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[
" composite number?",
"\nTrue\nLet p = 3634 + -4282. ",
"Suppose q = 2*d + 2*d + 1735, -4*d = 0. ",
"Let y = q + p. Is y a composite number?",
"\nFalse\nLet p(m) = 5*m + 19. ",
"Let k be p(-4). ",
"Let f be ((-1)/(6/9))/(k/2). ",
"Suppose 2*s - f*s - 1258 = -5*l, -s - 3 = 0. ",
"Is l prime?",
"\nTrue\nLet c = 728 - -1151. ",
"Is c prime?",
"\nTrue\nLet l = -12280 + 29067. ",
"Is l a composite number?",
"\nFalse\nLet a be (-363)/(-605) + 84/10 + -1. ",
"Suppose -a*d + 130965 = 41389. ",
"Is d a composite number?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose 0 = 15*w - 20*w + 10. ",
"Suppose w*c - 706 = 230. ",
"Let g = c + -247. ",
"Is g composite?",
"\nTrue\nLet h(x) = -10763*x - 31. ",
"Suppose 3*k = 2*i - 8, -2*k + 43 = -5*k - 5*i. ",
"Is h(k) prime?",
"\nFalse\nLet h = -20491 + 173552. ",
"Is h prime?",
"\nFalse\nIs -62461*(-38)/7 - 7*1 prime?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose 543*t - 538*t = -5*g + 864440, -3*g + t + 518676 = 0. ",
"Is g prime?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose 3*u - 7 = 5. ",
"Suppose 6*x - 20 = x + 5*c, 0 = 2*x + c + u. Suppose x = -3*f + 7*f - 156. ",
"Is f prime?",
"\nFalse\nLet s = -279693 + 434126. ",
"Is s a composite number?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose 4*q = -0 + 16. ",
"Is ((-31565)/10)/((-2)/q) a composite number?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose -l + 31 = -3*v, 34 + 16 = -4*v - 3*l. ",
"Let y(b) = b**3 + 12*b**2 - 2*b - 20. ",
"Is y(v) a composite number?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose n - 6*n + 45 = 5*f, -14 = -2*f - n. Suppose -p - 2*t + 169 = -0*t, -f*p - 2*t = -885. ",
"Is p a prime number?",
"\nTrue\nLet a(d) be the second derivative of 68*d**4/3 + 53*d**3/6 - 19*d**2 - 18*d. ",
"Is a(-9) a composite number?",
"\nFalse\nLet y(b) = -7*b**3 - 3*b**2 + 12*b + 5. ",
"Let x be y(-7). ",
"Let c = -1513 + x. Is c composite?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose -16*y - 38*y + 5498658 = 0. ",
"Is y a prime number?",
"\nFalse\nLet g be ((-126)/49)/(-1 - 24/(-21)). ",
"Is ((-28004)/g - -3) + 6/27 a composite number?",
"\nFalse\nLet l = -211 - -297. ",
"Let s(y) = 3*y**2 - 3*y - 2*y**2 - 1 - 2*y**2 + 0 - l*y**3. ",
"Is s(-2) composite?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose -25*p - 23480 = -29*p. ",
"Suppose 0 = 14*a - 99452 - p. Is a composite?",
"\nFalse\nLet x(g) = -114*g**2 + 146*g - 20. ",
"Let h(o) = 38*o**2 - 49*o + 7. ",
"Let c(m) = -17*h(m) - 6*x(m). ",
"Is c(-8) a prime number?",
"\nTrue\nLet u = 979998 - 304969. ",
"Is u composite?",
"\nFalse\nLet q = 4644 - 3306. ",
"Suppose -5*g + 3*y = -90, 0*y - 15 = 3*y. ",
"Suppose -9*b + g*b = q. Is b a prime number?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose -3*u + 19052 = -6*v + 5*v, -5*v = 25. ",
"Let b = u - 4298. ",
"Is b a prime number?",
"\nFalse\nLet o = -212 - -225. ",
"Suppose 11759 = -o*t + 122350. ",
"Is t a composite number?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose -3*b + 9183 = -2*p + 5*p, p = -3*b + 3063. ",
"Let x = p - 5741. ",
"Let c = 3832 + x. Is c a composite number?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose 0 = 3*w - 0*w - 5*w. ",
"Suppose -1 = 2*g - 3*v + 8, -3*g + 2*v - 6 = w. Suppose i = l + 37 + 50, g = -3*i - l + 253. ",
"Is i prime?",
"\nFalse\nLet j(g) = -9*g**3 + 2*g**2 + g + 1. ",
"Let h(y) = y + 9. ",
"Let o(u) = 1. ",
"Let a(x) = h(x) - 2*o(x). ",
"Let f be a(-9). ",
"Is j(f) a composite number?",
"\nFalse\nLet w be (-42)/189 - (-14)/(-18) - -3590. ",
"Suppose 7*r + 173 = w. Suppose 4*b - r = -4*d, 6*d - 102 = -b + d. Is b composite?",
"\nFalse\nIs (3 - 1736163/(-26))*2/3 composite?",
"\nFalse\nIs (((-10)/(-120))/((-4)/(-6855972)))/(11/44) a prime number?",
"\nTrue\nLet z = -307 - -472. ",
"Let n = 1742 + z. Is n a composite number?",
"\nFalse\nLet o(b) = -138*b + 6185. ",
"Is o(-46) a composite number?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose -7*d + 3*d = -f + 7774, 3*f + 4*d - 23290 = 0. ",
"Let x = f + -5397. ",
"Is x a prime number?",
"\nFalse\nLet t be 21801/(-12) + (-49)/(-28). ",
"Let b = t + 2728. ",
"Is b prime?",
"\nFalse\nLet y = 74163 - -114543. ",
"Suppose y = 6*b + 8*b. ",
"Is b a prime number?",
"\nFalse\nLet a = -98240 + 145839. ",
"Is a a composite number?",
"\nFalse\nLet m = -28 + 19. ",
"Let p be ((-108)/(-30))/(m/(-30)). ",
"Suppose -14*y + p*y = -106. ",
"Is y composite?",
"\nFalse\nLet w be 1/(6/17408) - 110/(-165). ",
"Let p = 5235 - w. Is p a composite number?",
"\nFalse\nLet r be -2 - 300/2*2/(-3). ",
"Let u = r - 94. ",
"Suppose -2*k + 688 = o - 954, 5*o - 3284 = -u*k. ",
"Is k a prime number?",
"\nTrue\nLet x(o) = -78*o**2 + 20 - 10 + 33 - 6*o - 2. ",
"Let h be x(5). ",
"Let c = 3596 + h. Is c composite?",
"\nFalse\nLet k be (3/(-9))/(1/(-9)). ",
"Suppose 6 = -k*z - 0*z, -4*q = -5*z - 1574. ",
"Suppose 3*c - 1046 = q. Is c prime?",
"\nTrue\nLet x(m) = -3876*m + 2963. ",
"Is x(-69) a composite number?",
"\nFalse\nIs 678/6441 - (-4187482)/38 a prime number?",
"\nFalse\nLet r = -687 - -440. ",
"Let i be (-3)/6 + 1609/2. ",
"Let j = i + r. Is j composite?",
"\nFalse\nLet g be (-4)/(-7 + -1)*0. ",
"Suppose -82 = -4*y - g*y - j, -3*j = -2*y + 48. ",
"Is (9814/y)/(2/3) composite?",
"\nFalse\nLet o = 182 - 157. ",
"Suppose 21*q + o = 88. ",
"Is q prime?",
"\nTrue\nLet g(b) = b + 1. ",
"Let y(l) = -46*l + 23. ",
"Let t(u) = -5*g(u) - y(u). ",
"Is t(7) composite?",
"\nTrue\nLet k = -224811 - -341780. ",
"Is k prime?",
"\nTrue\nLet x(n) = 22*n**2 - 14*n + 23. ",
"Let b be 6/27 + 145/(-45) - -5. ",
"Suppose 38 = 2*q - 4*p + 8, 0 = 3*q - b*p - 33. ",
"Is x(q) prime?",
"\nFalse\nLet f(s) be the third derivative of -s**2 + 0*s - 25/24*s**4 + 0 + 1/30*s**5 + 13/3*s**3. ",
"Is f(20) composite?",
"\nTrue\nLet i = 33 - 24. ",
"Suppose 6*t + 9564 = i*t. ",
"Suppose 3*v - 8729 = -t. ",
"Is v prime?",
"\nTrue\nLet o = 1114 - -2009. ",
"Suppose 3*l = -2*n + 9902 - o, -5*n + 2*l = -16995. ",
"Is n composite?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose -2*s = -6*y + 4*y - 880814, 2*s = -5*y + 880786. ",
"Is s composite?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose -y + 5*o = -8059, -3*y - 4*o = o - 24177. ",
"Is y composite?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose 4*u - 4*m - 3439 - 23897 = 0, -4*m = -8. ",
"Suppose 26410 = 18*c - u. Is c prime?",
"\nTrue\nLet d(r) = 81541*r - 251. ",
"Is d(10) a prime number?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose 8*n - 31339 = n. Let a = n + 7281. ",
"Suppose -2703 = 5*c - a. Is c a prime number?",
"\nTrue\nLet n(f) = -11511*f - 3605. ",
"Is n(-24) composite?",
"\nFalse\nLet q = -60 + 62. ",
"Let n be 24/(-60)*50/q. Is 2/(8/5252) - n/5 a prime number?",
"\nFalse\nLet c(o) = 61*o**2 - 3*o - 13. ",
"Let q(n) = -31*n**2 + 2*n + 7. ",
"Let x(i) = 3*c(i) + 5*q(i). ",
"Suppose -66*j = -61*j + 35. ",
"Is x(j) prime?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose 30*h = 4914835 - 1436905. ",
"Is h a prime number?",
"\nTrue\nLet i(b) = b**2 - 6*b - 6. ",
"Let v be i(7). ",
"Suppose 5 = 2*l + v. Let f(m) = 9*m**3 + 2*m**2 + 3. ",
"Is f(l) composite?",
"\nFalse\nIs 772/(-12)*(-174 + -45) composite?",
"\nTrue\nIs (-89)/(((-3)/6)/((-2253)/(-6))) a composite number?",
"\nTrue\nIs (201594716/(-166))/((4/6)/(5/(-15))) prime?",
"\nTrue\nIs (-20491478)/(-301) - 1*-1*9 a prime number?",
"\nTrue\nLet o(a) = -a - 1. ",
"Suppose 0 = 3*b - h + 6, -3*b + 2*h = 3*h. ",
"Let l be o(b). ",
"Suppose l = -3*r + 3*x + 3594, 3618 = 3*r + x + 4*x. ",
"Is r composite?",
"\nFalse\nLet b = -12 + 63. ",
"Let v be b/15 + 6/(-15). ",
"Is (4 - (5 + v)) + 42 a prime number?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose r - 3*s + 37 = 0, -3*s - 96 = 4*r - 2*s. ",
"Is (-1)/(r/(-20)) - (-38249)/5 prime?",
"\nTrue\nLet f be 11/(11/(-2)) + -1. ",
"Let j be (f + 8/2)*159. ",
"Suppose 160*n - j*n = 859. ",
"Is n a prime number?",
"\nTrue\nIs (-64)/4 + 79183 + -58 a prime number?",
"\nFalse\nLet d(s) be the third derivative of -3*s**2 + 0 + 11/6*s**3 + 3/40*s**6 + 0*s + 1/8*s**4 - 1/30*s**5. ",
"Is d(6) prime?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose -48*j + 3338204 = -2806849 - 14019603. ",
"Is j composite?",
"\nFalse\nLet s = 7976 + -1238. ",
"Suppose 6*i = i - 4*z + 11221, 3*z + s = 3*i. ",
"Is i a composite number?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose 17*n + 986645 - 136122 = 78*n. ",
"Is n a composite number?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose 750610 = 2*w - 9*w. ",
"Let r = -75645 - w. Is r a prime number?",
"\nFalse\nLet f be ((-3)/(-6))/(((-9)/2)/(-9)). ",
"Let i(w) = -w**2 + 5*w - 3. ",
"Let y be i(f). ",
"Is y/6*-3 + (-2517)/(-6) a prime number?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose -22*q = -18*q - 44. ",
"Let c = q + -13. ",
"Is 159 - (2 + 8/c) prime?",
"\nFalse\nIs (-9294900)/(-450)*(21/6 + -2) prime?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose -8*c + 532 = 6*c. ",
"Let j = c - 33. ",
"Suppose 5195 = j*q + 5*t, -3*t - t + 2078 = 2*q. ",
"Is q a prime number?",
"\nTrue\nLet a = -819 - -97. ",
"Let r = a - -1899. ",
"Let x = r + -255. ",
"Is x prime?",
"\nFalse\nIs 3*(-9)/54*-2672314 prime?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose -5*g + 891850 = -6*o + o, -2*o + 178379 = g. Is g a composite number?",
"\nTrue\nIs ((-217)/21)/(2/3207)*(-3 - -1) composite?",
"\nTrue\nLet c = -38 + 44. ",
"Suppose -5*r = -h + c, -3*h - h + 9 = -5*r. ",
"Is ((-8)/14 - (-50931)/(-63))*r composite?",
"\nFalse\nSuppose 11555*i - 11536*i - 6768959 = 0. ",
"Is i a composite number?",
"\nFalse\nLet k = 76 + -75. ",
"Is k/(-3*(-1)/663) a prime number?",
"\nFalse\nLet p(r) = 20*r**3 - 2*r**2 + 2*r. ",
"Let o be p(1). ",
"Suppose o*z - 17*z - 2343 = 0. ",
"Is z a composite number?",
"\nTrue\nLet c(n) = 158*n**3 - 19*n**2 - 63*n + 23. ",
"Is c(14) composite?",
"\nTrue\nSuppose 3*v - 26*o - 2473542 = -21*o, 3298048 = 4*v - 4*o. ",
"Is v composite?",
"\nTrue\nLet z(n) = n**3 + 11*n**2 - 8*n - 23. ",
"Suppose -4*f + 4*c + 4 = -4, -2*c = 2*f - 4. ",
"Suppose 9 = -f*p - 11. ",
"Is z(p) a prime number?",
"\nTrue\nLet p be (-2)/(-6) - (-934)/6. ",
"Suppose -75*c = 10*c - 9*c + 11324. ",
"Let a = c + p. Is a composite?",
"\nFalse\nLet i = 906 + -532. ",
"Suppose 4*x - 434 - i = 0. ",
"Is (-3"
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[
"Q:\n\nHow can I get values from Selenium WebElement more than faster?",
"\n\nThis is my test code to get value from Selenium WebElement.",
"\nimport java.util.",
"List; \nimport org.apache.commons.lang3.ObjectUtils.",
"Null;\nimport org.openqa.selenium.",
"By;\nimport org.openqa.selenium.",
"WebDriver;\nimport org.openqa.selenium.",
"WebDriverException;\nimport org.openqa.selenium.",
"WebElement;\nimport org.openqa.selenium.firefox.",
"FirefoxDriver;\n\npublic class Scan extends WebDriverException {\n private long start = 0;\n private WebDriver driver = null;\n\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n\n Scan scan = new Scan();\n scan.driver = new FirefoxDriver();\n scan.driver.get(\"https://en.wikipedia.org/\");\n scan.scanAllElements();\n scan.driver.quit();\n }\n\n public void scanAllElements() {\n // get all elements\n List<WebElement> elms = driver.findElements(By.xpath(\"//*\"));\n System.out.println(\"elms size:\" + elms.size());\n\n // start timer\n this.start = System.currentTimeMillis();\n\n // scan all elements and get some value.",
"\n for (WebElement elm : elms) {\n elm.getTagName();\n elm.getAttribute(\"class\");\n elm.getAttribute(\"id\");\n elm.getAttribute(\"href\");\n elm.getText();\n elm.getSize();\n elm.getLocation();\n }\n\n // check the time\n stopTimer(elms.size());\n }\n\n public void stopTimer(int elmsSize) {\n long end = System.currentTimeMillis();\n long ms = end - this.start;\n long sec = ms / 1000;\n long min = sec / 60;\n\n System.out.println(\"--- Speed Test ---\");\n System.out.println(ms + \" ms\");\n System.out.println(sec + \" s\");\n System.out.println(min + \" min \" + (sec % 60) + \" s \");\n System.out.println(\"1 loop average time:\" + (ms / elmsSize) + \" ms\");\n\n }\n\n}\n\nThe result is this.",
"It takes long time. ",
"I'd like to make it fast.",
"\nelms size:1031\n--- Speed Test ---\n123468 ms\n123 s\n2 min 3 s \neach loop average time:119 ms\n\nWhat I did.",
"\n1.Skip some elements\nIf the value is not that what I want. ",
"It's skip to get another getting values with (continue).",
"\n2.filter by xpath\nThis sample get all elemnts (//*). ",
"So I filtered elements when I get it which was good way. ",
"But I have still some hundred elements and I need minimise the process time.",
"\n3.Multithread\nI tested Runnable Callable Stream.",
"\nRunnable and Callable solved speed problem. ",
"The Process time became to around 40%. ",
"But many elements became to null !!",
"\nStream minimise only 10% time and it's also some elements are null.",
"\nIf you have any idea to get it more than faster, please tell me!! ",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou can using Javascript, code below will return an ArrayList of Map with tag name, id, href, class keys almost instantly:\nArrayList<Maps> list = (ArrayList) ((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript(\"return [...document.querySelectorAll(\\\"*\\\")].map(e=>{return {tagName:(e.tagName==undefined?null:e.tagName),class:(e.className==undefined?null:e.className),id:(e.id==undefined?null:e.id),href:(e.href==undefined?null:e.href)}})\");\n\nAll you need is to add js code to get location and size. ",
"For text you can use textContent. ",
"\nBefore execute the script be sure page is loaded. ",
"\n\n"
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[
"Monday, June 3, 2013\n\nThat Morning After - Review\n\n5 stars!",
"\n\nJanus does it again! ",
"That Morning After is a short(ish)\nstory about Nicky, a woman recovering from her past, including divorce, and\ndecides to try online dating sites…with some consequences!",
"\n\nThis is a well-balanced read and the author delves into the\nmind of her main character with great skill and finesse. ",
"We, the readers,\nquickly identify and desire to find out what comes next….the mark of a really\ngood narrative, in my opinion.",
"\n\nWeaved in is the reality of city life, the dangers of online\ndating, the smell of books in a bookshop, the sun and colours of Italy, the\nchange that comes after mortality is left behind…oooh, you have to read it!",
"\n\nThat Morning After is a vampire story with a difference,\nfolks, and well worth it. ",
"There are so much of them vamp tales out there, that\nit’s hard to stand out, but Janus Gangi concentrates of emotions and situations\nand people and their problems until it becomes a vamp tale with real depth. ",
"And\nit’s short enough to entice you, while being long enough to satisfy you!"
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"Naloxone induces endoplasmic reticulum stress in PC12 cells.",
"\nNaloxone is an opioid inverse agonist used in the treatment of opiate overdose, with well known pharmacology. ",
"In the present study, we determined the effects of naloxone on the unfolded protein response (UPR) in PC12 cells. ",
"Data from a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay indicated that naloxone may accelerate PC12 cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. ",
"We also demonstrated that naloxone upregulated gene expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones, including binding immunoglobulin protein (Bip), calnexin, ER protein 29 (ERp29) and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), and ER stress sensors, including activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) and protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK). ",
"In addition, naloxone also induced typical ER stress phenomena, including ART6 proteolytic cleavage, eIF2α phosphorylation and XBP1 mRNA splicing. ",
"Furthermore, naloxone upregulated gene expression of ER chaperones and ER stress sensors in in vivo experiments. ",
"To the best of our knowledge, these results are the first to indicate that naloxone induces ER stress in vitro and in vivo."
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[
"down syndrome, prenatal testing, prenatal diagnosis, reproductive immunology, special needs, early intervention, trisomy 21, down syndrome therapy, down syndrome advocacy, down syndrome support group, down syndrome development milestones\n\n31 for 21: What does it mean to be “Smart?”",
"\n\nSo it is very unlikely that Luke will be an astronaut when he grows up, but exactly what are the chances any of our typically developing kids will be? ",
"But what about our other dreams, our other hopes of things that may never be? ",
"But how often do children, typical or not, do as their parents wish? ",
"Not often. ",
"My parents wanted me to be a lawyer or doctor or marry one, neither of their wishes came true. ",
"But whatever those hopes and dreams may be, I think the most common one (and one that we share) is the hope that our children will grow up to be happy, healthy and well adjusted so they can be a positive contribution to society. ",
"There are many people with Down syndrome who grow up to get jobs, live independently, go to college, get married, and some have children and become parents. ",
"That may not happen for every person, however, I think people tend to put limitations or judge those with Down syndrome a little unfairly. ",
"And many may not realize how full and rich their lives are.",
"\n\nSome people may not know that many people with Down syndrome have high social and adaptive skills, leading to what some call the Down syndrome advantage (click here to read more). ",
"So they are not just a positive contribution to society, but by virtue of who they are and their attitudes and graciousness, end up lifting up the people around them. ",
"And I have heard other people say with the best intentions that if you are to have a child with a disability, then you are fortunate it is Down syndrome. ",
"Again, this statement may come across as offensive to some, but I think what they are trying to convey is this “advantage” and the positive effects having a child or sibling has on the family. ",
"That because a person with Down syndrome is more likely to have higher social and adaptive skills than what their IQ may imply, it will have a more positive impact on your life. ",
"For us, this is definitely true.",
"\n\nSo even though a standard IQ test may only range typically between 40-70 for someone with Down syndrome, there are so many factors that these tests do not capture. ",
"One, is what I like to call emotional IQ, and that is the ability to read other people’s emotions and have the ability to cheer them up or calm them down (see reference here). ",
"The second area is adaptive skills, which is the ability to adapt to your environment especially in daily activities. ",
"I like to think of this as “street smarts,” meaning someone with high street smarts know how to live and adapt no matter what environment they are in (like living on the streets).",
"\n\nI can tell you that these social and adaptive skills are just as, if not more important, than a high IQ. ",
"A person with a high IQ that cannot relate to society can end up feeling alone, dejected and depressed. ",
"A person with a high IQ that has low adaptive skills will have struggles positively contributing to society. ",
"Human beings are social creatures so this makes sense. ",
"If you have brilliance within you but you can’t relate to others, work with others or have relationships with others, this is a different limitation, a “social disability” of sorts. ",
"On the other hand, 99% of people with Down syndrome have reported being happy with their lives, and I think that is a reflection of how they relate to others around them.",
"\n\nEven with IQ ranges, you shouldn’t limit or assume someone with Down syndrome is intellectually disabled. ",
"I read about a child with Down syndrome whose parents never gave up on her health issues and never limited her cognitive ability. ",
"So they read aloud to her everyday from a little baby, and she grew to love and devour books. ",
"By the time she was school age, they had her IQ tested and her IQ was 105. ",
"I also met a mother whose child with Down syndrome scored in the top quartile in reading in Maps testing. ",
"She also constantly exposed her child to books, and that love for books led to improved reading skills. ",
"This child is also fully included in her school district, which I also think helps.",
"\n\nI do caution allowing having your child’s IQ tested if you have any suspicions that the results would end up with you or someone else limiting your child. ",
"I have a little understanding of how some of these tests work having gone through them for my older son. ",
"Now my older son’s test results came in quite high. ",
"I do not share this with you to brag, but I want to tell you that these tests give you a very limited perspective of your child’s strengths and weaknesses. ",
"Our child does not act like some brainiac genius. ",
"He is very good at testing and he is sharp and loves puzzles, so this kind of testing is well suited to how he thinks and operates. ",
"He also has been fortunate to have been tested twice by adults that he has felt comfortable with and that he wanted to impress, which always helps. ",
"But he has his weaknesses too. ",
"And I know other very bright children who have not tested well because they don’t speak English well or have behavior issues (like fear of strangers or a sense of humor where they will say the wrong answer on purpose) that diminishes their score from their true potential as measured by the iq test. ",
"I have no doubt that people with Down syndrome are unfairly tested also because these tests do not tailor to how they learn or communicate or give adequate time to process things as their processing ability is slower than typical children, as well as being conducted by personnel that may not understand them. ",
"And they have no connection to the questions being asked, there is no incentive on answering the questions being posed. ",
"Instead of asking how to solve a puzzle, maybe ask how they would go about getting their favorite toy off the table because our little guy has impressive problem solving skills when it is for something he wants. ",
"Because of this, I think that standard IQ tests are not necessarily a fair reflection of their true intelligence.",
"\n\nI have also heard about mothers being concerned about their baby not being “smart,” and that their baby will have an intellectual disability. ",
"That may be the case, but I think you may find your child will surprise you. ",
"Our son doesn’t like cooperating “on demand” or being forced to do something he isn’t doing on his own, which makes me believe he wouldn’t perform well in a testing environment even if they asked him to do things I already know he can do. ",
"He also doesn’t consistently speak, although he has said a few words a few times but not on a consistent basis, but he communicates with us, even though he doesn’t sign (some children don’t use gestures and are more verbal in nature and we believe Luke falls in this category). ",
"But he understands words and communicates to us through his actions. ",
"When I ask him if he wants books, he crawls to his books so we can read them together. ",
"When he wants to sleep, he crawls to his room or points in that direction. ",
"When he wants a piggy back ride (his favorite thing these days), he crawls up behind me and pulls to stand and slaps my back with his hands. ",
"When he acts fussy at mealtime, I ask and sign “juice” or “cracker” or “drink” and he calms down knowing that I have gotten it right. ",
"Honestly, we saw a similar pattern in our older son who didn’t sign or speak or show any clear cognitive understanding of spoken words until around 14-15 months old. ",
"So it doesn’t concern me too much because I believe that Luke will find a way to communicate with us. ",
"So don’t under estimate your child and they may surprise you. ",
"I also believe each child has their own unique set of gifts and challenges. ",
"As their mother, it is up to you to help them hone these gifts and to ease their challenges. ",
"It isn’t easy sometimes, but the rewards you reap are so worth the effort.",
"\n\nMy mother in law works in a non-profit that assists adults with disabilities, including those with Down syndrome. ",
"She told me about one woman with Down syndrome that grew up in a trilingual household, and can understand and speak 3 languages (maybe not fluently but still!), ",
"which is more than what I can say for myself! ",
"She also said that this woman is a social butterfly who always addressed everyone she meets by name, social skills that would probably put many of our own social abilities to shame.",
"\n\nThere is another man with Down syndrome that is not a recipient of their services but works for an armoured car company for Pace tickets that are dropped off at their office. ",
"She said that he is equipped with a gun, just like any other armed guard, and drops off the tickets unaccompanied. ",
"This is a very big responsibility that I am confident that this person takes very seriously. ",
"In fact, many employers report that their employees with Down syndrome are hard working and have a positive impact on the workplace.",
"\n\nI read someone’s blog that suggests that in order to truly be a good example of inclusion, we should have friends with disabilities. ",
"I like this idea. ",
"I would like to have the woman who did the webinar as a friend, not because she has Down syndrome, but because she is smart, a caring mother and seems like a good person and one I would like to call a friend. ",
"There is another man who interned at Gigi’s playhouse who I met when Luke was just born that seemed like he had a good mind for business (which always interests me) and I would enjoy talking to him about his internships and the people he has met through it. ",
"Unfortunately, those are the 2 adults so far who I have had more in depth conversations with, so I can see where we have common interests and similarities. ",
"But I certainly would love to meet more.",
"\n\nSo what does being “smart” mean to you? ",
"After reading this, I hope it means more than just someone’s IQ. ",
"I hope that one day having a high social IQ and high adaptive skills is just as respected as someone with a high IQ because intelligence comes in many forms.",
"\n\nBlog Stats\n\n3,215 hits\n\nAuthor’s Note\n\nAll suggestions in this blog are based on my own research, advice I've received from others or my own experience. ",
"If I were ever to receive an item for review, I would disclose it. ",
"This blog's full purpose is to help others and is not set up for any kind of monetary gain. ",
"If you would like, please donate to your local or national down syndrome group. ",
"Good luck!",
"\n\nDisclaimer\n\nI am not a therapist, doctor or lawyer. ",
"I'm just a stay at home mom who wants to help others. ",
"That said, please take the advice on this blog with a grain of salt. ",
"What works for one child may not work as well for another child. ",
"You should refer to your doctor, dentist or therapist for anything of a medical nature or anything specific regarding your own child."
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"It is an item that you can buy at Sainsbury’s and Next, but the hooded top is still somehow a sartorial conduit for state of the world conversations.",
"\n\nIn recent months, we’ve had Sienna Miller defying tabloid Brexit sensibilities in her pro-European hoodie, a Canadian politician thrown out of parliament for wearing one and Timothée Chalamet challenging gender by sporting a bedazzling one on the red carpet.",
"\n\nIn all these cases, the clothing has done the talking. ",
"Although comparable to the black leather jacket or the burqa, it’s hard to think of another garment that has existed as a wardrobe staple, streetwear trailblazer and ticking political timebomb all at the same time.",
"\n\nA new exhibition, The Hoodie, which is showing at Rotterdam’s Het Nieuwe Instituut, attempts to unravel the garment’s colourful history. ",
"As befits such a complicated item, the multimedia exhibit features more than 60 hoodies as well as magazines, music and films. ",
"Artworks include Devan Shimoyama’s February II, a hoodie rendered in soft pastel shades of flowers as a tribute to Trayvon Martin, who was shot wearing a hoodie in 2012.",
"\n\nExhibit from The Hoodie. ",
"Photograph: PR\n\nAlthough the “first” hooded garment dates back to the 12th century, the exhibition looks at its journey from uniform of blue-collar workers in the 1930s to sport-leisure item in the 70s to its multiple-hyphenate use today. ",
"The hoodie, we learn, is reflective of the time and the person wearing it.",
"\n\n“The hoodie itself has no real meaning,” says Amirah Mercer, founder of Other Suns, a platform for the black fashion community, “which makes it an easy garment to sell, because multimillion-dollar fashion brands can imbue it with any sentiment they like. ",
"But the hoodie is usually a very personal garment for the wearer. ",
"It’s a reflection of a person’s inner life.”",
"\n\nOr a political interest. ",
"In the UK under Margaret Thatcher, the hoodie became part of the “working-class uniform”, a scapegoat made of cotton.",
"\n\n“I grew up in Bedford and I remember there was a real period of agitation and moral panic around the hoodie,” says the exhibition’s curator, Lou Stoppard. ",
"The hoodie had come to signify our collective fears. ",
"Bluewater shopping mall banned them in 2005 and David Cameron’s “hug-a-hoodie” speech came out a year later. ",
"This year has been bookended by David Lammy’s campaign to break the stigma around black men in hoodies and news of a black teenager in Essex being arrested for wearing one. ",
"Not to mention the fact that the braying mob in one of the year’s most contentious films, The Joker, all sport the garment.",
"\n\nTimothée Chalamet wearing a hoodie. ",
"Photograph: Ian West/PA\n\n“Anything that’s worn by young people; subcultural groups like graffiti artists, hip-hop artists, skateboarders, is agitated around,” says Stoppard.",
"\n\nIn the US, the hoodie became associated with a racist stereotype of criminality in black communities and a device for racial profiling, peaking with the shooting of Trayvon Martin in 2012. “",
"There’s an odd thing with the hoodie in the difference between the intention of the wearer and the response of the viewer who sees it being worn,” says Stoppard. “",
"The person wearing it usually has normal intentions like ‘I’m wearing it because it’s comfy,’ but the viewer can add associations of threat and deviancy to it.”",
"\n\nClaudia Rankine featured David Hammons’ artwork In the Hood (showing the haunting severed top of a hoodie) on the cover of her seminal book of poetry from 2014, Citizen. ",
"I ask her if she thinks anything has changed around black communities’ association with the garment since Martin’s death. ",
"She doesn’t think so. “",
"Racial profiling continues,” she says. “",
"People might be more prone to understand how it works and how hoodies are read, but understanding does not automatically marry itself to change or prevention.”",
"\n\nMercer points to a bright moment of rehabilitation for the garment: Beyoncé wearing yellow and fuchsia customised Balmain hoodies at last year’s Coachella. “",
"To wear something negatively stereotyped against black youth reminded us to reclaim the hoodie in our community as a garment of self-expression,” she says.",
"\n\nThe Hoodie is on until 12 April 2020 at Het Nieuwe Instituut, Rotterdam\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
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"Epithelioid gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the stomach mimicking extragastrointestinal origin.",
"\nWe report a case of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) of the stomach mimicking extragastrointestinal origin. ",
"The tumor presented as a large isolated mass in the transverse mesocolon with a minor adhesion to the stomach. ",
"Microscopic examination revealed c-kit gene protein product (KIT)-positive tumor cells with epithelioid features. ",
"The tumor pseudocapsule close to the adhesion site included a small smooth muscle tissue component, indicating a gastric origin. ",
"Furthermore, tumor cells at the adhesion site showed prominent hyalinization and calcification. ",
"The tumor was diagnosed as a gastric GIST showing extensive extramural growth. ",
"Thus, GIST of the stomach and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract can present as tumors localized in the soft tissues of the abdomen mimicking extragastrointestinal origin."
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"Pixie Kisses 7 – Daily Rituals\n\nThis is the first of a series of suggestions for re-enchanting your life, one pixie kiss at a time. ",
"The introduction ishere, and you can watch the path unfoldhere.",
"\n\n***\n\nAs children we already knew what it meant to be enchanted, to find wonder in every moment, to see the world around us as alive. ",
"Because of this we could wish upon a star each night, and have our wishes come true.",
"\n\nSomething you may choose, to bring some of the enchantment back into daily life, is to consciously reintroduce some of the acts which encouraged a playful, wonder-filled outlook. ",
"Think back over your childhood, what rituals did you have that might fit into your life now?",
"\n\nPerhaps you wished on the first star each evening, or left a mouthful of every drink for the faeries. ",
"Perhaps you had a rhyme for luck, or a lucky charm you carried with you.",
"\n\nThese are not actions of superstition, but rituals you can enact on a daily basis, consciously, with the intention of bringing magic into your life. ",
"Choose the rituals which you feel focus on the wonderful in the world, and re-adopt them as daily spells for enchantment.",
"\n\nLet every moment have the potential to be enchanted, and use those tools of wonder that already live deep in your bones…\n\n***\n\nI will be posting Pixie Kisses, small steps you can take to re-enchant your world, here, once a week for the next four months. ",
"Take them and play with them. ",
"Let the ideas inform your work and play. ",
"Find them under the category “Pixie Kisses”."
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"US author Thomas Pynchon agrees to go digital\n\nJun 14, 2012\n\nNotoriously reclusive American writer Thomas Pynchon has for the first time agreed that his works can be published digitally, his publishers said. ",
"Ebooks are available on eReaders such as Amazon's Kindle seen here.",
"\n\nNotoriously reclusive American writer Thomas Pynchon has for the first time agreed that his works can be published digitally, his publishers said Thursday.",
"\n\n\"The release of Thomas Pynchon's backlist in the digital format is a publisher's dream,\" said Penguin Press president Ann Godoff in a statement.",
"\n\n\"To be able to present at one time some of the most important fiction of the 20th and 21st centuries is very exciting and a great honor.\"",
"\n\nPynchon, 75, has fiercely guarded his privacy and only one or two photographs exist of him. ",
"He never gives interviews.",
"\n\nHis body of seven novels and a collection of short stories includes \"V,\" \"The Crying of Lot 49,\" \"Mason and Dixon,\" \"Gravity's Rainbow,\" \"Slow Learner\" and \"Vineland.\" ",
"In 1974 he won the Pulitzer Prize.",
"\n\nGodoff told the New York Times that she believed Pynchon had finally agreed to go digital because \"I think he wants to have more readers.\"",
"\n\nRecommended for you\n\nA unanimous Supreme Court ruled Tuesday that federal courts can hear a dispute over Colorado's Internet tax law. ",
"One justice suggested it was time to reconsider the ban on state collection of sales taxes from companies outside ...\n\nHillary Rodham Clinton used a personal email account during her time as secretary of state, rather than a government-issued email address, potentially hampering efforts to archive official government documents ..."
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"Impact of human activity on the distribution of native and non-native cockroach species (Dictyoptera) in La Réunion and Mayotte.",
"\nEstablishment of non-native species and human-driven alteration of habitats are major causes of the decline of native faunas. ",
"Interference between native and non-native cockroach species was evaluated here by comparing their distribution areas in two oceanic islands: Mayotte and La Réunion. ",
"A factorial correspondence analysis showed that their presence is related to environmental parameters among which human activity, humidity and altitude are the three most important. ",
"Human activity and humidity favour establishment and development of non-native species, whereas altitude limits their presence. ",
"Non-native species form guilds (up to seven species). ",
"Their distribution areas overlap and illustrate their colonizing capacities. ",
"On the contrary, distribution areas of native species never overlap, although some co-occur with non-native species. ",
"Native species are more endangered when they are established in cultivated areas than when they are in protected natural areas."
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"Getting Your Message Heard: 3 Lessons From the Man on My Train\n\nGetting people to listen to you isn’t always easy—not when you’re a 20-something PR representative, and definitely not when you’re an erratic man on a train with a slight tick and a tendency to yell when you get excited.",
"\n\nI work in public relations in San Francisco, and every day I take the train to work where I attend meetings, send press releases, tweet messages, and pitch reporters with the sole intent of\ngetting my company’s message out\n. ",
"And for over a month now, I’ve been sharing my ride home with a guy who holds signs, starts debates, and makes loud proclamations to a train car full of people in order to get his point across.",
"\n\nIs it bad that he reminds me a little bit of myself? ",
"Maybe. ",
"But it might also be really good.",
"\n\nBecause the thing is, there’s a lot to be learned from this guy’s communication style. ",
"And after watching what worked for him (and didn’t work, and sometimes\nreally\ndidn’t work), I’ve realized some important lessons about getting my own messages across.",
"\n\n1.",
"\nBe Passionate, but Not Scary-Passionate\n\nThe guy on my train is by no means conventional, but he does make some valid points. ",
"The thing is, when he gets excited about what he’s saying, his point can easily get lost. ",
"Often he’ll start pacing,\nspeaking louder or more erratically\n, and eventually he’ll drift away from his original argument and go off on a long tangent.",
"\n\nI’ve seen so many people do this same thing while trying to defend a point in a meeting (and yeah, I’ve done it too). ",
"It’s wonderful to care about what you do, but when you really believe in something, it’s easy to get yourself worked up and, yes, even carried away. ",
"Get excited—but don’t get so excited that you lose your focus and, as a result, your credibility.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Be Persistent, but Not Creepy\n\nThe guy on my train doesn’t give up. ",
"He presents his case time and time again, and if nobody seems to be listening, he’ll switch things up. ",
"He’ll approach his argument from a different angle, switch signs, or start asking people questions.",
"\n\nWhat he doesn’t do is follow people home. ",
"Or listen to their conversations. ",
"And he never\ninvades someone’s personal space\n. ",
"Because that would be weird. ",
"And kind of scary.",
"\n\nAnd so would going to your boss or a client with an idea, and then following him or her into the bathroom to keep talking about it. (",
"And, yeah, once again, I’ve done this too.) ",
"Instead of hounding someone to death or hammering the same point home, it’s a much better idea to present things in a new way, or from a different angle or perspective.",
"\n\n3.",
"\nWant Something Other Than Attention\n\nIn this city, there are a lot of people trying to get attention. ",
"So what makes the guy on my train stand out? ",
"He wants people to care about the same things he does. ",
"He’s not talking to people so\nhe\ncan be heard, he’s talking to people so\nhis message\ncan be heard. ",
"And it’s an important distinction.",
"\n\nIf you really want people to listen to you, then you better give them a reason that’s bigger than you are—and that goes for your company, too. ",
"If every press release I wrote was just about how great my company was, nobody would read it. ",
"But if I write my releases about how my company has done something to solve a problem we all have to deal with, well that’s a little more interesting, isn’t it?",
"\n\nThere are a lot more tips on how to get your message across, of course—\nknow your audience\n, be clear and concise, don’t use jargon—but that’s the kind of conventional wisdom those of us who work in communications all know and think about every day.",
"\n\nAnd I guess more than anything, what the guy on my train made me realize is that sometimes, it’s good to remember the unconventional wisdom, too.",
"\n\nMegan is a writer, editor, and public relations professional who has worked in publishing and education for the last seven years. ",
"She’s currently working for a higher-education startup in San Francisco and is obsessed with books, fancy cheese, dive bars, making herself tired, and basically anything ridiculous and beautiful.",
"\n\nMeet The Author\n\nMegan is a writer, editor, and public relations professional who has worked in publishing and education for the last seven years. ",
"She’s currently working for a higher-education startup in San Francisco and is obsessed with books, fancy cheese, dive bars, making herself tired, and basically anything ridiculous and beautiful."
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"Our signature product -- we take you by the hand and craft the perfect story to build your entire application around. ",
"This process helps our clients achieve superior results while saving a ton of time by developing their personal narrative up-front before they write a single word of their resume, essays, or emails to recommenders.",
"\n\nOur key insight is that the way to earn the approval of the admissions committee is not to \"sell them your brand,\" but rather to \"win their vote.\" ",
"Based on techniques pioneered at Harvard, our proprietary system digs deep into your inspirations and motivations, and beautifully connects them to your MBA aspirations in an authentic and compelling way. ",
"Our goal at the end of the process is to develop a game-plan for crafting your MBA application (or job application!) ",
"such that the gatekeeper will feel that he or she is making the world a better place by putting your application in the admit pile.",
"\n\nThis service is very creative and high-touch. ",
"Every narrative we create is absolutely unique to the individual, and not the cookie-cutter result of a computer print out."
