did it with that cousin and I said I never did. ", "He\nthen explained to me that such things are not to be done with a male,\nbut it should only be done between a male and a female, and only then\nafter they are married. ", "He said I had to stop doing it even when I was\nalone but he said that it was less of a sin doing it alone than with\nanother. ", "This is exactly what he told me\".", "\n\"And you... did you stop doing it by yourself?\"", "\nRémy broke into a shy smile, \"It's not easy to stop. ", "Just the opposite,\nwhile I was growing up I had a stronger urge and I needed to do it even\nmore than before.\"", "\n\"Did you ever do it with a girl?\"", "\n\"No, never. ", "Girls make me turn shy. ", "I don't like girls, they all seem to\nme to be silly or simpering.\"", "\n\"Would you try it with another boy.\"", "\n\"But the priest said that a man should never do it with another man.\"", "\n\"He was a liar. ", "We actors usually do it between ourselves.\"", "\n\"You and... what's his name... Sandro?\"", "\n\"No, I do it with Lionel, and Sandro with Roe, but at times I have done\nit with Roe, or Lionel with him... and also with other men or boys. ", "Tell\nme, when you do it all alone, what do you think about?\"", "\n\"About some boys I know and I like.\"", "\n\"So, now, you will possibly do it thinking of me or of Sandro?\" ", "Vance\ncunningly asked.", "\n\"It's not unlikely...\" the boy said blushing slightly, \"It's even\nprobable...\"\n\"But then, wouldn't you prefer doing it with me instead of just\nfantasizing about it?\" ", "Vance hinted.", "\n\"I don't know... Would you do it with me?\"", "\n\"Surely, and willingly. ", "It is really good doing it with a friend, and I\nwould like to become your friend.\"", "\n\"I don't know... I think I would feel ashamed.\"", "\n\"Ashamed of what?\"", "\n\"Letting you see me there... you or another one.\"", "\n\"And... would you feel ashamed of seeing me there?\"", "\n\"If you didn't know it already, I think I would rather like to see you.", "\nOnce I could see the backer's son bathing all nude at the river. ", "I\nreally saw everything.\"", "\n\"Did you enjoy looking at him?\"", "\n\"Sure thing! ", "In fact for a while I was touching myself there, I\nfantasised about him, his body and his... tool.\"", "\n\"I would like seeing you totally naked.\"", "\nThis time Rémy became red as an ember, then in a barely perceptible\nvoice he whispered, \"If I didn't know whether you were looking at me or\nnot... down there at the tools hut... when I'm over with my garden's\njob... I always undress, wash myself and change my clothes...\"\n\"And you touch yourself?\"", "\n\"No, I usually do it only in bed.\"", "\n\"You could do it while washing. ", "I'd like to spy on you while you're\ntouching yourself.\"", "\n\"I don't know... But I would like spying on you...\"\n\"Do you see that window? ", "That's where Lionel and I sleep. ", "If you climb\non that tree, during the night, when our lamp is lit, you can see\neverything.\"", "\n\"Wouldn't you be annoyed knowing that somebody is looking at you and\nthat he could see everything?\"", "\n\"If it was a stranger, I would. ", "But if it's you and you tell nobody... I\nwouldn't be bothered at all. ", "And perhaps knowing that you are touching\nyourself while looking at us...\"\nRémy nodded, seriously, then asked, \"Tonight?\"", "\n\"Sure, even tonight. ", "But just you, because I like you and I would like\nto become your friend.\"", "\n\"And... will you come to spy on me at the hut?\"", "\n\"Will you touch yourself?\"", "\n\"If you like... When the sun is beginning to set down behind the\nchestnut tree, any day... Is it alright?\"", "\n\"It's alright. ", "It will be our secret, Rémy.\"", "\n\"Our secret, Vance. ", "I've to go do carry on with my work, now. ", "Your\nfriend is coming.\"", "\n\"Will you come and chat with me tomorrow again?\"", "\n\"Willingly. ", "When the sun sets behind the chestnut tree...\"\n\"And when you see the light at that window...