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"\n2, 445119523\nWhat are the prime factors of 2235872050?",
"\n2, 5, 211, 211931\nWhat are the prime factors of 3215720954?",
"\n2, 31, 51866467\nWhat are the prime factors of 100785312?",
"\n2, 3, 349949\nWhat are the prime factors of 6171716?",
"\n2, 349, 4421\nList the prime factors of 2577043098.",
"\n2, 3, 7, 20452723\nWhat are the prime factors of 33859258?",
"\n2, 16929629\nWhat are the prime factors of 53899313?",
"\n13, 29, 142969\nList the prime factors of 195507394.",
"\n2, 241, 587, 691\nList the prime factors of 862596717.",
"\n3, 643, 447173\nList the prime factors of 41942855.",
"\n5, 8388571\nWhat are the prime factors of 1498846306?",
"\n2, 749423153\nWhat are the prime factors of 2304095678?",
"\n2, 17627, 65357\nWhat are the prime factors of 52970021?",
"\n13, 61, 66797\nList the prime factors of 2433540630.",
"\n2, 3, 5, 461, 175961\nWhat are the prime factors of 72667990?",
"\n2, 5, 41, 177239\nWhat are the prime factors of 468446771?",
"\n13, 41, 83, 10589\nWhat are the prime factors of 607075596?",
"\n2, 3, 16863211\nWhat are the prime factors of 486213131?",
"\n486213131\nWhat are the prime factors of 678350705?",
"\n5, 137, 990293\nList the prime factors of 128039532.",
"\n2, 3, 10669961\nWhat are the prime factors of 613461088?",
"\n2, 19170659\nList the prime factors of 1407142294.",
"\n2, 703571147\nWhat are the prime factors of 112913615?",
"\n5, 83, 157, 1733\nWhat are the prime factors of 18894418?",
"\n2, 1723, 5483\nWhat are the prime factors of 1372258181?",
"\n7, 28005269\nList the prime factors of 149604215.",
"\n5, 1283, 23321\nWhat are the prime factors of 2875238487?",
"\n3, 11, 23, 1262731\nWhat are the prime factors of 2920071893?",
"\n5297, 551269\nList the prime factors of 6411811459.",
"\n19, 643, 524827\nList the prime factors of 37851084.",
"\n2, 3, 73, 4801\nWhat are the prime factors of 3581485148?",
"\n2, 895371287\nWhat are the prime factors of 41703849?",
"\n3, 11, 140417\nWhat are the prime factors of 29928791?",
"\n1193, 25087\nWhat are the prime factors of 5062190015?",
"\n5, 373, 2714311\nWhat are the prime factors of 3573763790?",
"\n2, 5, 1489, 240011\nList the prime factors of 215617843.",
"\n7, 1021, 30169\nWhat are the prime factors of 2391893?",
"\n7, 191, 1789\nWhat are the prime factors of 24680382?",
"\n2, 3, 83, 49559\nWhat are the prime factors of 2226247809?",
"\n3, 23, 733, 44017\nWhat are the prime factors of 1066722681?",
"\n3, 17, 19, 23, 2081\nWhat are the prime factors of 14189605?",
"\n5, 983, 2887\nList the prime factors of 351060810.",
"\n2, 3, 5, 37, 316271\nList the prime factors of 363449299.",
"\n151, 173, 13913\nList the prime factors of 1054261674.",
"\n2, 3, 641, 91373\nList the prime factors of 796395490.",
"\n2, 5, 11, 53, 136603\nWhat are the prime factors of 167048394?",
"\n2, 3, 27841399\nList the prime factors of 39602282.",
"\n2, 17, 541, 2153\nList the prime factors of 247547614.",
"\n2, 123773807\nList the prime factors of 115864065.",
"\n3, 5, 2574757\nWhat are the prime factors of 281081681?",
"\n31, 317, 28603\nList the prime factors of 1151949475.",
"\n5, 6367, 7237\nWhat are the prime factors of 131418713?",
"\n7589, 17317\nWhat are the prime factors of 294986677?",
"\n41, 373, 19289\nWhat are the prime factors of 155106952?",
"\n2, 7, 11, 13, 2767\nList the prime factors of 516929007.",
"\n3, 7, 24615667\nWhat are the prime factors of 163347004?",
"\n2, 2591, 15761\nWhat are the prime factors of 2432252419?",
"\n937, 2595787\nWhat are the prime factors of 2672414791?",
"\n2672414791\nList the prime factors of 2392408182.",
"\n2, 3, 12227, 32611\nWhat are the prime factors of 266624495?",
"\n5, 5297, 10067\nList the prime factors of 89791044.",
"\n2, 3, 7, 1068941\nWhat are the prime factors of 6029176312?",
"\n2, 753647039\nWhat are the prime factors of 21671045?",
"\n5, 11, 394019\nList the prime factors of 526173979.",
"\n526173979\nList the prime factors of 1473388900.",
"\n2, 5, 47, 227, 1381\nList the prime factors of 83905790.",
"\n2, 5, 2141, 3919\nWhat are the prime factors of 32692326?",
"\n2, 3, 17, 320513\nList the prime factors of 2180077196.",
"\n2, 11, 53, 934853\nList the prime factors of 71359859.",
"\n241, 296099\nWhat are the prime factors of 172274102?",
"\n2, 7, 11, 13, 19, 647\nList the prime factors of 353253768.",
"\n2, 3, 7, 59, 157, 227\nWhat are the prime factors of 164889453?",
"\n3, 54963151\nWhat are the prime factors of 3372895707?",
"\n3, 101, 11131669\nWhat are the prime factors of 2723273?",
"\n7, 149, 373\nList the prime factors of 700427959.",
"\n7, 11, 1249, 7283\nWhat are the prime factors of 446105580?",
"\n2, 3, 5, 7435093\nList the prime factors of 155195713.",
"\n53, 191, 15331\nWhat are the prime factors of 106760662?",
"\n2, 89, 599779\nList the prime factors of 1565345345.",
"\n5, 313069069\nList the prime factors of 640391931.",
"\n3, 71154659\nWhat are the prime factors of 162760861?",
"\n162760861\nList the prime factors of 1830107530.",
"\n2, 5, 183010753\nWhat are the prime factors of 14037748?",
"\n2, 3509437\nWhat are the prime factors of 32055038?",
"\n2, 43, 372733\nList the prime factors of 528197682.",
"\n2, 3, 19, 53, 87421\nWhat are the prime factors of 228070954?",
"\n2, 114035477\nWhat are the prime factors of 563298?",
"\n2, 3, 223, 421\nList the prime factors of 63432028.",
"\n2, 11, 1441637\nList the prime factors of 498335866.",
"\n2, 7, 35595419\nWhat are the prime factors of 229502039?",
"\n13, 3259, 5417\nList the prime factors of 95378959.",
"\n13, 17, 53, 479\nWhat are the prime factors of 1810666029?",
"\n3, 149, 757, 5351\nList the prime factors of 2330724794.",
"\n2, 19, 37, 1657699\nList the prime factors of 2897344731.",
"\n3, 17, 29, 311, 6299\nWhat are the prime factors of 86146525?",
"\n5, 1187, 2903\nWhat are the prime factors of 1092945704?",
"\n2, 136618213\nWhat are the prime factors of 2299334030?",
"\n2, 5, 7, 1511, 21739\nList the prime factors of 33504422.",
"\n2, 7, 23, 67, 1553\nList the prime factors of 11904668.",
"\n2, 79, 101, 373\nWhat are the prime factors of 3696648744?",
"\n2, 3, 154027031\nList the prime factors of 75608674.",
"\n2, 41, 922057\nWhat are the prime factors of 1881530954?",
"\n2, 940765477\nList the prime factors of 456410028.",
"\n2, 3, 83, 5521\nWhat are the prime factors of 2349585?",
"\n3, 5, 7, 7459\nList the prime factors of 2049264990.",
"\n2, 3, 5, 29, 785159\nWhat are the prime factors of 1230383616?",
"\n2, 3, 7, 11, 101, 103\nWhat are the prime factors of 242260211?",
"\n179, 379, 3571\nList the prime factors of 804335860.",
"\n2, 5, 659, 61027\nList the prime factors of 8182508.",
"\n2, 17, 120331\nList the prime factors of 2092565114.",
"\n2, 19, 47, 79, 14831\nList the prime factors of 25648371.",
"\n3, 7, 443, 919\nWhat are the prime factors of 81499267?",
"\n41, 71, 27997\nList the prime factors of 1207927528.",
"\n2, 487, 310043\nWhat are the prime factors of 21764329?",
"\n19, 60289\nList the prime factors of 768332948.",
"\n2, 41, 4684957\nList the prime factors of 16138516.",
"\n2, 4034629\nList the prime factors of 39577588.",
"\n2, 89, 107, 1039\nList the prime factors of 493914122.",
"\n2, 13, 877, 21661\nList the prime factors of 4708145753.",
"\n4708145753\nWhat are the prime factors of 632084?",
"\n2, 29, 5449\nWhat are the prime factors of 58583784?",
"\n2, 3, 7, 107, 3259\nList the prime factors of 3113822877.",
"\n3, 11, 367, 257107\nWhat are the prime factors of 76703510?",
"\n2, 5, 13, 590027\nWhat are the prime factors of 141381044?",
"\n2, 7, 17, 297019\nList the prime factors of 80494747.",
"\n1453, 55399\nList the prime factors of 784364804.",
"\n2, 337, 581873\nWhat are the prime factors of 1391751269?",
"\n67, 2179, 9533\nList the prime factors of 473447194.",
"\n2, 11, 73, 294799\nList the prime factors of 75846095.",
"\n5, 13, 17, 68639\nList the prime factors of 125865868.",
"\n2, 821, 38327\nWhat are the prime factors of 554498505?",
"\n3, 5, 11, 211, 5309\nList the prime factors of 725777154.",
"\n2, 3, 109, 369917\nWhat are the prime factors of 3315647047?",
"\n157, 21118771\nWhat are the prime factors of 8249637342?",
"\n2, 3, 167, 8233171\nList the prime factors of 73450786.",
"\n2, 1307, 28099\nWhat are the prime factors of 649137430?",
"\n2, 5, 967, 67129\nList the prime factors of 280411583.",
"\n17, 107, 154157\nList the prime factors of 882849355.",
"\n5, 17, 53, 195971\nWhat are the prime factors of 484810730?",
"\n2, 5, 48481073\nWhat are the prime factors of 274539994?",
"\n2, 421, 326057\nList the prime factors of 165539777.",
"\n13, 419, 30391\nWhat are the prime factors of 447409021?",
"\n447409021\nWhat are the prime factors of 360742533?",
"\n3, 17, 7073383\nWhat are the prime factors of 3515435653?",
"\n41, 89, 963397\nWhat are the prime factors of 291930390?",
"\n2, 3, 5, 67, 48413\nWhat are the prime factors of 66360345?",
"\n3, 5, 41, 107903\nWhat are the prime factors of 1045455337?",
"\n67, 577, 27043\nWhat are the prime factors of 1704904046?",
"\n2, 13049, 65327\nWhat are the prime factors of 9198629?",
"\n11, 836239\nWhat are the pr"
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[
"If you have ever attended a CME4LIFE conference, you already know that we are firm believers in the “pay it forward” mantra. ",
"If our conference had a transformative impact on your practice, consider joining our Ambassador program.",
"\n\nIntroducing the CME4LIFE Ambassador program.",
"\n\nOur customers and conference attendees have always been the best advertisers for CME4LIFE. ",
"It’s like a live Yelp. ",
"So today we are asking you: why not “pay it forward” and share CME4LIFE with your friends by becoming a CME4LIFE Ambassador?",
"\n\nIt’s a win-win. ",
"You help bring engaging CME to your colleagues (which they will thank you for) and you’ll earn rewards for doing so!",
"\n\nHow does it work?",
"\n\nBecome an Ambassador and you’ll start earning rewards for referring your friends and colleagues to CME4LIFE.",
"\n\nYou will receive a $50 Amazon Gift Card for every referral that signs up for one of our conferences.",
"\n\nYou will receive a $50 Amazon Gift Card for every referral that spends $500 or more with us (most people purchase a CME package with an iPad or Best Buy gift included free.)",
"\n\nJust click the “Join Now” button below, simply enter your email address, and then enter or import the email addresses of your referees. ",
"We promise, we will not spam them. ",
"We’ll then email each referral (once) an invite containing a special web address that, if clicked upon, assigns them to you. ",
"Then, if they make a purchase, you get a reward. ",
"How’s that for “paying it forward?”",
"\n\nOur Ambassadors enjoy VIP status and special benefits, dinner with speakers and staff, at our live events as our way to say thank you.",
"\n\nJohn Bielinski, Jr., MS PAC is a practicing emergency medicine clinician, and has been lecturing nationally for more than ten years, teaching the tactics that have proven invaluable in his career as a medical professional."
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[
"Updated: May 15 2020.",
"\n\nThe study of the runes and their meaning is a study of personal development, spiritual growth and the spread of consciousness throughout human societies and into the universe. ",
"The Elder Futhark Runes are a complete system of magic, and the oldest form of western wisdom.",
"\n\nI have been studying the runes for over two decades, and they were passed down to me from my mother and to her by her mentor. ",
"Think of me as an advisor, consultant and friend.",
"\n\nThe runes are a set of keys (or lenses) that have served me so well in unlocking this life’s secrets and miracles.",
"\n\nIn 2002 I hung, mind open to the collective unconscious, upon Yggdrasil for nine nights, similar to the myth of Odin. ",
"I traveled to many of the worlds on the World Tree. ",
"When I came back, I had learned the runes, intuitively. ",
"I felt no hesitation in believing strongly in my own ability to interpret them, and have felt no intimidation when digesting volume after volume of published literature.",
"\n\nNow, I want to help pass on with what I’ve learned. ",
"Rune Secrets is a site that will continue to publish the most valuable content and insights I can find within myself to share. ",
"I hope to get in touch with masters and beginners alike and forge an invaluable resource in Rune Secrets. ",
"All this for you; for though we may or may not have ever met, we walk a common path\n\nIn “The Book of Rune Secrets ” (Available on Amazon), I hope to show you that they are also a complete system of psychology that can lead the seeker into understanding and enlightenment. ",
"Where I can’t express them with writing I’ve tried with music in the form of my album ‘Rune Songs for the 21st Century’ available exclusively on BandCamp. ",
"The album has a song for each of the 24 elder futhark runes, and 3 hidden bonus tracks.",
"\n\nCheck out my post on Rune Books and Curriculum to find a book list of popular resources. ",
"I encourage you to read everything with a critical mind and draw your own interpretations.",
"\n\nI’m forever overjoyed to hear from you, it’s one of the great delights of reaching out to so many people! ",
"So, you can always (reliably) contact me at Tyriel@RuneSecrets.com!",
"\n\nMost pages can be printed off, and be shared with the most popular social bookmarking tools. ",
"Remember, you may also subscribe via email.",
"\n\nThank you for coming to RuneSecrets.com … may the runes guide you!",
"\n\nWarmest of Wishes,\n\n\n\nTyriel of Rune Secrets"
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[
"Acting AG Whitaker: Intellectual Property Con Man\n\nActing AG Whitaker: Intellectual Property Con Man\n\nWhen evaluating the character of a man, H.L. Mencken offered the following advice: “Simply tell me how he makes his living. ",
"It is the safest and surest of all known tests. ",
"A man who gets his board and lodging on this ball in an ignominious way is inevitably an ignominious man.”",
"\n\nThe new Acting Attorney General, Matthew Whitaker, would certainly qualify as an ignominious man under the Bard of Baltimore’s definition. ",
"In 2017, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) shuttered World Patent Marketing, a sham corporation that took money from inventors eager to patent and market their ideas that Whitaker was on the board of:\n\nWorld Patent Marketing [WPM] collected almost $26 million by promising starry-eyed inventors it would turn their inventions into best sellers. ",
"Company reps claimed invention ideas were reviewed by an illustrious board that included big names such as Whitaker, Republican Congressman Brian Mast, and time-travel scientist [yes, you read that correctly] Ronald Mallett. (",
"A Mast spokesman denied that the congressman was on the board and said he never accepted compensation, though he did take a campaign contribution he later returned.)…",
"\n\nAt least a few board members simply took cash without meeting inventors or reviewing pitches. ",
"Some of the supposed innovations the company green-lit already existed, so patent applications were regularly denied. ",
"And despite the many supposed success stories listed on its website, virtually none of the firm’s clients ever made money. ",
"Once customers paid, World Patent Marketing provided little of what was promised. ",
"And when customers complained or warned that they would write negative reviews, [WPM CEO Scott] Cooper unleashed wild threats, sometimes mentioning Krav Maga-trained security.",
"\n\nWPM’s business model (well, its “official” one) was to to review innovators’ inventions with the intention of getting them patented and marketed. ",
"Of course, none of that happened: the board members, Whitaker included, just took the money and ran. ",
"The FTC estimates that investors lost up to $400,000 each, with many losing their life savings.",
"\n\nMeanwhile, WPM and Whitaker himself threatened extensive legal action against customers who had the audacity to demand their money back when they wised up to the scam.",
"\n\nThere will always be con men out there who would rather bilk hard-working folks than make a living in a line of work that doesn’t secure them a spot in the Eighth Circle of Hell, but our current IP regime is in part responsible for making this con possible.",
"\n\nThe belief that inventors need to patent their inventions is marketed to small-time inventors as the only way to secure their idea (any insomniacs reading have likely seen an advertisement for InventHelp or some similar firm on late-night television), but this isn’t quite the case.",
"\n\nA great many innovators choose not to patent because the process is time-consuming and ineffective relative to other means of securing the rents that come from being the first to innovate, like simply keeping the innovation secret.",
"\n\nAdditionally, by feeding into the mindset that a patent is the end-all-be-all for innovators, WPM wound up taking money from people with inventions that were either low-quality or already existed.",
"\n\nThis scandal piles on to Whitaker’s shady past and serves as a reminder that policies designed to protect innovators can also enable scammers such as those made wealthy by WPM."
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[
"Observers say a recent call for North Korea to follow the reform model of Vietnam and Myanmar seems unlikely to be taken seriously by Pyongyang.",
"\n\nSouth Korean President Park Geun-hye said this month that North Korea should embrace reforms such as the ones undertaken by Vietnam, which has seen positive growth in recent years. ",
"She also mentioned Myanmar, also known as Burma, as another country that has benefited from reforms.",
"\n\nObservers such as Peter Beck, Senior Advisor at the New Paradigm Institute in Seoul, said the Vietnam model could make sense for Pyongyang.",
"\n\n“Vietnam shows that you can make changes to the economy, reform and open up without destabilizing the regime, so I think the Vietnamese model is appealing to the North Korean government,” he said.",
"\n\nBut Beck said he didn't expect any breakthrough in North Korea, where the reform process has been “very slow” over the last two decades.",
"\n\nPham Tat Dong, chairman of the Vietnamese-North Korean Friendship Association, told VOA that North Korean diplomats in Hanoi had made it clear that Pyongyang was focused on self-reliance, not reform.",
"\n\n“North Koreans say they are among socialist countries. ",
"But Vietnam’s socialism is much different,\" he said. \"",
"Vietnam has transformed its economy into a vibrant, market-orientated one, while the North Korean economy, as I witnessed, is still very much a subsidy-based one.\"",
"\n\nHe added that he wanted to establish a presence for Vietnamese businesses in North Korea but had made little progress so far.",
"\n\nThis report was produced in collaboration with the VOA Vietnamese service."
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[
"Hong Kong, city of riches, also known for high-profile kidnapping\n\nThe most well-known kidnappings in the city’s recent history were the abductions of Li Ka-shing’s son Victor Li Tzar-kuoi (left) in 1996, and billionaire Walter Kwok Ping-sheung (centre), the former chairman of Sun Hung Kai Properties, in 1997. ",
"Both were carried out by notorious crime king “Big Spender” Cheung Tze-keung (right). ",
"Photos: Edward Wong, Paul Yeung, SCMP\n\nWhile Hong Kong is known for its tycoons and billionaires, it is also no stranger to kidnappings, such as the one that led to a huge manhunt on Wednesday.",
"\n\nAs of Wednesday afternoon, police were still searching for six kidnappers who fled with HK$28 million in ransom money after they abducted a 29-year-old woman from a home in Sai Kung. ",
"It was the latest in a long string of high-profile kidnappings in the city’s recent history.",
"\n\nProbably the most well-known were the abductions of Li Ka-shing’s son Victor Li Tzar-kuoi in 1996, and billionaire Walter Kwok Ping-sheung, the former chairman of Sun Hung Kai Properties, in 1997. ",
"Both were carried out by notorious crime king “Big Spender” Cheung Tze-keung.",
"\n\nVictor Li, tied up, blindfolded and gagged, was released after a HK$1 billion ransom was paid to the abductors. ",
"Kwok was set free after paying a Cheng cohort HK$600 million after initial refusal to hand over any ransom.",
"\n\nIn an interview with mainland media in 2013, Li Ka-shing revealed that the gangsters showed up in his residence in Deep Water Bay, demanding HK$2 billion. ",
"Li told Cheung he only had enough cash to pay HK$1 billion then, but he “can go to the bank and withdraw the rest.”",
"\n\nThe tycoon did not file a police report and said Cheung later called him to ask how he should spend the money.",
"\n\nKwok was abducted on his way home on September 26, 1997, more than one year after Li’s release. ",
"He was blindfolded and taken to a hut in the New Territories. ",
"After his refusal to call his family to prepare the ransom, Kwok was stripped to his underwear, beaten and forced into a makeshift wooden cage.",
"\n\nKwok was finally released seven days into his abduction after paying HK$600 million.",
"\n\nIn a court hearing last October, Thomas Kwok Ping-kwong, Kwok’s brother, told the court that his brother developed post-traumatic stress disorder after the kidnapping and became “highly suspicious” and “paranoid”.",
"\n\nCheung, the mastermind of both abductions, was executed in Guangdong in 1998. ",
"Cheung was sentenced to death by a Guangzhou court along with four other gang members.",
"\n\nIn another high-profile abduction case, Libyan dissident Sami al-Saadi and his family were kidnapped in Hong Kong in 2004, flown to Libya and handed to authorities there.",
"\n\nMost recently, an Indian businessman, his lawyer and bank manager were kidnapped within hours of their arrival in the city in October, 2013, after they were lured to Hong Kong to take part in a bogus property deal.",
"\n\nThe three men were held at gunpoint for three days by a gang armed with firearms and choppers. ",
"They were released, without paying the HK$19 million ransom demanded, after the abductors discovered they had been tailed by police.",
"\n\nIn November of the same year, a debt-ridden Indian businessman faked his own kidnapping in Hong Kong and tried to extract a US$10,000 ransom from his family. ",
"The man was jailed for two weeks by Kowloon City Court."
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"Colorimetric iodide recognition and sensing by citrate-stabilized core/shell Cu@Au nanoparticles.",
"\nIn the light of the significance and urgency for the recognition and sensing of anions specifically, especially those of biological relevance, herein, we wish to demonstrate a novel colorimetric avenue for highly selective iodide recognition and sensing using simple citrate-stabilized core/shell Cu@Au nanoparticles. ",
"No other ions than iodide can induce an appreciable color change of the Cu@Au nanoparticles solution from purple to red by transforming the interconnected, irregularly shaped nanoparticles to the single, separated, and nearly spherical ones, as confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). ",
"On the basis of the optical spectra and TEM studies, a mechanism of iodide-induced aggregating/fusion, fragmentation, and reorganization of atoms is proposed. ",
"With this strategy, 6 μM (0.76 ppm) of iodide can be recognized within 20 min by naked-eye observation. ",
"This sensitive and selective colorimetric assay opens up a fresh insight of facile, rapid, and reliable detection of iodide and may find its future application in the analysis of the total iodine in edible salt as well as the clinical diagnosis of urinary iodide."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"David,\n\n Please be advised that Underwriters' adjuster has agreed that our \nchemist may meet with theirs. ",
" Please so advise Steve Jones, provide him with \na copy of Underwriters' response to our claim, and have him meet with \nUnderwriters' adjuster as soon as possible.",
"\n\n (Jim, thanks for getting this set up with Underwriters' adjuster so quickly).",
"\n\n Many thanks.",
"\n\n Britt\n\n -----Original Message-----\nFrom: Davis, Britt \nSent: Thursday, June 07, 2001 8:58 AM\nTo: Studdert, James P.\nCc: Sanders, Richard; Collins, Harry; Robison, Michael; Aronowitz, Alan; \n'David.Best@clyde.co.uk'\nSubject: In re M/V PACIFIC VIRGO\n\n\n \n Jim,\n\n This will confirm our telephone conference about this matter, in light of \nUnderwriters' recent response to our claim. ",
" You will ask Underwriters' \nadjuster for permission for our chemist to speak directly with their chemist \nimmediately about the facts. ",
" You will also ask for a meeting to be set up \nfor you, our broker, and Underwriters' adjuster to see whether Underwriters \nmean to take a hard line on our claim.",
"\n\n Interestingly, Underwriters' position seems to be, at least preliminarily, \nand subject to further comment by their chemists, that nothing was wrong with \nour cargo or the ship; the cargo was simply misdescribed as turbine \nfuel-grade condensate by SGS due to flawed testing by SGS at loadport, when \nit was in fact nothing better than crude. ",
"Meanwhile, we all noted that \nUnderwriters' adjuster included the following statement in her report: \"It \nhas not been demonstrated that the oil suffered from inherent vice.\" ",
" I am \nboth pleased and surprised that this was included in Underwriters' report, \nand share David's feeling that the adjuster probably inadvertantly copied \nthis from a confidential report from her chemist. ",
" If we can successfully \nhammer at Underwriters' preliminary theory, Underwriters will find it more \ndifficult to fall back on an inherent vice defense.",
"\n\n I await further word from you. ",
" Many thanks for your help.",
"\n\n Britt"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Enron Emails"
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[
"1. ",
"Introduction {#sec1-medicina-55-00210}\n===============\n\nApproximately 40--70% of the new therapeutic moieties explored in recent years belong to the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class II or IV, showing poor aqueous solubility that limits their oral administration \\[[@B1-medicina-55-00210],[@B2-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"Among several factors responsible for the low oral bioavailability, one main reason is incomplete dissolution and precipitation of drugs in the gastrointestinal (GI) fluids due to their lipophilic nature. ",
"Such poorly soluble therapeutic molecules are promising candidates for the lipid-based drug delivery system which significantly facilitates their oral bioavailability \\[[@B3-medicina-55-00210],[@B4-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"Advancements in nanotechnology have paved the way to finding nano-based delivery systems to overcome these limitations. ",
"These systems include polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based systems (liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsion), and noisome. ",
"The most popular nano-based strategies for lipophilic drugs include incorporation of drugs in lipid vehicles like oil/surfactant dispersion \\[[@B5-medicina-55-00210]\\], micro and nanoemulsions \\[[@B6-medicina-55-00210],[@B7-medicina-55-00210]\\], and self emulsifying drug delivery systems. ",
"Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) have emerged as a vital strategy for the efficient delivery of drugs with poor aqueous solubility \\[[@B8-medicina-55-00210],[@B9-medicina-55-00210],[@B10-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"SNEDDS are well known for their potential to enhance the solubility and absorption of the lipophilic drugs \\[[@B11-medicina-55-00210]\\] by increasing the surface area and decreasing the size of oil droplets that are readily digestible and incorporated into mixed micelles that can pass the intestinal lumen \\[[@B12-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"Moreover, increase in trans-cellular permeability has also been reported through SNEDDS as they can increase the lipid fluidity of enterocytes' membranes and inhibit efflux pumps, resulting in enhanced oral bioavailability. ",
"SNEDDS have distinct features---which make them superior to conventional micro and nanoemulsions---including log term stability, patient compliance, palatability, reduction in dose, ease of formulation, and scale-up synthesis. ",
"Other features of SNEDDS that enhance oral bioavailability include reducing cytochrome-P450 metabolism in gut enterocytes, increasing lymphatic transport via payer-patches, and protecting against the first pass metabolism \\[[@B12-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"Two types of SNEEDS are reported: liquid SNEDDS (L-SNEDDS) and solid SNEDDS (S-SNEDDS), where solidification is achieved through spry drying, melt granulation, and adsorption on inert solids like microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, and aerosol \\[[@B1-medicina-55-00210]\\].",
"\n\nChlorpromazine (*log P* = 5.6, aqueous solubility 2.55 mg/L) is one of the most important anti-psychotic and anti-emetic drugs from phenothiazine derivative group \\[[@B13-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"It belongs to biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class IV due to its low solubility and permeability. ",
"However, chlorpromazine HCl is class III owing to improved solubility yet low permeability \\[[@B14-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"Chemically, it is 3-(2-chloro-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)-*N*,*N*-dimethyl-1-propanamine ([Figure 1](#medicina-55-00210-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}), having molecular weight 318.863 g/mol. ",
"When administered orally, it is incompletely absorbed with a bioavailability of approximately 4--38% and high protein binding of 90--99% \\[[@B3-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"The time to reach maximum plasma concentration ranges between 1--4 h and 6--24 h following oral and intra-muscular administration, respectively. ",
"The exact mechanism of action is still unclear, however, it is believed that chlorpromazine acts as dopamine antagonist variable gastrointestinal absorption and extensive first-pass metabolism are also thought to be responsible for such low oral bioavailability of chlorpromazine \\[[@B15-medicina-55-00210],[@B16-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"Moreover, there is a need to formulate chlorpromazine in such a delivery system that can enhance its bioavailability by increasing solubility, permeability, and decreased first-pass metabolism. ",
"Therefore, incorporating chlorpromazine into SNEDDS shall be a promising strategy to enhance its oral bioavailability.",
"\n\nThe purpose of this study was to design and develop an optimized SNEDDS formulation of chlorpromazine by using different triglycerides of varying chain lengths to enhance its oral bioavailability. ",
"Of these, the selected formulations were evaluated in terms of percentage transmittance, drug content, zeta potential, particle size, physical, chemical and thermodynamic stabilities, followed by dispersibility test. ",
"In addition, formulations were evaluated for in vivo oral permeation enhancement of chlorpromazine via chylomicron linked transport through the lymphatic system along with para- and trans-cellular routes, previously reported by our research group \\[[@B17-medicina-55-00210]\\].",
"\n\n2. ",
"Materials and Methods {#sec2-medicina-55-00210}\n========================\n\n2.1. ",
"Material {#sec2dot1-medicina-55-00210}\n-------------\n\nChemicals used in the study were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Munich, Germany). ",
"The solvents used were of HPLC/analytical grade purchased from Merck (Kenilworth, NJ, USA). ",
"Chlorpromazine was received from Global Pharmaceutical Pvt. ",
"Ltd. Islamabad, Pakistan.",
"\n\n2.2. ",
"Methods {#sec2dot2-medicina-55-00210}\n------------\n\n### 2.2.1. ",
"Determining Drug Solubility {#sec2dot2dot1-medicina-55-00210}\n\nThe solubility of chlorpromazine was determined in all components used for the synthesis of SNEDDS, which include oils (captex, triacetin, linseed oil, and olive oil), surfactants (tween 85), and ethanol. ",
"The drug was taken in a stoppered glass vial of 5 mL capacity and mixed for 10 min with each component by using a vortex mixer (China). ",
"The vials were kept in an isothermal shaker (GFL1092, Burgwedel, Germany) at 50 ± 1.0 °C for 72 h until homogeneity is achieved. ",
"The homogenate was then centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 10 min to remove the insoluble drug. ",
"The supernatants were filtered with 0.45 μ syringe filter and drug concentration was determined through HPLC (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) method reported earlier with following conditions \\[[@B16-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"Separation of the drug was carried out through C~8~ column (ZORBAX Eclipse XDB Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) by injecting 20 µL sample, using mobile phase acetonitrile and methanol (10:90, v/v) with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min at 35 °C. ",
"Run time was fixed at 6 min and absorbance was measured at 308 nm.",
"\n\n### 2.2.2. ",
"Synthesis of SNEDDS {#sec2dot2dot2-medicina-55-00210}\n\nEach formulation with a total weight of 1 g was prepared by taking 20 mg of drug in Teflon lined screw-capped glass vial and then adding various proportions of glycerides and surfactants. ",
"The drug was dissolved in components by gentle stirring and heating at 50 °C in a water bath. ",
"The mixture was cooled down to room temperature followed by addition of ethanol and stirring to achieve uniformity. ",
"Formulations were kept at ambient temperature for 48 h to achieve the equilibrium and observed for any phase separation and turbidity prior to emulsification and particle size determination. ",
"Formulations with no phase separation were selected for stability testing and further characterization.",
"\n\n### 2.2.3. ",
"Dispersibility and Stability Investigations {#sec2dot2dot3-medicina-55-00210}\n\nThe efficiency and dispersibility of self-emulsification were determined through USP dissolution apparatus 2. ",
"Briefly, 1 mL of each formulation was added dropwise into 200 mL of simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8, without enzymes), maintained at 37 °C, with gentle stirring using stainless steel paddles rotated at 60 rpm. ",
"Each formulation was assessed visually for the rate of emulsification, dispersibility, apparent physical stability, and appearance. ",
"The precipitation of the drug was evaluated after 24 h. The formulations were further categorized as stable (no precipitation), milky, dull white, whitish, or unstable (showing precipitation). ",
"The stable formulation with small particles size that passed the dispersibility test was selected for further characterization.",
"\n\n### 2.2.4. ",
"Drug Content Determination {#sec2dot2dot4-medicina-55-00210}\n\nThe selected formulations were evaluated for drug entrapment. ",
"Extraction of the drug from SNEDDS was carried out by taking one part of each formulation and diluting it with nine parts of 100% methanol (v/v) and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 30 min. ",
"The supernatant obtained was then diluted with methanol (2.5 times) and drug content was determined through HPLC using the earlier reported conditions.",
"\n\n### 2.2.5. ",
"Thermodynamic Stability Profile {#sec2dot2dot5-medicina-55-00210}\n\nThermodynamic stability studies were carried out for the selected formulations. ",
"Nanoemulsions were subjected to centrifugation at 18,000 rpm at 4 °C for 30 min. ",
"The stable formulations with no phase separation were further subjected to 6 heating and cooling cycles by incubating them for 48 h at 45 °C and 4 °C, respectively. ",
"The formulations that remained stable at former conditions were proceeded to 3 freeze--thaw cycles between −21 °C and 25 °C, and monitored for the time-dependent physical changes like drug precipitation. ",
"HPLC analysis for chlorpromazine was carried out to check the chemical stability of drug within SNEDDS. ",
"Moreover, selected formulations were kept for three months at 37 ± 2 °C and refrigerator (2--8 °C) to check their stability upon storage and shelf-life. ",
"The stability was measured in terms of the change in particle size, dispersibility, and transmittance.",
"\n\n### 2.2.6. ",
"Percentage Transmittance {#sec2dot2dot6-medicina-55-00210}\n\nThe percentage transmittance of the SNEDDS gave an idea about the formulation features including uniformity and size of the droplets. ",
"Percentage transmittance was measured by taking 1 mL of each formulation and diluting it 10 times with distilled water. ",
"A UV spectrophotometer was used to measure the percentage transmittance at 308 nm by taking distilled water as a blank.",
"\n\n### 2.2.7. ",
"Particle Size and Zeta Potential Analysis {#sec2dot2dot7-medicina-55-00210}\n\nThe particles size and zeta potential of the chlorpromazine nanoemulsions were measured through PSS NicompTM 380 DLS/ZLS devise. ",
"Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using (FEI Nova NanoSEM 450) was done to examine the surface morphology and particle size of selected SNEDDS formulations.",
"\n\n### 2.2.8. ",
"Ex Vivo Transport Studies {#sec2dot2dot8-medicina-55-00210}\n\nEx vivo transport profile of entrapped chlorpromazine from SNEDDS was conducted in simulated gastrointestinal fluid (SIF, pH 6.8) using everted sac method \\[[@B18-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Riphah International University, Lahore (REC/RIPS-LHR/2018-018, dated 9 January 2019). ",
"Briefly, rats (weighing 250--300 g) were anesthetized using chloroform and abdomen was opened with the middle incision. ",
"The small intestine was detached by cutting each end. ",
"Middle region of small intestine was taken from the proximal-distal part. ",
"The entire length of small intestine was cleaned with saline solution to eradicate blood and debris. ",
"The intestine was everted by carefully passing a narrow glass rod from one end of the intestine and then gently rolling it on a glass rod. ",
"Ligatures were fixed over the condensed part of the glass rod and exert the sac by softly pushing the rod through the whole length of intestine. ",
"The rod was then detached, and the intestine was placed in SIF at room temperature. ",
"A 4 cm long piece was tied off with thread and slice an open sac from the main length. ",
"Second ligature was positioned loosely around the open end of the sac and a blunt needle was inserted attached with a syringe. ",
"The loose ligature was fastened over the needle and 2 mL of chlorpromazine formulation was injected into the sac. ",
"The intestine was then placed in 150 mL of SIF (pH 6.8) in a shaking incubator. ",
"The samples were collected from the surrounding medium at pre-defined time intervals that was replaced with the same amount of fresh solution. ",
"Samples were analyzed using HPLC and percent transport was calculated using the following equation.",
"\n\nMucosal surface area was calculated by assuming intestine a cylinder and using the formula:\n\n### 2.2.9. ",
"In Vivo Oral Bioavailability Study {#sec2dot2dot9-medicina-55-00210}\n\nOral bioavailability of the optimized formulations was investigated on male Sprague--Dawley rats weighing 200--250 g. In vivo studies were carried out as per guidelines of approved protocol by Institutional Ethics Committee of Riphah International University, Lahore (REC/RIPS-LHR/2018-018, dated 9 January 2019). ",
"Animals were divided into 4 groups (*n* = 6) and housed one day before starting experiment with free access to food and water. ",
"The nanoformulations small chain triglyceride (SCT~15~), medium chain triglyceride (MCT~6~) long chain triglyceride (LCT~14~) and chlorpromazine suspension were given orally through gavage at a concentration of 2 mg/kg of body weight of chlorpromazine. ",
"The blood samples (200 µL) were collected from the tail vein at predetermined time points of 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h in heparinized syringes and centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 min. ",
"The plasma was separated, transferred to separate Eppendorf and stored in a freezer at −20 °C until further analysis. ",
"The drug was extracted from plasma samples through liquid-liquid extraction by adding 200 µL of chilled acetonitrile and 150 µL of methanol followed by vortex for 5 min and centrifugation at 3,000 rpm for 10 min. ",
"The supernatant of each sample was then transferred to labeled HPLC vials and run one by one on HPLC using method described above. ",
"Peak areas according to concentration were recorded and a graph between area against time was drawn to calculate plasma drug concentration for all formulations \\[[@B19-medicina-55-00210]\\].",
"\n\n### 2.2.10. ",
"Pharmacokinetic Parameters and Statistical Analysis {#sec2dot2dot10-medicina-55-00210}\n\nPharmacokinetic parameters of orally administered chlorpromazine were obtained by using a non-compartments pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma concentration-time data. ",
"PK Solver (a free Microsoft Excel Add-in) was used to calculate the area under the curve from concentration versus time curve to last measured time (AUC~0--24~) and other pharmacokinetic parameters. ",
"Absolute bioavailability was calculated from absolute dose and areas under curves (AUC) for oral against intravenous administration \\[[@B20-medicina-55-00210]\\].",
"\n\n### 2.2.11. ",
"Statistical Analysis {#sec2dot2dot11-medicina-55-00210}\n\nStatistical data analysis was performed using Student's *t*-test with *p* \\< 0.05 as the minimal level of significance. ",
"All values were expressed as mean ± SD. ",
"Finally, the results were compared with control and literature.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Results {#sec3-medicina-55-00210}\n==========\n\n3.1. ",
"Drug Solubility in Nanoemulsion Components {#sec3dot1-medicina-55-00210}\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nThe solubility of chlorpromazine was tested in all formulation components individually. ",
"Chlorpromazine was found to be more soluble in ethanol (91%) compared to other vehicles as shown in [Figure 2](#medicina-55-00210-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"The choice of formulation components was driven by the fact that chosen excipients must have definite regulatory status. ",
"Three different types of triglycerides, i.e., long chain, (C18 from linseed and olive oil), medium chain (mono and di-glycerides), and short chain (triacetin, a trimester of glycerol and acetic acid) were chosen. ",
"The emulsion is stabilized by the presence of surfactants and co-surfactants, so Tween 85 was added to stabilize the SNEDDS.",
"\n\n3.2. ",
"Characterization and Evaluation of SNEDDS Formulations {#sec3dot2-medicina-55-00210}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nLipid-based formulations were prepared by using short chain triglycerides (SCT), medium chain triglycerides (MCT) or long-chain triglycerides (LCT). ",
"Triacetin was selected as SCT, Captex 355 was used as medium chain triglyceride and olive oil and linseed oil were used as long chain triglycerides. ",
"Fifteen different formulations of each of SCT, MCT, and LCT were prepared as SNEDDS by using different ratios of triglycerides, surfactants and co-surfactants as presented in [Table 1](#medicina-55-00210-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}, [Table 2](#medicina-55-00210-t002){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Table 3](#medicina-55-00210-t003){ref-type=\"table\"}, respectively. ",
"These formulations were tested and evaluated to find optimized formulations for further characterization.",
"\n\n3.3. ",
"Dispersibility Test {#sec3dot3-medicina-55-00210}\n------------------------\n\nIn the formulation of SCT, MCT, and LCT SNEDDS, different concentrations of the oil phase, surfactants and co-surfactants were used, and dispersion time was found to be dependent on composition as shown in [Table 1](#medicina-55-00210-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}, [Table 2](#medicina-55-00210-t002){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Table 3](#medicina-55-00210-t003){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"An increase in surfactant to co-surfactant ratio produced smaller particle size and reduced dispersion time. ",
"Formulation SCT~15~ ([Table 1](#medicina-55-00210-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}) has the lowest dispersion time of 35 ± 2 s, which is due to the decreased particle size and greater emulsification ability produced by the highest proportion of surfactant (tween 85). ",
"Similar trends were observed in the dispersion time with an increase in the oil phase and surfactant/co surfactants ratio in case of MCT-SNEDDS. ",
"However, in comparison to SCT, MCT requires a greater concentration of surfactant (50% tween 85) as presented in [Table 2](#medicina-55-00210-t002){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"In the case of LCT formulation combination of linseed oil and olive oil was used. ",
"Formulations with higher contents of linseed oil provided greater solubility but the rate of emulsification was compromised due to a proportional decrease in concentration of olive oil. ",
"LCT provided optimum emulsification and dispersion time at surfactant (tween 85) concentration of 40% without the use of co-surfactant. ",
"However, a further increase in surfactant ratio resulted in precipitation as is evident from results ([Table 3](#medicina-55-00210-t003){ref-type=\"table\"}).",
"\n\n3.4. ",
"Stability Tests {#sec3dot4-medicina-55-00210}\n--------------------\n\nOnly those formulations that proved their thermodynamic, chemical and physical stability were selected for further studies. ",
"The results indicated that formulations SCT~15~, MCT~6~, and LCT~14~ were the most stable formulations ([Table 4](#medicina-55-00210-t004){ref-type=\"table\"}) from each group of SNEDDS. ",
"These formulations were stored for three months at 37 °C ± 2 and refrigerator for stability studies upon storage. ",
"Formulations were observed to be more stable in the refrigerator as there was no significant change observed in particle size, poly dispersity, drug loading, percentage transmittance, and dispersibility. ",
"Thus, LCT~14~, among the three formulations, was considered to be the most stable nanoemulsion as it showed no absorbance (highest transmittance).",
"\n\n3.5. ",
"Zeta potential Analysis {#sec3dot5-medicina-55-00210}\n----------------------------\n\nThe zeta potential analysis was carried out on the selected formulation SCT~15~, MCT~6~, and LCT~14~ and respective values are presented in [Table 1](#medicina-55-00210-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"The higher the zeta potential, the greater the stability because increased surface charge opposed the aggregation of particles. ",
"Zeta potential of SCT~15~, MCT~6~, and LCT~14~ was found to be −17.1, −14.2, and −21.4, respectively.",
"\n\n3.6. ",
"Particle Size, Poly Disersity, and Surface Morphology {#sec3dot6-medicina-55-00210}\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe selected formulation SCT~15~, MCT~6~, and LCT~14~ were subjected to particle size analysis and the particle size was found to be 159 ± 15, 186 ± 20, and 178 ± 16, respectively ([Table 1](#medicina-55-00210-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"The uniformity of the synthesis of SNEDDS was displayed through the polydispersity index (PDI) value. ",
"The PDI was found to be 0.27 ± 0.43, 0.13 ± 0.67, and 0.31 ± 0.17 for SCT~15~, MCT~6~, and LCT~14~, respectively. ",
"Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that particles were spherical shaped in case of LCT~14~ SENDDS as compared to SCT~15~ and MCT~6~ ([Figure 3](#medicina-55-00210-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\n3.7. ",
"Drug Content Determination {#sec3dot7-medicina-55-00210}\n-------------------------------\n\nSelected formulations SCT~15~, MCT~6~, and LCT~14~ were evaluated by HPLC for estimation of drug content in individual formulations. ",
"The aim of this test was to evaluate the formulations for drug loading efficiency. ",
"The linearity curve of the chlorpromazine over a range of 0.0312--0.5 µg/mL is shown in [Figure 4](#medicina-55-00210-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}a. ",
"The value of R^2^ was found to be 0.998 with equation Y = 59460 x − 410.61. ",
"The chromatogram shown in [Figure 4](#medicina-55-00210-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}b, presents the chromatogram of chlorpromazine detection in formulation with retention time at 2.296 min. ",
"Whereas, [Figure 4](#medicina-55-00210-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}c shows the chromatogram of pure chlorpromazine with retention time at 2.926 min. ",
"A decrease in drug content was observed with an increase in chain length of triglyceride, like 92.3% for SCT~15~, 82.7% for MCT~6~, and 85.5% for LCT~14~ ([Table 1](#medicina-55-00210-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Thus, shorter chain triglycerides showed better encapsulation of drug as compared to LCT.",
"\n\n3.8. ",
"Ex Vivo Permeation Enhancement {#sec3dot8-medicina-55-00210}\n-----------------------------------\n\nThe results of ex vivo studies are shown in [Figure 5](#medicina-55-00210-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"} indicated that drug transport through intestine was gradually increased for formulations as compared to pure chlorpromazine suspension. ",
"The highest transport was observed with LCT~14~ SNEDDS resulting in a 3.2 fold increase (16.24 ± 1.45 µg/cm^2^) compared to the chlorpromazine suspension (5.15 ± 0.31 µg/cm^2^) after 3 h. The increase in permeation for SCT~15~ and MCT~6~ SNEDDS was found as 11.18 ± 2.43 µg/cm^2^ and 8.26 ± 2.19 µg/cm^2^, respectively.",
"\n\n3.9. ",
"Oral Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetic Studies {#sec3dot9-medicina-55-00210}\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nPlasma samples obtained from test and control groups of rats (*n* = 6) at predefined intervals were injected to HPLC to analyze the concentration of drug using a validated HPLC method as previously described. ",
"The retention time of chlorpromazine was observed to be 2.926 min. ",
"Plasma drug concentration was plotted against time to obtain plasma level--time curve ([Figure 6](#medicina-55-00210-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}) to study the pharmacokinetics of chlorpromazine loaded in SNEDDS. ",
"The bioavailability of chlorpromazine SNEDDS was very much higher as compared to the control (Chlorpromazine suspension) with the maximum bioavailability observed in case of LCT~14~.\n\nThe pharmacokinetic study of chlorpromazine for the non-compartmental pharmacokinetic model was done using PK solver. ",
"Values for different PK parameters observed for test and control formulations are presented in [Table 5](#medicina-55-00210-t005){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"The area under the curve AUC (~0--24~) for LCT~14~ was found to be maximum (525.882 ± 10.815) compared to SCT~15~ (160.491 ± 2.368) and MCT~6~ (253.419 ± 9.721) SNEDDS, while the chlorpromazine suspension showed that the minimum (87.400 ± 1.180). ",
"C~max~ was also higher for LCT~14~ (48.642 ± 2.596) compared to MCT~6~ and SCT~15~. Plasma Half-life (t~1/2~) of chlorpromazine was significantly increased with LCT~14~ (9.876 ± 0.251) as compared to chlorpromazine suspension (5.736 ± 0.312). ",
"This half-life was highest amongst all SNEDDS formulations. ",
"Oral bioavailability increased 6.5-fold compared to chlorpromazine suspension with LCT~14~.\n\n4. ",
"Discussion {#sec4-medicina-55-00210}\n=============\n\nIn the past decade, much attention has been directed to lipid-based formulations with emphasis on improving and enhancing the solubility and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble BCS class II drugs. ",
"Ideally, SNEDDS transport a hydrophobic drug in solubilized form and retain satisfactory solubilization through gastrointestinal passage. ",
"Moreover, SNEDDS protect drugs against enzymatic degradation, foster super saturation, surfactant-provoked membrane fluidity and permeability enhancement that is often sufficient for drug absorption \\[[@B16-medicina-55-00210]\\].",
"\n\nSNEDDS composed of surfactants, co-surfactants, oil, and drug should turn into a monophasic, clear dispersion once added to the aqueous phase, at room temperature. ",
"Upon mild agitation in aqueous media SNEDDS were converted to very fine oil/water emulsion. ",
"Surfactants used in the formulation are responsible for the conversion of oil phase into the very fine particles by reducing the surface tension at the oil and water interface. ",
"The finer the droplet size of oil phase, the lesser the dispersion time of SNEDDS \\[[@B6-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"As the total weight of the SNEDDS formulation was kept constant to 1 g, an increase in the concentration of triacetin produced a proportional increase in the dispersion time due to increased particle size and a simultaneous decrease in the surfactant/co-surfactant ratio \\[[@B7-medicina-55-00210]\\].",
"\n\nThermodynamic stability is a distinguishing feature of SNEDDS compared to the simple emulsion formulations that have kinetic stability and become phase separated eventually \\[[@B4-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"These nanoemulsions (SNEDDS) were formed at a specific concentration of oil, surfactants and co-surfactants, and water. ",
"Prepared formulations were tested for their thermodynamic stability in terms of permanent phase separation, cracking, coalescence, and creaming by applying freeze--thaw cycles, heating--cooling cycles, and centrifugation. ",
"The percentage transmittance of the formulation corresponds to the optical clarity of the formulation as clear dispersion will cause less scattering of incident light compared to opalescent dispersions \\[[@B7-medicina-55-00210]\\].",
"\n\nThe triglycerides were selected to observe the effect of solubility as they are easily taken up by the chylomicrons and travel through lymphatic system. ",
"SNEDDS were prepared using three different triglycerides. ",
"Triacetin was selected as SCT that is triester of glycerol with acetic acid. ",
"Captex 355 was used as medium chain triglyceride (C8:C10). ",
"Olive oil and linseed oil are used as long chain C-18 triglycerides. ",
"Fifteen SNEDDS formulation of each of these SCT, MCT, and LCT were prepared using varying amounts of triglycerides, surfactants and co-surfactants as presented in [Table 1](#medicina-55-00210-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}, [Table 2](#medicina-55-00210-t002){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Table 3](#medicina-55-00210-t003){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"Of these, only the formulation from each batch SCT~15~, MCT~6~, and LCT~14~ that showed stability and the required features, was selected. ",
"The surface zeta potential plays a significant role in stabilizing the nanoformulations. ",
"Generally, the value of zeta potential above 20 is an indicator of stabilized formulation as it results in higher repulsive force between the globules and ruling out the possibility of coalescence \\[[@B8-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"In view of these results, formulation LCT~14~ was found to be the most stable formulation due to inter particulate repulsion allowing them to suspend for a longer period of time \\[[@B9-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"Particle size also plays a key role in drug absorption and distribution. ",
"Particles of less than 300 nm are more likely to cross the enterocytes without any difficulty \\[[@B18-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"Particle size depends upon the respective composition of SNEDDS formulation. ",
"Increase in proportion of surfactants reduces the interfacial tension and produce smaller droplet size which in turn provides more rapid absorption and greater bioavailability. ",
"SCT~15~ produced he smallest droplet sized SNEDDS and the MCT~6~ produced the largest. ",
"Comparing all other features of three selected formulations, LCT~14~ was considered to be the optimized and best SNEDD formulation.",
"\n\nThe SNEDDS were designed to study the improvement in chlorpromazine permeability across enterocyte following oral administration. ",
"SNEDDS have shown excellent potential to enhance the oral bioavailability of highly lipophilic drugs \\[[@B21-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"Ex vivo permeation studies can mimic the potential improvement in drug permeability once inside the GIT \\[[@B10-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"The results of ex vivo permeation revealed a 3.2-fold increased permeation with LCT~14~ across the rat intestine as compared to other formulations. ",
"The results fairly indicate the effect of triglycerides on the opening of tight junctions and facilitating the transport through para-cellular route, resulted in increased permeation across the intestinal mucosa. ",
"This further suggests the role of oleic acid as strong mucosal permeation enhancer by opening the tight junction and facilitating the para-cellular transport \\[[@B12-medicina-55-00210]\\].",
"\n\nOral pharmacokinetics of SNEDDDS loaded with chlorpromazine were studied in the rat model. ",
"It has been previously observed and reported that these SNEDDS, being lipid in nature can enhance synthesis of intestinal chylomicrons, taking a drug through the lymphatic system to systemic circulation along with facilitating drug transport through trans-cellular and para-cellular pathways \\[[@B13-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"The selected formulations SCT~15~, MCT~6~, and LCT~14~ were orally administered to study the change in bioavailability with these formulations as compared to control chlorpromazine suspension. ",
"These formulations were found to be stable through different physicochemical parameters like sufficient transmittance, suitable emulsification time and drug loading, reported earlier. ",
"SNEDDS provide an excellent lipid source for stimulation of chylomicrons production, which in turn provides increased lymphatic transport of drugs. ",
"Lipids are digested into smaller entities, absorbed into enterocytes, and converted to lipids again by re-esterification and are incorporated into intestinal chylomicrons \\[[@B17-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"Furtehrmore, medium chain mono and diglycerides have been reported to interact with tight junction by interacting with tight junction proteins F-actin and ZO-1. ",
"A mechanistic study confirmed the opening of tight junction by the use of SNEDDS containing a solubilizer \\[[@B15-medicina-55-00210]\\]. ",
"LCT~14~ showed a more than 1.5-fold increased elimination half-life (*p* \\< 0.01), 3.7-fold increase in plasma drug concentration (*p* \\< 0.01) and a 1.7-fold decreased plasma clearance rate (*p* \\< 0.01) compared to native drug. ",
"The absolute oral bioavailability (versus I.V. injection) of LCT~14~ calculated on basis of AUC~0--24~ was about 40% as compared to native drug suspension 6.6%. ",
"This significant increase in the bioavailability of highly lipophilic drugs (chlorpromazine) might occur due to the formation of hydrogen bonds with cholesteryl esters and triglyceride, which facilitate their lymphatic transport via chylomicron uptake. ",
"According to these investigations, SNEDDS based on long-chain triglycerides (LCT~14~) formulation seems to be a promising carrier to improve the oral bioavailability of chlorpromazine.",
"\n\n5. ",
"Conclusions {#sec5-medicina-55-00210}\n==============\n\nIn this study, SNEDDS based on small chain triglycerides (SCT), medium chain triglycerides (MCT), and long-chain triglycerides (LCT) for oral delivery of highly lipophilic drug chlorpromazine, were successfully designed with the significantly superior features based on different component ratios. ",
"Among these, LCT~14~ showed greater potential in term of reduced particle size (178 ± 16), high drug loading (85.5%), and increased oral bioavailability. ",
"The formulation was stable over a 3-month storage period at 25 °C and 4 °C in terms of particle size, physical appearance, and drug loading. ",
"Hence, the present approach demonstrated the substantial increase in oral bioavailability of highly lipophilic drugs through the use of SNEDDS that adopts intestinal lymphatic route along with para- and trans-cellular route.",
"\n\nThe authors are very much grateful to the Pakistan Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) for their support in conducting necessary part of the study.",
"\n\nConceptualization, G.S. and M.Y; methodology, J.B. and M.F.S.; software, M.H.K. M.R. and S.J.; validation, J.B. and H.S.S.; formal analysis, J.B., M.T.C and M.R.; investigation M.R., M.T.C., and M.H.K.; resources, G.M.K., G.S. and M.Y.; data curation, S.J., J.B. and H.S.S.; writing---original draft preparation, J.B.; writing---review and editing, M.F.S. and G.S.; visualization, G.S.; supervision, G.S. and M.Y.; project administration, G.S. and M.F.S.; funding acquisition, G.S.\n\nThe project was funded by the Start-up research grant program (SRGP) of Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan under project ID IPFP/HRD/HEC/2012/2724.",
"\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.",
"\n\n{#medicina-55-00210-f001}\n\n{#medicina-55-00210-f002}\n\n{#medicina-55-00210-f003}\n\n{#medicina-55-00210-f004}\n\n{#medicina-55-00210-f005}\n\n{#medicina-55-00210-f006}\n\nmedicina-55-00210-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nEffect of formulation (small chain triglycerides (SCT-SNEDDS)) composition on the dispersibility, precipitation, appearance, and particle size (mean ± S.D., *n* = 3) for the lipophilic drug chlorpromazine when added to dispersion media simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) pH 6.8 (gentle agitation was provided by a dissolution paddle rotating at 60 rpm).",
"\n\n Code Composition (% w/w) Dispersion Time Precipitation Appearance Particle Size \n --------- --------------------- ---- ----------------- --------------- ------------ --------------- ----------- ---------- ----------\n SCT~1~ 65 20 5 2 8 126 ± 31 Dim white Unstable 871 ± 24\n SCT~2~ 60 25 5 2 8 120 ± 23 Dim white Unstable 758 ± 15\n SCT~3~ 55 30 5 2 8 118 ± 9 Dim white Unstable 414 ± 33\n SCT~4~ 50 35 5 2 8 99 ± 4 Dim white Unstable 367 ± 27\n SCT~5~ 45 40 5 2 8 59 ± 2 Dim white Stable 232 ± 14\n SCT~6~ 40 45 5 2 8 43 ± 5 Dim white Stable 243 ± 16\n SCT~7~ 60 20 5 2 13 98 ± 13 Dim white Unstable 716 ± 32\n SCT~8~ 55 25 5 2 13 75 ± 11 Dim white Unstable 532 ± 38\n SCT~9~ 50 30 5 2 13 73 ± 8 Dim white Unstable 365 ± 21\n SCT~10~ 45 35 5 2 13 60 ± 4 Dim white Stable 319 ± 25\n SCT~11~ 40 40 5 2 13 55 ± 7 Dim white Stable 246 ± 19\n SCT~12~ 55 33 5 2 5 57 ± 6 Dim white Unstable 328 ± 39\n SCT~13~ 50 38 5 2 5 53 ± 5 Dim white Stable 247 ± 32\n SCT~14~ 45 43 5 2 5 49 ± 7 Dim white Stable 181 ± 11\n SCT~15~ 40 48 5 2 5 30 ± 4 Dim white Stable 159 ± 15\n\nmedicina-55-00210-t002_Table 2\n\n###### \n\nEffect of formulation (medium chain triglycerides (MCT-SNEDDS)) composition on the dispersibility, precipitation, appearance, and particle size (mean ± S.D., *n* = 3) for the lipophilic drug chlorpromazine when added to dispersion media simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) pH 6.8 (gentle agitation was provided by a dissolution paddle rotating at 60 rpm).",
"\n\n Code Composition (% w/w) Dispersion Time Precipitation Appearance Particle Size \n --------- --------------------- ---- ----------------- --------------- ------------ --------------- ------- ---------- ----------\n MCT~1~ 60 25 5 2 8 140 ± 20 White Stable 911 ± 41\n MCT~2~ 55 30 5 2 8 112 ± 15 White Unstable 921 ± 18\n MCT~3~ 50 35 5 2 8 98 ± 26 White Unstable 522 ± 21\n MCT~4~ 45 40 5 2 8 74 ± 27 White Stable 531 ± 34\n MCT~5~ 40 45 5 2 8 67 ± 19 White Unstable 238 ± 28\n MCT~6~ 35 50 5 2 8 17 ± 4 White Stable 186 ± 20\n MCT~7~ 55 25 5 2 13 109 ± 31 White Unstable 915 ± 19\n MCT~8~ 50 30 5 2 13 83 ± 18 White Unstable 732 ± 43\n MCT~9~ 45 35 5 2 13 76 ± 25 White Unstable 554 ± 32\n MCT~10~ 40 40 5 2 13 63 ± 17 White Unstable 428 ± 29\n MCT~11~ 35 45 5 2 13 41 ± 12 White Stable 334 ± 21\n MCT~12~ 50 33 5 2 10 77 ± 10 White Unstable 919 ± 17\n MCT~13~ 45 38 5 2 10 66 ± 11 White Unstable 465 ± 18\n MCT~14~ 40 43 5 2 10 43 ± 16 White Stable 365 ± 38\n MCT~15~ 35 48 5 2 10 37 ± 17 White Stable 219 ± 18\n\nmedicina-55-00210-t003_Table 3\n\n###### \n\nEffect of formulation (long chain triglycerides (LCT-SNEDDS)) composition on the dispersibility, precipitation, appearance, and particle size (mean ± S.D., *n* = 3) for the lipophilic drug chlorpromazine when added to dispersion media simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) pH 6.8 (gentle agitation was provided by a dissolution paddle rotating at 60 rpm).",
"\n\n Code Composition (% w/w) Dispersion Time (s) Appearance Precipitation Particle Size (nm) \n --------- --------------------- --------------------- ------------ --------------- -------------------- ------- ---------- -----------\n LCT~1~ 70 20 8 2 153 ± 36 Milky Unstable 939 ± 75\n LCT~2~ 65 25 8 2 139 ± 36 Milky Unstable 869 ± 123\n LCT~3~ 60 30 8 2 97 ± 18 Milky Unstable 791 ± 52\n LCT~4~ 55 35 8 2 58 ± 13 Milky Stable 282 ± 24\n LCT~5~ 50 40 8 2 36 ± 20 Milky Unstable 234 ± 85\n LCT~6~ 45 45 8 2 98 ± 36 Milky Unstable 592 ± 152\n LCT~7~ 65 28 5 2 137 ± 23 Milky Unstable 806 ± 74\n LCT~8~ 60 33 5 2 72 ± 14 Milky Unstable 386 ± 118\n LCT~9~ 55 38 5 2 93 ± 10 Milky Unstable 341 ± 64\n LCT~10~ 50 43 5 2 84 ± 21 Milky Stable 297 ± 29\n LCT~11~ 45 48 5 2 57 ± 17 Milky Stable 518 ± 38\n LCT~12~ 65 30 3 2 63 ± 24 Milky Unstable 231 ± 56\n LCT~13~ 60 35 3 2 58 ± 19 Milky Stable 229 ± 19\n LCT~14~ 55 40 3 2 22 ± 6 Milky Stable 178 ± 16\n LCT~15~ 50 45 3 2 87 ± 15 Milky Unstable 721 ± 182\n\nmedicina-55-00210-t004_Table 4\n\n###### \n\nResults of physico--chemical tests performed on selected formulations from each of small chain triglyceride (SCT), medium chain triglyceride (MCT), and long chain triglyceride (LCT) self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) loaded with chlorpromazine.",
"\n\n Formulation Thermodynamic Stability Drug Loading (%) Zeta Potential Particle Size (nm) PDI Transmittance (%) pH\n ------------------------------------ ------------------------- ------------------ ---------------- -------------------- ------------- ------------------- ------------\n Small chain triglyceride (SCT~15~) Stable 92.3 −17.1 159 ± 15 0.27 ± 0.43 1.5 7.3 ± 1.6\n Medium chain triglyceride (MCT~6~) Stable 82.7 −14.2 186 ± 20 0.33 ± 0.67 0.1 7.3 ± 1.52\n Long chain triglyceride (LCT~14~) Stable 85.5 −21.4 178 ± 16 0.31 ± 0.17 0.0 7.4 ± 1.0\n\nmedicina-55-00210-t005_Table 5\n\n###### \n\nPharmacokinetic studies of orally administered SCT, MCT, and LCT SNEDDS loaded with Chlorpromazine. ",
"Results are presented as mean ± SD of different experimental groups of rabbits (*n* = 5).",
"\n\n Pharmacokinetic Parameter Control SCT MCT LCT\n --------------------------- ---------------- ----------------- ----------------- ------------------\n AUC ~0\\ --\\ t~ (µg/mL/h) 87.400 ± 1.180 160.491 ± 2.368 253.419 ± 9.721 525.882 ± 10.815\n t~1/2~ (h) 5.736 ± 0.312 6.195 ± 0.154 7.177 ± 0.094 9.876 ± 0.251\n K~d~ (h^-1^) 0.121 ± 0.006 0.111 ± 0.002 0.096 ± 0.001 0.070 ± 0.008\n K~a~ (h^-1^) 0.548 ± 0.172 1.166 ± 0.192 1.150 ± 0.290 0.633 ± 0.081\n C~max~ (µg/mL) 13.165 ± 1.454 21.595 ± 0.978 29.134 ± 1.62 48.642 ± 2.596\n F~rel~ (%) 6.6% 12% 19% 40%\n\nAUC 0 -- t plasma drug concentration over time interval 0-t h, t1/2 -- half-life, Kd -- drug disposition rate constant, Ka -- absorption rate constant, Cmax -- maximum serum concentration that a drug achieves in a specified compartment or test area of the body after the drug has been administrated and before the administration of a second dose, Frel - relative bioavailability.",
"\n"
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"Dysphonia: a frequently encountered symptom in the evaluation of infants with unobstructed supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.",
"\nTotal anomalous pulmonary venous connection is a relatively uncommon congenital cardiac anomaly. ",
"When there is obstruction to pulmonary venous drainage or severe pulmonary hypertension due to increased pulmonary blood flow, the patient is usually critically ill and the diagnosis is unambiguous. ",
"However, in some patients the symptoms may be mild and often overlap with those of other noncardiac diseases. ",
"Tachypnea, failure to thrive, and mild cyanosis are the most frequently reported symptoms. ",
"In our patient population, we encountered a frequent observation by parents that the child had an alteration in voice which we elected to refer to as dysphonia for the purpose of this study. ",
"We retrospectively reviewed all patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection who were evaluated at our institution from January 1996 to January 1999 and found that 27% of patients had dysphonia as a presenting complaint to their primary care provider. ",
"We hypothesize that the etiology of this phenomenon lies in the possible compression of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve in the vicinity of the dilated pulmonary artery and the left vertical vein."
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"Q:\n\nHow would you expect a revisions system to work?",
"\n\nI need to keep a revision system of changes. ",
"My question isn't the structure but the behavior. ",
"\nFor example, let's say you are working on a webpage in a code editor. ",
"How often would you make a revision for the developer as he's coding the page? ",
"Do you save when he saves? ",
"Do you save every hour? ",
"How many revisions should you keep? ",
"\nWhat behavior would you expect in this scenario?",
"\nUpdate: \nIt seems that it makes a difference if the content is saved online versus saved locally. ",
"In my project it's saved online like, WordPress posts or Google docs. ",
"I can save locally to the cache or even to a directory on the users computer if they use the desktop software. ",
"\n\nA:\n\nWhen you are versioning, you:\n\nmake sure that teammates will not override each-other's work\nwrite a version diary for future use to be able to handle any scenario\n\nSince it is possible that at some remote time in the future you will need to roll back, it is better to make sure that upon looking at the commit messages, you will be able to determine easier where to roll back. ",
"Also, commit messages are helping your teammates to determine what did you do. ",
"As a result, my advice is that you should make a commit whenever you have completed a small part of your work, so your commits should be atomic and their message should be speaking for themselves.",
"\n\n"
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"Debating War Should Germany Stay in Afghanistan?",
"\n\nThe government of German Chancellor Angela Merkel has made it clear that it continues to support the country's involvement in the war in Afghanistan. ",
"But a majority of the population disagrees. ",
"SPIEGEL writers Ralf Neukirch and Barbara Supp wrangle about whether Germany should stay in Afghanistan or withdraw completely."
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[
"Q:\n\nModelForm returning server error (500)\n\nSee the code below. ",
"I'm trying to use ModelForms to add records to a database, but it keeps returning the server error - seemingly against the .save() action, but I'm not quite sure. ",
"Any help towards how I can fix this would be really appreciated.",
"\n#view.py\nfrom django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect\nfrom django.shortcuts import render, render_to_response, get_object_or_404\nfrom django.template import RequestContext\nfrom forms import ContactForm, wallForm\nfrom django.core.mail import send_mail\nfrom home.models import wall\nfrom django.forms import ModelForm\ndef wallpost(request):\n if request.method == 'POST':\n new_post = wallForm(request.",
"POST)\n if form.is_valid():\n f = form.cleaned_data['postContent']\n new_post.save()\n return HttpResponseRedirect('/home/')\n else:\n form = wallForm()\n return render(request, 'home/wall_post.html', {'form': form,})\n\n#model.py\nfrom django.db import models\n\nclass wall(models.",
"Model):\n clusterId = models.",
"ForeignKey(cluster)\n userId = models.",
"ForeignKey(user)\n postContent = models.",
"CharField(max_length=800)\n likes = models.",
"IntegerField(default=0)\n post_timestamp = models.",
"DateTimeField('date published')\n\n clusterId.blank = True\n userId.blank = True\n postContent.blank = True\n likes.blank = True\n post_timestamp.blank = True\n\n#forms.py\nfrom django import forms\nfrom django.forms import ModelForm\nfrom home.models import wall\n\nclass wallForm(ModelForm):\n class Meta:\n model = wall\n\n#template.py\n<h1>Posting test</h1>\n\n{% if form.errors %}\n <p style=\"color: red;\">\n Please correct the error{{ form.errors|pluralize }} below.",
"\n </p>\n{% endif %}\n\n<form action=\"\" method=\"post\">\n <table>\n {{ form.as_p }}\n </table>\n {% csrf_token %}\n <input type=\"submit\" value=\"Submit\">\n</form>\n\n<b><a href = \"/home/\">Go back...</a></b>\n\nA:\n\nYour problem is here:\ndef wallpost(request):\n if request.method == 'POST':\n new_post = wallForm(request.",
"POST)\n if form.is_valid():\n f = form.cleaned_data['postContent']\n new_post.save()\n return HttpResponseRedirect('/home/')\n else:\n form = wallForm()\n return render(request, 'home/wall_post.html', {'form': form,})\n\nIn this line if form.is_valid(), form is not actually defined. ",
"You probably want if new_post.is_valid(), and similarly form.cleaned_data should be new_post.cleaned_data.",
"\nAlso, its not clear what you are doing with this line f = form.cleaned_data['postContent'], because you don't use f anywhere.",
"\n\n"
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"Equipments for the automatic deposit and withdrawal of banknotes are used in banking sites, as help for tellers or as “self service” equipments operable by customers, for banking transactions comprising the deposit and the withdrawal of cash. ",
"These equipments provide banknote receipting and dispensing modules or boxes, having function of recycling, mountable with possibility of replacing in respective housings, and in which each module or box is provided of a seat associated to a given typology of banknotes. ",
"For high storing capacity, modules or boxes are often preferred in which the banknotes are arranged as a stack with horizontal extension and support on a longer edge.",
"\nThe number of employed housings and modules or boxes determines denominations and/or typologies of the banknotes to be handled, as well as dimensions and cost of the equipment. ",
"Therefore, in the case of vertically overlapped boxes, the number of the housings affects the overall height of the equipment. ",
"As an example, an equipment which proposes to recycle banknotes of the EURO system should provide seven modules or boxes, respectively, for the denominations of: 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 Euro, and seven respective housings.",
"\nIn the use, the boxes associated with the denominations or typologies of banknotes of reduced circulation, for instance the boxes for banknotes of 200 and 500 Euro, are generally subject to a limited number of storage and dispensing operations, for small quantities and reduced occupation of the seats. ",
"On the contrary, the boxes lodging the denominations of banknotes of greater circulation, for instance banknotes of 20 and 50 Euro, should satisfy high requests of storage and dispensing, often varying in the time.",
"\nThe room provided in the equipment for the deposit of banknotes is therefore used in a non optimal way. ",
"Moreover, the boxes for the banknotes of greater circulation can easily reach the conditions of full box or empty box and blocking of the equipment: The emptying and recharging operations of the boxes should be frequent with increasing of the overheads. ",
"On the other hand, the addition of housings for the boxes of banknotes with greater circulation is expensive and it is often impracticable in view of current rules on the limits of height of the equipments.",
"\nBanknote processing equipments are known which use double modules for the deposit and the automatic withdrawal of banknotes, with function of recycling. ",
"These modules include a banknote seat with arrangement of the banknotes in superimposition and subdivision in two banknote stacks, and a couple of insertion and extraction devices. ",
"The stacks occupy together the banknote seat; the insertion and extraction devices are adjacent to terminal sections of the seat and insert and extract the banknotes by means of the transport mechanisms of the equipment. ",
"The room of the banknote seat is used in optimized way, but the equipment should provide, by opposite sides of the housings, two transport mechanisms for the two stacks of banknotes of the common seat. ",
"It creates problems of access in one or in both transport mechanisms, when an inspection is necessary or in the case of jam of the banknotes in movement."
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[
"Insert Sets\n\nRey Continuity (Part 2) (5 Cards) (Continued from Journey to The Last Jedi)\n\nStar Wars The Last Jedi: Illustrated (11 Cards)\n\nBase Set\n\n1 Rey\n\n2 Luke Skywalker\n\n3 Kylo Ren\n\n4 Finn\n\n5 Captain Phasma\n\n6 Poe Dameron\n\n7 General Leia Organa\n\n8 Chewbacca\n\n9 First Order Stormtrooper\n\n10 Porg\n\n11 BB-8\n\n12 Admiral Ackbar\n\n13 R2-D2\n\n14 First Order Flametrooper\n\n15 C-3PO\n\n16 General Hux\n\n17 Rose Tico\n\n18 Praetorian Guard\n\n19 Resistance Gunner Paige Tico\n\n20 C'ai Threnalli\n\n21 First Order Stormtrooper Executioner\n\n22 BB-9E\n\n23 TIE Fighter Pilot\n\n24 DJ\n\n25 Supreme Leader Snoke\n\n26 Kaydel Ko Connix\n\n27 Fathier\n\n28 Fathier Jockey\n\n29 Vice Admiral Holdo\n\n30 Alcida-Auka\n\n31 General Ematt\n\n32 BB-4\n\n33 2BB-2\n\n34 SE8 Waiter Droid\n\n35 Neepers Panpick\n\n36 Lovey\n\n37 Snook Uccorfay\n\n38 Armo Malou\n\n39 Officer Nandan Roty\n\n40 Wodibin\n\n41 Thodobin\n\n42 Trypto Buball\n\n43 Vulptex\n\n44 Bargwill Tomder\n\n45 IT-S00.2 Medical Droid\n\n46 Resistance Cruiser Bridge Guard\n\n47 Commander D'Acy\n\n48 Resistance Soldier\n\n49 A-wing Pilot Tallie\n\n50 Resistance Soldier\n\n51 First Order Gunner\n\n52 Captain Edrison Peavey\n\n53 Captain Moden Canady\n\n54 Lt. ",
"Jober Tavson\n\n55 Captain Sibos Tammis\n\n56 Colonel Ansiv Garmuth\n\n57 TIE Silencer\n\n58 Resistance Bomber\n\n59 The Millennium Falcon\n\n60 Resistance Ski Speeder\n\n61 First Order Walker\n\n62 First Order Star Destroyer\n\n63 Kylo Ren's Shuttle\n\n64 Resistance Transport Pod\n\n65 Resistance Cruiser\n\n66 First Order Heavy Assault Walker\n\n67 Resistance X-wing\n\n68 Resistance A-wing\n\n69 First Order TIE Fighter\n\n70 First Order Dreadnought\n\n71 Poe Dameron's X-wing\n\n72 Anodyne\n\n73 Libertine\n\n74 Rey on Ahch-To\n\n75 Kylo Ren's Solitude\n\n76 Under Ackbar's Command\n\n77 The Nefarious Captain Phasma\n\n78 The Police of Canto Bight\n\n79 A Break in the Action\n\n80 The Game of Zinbiddle\n\n81 At the Casino\n\n82 Snook at the Casino Tables\n\n83 Along the Coast of Ahch-To\n\n84 Interior Bridge of the Supremacy\n\n85 The Terrain of Ahch-To\n\n86 The Resistance Screen\n\n87 Inside the Raddus\n\n88 The Trenches of Crait\n\n89 The Interior of the Raddus\n\n90 Outside the Casino\n\n91 The Surface of Crait\n\n92 The Hallways of the Supremacy\n\n93 Praetorian Defense\n\n94 TIE Fighters in Flight\n\n95 Finn on Crait\n\n96 Chewie and a Porg on the Falcon\n\n97 Rey on Ahch-To\n\n98 The Casino on Canto Bight\n\n99 The Caretakers\n\n100 In the dark with Kylo Ren\n\nBase Set Parallels\n\nUnnumbered\n\nBlue (1 per pack)\n\nGreen (1:2 packs)\n\nPurple (1:4 packs)\n\nRed (1:12 packs)\n\nNumbered (Hobby Box Only)\n\nSilver (#/99)\n\nGold (#/25)\n\nBlack (1/1)\n\nPrinting Plates\n\nBlack (1/1)\n\nCyan (1/1)\n\nMagenta (1/1)\n\nYellow (1/1)\n\nSource Material Fabric Swatch (#/175)\n\nAlcida-Auka bonnet\n\nRiva Rosetta jumpsuit\n\nSosear Latta tuxedo\n\nParallels\n\nSilver (#/99)\n\nGold (#/25)\n\nMedallion Autograph Cards\n\nAdam Driver as Kylo Ren\n\nAndy Serkis as Supreme Leader Snoke\n\nAnthony Daniels as C-3PO\n\nBrian Herring as BB-8 (BB-8)\n\nBrian Herring as BB-8 (Resistance)\n\nDaisy Ridley as Rey (BB-8)\n\nDaisy Ridley as Rey (Millennium Falcon)\n\nGwendoline Christie as Captain Phasma\n\nJimmy Vee as R2-D2\n\nJohn Boyega as Finn\n\nMark Hamill as Luke Skywalker\n\nPaul Kasey as C'ai Threnalli\n\nTim Rose as Admiral Ackbar\n\nInsert: Blueprints and Schematics\n\nBP-1 TIE Silencer\n\nBP-2 Single Pilot Operator\n\nBP-3 A-Wing Interceptor\n\nBP-4 X-Wing\n\nBP-5 TIE Fighter\n\nBP-6 BB-8\n\nBP-7 R2-D2\n\nBP-8 Kylo Ren's TIE Fighter\n\nParallels\n\nPurple (#/299)\n\nRed (#/199)\n\nSilver (#/99)\n\nGold (#/25)\n\nBlack (1/1)\n\nBlack/Cyan/Magenta/Yellow Printing Plate (1/1 each)\n\nInsert: Character Portraits\n\nCP-1 Kylo Ren\n\nCP-2 Rey\n\nCP-3 Rose Tico\n\nCP-4 Finn\n\nCP-5 Poe Dameron\n\nCP-6 BB-8\n\nCP-7 Chewbacca\n\nCP-8 R2-D2\n\nCP-9 Captain Phasma\n\nCP-10 Praetorian Guard\n\nCP-11 Stormtrooper Executioner\n\nCP-12 Praetorian Guard\n\nCP-13 Chewbacca & Porgs\n\nCP-14 R2-D2 & Porgs\n\nCP-15 Poe Dameron\n\nCP-16 Luke Skywalker & Rey\n\nParallels\n\nPurple (#/299)\n\nRed (#/199)\n\nSilver (#/99)\n\nGold (#/25)\n\nBlack (1/1)\n\nBlack/Cyan/Magenta/Yellow Printing Plate (1/1 each)\n\nInsert: Character Die-Cut Sticker Cards\n\nDS-1 Kylo Ren\n\nDS-2 Stormtrooper Executioner\n\nDS-3 Praetorian Guard\n\nDS-4 Rey\n\nDS-5 Finn\n\nDS-6 Poe Dameron\n\nInsert: Red Line Artwork\n\nRL-1 Rey\n\nRL-2 Kylo Ren\n\nRL-3 Praetorian Guard\n\nRL-4 First Order Stormtrooper\n\nRL-5 Captain Phasma\n\nRL-6 Poe Dameron\n\nRL-7 Finn\n\nRL-8 Rose Tico\n\nParallels\n\nPurple (#/299)\n\nRed (#/199)\n\nSilver (#/99)\n\nGold (#/25)\n\nBlack (1/1)\n\nBlack/Cyan/Magenta/Yellow Printing Plate (1/1 each)\n\nInsert: Resist!",
"\n\nR-1 Join The Resistance\n\nR-2 Rey\n\nR-3 BB-8\n\nR-4 BB-8 Astromech Droid\n\nR-5 BB-8 Resistance Hero\n\nR-6 Defeat The First Order\n\nR-7 Roll With It\n\nR-8 Rey\n\nParallels\n\nPurple (#/299)\n\nRed (#/199)\n\nSilver (#/99)\n\nGold (#/25)\n\nBlack (1/1)\n\nBlack/Cyan/Magenta/Yellow Printing Plate (1/1 each)\n\nInsert: Rey Continuity (Part 2)\n\n6 Rey\n\n7 Rey\n\n8 Rey\n\n9 Rey\n\n10 Rey\n\nNote: Only cards 6-10 from the Rey Continuity cards are available in this set. ",
"There are a total of 15 cards available across the 3 The Last Jedi sets. ",
"The other cards can be found inJourney to Star Wars: The Last Jedi (1-5) and The Last Jedi (Series 2) (11-15)."
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"Aug. 7, 2015 – Readings in Recovery: Step by Step\n\nToday, look to the 12th Step and ask if we are effective carriers of the message. ",
"Before we can pass the message, Step 12 requires we first have a spiritual awakening and, second, we practice the principles of all 12 Steps and Traditions in “all our affairs.” ",
"If, on honest evaluation, we can truthfully attest to a spiritual awakening and to practicing the principles of the 12 Steps “in all our affairs,” we might be an effective carrier of the message to someone who is both struggling to get and stay sober. ",
"But if we scoff at the idea of a spiritual awakening or apply some of the Program’s principles selectively, how can we be an effective 12th-Stepper? ",
"How do carry a message we have not embraced? ",
"Because a way of keeping what we have been given in the program is to give it away, we seek wisdom from our Higher Power to be humbled to carry the message. ",
"And our common journey continues. ",
"Step by step. – ",
"Chris M., 2015"
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to an inner rotor type brushless motor which has, for example, a rotor and a stator.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of Related Art\nGenerally, an inner rotor type brushless motor has a stator core fitted into and fixed to a stator case and a rotor rotatably provided with respect to the stator core, and includes permanent magnets at an outer peripheral portion thereof. ",
"This stator core includes a plurality of teeth which project radially inward. ",
"A coil is wound around these teeth. ",
"As electric current flows into the coil, an attractive or repulsive force is generated between the rotor and the stator to rotate the rotor.",
"\nAmong this kind of stator, there is one which includes a plurality of teeth fixed at the internal diameter side of a cylindrical yoke portion, and a coil bobbin coupling body in which a plurality of coil bobbins around which a coil is wound are coupled together, and in which this coil bobbin coupling body is mounted on the teeth (for example, refer to Japanese Patent No. ",
"3190511). ",
"Further, there is one in which a dovetail groove is formed at an inner peripheral surface of a yoke portion formed in a tubular shape, and a split tooth including a projection fitted into the dovetail groove is mounted on a coil bobbin around which a coil is wound to form a split core, and is then fitted into the dovetail groove (for example, refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. ",
"2006-296033).",
"\nWinding starting end and winding finishing end of the coil wound around the coil bobbin are drawn out to the terminals, and are electrically connected with lead wires drawn in from the outside via the terminals.",
"\nFIG. ",
"10 shows a conventional split core.",
"\nAs shown in this drawing, a split core 118 includes a coil bobbin 160 around which a coil 107 is wound, and a split tooth 161 which is mounted on the coil bobbin 160. ",
"The coil bobbin 160 is provided with terminals 180a and 180b which electrically connect the coil 107 wound around the coil bobbin 160 to lead wires drawn from around the outside. ",
"Further, the split tooth 161 is a member which is T-shaped in plan view, and one end thereof is formed with a projection 167 which can fit into the aforementioned dovetail groove.",
"\nMeanwhile, in the above-mentioned brushless motor, when the coil 107 is wound around the coil bobbin 160, the coil 107 connected to a terminal 180a and the coil 107 wound around the coil bobbin 160 are different from each other in directivity at the winding starting end (at the terminal 180a in FIG. ",
"10) of the coil bobbin 160. ",
"Therefore, overlapping coils 107 interfere with each other, and winding of the coil 107 becomes difficult. ",
"This causes disordered winding of the coil 107. ",
"Thereby, the coil 107 should be mounted (refer to K′ in FIG. ",
"10) while avoiding the winding starting end of the coil 107. ",
"As a result, there is a problem in that the occupancy of the coil 107 in the coil bobbin 160 may fall, and the magnetic flux generated from the coil 107 may become small.",
"\nAs described above, during mounting, a winding starting end of the coil 107 should be avoided. ",
"In this respect, there is a problem in that the assembling workability of the stator core is poor.",
"\nTherefore, the present invention has been made in view of the above-described situations, and the object of the present invention is to provide a brushless motor capable of cheaply preventing disordered winding of a coil to improve the occupancy of the coil, and easily performing the assembling operation of a stator core."