\"\nVance was happy. ", "He knew he had just to be patient and sooner or later\nthat boy would also accept going to his bed, in his arms. ", "He was like a\nfruit. ", "He had just to ripen, to be picked up and savoured.", "\nWhen Sandro came back, he said nothing to him and they resumed their\nrehearsing. ", "Vance was keeping an eye to the sun's position. ", "They stopped\nrehearsing and Sandro went inside to paint the scenes. ", "Vance went to the\nkitchen to help Roe to clean the vegetables then went back out in the\npark. ", "The sun was setting. ", "He looked towards the tools hut. ", "There was no\ntrace of Rémy. ", "It was a good time to go there and explore its\nsurroundings, to find a spot from where he could spy inside. ", "He noticed\nthat at its back there were large gaps between the wooden planks of the\nwall. ", "Tall bushes screened the place. ", "He thought it would be a good\nplace to stay, and he thought about exploring the inside of the hut.", "\nThe inside space was small and filled with tools. ", "In a corner was a pile\nof some funnel shaped tall baskets. ", "That could be a good hiding place,\neven better than spying from outside. ", "He moved some of them, crouched\ndown and put a couple back before him. ", "From there he could see without\nbeing seen.", "\nHe had just settled there when RŹmy entered. ", "The boy looked towards the\nback wall full of gaps then shut the door and bolted it. ", "He took a small\nbundle at a corner and untied it. ", "Then he took a bucket full of water.", "\nHe slipped off his raw hemp coat and breeches. ", "He was naked. ", "He turned\ntowards the back wall and started to slowly masturbate. ", "From his\nhideout, Vance could see him in profile.", "\nThe boy had a still hairless body and a long but not too thick member,\nslightly marked with veins. ", "He took it at full hand, massaging all long\nup and down. ", "Vance saw it grow bigger before his very eyes, beautiful\nand shuddering. ", "He immediately got a strong erection and was tempted to\nmasturbate himself but he was afraid that moving might betray his\npresence.", "\nThe boy was also caressing his chest, thrusting forward his pelvis\ntowards the wall behind which he thought Vance lurked. ", "Then he closed\nhis eyes. ", "His body jerked in a wild spasm and white spurts danced\nthrough the air sprinkling the back wall. ", "Vance counted seven of them,\nseven arches of pearls barely blinking in the half darkness. ", "Rémy face\nwas in ecstasy.", "\nVance licked his lips desirous of having that beautiful peg of youth\nflesh throbbing between his lips, feeling it shudder in the delivery and\ntaste its continuing spurts.", "\nWhen his entire load had been tossed, the boy remained for a moment\nquite still, then slowly caressed his chest and belly, then turned about\nand commenced washing himself. ", "He started to dress in the clothes he had\nin his bundle. ", "He hung the working clothes on a peg, removed the bolt\nand went out.", "\nVance waited a little longer then he too went out. ", "The sun was already\nsetting and the sky was red. ", "Rémy was nowhere to be seen, but Vance was\nsure that this night would see him climbing the tree.", "\nWhen they decided to go to bed, Vance opened the bedroom window out\nwide.", "\n\"Look, what a beautiful night, Lionel. ", "The air is mild, come and breath\nit.\" ", "he said while he was looking towards the tree.", "\nIt was on the shape of a dark and indistinct mass and it was impossible\nto distinguish if Rémy was already lying in wait or not. ", "Lionel,\nunaware, went to the window. ", "Vance embraced and kissed him then,\ncaressing him, started to undress him.", "\n\"Aren't you wanting to be in bed, tonight?\" ", "Lionel asked, agreeably\nsurprised.", "\n\"Feel how aroused I am.\" ", "Vance answered guiding Lionel's hand between\nhis legs.", "\n\"Mmmhhh, yes, I can feel it. ", "I like it when I feel you like that.\"", "\nLionel murmured starting to rummage in Vance's breeches and starting to\nuntie them.", "\nThey gradually undressed each other, kissing and caressing. ", "When they\nwere naked, Lionel pushed Vance towards their bed and they started\nmaking love. ", "After the usual preliminaries, they sucked each other then\nVance took Lionel. ", "He made Lionel take him in return. ", "He imagined that\nRémy was masturbating himself, perched in the tree and spying on them\nand this excited him more than usual.", "\nWhile he was making love wit Lionel he cared to be always in a position\nso that Rémy could well see what they were doing. ", "After they both\nreached their orgasm, Vance got off the bed and went to the window, his\nmember still erect, and looking outside, he stretched him self with\nsensual grace.", "\n\"It has been wonderful, Lionel. ", "You enjoyed it too, didn't you?\"", "\n\"Of course I did! ", "Come back to bed... you can be seen from outside.\"", "\n\"Only my naked chest can be seen, not my still hard cock!\"", "\n\"I bet that you feel ready for an encore...\"\n\"Why don't you come and give me head?\"", "\n\"There at the window?\"", "\n\"From the park you wouldn't be visible, and the thought excites me.", "\nCome, go on!\"", "\nLionel drew near him with a smile, crouched down in front of him and\ntook it in his mouth. ", "Vance, for Rémy benefit, was in profile, hoping\nthat the boy was still there in the tree and saw his member emerge and\nsink in is lover's mouth. ", "They continued, until Vance unloaded again,\nthis time in Lionel's mouth. ", "He then decided to go to bed. ", "He blew out\nthe candle and embraced his lover, feeling twice satisfied.", "\nThe day after he waited with impatience for Rémy to show up. ", "He wasn't\ndisappointed. ", "Rémy came and greeted him.", "\n\"Good morning, Rémy. ", "Were you on the tree, last night?\"", "\n\"I was there... and saw everything!\"", "\n\"Did you enjoy what you saw?\"", "\n\"Oh yes. ", "I was so excited that I came in my breeches without even\ntouching myself. ", "Did you see me?\"", "\n\"No, nothing was visible in the tree.\"", "\n\"I mean at the hut... I touched myself as you asked me to do.\"", "\n\"Yes, I saw you. ", "You were so beautiful! ", "I had the desire to be there\nwith you to touch you!\"", "\n\"You two were really beautiful and I would have liked being there and\ntouch you, and do all those things. ", "I didn't know that two men could do\nall those things. ", "It really seemed to be great.\"", "\n\"With which of us would you have liked to do it?\"", "\n\"I don't know, I hadn't thought of it. ", "Both of you were so beautiful...\nI saw you better. ", "Yours is bigger than mine, even though a little\nshorter, is it right?\"", "\n\"Yes. ", "I would like taking yours in my mouth. ", "If I come to the hut this\nevening, will you let me try?\"", "\n\"No... I'm ashamed.\"", "\n\"But at this point you saw me, I saw you... where is the problem?\"", "\n\"No, please, I would feel too ashamed.\"", "\n\"That's silly, Rémy!\"", "\n\"It could be, but... I never did it, do you see? ", "Even though looking at\nyou it seemed such a good thing... Did you do it with your friend for\nlong?\"", "\n\"Almost seven years. ", "We were about your age, more or less when we first\ndid it.\"", "\n\"Seven years! ", "And do you still like it?\"", "\n\"What do you think?\"", "\n\"It seemed you do... What's its taste... when it sprouts inside the\nmouth?\"", "\n\"Something like drinking a still warm egg, but with a little different\ntaste. ", "Each man has his own taste, they are not all the same... I would\nlike tasting also yours.\"", "\nRémy blushed but said nothing.", "\n\"You have a hard-on now, haven't you?\" ", "Vance asked with a conspiratorial\nsmile.", "\nRémy nodded.", "\n\"May I put my hand there?\"", "\n\"Your friends could see...\"\n\"They would not mind.\"", "\n\"I told you, I'm ashamed.\"", "\n\"Then I'll come inside the tools hut.\"", "\n\"No, please. ", "I would like, I think, but... I am frightened.\"", "\n\"Frightened? ", "Of me? ", "Don't be silly.