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[
"The federal New Democratic Party’s financial difficulties are only getting worse. ",
"Reports filed by the party with Elections Canada show it was the NDP’s worst fundraising year since 2010. ",
"The party fared far worse than both the Conservatives and Liberals last year, bringing in $4.9 million, down from $5.4 million in 2016, even though it increased the number of donors by almost half of last year’s total. ",
"The party received contributions from 39,053 supporters, compared to 26,754 from the year before. ",
"Despite that, the party lost $1.4 million during 2017, finished the year with $378,000 in cash, and have negative net assets of $3.1 million.",
"\n\nThe Conservative party raised the most of the federal parties pulling in $18.8 million in 2017. ",
"It was a notch above their efforts the year before. ",
"They had 94,786 donors, a $3.5 million operating surplus and $4.8 million in the bank. ",
"They finished 2017 with $1.5 million in net assets.",
"\n\nThe Liberals raised $13.9 million from 64,444 donors last year. ",
"They fell more than $3 million short of their fundraising total of 2016. ",
"They posted a deficit of $426,000 for the year and finished with just $1.6 million in the bank. ",
"They finished the year with $1.7 million in net assets.",
"\n\nThe Greens raised $2.5 million in contributions in 2017. ",
"They had 14,773 contributors, finished the year with a surplus of about $65,000 and had $1.3 million in the bank at the end of the year. ",
"They had $1.2 million in net assets to end the year.",
"\n\nThe NDP have to be disappointed with their contributions, given they poured in $100,000 more into fundraising efforts last year over 2016. ",
"They spent $423,000 on fundraising in total. ",
"The Conservatives spent a whopping $7.2 million on fundraising, while the Liberals spent $2.7 million on fundraising. ",
"The Greens spent $184,000 on the same activities.",
"\n\nTo prevent a much larger loss (the party lost $2.8 million in 2016), the NDP cut more than $1.1 million from their operating budget much of it to salaries and benefits paid. ",
"The total dropped by $650,000 and travel and hospitality expenses were reduced by nearly $400,000. ",
"Party leader Jagmeet Singh hasn’t accepted a salary from the party since becoming leader in October. ",
"Singh’s press secretary told The Toronto Star he wouldn’t take a salary until its finances improve “significantly.”",
"\n\nThe party also cut its advertising and reduced its bank charges including the depreciation it paid, the professional services it paid for and the transfers it made.",
"\n\nThe party also used $1.45 million of its line of credit during the year.",
"\n\nThe party financials were due to Elections Canada at the end of June. ",
"The NDP received an extension to Friday. ",
"Elections Canada posted the NDP’s returns online Tuesday.",
"\n\nFollow @CharliePinkerto"
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[
"From Bat-Family to BOOM! - ",
"James Tynion IV Goes Into THE WOODS\n\nJames Tynion IV is known mostly for his DC Comics work along with mentor and friend Batman scribe Scott Snyder, as well as having a few solo titles under his belt on Red Hood and The Outlaws, as well as Villain's Month Ra's al-Ghul and Court of Owls. ",
"This year, he pairs up with indie sensation Michael Dialynas (Amala's Blade) to debut The Woods from BOOM!, ",
"his first original series.",
"\n\nNewsarama spoke to both writer and artist about the series, which centers around a group of students and teachers who are tossed into a fantastic alien world in search of the how and why they landed there, about their collaboration process, the daunting pressure of a first-time ongoing creator-owned series, and who would survive longer in an alien landscape.",
"\n\nArt from The Woods\n\nCredit: BOOM! ",
"Studios\n\nNewsarama: Before we get to talking about The Woods, James, this is your first creator-owned venture, why was BOOM! ",
"a good fit for you?",
"\n\nJames Tynion IV: I love the team at BOOM! ",
"Studios. ",
"I remember when I had my first meeting with them, and it was just absolutely clear we shared a vision about what the future of comics looks like. ",
"I've talked a lot in the past about how I think the market should have way more youth-driven comics in high-concept settings, approaching the Young Adult book market, but there's still so few projects out there in that vein. ",
"These are my favorite kinds of stories… Taking the whole experience of growing up and casting it in an arena where you can literalize the struggles we all go through with huge crazy science-fiction set-pieces.",
"\n\nWhen I first talked with Matt Gagnon, I explained what kinds of stories I wanted to tell more than anything else… Stories with teenage characters wrapped up in horror and science fiction. ",
"Series that build huge worlds with deep emotionality… And Matt was completely on the same page. ",
"BOOM! ",
"Studios has been at the forefront of trying to approach every corner of the market. ",
"The fact that they've been hiring the webcomic writers and artists I've been swooning over since high school and middle school just show that they have a strong understanding of what the next 5-10 years of comics are going to bring. ",
"When I realized they were on the same page as me, I was more than eager to jump onboard.",
"\n\nArt from The Woods\n\nCredit: BOOM! ",
"Studios\n\nNrama: On the contrary, Michael, you've had some creator-owned works come out in the past decade; what was it about The Woods that appealed to you?",
"\n\nMichael Dialynas: That's right, I've being doing mainly self-published and creator-owned comics the past 10 years, with the exception of Spider-Man, so when Jasmine sent me James' script I knew I had to take this opportunity. ",
"I grew up on films like \"The Breakfast Club\" and I felt that kind of dynamic tension between the characters of this book. ",
"I was so obsessed with Judd Nelson's character when I was 9 that I went to school wearing a flannel shirt and a black bandana around my ankle for a few months heh so you can say The Woods kind of hit a soft spot. ",
"Plus, let's not forget, I get to draw and design all these alien creatures and various other mysterious settings to come… really mysterious and weirds things with teeth I tell you!",
"\n\nArt from The Woods\n\nCredit: BOOM! ",
"Studios\n\nNrama: So James, BOOM! ",
"had teasers coming out with a small bio for each character, so without repeating those, in your own words, who are these characters in the woods? ",
"It seems like such a large cast.",
"\n\nTynion: In a certain way, they're all expressions of different aspects of my personality from when I was back in High School, but that'll be much clearer once we step into the world of the series and people start reading it for themselves.",
"\n\nOur lead characters are Karen Jacobs and Adrian Roth, who couldn't be more different than one another. ",
"Karen is a member of Bay Point Preparatory High School's field hockey team, but this is just the latest in a string of extracurriculars she's been trying out through her college experience while she looks to figure out what kind of person she wants to be. ",
"She's aimless, and terrified of what the future might bring. ",
"Adrian Roth, on the other hand, knows exactly who he is and is confident that his future's assured. ",
"He's that special kind of genius who has gotten nothing but B's and C's throughout high school because he can't bring himself to care about the people around him, or the menial things they're trying to force him to learn.",
"\n\nIt's that dichotomy of angst that the series rests upon, the different mindsets of young people about to step out into the world. ",
"There's the arrogance of young people like Adrian who feel like they know exactly what to do every step of the way, despite the fact that he's woefully unprepared and doesn't have the emotional maturity to actually cope in the real world. ",
"Then there's the paralyzing fear that you've spent 15-18 years of your life building towards adulthood, and you have no real skills or direction, so you're thrown into the dark after graduation without any idea of where you're going next. ",
"Throwing these two big personalities into a literal alien forest where there's little to no hope of ever going back to the life they once had is a perfect way to explore those fears, writ large.",
"\n\nArt from The Woods\n\nCredit: BOOM! ",
"Studios\n\nThe rest of the cast rounds the others out, and each of them bring their own skills and expertise to the group. ",
"Sanami Ota comes from a family that was once written up in the papers as a modern day Swiss Family Robinson, but all she's ever wanted was to move to a big city and never see a tree or a deer again. ",
"Isaac Andrews is a shy, depressed stage crew kid who has auditioned for every school play and never gotten in. ",
"He's utterly devoted to Adrian, who he considers his best friend, and whom he is definitely a little bit in love with. ",
"Ben Stone is a quiet, overweight kid who has spent his high school career trying to be invisible. ",
"Calder Macready has been expelled from 4 other high schools, and would much rather just spend his days at home watching The History Channel with his Grandma. ",
"The way these characters all tie together, and play off of each other's insecurities and find themselves in this strange alien forest is what this series is all about.",
"\n\nAnd then there's Doctor Robot. ",
"He is a Space Monkey.",
"\n\nNrama: What makes The Woods so much different than anything both of you have worked on in the past?",
"\n\nTynion: For me, The Woods encapsulates so much I've wanted to say in the comic medium since back when I was a high schooler myself. ",
"It was huge, creator-owned series with endless worlds and characters that bled off the page that made me want to write comic books. ",
"Once I established myself in the comic book world, I knew I wanted to create something that was a complete vision of the kinds of stories I've always wanted to tell. ",
"I wanted to write the kind of book that was a real expression of myself. ",
"The funny thing is, starting out in this industry the way that I did, I haven't really had the opportunity to show the world what a James Tynion IV comic book would look like in its purest form. ",
"I love writing superheroes, but I write comic books because it's my favorite medium of storytelling, and what I've wanted to do my entire life is build my own worlds for a living. ",
"That's the big difference. ",
"This story is completely me, cover-to-cover, and I could not be more excited to really introduce the comic book world to the real James.",
"\n\nArt from The Woods\n\nCredit: BOOM! ",
"Studios\n\nDialynas: I like to try and be diverse in the comics I do, up until now i think i've managed to do so. ",
"I've tried nearly everything from kiddy comics starring a turtle and cat, a steampunk/cyberpunk adventure, an all-ages fantasy with warrior princesses to a Victorian zombie story. ",
"The Woods is a Young Adult Sci-Fi Mystery that intrigued me to try out my storytelling skills on and use a slightly different style that i've been using this past couple of years to suit the tone of the story. ",
"Talking with James these past months has been a treat and i think we've made something really cool especially with the creatures that our misfit team will bump into along the road. ",
"You've only seen Doctor Robot for now but he's just a small piece of the world-building that has been going on in these pages.",
"\n\nNrama: James, how would you compare this to other teen supernatural thrillers, like Image's Morning Glories?",
"\n\nArt from The Woods\n\nCredit: BOOM! ",
"Studios\n\nTynion: Well, for one, in a perfect world you wouldn't have to ask that question. ",
"I wish the market was FULL of stories with big teenage casts dealing with science fiction and horror and all sorts of genre conventions. ",
"TV's actually been much better at tackling these kinds of stories, but that has a lot to do, I think, with the impact of Buffy back in the early aughts. ",
"I think we're moving closer to that happening in comics… I remember when I first got my hands on Morning Glories and saw what an incredible world Nick Spencer and Joe Eisma were building and I was thrilled. ",
"I got about ten copies and gave them to all my friends. ",
"It's still one of my favorite books to read month-in and month-out. ",
"But at the heart, I think The Woods poses very different questions, and is thematically incredibly distinct. ",
"It also revels in the alien setting in ways I can't even begin to hint at, because it's all tied to the huge mystery at the heart of the book.",
"\n\nIn general though, I think high school is just that perfect primordial arena in every person's lives. ",
"You're starting to become yourself, but you don't know HOW to do that, and you screw up every five minutes. ",
"You lose friends. ",
"You fall in love. ",
"You stay out way past your curfew and have insane arguments with your parents almost every night. ",
"Everything feels like life or death, because you don't have the perspective to understand the scale of what's going on, and your hormones are running on such high octaves, that it legitimately feels like your whole life is going to fall apart when something goes terribly wrong. ",
"It's the PERFECT groundwork for any kind of story. ",
"Teenagers are weird, and fun to watch, because we were all that particular brand of crazy once, and how we handled it shaped us into the people we are today.",
"\n\nArt from The Woods\n\nCredit: BOOM! ",
"Studios\n\nNrama: Do you guys think The Woods is more of a sci-fi or horror story at its roots?",
"\n\nTynion: To me, horror is is all about the emotions and reactions, while science fiction is much more about the setting and circumstances. ",
"So I'm going to cheat and say it's both parts, and also kind of neither. ",
"The Woods is primarily a human story. ",
"It's the story of children thrust into the unknown, and that unknown is terrifying and dangerous and a lot of the time it's trying to kill them, so that's where you get your horror. ",
"But it's also alien flora and fauna, and wrapped up in all sorts of sci-fi crazy fun. ",
"At it's roots, though, it's a story about what it means to be 18 years old and trying to figure out your life, and how to shape the journey into the person you want to become.",
"\n\nDialynas: Exactly what James said. ",
"Up until now working on the first issues it's been about the teenagers coming to facts about their situation and surviving this dark and gloomy forest but as the story progresses more and more sci-fi elements will occur.",
"\n\nNrama: With this is your first time working with one another, so what was the collaboration process like?",
"\n\nDialynas: I don't know about you James but after that first talk/drink/hug at NYCC i knew this was going to be a cool collaboration, heh! ",
"Its great that we can talk things out and pick each others brains on matters so that we totally understand whats going on and whats happening in the story. ",
"I couldn't ask for anything more. ",
"Between talking to James, seeing Josan's colouring as he works on my inks and the quick approvals from Eric and Jasmine at Boom! ",
"this project is really moving like a dream, a alien-infested dream.",
"\n\nArt from The Woods\n\nCredit: BOOM! ",
"Studios\n\nTynion: I've been absolutely loving working with Michael. ",
"He's brought so much to this book every step of the way, and I can't imagine anyone else bringing this story to life. ",
"We're still just getting started, but the thoughts he's brought me on how the creatures of this world have come to be, and why they look what they're going to look like have completely reframed how I want to approach some of those reveals. ",
"He thinks in this massive worldbuilding way, which is exactly what I'd hoped and prayed for in a collaborator on this project. ",
"And with the promotional campaign, we'd been chatting late at night about what we were thinking, and came up with the yearbook photo idea, and then all of a sudden all those images came through. ",
"It was incredible, It all fell out of a conversation while the BOOM! ",
"crew back in California hadn't even gotten into the office for the morning yet. ",
"Every day I see new art come in from the book is a spectacular day.",
"\n\nArt from The Woods\n\nCredit: BOOM! ",
"Studios\n\nNrama: When dealing with the designs for characters and aliens, Michael, was that all you or did James have notes?",
"\n\nDialynas: Well James had given me a full description of each characters lives when we started, which was a great place to start. ",
"After doing some initial research sketches and playing around with clothing i chatted with James online one night and my first question was \"Which one is the huge Star Wars fan?\" ",
"and he replied \"Definitely Isaac!\"",
"\n\nThese are teenagers and we all know that our lives back then where pretty much about movies, music and sex. ",
"These preferences play into their looks so James then gave me a full outline of their musical and movie tastes. ",
"I worked from that giving each of them something extra. ",
"i.e. Issac has a Storm Trooper tee which gives off more than that he's just a Star Wars fan. ",
"Karen is the indie type, so i played with giving her natural colours, a keffiyeh and and leather strapped bag.",
"\n\nBut the fun part was when working on the alien creatures. ",
"James had described some weird looking things with eyes and teeth. ",
"I don't want to spoil anything right now but after doing the first designs we started talking about what this planet was and how the creatures that live there have come to be, we had a lot of back and forth and these alien beings make sense. ",
"Up till now four creatures have been designed and i'm looking forward to design the new mysterious creatures to come.",
"\n\nArt from The Woods\n\nCredit: BOOM! ",
"Studios\n\nNrama: James since this is your first creator-owned, do you think we'll finally get to see your style untamed here?",
"\n\nTynion: I hope so! ",
"It's definitely the clearest expression of the types of stories I'm interested in telling. ",
"This project is so thoroughly me in its conception that for the most part I'm just trying to let it out and see what happens. ",
"There are lots of stories I want to tell in this medium, and The Woods is really just the beginning. ",
"I want to write some really, truly horrifying comics, I want to write weird genre-bending science-fiction, hell, I'd love to write just a regular teenage drama one of these days. ",
"The Woods is me bursting out the gate and showing people what I'm passionate about and will hopefully set the stage for a lifetime of writing comics of all shapes and sizes about every little weird idea in the corner of my imagination. ",
"This is going to be one hell of a ride.",
"\n\nNrama: Final question: you guys find yourself stranded on an alien world much like The Woods: who would last the longest in the wild?",
"\n\nArt from The Woods\n\nCredit: BOOM! ",
"Studios\n\nTynion: Hmmm… I'm not sure about Michael, but I think I'd walk into it very confident that I could survive, and then probably die within the first few hours. ",
"Unless there are other people and then I feel very certain that I could find someone who can fight off the alien wildlife and buddy up with them. ",
"Until they realize I'm useless, and decide to cook and eat me (or at least use me as bait to feed one of the monsters hunting us).",
"\n\nDialynas: I really hope the ten years of being a sea-scout would kick in but I highly doubt it. ",
"I'd probably go in \"Battle Royale\" mode and run around like a lunatic hoping to find something to eat but James has told me that i'm not allowed to make Space-monkey burgers out of Doctor Robot. ",
"Its not my fault he just looks so cute and delicious and i like trying new things."
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[
"MANTOLOKING — Officers shot dead a man who moments earlier had stabbed a police K9 and who'd slashed his own neck, police say.",
"\n\nPolice located Edward M. Walsh, 39, of Manahawkin at a home on Barnegat Lane on Sunday, after he allegedly kidnapped his girlfriend and stole her car in Sayreville, according to the Ocean County Prosecutor's Office. ",
"From there, Walsh drove to Lacey before ending up at the Mantoloking home, the prosecutor said. ",
"The prosecutor's office said Walsh had previously been married to a family member of the home's prior owner.",
"\n\nWhen officers arrived, they entered the home, where they found Walsh holding a knife, the prosecutor's office said. ",
"Walsh refused to drop the knife, so police sicced the dog on him — but Walsh stabbed the dog before it could do anything, the prosecutor said.",
"\n\nOfficers then shot at Walsh, who died at the scene, the prosecutor's office said. ",
"He was also found with a self-inflicted knife wound across his neck, the prosecutor's office said.",
"\n\nKane was taken to the Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, where he is expected to make a full recovery and be released on Wednesday.",
"\n\nThe prosecutor's office is encouraging anyone with information about the incident to call Detective Brant Uricks or Detective Lindsay Woodfield of the Major Crimes Unit at 732-929-2027."
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[
"Q:\n\nBetter color syntax for CoffeeScript in emacs?",
"\n\nI've seen that when I write a function in coffeescript-textmate it colors the name of function\npleasePutMeSomeColor = () -> console.log \"textmate works great!\"",
"\n\nin this example pleasePutMeColor is colored inside textmate. ",
"This allows me to recognize which are functions much quicker. ",
"But when I write the same example inside emacs this word isn't colored. ",
"It is harder to identify which are functions.",
"\nIs there a way to highlight functions with a different color in emacs?",
"\n\nA:\n\nAre you using defunkt's coffee-mode? ",
"That's the only CoffeeScript syntax highlighting plugin for Emacs that I'm aware of; it's under active development, so feel free to submit an issue if you have a specific suggestion.",
"\n\nA:\n\nyup...I'm going to answer my question:\nInside github there is a defunkt coffee-mode fork that adds syntax highlighting for functions. ",
"\nhttps://github.com/handle/coffee-mode\nIt isn't perfect but works well...I hope that it will be added to the official coffe-mode repo.",
"\n\n"
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"5'Hoxd genes play many roles during limb development and may control the effectors of morphogenesis at late stages. ",
"How Hoxd genes guide digit morphogenesis and their downstream targets remain enigmatic. ",
"We have genetic evidence that Hoxd genes regulate digit pattern and morphogenesis at late stages, after digit condensations have already formed, and may regulate joint position by directly reversing cartilage differentiation at particular sites. ",
"This role in segmentation of digits may be a major mechanism by which Hoxd genes regulate digit morphology. ",
"We have also discovered genetic and physical interactions between 5Hoxd and Gli3 that modify Gli3R function (and hence Shh output), converting Gli3R to an activator, and are currently investigating Gli3-Hoxd interaction roles in developing limb. ",
"We and others have previously demonstrated a very early role for 5'Hoxd genes in activating Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression. ",
"In a collaborative project with Dr. Rolf Zeller (Univ. ",
"of Basel), we have now found that interactions between Hand2, Hoxd, and Gli3 proteins regulate the level of Shh expression, highlighting the complex regulatory feedback circuits involved in the control of Shh. ",
"Gli3-Hox interactions may modulate Gli3 repressor activity and activate targets in other Shh-dependent contexts, such as normal or neoplastic renewal of skin and gut epithelia. ",
"Gli3-Hox interactions may also play a role in regulation of cartilage versus joint formation, which may have relevance for the homeostasis of the skeletal system and skeletal diseases, as well as skeletal birth defects. ",
"The major questions we are addressing in our research are summarized below. ",
"What are the time requirements for Hoxd gene function?: ",
"Digit identity remains plastic even after the formation of the digit primordial chondrogenic condensations and is regulated by interdigit zones, which are also late sites of Hoxd and Gli3 expression. ",
"Collaborating with Denis Duboule (Univ. ",
"Geneva), we are analyzing the time dependence of Hoxd function in the limb using a conditional Hoxd13-d11 knock-out and tamoxifen-dependent Cre. ",
"We find that late loss of Hoxd function at interdigit stages results in a phenotype very similar to early Hoxd gene removal, with short biphalangeal digits (thumb-like), similar to the phenotype in human brachydactyly syndromes. ",
"This indicates a late requirement for Hoxd function in the limb. ",
"In a parallel study collaborating with Alex Joyner (MSKCC, NY), temporal requirements for Gli3 function in limb are also being examined, and we have found that Gli3 is required from early through late stages of limb development, playing several different roles. ",
"What role do Hoxd genes play in cartilage differentiation and joint formation?: ",
"In addition to interdigit mesenchyme, Hoxd genes continue to be expressed very late at the periphery of the cartilage models for future digit bones. ",
"Hoxd expression normally shuts off as cartilage differentiation proceeds, while remaining on at the periphery. ",
"To assess whether this shut-off is important to allow chondrogenic differentiation to proceed, we developed an inducible transgenic model to sustain expression of Hoxd gene expressing in forming cartilage. ",
"Our preliminary results indicate that shut off of Hoxd gene expression is necessary for early steps in cartilage differentiation to occur. ",
"We find that active Hoxd genes in cartilage precursors repress Sox9 expression (a master-regulator of cartilage fate). ",
"This repression may play a key role in the normal segmentation that leads to digit joint formation, which occurs by local reversal of the cartilage differentiation program. ",
"We have also found that genetic removal of several Hoxd genes results in abnormal joint formation, probably by failure to reverse cartilage differentiation in order to form a mature joint at sites of segmentation. ",
"This is consistent with our finding that Hoxd genes repress Sox9 and cartilage formation and suggests a major role for Hoxd genes in joint formation. ",
"The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is known to play an essential role in joint formation, also by antagonizing Sox9 function and reversing cartilage differentiation. ",
"We are using genetic and biochemical approaches (with Hoxd mouse mutants and beta-catenin gain- and loss-of-function mouse mutants) to analyze the relation of these two regulators in promoting joint formation. ",
"Interestingly, Gli3 (the transcriptional effector of sonic hedgehog signaling with which Hoxd proteins physically interact) also has very striking effects on cartilage differentiation and may play a role in conjunction with Hoxd genes in regulating the cell fate decision between cartilage and joint formation (see below). ",
"What is the role of Gli3-Hoxd interaction in digit pattern?: ",
"Hoxd transcription factors cooperate in an additive fashion to regulate digit pattern and are thought to be key targets of Shh signals. ",
"We previously found that Hoxd-Gli3 interactions serve to modify the function of Gli3 as a nuclear mediator of Shh by converting Gli3-repressor into an activator of its target promoters. ",
"We are extending this analysis to determine: 1) target promoters regulated by Gli3-Hoxd interaction and 2) physiologic role of Gli3-Hoxd interaction during limb development. ",
"While Hoxd genes are no longer expressed in the adult, other related Hox genes are expressed, have highly conserved in Gli3-binding domains and may modify Hh-Gli3 targets in other contexts, such as skin and gut, during normal renewal of these epithelia or during neoplastic proliferation. ",
"We have determined requirements for Gli3-HoxD protein interaction and are testing the functional effects of a dominant interfering form of Gli3 (peptide) in transfections and in chick embryos. ",
"Dependent on the outcome of such experiments, long-range plans to introduce Hox-interaction domain mutations in Gli3 into mice for analysis will be undertaken. ",
"What signaling pathways interact with Hoxd genes to regulate final digit morphogenesis?: ",
"Digit shape and numbers of joints are regulated at late stages by interdigit signals. ",
"Since Hoxd genes are functioning at the same time, it is likely that they interact with and regulated some of the signaling pathways active in interdigits. ",
"Elucidating signaling pathway differences between different interdigits will provide new insights on how digit identity is regulated at late stages and the potential mechanisms by which Hoxd genes may act at these stages. ",
"We are evaluating interdigits in species with evolutionary adaptations of digit morphology, to correlate morphogenetic changes with changes in signaling activity, comparing three vertebrates: chick, mouse, and bat (collaboration with J. Rasweiler, SUNY). ",
"Both bats and birds have evolved striking digit adaptations for flight and also have highly adapted hindlimbs. ",
"We are undertaking a global analysis of gene expression using DNA microarrays to screen for differences in various signaling pathways between individual interdigit samples at the RNA expression level. ",
"Comparing gene expression in the interdigits and responsive digit condensations of different organisms will provide new insights on how digit identity is regulated and evolutionary adaptation occurs. ",
"In the mouse, well-characterized mutants are available that have digit alterations such as brachydactyly (short, biphalangeal digits), as seen in Hoxd13-11 mutants. ",
"Global genomic and proteomic analyses will also be applied to these mutants to gain further insight into critical signaling pathways regulating digit morphology and implicated in cartilage growth and joint segmentation."
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[
"Castro says Cuba will never return to Americas bloc\n\nRegional leaders support dialogue for economic development in Venezuela\n\nBy Neysi Hernández\n\nHAVANA (AA) – The heads of state of the 25-member Association of Caribbean States (ACS) have supported a special communiqué for effective dialogue that favors political stability, social development and the economic recovery of Venezuela.",
"\n\nThe document was produced Saturday on the final day of the seventh summit of the group meeting here.",
"\n\nSpeaking at a press conference at Havana’s Revolution Palace, Cuban President Raul Castro said the discussions at the meetings “demonstrate the need and ability to address key regional issues.”",
"\n\nAmong those issues is the political and economic situation in Venezuela that has threatened the rule of President Nicolas Maduro, who attended the summit.",
"\n\nCastro lashed out at the Organization of American States and its leader, Luis Almagro, for calling an emergency meeting to discuss Venezuela’s membership in the regional bloc.",
"\n\n“Cuba will never go back to the Organization of American States,” Castro said. \"",
"First the Southern sea would join the Northern sea, and a serpent would be born from the eagle's egg.”",
"\n\nCuba was suspended from the organization shortly after Fidel Castro came to power.",
"\n\nIn addressing the broader region, Castor said “a new neoliberal wave, with the dismantling of inclusive social policies, increased poverty and inequality, market deregulation,environmental vulnerability and the diminishing role of the state, prevent us from achieving the objectives of regional integration andcooperation we have it fixed.”",
"\n\nLeaders attending the summit called for an end of the U.S. blockade against Cuba.",
"Costa Rican President Luis Guillermo Solis said Latin America is becoming a transit route for migrants from other areas.",
"\n\nHe also stressed the need for urgency in combating trafficking networks that violate humanitarian security in the region, which is becoming, in hisview, a traffic area.",
"\n\nParticipants expressed support for efforts to increase understanding,dialogue and constitutional procedures, while reaffirming provisions of the Proclamation of Latin America and the Caribbean as a zone ofPeace that was adopted at a summit of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) regional bloc, held January 2014 in Havana."
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[
"Q:\n\nShiboken2 and custom Qt widget\n\nOn Windows, I need to use in Python a few custom Qt5 widgets written in C++, and I have to use pyside2 because of its license. ",
"\nI have been able to compile the pyside2 library from source (together with the shiboken2 examples), but I am not able to find a simple example of how to wrap a custom Qt5 widget. ",
"\nI am aware that pyside2 is still not officially released, but it seems to be already used (e.g., in Maya): In a PySide2 app, how can I get the ID for a QWindow?",
"\nCan anybody give hints or directions? ",
"A minimal example would be even better.",
"\n\nEdits\nBased on @placinta comments, I have created a repo with a minimal example that attempts to wrap a custom QMainWindow.",
"\nIn my tests, I have used the pyside2 Conda package that wraps Qt 5.6.",
"\nWhen I execute the shiboken2 executable, I am getting tons of warnings.",
"\nI assume that these warnings are triggering a compilation error with the shiboken2 generated code.",
"\n\nA:\n\nA problem with my initial CMake configuration was the one described here. ",
" That is, CMAKE_WINDOWS_EXPORT_ALL_SYMBOLS has limitations so I reverted to use 'old' export headers.",
"\nHowever, the compilation error for the missing metaObject() member function declaration is still present. ",
"It works by manually adding the declaration since the implementation is present in the _wrapper.cpp. ",
"Although it is not really a satisfying solution, it is a starting point for other users.",
"\nA Qt ticket for the issue at https://bugreports.qt.io/browse/PYSIDE-597 .",
"\n\n"
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"The Anatomy of an Effective Executive\n\nNo specific study could define the right process in searching for the perfect executive. ",
"There are always factors that make up an executive that is suited for the position. ",
"It all starts with how a person sees this position, how he/she acts upon it, and his/her performance of the skills that could make work effective.",
"\n\nTo deliver well in an executive position means to understand the many responsibilities and tasks that one should meet. ",
"There may be no perfect science in being the perfect executive, but you could always use a guide in being one. ",
"Some essential factors may include that executive-looking factor in general on a primary basis—starting from the head down to the toes.",
"\n\nWorking on the skills that you should have should come next to the physical appearance. ",
"Incorporated with skills is the behavior that is expected from you as you get to be the next executive of the company. ",
"Having a strong, convincing background, whether it be personal or work-related, would also take you a step ahead of everyone else. ",
"These are all elements that must always work hand in hand with the other.",
"\n\nTo learn more about what could make you the next executive in that dream company of yours, check out this infographic that talks about what an effective executive should have."
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"Q:\n\nSVG pattern fill position from top right, instead of top left\n\nIs it possible to assign the starting point of the svg pattern fill from top right instead of top left? ",
" \nFor instance, CSS has background-position but I'm having trouble finding an SVG alternative which allows the same functionality. ",
" \nHere's a CSS example of what I'm trying to achieve with SVG pattern fill: https://jsfiddle.net/19bc20p6/\nAnd this is how far I've gotten with the SVG: https://jsfiddle.net/56cp4xwh/\n\nA:\n\nThe equivalent of your blue panel pattern in SVG is as follows:\n\n<svg width=\"50vw\" height=\"100vh\">\r\n <defs>\r\n <linearGradient id=\"blue\" x1=\"100%\" y1=\"100%\" x2=\"0%\" y2=\"0%\">\r\n <stop offset=\"50%\" stop-color=\"skyblue\"/>\r\n <stop offset=\"50%\" stop-color=\"navy\"/>\r\n </linearGradient>\r\n <pattern id=\"panel-one\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" x=\"100%\" y=\"0%\">\r\n <rect width=\"20\" height=\"20\" fill=\"url(#blue)\"/>\r\n </pattern>\r\n </defs>\r\n <rect width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" fill=\"url(#panel-one)\"/>\r\n</svg>\n\nThe x and y attributes of the <pattern> element effectively set the origin of the pattern. ",
"To set it to the top right, you would set it to x=\"100%\" y=\"0%\" as I have done here.",
"\n\n"
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"Urological management.",
"\nThe pediatric urologists role is confined to ischio-, para-, and pygopagus conjoined twins. ",
"The aim is to preserve renal function, to address problems with urinary continence, and to optimize genital issues with particular reference to sexual and reproductive function. ",
"Full urological imaging is essential prior to separation for planning and for the operation itself."
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"The invention relates to methods of image processing including those referred to as morphological scale-space transforms or sieves, described in Bangham et al, “Morphological scale-space preserving transforms in many dimensions”, Journal of Electronic Imaging, July 1996, vol 5(3), pp 283-299. ",
"A sieve is essentially a method of image segmentation in which the image is divided into cells (maximal connected regions of equal pixel value) and repeated operations are performed to merge cells together to make larger cells, corresponding to objects in the picture. ",
"The following paragraphs define terms and describe the sieve operations.",
"\nIt is usual to consider a single component of a digital image, for example the luminance. ",
"A group of pixels is known as a 4-connected region if it is possible to travel between any two pixels in the group by moving between adjacent pixels horizontally or vertically. ",
"The techniques described here extend in an obvious manner to 8-connected, 6-connected or other adjacency criteria. ",
"Pixels can be regarded as adjacent to appropriately located pixels in a neighbouring image in a sequence of images. ",
"A connected region is called a cell if all its pixels have the same value and it is a maximal such group, i.e. no pixel adjoining the cell has the value of the cell's pixels (adjacency of cells is defined in the natural way through adjacency of the cells' pixels; adjacent cells are also called neighbours). ",
"Thus, the image can be considered to be a union of cells where neighbouring cells have distinct pixel values. ",
"A cell is a maximum cell if its pixel value is greater than that of all its neighbours; likewise, it is a minimum cell if its pixel value is less than that of all its neighbours. ",
"Cells that are either maximum cells or minimum cells are referred to as outlying cells. ",
"In segmentation applications, maximum and minimum cells are regarded as corresponding with objects in the scene depicted by the image. ",
"The size of a cell is simply defined as the number of pixels it contains.",
"\nThe basic known sieve operator consists of an opening followed by a closing. ",
"This is applied successively under the control of a scale value which begins at 1 and increments after each sieve operation. ",
"The opening operator only affects pixels in maximum cells whose size is equal to the scale value. ",
"It changes them all to be equal to the maximum neighbouring pixel. ",
"Likewise, the closing operator only affects pixels in minimum cells whose size is equal to the scale value. ",
"It changes them all to be equal to the minimum neighbouring pixel. ",
"It follows that the opening operator always expands maximum cells by at least one pixel and the closing operator always expands minimum cells by at least one pixel. ",
"Therefore, an opening followed by a closing expands outlying cells by at least one pixel. ",
"It follows that after opening and closing with a certain scale, all outlying cells will be bigger than the scale value.",
"\nThe sieve is formed by applying the opening and closing operators alternately. ",
"The picture obtained at each stage is of interest—it looks progressively simpler but edges that do remain do not move or become blurred. ",
"The sieve itself consists of the differences between successive pairs of opening and closing operators. ",
"Thus, successive elements of the sieve extract successively larger objects from the picture. ",
"It also follows that the original picture can be reconstructed by summing all the sieve elements.",
"\nThe most computationally intensive task in implementing sieves is the opening or closing operator itself. ",
"The two operators are equivalent except for changes in the sense of comparisons between pixel values. ",
"The need for repeated applications of the opening and closing operators as the scale factor increments, hampers attempts to perform the sieve operation more quickly. ",
"It is also unhelpful that the processing speed and memory requirements of known software are picture dependent. ",
"It is thus difficult to guarantee real-time processing of, for example video material, unless the processing speed is made extremely fast and a very large amount of high-bandwidth memory is made available."
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[
"The invention is directed to ceramic products made from waste glass; raw batch formulations for making ceramic products from waste glass; and a method for making ceramic products from waste glass. ",
"Examples of ceramic products that can be made by the invention are tile and brick, but other ceramic products can also be made. ",
"The invention addresses two current problems: energy usage by the ceramic industry needs to be reduced; and new recycled-glass products are needed.",
"\nThe ceramic industry consumes large amounts of energy, especially during the firing process. ",
"Firing temperatures greater than 1200xc2x0 C. (2200xc2x0 F.) are required to sinter typical ceramic raw materials into dense products. ",
"Modifications of the raw material formulations have led to reductions in firing temperatures, but the improvements are limited because of the types of raw materials used. ",
"Most traditional ceramic products, such as tile and brick, consist mainly of clay-based raw materials, which inherently require high firing temperatures. ",
"Other ceramic manufacturing steps, such as the drying processes, are also very energy intensive. ",
"Energy costs are a major portion of the total manufacturing costs, and thus new methods to reduce the amount of energy required will be a great benefit to the ceramic industry.",
"\nNew products utilizing recycled waste glass are needed to further promote glass recycling, because only a limited amount of glass can be remelted to make new containers (currently the primary use of recycled glass). ",
"New products are especially needed that are less sensitive to contaminants in the glass, and that can be made from green or mixed-color waste glass. ",
"Research has been conducted and products developed using recycled glass as a ceramic raw material. ",
"However, processing problems have limited the developments, so that only a negligible amount of waste glass is currently utilized (excluding remelting to form new glass products). ",
"These problems occur because of inherent chemical and processing incompatibilities with traditional ceramic raw materials and manufacturing methods. ",
"These incompatibilities have greatly hampered the development of ceramic products from waste glass.",
"\nWaste glass in the invention refers to any industrial or post-consumer glass that is discarded. ",
"Any form of glass, such as containers (bottles, jars, etc.), ",
"plate glass, or fiber glass, can be used. ",
"Waste glass can be obtained from recycling companies or glass manufacturers. ",
"Most waste glass consists mainly of silicon, sodium, and calcium oxides (referred to as soda-lime glass) with other minor components, such as aluminum and magnesium oxides. ",
"Soda-lime glass compositions typically soften from about 650 to about 750xc2x0 C. This unique softening behavior causes articles formed from fine powders of soda lime glass to densify by viscous-phase sintering at temperatures much lower than usually required to fire ceramic products. ",
"The invention utilizes the low-temperature densification behavior of soda-lime glass to reduce manufacturing costs by conserving energy and lowering equipment and maintenance expenses.",
"\nWater, clay, and some other common ceramic raw materials are inherently incompatible with sintering of soda-lime glass powder at low temperatures. ",
"This is because chemical species resulting from reaction of glass with water, or from decomposition of clay, volatilize in the temperature range where soda-lime glass softens. ",
"The volatile species become trapped in the densifying glass, which causes foaming and porous defects in the final product. ",
"Previous waste-glass based ceramic products have been made with the addition of water and clay. ",
"The porous defects that resulted were minimized by optimizing the processing parameters, but not eliminated. ",
"The following paragraphs describe the previous processing problems that have occurred when trying to use waste glass as a ceramic raw material.",
"\nBrown and Mackenzie [J. of Materials Science, Vol. ",
"17, pp. ",
"2164-2193, 1982] fabricated ceramic tile from recycled glass combined with clay and water. ",
"The fired properties were found to be greatly affected by the amount of clay and water added, because of variations in the amount of porosity that occurred. ",
"Low [J. of Materials Science, Vol. ",
"15, pp. ",
"1509-1517, 1980] demonstrated that special foaming agents, such as calcium carbonate, were not necessary to foam glass. ",
"The volatile species from decomposition of mica, similar to that in clays, combined with the glass-water reaction was all that was necessary to produce extreme foaming.",
"\nLiu, Li, and Zhang [Glass Technology, Vol. ",
"32, No. ",
"1, pp. ",
"24-27, 1991] investigated processing recycled glass powder with organic binders and water. ",
"They reported that the binder (and water) content had to be kept low to prevent bubbling in the fired samples and xe2x80x9cinferior chemical and physical properties.xe2x80x9d Even with low water content, the densities of the fired samples indicate that some degree of foaming occurred. ",
"This work demonstrates the adverse effects that occur from reactions between glass powder and water, even when only small amounts of water are added without the addition of clay.",
"\nSeveral patents involve the use of recycled glass as a ceramic raw material. ",
"Shutt and Campbell [U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"3,963,506] combined ground waste glass with clay, crushed brick, and water to produce building panels and bricks. ",
"The fired material had open porosity, and problems of warpage and bloating, indicating that adverse glass-water reactions occurred. ",
"Mackenzie [U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"3,963,503] patented a method of making glass products from ground waste glass combined with a treating agent. ",
"The work mainly concentrated on foaming glass, and is typical of how much of the research on recycled glass ended up focusing on foamed glass to take advantage of the problems that occurred.",
"\nBoyce [U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"4,271,109] received a patent for a method of manufacturing ceramic insulators for electric lamp bases from mixing 25-45% crushed scrap glass with clay and wollastonite. ",
"After firing at 1050xc2x0 C., densities of 1.9 g/cc resulted, which indicates that at least 20% porosity still remained. ",
"Cihon [U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,028,569] patented a batch formulation and method of producing a ceramic article from 60-85% soda-lime glass cullet combined with clay, flint, and a liquid (water was used in examples). ",
"He discussed problems that occurred because of reaction of glass with water.",
"\nDutton [U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,244,850] patented a building material composed of 10-50% recycled glass combined with slate particles. ",
"Two processes were described. ",
"One involved melting the recycled glass, mixing in slate particles, and then pressing the molten mixture in a mold. ",
"In the second process, slate particles with or without recycled glass were mixed with an alkali-metal silicate water solution or suspension, such as sodium silicate (water glass), pressed in a mold, dried, and fired at 920 and 1050xc2x0 C. Lingart [U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,536,345] patented a process for manufacturing natural stone-type, panel-shaped construction and decoration materials consisting of three layers; a bottom layer of sand, middle layer of a mixture of sand and crushed glass, and a top layer of crushed glass. ",
"The glass was crushed to 2-3 mm in size and mixed with at least 5% water. ",
"The layers were deposited in a mold and fired in the mold to 600-850xc2x0 C., followed by an elaborate series of holds at different temperatures and careful cooling.",
"\nGolitz et al. [",
"U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,583,079] patented a ceramic tile product composed of 25-50% glass mixed with fly ash, clay, and water. ",
"This work focused on lowering the cost of the raw materials by using fly ash. ",
"The pressed green tile was glazed and then fired at 970-1025xc2x0 C. Greulich [U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,649,987] patented a process for producing tabular building and decorative materials similar to natural stone consisting of 85-98% glass mixed with water and various other components, such as sand and inorganic pigments. ",
"The mixture was deposited in a mold and fired in the mold at 720-1100xc2x0 C. A closed glossy surface resulted, however polishing the surface revealed bubbles. ",
"Lingart and Tikhonova [U.S. Pat. ",
"Nos. ",
"5,792,524 and 5,895,511] patented processes of producing ceramic tile from mixtures of glass, sand, water, and sodium silicate (water glass) solution. ",
"The materials were pressed in a mold, and then fired in the mold by a relatively complicated procedure. ",
"The authors stated that air bubbles formed, and were kept from rising to the surface by controlling the temperature gradient between the layers during firing.",
"\nThe present invention eliminates the previous processing problems discuss above. ",
"The invention is novel, because a high-quality ceramic product can be manufactured at low cost from up to 100% waste glass without requiring the addition of water and clay. ",
"The invention also conserves energy and natural resources compared to traditional ceramic processing methods. ",
"It was unexpected that the addition of water and clay would not be necessary to manufacture a low-cost ceramic product, such as tile or brick, using waste glass as a raw material. ",
"It was also unexpected that a nonaqueous organic binder system could be used to process waste glass into ceramic products with the overall manufacturing costs kept low.",
"\nThe invention provides a method to transform large quantities of waste glass into useful ceramic products by a low-cost highly-automated manufacturing process. ",
"The major steps of this method consist of dry preparation of glass powder, granulation with a non-aqueous organic binder system, dry pressing with adequate green strength, and firing at low temperatures. ",
"Up to 100 percent recycled waste glass can be used as the raw material. ",
"Water and clay are not required in the processing, which eliminates problems that were encountered in the past. ",
"An expensive spray drying step, which is traditionally needed to produce granulated powder for the pressing step, is not required. ",
"Molds to fire the ceramic products in are also not required. ",
"Only one firing step is needed with a low peak firing temperature of about 750xc2x0 C. The method of the invention conserves energy and natural resources compared to clay-based traditional ceramic manufacturing.",
"\nHigh-quality impervious ceramic products can be produced by the invention with low manufacturing costs. ",
"A ceramic microstructure with only a small amount of porosity can also be achieved. ",
"Impervious refers to ceramic products with very low water absorptions of less than 0.5%. ",
"An impervious ceramic microstructure with a small amount of porosity is critical to achieve high-quality properties. ",
"Ceramic products can be produced by the invention with a wide range of colors with smooth glossy glaze-like surfaces. ",
"The surface texture and other fired properties can also be adjusted by the addition of fillers, and/or by partial crystallization of the glass.",
"\nThe raw batch formulations of the invention consist of 70-99% waste glass, 0-20% filler, and 1-10% organic binder. ",
"Preferred raw batch formulations consist of 84-99% waste glass, 0-10% filler, and 1-6% organic binder. ",
"All percentages are based on weight. ",
"It is also understood that other common ceramic processing additives, such as wetting agents, surfactants, deflocculants, coagulants, flocculants, plasticizers, antifoaming agents, lubricants, preservatives, etc. ",
"can be added to the raw batch formulation to further optimize the processing without changing the scope of the invention.",
"\nThe organic binder and other organic additives (if included) will burn out during firing, and thus are not part of the final product. ",
"The waste glass and filler are inorganic components that remain after firing, and make up the final product composition. ",
"The initial raw batch formulation (given above) therefore transforms during firing to the final product composition consisting of 80-100% waste glass and 0-20% filler. ",
"The preferred final product composition consists of 90-100% waste glass and 0-10% filler. ",
"The final product composition is determined by subtracting the organic binder amount from the raw batch formulation, and then renormallizing the remaining composition to 100%.",
"\nThe filler in the invention is a ceramic raw material added to modify the color, surface texture, or any other property of the final product. ",
"The addition of a filler is not necessary to make a high quality ceramic product, but may be desired to produce a specific set of properties in the final product. ",
"A wide range of filler additives can be used in the invention individually or in combination. ",
"A filler added to control the color is referred to as a colorant. ",
"A wide range of common ceramic colorants can be used to produce ceramic products by the invention with any color desired. ",
"Examples of individual oxide colorants are cobalt oxide to produce blue colors, chromium oxide for greens, and iron oxide for reds. ",
"Many commercial colorants are available based on complicated combinations of oxides which are often melted to form glass frits. ",
"In addition to the color, other properties, such as surface texture and mechanical properties, can be modified by the addition of fillers. ",
"Other examples of fillers are aluminum and zirconium oxides.",
"\nThe waste glass and fillers must be in powder form to be used in the raw batch formulations. ",
"The powder particle size required depends on the final properties desired. ",
"For the invention the waste glass and filler powders have particle sizes less than 30 mesh ( less than 0.6 mm). ",
"The preferred size is less than 100 mesh ( less than 0.1 mm). ",
"Coarser particle size fillers can also be included in the raw batch formulations to adjust the properties of the final product. ",
"For example, coarser fillers can be added to produce a rougher surface texture to increase the coefficient of friction and slip resistance.",
"\nThe organic binder in the invention consists of any organic material that can be added to bond the inorganic waste glass and filler particles together. ",
"The organic binder is initially mixed with waste glass and filler particles to form a granulated free-flowing powder. ",
"This powder is then formed into the ceramic articles. ",
"After the forming step, the organic binder provides enough strength in the unfired article for handling and transport to the firing step.",
"\nExamples of organic binders are natural gums, cellulose ethers, polymerized alcohols, acrylic resins, glycols, and waxes. ",
"Polyethylene glycol was used as the organic binder in the examples of the invention given below. ",
"Other organic binders can be used without changing the scope of the invention. ",
"To be effective the organic binder needs to be in liquid form, so that the inorganic waste glass and filler particles can be wetted and coated by the organic binder. ",
"Organic binders at room temperature (≈20xc2x0 C.) are in either liquid or solid states. ",
"A solid organic binder can be dissolved in specific liquids, mixed with the inorganic powders, and then dried to remove the liquid to produce an inorganic powder coated with the organic binder. ",
"In the invention nonaqueous liquids, such as alcohols, are used to dissolve the solid organic binders. ",
"If the organic binder is in a liquid form, then an additional nonaqueous liquid is not required.",
"\nThe following paragraphs describe details of each step of the method of the invention. ",
"The first step of the method consists of dry preparation of glass powder. ",
"Typical container glass bottles and jars found in municipal solid waste can be used as the starting glass to prepare the powder, but other forms of waste glass can also be used. ",
"Any color or combination of colors of waste glass can be used. ",
"The method of the present invention is not sensitive to normal levels of contaminants in the waste glass, and thus cleaning of the glass is not required. ",
"The labels on the glass do not need to be removed. ",
"The waste glass is ground into powder by two grinding steps.",
"\nThe first grinding step consists of crushing the glass to less than 4 mesh ( less than 5 mm) pieces. ",
"Any type of equipment commonly used to crush glass, rocks, ceramic raw materials, etc., ",
"such as a jaw or cone crusher can be used. ",
"The crushed glass is screened through a 4 mesh sieve to separate the less than 5 mm pieces. ",
"The larger sized pieces (xe2x89xa75 mm) of glass that do not pass through the sieve are circulated back into the crusher to further crush the glass until it is less than 5 mm in size. ",
"During the crushing step a dust collector is used to separate the lighter weight label particles from the glass. ",
"The label particles are discarded.",
"\nThe less than 5 mm crushed glass is then dried in an oven to remove any moisture that may be present. ",
"Any type of oven can be used. ",
"A preferred type is a rotary drier that can be setup in a continuous process. ",
"After drying, the glass is ground in the second grinding step to reduce the size down to less than 30 mesh ( less than 0.6 mm). ",
"The preferred size is less than 100 mesh ( less than 0.1 mm). ",
"Several types of milling equipment can be used for this grinding step, such as a ball mill, hammer mill, vibratory mill, attrition mill, roller mill, etc. ",
"After milling, the ground glass is screened through a 30 mesh sieve (or 100 mesh for the preferred particle size). ",
"The particles that do not pass through the sieve are circulated back into the mill to be milled again. ",
"During this grinding step a dust collector is again used to separate the lighter weight label particles from the glass.",
"\nThe fine glass powder ( less than 30 or less than 100 mesh) that results from the two step grinding method is combined with the desired amounts of fillers and organic binder based on the raw batch formulation used. ",
"The amounts of each component are weighed on a balance, combined, and then mixed. ",
"The organic binder is added in liquid form, either because the starting binder is a liquid, or because the binder is dissolved in a nonaqueous liquid, such as an alcohol. ",
"The liquid organic binder is combined with the dry glass and filler powders preferably by spraying the liquid on the powders, but other common methods of combining the raw batch materials can also be used. ",
"The combined materials are mixed in any type of mixer that will produce a granulated free-flowing powder, such as a pan mixer, conical blender, ribbon mixer, rotating drum mixer, etc. ",
"Excess nonaqueous liquid can be removed by drying in a drier, such as a fluid bed drier, or by spray drying. ",
"However, it is preferred to keep the liquid content low enough, so that a drying step is not required.",
"\nThe granulated free-flowing powder of the raw batch formulation is formed into a green ceramic article. ",
"Green here refers to the unfired ceramic. ",
"Any type of forming method can be used, but preferably dry pressing is used. ",
"For dry pressing the powder is placed in a metal die of the desired shape and pressed with rams to compact the powder. ",
"The pressed article is then removed from the die and fired in a kiln or furnace. ",
"If a nonaqueous liquid was added to dissolve the binder, then an additional drying step in an oven can be included before firing to remove any remaining liquid. ",
"Preferably, this drying step is not required, because additional liquid was either not included (a liquid binder was used), or was removed during mixing and/or forming.",
"\nThe initial stage of the firing process consists of binder burnout to remove the organic binder. ",
"Preferably the binder burnout is conducted during the initial heating of the ceramic articles for firing. ",
"Separate processes of binder burnout and firing can also be used. ",
"In either case the organic binder must be completely removed prior to the softening and sintering of the glass powder to prevent defects from developing in the fired product. ",
"Organic binders typically burnout from about 200-400xc2x0 C. The specific firing profile of temperature and time will depend on the raw batch formulation used. ",
"Preferably the temperature and time required are minimized, while still resulting in nearly 0% porosity. ",
"The maximum firing temperature required ranges from about 700xc2x0 C. to about 800xc2x0 C., and is preferably about 750xc2x0 C."
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[
"Introduction\n============\n\nThe central nervous system (CNS) can generate many rhythmic behaviors appropriately even without movement-related sensory feedback. ",
"How is the CNS organized to generate these different rhythms? ",
"Are different rhythmic behaviors involving the same motoneurons and muscles generated by the same set of neurons or different sets?",
"\n\nIn some invertebrate cases, two different rhythmic behaviors are generated by completely separate neuronal networks ([@B23]; [@B48]; [@B24]). ",
"In other cases, two rhythmic behaviors are generated by one shared network ([@B27]; [@B31]; [@B38]) or by partly shared networks ([@B11]).",
"\n\nVertebrate interneurons that are rhythmically active during multiple rhythms have been found for cat locomotion and scratching ([@B18]; [@B62]), rat locomotion and respiration ([@B33]), turtle swimming and scratching ([@B5], [@B6], [@B7], [@B8]), and tadpole and larval zebrafish swimming and struggling ([@B55]; [@B36]; [@B37]). ",
"One limitation of single-neuron recording in large vertebrate networks, however, is that an individual cell's effect on the network's output is generally so small that it is hard to demonstrate by selectively activating or silencing the neuron. ",
"Thus, one cannot conclude definitively for any individual interneuron recorded in such a large network that it is part of the central pattern generator for one or more rhythmic behaviors. ",
"In addition, vertebrate behaviorally specialized interneurons have also been demonstrated, including tadpole struggle-specialized neurons ([@B36]; [@B35]), zebrafish struggle-, or escape-specialized neurons ([@B39], [@B41]; [@B37]; [@B52]), and turtle scratch-specialized neurons ([@B5]). ",
"Thus, it is not clear from these studies to what extent rhythm-generating networks are shared.",
"\n\nAnother approach to understand the organization of vertebrate rhythm-generating networks is to activate simultaneously the networks that generate two different motor patterns and assess network interactions via motor output ([@B13]; [@B57]; [@B14]; [@B48]; [@B24]; [@B61]; [@B16]; [@B28]; [@B9]; [@B21]; [@B47]). ",
"If activation of one network perturbs the rhythm and/or pattern of the other network, this demonstrates sharing of network elements and/or strong interactions between the networks. ",
"The turtle spinal cord contains sufficient circuitry to generate several rhythmic hindlimb motor patterns without brain inputs or movement-related sensory feedback. ",
"These motor patterns include forward swimming and three forms of scratching (rostral, pocket, and caudal) ([@B58]). ",
"These motor patterns can be reliably evoked by electrical or mechanical stimulation, respectively. ",
"Simultaneous swim and scratch stimulation can alter the motor patterns in multiple ways. ",
"For instance, when combined with a scratch stimulation, (1) a suprathreshold swim stimulation can trigger a rhythm with a cycle frequency higher than either swimming or scratching alone, (2) a suprathreshold swim stimulation can cause switches between swimming and scratching, and (3) an overly high-frequency swim stimulation can evoke a normal swimming motor pattern even though the swim stimulation by itself evokes only tonic hip-extensor activity ([@B21]).",
"\n\nThese changes in cycle frequency and motor patterns demonstrate that scratch-evoking stimulation can influence both the rhythm and the pattern of swimming, and vice versa. ",
"But these results do not indicate whether the interactions occur at the level of interneurons or motoneurons. ",
"Traditionally, motoneurons have been viewed as passive recipients of premotor inputs, stemming from Sherrington's idea of motoneurons as the final common path for motor commands ([@B53]). ",
"However, motor neurons have been shown to play key roles in rhythm generation in several invertebrates ([@B38]). ",
"In vertebrates, motoneurons also have active properties that can shape rhythmic output to muscles ([@B25]; [@B29]; [@B22]; [@B26]) and may contribute to rhythm generation via synapses with interneurons ([@B45]; [@B29]; [@B63]; [@B42]; [@B56]; [@B32]). ",
"If motoneurons themselves integrate two rhythmic inputs to produce one rhythmic output, this would add to the evidence that vertebrate motoneurons participate in rhythm generation.",
"\n\nHere, we recorded intracellularly from motoneurons that are involved in the two motor patterns *in vivo* while delivering swim and scratch stimulation simultaneously (\"dual stimulation\") to trigger the effects mentioned above. ",
"We predicted that if the swim and scratch networks largely overlap or converge prior to motoneurons, the motoneuron membrane potential would oscillate with one rhythm; if the swim and scratch networks only converge in motoneurons, however, the motoneuron membrane potential would display evidence of two oscillatory inputs. ",
"We observed a single, regular oscillation of motoneuron membrane potentials during dual stimulation, with no evidence of a second rhythmic input. ",
"These results support the hypothesis that the swim- and scratch-evoking inputs converge and generate a single rhythm prior to motoneurons, in spinal interneurons. ",
"To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of such integration of rhythm-evoking inputs at the interneuronal level for different rhythmic limb movements in adult vertebrates.",
"\n\nMaterials and Methods {#s1}\n=====================\n\nSurgical Procedures\n-------------------\n\nAll animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Oklahoma. ",
"Adult red-eared turtles *Trachemys scripta elegans*, of both sexes (*n* = 14), weighing 270--570 g, were prepared for recording as described previously ([@B50]; [@B4]). ",
"Briefly, animals were anesthetized by hypothermic analgesia and surgically dissected to (1) transect the spinal cord between the dorsal 2 (D2) and D3 post-cervical segments, (2) expose the spinal cord between the D6 and sacral 2 (S2) segments, and (3) prepare several right hindlimb motor nerves for extracellular recordings and stimulation: the hip flexor (HF), ventral puboischiofemoralis internus, pars anteroventralis; the hip extensor (HE), flexor cruris, pars flexor tibialis internus; and the knee extensors (KEs), triceps femoralis, pars iliotibialis (IT-KE), pars ambiens (AM-KE), and/or pars femorotibialis (FT-KE) ([@B50]). ",
"After the surgery, turtles were warmed to room temperature for 30 min, then immobilized with gallamine triethiodide (8 mg/kg i.m.; ",
"Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States) and artificially ventilated throughout the experiment. ",
"After the experiment, turtles were euthanized by i.p. ",
"injection of 1 ml 390 mg/ml pentobarbital (Euthasol; Western Medical Supply, Arcadia, CA, United States).",
"\n\nStimulation Procedures\n----------------------\n\nForward-swimming motor patterns were evoked by electrical stimulation in the D3 contralateral lateral funiculus (0.1-ms, 100--300 μA, bipolar pulses at 10--60 Hz) with a pair of 100-μm silver wires (California Fine Wire, Grover Beach, CA, United States), insulated except at the tips, with one tip contacting the D3 face of the spinal cord and the other in the saline ([@B34]; [@B28]; [@B5]). ",
"The swim stimulation amplitude and frequency were usually adjusted to evoke a swimming motor pattern with a cycle frequency that differed from the scratching cycle frequencies. ",
"Rostral, pocket, and caudal scratching motor patterns were evoked by continual gentle rubbing of a single site in the receptive field of each scratch form at ∼3 N, ∼3--4 Hz, using a glass probe with a fire-polished tip ([@B43]; [@B20]). \"",
"Swim/scratch dual stimulation\" refers to the combination of swim and scratch stimulation delivered at overlapping times.",
"\n\nElectrophysiology\n-----------------\n\nDissected nerves were submerged in mineral oil, surrounded by a wax well molded onto the turtle carapace. ",
"Recordings from each nerve were obtained extracellularly using a pair of 100-μm silver wires and amplified and filtered (x 1000; band-pass 0.1--1.0 kHz; A-M Systems, Carlsborg, WA, United States); these nerve-recording electrodes were also used to stimulate motoneurons antidromically.",
"\n\nIntracellular recordings (*n* = 21 cells) were obtained from the ipsilateral hindlimb enlargement using sharp electrodes, made by a P-97 puller (Sutter Instrument Company, Novato, CA, United States) and filled with 3 M potassium chloride (Fisher Scientific) or 4 M potassium acetate (Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc., Paris, KY, United States) with resistances of 40--120 MΩ ([@B51]; [@B6]). ",
"The meninges were torn at the site of each electrode penetration. ",
"Both nerve and single-cell recordings were stored on a digital audio tape recorder (TEAC America, Montebello, CA, United States).",
"\n\nAntidromic Stimulation\n----------------------\n\nOne of the dissected nerves was stimulated (0.5--10 V, 0.1-ms, 1--100 Hz or a single pulse) to evoke antidromic action potentials in the intracellularly recorded motoneuron (**Figures [1A,B](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"A motoneuron was confirmed when (1) the delay between the stimulation and the onset of the action potential was less than 1 ms with a threshold lower than 2 V ([@B51]) or (2) the onsets of the action potentials evoked by a train of antidromic stimuli were consistent ([@B12]).",
"\n\n{#F1}\n\nData Analysis\n-------------\n\nSix cells were not used for quantitative analysis because the recordings were lost before delivery of swim and/or scratch stimulation alone; they behaved qualitatively like the other cells. ",
"Recordings of the remaining 15 cells were redigitized and analyzed using Datapac software (Run Technologies, Laguna Hills, CA, United States). ",
"Action potential rates were calculated by the action potential count per cycle divided by the cycle duration. ",
"Then the action potentials were deleted and the remaining membrane potentials linearly smoothed using a sliding 50-ms window (**Figure [1C](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"The summation of swimming and scratching membrane potentials was performed using Matlab (Mathworks, Inc., Natick, MA, United States) by adding the two membrane potentials linearly ([@B54]). ",
"Six delays (in increments of 0.5 s) were also introduced between the two voltages to be summed (**Figures [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, **[4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, **[7](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, **[10](#F10){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) in case this significantly affected whether the summed voltage exhibited evidence of two oscillations.",
"\n\nDual-referent phase-normalized membrane potential averages and their standard deviations (SDs) were calculated by first dividing each cycle into HF-burst (HF-ON) and HF-quiescent (HF-OFF) periods based on the activity of the HF nerve ([@B10]). ",
"The membrane potential of each motoneuron was then separately phase-normalized for the HF-ON period and the HF-OFF period ([@B6]), because HF duty cycle varies substantially during episodes of swimming and scratching. ",
"Dual-referent phase analysis is preferable to single-referent phase analysis whenever duty cycle varies substantially, because single-referent phase analyses can be misleading in such cases (see Figure 2 in [@B10]). ",
"Only cycles completely within the period of stimulation were analyzed. ",
"HE-phase deletion cycles, defined by the absence of the quiescence between successive HF bursts ([@B60]; [@B59]), were not included in the quantitative analysis. ",
"All other cycles were included in the analysis for each neuron.",
"\n\nStatistics\n----------\n\nStatistical comparisons (Instat 3 and Prism 7, GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, United States) of SDs were made within each form of motor pattern across animals using the repeated-measure non-parametric ANOVA test (Friedman's test) to test for any statistical significance across the group of SDs as a whole, followed by selected pair comparisons (Dunn's test), to determine whether these two SDs differed significantly from each other. ",
"The multiplicity adjusted *p*-value is reported for statistically significant comparisons using Dunn's test.",
"\n\nResults\n=======\n\nElectrical stimulation of the contralateral D3 lateral funiculus evoked pure-form forward swimming motor patterns (henceforth, just \"swimming\"). ",
"Mechanical stimulation of the ipsilateral body surface evoked pure-form rostral, pocket, or caudal scratching motor patterns (henceforth, just \"scratching\"), depending on the stimulation location. ",
"Swim and each form of scratch stimulation delivered at an overlapping time period (swim/scratch dual stimulation) could increase the rhythm frequency and/or alter the motor pattern itself ([@B21]). ",
"Here, we intracellularly recorded from 15 hip flexor (HF) motoneurons, 2 hip extensor (HE) motoneurons, and 4 knee extensor (KE) motoneurons (2 AM-KE and 2 FT-KE; see Materials and Methods), which were confirmed by antidromic stimulation of the respective motor nerves (**Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}**; see Materials and Methods), and analyzed their responses to the swim/scratch dual stimulation.",
"\n\nMotoneuron Membrane Potentials during Swim/Rostral Scratch Dual Stimulation\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nDuring swimming, HF and HE nerves were activated rhythmically and alternately, with HF bursts briefer and weaker than HE bursts and AM-KE knee extensor bursts slightly delayed relative to HF bursts ([@B34]; [@B28]) (**Figure [2A](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"Rostral scratching also featured rhythmic alternation between HF and HE bursts, while the HF bursts were longer and stronger than HE bursts and AM-KE was active approximately in the second half of each HF burst ([@B50]) (**Figure [2B](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"For all motoneurons studied (*n* = 15), we were able to adjust the swim stimulation parameters to evoke swimming at a substantially different frequency than rostral scratching. ",
"During swim stimulation, HF motoneurons displayed brief depolarizations in phase with HF nerve bursts and fired only a few action potentials (mean ± SD: 0.50 ± 0.52 spikes/s, *n* = 13 cycles for example in **Figure [2A](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"During rostral scratch stimulation, each HF motoneuron's membrane potential displayed large and regular oscillations that were in phase with the HF nerve bursts and the motoneuron fired action potentials at a higher rate (37.4 ± 23.6 spikes/s, *n* = 14 cycles for **Figure [2B](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) than during swimming (see also [@B51]). ",
"When rostral scratch (cycle frequency: 0.38 ± 0.15 Hz, *n* = 14 cycles) stimulation was added to an ongoing swim (cycle frequency: 0.26 ± 0.13 Hz, *n* = 12) stimulation, the motor pattern cycle frequency typically increased (cycle frequency: 0.46 ± 0.22 Hz, *n* = 12) (**Figure [2C](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"The HF motoneuron membrane potential oscillated regularly and in phase with the HF nerve bursts, with an intermediate spike rate (4.97 ± 4.20 spikes/s). ",
"After the end of the swim stimulation, the cycle frequency slowed down and the motor pattern became rostral scratch-like. ",
"In this example, the motor pattern during the dual stimulation switched from swim-like (HF \\< HE) toward rostral scratch-like (HF \\> HE), back to swim-like. ",
"Matching the motor pattern, the motoneuron membrane potential gradually switched from swim-like (brief depolarization with few action potentials) toward rostral scratch-like (strong depolarization with many action potentials) and then switched back to swim-like on the last cycle.",
"\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}** (HF MN, fourth trace). **(",
"A)** Recordings during swim stimulation \\[current pulses at 25 Hz; blue bar indicates the stimulation period (Stim.)\\]. **(",
"B)** Recordings during rostral scratch stimulation (red bar). **(",
"C)** When swim/rostral scratch dual stimulation (blue and red bars) evoked a motor pattern with a higher cycle frequency (shaded area), the membrane potential of the HF motoneuron oscillated regularly at the same rate as the motor pattern.](fncir-11-00054-g002){#F2}\n\nIn many other cases, the motor pattern could be swim-like during the entire swim/rostral scratch dual stimulation and the motoneuron membrane potential then oscillated regularly and matched the motor patterns (data not shown). ",
"Regardless of the motor pattern, the membrane potential oscillated regularly and in phase with the nerve. ",
"The motoneuron firing rates during swim, rostral scratch, and dual stimulation were 7.3 ± 4.0, 8.8 ± 3.6, and 8.6 ± 3.7 spikes/s (mean ± SEM) across all neurons with sufficient data (*n* = 15, 10, and 11 cells, respectively).",
"\n\nWe reasoned that if the swim and rostral scratch networks are separate and their signals only converge onto motoneurons, the membrane potential oscillations of the motoneurons would show signs of both the swim rhythm and the rostral scratch rhythm. ",
"Alternatively, if the swim and scratch signals are integrated prior to motoneurons, we would only observe one rhythmic input to the motoneurons.",
"\n\nTo test between these two hypotheses more rigorously, we deleted the action potentials from each intracellular recording and smoothed the remaining membrane potential to better visualize the waveform oscillations (**Figure [1C](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}**; see Materials and Methods). ",
"The membrane potential oscillated regularly during swim/rostral scratch dual stimulation (**Figure [3A](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"The cycle frequency was higher during dual stimulation than during swim stimulation alone (**Figures [3B](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}--[H](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, blue traces) and rostral scratch stimulation alone (**Figures [3B](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}--[H](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, red traces). ",
"Then, we linearly summed the membrane potential during swim stimulation alone and scratch stimulation alone with various delays between them (0--3 s, in 0.5-s increments), in case this significantly affected the evidence for two oscillations. ",
"Although one would not expect motoneurons to add their inputs linearly, one would expect to see signs of both rhythmic inputs in the motoneuron membrane potential if two different rhythmic inputs occurred simultaneously. ",
"The arithmetic addition yielded waveforms that were irregular with additional peaks, troughs, or prolonged cycle durations (**Figures [3B](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}--[H](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, black traces). ",
"In contrast, such irregularities in the membrane potential were never observed during swim/rostral scratch dual stimulation. ",
"Also, we never observed an arithmetic summation that generated a consistently increased cycle frequency. ",
"Thus, dual stimulation evoked a membrane potential oscillation that was qualitatively different from the summation of two different rhythmic oscillations.",
"\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}**. **(",
"B--H)** Calculated summations (Swim + R. Scratch, black traces) of the membrane potential oscillations during swim stimulation alone (Swim, blue traces) and rostral scratch stimulation alone (R. Scratch, red traces) at various delays.](fncir-11-00054-g003){#F3}\n\nIn addition, we examined the effects of linearly summing two sets of identical oscillations recorded during either rostral scratch stimulation alone (**Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) or swim stimulation alone (data not shown) with various delays between them. ",
"In both cases, this addition generated irregular oscillations with additional peaks and troughs (**Figures [4B](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}--[G](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}**), except when the two sets of identical oscillations were precisely in phase (i.e., 0-s delay; **Figure [4A](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"Thus, if motoneurons received two sets of rhythmic inputs at overlapping times, irregularities would likely be seen in the motoneuron membrane potential, even if the two sets of oscillations were the same.",
"\n\n{#F4}\n\nTo analyze quantitatively the consistency of the membrane potential oscillations during swim/rostral scratch dual stimulation, we also calculated dual-referent phase-normalized membrane potential averages (solid curves) and SDs (dots) with respect to the HF-on and HF-off phases of each cycle (see Materials and Methods). ",
"That is, we calculated the SD of the motoneuron membrane potential at each phase of the cycle, averaged across several cycles, as a measure of the consistency of the voltage change across the cycle. ",
"In **Figures [5A](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}--[E](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, we illustrate results of this analysis for one neuron (the same neuron as shown in **Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"In the cell illustrated, the SD during the swim/rostral scratch dual stimulation (**Figures [5C,E](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}**; *n* = 14 cycles) was greater than during swim stimulation alone (**Figures [5A,E](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}**; *n* = 13 cycles), but was smaller than during rostral scratch stimulation alone (**Figures [5B,E](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}**; *n* = 17 cycles). ",
"The SD during dual stimulation (**Figures [5C,E](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) was also smaller than the SD obtained by pooling together all cycles of swim stimulation alone (from **Figure [5A](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) and scratch stimulation alone (from **Figure [5D](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) and calculating the phase-normalized membrane potential average of all these cycles together (**Figures [5D,E](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"This shows that the voltage trajectory during dual stimulation is more consistent than for a group of cycles in which some cycles are swim-like and other cycles are rostral scratch-like.",
"\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}** with the same stimulation parameters during swim stimulation (**A**, blue curve), rostral scratch stimulation (**B**, red curve), and swim/rostral scratch dual stimulation (**C**, brown curve). **(",
"D)** Dual-referent phase-normalized membrane potential average of the pooled set of all swim stimulation-alone cycles (from **A**) and all rostral scratch-stimulation alone cycles (from **B**) combined for this cell. **(",
"E)** The mean of the SD within each stimulation paradigm for this cell. ",
"Error bars, SD. **(",
"F)** The mean of the mean SD in **(E)** across all 10 cells with the same stimulation paradigm. ",
"Error bars, SE. ",
"a, b, indicate significant differences (identical letters indicate no statistically significant difference; different letters indicate a significant difference) by Friedman's test followed by Dunn's test for *post hoc* pairwise comparisons (Friedman's test: *p* = 0.003; Dunn's test: swim stimulation vs. pooled, *p* = 0.047; dual stimulation vs. pooled, *p* = 0.012; other pairs were not significantly different).](fncir-11-00054-g005){#F5}\n\nThese findings were consistent across the 10 motoneurons for which we collected enough data during swim, rostral scratch, and swim/rostral scratch dual stimulation (**Figure [5F](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"The SDs during swim/rostral scratch dual stimulation were not significantly different from SDs during either swim stimulation alone or rostral scratch stimulation alone, but were significantly smaller than the SD of the pooled swim stimulation-alone and scratch stimulation-alone cycles (**Figure [5F](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}**; Friedman's test, *p* = 0.003, followed by Dunn's test: swim stimulation vs. pooled, *p* = 0.047; dual stimulation vs. pooled, *p* = 0.012; other groups were not significantly different). ",
"The relatively small SDs during swim/rostral scratch dual stimulation suggest that each motoneuron received a single, regular rhythmic input, rather than two different rhythmic inputs. ",
"An additional reason for the larger SD in both the rostral scratch stimulation-alone (**Figure [5B](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) and the pooled-cycles (**Figure [5D](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) analyses may be that the motoneuron voltage varied more during the HE phase across an episode of rostral scratching (e.g., **Figure [2B](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) than across an episode of swimming (e.g., **Figure [2A](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"The relatively low membrane potential SD during dual stimulation (similar to the SD during swim stimulation alone) is consistent with the motor pattern during dual stimulation being swim-like.",
"\n\nMotoneuron Membrane Potentials during Swim/Pocket Scratch Dual Stimulation\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe also applied dual swim/scratch stimulation using pocket scratch and caudal scratch stimuli. ",
"For 12 of the 15 motoneurons we studied while evoking pocket scratching, we were able to adjust the swim stimulation parameters to evoke swimming at a substantially different frequency than pocket scratching. ",
"Pocket scratching featured rhythmic alternation between HF and HE nerve bursts with the AM-KE and FT-KE nerve bursts continuing during part of the HE nerve bursts ([@B50]) (**Figure [6B](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"During swim/pocket scratch dual stimulation, the motor pattern was swim-like, with an AM-KE nerve burst at the end of each HF nerve burst. ",
"The depolarization phase of the motoneuron membrane potential was swim-like while the hyperpolarization phase was less consistent, like that during pocket scratch stimulation (**Figure [6C](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"The membrane potential oscillation during the swim/pocket scratch dual stimulation was regular (**Figure [7A](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) whereas the calculated addition of the membrane oscillation during swim stimulation alone (**Figures [7B](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}--[H](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, blue traces) and pocket scratch stimulation alone (**Figures [7B](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}--[H](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, green traces) at various delays created double bursts or prolonged excitations (**Figures [7B](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}--[H](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, black traces).",
"\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}**, **[2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**. **(",
"A)** Recordings during swim stimulation alone (current pulses at 40 Hz; blue bar). **(",
"B)** Recordings during pocket scratch stimulation alone (green bar). **(",
"C)** When swim/pocket scratch dual stimulation (blue and green bars) evoked a motor pattern with a higher cycle frequency (shaded area), the membrane potential of the HF motoneuron oscillated regularly at the same rate as the motor pattern.](fncir-11-00054-g006){#F6}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}**. **(",
"B--H)** Calculated summations (Swim + P. Scratch, black traces) of the membrane potential oscillations during swim stimulation alone (Swim, blue traces) and pocket scratch stimulation alone (P. Scratch, green trace) at various delays.](fncir-11-00054-g007){#F7}\n\nThe cycle frequencies during swimming, pocket scratching, and dual stimulation were 0.18 ± 0.06 Hz (*n* = 4 cycles), 0.40 ± 0.17 Hz (*n* = 10), and 0.53 ± 0.12 Hz (*n* = 4), respectively. ",
"Thus, cycle frequency increased during dual stimulation. ",
"The motoneuron firing rates during swim, pocket scratch, and dual stimulation were 2.5 ± 1.9, 0.9 ± 1.2, and 3.5 ± 1.7, respectively, for the neuron shown in **Figure [6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}** and 7.4 ± 3.9, 14.9 ± 5.0, and 20.0 ± 14.6 spikes/s, respectively, for all neurons with sufficient data (*n* = 15, 14, and 14, respectively).",
"\n\nThe SD during the swim/pocket scratch dual stimulation for the cell shown in **Figures [6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, **[7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}** (**Figures [8C,E](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, brown bar; *n* = 4 cycles) was smaller than or equal to those during swim stimulation alone (**Figures [8A,E](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}**; *n* = 3 cycles), pocket scratch stimulation alone (**Figures [8B,E](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}**; *n* = 7 cycles), and all cycles pooled from both swim stimulation alone and pocket scratch stimulation alone (**Figures [8D,E](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"Collectively, for the 13 cells we were able to test, the SDs during swim/pocket scratch dual stimulation were not significantly different from SDs during either swim stimulation alone or pocket scratch stimulation alone, but were significantly smaller than the SD of the pooled swim stimulation-alone and scratch stimulation-alone cycles (**Figure [8F](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}**; Friedman's test, *p* = 0.017, followed by Dunn's test: swim stimulation vs. pooled, *p* = 0.031; dual stimulation vs. pooled, *p* = 0.031; other groups were not significantly different). ",
"This suggests that swim/pocket scratch dual stimulation also evokes a single rhythmic input to motoneurons.",
"\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}** with the same stimulation parameters during swim stimulation (**A**, blue curve), pocket scratch stimulation (**B**, green curve), and swim/pocket scratch dual stimulation (**C**, brown curve). **(",
"D)** Dual-referent phase-normalized membrane potential average of the pooled set of all swim stimulation-alone cycles (from **A**) and all pocket scratch stimulation-alone cycles (from **B**) for this cell. **(",
"E)** The mean of the SD within each stimulation paradigm. ",
"Error bars, SD. **(",
"F)** The mean of the mean SD in **(E)** across all 13 cells with the same stimulation paradigm. ",
"Error bars, SE. ",
"a, b, indicate significant differences by Friedman's test followed by Dunn's test (Friedman's test: *p* = 0.017; Dunn's test: swim stimulation vs. pooled, *p* = 0.031; dual stimulation vs. pooled, *p* = 0.031; other pairs were not significantly different).](fncir-11-00054-g008){#F8}\n\nIncreased Cycle Frequency during Swim/Caudal Scratch Stimulation\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nCaudal scratching featured rhythmic alternation between HF and HE bursts with the HF bursts weaker and briefer than the HE bursts ([@B50]) (**Figure [9A](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"FT-KE bursts occurred at approximately opposite phases for swimming (end of each HF burst; **Figure [9A](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) and scratching (start of each HF burst; **Figure [9B](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"For all motoneurons studied (*n* = 15), we were able to adjust the swim stimulation parameters to evoke swimming at a substantially different frequency than caudal scratching. **",
"Figure [9](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}** shows an example of an AM-KE motoneuron recording.",
"\n\n{#F9}\n\nCompared to the brief and regular depolarization of this motoneuron during swim stimulation, the depolarization of this AM-KE motoneuron during caudal scratch stimulation was prolonged. ",
"During swim/caudal scratch dual stimulation, the motor pattern was swim-like with the AM-KE nerve burst at the end of each HF burst. ",
"The depolarizing phases of the membrane potential were sharp and swim-like, but the membrane potential declined only gradually from its peak depolarization and in this respect was caudal scratch-like (**Figure [9C](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}**).",
"\n\nThe cycle frequencies during swim, caudal scratch, and dual stimulation were 0.42 ± 0.06 Hz (*n* = 7 cycles), 0.54 ± 0.14 Hz (*n* = 18), and 0.59 ± 0.09 Hz (*n* = 21), respectively. ",
"Thus, cycle frequency increased during dual stimulation. ",
"The motoneuron firing rates during swim, caudal scratch, and dual stimulation were 4.1 ± 2.5, 1.2 ± 1.0, and 1.8 ± 0.6 spikes/s, respectively, for the neuron shown in **Figure [9](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}** and 7.3 ± 4.0, 9.9 ± 4.2, and 6.1 ± 1.7, respectively, for all neurons with sufficient data (*n* = 15, 9, and 9, respectively).",
"\n\nThe membrane potential oscillation during swim/caudal scratch dual stimulation was regular (**Figure [10A](#F10){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) whereas the calculated addition of the membrane oscillations during swim stimulation alone (**Figures [10B](#F10){ref-type=\"fig\"}--[H](#F10){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, blue traces) and caudal scratch stimulation alone (**Figures [10B](#F10){ref-type=\"fig\"}--[H](#F10){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, purple traces) at various delays created irregular oscillations with an oscillation amplitude that varied from cycle to cycle.",
"\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}**. **(",
"B--H)** Calculated summations (Swim + C. Scratch, black traces) of the membrane potential oscillations during swim (Swim, blue traces) and caudal scratch (C. Scratch, purple traces) stimulation alone at various delays.](fncir-11-00054-g010){#F10}\n\nThe SD of the phase-averaged membrane potential during the swim/caudal scratch dual stimulation for this cell (**Figures [11C,E](#F11){ref-type=\"fig\"}**; *n* = 11 cycles) was similar to the SD during caudal scratch stimulation alone (**Figure [11B,E](#F11){ref-type=\"fig\"}**; *n* = 11 cycles), but less than the SD during swim stimulation alone (**Figures [11A,E](#F11){ref-type=\"fig\"}**; *n* = 13 cycles) and all cycles pooled from both swim and caudal scratch stimulation alone (**Figures [11D,E](#F11){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"Collectively, for the eight cells for which we had sufficient data, the SDs during swim/caudal scratch dual stimulation were not significantly different from the SDs in each of the three other categories, although the distribution of data as a whole was significantly different from random (**Figure [11F](#F11){ref-type=\"fig\"}**; Friedman's test, *p* = 0.013 followed by Dunn's test, *p* \\> 0.05 for each single comparison).",
"\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}** with the same stimulation parameters during swim stimulation (**A**, blue curve), caudal scratch stimulation (**B**, purple curve), and swim/caudal scratch dual stimulation (**C**, brown curve). **(",
"D)** Dual-referent phase-normalized membrane potential average of the pooled set of all swim stimulation-alone cycles (from **A**) and all caudal scratch stimulation-alone cycles (from **B**) for this cell. **(",
"E)** The mean of the SD within each stimulation paradigm for this cell. ",
"Error bars, SD. **(",
"F)** The mean of the mean SD in **(E)** across all eight cells with same stimulation paradigm. ",
"Error bars, SE. ",
"^a^Although the distribution of data as a whole was significantly different from random (Friedman's test, *p* = 0.013), *post hoc* pairwise comparisons (Dunn's test) showed no significant differences (*p* \\> 0.05) among the tested pairs.](fncir-11-00054-g011){#F11}\n\nAltered Motor Patterns\n----------------------\n\nIn addition to increasing the cycle frequency, swim/scratch dual stimulation can alter the motor pattern, depending on the stimulation parameters ([@B21]). ",
"One of the effects is that the motor pattern can switch between swim-like and scratch-like within one episode. ",
"For two HF motoneurons that we were able to record from for an especially long time, we were able to vary swim stimulation parameters to elicit switches between swimming and scratching. **",
"Figure [12](#F12){ref-type=\"fig\"}** shows an example for the cell shown in **Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**. ",
"During typical swimming evoked by 25-Hz electrical pulses (**Figure [12A](#F12){ref-type=\"fig\"}**), AM-KE bursts, when they occurred, were very weak, the HF nerve bursts were much weaker and briefer than the HE bursts, and the depolarizations of the HF motoneuron were also weak and triggered only a few action potentials (0.50 ± 0.52 spikes/s, *n* = 13 cycles). ",
"During rostral scratch stimulation alone, the AM-KE nerve bursts were strong, the HF nerve bursts were much stronger and longer than the HE bursts (**Figure [12B](#F12){ref-type=\"fig\"}**), and the depolarizations of the HF motoneuron were also stronger and triggered more action potentials (37.4 ± 23.6 spikes/s). ",
"A 13-Hz swim stimulation evoked weaker swimming than 25-Hz stimulation did and the depolarization of the recorded HF motoneuron was subthreshold (**Figure [12C](#F12){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"When rostral scratch stimulation was added to this weak swim stimulation, the motor pattern switched between swim-like and scratch-like (**Figure [12D](#F12){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"During this dual stimulation, the spike rate of the intracellularly recorded motoneuron was 0, 1.1, and 0.6 spikes/s, respectively, for the three cycles identified as swim-like (Sw) and 33.7 and 39.1 spikes/s, respectively, for the two cycles identified as rostral scratch-like (R). ",
"When the swim stimulation ceased, the motor pattern stayed rostral scratch-like until the end of the rostral scratch stimulation and the intracellularly recorded motoneuron had a spike rate of 68.0 and 46.0 spikes/s, respectively, for these rostral scratch-like cycles. ",
"During all of the switching, during and after stimulation, the membrane potential of the HF motoneuron matched the motor output and showed no sign of summing two distinct inputs.",
"\n\n{#F12}\n\nIn other cases (*n* = 2 cells), an overly high-frequency swim stimulation could evoke tonic HE activity with no HF bursts (**Figure [12E](#F12){ref-type=\"fig\"}**; see also [@B21]). ",
"During this stimulation, the membrane potential of the HF motoneuron depolarized slightly without any noticeable oscillation, showing that the motoneuron was not receiving rhythmic inputs (**Figure [12E](#F12){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"Adding the rostral scratch stimulation to this same swim stimulation evoked the typical swim-like motor pattern with HE-biased HF-HE alternation (**Figure [12F](#F12){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"During this swim-like motor pattern, the HF motoneuron depolarized regularly and briefly as during normal swimming (**Figure [12F](#F12){ref-type=\"fig\"}**), with a spike rate of 2.0 ± 0.6 spikes/s. When the overly strong swim stimulation stopped and rostral scratch stimulation continued, both the motor pattern and the HF motoneuron membrane potential oscillations immediately changed to rostral scratch-like for two cycles, with a spike rate of 39.5 and 15.7 spikes/s, in the intracellularly recorded motoneuron. ",
"Thus, in this situation also, the rhythmic inputs (or lack of them) to motoneurons matched the nerve outputs. ",
"Similar results were seen during swim/pocket scratch stimulation in the same cell (data not shown).",
"\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nIn a previous study, we showed that swim/scratch dual stimulation can evoke motor patterns that differ from those evoked by swim stimulation alone and scratch stimulation alone in both rhythm frequency and motor pattern ([@B21]). ",
"These results demonstrated sharing and/or strong interactions between swimming and scratching networks in both rhythm and pattern generation. ",
"However, this previous study only recorded from motor nerves (extracellularly) and thus could not assess whether motoneurons themselves contribute to integrating two inputs to generate a different motor rhythm/pattern or if all interactions that alter the rhythm and/or pattern occur among interneurons instead. ",
"Motoneurons might integrate separate swimming and scratching oscillatory inputs, resulting in irregular motoneuron membrane potential oscillations, yet generate action potentials rhythmically because only the peaks of the oscillations (which occur regularly) are suprathreshold. ",
"This would be consistent with spinal motoneurons contributing to shaping rhythmic output via active membrane properties ([@B25]; [@B29]; [@B22]; [@B26]) and via gap junctions with premotor interneurons ([@B56]). ",
"In this study, we recorded intracellularly from motoneurons to monitor the inputs they receive during dual stimulation. ",
"This allowed us to assess whether separate swimming and scratching rhythms are integrated by motoneurons or, alternatively, if swim- and scratch-evoking signals are integrated to generate one rhythm prior to motoneuron inputs.",
"\n\nSwimming and Scratching Inputs Could Affect Each Other's Rhythm Generation Prior to Motoneurons\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nDuring swim/scratch dual stimulation, we often observed a motor pattern that was faster than either swimming or scratching alone ([@B21]) (**Figures [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, **[6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, **[9](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"This demonstrates that swimming and scratching inputs interact when generating a rhythm. ",
"Here, we recorded intracellularly from motoneurons during dual stimulation and observed regular motoneuron oscillations with a standard deviation similar to pure-form swimming (**Figures [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, **[8](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, **[11](#F11){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"The regularity of the membrane potential oscillations during swim/scratch dual stimulation is consistent with the hypothesis that the interaction between swimming and scratching rhythm generation occurs prior to motoneurons.",
"\n\nThe Regularity of Motoneuron Membrane Potential Oscillations Suggests that Motoneurons Do Not Integrate Two Different Rhythmic Inputs\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe intracellular recordings during dual stimulation displayed regular oscillations (**Figures [2C](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, **[6C](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, **[9C](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, **[12D,F](#F12){ref-type=\"fig\"}**), indicative of a single, rhythmic input. ",
"In contrast, calculated summations of oscillations from swim stimulation alone and scratch stimulation alone were irregular and had additional peaks, troughs, or prolonged excitation (**Figures [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, **[7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, **[10](#F10){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"Potential confounding factors are that the cell's electrical resistance, driving force for each ion, and contribution of active membrane properties would be expected to change during the membrane potential oscillation, which would be expected to make the summation of two rhythmic inputs non-linear in any case ([@B30]; [@B64]; [@B46]). ",
"Nonetheless, the predicted irregularity of the membrane potential oscillation, if there were two overlapping rhythmic inputs, should still be evident, even if the oscillation amplitudes differ from a linear summation. ",
"Thus, the linear summation of two inputs should still provide an informative comparison qualitatively.",
"\n\nThe irregularities we observed in the calculated summations of two separate oscillations were probably largely due to differences between the swimming and scratching cycle frequencies. ",
"The results of our calculated summations appear very similar to the actual voltage trajectories generated by simultaneous activation of two separate networks ([@B48]; [@B24]). ",
"In contrast to this, we observed a single, regular oscillation during swim/scratch dual stimulation, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the pathways for swimming and scratching converge prior to motoneurons, resulting in a single rhythmic input to motoneurons during dual stimulation. ",
"Alternatively, it is possible that if the swimming and scratching rhythms had the same cycle frequency during these recordings, the combination of two rhythmic inputs to motoneurons could still be regular if these two oscillations happened to be in phase (e.g., **Figure [4A](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"However, we do not think this is likely for the vast majority of our experiments because for 12 of the 15 cells analyzed, we were able to adjust the swim stimulation parameters so that the cycle frequency was substantially different during swim stimulation alone and scratch stimulation alone for each form of scratching tested; for the remaining three cells, the swim frequency was similar only to the pocket scratching frequency. ",
"In addition, the frequency of the single rhythmic input during dual stimulation was often higher than the frequency during either stimulation alone.",
"\n\nSome cat spinal motoneurons ([@B65]) and neonatal rat spinal motoneurons and interneurons ([@B33]) receive simultaneous respiratory and locomotor oscillatory inputs that can be coupled, but two separate rhythms remain evident in their membrane potentials, in contrast to our results. ",
"Thus, spinal interneurons in rhythm-generating networks may generally coordinate multiple rhythmic inputs but only in some cases integrate them into a single rhythm.",
"\n\nSwimming and Scratching Inputs Could Affect Motor Pattern Selection Prior to Motoneurons\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nDuring switches between swimming and scratching, the motoneuron membrane potentials also oscillated regularly and switched quickly between swim-like and scratch-like (**Figure [12D](#F12){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"In switches, the membrane potential during each cycle was either swim-like or scratch-like, matching the motor output. ",
"Similar switches have been reported in other systems with partly shared networks ([@B43]; [@B57]; [@B27]). ",
"Switches between two motor patterns have also been reported for motor patterns generated by separate networks. ",
"But these switches tended to have longer delays ([@B23]; [@B24]) or irregular motoneuron membrane potentials ([@B23]).",
"\n\nIn other cases, we observed that overly high-frequency swim stimulation, which evoked tonic HE activity by itself, when combined with scratch stimulation could evoke normal swimming ([@B21]) (**Figures [12E,F](#F12){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ",
"During overly high-frequency swim stimulation alone, the motoneuron membrane potential remained relatively flat and showed no sign of oscillations. ",
"During dual stimulation, the membrane potential was swim-like and matched the motor output. ",
"This result argues against the possibility that during the high-frequency swim stimulation, motoneurons received subthreshold swim-like input, and scratch input merely provided tonic excitation of the motoneurons to make the existing swim oscillations suprathreshold. ",
"Rather, this result suggests that the scratch input converged with swim input prior to motoneurons and affected swim rhythm generation at the interneuronal level.",
"\n\nPrevious work suggested that gain control mechanisms in turtle spinal cord circuitry compensate for inputs that are otherwise too weak or too strong, keeping the circuitry in an intermediate state of activity in which it operates best ([@B46]). ",
"In our experiment, however, swim stimulation at a higher frequency than that which evoked normal swimming evoked no oscillations at all (see also [@B21]), suggesting that the system was unable to compensate in this situation. ",
"Nonetheless, the addition of scratch stimulation to this high-frequency swim stimulation (which should have evoked even higher activity in the circuitry) did evoke regular oscillations, suggesting that the integration of two different kinds of inputs can be more conducive to producing regular oscillations than an overly strong stimulus of just one kind.",
"\n\nPersistent Inward Currents Are Unlikely to Account for These Findings\n---------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nVarious ion channels may shape membrane potential oscillations and even motor pattern selection ([@B35]). ",
"For example, L-type Ca^2+^ channels may induce bistable plateau phases that outlast the depolarizing current in turtle spinal cord slices ([@B25]; [@B2]). ",
"Both swim and scratch stimulation might enhance such plateau phases ([@B15]; [@B1]), which could play a role in integrating swimming and scratching synaptic inputs during swim/scratch dual stimulation. ",
"However, these plateau potentials are overwhelmed by the high synaptic conductance during scratching ([@B3]) and swimming ([@B19]) *in vitro*. ",
"Similarly, in our experiments, swim/scratch dual stimulation should have increased synaptic conductances dramatically, so it is unlikely that motoneuron plateau properties by themselves smoothed irregular inputs enough to remove all evidence of two rhythmic inputs.",
"\n\nPartly Shared Networks\n----------------------\n\nOur results from intracellular recording during dual stimulation are consistent with strong interactions and/or shared components at the spinal interneuronal level for generating swimming and scratching. ",
"Studies involving single-interneuron recordings during sequentially evoked rhythmic motor patterns are also generally consistent with shared spinal interneurons for generation of swimming and scratching ([@B5], [@B6], [@B7], [@B8]), as well as for generation of other distinct rhythmic motor patterns ([@B55]; [@B36]; [@B37]; [@B18]; [@B62]). ",
"Collectively, these studies make it unlikely that the swimming and scratching pathways are completely separate prior to motoneurons. ",
"However, earlier studies also suggest that there are some differences between the spinal interneuronal networks for two rhythmic behaviors ([@B49]; [@B5], [@B7]; [@B36]; [@B39]; [@B37]; [@B40]; [@B52]; [@B17]; [@B44]; [@B20]). ",
"Combining these findings with the current findings, one can conclude that to the extent that there are swim and/or scratch-specialized spinal interneurons that contribute to rhythm and/or pattern generation, they appear to have their effects predominately or exclusively on interneurons, not motoneurons.",
"\n\nAuthor Contributions\n====================\n\nZ-ZH and AB conceived and designed the research. ",
"Z-ZH performed the experiments. ",
"Z-ZH and AB analyzed the data. ",
"Z-ZH and AB interpreted the results of the experiments. ",
"Z-ZH drafted the manuscript. ",
"Z-ZH and AB edited and revised the manuscript. ",
"All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. ",
"All persons designated as authors qualify for authorship, and all those who qualify for authorship are listed.",
"\n\nConflict of Interest Statement\n==============================\n\nThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.",
"\n\n**Funding.** ",
"This work was supported by National Science Foundation award IOB-0349620, IOS-0950370, and IOS-1354522 to AB and M. Blanche Adams and M. Frances Adams Scholarships from the Department of Biology of the University of Oklahoma to Z-ZH.",
"\n\nWe thank Drs. ",
"Ingo Schlupp and Christian Lemon for their advice on statistics and Dr. Paul Stein for comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.",
"\n\n[^1]: Edited by: *Deborah Baro, Georgia State University, United States*\n\n[^2]: Reviewed by: *Dawn M. Blitz, Miami University, United States; Rune W. Berg, University of Copenhagen, Denmark*\n\n[^3]: ^†^Present address: *Zhao-Zhe Hao, Department of Neurology, Boston VA Research Institute, Inc., Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States*\n"
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"it is giving error\n\nUnable to overloaded unary operator = in c#. ",
"it is giving error.",
"\npublic static Result operator =(Int32 iv)\n{\n return new Result(){iv=iv};\n}\n\nA:\n\nYou cannot overload the = operator in C#.",
"\nFrom 7.2.2 Operator overloading:\n\nIn particular, it is not possible to overload member access, method invocation, or the =, &&, ||, ?:, ",
"checked, unchecked, new, typeof, as, and is operators.",
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"A novel site of DNA amplification on chromosome 1p32-33 in a rhabdomyosarcoma revealed by comparative genomic hybridization.",
"\nCytogenetic analysis of a human embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma revealed a near-diploid karyotype with structural chromosome aberrations not involving the typical rearrangements of rhabdomyosarcomas, plus a large number of double minutes. ",
"Comparative genomic hybridization revealed a previously undescribed site of DNA amplification on the short arm of chromosome 1 (band 1p32-33)."