\"", "\n\"Tonight, will you lit again the candle?\"", "\n\"Only if you let me come in the hut.\"", "\n\"Vance, please... I would like looking at you two again...\"\n\"Only if you let me touch you.\"", "\n\"In the hut, I fear that we could be caught. ", "If I'm alone, they could\nsay nothing, but if we are together they would immediately understand\nwhy we locked ourselves inside.\"", "\n\"Then come now upstairs to my bedroom.\"", "\n\"No, I'm ashamed of your friends, I told you.\"", "\n\"You have absolutely nothing to be ashamed of.\"", "\nRémy shook his head and went away, then came back near Vance.", "\nHe whispered, \"I will be at the hut like yesterday and tonight I will be\nin the tree.\" ", "and hurriedly went away.", "\nVance thought he should have insisted on less with the boy. ", "But he soon\nthought he could hide behind the baskets again and as soon as Rémy was\nnaked he could go out of his hideout to have sex with him. ", "He then had a\nchange of mind, fearing that the boy could have an adverse reaction. ", "He\nwas torn. ", "He decided not to go on thinking about it and even, for that\nevening anyway, not to go to the hut.", "\nWhen the sun set behind the chestnut tree, Vance was aware he was\ngetting a hard-on at the thought that the boy was there undressing for\nhim. ", "He almost ran to the hut. ", "He saw that the door was shut, so he went\nround the hut slipping between the bushes and the wooden wall. ", "He bent\ndown and looked through one of the clefts. ", "Rémy was already totally\nnaked and was masturbating, just a few inches from the wall.", "\nVance thought that if the gaps were a little wider, he could slip in his\nfingers and perhaps reach and brush the erect boy's member, or even slip\nhis hard stake inside hoping that Rémy wanted to touch it. ", "These\nfantasies aroused him a great deal. ", "He was feeling more and more\nattracted to that boy, mainly for his beauty but possibly also because\nof his bashfulness.", "\nRémy suddenly came and a drop of his seed passed through the cleft and\nhit Vance's face. ", "He gathered it with a finger and savoured it. ", "Then\nlooked again inside. ", "Rémy crouched before the wall and pushed his face\nnearer.", "\nIn a whisper he asked, \"Are you there?\"", "\n\"Yes...\"\n\"Did you like seeing me?\"", "\n\"I would have liked it if I were touching you.\"", "\n\"I know. ", "I think I would like that too, I desire it and perhaps... if we\ncould do it in secret, without your companions knowing...\"\n\"We will find a way.\"", "\n\"Will you keep the candle lit, tonight?\"", "\n\"I will.\"", "\n\"I would like you to do all the things you do with your friend with me.", "\nFind a safe place, please. ", "I really want to try... Look, I'm getting\nanother hard-on just thinking of it. ", "I want to touch you, to be touched\nby you.\"", "\n\"Why don't you let me in?\"", "\n\"No, here it's risky. ", "I have to dress, now.\"", "\n\"No, wait...\"\n\"Tonight I will be on the tree. ", "It's great spying on you.\"", "\nVance went back to the house. ", "That night he again made love with Lionel\nat Rémy's benefit. ", "At one point he thought he heard a rustling coming\nfrom the tree and this excited him incredibly. ", "The boy was surrendering\nto his proposal. ", "He had just to find a safe place.", "\nThe day after, in the afternoon, he sent Lionel to check with the\ntailor's as to the readiness of their stage costumes. ", "Then asked Roe to\ngo and check on the progress of the wagon, and proposed that Sandro to\ngo at the Marquis' library to check some books.", "\nSo, when Rémy showed up, he told him, \"I sent all my friends away. ", "Come\ninside, we are safe.\"", "\n\"What if they... if they come back?\"", "\n\"We have enough time.\"", "\n\"But I'm afraid... forgive me.\"", "\n\"Rémy, even if they come back, they would say nothing, I told you.\"", "\n\"But I...\"\n\"I want you. ", "Either you come inside or I will start doing it now, this\ninstant.