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"Manufacturing\n\nNote: This page is a reproduction of the Hillary for America policy proposal on manufacturing.",
"\n\nManufacturing is a vital source of good-paying jobs in our economy, and making things in America is critical to innovation and our prosperity. ",
"We have to support manufacturers and workers so we can compete and win in the global economy.",
"\n\nAs president, Hillary will:\n\nStrengthen American manufacturing through a $10 billion investment in “Make it in America” partnerships that bring together workers and labor, business, universities, community colleges, and government at every level to harness the strength of manufacturing communities across America. ",
"Businesses that take part will pledge not to shift jobs or profits from these partnerships overseas. ",
"And we will support strong “Buy American” standards so we make things here.",
"\n\nthrough a $10 billion investment in “Make it in America” partnerships that bring together workers and labor, business, universities, community colleges, and government at every level to harness the strength of manufacturing communities across America. ",
"Businesses that take part will pledge not to shift jobs or profits from these partnerships overseas. ",
"And we will support strong “Buy American” standards so we make things here. ",
"Prevent countries like China from abusing global trade rules and reject trade agreements that don’t meet high standards. ",
"Hillary will strengthen American trade enforcement so we stand up to foreign countries that aren’t playing by the rules–like China is doing right now with steel—and fight for American workers. ",
"She will say no to trade deals, like the Trans-Pacific Partnership, that do not meet her high standard of raising wages, creating good-paying jobs, and enhancing our national security.",
"\n\nHillary will strengthen American trade enforcement so we stand up to foreign countries that aren’t playing by the rules–like China is doing right now with steel—and fight for American workers. ",
"She will say no to trade deals, like the Trans-Pacific Partnership, that do not meet her high standard of raising wages, creating good-paying jobs, and enhancing our national security. ",
"Revitalize the hardest-hit manufacturing communities by creating tax incentives to encourage investment in communities that have faced or are about to face significant manufacturing job losses.",
"\n\nby creating tax incentives to encourage investment in communities that have faced or are about to face significant manufacturing job losses. ",
"Crack down on companies that ship jobs and earnings overseas and create incentives for companies to bring back jobs to the U.S.\n\nand create incentives for companies to bring back jobs to the U.S. Invest in America’s manufacturing workforce to ensure that it will always be the best in the world. ",
"Hillary will expand apprenticeships and training so our manufacturing workforce is always the best in the world.",
"\n\nAs a U.S. senator, Hillary co-founded the bipartisan Senate Manufacturing Caucus, fought Bush administration efforts to cut support for manufacturing, and called for a “New Manhattan Project” to rebuild American manufacturing.",
"\n\nHer plan builds on her career-long commitment to manufacturing, as well as on her previous proposals to invest in renewable energy and rebuild America’s infrastructure—two major investments that will drive demand for manufacturing across the country and strengthen our long-run competitiveness."
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"Q:\n\nSub items for server control\n\nI've been trying to create a server control. ",
"I've been trying to get my MenuItem to contain other MenuItems under neath it like this\n<cc1:DynamicMenu ID=\"DynamicMenu1\" runat=\"server\">\n <MenuItems>\n <cc1:MenuItem Text=\"\" Url=\"\">\n <cc1:MenuItem Text=\"\" Url=\"\">\n <cc1:MenuItem Text=\"\" Url=\"\"></cc1:MenuItem>\n </cc1:MenuItem>\n <cc1:MenuItem Text=\"\" Url=\"\">\n <cc1:MenuItem Text=\"\" Url=\"\"></cc1:MenuItem>\n </cc1:MenuItem> \n </cc1:MenuItem>\n </MenuItems>\n</cc1:DynamicMenu>\n\nbut my code only gives me this\n<cc1:DynamicMenu ID=\"DynamicMenu1\" runat=\"server\">\n <MenuItems>\n <cc1:MenuItem Text=\"\" Url=\"\">No other child elements for MenuItem</cc1:MenuItem>\n </MenuItems>\n</cc1:DynamicMenu>\n\nI have played around with ParseChildren and PersistChildren swaping there values from true or false and I've run out of ideas\ncould someone please help me with to resolve my problem below is my code.",
"\nusing System;\nusing System.",
"Collections.",
"Generic;\nusing System.",
"Linq;\nusing System.",
"Text;\nusing System.",
"ComponentModel;\nusing System.",
"Web;\nusing System.",
"Web.",
"UI;\nusing System.",
"Web.",
"UI.WebControls;\nusing System.",
"Security.",
"Permissions;\nusing System.",
"Collections;\n\nnamespace Gravity.",
"Controls\n{\n[AspNetHostingPermission(SecurityAction.",
"Demand, Level = AspNetHostingPermissionLevel.",
"Minimal)]\n[AspNetHostingPermission(SecurityAction.",
"InheritanceDemand, Level = AspNetHostingPermissionLevel.",
"Minimal)]\n[ParseChildren(true), PersistChildren(true)]\n[ToolboxData(\"<{0}:DynamicMenu runat=\\\"server\\\"></{0}:DynamicMenu>\")] \npublic class DynamicMenu : WebControl\n{\n public DynamicMenu()\n {\n\n }\n\n List<MenuItem> _menuItems;\n [PersistenceMode(PersistenceMode.",
"InnerProperty)] \n public List<MenuItem> MenuItems\n {\n get\n {\n if(_menuItems == null)\n _menuItems = new List<MenuItem>();\n return _menuItems;\n }\n }\n}\n\n[ParseChildren(false), PersistChildren(true)] \npublic class MenuItem: INamingContainer\n{\n private string _text;\n private string _url;\n\n public MenuItem(string text, string url)\n {\n\n }\n public MenuItem()\n : this(\"\", \"\")\n {\n\n }\n\n public string Text\n {\n get\n {\n return _text;\n }\n set\n {\n _text = value;\n }\n }\n\n public string Url\n {\n get\n {\n return _url;\n }\n set\n {\n _url = value;\n }\n }\n\n private List<MenuItem> _subMenuItems; \n public List<MenuItem> SubMenuItems\n {\n get\n {\n if (_subMenuItems == null)\n _subMenuItems = new List<MenuItem>();\n return _subMenuItems;\n }\n }\n}\n}\n\nA:\n\nYou need to dynamically add an instance of your custom control to itself in the OnItemDataBound event. ",
" This will re-curse until your business logic condition is met(ie:no children, so don't add another control) within the OnItemDataBound.",
"\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nGetting an error: \"Has no exported member AngularFire, AuthProviders, AUthMethods, FirebaseListObservable\" in AngularFire2?",
"\n\nI am new to Angular 4, so I am creating a firebase chat app with Angular 4, and then when I import some modules like this: \nimport { AngularFire, AuthProviders, AuthMethods,FirebaseListObservable } from 'angularfire2';\n\nI get an error for each module that says \n\nHas no exported member AngularFire, AuthProviders, AUthMethods, FirebaseListObservable. ",
"\n\nThank you\n\nA:\n\nUP TO DATE(Ver 5.0.0-rc3):\nWhile getting this error, this means you are using old Database API. ",
"This can solved by importing FirebaseListObservable from depracated module(See also @Ashish Jha answer):\nimport { AngularFireModule } from 'angularfire2';\nimport { AngularFireDatabase, FirebaseListObservable, FirebaseObjectObservable } from 'angularfire2/database-deprecated';\n\nIt's recommended to use the latest API since AngularFire 5.0 brings new API for the Realtime Database. ",
"Refer upgrade guide.",
"\n\nORIGINAL ANSWER:\nAngularFire2 has separate its modules since 4.0.0+.",
"\nyou can import those two module if you want use auth of angularfire2, see their change log :\nimport {AngularFireModule} from 'angularfire2';\n// for auth \nimport {AngularFireAuthModule} from 'angularfire2/auth';\n// for database\nimport {AngularFireDatabaseModule} from 'angularfire2/database';\n\nand import Auth and Observable(AuthMethods can be found in AngularFireAuth) type by:\n// for auth\nimport { AngularFireAuth } from 'angularfire2/auth';\n// for database\nimport { AngularFireDatabase } from 'angular2/database';\n// for Observables\nimport {FirebaseListObservable, FirebaseObjectObservable } from 'angularfire2/database';\n\nA:\n\nThe solution that worked for me was to change this line\nimport { AngularFire, AuthProviders, AuthMethods,FirebaseListObservable } from 'angularfire2'; \n\nto\nimport { AngularFireAuth } from 'angularfire2/auth';\n\nimport { AngularFireDatabase, FirebaseListObservable } from \"angularfire2/database-deprecated\";\n\nYou can read more about it here https://github.com/angular/angularfire2/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md\n\n"
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"Supreme Court Associate Justice Brett Kavanaugh did not author Monday's opinion that overturned a 1972 decision regarding unanimous jury verdicts, but in a concurring opinion he outlined how he believes the court should determine when it is appropriate to throw out \"erroneous precedents.\"",
"\n\nIn doing so, he invoked the abortion debate.",
"\n\nKavanaugh's concurrence opened by pointing out that it is far from rare for the court to overturn a long-standing precedent, listing high-profile cases including the decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey. ",
"That case is known for maintaining the right to an abortion, but Kavanaugh discussed in a footnote that it is also relevant because it overturned elements of Roe v. Wade.",
"\n\nBRIT HUME: MEDIA'S DOUBLE STANDARD IS 'PRETTY OBVIOUS' IN COVERAGE OF BIDEN AND KAVANAUGH ALLEGATIONS\n\n\"In Casey, the Court reaffirmed what it described as the 'central holding' of Roe v. Wade,\" Kavanaugh wrote, but noted that the court also \"expressly rejected Roe’s trimester framework, and the Court expressly overruled two other important abortion precedents.”",
"\n\nKavanaugh asserted that history shows that the tradition of following judicial precedent – commonly referred to as the doctrine of stare decisis – “is not an ‘inexorable command.’” ",
"Still, he made clear that “to overrule a constitutional precedent, the Court requires something ‘over and above the belief that the precedent was wrongly decided.’”",
"\n\nSUPREME COURT AT APPARENT ODDS OVER KEY ABORTION CASE ON CLINIC ACCESS RESTRICTIONS\n\nThe justice then put forth suggestions of three questions justices can ask to decide whether a wrong decision warrants being overturned. ",
"First is whether the old decision is “not just wrong, but grievously or egregiously wrong?” ",
"He explained that justices can look to quality of reasoning, consistency with other decisions, changed laws and facts, workability and more in answering that question.",
"\n\nThe second question is whether the past case “caused significant negative jurisprudential or real-world consequences?” ",
"This includes “real-world effects on the citizenry, not just its effects on the law and the legal system.” ",
"The third question is whether overturning the case would “unduly upset reliance interests?” ",
"This would include looking at how old the precedent is and how people have relied on it.",
"\n\nPrecedent was a subject of the grilling Kavanaugh faced during his Senate confirmation process, particularly regarding Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey. ",
"He emphasized at the time that it is precedent, and that Casey is “precedent on a precedent.”",
"\n\nAbortion rights proponents may look to Monday’s concurring opinion as evidence that Kavanaugh is ready, willing and able to overturn precedent, but conservatives could also point to words that would seem to indicate otherwise.",
"\n\nWHO ARE THE 9 JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT?",
"\n\n“[E]ven when judges agree that a prior decision is wrong, they may disagree about whether the decision is so egregiously wrong as to justify an overruling,” he wrote.",
"\n\nAt his confirmation hearing, Kavanaugh pointed out the late Chief Justice William Rehnquist affirmed Miranda despite criticizing that decision in the past, because “he decided that it had been settled too long, had been precedent too long.” ",
"During the same hearing, Kavanaugh said of Roe v. Wade, “It’s not as if it’s just a run-of-the-mill case that was decided and never been reconsidered.”",
"\n\nKavanaugh noted in Monday’s opinion that in some cases justices could disagree about “the severity of the jurisprudential or real-world consequences caused by the erroneous decision and, therefore, whether the decision is worth overruling.” ",
"He suggested that rather than overturning a previous decision, justices could address the issue “by narrowing the precedent.”",
"\n\nThe proposed framework for stare decisis, Kavanaugh said, “set[s] a high (but not insurmountable) bar for overruling a precedent,” and “limit[s] the number of overrulings and maintain[s] stability in the law.\"",
"\n\nCLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APP\n\nThe narrowing of abortion rights has been the concern of those opposing a Louisiana law at the center of a case currently before the Supreme Court. ",
"In March justices heard oral arguments in June Medical Services LLC v. Russo, which involves a Louisiana law requiring abortion doctors in Louisiana to have admitting privileges at a nearby hospital.",
"\n\nIn 2016, the Supreme Court shot down a similar law that had been passed in Texas because it created an undue burden on women seeking an abortion by limiting the number of available facilities."
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[
"Q:\n\nwhen to use show Segues & when to use Show detail Segues\n\nI am new to IOS Development and I am confused between when to use show segue & when to use Show detail segue. ",
"Both them are used in the default master-detail project.",
"\nSo when do we use either of them? ",
"What is the best case to use show segue & when to use show detail segue?",
"\n\nA:\n\nShow segue can be used with navigation controllers, they simply push viewControllers on your stack.",
"\nShow detail segue has only sense with split view controllers. ",
"Since you have two viewControllers inside your split view controller you can:\n\nnavigate in your master view controller by presenting (pushing, since the default project uses a navigationVC as master VC) view controllers with Show segue\nshow details in your detail view controller with Show detail segue\n\nIn case you don't know how a Split view controller is composed:\n**************++++++++++++++++++\n* * +\n* * +\n* master * detail +\n* view * view +\n* controller * controller +\n* * +\n* * +\n**************++++++++++++++++++\n\nBUT !",
"\nOn iphones it's presented like this (iPhone6+ landscape excluded)\n****************\n*++++++++++++++*\n*+ +*\n*+ +*\n*+ +*\n*+ detail +*\n*+ view +*\n*+ controller +*\n*+ +*\n*+ +*\n*++++++++++++++*\n****************\n\nBoth of Show segueand Show detail segue are new to iOS8 & Xcode6, they are called adaptative segues, they behaves differently depending on the device type or the orientation.",
"\nBasically, Show segueand Show detail segue seems to do the same thing on iPhones, since there is no much space to present view controllers side by side.",
"\nTechnically, you don't present details several times until you go back in your navigation. ",
"Only the master view controller should perform Show detail segues, a detail view controller should be a leaf in your navigation tree (but it's not forbidden to use a navigationVC as a leaf ;) )\nHope it helps.",
"\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nClosed form for $\\int_0^1\\frac{x^{5/6}}{(1-x)^{1/6}\\,(1+2\\,x)^{4/3}}\\log\\left(\\frac{1+2x}{x\\,(1-x)}\\right)\\,dx$\n\nI need to evaluate this integral:\n$$Q=\\int_0^1\\frac{x^{5/6}}{(1-x)^{1/6}\\,(1+2\\,x)^{4/3}}\\log\\left(\\frac{1+2x}{x\\,(1-x)}\\right)\\,dx.$$\nI tried it in Mathematica, but it was not able to find a closed form. ",
"A numerical integration returned\n$$Q\\approx0.670803371410017436741...$$\n\nIs it possible to find a closed form for $Q$?",
"\n\nThis integral is not from a book, it is part of some calculations related to theoretical physics. ",
"I do not have a particular reason to be sure that a closed form exists.",
"\n\nA:\n\n$$Q=\\frac{\\Gamma\\left(\\frac56\\right)}{\\Gamma\\left(\\frac13\\right)}\\cdot\\frac{\\sqrt{27}+\\sqrt3\\,\\ln\\left(16+8\\,\\sqrt3\\right)-2\\pi}{\\sqrt[3]{76+44\\,\\sqrt3}}\\cdot\\sqrt\\pi$$\n\nProof:\nLooking through Table of Integrals, Series, and Products, $7^{th}$ Edition, I.S. Gradshteyn, I.M. Ryzhik, I noticed that the formula 3.255 could be taken as a starting point:\n$$\\int_0^1\\frac{x^{\\mu+\\frac12}(1-x)^{\\mu-\\frac12}}{\\left(c+2\\,b\\,x-a\\,x^2\\right)^{\\mu+1}}dx=\\frac{\\sqrt\\pi}{\\left(a+\\left(\\sqrt{c+2\\,b-a}+\\sqrt{c}\\right)^2\\right)^{\\mu+\\frac12}\\sqrt{c+2\\,b-a}}\\cdot\\frac{\\Gamma\\left(\\mu+\\frac12\\right)}{\\Gamma(\\mu+1)}$$\nFixing the parameters $a=0,\\ b=1,\\ c=1$, we can make an observation that the integrand in $Q$ can be represented as a derivative of the integrand in 3.255:\n$$\\frac{x^{5/6}}{(1-x)^{1/6}\\,(1+2\\,x)^{4/3}}\\ln\\left(\\frac{1+2\\,x}{x\\,(1-x)}\\right)=\\partial_\\mu\\left(\\frac{x^{\\mu+\\frac12}(1-x)^{\\mu-\\frac12}}{(1+2\\,x)^{\\mu+1}}\\right)_{\\mu=\\frac13}$$\nNow we need to calculate the derivative of the right-hand side of 3.255:\n$$Q=\\partial_\\mu\\left(\\frac{\\sqrt\\pi}{\\left(\\sqrt3+1\\right)^{2\\mu+1}\\sqrt3}\\cdot\\frac{\\Gamma\\left(\\mu+\\frac12\\right)}{\\Gamma(\\mu+1)}\\right)_{\\mu=\\frac13}\\\\=\\sqrt{\\frac\\pi3}\\left(\\frac{\\psi\\left(\\mu+\\frac12\\right)-\\psi(\\mu+1)-2\\ln\\left(\\sqrt3+1\\right)}{\\left(\\sqrt3+1\\right)^{2\\mu+1}}\\cdot\\frac{\\Gamma\\left(\\mu+\\frac12\\right)}{\\Gamma(\\mu+1)}\\right)_{\\mu=\\frac13}\\\\=\\sqrt{\\frac\\pi3}\\cdot\\frac{\\psi\\left(\\frac56\\right)-\\psi\\left(\\frac43\\right)-2\\ln\\left(\\sqrt3+1\\right)}{\\left(\\sqrt3+1\\right)^{\\frac53}}\\cdot\\frac{\\Gamma\\left(\\frac56\\right)}{\\Gamma\\left(\\frac43\\right)}$$\nHere $\\psi(z)=\\partial_z\\ln\\Gamma(z)$ is the digamma function. ",
"Using Gauss digamma theorem we can expand the values of the digamma function that appear in this formula:\n$$\\psi\\left(\\frac56\\right)=\\frac{\\pi\\,\\sqrt3}2-\\frac{3\\ln3}2-2\\ln2-\\gamma$$\n$$\\psi\\left(\\frac43\\right)=3-\\frac{\\pi\\,\\sqrt3}6-\\frac{3\\ln3}2-\\gamma$$\nPlugging these values back to the previous formula, we get the desired result.",
"\n\nAddendum (By editor): The formula $3.255$ in G&R that Vladimir quoted, can be proved by 6 substitutions, that is: $$x\\to 1-t, t\\to \\frac1u, u\\to v+1, v\\to w^2, w\\to y \\sqrt[4]{\\frac a{a+b-c}}$$\nand the final one is the a V. Moll's variant of Cauchy-Schlomilch transform (i.e. dealing with integrals involving $\\left(\\frac{x^2}{x^4+2ax^2+1}\\right)^c$), which can be find in Theorem $4.1$ of:\n\nAmdeberhan, T. , et al. \"",
"The Cauchy-Schlomilch transformation.\" ",
"Mathematics (2010).",
"\n\nThis justifies the correctness of $3.255$.\n\nA:\n\nThe same integral without the log term is given by\n$$ Q(a,b,c) = \\int_0^1 \\frac{x^a}{(1-x)^b(1+2x)^c}\\,dx = \\frac{\\Gamma(1+a)\\Gamma(1-b)}{\\Gamma(2+a-b)} F\\left(\\begin{array}{c}1+a,c\\\\2+a-b\\end{array}\\middle|-2\\right), $$\nbecause this integral is one of the common integral representations of the hypergeometric function, such as DLMF 15.6.1.",
"\nAt the point $(a,b,c)=(\\frac56,\\frac16,\\frac43)$, the integral you want is given by a sum of partial derivatives of $Q$ at that point:\n$$ (-\\partial_a+\\partial_b-\\partial_c)Q(a,b,c). ",
"$$\nDerivatives of the hypergeometric function with respect to\nparameters generally aren't expected to have a closed form, except in terms of\nfunctions such as Appell functions or Kampe de Feriet functions\nif those can be considered closed form.",
"\n\n"
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"At Harvard, Dennis Ross takes another bite of the apple\n\nCAMBRIDGE, Mass.—Appearing considerably greyer than when he began negotiating the Oslo peace process for the Clinton Administration 18 years ago, former Middle East envoy Dennis Ross addressed Harvard University’s first Israel Conference April 20 on the topic of “Innovating the Peace Process”.",
"\n\nA month earlier, the same auditorium hosted Harvard’s “One State Conference,” produced by Students for Justice in Palestine and other assorted anti-Israel student groups. ",
"Roiled by the controversy of being hosted by Harvard’s prestigious Kennedy School of Government, the “One State Conference” welcomed veteran Israel-bashers Ilan (“The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine”) Pappe, Stephen (“Israel Lobby”) Walt and Ali (“Electronic Intifadah”) Abunimah, among others.",
"\n\nIn spite of being planned before the anti-Israel conference, the latest program’s focus on cooperation with Palestinian business ventures and Israel’s remarkable technological innovations stood in stark contrast to the One State Conference, whose self-proclaimed goal was the supposed peaceful elimination of Israel as a Jewish state.",
"\n\nRoss currently serves as counselor at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy after resigning last November as special adviser to Hillary Clinton on Iran and Southeast Asia, reportedly after clashing with George Mitchell during his failed attempt to secure a permanent settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict for the Obama Administration. ",
"Overall, he has served as a Middle East adviser for five U.S. presidents.",
"\n\nAt Harvard April 20, Ross’s appetite for a second bite of the apple—or, perhaps his 10th bite—amounted to proposing a “hybrid model” for Arab-Israeli negotiations, this time around an amalgam of two previous models. ",
"First, the “incremental” model, in which each side fulfills step-by-step conditions. ",
"Second, the “comprehensive” model, that goes straight to final settlement negotiations ultimately producing a new Palestinian state including East Jerusalem, and a durable peace including Arab recognition of Israel as a Jewish state. ",
"There have been so many proposed models that it’s hard to keep them straight. ",
"But don’t worry, said Ross, this time it’s sure to work.",
"\n\nOf course, there is one critical component of the “hybrid,” echoing the sine qua non of Ross’s former boss, President Obama: Freezing (and dismantling) of “settlements” must accompany final status negotiations. ",
"He reminded his audience of this provision, contained in 2002’s so-called Road Map. ",
"But, he chose not to mention the crucial provision from the Israeli point of view that calls for all armed Arab factions to be disarmed and disbanded. ",
"It would seem that some provisions are created more equal than others.",
"\n\nIn addition to Ross’s latest model, there’s another one described by its brilliant author, Ambassador Henny Youngman—the “eternal look-the-other-way model”:\n\n“My doctor gave me six months to live. ",
"I didn’t pay the bill—so he gave me another six months.”",
"\n\nWhen it came to confronting Palestinian terror and the refusal to educate their people for a culture of peace and coexistence, Ross and his employers were always ready to give another six months.",
"\n\nOr, perhaps the Albert Einstein model applies: “Insanity amounts to doing the same thing over and over expecting different results.” ",
"At any rate, Dennis Ross would love to get back in the game.",
"\n\nSadly, the nearly 20-year-old peace process has become a self-sustaining industry, producing lucrative incomes and prestigious accolades for people who have accomplished exactly nothing in terms of solving the conflict. ",
"Still packing halls around the world, Ross represents certainly not the triumph of diplomacy, but rather its abject failure. ",
"One questioner seemed to nail it when he suggested that all these years of failed “models” may have produced more conflict than would have occurred in the absence of any peace process.",
"\n\nInexplicably, for Ross and his employers, the Palestinians never conformed to the logical models set up for them. ",
"It would seem that Arafat and Abu Mazen were reading from a different script. ",
"And when all else fails, put more pressure on Israel—it’s a proven tactic that works for Labor and Likud and everything in between.",
"\n\nThis season’s latest model from Ross is the “hybrid.” ",
"But, alas, the Middle East will suffer buyer’s remorse when it finds out that its new car gets zero miles per gallon.",
"\n\nHillel Stavis is a writer based in Cambridge, Mass. He focuses on investigative reporting on Harvard University and the Boston higher education community.",
"\n\nJNS.org is an independent, non-profit news agency committed to growing the coverage of Israel news and broader global Jewish news. ",
"We provide news from around the world, as well as a rich assortment of photos and art, culture and lifestyle features, and commentary. ",
"Traditionally, print newspapers have been the focal sources for Jewish news and Israel news. ",
"Many such papers are now struggling with circulation and advertising declines, and with the competition of web journalism. ",
"JNS.org is committed to help these print newspapers survive through distributing high quality news content and offering special editorial packages around which subscribers can sell themed advertising."
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"Solvent effects in the geometric reorganization of an oxo-molybdenum(V) system.",
"\nWe have previously postulated a serine gated electron transfer hypothesis (Inorg. ",
"Chem, 2002, 41, 1281-1291) to possibly be involved in gating electron transfer between the Mo(V) and Mo(IV) states. ",
"In this study we explored the effect of solvent dielectric upon the rate and mechanism of isomerization of an oxo-Mo(V) core in attempt to understand the effect of solvent polarity to the isomerization reaction. ",
"To this end, the data suggests that there may be significant entropic contributions to the reorganization of metal center as a function of the local dielectric constant. ",
"Furthermore, we note that there is a change in the observed rate as well as the mechanism of the geometric rearrangement when it is examined in polar and non-polar environments. ",
"More specifically, in low dielectric media, the reaction proceeds either via a fast dissociation which is then followed by a twist mechanism or by a dissociation that is synchronized with the twist mechanism."
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"Q:\n\nWebSocket - Closing Handshake Gorilla\n\nSnippet from WebSocket RFC:\n\nTo Start the WebSocket Closing Handshake with a status code (Section 7.4) /code/ and an optional close reason (Section 7.1.6) /reason/, an endpoint MUST send a Close control frame, as described in Section 5.5.1, whose status code is set to /code/ and whose close reason is set to /reason/. Once an endpoint has both sent and received a Close control frame, that endpoint SHOULD Close the WebSocket Connection as defined in Section 7.1.1.",
"\n\nI am trying to do the Close Handshake using Gorilla WebSocket package with the following code:\nServer:\n// Create upgrader function\nconn, err := upgrader.",
"Upgrade(w, r, nil)\n\n// If there is an error stop everything.",
"\nif err !",
"= nil {\n fmt.",
"Println(err)\n return\n}\n\nfor {\n // Read Messages\n _, _, err := conn.",
"ReadMessage()\n // Client is programmed to send a close frame immediately...\n // When reading close frame resend close frame with same\n // reason and code\n conn.",
"WriteMessage(websocket.",
"CloseMessage, websocket.",
"FormatCloseMessage(1000, \"woops\"))\n fmt.",
"Println(err)\n break\n}\n\nClient:\nd := &websocket.",
"Dialer{}\n\nconn, _, err := d.Dial(\"ws://localhost:8080\", nil)\n\nif err !",
"= nil {\n fmt.",
"Println(err)\n return\n}\n\ngo func() {\n for {\n // Read Messages\n _, _, err := conn.",
"ReadMessage()\n\n if c, k := err.(*websocket.",
"CloseError); k {\n if(c.",
"Code == 1000) {\n // Never entering since c.Code == 1005\n fmt.",
"Println(err)\n break\n }\n }\n }\n}()\n\nconn.",
"WriteMessage(websocket.",
"CloseMessage, websocket.",
"FormatCloseMessage(1000, \"woops\"))\n\nfor {}\n\nThe server is reading the Close Frame as expected outputting the following:\n\nwebsocket: close 1000 (normal): woops\n\nHowever the client is like its stopping to read once it sends a close message. ",
"The ReadMessage continue to return error 1005. ",
"What am I doing wrong?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe server responds to a close frame with the code:\n c.WriteControl(CloseMessage, []byte{}, time.",
"Now().Add(writeWait))\n\nThis is translated to close code 1005 (no status received) by the client.",
"\nThe 1000 oops close frame written by the server is not seen by the client application because the websocket connection stops reading from network after receiving the first close frame. ",
"\nThe client application should exit the loop when an error is returned from ReadMessage. ",
"There's no need to check for specific close codes.",
"\nfor {\n // Read Messages\n _, _, err := conn.",
"ReadMessage()\n if err !",
"= nil {\n break\n }\n}\n\nUnrelated to the issue in the question, the server application should close the websocket connection after sending the close frame.",
"\nAlso unrelated to the issue in the question, use select {} instead of for {} to block the main goroutine. ",
"The former simply blocks the goroutine. ",
" The latter spins using CPU time.",
"\n\n"
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"If universities continue to heed the call of corporatisation, the role of the academic – as we know it – will become extinct\n\nAs an early-career lecturer in a post-1992 university, I often feel like a rare bird in an ornate cage struggling to maintain its dignity in a discount superstore filled with pets. ",
"This bird knows it could have been a proud representative of a noble lineage and chirrups dolefully as it ruffles its plumes, but the song is drowned out by the bustling sale of cheap, plastic imitation bird-objects around it.",
"\n\nThe British higher education sector is in full-on crisis mode and those chosen or imposed to oversee this crisis are, in the main, non-academics and are recruited from the private sector. ",
"Academic ideals are being crushed by the visions of middle-management bureaucrats who view the progress and survival of higher education as requiring its surrender to private sector ideals. ",
"The changes in higher education over the past few years have been dramatic, with £9,000 a year tuition fees only the latest and most public step in what appears to be a wholesale corporatisation of the sector.",
"\n\nAlong with this \"progress\" comes inevitable inequality. ",
"The University and Colleges Union (UCU) have recently joined forces with Unison, Unite and EIS to organise a series of strikes by members over unfair pay. ",
"According to UCU figures, last year the Universities and College Employers Association offered university staff a paltry 1% pay rise, which actually amounts to a 13% pay cut since 2009.",
"\n\nWere we all in it together, such an offer might be palatable. ",
"However, it came as pay for vice-chancellors rose an average of 5% over the last year. ",
"According to UCU, over the same period some vice-chancellors received up to 19% pay rises, while some senior managers received a 30% bump. ",
"To put this in context, their average salaries are around £320,000 a year; a junior lecturer earns between £31,000 to 36,000. ",
"Caterers, cleaners, security staff and estates personnel earn much, much less, and most of them are now employed by private firms.",
"\n\nThe arguments for the grotesque inequalities of pay are twofold: the universities cannot afford to offer pay rises \"given current conditions\", and senior executive salaries must stay competitive to attract the best talent. ",
"While the former is simply untrue, the latter justification is devastatingly familiar and illustrates the new mentality pervading higher education.",
"\n\nWhile senior representatives of universities are pushing through deflated salaries, academics are being asked to undertake more and more administrative tasks. ",
"Many of these are in the service of surveys such as the National Student Survey, that sickeningly sibilant acronym guaranteed to send any lecturer into a spasm of despair. ",
"Such despair is not because we don't care about students; far from it. ",
"We work hard to help students develop strong, critical voices and use their time at university to cultivate a deep involvement in their subject.",
"\n\nIt is the overbearing importance afforded to the pursuit of statistics that we resist. ",
"Students now supply their opinions on a host of irrelevant issues and are harassed into believing that their satisfaction should maintain a constant 100%. ",
"The more students engage in such processes, the more they are encouraged to forget their own responsibilities and commitment to study as well as their own academic aspirations. ",
"In such a culture, students are finding it increasingly difficult to distinguish their everyday role as a consumer from that of being a student.",
"\n\nGiven that a good deal of universities (not mine ... yet) are now forcing academic staff into private sector-style open-plan office environments, I suspect we will see more and more academics treated simply as information providers, selling their products like plastic birds.",
"\n\nWith diminishing research hours and dwindling understanding of pure research beyond the scope of manager-led strategy panels, academics are fighting for the time and space in which to undertake scholarship. ",
"If universities continue to heed the call of corporatisation, the precious bird of academia will become extinct, leaving only its exotic feathers as relics of rapidly fading ideals.",
"\n\nWould you like to write for academics anonymous? ",
"Do you have an idea for a blog post about the trials, tribulations and frustrations of university life? ",
"Get in touch: claire.shaw@theguardian.com\n\nThis content is brought to you by Guardian Professional. ",
"Looking for your next university role? ",
"Browse Guardian jobs for hundreds of the latest academic, administrative and research posts"
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"Alterations in Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity and fluidity of erythrocyte membranes from relatives of insulin dependent diabetic patients.",
"\nSeveral plasma membrane alterations have been described in diabetes mellitus. ",
"Data reported in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) suggested that these alterations might be present before the onset of overt metabolic derangement. ",
"On the basis of these data it is tempting to hypothesize that the reduction in the sodium pump activity might be due to a genetic factor acting at the membrane level before the onset of diabetes. ",
"In order to verify this hypothesis 11 insulin-dependent diabetic patients, 15 first degree relatives of the patients and 10 healthy subjects with a negative family history for diabetes mellitus were studied. ",
"Fluidity, Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity and membrane cholesterol content (C) were evaluated on plasma membranes obtained from red blood cells (RBCs). ",
"Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity was reduced with a contemporary increase in membrane fluidity in RBCs from IDDM patients in comparison to either relatives and controls. ",
"The same alterations were observed also in RBCs from the relatives in comparison to controls. ",
"We did not find any significant difference in the C content among the three groups. ",
"Data herein reported provide evidence that a reduction in the Na+/K(+)-ATPase activity is present in the plasma membrane of relatives of diabetic subjects. ",
"Furthermore, the present work suggests that the change in enzymatic activity might be related to modifications in membrane fluidity."