\" ", "Vance said seizing his arm.", "\nRémy went pale and feebly tried to put up defences, trying to free\nhimself. ", "Vance dragged him towards the door and forced him to go inside.", "\nThere, leaning on him and pushing him against the wall, he put a hand\nbetween the boy's legs and fondled him with relish. ", "He felt him shudder,\nfelt the boy's member harden under his breeches. ", "He then kissed him on\nthe mouth, going on to fondle him with his hand while holding him in\nplace with other. ", "Rémy shuddered violently.", "\nWhen Vance let his mouth free, the boy murmured, shaken, \"It's great...\nit's great, but I'm so scared. ", "Stop it, please.\"", "\nVance took his hand and guided it to his hard-on. ", "Rémy felt it and\nshuddered again, then started to caress it through the cloth. ", "Vance\nkissed him again.", "\n\"I want it, Vance, but let's find a safe place...\"\n\"I sent then away expressly, to be alone with you. ", "Come upstairs, I want\nto undress you, to have you naked.\"", "\n\"I would like that too, Vance, but...\"\n\"Come upstairs, or I will undress and take you here!\"", "\n\"What do you want to do with me?\" ", "the boy asked, slightly worried.", "\n\"All that you saw me do with Lionel.\"", "\n\"It's beautiful... but...\"\nVance started to untie the boy's coat and, uncovering his chest, while\nmaintaining him against the wall, lowered to suck his now very hard\nnipples. ", "Rémy moaned and wriggled succumbing to pleasure. ", "Vance untied\nhis breeches and went down with his lips and tongued the boy's belly,\nheading for the already fully erect member.", "\nRémy murmured, \"No... no, please...\" but didn't maintain opposition.", "\nVance reached the beautiful member, smooth like velvet and hard like\nstone and took it all in his mouth.", "\nRémy emitted a sob. ", "With a chocked voce he repeated, \"No, no, please...\"\nbut instinctively pushed his pelvis forward to sink even more in that\nhot, thirsty mouth that was making him feel wild uncontrollable\nsensations.", "\nVance, while continuing to suck him, lowered his breeches to his knees\nand with skilled fingers started to tease him between his buttocks.", "\nFinding the still unblemished hole he rimmed it until he felt it start\nto palpitate. ", "Rémy resonated from head to toe like the string of a bow,\nemitted long whines and unloaded into the welcoming mouth of Vance who\ndrank in big draught all the seed that the boy was spurting with wild\nspasm of pleasure. ", "When the last drop had been delivered, Vance\nstraightened up and caressed his belly and chest, then kissed him again.", "\nThen, parting a little from the boy, asked him with a conspiratorial\nsmile, \"Wasn't it good?\"", "\n\"Yes. ", "Much too good. ", "I never felt anything like that Vance.\"", "\n\"This was but a small tasting. ", "I would like to make you feel an even\nmore sensual and stronger passion should you came with me. ", "Why are you\nso afraid?\"", "\n\"I want to come with you... Can you send away your friends again,\ntomorrow?\"", "\n\"I don't know. ", "Maybe\"\n\"Then I will come upstairs with you. ", "You will get me naked and do to me\nall that you did with your friend, and I will do anything you want.", "\nPromise!\"", "\n\"Alright. ", "I will wait for you, tomorrow. ", "Don't fail me.\"", "\n\"Promise. ", "Tonight, you will again keep the candle lit?\"", "\n\"Sure.\"", "\nWhen his friends were back, Vance told them about Rémy, omitting only\nthe detail of the tree. ", "He asked them that for the following afternoon,\nthey shut themselves into Sandro's and Roe's room keeping absolutely\nsilent. ", "He would make Rémy believe that nobody was home, so that he\ncould finally have him in his bed. ", "All his three companions accepted\nwithout hesitation.", "\nThe day after, Vance finally took Rémy to his bedroom. ", "He undressed him\nand made love to him quietly, for a long time, giving the maximum\npleasure to the boy. ", "Rémy abandoned himself to Vance attentions without\nrestraint, and moaned and groaned aloud enjoying all what Vance was\nlavishing on him. ", "He was docilely in his arms, greedy to experience\neverything. ", "When Vance penetrated him, even though feeling some pain,\nthe boy wanted consummation. ", "Vance had the boy come several times, until\nhe was like a bundle of raw, hypersensitive nerves, and implored Vance\nto stop.", "\n\"So, then, are you happy you came here with me?