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"Musings | One of those women\n\nby Magdalena on October 26, 2012\n\nMy Mitford phase from earlier this year is back! ",
"One of the books I hadn’t managed to finish in wave one was The Blessing. ",
"It’s full of the amusing aristocratic chroniclings for which Mitford is known so naturally I recommend it. ",
"But you already knew that.",
"\n\nIn my view, a sign of a great writer is the ability to capture a perspective or emotion in such a way that it stands out for the reader as a great truth or insight. ",
"When I read this statement from a dramatic dowager character, it struck me and I immediately emailed it to my sister. ",
"It seems to be the kind of thing that any hostess would want to live up to, this notion of atmosphere over arrangement. ",
"Beautiful decorating is terrific and we’re all about it, but that’s why good hostesses stand out. ",
"They make the house a home with the way they live in their space. ",
"I hope friends who squeeze into my little nugget of an apartment (a little over 300 sq. ",
"ft. ",
"can be challenging!) ",
"feel a warmth and happiness when they come over — and not just because it’s small.",
"\n\nThat’s enough from my soapbox tonight, it’s Friday baby! ",
"Time to have a cocktail and not see Outlook in my field of vision for two whole days! ",
"Good luck to all the hosts and hostesses bringing Halloween to life this weekend."
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"Pages\n\nMouse Over to Stop Rotation & Read Ad\n\nWednesday, August 12, 2015\n\nClimate Change Skeptic Attacks EPA's Clean Power Plan\n\nFrom TownHall comes an op-ed piece by Paul Driessen, a senior policy advisor with the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow, which attacks the EPA Clean Power Plan that was announced by the Obama administration last week.",
"\n\nHere is a sampling of what Driessen has to say:\n\nSome 30 states will have to slash their power plant CO2 emissions by more than 32% and at least 12 will have to implement 40-48% reductions. ",
"That is a tall order, since all those states now get 50-96% of their electricity from coal, and all of them depend on coal plus natural gas for nearly all their electric power. ",
"Imposing that transition and a conversion to 20% or more expensive and unreliable wind and solar energy by 2030 will be disastrous. ",
"It will bankrupt families, businesses, industries, communities and even states.",
"\n\nElectricity rates will rise not merely to the 15-17 cents/kWh in “green energy” states like California,from the 8-9 cents per kilowatt-hour currently paid in coal-reliant states. ",
"They could skyrocketto the 36-40 cents/kWh now paid in Denmark and Germany (70-80 cents when taxpayer subsidies are included).",
"\n\nThat will hammer everything we make, grow, ship, eat and do. ",
"It will impair our livelihoods, living standards, liberties and life spans. ",
"And these destructive rules are being imposed by callous, imperious, unelected, unaccountable federal bureaucrats who are circumventing our laws and Constitution; disregarding the clear will of Congress, which has rejected nearly 700 climate bills; and colluding regularly with radical Big Green pressure groups on sue-and-settle lawsuits and new regulatory edicts.",
"\n\nUnder the CPP, everything business owners, workers, families and communities strived for their entire lives will be at risk. ",
"Millions of workers will lose their jobs, leaving more families destitute and welfare dependent, their sense of self-worth destroyed. ",
"Many will have to choose between buying food and gasoline, paying the rent or mortgage, going to the doctor, giving to their church, or saving for retirement.",
"\n\nFamilies will face severe sleep deprivation, greater stress and depression, and more drug and alcohol abuse, spousal and child abuse, theft and robbery. ",
"Nutrition and medical care will suffer. ",
"More people will have strokes and heart attacks. ",
"More will die prematurely or commit suicide. ",
"More elderly people will perish from hypothermia, because they cannot afford to heat their homes properly.",
"\n\nDriessen certainly paints a grim view of the Clean Power Plan's future impacts. ",
"In a time where the pro-drilling, pro-gas side of the energy debate so often accuses environmentalists of making alarmist claims to elicit an emotional response and gain support, this article reveals that pro-industry advocates aren't free from accusation in that area."
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"Q:\n\nSetting white balance for raw image from Canon S100 using Lighroom failed to work well\n\nI have a Canon Powershot S100 and use Adobe Photoshop 5.1, up until this point I have just saved images on my camera jpeg but I decided to try saving as raw format as well. ",
"So I set my camera to save as raw and jpeg, and in Lightroom I selected Preferences:General:Treat JPEG files as separate photos so I could compare the jpeg with the raw version.",
"\nBecause it was evening and I was at home I took a photo in my lounge and set the white-balance to Tungsten. ",
"\nNow as I understand RAW format ignore certain options set on the camera such as white balance and has to be applied in post-processing so I was expecting to see two photos that were similar but different, and that the most obvious difference would be white balance. ",
"In Lightroom the colours were indeed different so I set white balance of the RAW file to Tungsten and instead of that changing the colours so they were similar it made the picture very yellow and it looked hideous.",
"\nAm I doing something wrong or is this a problem with the camera or Lightrooom. ",
"DO I need to process the files with something else before using them with Lightroom ?",
"\n** Edited **\nHere are the files:\nJpeg as copied from camera to lightroom\nRaw as copied from camera to lightroom and immediately exported to jpeg\nRaw as copied from camera to lightroom, tungsten whitebalance set and exported to jpg \n\nA:\n\nI think your overthinking things. ",
"Every RAW file is TAGGED with a white balance value. ",
"The tag simply contains the Kelvin rating for the white balance. ",
"If you selected Tungsten in camera, then by default the image, when rendered with Lightroom, will be rendered with a Kelvin rating somewhere between 2800K and 3300K (depends on the camera.) ",
"\nIf you further changed your white balance bu selecting Tungsten from \"As Shot\", then yes, your white balance is going to be incorrect. ",
"Even the seemingly minor change from 3300K to 2800K is actually huge. ",
"One has a soft yellow-orange appearance (3300K), and the other has a deep orange appearance (2800K), and that's just relative to each other.",
"\nSo, effectively, yes you are \"double applying\" a Tungsten white balance, since Lightroom is already applying whatever Kelvin rating was stored in the RAW metadata. ",
"If you like how the image WB is when left at \"As Shot\", then just leave it at \"As Shot\". ",
"If you want it to be more orange, choose \"Tungsten\". ",
"If you want it to be whiter, choose \"Daylight\". ",
"Pretty much as simple as that.",
"\n\n"
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"Allah says in the Holy Quran what means \" \"Soon will We show them Our Signs in the (furthest) regions (of the earth), and in their own souls, until it becomes manifest to them that this is the Truth. ",
"Is it not enough that thy Lord doth witness all things? \"",
"\n\nEnter your search termsSubmit search form\n\nTuesday, August 28, 2007\n\nIn the verse preceding the above verse (The Knocker, verse 11), the returning property of the sky was stressed; this refers to phenomena unknown to men 1400 years ago (Chapter 20 of the present book). ",
"In the above verse there are also factual implications that the public during the Prophet’s time did not know. ",
"As faults had not yet been discovered, the verse was believed to refer to the opening of the earth for the sprouting of vegetation.",
"\n\nIn the post-Second World War years, scientists intensified submarine research activity with a view to having access to precious metals and minerals. ",
"During this research work, they came across something quite unexpected; the bottom of the seas were covered with fissures that came to be called “faults” or “cracks.” ",
"If we draw an analogy between the period that has elapsed since the second world war until today with the period that has elapsed from the time of the descent of the Quran 1400 years ago, when there was reference to this information in the Quran, we can better appreciate the value of this reference.",
"\n\nEVERYTHING IS INTERCONNECTED\n\nThe Quran now draws our attention to the sky, now to the earth, displaying the hidden mysteries and inciting us to inquire into them. ",
"As is the case with the sky, so it is with the depths of the earth-endless mysteries waiting to be unraveled. ",
"The “fractured earth” referred to in the verse is of towering importance from the point of view of establishing a connection between the magma under the ground and the surface. ",
"These cracks also play a decisive role in the formation of the submarine topography.",
"\n\nInformation about the faults is also important as it provides us with detailed knowledge about earthquakes. ",
"Big earthquakes occur along the fault lines on the crust. ",
"Differentiated movements in the huge masses of substrata form a strain along the fault line. ",
"The rocks on each side of the cracks try to resist it before the crust gives way.",
"\n\nIn any single earthquake, the amount of slip, in other words the relative displacement of the two fault surfaces, may be a few inches, it is so even in big earthquakes. ",
"Studies have been carried out on faults to map out the regions likely to suffer greater damages, the requirements for the construction of edifices to resist the tremor.",
"\n\nThe greatest fault upon the earth is the one that stretches from Greenland’s offshore to Antarctica. ",
"The second largest one stretches along the Pacific Ocean along the Western shore of North and South America. ",
"The third important fault lies in the depths of the Asian continent under the Himalayas and follows the South Asian direction. ",
"Along with these greater ones there are shorter ones as well. ",
"The Quran directs our attention to places where earthquakes can be expected to take place. ",
"If we give up our custom of reciting the Quran merely for the souls of those who have departed, and take it as a guide for our life, we can reach the truth hidden in it.",
"\n\n89- We have sent down to you a Book explaining all things, a guide, a mercy and glad tidings for those who submit.16-The Honeybee, 89"
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"After several years of ongoing relationship with NASA, the DIRECT Team is pleased to see that many of the principles that defined our Jupiter HLV design have found application in NASA's new flagship launch vehicle, the SLS.",
"\n\nWhile we are disappointed that the agency has chosen to introduce costly additions to the heavy-lift design, rather than make maximum utilization of existing components, technology, and infrastructure, we are pleased that the Administration, Congress and NASA have found common ground and charted a course forward for our nation as we move beyond the era of the Space Shuttle.",
"\n\nAs we look forward to that future, the entire team offers our very best wishes to NASA as the agency embarks on a new path of once again leading mankind beyond the confines of Low Earth Orbit; back to the Moon, on to Mars, and then beyond, into the deepest reaches of our vast solar system.",
"\n\nWe thank you for your support over the years."
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"Q:\n\nLog not working (or seems to drop some lines)\n\nEDIT: A more honed version of this question, with a good answer, is at: Rather odd behaviour of Log\nEDIT: The (bizarre) solution is reported as an answer below.",
"\nI have a service as part of an application which is running reasonably well, although there is an unusual bit of behaviour which I am trying to understand. ",
"To do this, I have been putting Log.d statement in various methods in classes to report state information at various points. ",
"All of these seem to be working (ie reporting the information) except those in the Service class. ",
"I know that the service is started because (a) it does something and (b) the threads it instantiates are issuing Log.d messages. ",
"However, even right at the start:\n@Override\npublic void onCreate() {\n super.onCreate();\n Log.d(\"SMS\", \"onCreate()\");\n onCreateReal();\n}\n\nThis log message never appears. ",
"What might I be doing wrong?",
"\nThe manifest is as follows:\n<manifest xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"\npackage=\"com.stuff.myapp\"\nandroid:versionCode=\"1111111\"\nandroid:versionName=\"0.1\" >\n\n<uses-sdk\n android:minSdkVersion=\"8\"\n android:targetSdkVersion=\"16\" />\n<uses-permission android:name=\"android.permission.",
"INTERNET\"/>\n\n<application\n android:allowBackup=\"true\"\n android:icon=\"@drawable/icon\"\n android:label=\"@string/app_name\"\n android:theme=\"@style/AppTheme\" >\n\n <activity\n android:name=\"com.stuff.myapp.",
"Core\"\n android:label=\"@string/app_name\" >\n <intent-filter>\n <action android:name=\"android.intent.action.",
"MAIN\" />\n\n <category android:name=\"android.intent.category.",
"LAUNCHER\" />\n </intent-filter>\n </activity>\n\n <service android:name=\"MyService\"></service>\n\n <receiver android:name=\"com.stuff.myapp.",
"WidgetInitiator\">\n <intent-filter>\n <action android:name=\"android.appwidget.action.",
"APPWIDGET_UPDATE\"/>\n </intent-filter>\n <meta-data android:name=\"android.appwidget.provider\" android:resource=\"@xml/widget_information\"/>\n </receiver>\n\n <activity android:name=\"com.stuff.myapp.",
"ConfigWidgetActivity\"\n android:theme=\"@android:style/Theme.",
"Translucent\">\n </activity>\n</application>\n\n[EDIT: another observation]\nAs part of the app, I am calling a BroadcastReceiver class every 2 minutes (in testing). ",
"The class is stand alone (ie not inside any of the other classes). ",
"It does a Log.d every time it is called by AlarmManager. ",
"But only some of he Log calls make it to logcat. ",
"Again, suggestions welcome for what might be going on here.",
"\n[EDIT: I have corrected the above because the Threads it instantiates report Log calls correctly, but classes it instantiates don't.]",
"\n\nA:\n\nHaving done quite a lot of work resolving the underlying issue (see Service being re-Created by AlarmManager), I still had this problem. ",
"The service still wasn't logging. ",
"For no reason I can explain, changing TAG from \"SMS\" to \"SMservice\" made it work. ",
"I can offer no good explanation other than it seemed to solve the problem.",
"\nAnd, to save you asking, if I change TAG back to \"SMS\" the messages disappear again.",
"\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nHow to extract a tuple in list in scala\n\nI have a RDD as below:\nscala> topWithKeysSorted.take(10).foreach(println)\n(1,[Lscala.",
"Tuple4;@3e0c2650)\n(2,[Lscala.",
"Tuple4;@fef700c)\n(3,[Lscala.",
"Tuple4;@1ecb9068)\n(4,[Lscala.",
"Tuple4;@35b53a35)\n(5,[Lscala.",
"Tuple4;@6ad4a475)\n(6,[Lscala.",
"Tuple4;@1e4fd633)\n(7,[Lscala.",
"Tuple4;@5c455d42)\n(8,[Lscala.",
"Tuple4;@40bdb06d)\n(9,[Lscala.",
"Tuple4;@f854303)\n(10,[Lscala.",
"Tuple4;@6f9be28e)\n\nscala> topWithKeysSorted.first\nres38: (Int, Array[(Int, Int, String, Float)]) = (1,Array((1,2,Quest Q64 10 FT. ",
"x 10 FT. ",
"Slant Leg Instant U,59.98)))\n\nHow can I transform it into (Int, Int, Int, String, Float)? ",
"I am thinking there should be some easy and simple way to do it that I am not aware of.",
"\nThank you very much.",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou can use pattern matching to easily work with individual parts of the input tuple:\nval input = (1, Array((1, 2, \"Quest Q64 10 FT. ",
"x 10 FT. ",
"Slant Leg Instant U\", 59.98)))\ninput match { case (k, Array((v1, v2, v3, v4))) => (k, v1, v2, v3, v4) }\n\nwhich returns:\n(1,1,2,Quest Q64 10 FT. ",
"x 10 FT. ",
"Slant Leg Instant U,59.98)\n\nAnd if you want to apply this transformation on each element of your RDD:\ntopWithKeysSorted.map{\n case (k, Array((v1, v2, v3, v4))) => (k, v1, v2, v3, v4) \n}\n\n"
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[
"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to as-spun fibers made from sulfonated poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPD-T) with high inherent viscosity and to a process for making such fibers. ",
"The fibers of this invention exhibit unexpectedly high tenacity, both before and after heat treatment at elevated temperatures. ",
"The process of this invention yields PPD-T having a very high strength retention after heat aging and an unexpectedly high inherent viscosity in view of the conditions of sulfonation.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Prior Art\nU.S. Pat. ",
"Nos. ",
"4,075,269 and 4,162,346, issued Feb. 21, 1978 and Jul. 24, 1979 on the applications of R. S. Jones et al., ",
"disclose the spinning of fibers using sulfonated PPD-T of low inherent viscosity and low tenacity. ",
"The PPD-T is disclosed to be sulfonated using either concentrated sulfuric acid or fuming sulfuric acid and using specifically defined time and temperature conditions. ",
"The as-spun fibers of that invention exhibit single filament tenacities of only about 10-15 grams per denier and, after optimum heat treatment, of about 15-25 grams per denier.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"3,767,756, issued Oct. 23, 1973 on the application of H. Blades, discloses that fuming sulfuric acid can be used as a dope solvent with PPD-T; but contains caution that the temperature must be kept low and the time of exposure must be kept at a minimum because fuming sulfuric acid is known to degrade the polymer and result in a reduction in inherent viscosity and in fibers of reduced tenacity. ",
"Sulfonation of the PPD-T is not mentioned.",
"\nU.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"3,671,542, issued Jun. 20, 1972 on the application of Kwolek, discloses that sulfuric acid having a concentration slightly higher than 100% can be used for a spinning solution solvent with PPD-T but the temperature of solution is about room temperature and the time for affecting solution is several days. ",
"Sulfonation of the PPD-T is not mentioned.",
"\nJapanese Patent Application Publication (Kokai) No. ",
"50-16762 (1975) published Feb. 21, 1975 discloses dissolving PPD-T in 99.1% sulfuric acid for 17-20 hours at 75.degree.-80.degree. ",
"C. and for 14 hours at 90.degree.-100.degree. ",
"C. The polymer was degraded and fibers made from the polymer are disclosed to have a tenacity of about 15 grams per denier. ",
"Sulfonation of the PPD-T is not mentioned."
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"\nChina would rather see TikTok U.S. close than a forced sale - elorant\nhttps://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-bytedance-tiktok-exclusive/exclusive-china-would-rather-see-tiktok-u-s-close-than-a-forced-sale-idUSKBN2622L6\n======\nthewhitetulip\nCan anyone who knows these things please tell me what good does banning an app\ndo to a country?",
"\n\nIndia banned loads of Chinese apps, sure, \"to put pressure\" but is that\n\"pressure\" meaningful enough?",
"\n\nWill it work only if all nations decide to do so to counter China? ",
"Will that\never happen?",
"\n\nAre we heading towards app-diplomacy?",
"\n\n~~~\nCincinnatiMan\nBanning an app reduces another nation’s control over the culture and mindset\nof your country’s people. ",
"Whether this is a concern or not is less clear, but\ntheoretically China could censor content that is critical of China, which\nIndia and US may not approve of. ",
"Or even more subtly it could nudge people in\ncertain directions. ",
"Such as the claim that Russia is stoking the fires of\ninternal strife within the US.",
"\n\n~~~\nthewhitetulip\nI'm pretty sure we weren't seeing Chinese culture via TikTok. ",
"Indian Tiktokers\nmade lot of money via TikTok.",
"\n\nBut does this work to nudge China?",
"\n\nIs Indian lost revenue big enough for China to change their style just because\nTikTok is banned?",
"\n\n~~~\nCincinnatiMan\nThe point isn't to get China to change, but for a country to have control over\nits own people instead of a different country having that control.",
"\n\n~~~\nthewhitetulip\nIs that's the case then I can understand. ",
"The way I hear it in Indian Media is\nthat our supreme leader \"taught China a lesson by banning apps\"\n\n------\nlibertine\nChina is proud of TikTok being a Chinese company - in their eyes it's their\nturn to have the next big social media platform.",
"\n\nIt represents strength, progress of China and CCP, and maybe a glimpse of\nchange for the perception of China being the global tech powerhouse. ",
"Probably\nChinese people are proud of it as well.",
"\n\nSo it really doesn't impress me to see their intentions to burn it down and\nkeep their pride/save face, instead of turning the the public perception of\n\"losing to the US\"/\"being the underdog\" once again.",
"\n\n------\n317070\nIt's also a precedent. ",
"Now it would be TikTok, which company would be next?",
"\nEspecially since the border between state and company is less clear in China,\nI could see why China would not allow this to happen and strengthen the US\neconomy with a loss on their side.",
"\n\n------\nreminddit\nIt's still a probability between no deal and unfavorable deal. ",
"Any country\nwould do the same when confronted with this situation.",
"\n\n------\nxnx\nI really hope Internet Archive (or someone similar) is furiously downloading\nall the videos and comments it can.",
"\n\n------\njacknews\nI don't see how tiktok is worth billions.",
"\n\nUSA could perhaps play China's game; ban tiktok, and support a 'local\nchampion' to create an identical US version, let's call it, toktik - it at\nleast sounds more like the poison it is.",
"\n\nThen again, we need to find ways to stop China gaming the world open trade\nsystem, forcing the rest of the world to follow Chinese values and become more\nlike China - ie less free.",
"\n\n~~~\nsthnblllII\nI guess if the Chinese gov sold their stakes in Chinese tech companies to\npolitically connected businessmen then the censorship would be ok because free\nspeech doesn’t apply to “private” companies with ties to US intelligence like\nCisco and Microsoft?",
"\n\nThe US is the one going out of its way to attack countries that don't bend the\nknee like Iraq and Venezuela. ",
"China pays its partners in Africa for their\nresources. ",
"US overthrows governments to steal them and “spread democracy”. ",
"Why\ndoes US spread democracy to Iraq but not Saudi Arabia, a literal monarchy?",
"\n(Because US only care about power) The projection of US sins onto China is\nunreal and lays bare US meddling and hypocrisy.",
"\n\n~~~\njacknews\nUSA is certainly no saint, eg Banana Republics, not to mention war crimes in\nthe middle-east.",
"\n\nBut IMHO a world 'under' USA's insistence on openness, human-rights,\ndemocracy, (and free-flowing oil, etc, of course), is preferable to China's\nopaque mercantilism and spiteful sensitivity.",
"\n\nMy point is that USA is aping those attributes.",
"\n\nWe need to stop being dragged into a less-free world.",
"\n\n~~~\nsthnblllII\nBut the US doesn't promote openness, human rights, or democracy. ",
"It promotes\nits own mercantilism and spiteful sensitivity while accusing others of doing\nso. ",
"How many human rights do Palestinians have in USA’s greatest ally, Israel?",
"\n(40% are denied citizenship) How much market openness is Tiktok seeing in US?",
"\nWhy is US #2 mid east ally a monarchy? ",
"These are all baldfaced lies and only\nuninformed Americans living in the US media bubble believe them. ",
"The people in\ncharge of the US are hell bent on destroying those things when they come into\nconflict with their own power. ",
"Therefore they should have no role in enforcing\nany international orders.",
"\n\n------\noxymoran\nOf course, that’s the whole point. ",
"It’s of no use to the CCP if they can’t\ncontrol it.",
"\n\n~~~\nsthnblllII\nIf China required Apple sell itself to Huawei to continue selling iPhones, US\ngovernment would outright forbid the sale, even if China payed a fair price.",
"\n\n~~~\nTMWNN\nPeople, including Chinese, buy iPhones _because_ they're from Apple. ",
"No one,\nincluding Chinese, would buy Huawei \"iPhones\" because a) everyone would know\nthat they're not from Apple, and b) if they wanted to buy a Huawei phone,\nthey'd buy a Huawei phone.",
"\n\n~~~\nsthnblllII\nSounds plausible. ",
"That’s completely irrelevant to my point however.",
"\n\n~~~\nTMWNN\nNot at all. ",
"It's my way of saying that the US government would not bother\nforbidding the transaction.",
"\n\nFurther, did the US protest when China ordered Google out of the country in\n2008? (",
"And Facebook, but it wasn't nearly as large then.) ",
"No.",
"\n\n~~~\nsthnblllII\nOk I see what you mean now. ",
"Google left voluntarily because China refused to\nlet Google be a backdoor for US propaganda and surveillance. (",
"exactly what\ntiktoc is accused of) and yes, the US protested loudly at the time.",
"\n\n------\njeswin\nAnother possibility is that a forced sale could uncover links to Chinese\ngovernment surveillance in technical assets, and that's a risk they don't want\nto take.",
"\n\n~~~\nemteycz\nDo you think they have API calls to the communist party's surveillance\nbackoffice?",
"\n\n~~~\narcticbull\nLots of cheap Android smartphones do, why wouldn't TikTok? ",
"I just don't think\nthey get anything material out of the integration due to the unbelievably low\nsignal to noise ratio.",
"\n\n~~~\ncharliemil4\nI’d venture to say it’s filtered to knowing who influences culture. ",
"Then\npinpointing what those accounts respond to. ",
"Then designing content to shift\nsaid culture through this channel.",
"\n\n------\nmikece\nLet’s assume for a second that TikTok really is a surveillance app designed by\nthe PLA cyber command as some in the Trump administration allege. ",
"How, then,\nis a forced sale not a form of aggression or even warfare?",
"\n\n~~~\nicegreentea2\nBecause dismantling other countries surveillance apparatus operating in your\nown soil is not aggression. ",
"It's just like breaking up spy rings, and\ndestroying bugs.",
"\n\nIt's certainly an aggressive posture, but it's not really aggression.",
"\n\n~~~\nquantaum_dot\nYes,right, every country other than US should ban Facebook\n\n~~~\nicegreentea2\nChina literally did ban Facebook.",
"\n\n------\nDahoon\nSwap China with USA and Tiktok with Google and see how insane it is. ",
"I hope\nChina doesn't back down to US aggression. ",
"This is like a child throwing a\ntantrum. ",
"It needs to be put in its place by a grown-up.",
"\n\n~~~\ncolejohnson66\nThe problem is: _it’s China._ ",
"No matter your argument, it’s _very_ easy to\nrespond with _“but China.”_ ",
"Simply put: “the US doesn’t commit genocide,\ntherefore, we’re better.” ",
"It’s a ridiculous argument IMHO, but it’s one that\nI’ve heard (even here) many times.",
"\n\n~~~\narcticbull\nNot committing genocide is a good way to be better than a country committing\ngenocide, jmho.",
"\n\n~~~\nolsonjeffery\nThe US doesn't need to commit genocide because it grooms foreign military\nofficers and paramilitaries to do it for them.",
"\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nAndroid Context Confusion and OnClick Handlers\n\nSo I guess I'm new to Android and confused about how android contextss work and what is included in a context and what not. ",
"I was wondering if I imported a java file with a class that implements the View.",
"OnClickListener in an activity does that count as part of the context or no? ",
"Also if I have a class named NewOnClick that implements View.",
"OnClickListener can I use android:OnClick=\"NewOnClick\" or does that ONLY work with methods. ",
"The reason I ask is that I want to write my handlers that will be included in almost activity.",
"\nAlso is there any way that someone can explain what a context exactly does a lot of these other ones don't really explain what it is for or does just says that its passed to other widgets and manages resources, which really isn't very descriptive at all in my opinion, if there is anyway that you can explain it to me in a way that someone who has worked with GTK (gtkmm) or wxWidgets makes sense.",
"\n\nA:\n\nThere is a simple way of looking at it, which is that Context is the base class for applications, Activities, services etc. ",
" Therefore, everything in an Activity inherits from Context. ",
" The Context in Android is the environment in which your currently executing code exists, meaning everything available to it and everything influencing it (at least, that you have access to). ",
" \nFor example, within an Activity, \"this\" refers to the current Activity and, since this inherits from Context, accesses everything within the current context plus those things defined in the Activity, e.g. your local fields, additional methods etc.",
"\nTake a look at the indirect subclasses here:\nhttp://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/Context.html\nNB. ",
" Never expose a context outside of the life cycle of the derived class. ",
" e.g. do not let any object with a life cycle greater than it's container hang on to the reference.",
"\nhttp://android-developers.blogspot.co.uk/2009/01/avoiding-memory-leaks.html\nHope this helps, rather than confuses.",
"\n\n"
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"Introduction\n============\n\nMyringotomy and tube placement is one of the most frequently performed ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgeries in the pediatric population. ",
"It is performed for persistent otitis media with effusion (OME) associated with documented hearing loss or where the impact of hearing loss on a child's developmental, social or educational status is judged to be significant. ",
"This review summarizes critical points when assessing, preparing and anesthetizing children for this procedure by targeting the unique challenges faced in pediatric ENT day-case surgery.",
"\n\nPediatric myringotomy\n=====================\n\nAnatomy and indications\n-----------------------\n\nIn children, the eustachian tube is shorter, more horizontally oriented and less functionally mature. ",
"These differences can predispose children to developing OME.[@b1-lra-10-041] Approximately 90% of children experience one episode of OME by the age of 10 years, which normally resolves spontaneously in 6--12 weeks. ",
"Active treatment with steroids, antibiotics and decongestants has no effect on clinical outcomes and is not recommended. ",
"Ongoing follow-up may be necessary, as 30%--40% of children will have recurrent or relapsing episodes.",
"\n\nHearing loss at any level is known to impact a child's social and educational development, and should signs or symptoms persist, the child should be referred for hearing tests. ",
"Surgical treatment with myringotomy and ventilation tubes is reserved for children in whom chronic inflammation is present together with documented hearing loss.[@b2-lra-10-041] The National Institute for Clinical Excellence issued guidance for the management of OME and recurrent acute otitis media (RAOM) outlining indications for surgery.[@b3-lra-10-041] These include persistent bilateral OME over a period of 3 months with a hearing level in the better ear of 25--30 dB or bilateral OME with a hearing loss of \\<25--30 dB where the impact is judged to be significant. ",
"The rationale for surgical treatment is to rapidly restore normal auditory function and, therefore, minimize the impact on the child's speech, language and intellectual development.[@b4-lra-10-041],[@b5-lra-10-041]\n\nSurgical procedure\n------------------\n\nMyringotomy and tube placement is performed by making a small incision using a myringotomy knife through the layers of the tympanic membrane. ",
"This permits direct access to the middle ear space and allows the release of middle ear fluid. ",
"The placement of tubes allows the incised drum to continue to drain and facilitates resolution of the condition, while also improving the auditory deficit. ",
"The surgery is usually quick and ideally suited to a day-case procedure. ",
"Repeat procedures are sometimes required and can be more technically challenging; however, they do not preclude a same-day discharge.",
"\n\nWhen to operate?",
"\n----------------\n\nCurrent studies have demonstrated an improvement in short-term hearing function by operating early in OME; however, this has yet to translate into better long-term developmental outcomes.[@b6-lra-10-041] Concerns of anesthetic agent toxicity on the developing human brain have been expressed and are widely publicized. ",
"This speculative risk must be weighed against the existing evidence of delayed speech and language development associated with poor hearing. ",
"Recent studies indicate that anesthetic exposure before the age of 4 years has minimal or no effect on academic achievement or cognitive performance.[@b7-lra-10-041],[@b8-lra-10-041] Even multiple exposures at this age were shown to be less significant than gender, maternal education level or month or year of birth. ",
"Earlier surgical intervention in the course of OME may, therefore, have significant benefits in children with hearing deficits, minimizing the impact on the development of writing and language skills.",
"\n\nFacilities and organization of pediatric ambulatory surgery\n===========================================================\n\nAmbulatory surgery is becoming increasingly popular with a wider range of procedures and patients now considered suitable. ",
"It is defined as a surgery that does not require an overnight stay and has a number of advantages for the child, family and hospital ([Table 1](#t1-lra-10-041){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"The package of day-case surgery increases patient comfort, reduces hospital stay and achieves higher child and parental satisfaction. ",
"There are few disadvantages, which arise from the inability to control and manage factors after discharge and include postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting and the potential deterioration of previously stable chronic conditions.",
"\n\nDay surgery should be provided whenever practical, enabling children to have safe surgery as close to their home as possible. ",
"Providing this service requires specialist consultant input and dedicated pediatric day care facilities with trained staff. ",
"Guidelines are necessary to assist in the smooth running of theater lists and coordinate safe patient discharge.",
"\n\nSpecifically designed day-case units should coordinate pediatric day-case surgery. ",
"Children should be seen in preoperative assessment clinics to identify and optimize comorbidities and assess individual suitability for day-case surgery.",
"\n\nAll children should have a named consultant surgeon and anesthetist, although list management may be delegated to nonconsultant grades and trainees.[@b9-lra-10-041] A named pediatrician should be contactable at all times. ",
"Registered pediatric nurses lead in the care of patients on the ward from the time of admission until discharge. ",
"Other important members of the team include play specialists and translators.",
"\n\nIn smaller hospitals, where no on-site medical pediatric services exist, care should only be delivered by consultant surgeons and anesthetists experienced in the condition and with pediatric expertise. ",
"All team members should have up-to-date basic pediatric life support skills, with at least one member possessing advanced life support skills. ",
"Should unforeseen complications arise these sites must have agreed arrangements for managing and transferring children to specialist pediatric centers.[@b10-lra-10-041]\n\nContinued audit of day care units is essential to ensure that the above standards continue to be met. ",
"Important measures for evaluation include overall day-case rates, postoperative pain, and unplanned readmission rates. ",
"Questionnaires for parents and children are additional tools to ensure that services continue to develop and improve ([Table S1](http://www.dovepress.com/get_supplementary_file.php?f=113591.pdf)). ",
"The atmosphere should be friendly and environment colorful and bright. ",
"Dedicated play areas should be incorporated to improve the child's experience.",
"\n\nPreoperative assessment services are vital to delivering day-case surgery. ",
"Clinics are usually nurse led with consultant input but vary if consent for anesthesia is also required.[@b11-lra-10-041] This visit permits the identification of preexisting medical conditions and anesthetic risk factors and enables the child and parents to ask questions and alleviate any concerns. ",
"Written guidance about general anesthesia, including pre-and postoperative care arrangements and policies, should be available for each family.",
"\n\nPatient considerations for ambulatory care\n==========================================\n\nChildren with significant coexisting diseases should undergo further assessment and referred to a specialist pediatric center. ",
"Common conditions encountered in children with ENT pathology include upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), asthma, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and craniofacial disorders. ",
"The majority of these conditions can be optimized with specialist input and should not impede the child from having a day-case procedure. ",
"The advent of improved surgical and anesthetic techniques means that there remain very few absolute exclusion criteria for ambulatory surgery; however, certain cases including neonates, morbid obesity and complex chronic conditions must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis ([Table 2](#t2-lra-10-041){ref-type=\"table\"}).",
"\n\nURTIs\n-----\n\nPerioperative adverse respiratory events are responsible for three quarters of the critical incidents recorded in pediatric anesthesia. ",
"This encompasses laryngospasm, bronchospasm, desaturation \\<95%, persistent coughing, airway obstruction and postoperative stridor. ",
"The risk is greatest when active URTI is present and remains elevated for up to 6 weeks following resolution of the illness.",
"\n\nA sound history and examination during the preoperative assessment are the most useful tools to identify children at high risk of an adverse event ([Box 1](#bx1-lra-10-041){ref-type=\"boxed-text\"}).[@b12-lra-10-041],[@b13-lra-10-041] Those with two or more risk factors or evidence of active infection may benefit from rescheduling of surgery; however, this needs to be balanced against the increased frequency of URTI in children with unresolved ENT pathology. ",
"When cancellation is not appropriate, use of nonirritant volatile agents and avoidance of airway manipulation and endotracheal intubation are favorable.[@b13-lra-10-041]\n\nAsthma\n------\n\nWorldwide, 130 million children have asthma, with the prevalence 8--10 times higher in developed countries. ",
"Its incidence continues to increase in the pediatric population. ",
"Studies show that well-controlled asthmatics tolerate anesthesia much better and have a reduced rate of adverse perioperative respiratory events. ",
"Poorly controlled asthma should be identified at the preassessment clinic in order to optimize therapy prior to elective surgery.[@b14-lra-10-041] Elective surgeries should be deferred if there is evidence of active respiratory infection or an exacerbation of asthma within the preceding 2--4 weeks.",
"\n\n###### Independent risk factors for perioperative adverse respiratory events in children with an URTI\n\n1. ",
" Intubation\n\n2. ",
" Prematurity (\\<37 weeks)\n\n3. ",
" History of asthma or atopy\n\n4. ",
" Family members who smoke\n\n5. ",
" Airway surgery\n\n6. ",
" Presence of copious secretions\n\n7. ",
" Nasal congestion\n\n8. ",
" Age \\<1 year\n\n9. ",
" Snoring\n\n**Abbreviation:** URTI, upper respiratory tract infection.",
"\n\nAnesthetic management of children should include continuation of oral and inhaled medication, including a dose of bronchodilator prior to surgery.",
"\n\nObesity\n-------\n\nNearly one-third of children in the UK are classed as obese. ",
"Airway management is more difficult in this population, with an increased incidence of OSA, perioperative acute respiratory adverse events and aspiration.[@b15-lra-10-041] Although myringotomy is usually a short procedure, decreased lung compliance and atelectasis may result in unacceptable hypoventilation and desaturation, and intubation with positive pressure ventilation may need to be considered. ",
"Obese children also have an increased incidence of postoperative complications including airway obstruction and may require a longer duration of stay in the postoperative care unit (PACU).",
"\n\nGenetic abnormalities\n---------------------\n\nStructural abnormalities of the eustachian tube and middle ear mean that children with Down's syndrome and craniofacial defects are at higher risk of developing OME. ",
"Inflammation of the mucosa of the eustachian tube orifice and improper functioning of the eustachian tube musculature lead to negative middle-ear pressure and impaired ventilation, which when sustained leads to retraction of the tympanic membrane and sequestration of fluid into the middle ear space.[@b16-lra-10-041]\n\nPerioperative care\n==================\n\nOn the day of admission, the child should be reviewed to ensure that no new or immediate contraindications to anesthesia have arisen. ",
"Commonly encountered conditions include URTIs or other intercurrent infections. ",
"A full set of observations should be recorded, and fasting status checked. ",
"In addition, the preoperative visit allows the opportunity to establish a rapport with the child, educate parents and impart information regarding postoperative care. ",
"Anesthesia screening questionnaires may be given to parents on admission to the ward. ",
"On high turnover lists with a large number of patients, this can help reduce the administrative burden and avoid the duplication of paperwork.",
"\n\nFasting and fluids\n------------------\n\nProlonged fasting can lead to a number of adverse complications including hypoglycemia, dehydration and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). ",
"This is especially important in the younger children, where these problems occur more rapidly. ",
"Recent studies have also demonstrated increased ketone body formation and mean arterial pressure variations on induction of anesthesia.[@b17-lra-10-041] In addition to the physiological benefits of minimizing fasting times, children are more cooperative and comfortable.[@b18-lra-10-041]\n\nPreoperatively, families should be given verbal and written information regarding fasting times. ",
"Some ambulatory units have moved toward staggered admissions, which may allow more individualized fasting information to be disseminated. ",
"Anesthetic and surgical teams should assess and structure theater lists to identify children at high risk, placing them earlier on the theater schedule where possible.",
"\n\nCurrent guidelines for fasting for general anesthesia includes 2 hours for clear fluids, which includes nonpulp-based fruit juices, 4 hours for breast milk and 6 hours for solids. ",
"However, shortening to a 6--4--0+ fasting regime may become a more widely accepted pediatric practice.[@b19-lra-10-041]--[@b21-lra-10-041] Delivering a 2-hour absolute fasting time can be challenging, even in scheduled elective surgery. ",
"Utilizing a 6--4--0+ regime, however, reduces the risk of miscommunication with nursing staff and allows greater flexibility should a change to the theater schedule be required.",
"\n\nManaging anxiety\n----------------\n\nPreoperative anxiety is a significant and challenging problem. ",
"Poorly managed anxiety is linked with adverse perioperative and postoperative outcomes. ",
"Anxiety may lead to reduced compliance at induction and combative behavior, which is linked with negative behavioral changes and can impact future health care interactions.[@b22-lra-10-041] Risk factors for anxiety and distress include preschool age, shy temperament, parental anxiety and previous negative or distressing hospital experiences. ",
"In addition, the hearing deficits associated with OME may increase anxiety.",
"\n\nStrategies to manage anxiety can be psychological and pharmacological. ",
"Prehospital programs, which include tours of the hospital and interactive learning, have been implemented successfully in a number of units; however, these are labor intensive and are less efficacious in younger children. ",
"The use of play therapy on admission to hospital has been shown to reduce anxiety and is an important part of the perioperative process. ",
"Distraction techniques including the use of tablet devices are being increasingly employed in the anesthetic room and can produce comparable levels of anxiolysis.[@b23-lra-10-041]\n\nParental presence at induction remains controversial. ",
"Current studies have failed to demonstrate a benefit to the child but improve parental satisfaction and reduce parental anxiety. ",
"Limitations of available studies are the exclusion of children with chronic illness or those undergoing repeat procedures.",
"\n\nCommon pharmacological agents used include benzodiazepines, alpha-2 receptor agonists and ketamine. ",
"These agents are usually used on their own, although reduced dose combinations have been utilized to improve efficacy and reduce medication side effects. ",
"Intranasal and intramuscular preparations may be considered as alternatives if medication is refused orally. ",
"The alpha-2 agonist clonidine has the advantages of supplementing perioperative analgesia and reducing the incidence of emergence delirium (ED).[@b24-lra-10-041]\n\nInduction and maintenance\n-------------------------\n\nThe choice between an intravenous or gas induction depends on patient and parental factors as well as anesthetic preference. ",
"Neither intravenous nor gas induction has any benefit in terms of adverse reactions or influence on postoperative recovery in the ambulatory setting.",
"\n\nAirway management\n-----------------\n\nOptions for airway management include tracheal tubes, supraglottic airway devices (SADs) or facemask ventilation. ",
"Pediatric SADs are now perceived standard in day-case surgery and have a number of advantages including reduced airway manipulation, ease of insertion and reduced incidence of sore throat. ",
"Disadvantages mainly occur in younger children below the age of 1 year where anatomical and physiological changes are associated with an increased incidence of airway obstruction, malposition and laryngospasm. ",
"This can partly be overcome by insertion with a partially inflated cuff and insertion with a 180° rotation to avoid epiglottic entrapment.[@b25-lra-10-041] Care should also be taken with cuff volumes, as overinflation may lead to mucosal ischemia and compromise ventilation. ",
"Tracheal intubation for myringotomy and ventilation tube surgery is warranted due to patient factors or SAD failure.",
"\n\nMaintenance of anesthesia\n-------------------------\n\nGeneral anesthesia can be maintained with either an intravenous or an inhalational technique. ",
"Potential advantages of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol include less PONV, laryngospasm and ED during recovery from anesthesia.[@b26-lra-10-041] Disadvantages include pain on injection during induction with propofol and risk of awareness. ",
"Propofol infusion syndrome (PIS) is an additional concern; however, this has never been reported during the use of TIVA for routine anesthesia. ",
"Inhaled agents, mainly sevoflurane, mitigate the need for intravenous access before induction and demonstrate no difference in time to recover from anesthesia or hospital discharge when compared with TIVA.[@b27-lra-10-041] Inhalational agents may be favored in centers electing to proceed with anesthesia without intravenous access. ",
"Myringotomy can be a very quick procedure, and proceeding using inhalational agents without access may be preferred if operating as a sole practitioner. ",
"This technique relies on sufficient anesthetic experience, vigilance and meticulous airway management.[@b28-lra-10-041]\n\nAnalgesia considerations\n------------------------\n\nThe tympanic membrane is mainly innervated by the auriculotemporal nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve, although also receives contributions from the auricular branch of the vagus nerve and the facial nerve. ",
"The myringotomy incision can be very stimulating, and periprocedural analgesic requirements in children undergoing surgery are very variable. ",
"Indicators of higher analgesic requirements include repeat procedures and active infection or inflammation.",