\" ", "Vance asked him,\ncaressing his entire body.", "\n\"I felt like dying for the pleasure of it. ", "I didn't think it could be so\nwonderful!\"", "\n\"I also gave you some pain, didn't I?\"", "\n\"Yes, but it was worth it. ", "On one hand it hurt, just a little, but then,\nso much pleasure... It's like... a fire!\"", "\n\"If, while we were having sex, my friends came here, would you have felt\nashamed?\"", "\n\"I think I might.\"", "\n\"And would you have asked me to stop?\"", "\n\"I don't think so...\"\n\"So then tomorrow I will introduce you to my friends, then we come here\nagain and have sex, even if they are around. ", "Agreed?\"", "\n\"But they will not come in this room, would they?\"", "\n\"No, they will stay downstairs.\"", "\n\"Then is alright. ", "I will come tomorrow.\"", "\nSo, the day after, Vance had Rémy meet his friends then took him\nupstairs and they began the dance of love. ", "At first the boy was a little\ntense and embarrassed, but then let himself go totally. ", "Day after day he\nlost his shyness, and learned to make love with increasing skill and\nenthusiasm. ", "Vance liked the freshness and naturalness of Rémy, his\ndocility yet his randy attacks. ", "Having sex with Rémy did not lessen his\npleasure of making love with Lionel, but somehow, even with him RŹmy,\nVance became more tender and passionate.", "\nWhen the wagon was ready and they were organizing the start of their\nfirst tour, Rémy asked to be accepted as one of the troupe. ", "Vance, after\nthe consent of his friends, went to see the Marquis and asked him for\nauthorization to take the boy with them. ", "The man gave his consent\nwithout argument.", "\nRémy started to learn his women's parts under Roe's tutelage. ", "In the\nbeginning he was somewhat awkward and clumsy, but gradually understood\nhow he had to act and succeeded in doing his part with increasing\nsuccess.", "\nAs they had promised, they performed their first shows at the Marquis'\nmansion in front of the elite of the local aristocracy. ", "The Duke Ludovic\nof Savoy intervened and complimented them. ", "When the wagon was fully\nequipped, they stated touring the villages and towns of Savoy Duchy.", "\nSandro and Roe had asked their friends to put a curtain during the night\nallowing them to make love with some intimacy and quietness. ", "Vance\naccepted willingly. ", "Rémy slept with Vance and Lionel.", "\nAt that point the boy, feeling fully accepted, lost any residual\nembarrassment and shyness, not only in bed but also on stage.", "\nThe new born company \"Du Chaton\", as they called it, was meeting with\noutstanding success, because it was the first time that in the duchy had\nbeen seen a strolling players' wagon.", "\n-----------------------------\nCONTINUES IN CHAPTER 18\n-----------------------------\nIn my home page I've put some more of my stories. ", "If someone wants to\nread them, the URL is\nhttp://andrejkoymasky.com\nIf you want to send me feed-back, or desire to help revising my English\ntranslations, so that I can put on-line more of my stories in English\nplease e-mail at\nandrej@andrejkoymasky.com\n---------------------------" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Alzey Formation\n\nThe Alzey Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. ", "It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.", "\n\nSee also\n\n List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany\n\nReferences\n \n\nCategory:Paleogene Germany" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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