"\n\nThe best analgesic approach for myringotomy and tube placement is yet to be confirmed.[@b29-lra-10-041],[@b30-lra-10-041] Oral paracetamol, ibuprofen or diclofenac should be administered 30 minutes prior to the procedure where possible.[@b31-lra-10-041] Ketorolac is an alternative nonsteroidal analgesic and has been shown to provide superior immediate postoperative analgesia when compared with paracetamol alone; however, up to 30% of these patients may still require additional analgesia in the immediate postoperative period.[@b31-lra-10-041],[@b32-lra-10-041] Combinations of paracetamol and a nonsteroidal or intranasal fentanyl have also been studied but in combination do not provide any additional analgesic benefit in the immediate postoperative period.[@b33-lra-10-041] Systemic opioids are an alternative used by some centers and have the additional advantage of reducing the incidence of emergence agitation (EA) or ED.[@b34-lra-10-041] The intranasal route is an option for units not routinely establishing intravenous access. ",
"Lack of intravenous access makes the treatment of perioperative complications more difficult, and these risks need to be balanced against the actual and perceived benefits of not establishing intravenous access.",
"\n\nIf opioids are used, shorter acting agents should be preferentially selected. ",
"Morphine has not shown to produce any additional analgesic benefits in this patient group when compared with fentanyl.[@b35-lra-10-041] Fentanyl can be administered intravenously or intranasally and has the additional benefits of reducing EA or ED in the immediate postoperative period. ",
"It does not delay recovery and hospital discharge or increase the rate of PONV.[@b36-lra-10-041]\n\nAlternative methods of analgesia are topical lidocaine or regional nerve block. ",
"Topical lidocaine 2--4% applied to the tympanic membrane has been shown to reduce early postoperative analgesic requirements and provide equivalent pain relief to paracetamol.[@b29-lra-10-041] Blockade of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (nerve of Arnold), which supplies the external auditory canal and inferior portion of the tympanic membrane by injecting 0.2 mL of local anesthetic (0.25% levobupivacaine) with a 30 G needle into the everted tragus, is another option.[@b37-lra-10-041],[@b38-lra-10-041]\n\nPostoperative analgesia can be provided using a variety of methods. ",
"Oral analgesia should be encouraged where possible; however, this route is often not tolerated in young patients immediately postoperatively. ",
"In patients with established intravenous access, options include paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and fentanyl. ",
"The advantages of the latter include rapid onset and may help ameliorate behavioral issues arising on emergence from anesthesia. ",
"Intranasal, sublingual or subcutaneous routes remain alternatives in units undertaking the procedure without intravenous access. ",
"The intranasal route may also be efficacious in the management of acute ED.",
"\n\nPONV\n----\n\nPONV occurs twice as frequent in children compared to the adult population with an incidence of 13--42%.[@b39-lra-10-041] Effective prophylaxis and management is important to minimize the detrimental effects of severe PONV including dehydration and electrolyte disturbances. ",
"In addition, PONV is a significant reason for parental dissatisfaction and readmission after ambulatory surgery. ",
"Effective management of PONV includes identifying high-risk patients, administering prophylactic antiemetics and minimizing the exposure to established causative agents. ",
"Risk factors for PONV are summarized in [Table 3](#t3-lra-10-041){ref-type=\"table\"}.[@b40-lra-10-041] Single prophylaxis should be given to all children at risk of PONV, and high-risk patients should receive dual therapy. ",
"Alternatives to opioid analgesia and use of intravenous anesthesia should also be considered.[@b41-lra-10-041]\n\nED\n--\n\nED and EA are well-recognized problems in the immediate postoperative period occurring in up to 80% of children following general anesthesia. ",
"Grouped under the term early postoperative negative behavior (e-PONB), it is characterized by a dissociative state of consciousness in which the child is irritable, uncooperative and inconsolably crying, kicking or thrashing, Failure to recognize and manage this complication promptly can result in self-injury, disruption to surgical sites, delayed recovery and compromise safe postanesthetic care.",
"\n\nIdentified risk factors for e-PONB include preschool age, male gender, ENT surgery and preoperative anxiety. ",
"Diagnosis can be challenging, and features of ED can be hard to distinguish from other pathology such as acute pain ([Figure 1](#f1-lra-10-041){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"ED and pain are separate entities, and although they may be present simultaneously, they have different trends and clinical courses.[@b42-lra-10-041] Common features for e-PONB include lack of eye contact and awareness of surroundings.[@b43-lra-10-041],[@b44-lra-10-041]\n\nManagement of ED should be targeted at prevention. ",
"This includes nonpharmacological strategies such as preoperative preparation, parental cooperation and ensuring a calm environment prior to induction. ",
"Postoperative aims include a smooth emergence and calm, quiet recovery environment. ",
"Pharmacological strategies include intraoperative analgesics, such as clonidine and fentanyl, or short-acting sedative agents administered at the time of emergence.",
"\n\nDischarge from ambulatory care\n==============================\n\nSeveral key areas ensure adequate postoperative analgesia in pediatric ambulatory surgery. ",
"These include suitable perioperative pain relief, parental guidance on the management of pain at home and supply of appropriate discharge analgesia. ",
"Despite this, postoperative pain at home remains a problem in ambulatory surgery. ",
"Postoperative pain continues following discharge, as parental analgesic administration does not correlate with children's reported pain scores.[@b44-lra-10-041],[@b45-lra-10-041] Even studies employing parental training into the use of pain scores failed to demonstrate an improvement in analgesia administration.[@b44-lra-10-041],[@b46-lra-10-041]\n\nPostoperative pain associated with myringotomy is rarely severe, with most children reporting mild-to-moderate pain scores.[@b47-lra-10-041] Higher pain scores may be associated with bilateral or repeat procedures. ",
"As indicated earlier, pain duration following the procedure is short lived, with mild pain rarely persisting beyond 48 hours. ",
"Parental instructions should focus on regular administration of simple analgesia and regular assessment of their child's pain at home.",
"\n\nEffective discharge following simple day-case procedures requires experienced pediatric trained staff and stringent protocols. ",
"Checklists facilitate safe nurse led discharge in pediatric day-case units.[@b48-lra-10-041] The patient should have stable vital signs, and their pain and nausea controlled. ",
"The resumption of oral intake may be difficult in some children, and refusal to take oral fluids is no longer considered a contraindication to discharge. ",
"Suitable social and geographical factors should also be present, and the family should have easy access to medical care should complications arise. ",
"Parents and guardians should receive written and verbal instructions containing information about analgesia, postoperative complications, emergency contact numbers and follow-up arrangements.",
"\n\nTelephone follow-up should be attempted whenever possible.[@b49-lra-10-041] This improves parental satisfaction, can provide local audit data and enables troubleshooting of any acute complications, which may reduce hospital readmission and burden on primary care. ",
"Pain and uncontrolled nausea and vomiting are the two most common reasons for hospital readmission.[@b50-lra-10-041]\n\nSummary\n=======\n\nEffective ambulatory anesthesia for children requiring myringotomy and ventilation tubes is key to improving the child's experience and overall parental satisfaction. ",
"Several clinical issues affect outcomes and include the timing of surgery, fasting strategies and management of immediate postoperative problems such as ED and PONV. ",
"It is essential that pediatric services and local protocols are well established in order to achieve optimal clinical care.",
"\n\n**Disclosure**\n\nThe authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.",
"\n\n![",
"Simplified ED algorithm.\\\n**Note:** Copyright © 2016. ",
"Adapted from Somaini M, Sahillioğlu E, Marzorati C, Lovisari F, Engelhardt T, Ingelmo PM. ",
"Emergence delirium, pain or both? ",
"A challenge for clinicians. *",
"Paediatr Anaesth*. ",
"2015;25(5):524--529.[@b43-lra-10-041]\\\n**Abbreviation:** ED, emergence delirium.](lra-10-041Fig1){#f1-lra-10-041}\n\n###### \n\nPrincipal advantages of ambulatory surgery\n\n --------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------\n Child Reduced anxiety\n Improved sleep \n Reduced risk of nosocomial \n Infections \n Reduced interruption to schooling \n Family Reduced disruption to work patterns and childcare needs\n Increased parental satisfaction \n Hospital Reduced cost\n More efficient use of beds \n Better use of limited staff resources \n --------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------\n\n**Note:** Data from Bowen and Thomas.[@b51-lra-10-041]\n\n###### \n\nAbsolute contraindications to pediatric ambulatory surgery\n\n --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------\n Patient factors Term baby \\< 1 month in age\n Preterm infant \n Expreterm baby \\< 60 weeks postconception age \n Poorly controlled systemic disease, eg, asthma and diabetes \n Inborn errors of metabolism \n Complex cardiac disease \n Cardiac disease requiring investigation \n Sickle cell disease \n Obstructive sleep apnea \n Active infection (especially URTI) \n Anesthetic and surgical Prolonged procedures\n Factors Opening of a body cavity\n High risk of perioperative hemorrhage/fluid loss \n Postoperative pain unlikely to be relieved by oral analgesics \n Difficult airway \n Malignant hyperpyrexia susceptibility \n Social factors No responsible parent or guardian to care for the child at home\n Postoperatively \n Poor housing conditions \n No telephone \n Excessive journey time from home to the hospital (\\>1 hour) \n --------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------\n\n**Note:** Data from Brennan and Atul.[@b52-lra-10-041]\n\n**Abbreviation:** URTI, upper respiratory tract infection.",
"\n\n###### \n\nRisk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting\n\n ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------\n Patient Age \\>3 years up to adolescence\n Female \n Nonsmoker \n History of motion sickness or PONV \n Preoperative anxiety \n Surgery Duration \\>30 minutes\n ENT surgery\n Strabismus surgery \n Anesthetic Nitrous oxide\n Volatiles \n Anticholinesterases \n Opioids (increased with longer acting drugs) \n ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------\n\n**Abbreviations:** ENT, ear, nose and throat; PONV, postoperative nausea and vomiting.",
"\n"
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[
"An undisclosed number of countries have direct backdoor access to the communications passing through the network of telecommunications giant Vodafone, without needing to obtain a warrant, according to a new transparency report released by the company. ",
"In these countries, the company noted, Vodafone \"will not receive any form of demand for lawful interception access as the relevant agencies and authorities already have permanent access to customer communications via their own direct link.\"",
"\n\nGovernments in these countries have direct cables or interception systems connected to the networks of Vodafone and other telecoms, which allow them to silently intercept and record all communications that pass over the networks. ",
"This happens at the flick of a switch and without the countries obtaining court permission or notifying the telecoms that they are accessing the data, according to Vodafone.",
"\n\nVodafone did not identify which countries had direct access, saying only that in \"a small number of countries the law dictates that specific agencies and authorities must have direct access to an operator’s network, bypassing any form of operational control over lawful interception on the part of the operator.\"",
"\n\nThis startling acknowledgement comes in the global company's first Law Enforcement Disclosure Report, which was released on Friday. ",
"The lengthy report covers the period April 1, 2013 to March 31, 2014, and reveals that the company–which operates in Europe, the Middle East, Africa and parts of Asia Pacific–has received thousands of requests from 29 countries to intercept communications or to obtain data about communications or customer accounts.",
"\n\nVodafone did not provide a breakdown of requests by country, it says, because in some cases producing uniform data across countries proved to be too difficult and in others legal restrictions prevented them from publishing information.",
"\n\nVodafone notes, for example, that in at least nine countries–Albania, Egypt, Hungary, India, Malta, Qatar, Romania, South Africa, and Turkey–it is illegal for the company to disclose any information about government wiretapping activities or capabilities.",
"\n\nSo instead of providing statistics about the requests that it received from governments, Vodafone provided a menu of information published by the countries in which it operates, where the countries disclosed the number of data requests they made for the time period.",
"\n\nOf these, Italy tops the list as the country submitting the most requests for data. ",
"Authorities there submitted more than 600,000 requests for metadata to carriers. ",
"The Czech Republic submitted about 7,600 requests for lawful intercepts while Tanzania submitted 99,000 requests for communications data.",
"\n\n>Vodafone declined to identify which countries have direct access, citing concerns about employee safety.",
"\n\nBut the most alarming admission relates to the direct access that some countries have to Vodafone networks, something that has long been suspected. ",
"Vodafone declined to identify which countries have such access, citing concerns about employee safety. ",
"Governments in these countries could retaliate by imprisoning Vodafone employees or otherwise harming them.",
"\n\nThe release of the transparency report follows in the wake of reports released by other companies, such as Google, Facebook, Verizon, and AT&T. But Vodafone's report is remarkable for its length and the pains it takes to explain the varying legal landscape in the countries in which it operates and the problems this creates for publishing a fully transparent report.",
"\n\nThe company did not include information in its report about requests from governments to block or restrict access to content or services for customers–for example, in countries like Iran where the government may attempt to censor information.",
"\n\nIt also noted that \"it is not possible to draw any meaningful conclusions from a comparison of one country’s statistical information with that disclosed for another\" since each country, and agencies within countries, aggregates and discloses information in different ways and forms."
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"Q:\n\nHow to launch a background activity from a widget?",
"\n\nI have an android widget which has a very simple function. ",
" The widget simply launches an activity when pressed, runs through the activity, pops a toast, and closes the activity.",
"\nThe annoying thing is that when the widget is pressed on the home screen, the screen flickers as it opens and closes the activity. ",
" Is there any way to launch the activity from the background, to avoid this flicker? ",
" I'm kind of looking to do something similar to the ATK widget, which simply pops up a toast after closing all the background processes.",
"\nIf it's possible to just run a single function in place of a PendingIntent, that would definitely work as well. ",
" Thanks!",
"\n\nA:\n\nI eventually did this by implementing a service instead of an activity. ",
" The service runs in the background and then stops itself once it has finished. ",
" The PendingIntent simply launches the service, using the getService() method of PendingIntent.",
"\n\n"
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"Testing quality of a self-monitoring blood glucose sensor with an auto-coding mechanism when used by patients versus technicians.",
"\nIn response to the problem of erroneous readings due to miscoding when performing self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG), this study introduces a user-friendly SMBG biosensor with an innovative auto-coding module on the meter and strip. ",
"Actual users characterized the performance of the SMBG systems. ",
"A total of 105 patients were incorporated in the study and Clarke error grid analysis (EGA) was administered to evaluate the clinical accuracy of the results obtained by the patients versus the technicians. ",
"All patients used the questionnaires to comment on the use of the auto-coding sensor. ",
"In the imprecision test, the total CV of the 5 BG levels was 2.1%. ",
"In the EGA plot, the results of the auto-coding sensor were 96.2%, both lots A and B, in zone A for the patients and 99.0% and 97.1% for the technician. ",
"The paired t-test demonstrated no statistically significant difference between the patient and technician measurements. ",
"Regression analysis also demonstrated that the measurements taken by the patients agreed with those obtained using the laboratory method. ",
"The patients achieved satisfactory performance using the auto-coding SMBG sensor and derived similar results with both laboratory reference and operation by a technician."
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"Q:\n\nCMUSphinx German command & control app, bad accuracy\n\nI'm trying to implement a German command and control application with CMUSphinx and Java. ",
"So far, the application should recognize only a few words (numbers from 1 to 9, yes/no).",
"\nUnfortunately the accuracy is very bad. ",
"It seems, if a word is recognized correctly, it is only by chance.",
"\nHere is my java code so far (adapted from the tutorial):\npublic static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {\n\n // Configuration Object\n Configuration configuration = new Configuration();\n\n // Set path to the acoustic model.",
"\n configuration.setAcousticModelPath(\"resource:/cmusphinx-de-voxforge-5.2\");\n\n // Set path to the dictionary.",
"\n configuration.setDictionaryPath(\"resource:/cmusphinx-voxforge-de.dic\");\n\n // use grammar\n configuration.setGrammarPath(\"resource:/\");\n configuration.setGrammarName(\"dialog\");\n configuration.setUseGrammar(true);\n\n LiveSpeechRecognizer recognizer = new LiveSpeechRecognizer(configuration);\n\n recognizer.startRecognition(true);\n SpeechResult result;\n while ((result = recognizer.getResult()) !",
"= null) {\n System.out.format(\"Hypothesis: %s\\n\", result.getHypothesis());\n }\n recognizer.stopRecognition();\n}\n\nHere is my grammer file:\n#JSGF V1.0;\n\ngrammar dialog;\n\npublic <digit> = 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | ja | nein; \n\nI've downloaded the German acoustic model and dictionary from here: https://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/Acoustic%20and%20Language%20Models/German/\nIs there something obvious I'm missing here? ",
"Where is the problem?",
"\nThanks in advance and kind regards.",
"\n\nA:\n\nI have tried to use pocketsphinx with Eng and German model and accuracy is good when it comes with predefined/limited set of phrases! ",
"You can forget about general things like \"could you please find me a restaurant in the downtown\".",
"\nTo achieve good accuracy with a pocketshinx: \n\nCheck that your mic, audio device, file and everything are 16 kHz while general model is trained with such acoustic examples.",
"\nYou should create your own limited dictionary you cannot use cmusphinx-voxforge-de.dic while accuracy is dramatically dropped. ",
"\nYou should create your own language model.",
"\nYou can try to modify pronunciation files to fit your accent. ",
" \n\nYou can search for Jasper project on GitLab to see how it's implemented. ",
"\nAlso you can check the documentation \n\n"
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"Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase has been studied intensively because of its essential role in energy metabolism. ",
"It is the final electron acceptor of the respiratory chain. ",
"Additionally, it pumps protons to the outside of the membrane. ",
"These protons are used for the production of ATP as an energy source for the cell. ",
"However, because the mitochondrial enzyme has structural and genetic complexity it is not very amenable to analysis. ",
"The cytochrome c oxidase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides has a high degree of structural and functional homology but it is a simpler system. ",
"Using this enzyme it has been possible to determine much of the structure and mechanism of the enzyme using site-directed mutagenesis. ",
"New crystal structures of the oxidase cannot show the proton pathways but they suggest likely positions for a proton relay system. ",
"The aims of the proposal are to establish sensitive, time-resolved procedures for the analysis of rates of proton pumping with the enzyme reconstituted into defined, artificial vesicles. ",
"These methods will be used to study current site-directed mutants that are deficient in proton pumping and any future mutants, in order to define the route and the mechanism of proton translocation. ",
"Knowledge of the proton pathway will give insights into the most challenging question of how the reduction of oxygen to water is energetically coupled to proton movement across the membrane."
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"\n *\n * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but\n * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ",
" See the GNU\n * General Public License for more details.",
"\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along\n * with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,\n * 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.",
"\n */\n\n#if defined(CONFIG_USB_STORAGE_KARMA) || \\\n\t\tdefined(CONFIG_USB_STORAGE_KARMA_MODULE)\n\nUNUSUAL_DEV( 0x045a, 0x5210, 0x0101, 0x0101,\n\t\t\"Rio\",\n\t\t\"Rio Karma\",\n\t\tUSB_SC_SCSI, USB_PR_KARMA, rio_karma_init, 0),\n\n#endif /* defined(CONFIG_USB_STORAGE_KARMA) || ... */\n"
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"GDC 09 Former World of Warcraft lead designer Jeffrey Kaplan told his fellow developers today to lay off the heavy text.",
"\n\nSpeaking at a presentation at the Game Developers Conference in San Francisco, Kaplan - who's now helming Blizzard's next unannounced MMO - said game makers often suffer from \"medium envy\", where they try to deliver a compelling story by writing reams of dialog and narrative without keeping in mind it's a video game.",
"\n\n\"Basically — and I'm speaking to the Blizzard guys in the back — we need to stop writing a fucking book in our game because nobody wants to read it,\" Kaplan said, adding that he's as guilty of this fault as anyone else.",
"\n\n\"We need to deliver our story in a way that is uniquely video game,\" said Kaplan. \"",
"We need to engage our players in sort of an inspiring experience, and the sooner we accept that we are not Shakespeare, Scorcerse, Tolstoy, or the Beatles, the better off we are.\"",
"\n\nKaplan said WoW has attempted to avoid drowning the player in dialog by limiting designers to only 511 characters in their quest descriptions.",
"\n\n\"I actually wish that the number was smaller. ",
"I think it's great to limit people in how much pure text they can force on the player,\" he said. \"",
"Because honestly — if you ever want a case study — just watch kids play it, and they're just mashing the button. ",
"They don't want to read anything.\"",
"\n\nKaplan quite candidly addressed some of the other mistakes he felt WoW quest design suffers from.",
"\n\nOne mistake in quest building Kaplan described is the \"Christmas tree effect\", where a player enters a new area and sees their mini-map light up with the exclamation marks of NPCs with new quests to offer.",
"\n\n\"If you ask the fans, they love this,\" Kaplan said. ",
"But he cautioned that presenting too many quests at once makes the game maker lose control of guiding the player through a good quest experiences.",
"\n\n\"With too many quests to pick up at once, odds are the player won't read anything,\" Kaplan said. \"",
"Odds are they won't anyway, but anything that prevents them from doing it is a bad thing.\"",
"\n\nKaplan said one way WoW quest designers have attempted get around the problem was giving one quest giver several quests.",
"\n\n\"It should just say 'Do Elywnn Forest' at that point,\" he said. \"",
"Come back to me at level 60.\"",
"\n\nAnother is a focus on \"gimmick quests without polish\". ",
"He illustrated this by showing a slide of one of WoW's newer dungeons, The Oculus, which has players ride dragons throughout.",
"\n\n\"We didn't build the engine around vehicles,\" said Kaplan. ",
"He added that other games like to tack on vehicle combat (while describing, but not naming Halo) where \"you can tell they didn't know what they were doing with vehicles, and it felt all floaty and things didn't shot right. ",
"The same mistake happened in World of Warcraft.\"",
"\n\nAnother was sloppy collection quests — something that's too often the bane of gamers. ",
"Kaplan admitted that he was behind what he himself described as \"the worst quest in WoW\", the infamous Green Hills of Stranglethorn quest.",
"\n\n\"So I'm the asshole that wrote this quest,\" Kaplan said.",
"\n\n\"It's a horrible quest, and I'm the one who made it. ",
"And somehow I am talking to you guys today.\"",
"\n\nUnfortunately, Kaplan didn't offer any details on Blizzard's next MMO. ",
"And he even teased the audience about it too — the Green Hills of Stranglethorn-writing bastard. ",
"®"
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"Qalandarabad-e Pain\n\nQalandarabad-e Pain (, also Romanized as Qalandarābād-e Pā’īn; also known as Qalandarābād) is a village in Soltanali Rural District, in the Central District of Gonbad-e Qabus County, Golestan Province, Iran. ",
"At the 2006 census, its population was 747, in 148 families.",
"\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Gonbad-e Kavus County"
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"Horrifying up-close footage of attacking Great White Shark\n\nAnthony Kobrowisky from Sea Candy Media was filming off the shark cage diving boat that he worked on in Gansbaai, South Africa. ",
"The shark breached extremely close to his camera, allowing him to capture the actual movement and power of the large great white shark’s jaws and teeth. ",
"Please note that no one was in danger while filming this clip."
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"Phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D activity is elevated in v-Fps-transformed cells.",
"\nActivating the protein-tyrosine kinase of v-Fps results in a rapid increase in diglyceride (DG) in rat fibroblasts. ",
"The v-Fps-induced increases in DG were detected only when phospholipids were prelabeled with [3H]-myristate, which is incorporated primarily into phosphatidylcholine (PC). ",
"Inhibition of phosphatidic acid (PA) phosphatase (PAP), which converts PA to DG, blocked v-Fps-induced DG production. ",
"PA is a primary metabolite of type D phospholipases (PLD). ",
"Consistent with these observations, PLD activity was activated in response to the kinase activity of v-Fps. ",
"The increased PLD activity was detected only when the cells were prelabeled with the PC-specific [3H]-myristate. ",
"These data support the hypothesis that v-Fps-induced DG is derived from PC via the PLD/PAP pathway."
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"Occurrence and distribution of fresh-water molluscs in the Riacho Fundo Creek Basin, Brasilia, Brazil.",
"\nTo study the distribution of molluscs in the Riacho Fundo Creek (cerrado region of central Brazil), five creek sites were sampled once every two months for one year. ",
"Molluscs were sampled using standardized kick-net sampling. ",
"Four species of molluscs were found: Physella cubensis, Melanoides tuberculata, Biomphalaria straminea and Pisidium sp. ",
"The most abundant were P. cubensis and Pisidium sp. ",
"Physella cubensis was most abundant in the dry season and Pisidium sp. ",
"was most abundant in the rainy season, probably reflecting the rainy season increase of water currents."
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"It would be premature as well as irreverent to invoke the eviction of money changers from the Temple But to judge by yesterday’s showing, bankers would be highly unwise to mess with His Grace.",
"\n\nHaving decided to remain on the Parliamentary Commission on Banking Standards despite being named as the next Archbishop of Canterbury, Bishop Welby not only turned up at yesterday’s session. ",
"He made a difference.",
"\n\nYou couldn’t help wonder if the financiers might have preferred him to confine himself to his enlarged pastoral duties. ",
"It’s not just that his theological dissertation was ominously entitled “Can business sin?” ",
"Or that he recently told a conference that before 2008 “the industry was referred to as financial services, but in fact it served nothing”.",
"\n\nOr that having worked in the oil business he knows what high finance is all about. ",
"As a man who by all accounts repeatedly risked his life negotiating with –and at times being kidnapped by– fearsome warlords in Nigeria, he is unlikely to be intimidated by men in pinstripe suits, however expensive.",
"\n\nWhether or not in deference to his new job, he was yesterday promoted to a seat between former Chancellor Lord Lawson and the Commission’s chairman Andrew Tyrie who simply referred to him – so grand is this august and erudite body – as “Justin Welby”, despite his cross, the unobtrusive dog collar and the imposing nameplate proclaiming him “The Lord Bishop of Durham”.",
"\n\nHis Lordship is the polar opposite of Gerald Ford who, according to LBJ, couldn’t walk and chew gum at the same time. ",
"Indeed he is such a multi-tasker that he managed to tap regularly on his iPad, write – with pen and paper – copious notes and ask some of the more intelligible questions of yesterday’s witness, Sir John Vickers, the man appointed after the crash to recommend reforms of the stricken banking industry.",
"\n\nAsking about “cultural contamination” across the “ring fence” that Vickers proposed will henceforth separate the investment and retail arms of banks, he suggested that an investor-banker chairman would be able to influence the retail side of the business, not by “subtle osmosis” but by simply declaring “we’ve got to push these dozy people in retail to be more aggressive”.",
"\n\nHe gave a dry and pregnant laugh when a heavily sceptical Tyrie asked whether Vickers’ view that bank directors would be entrusted with enforcing the “spirit as well as the letter” of new regulations, meant that “we have got to rely on bankers to deliver this [because]…their hearts are in it.”",
"\n\nAnd the Bishop asked Sir John, with just the faintest hint of incredulous distaste, whether it would still be possible for a bank’s retail operation to sell derivatives “manufactured” –the term used by his Liberal Democrat fellow Commissioner John Thurso – by the investment arm."
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"Bernie Sanders's self-identification as a democratic socialist is widely considered a political liability — if not in the Democratic primary, then in the unlikely event he gets to the general election. ",
"But first, people have to actually know what socialism is. ",
"And judging from the fact that, per Merriam-Webster lexicographer Peter Sokolowski, interest in the definition of \"socialism\" is spiking, a lot of debate watchers don't:\n\nThe dictionary, for the record, gives a short definition of \"a way of organizing a society in which major industries are owned and controlled by the government rather than by individual people and companies.\" ",
"That's obviously not what Sanders means. ",
"He believes in generous public services, like those provided in Scandinavian social democracies, but he has not called for large-scale nationalization of major industries. ",
"The first of the full definitions the dictionary provides is more precise: \"Any of various economic and political theories advocating collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods.\" ",
"Sanders's version is much closer to the \"distribution of goods\" end of that.",
"\n\nThis is only a small data point suggesting that Americans are warming toward socialism. ",
"A YouGov poll from earlier this year, for example, found that 36 percent of millennials have favorable views of socialism — versus only 15 percent of seniors. ",
"As the generation that doesn't remember the Iron Curtain comes of age, the word is losing its stigma."
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"Q:\n\nHow to fix recursively updating state?",
"\n\nI am bulding an app using newsapi. ",
"i am facing two issue on my state. ",
"i fetch data using api and assign it to my state. ",
"and use it in my view.",
"\nIssue no 1\nMy view gets rendered before my app receives the data.",
"\nIssue no 2\nWhen I try to update my state after a new fetch. ",
"it recursively updates the set of data again and again.",
"\nimport React, {Component} from 'react';\nimport NewsComponent from './NewsComponent/NewsComponent'\n\nclass News extends Component {\n state = {\n displayStatus: false,\n newsItems: []\n };\n\n toogleDisplayHandler = () => {\n if(this.state.displayStatus===true){\n this.setState({displayStatus:false})\n }\n else{\n this.setState({displayStatus:true})\n }\n }\n\n render(){ \n const NewsAPI = require('newsapi');\n const newsapi = new NewsAPI('d6da863f882e4a1a89c5152bd3692fb6');\n //console.log(this.props.keyword);\n newsapi.v2.topHeadlines({\n sources: 'bbc-news,abc-news',\n q: this.props.keyword\n }).then(response => {\n //console.log(response)\n response.articles.map(article => {\n //console.log(article);\n return(\n //console.log(this.state.newsItems)\n this.setState({\n newsItems: [...this.state.newsItems, article],\n })\n //this.state.newsItems.push(article)\n \n )\n });\n });\n \n let Article = null; \n \n Article = (\n <div>\n {\n this.state.newsItems.map((news, index) => {\n return (\n <NewsComponent key={index}\n title={news.title}\n url={news.url}\n description={news.description}\n author={news.author}\n publish={news.publishedAt}\n image={news.urlToImage}\n />\n )\n })\n }\n </div>\n )\n\n return (\n <div className=\"App\">\n \n {Article}\n\n <button onClick={this.toogleDisplayHandler}>\n {this.state.displayStatus === true ? \"",
"Hide Article\" : \"Display Articles\"}\n </button>\n </div>\n \n )\n }\n \n}\n\nexport default News;\n\nPlease help me to resolve this issue.",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou should never setState in render as that would cause an infinite loop. ",
"Do it in componentDidMount or the constructor. ",
"\nI would also recommend not using map for simply iterating over a list. ",
"Array.map is a function that is useful for returning an array that is constructed by iterating over another array. ",
"If you want to run some code for each element of an array use Array.forEach instead.",
"\nLike this:\nimport React, { Component } from \"react\";\nimport NewsComponent from \"./NewsComponent/NewsComponent\";\n\nclass News extends Component {\n state = {\n displayStatus: false,\n newsItems: []\n };\n\n toogleDisplayHandler = () => {\n if (this.state.displayStatus === true) {\n this.setState({ displayStatus: false });\n } else {\n this.setState({ displayStatus: true });\n }\n };\n\n componentDidMount = () => {\n const NewsAPI = require(\"newsapi\");\n const newsapi = new NewsAPI(\"d6da863f882e4a1a89c5152bd3692fb6\");\n\n newsapi.v2\n .topHeadlines({\n sources: \"bbc-news,abc-news\",\n q: this.props.keyword\n })\n .then(response => {\n response.articles.forEach(article => {\n this.setState({\n newsItems: [...this.state.newsItems, article]\n });\n });\n });\n };\n\n render() {\n let Article = null;\n\n Article = (\n <div>\n {this.state.newsItems.map((news, index) => {\n return (\n <NewsComponent\n key={index}\n title={news.title}\n url={news.url}\n description={news.description}\n author={news.author}\n publish={news.publishedAt}\n image={news.urlToImage}\n />\n );\n })}\n </div>\n );\n\n return (\n <div className=\"App\">\n {Article}\n\n <button onClick={this.toogleDisplayHandler}>\n {this.state.displayStatus === true\n ? \"",
"Hide Article\"\n : \"Display Articles\"}\n </button>\n </div>\n );\n }\n}\n\nexport default News;\n\n"
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"Multi-faceted Strategy Improves Nutritional Support For ICU Patients, But Not Outcomes\n\nDate:\n\nDecember 16, 2008\n\nSource:\n\nJAMA and Archives Journals\n\nSummary:\n\nA strategy to change practice in intensive care units was effective in implementing earlier nutritional support for critically ill patients, but the change did not result in a reduced risk of death or reduced length of stay in the ICU, according to a new study.",
"\n\nShare:\n\nTotal shares:\n\nFULL STORY\n\nA strategy to change practice in intensive care units was effective in implementing earlier nutritional support for critically ill patients, but the change did not result in a reduced risk of death or reduced length of stay in the ICU, according to a new study.",
"\n\nPrevious studies have found that early nutritional support, provided within 24 hours of injury or intensive care unit (ICU) admission, is a key component in the treatment of critically ill patients and may reduce the risk of death. ",
"But early nutritional support varies widely between ICUs, and up to 40 percent of eligible patients may remain unfed after 48 hours in the ICU, according to background information in the article.",
"\n\n\"Evidence-practice gaps are common in clinical practice, with 30 percent of hospitalized patients receiving care inconsistent with current best evidence. ",
"Evidence-based guidelines (EBGs) help reduce evidence-practice gaps by promoting awareness of interventions of proven benefit and discouraging ineffective care. ",
"However, the ICU is a complex multidisciplinary environment, and reducing evidence-practice gaps through the successful implementation of an EBG in such an environment is difficult,\" the authors write. ",
"They add that evidence supporting whether guidelines can improve ICU feeding practices and patient outcomes is contradictory.",
"\n\nGordon S. Doig, Ph.D., of the University of Sydney, Australia, and colleagues conducted a study to examine the effect on death and measures of practice change of implementing EBGs for nutritional support in ICUs. ",
"The trial included 27 hospitals in Australia and New Zealand and 1,118 critically ill adult ICU patients. ",
"Intensive care units were randomly assigned as either guideline or control groups. ",
"An evidence-based guideline was developed and a practice-change strategy, consisting of 18 specific interventions, supported by educational outreach visits, was implemented in guideline ICUs. ",
"Guideline and control ICUs enrolled 561 and 557 patients, respectively.",
"\n\nThe researchers found that no guideline hospitals failed to implement the evidence-based guideline. ",
"Significantly more patients in guideline ICUs received nutritional support during their ICU stay (94.3 percent vs. 72.7 percent) and were fed within 24 hours of ICU admission (60.8 percent vs. 37.3 percent). ",
"Patients in guideline ICUs were fed significantly earlier (0.75 vs. 1.37 average days to start of enteral nutrition [food provided through a feeding tube placed through the nose and into the stomach or small intestine]; and 1.04 vs. 1.40 average days to start of parenteral nutrition [intravenous feeding]), achieved caloric goals more often, and were fed on a greater proportion of ICU days (8.08 vs. 6.90 fed days per 10 patient-days) than patients in control ICUs.",
"\n\nThere were no significant differences between guideline and control ICUs with regard to the rate of death in the hospital or ICU, or average length of stay in the ICU or hospital. ",
"The incidence of clinically significant kidney dysfunction was significantly lower in the guideline ICUs compared with controls; however, there was no difference in the use of renal replacement therapy (such as dialysis).",
"\n\n\"We achieved significant practice change in the complex environment of the ICU through the use of a multifaceted, multilevel practice-change strategy, leveraged by educational outreach visits. ",
"Although the successful implementation of the guideline resulted in significant practice change, it did not result in reduced hospital mortality in critically ill patients,\" the authors conclude.",
"\n\nIn an accompanying editorial, Naomi E. Jones, R.D., M.Sc., ",
"and Daren K. Heyland, M.D., F.R.C.P.C., of Queen's University and Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, comment on the findings of Doig and colleagues.",
"\n\n\"These results are somewhat disappointing and prompt reflection on possible explanations. ",
"Existing guidelines recommend starting enteral nutrition within 24 to 48 hours, so shifting the average time to initiation of enteral nutrition from 1.37 days (32.9 hours) to 0.75 days (18 hours) may not be a large enough effect to influence clinical outcomes. ",
"Moreover, practices in both treatment groups were within recommended limits, with 95 percent of patients in both groups fed by 1.6 days after admission.\"",
"\n\n\"While Doig et al have made significant efforts to improve nutrition practice in the critical care setting, it is only through tailoring interventions to address identified barriers that change ultimately will occur and optimal nutrition will have positive effects on the morbidity and mortality of critically ill patients. ",
"The design of future studies will be strengthened by including barrier assessment and aligning the intervention with the complexity of the critical care environment.\"",
"\n\nJAMA and Archives Journals. (",
"2008, December 16). ",
"Multi-faceted Strategy Improves Nutritional Support For ICU Patients, But Not Outcomes. ",
"ScienceDaily. ",
"Retrieved August 2, 2015 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081216161046.htm\n\nJuly 31, 2015 School is just around the corner, which means backpacks and packed lunches await your children. ",
"One expert offers tips for parents to promote healthy dental habits while away from ... read more\n\nJuly 29, 2015 By blocking the expression of a certain gene in patients, researchers have contributed to the demonstration of great decreases in the concentration of triglycerides in their ... read more\n\nJuly 29, 2015 Viewing aquarium displays led to noticeable reductions in blood pressure and heart rate, a research team found in the first study of its kind. ",
"They also noted that higher numbers of fish helped to ... read more\n\nMay 19, 2015 Critically ill patients who have been mechanically ventilated for more than seven days are at greatly increased risk for functional impairment and mortality at one year following discharge from the ... read more\n\nSep. 30, 2014 Administration of high-dose vitamin D3 compared with placebo did not reduce hospital length of stay, intensive care unit length of stay, hospital mortality, or the risk of death at 6 months among ... read more\n\nJune 6, 2011 Patients in the intensive care unit who do not tolerate adequate nutrition from tube feeding should wait a week before receiving intravenous (IV) feeding because, compared with early IV feeding, it ... read more"
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"Speech emotion recognition based on brain and mind emotional learning model.",
"\nSpeech emotion recognition is a challenging obstacle to enabling communication between humans and machines. ",
"The present study introduces a new model of speech emotion recognition based on the relationship between the human brain and mind. ",
"According to this relationship, the proposed model consists of two parts: the brain short term memory (BSTM) and mind long term memory (MLTM). ",
"The input of the BSTM is emotional speech signals. ",
"Then, this part gives one copy of information to the MLTM. ",
"The reason is that the brain needs to save information as knowledge in a bigger and safer place similar to the human mind. ",
"The proposed model not only provides a computational model of speech emotion recognition based on the relationship between the BSTM and MLTM, but also illustrates a new relationship between brain and mind. ",
"The proposed model has been compared with different models of recognition. ",
"As the aim is to prove the efficiency of the suggested model, the effect of noise with different noise rates on the input signals has been analyzed in the experiment part. ",
"Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has a powerful capability to identify and explore human emotion even in the noisy environment."
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"Q:\n\nCreating shared folder between Win 2008 R2 and Win 2012 Servers\n\nI have a Windows 2008 R2 Server and need to share a folder on this server to be visible on an Amazon AWS Windows 2012 server. ",
"The 2012 server acts as a failover server.",
"\nThe purpose of this is to copy files nightly to the Windows 2012 server.",
"\nI am new to setting up servers so what is the easiest way to get this done?",
"\n\nA:\n\nTo do what you want, you have two possibilities:\n\npublish one of the server using a public IP address and open/redirect the required port (135-139 and 445 TCP/UDP) - this is highly insecure\nestablish a VPN tunnel between the servers and directly connect to the private IP address - this is the recommended solution\n\nYou had multiple options to establish the VPN tunnel: you can use the AWS VPN service, Windows's integrated VPN technology, OpenVPN, ecc. ",
"Simply pick the one that is better suited to your network topology and budget.",
"\nAnyway, if you only want a off-site backup, maybe you will be better served with by a simpler solution such as remote FTP server.",
"\n\n"
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[
"The invention relates to an X-ray image intensifier tube, comprising an entrance window and an exit window which enclose, in conjunction with a cylindrical jacket, an evacuated space in which there are arranged an entrance screen, an exit screen, and an electron-optical imaging system.",
"\nAn X-ray image intensifier tube of this kind is known from U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"4,213,055. ",
"In medical diagnostics a strong need exists for more different types of X-ray image intensifier tubes, for example, for more different dimensions of the entrance screen.",
"\nFor, a long time the availability of only two entrance screen dimensions has been accepted, that is to say approximately 15 cm and approximately 25 cm. ",
"At an early stage a 25 cm tube was made suitable for imaging a 15 cm entrance screen by means of an electron-optical zoom system. ",
"More recently, the need has arisen for an X-ray image intensifier tube having a larger entrance screen, for which purpose the 35 cm tube described in U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"4,213,055 has been developed. ",
"Even though this tube also comprises an optical zoom system, that is to say for the dimensions 15, 25 and 35 cm of the entrance screen, there still is a need for, for example, a 30 cm tube and also for comparatively inexpensive tubes comprising smaller entrance screens. ",
"Specific diagnostic methods have also given rise to specific demands as regards the entrance screen and whether or not to use a fibre-optical system for the exit window, as regards the resolution of the screens, etc. ",
"This again results in specifications which cannot always be combined in a single window or screen, so that even more types of tubes are desired.",
"\nWishes as regards electron-optical properties may also give rise to solutions which cannot be implemented in a single electrode system.",
"\nThe manufacture of X-ray image intensifier tubes where each type of tube customarily treated as a separate product during the entire production process becomes less efficient as the number of types increases. ",
"It has also been found that excessive construction tolerances must be accepted in the production of notably high-quality X-ray image intensifier tubes."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
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[
"Q:\n\nДинамическое удаление элементов меню bottomNavigationView\n\nЯ пытаюсь удалить часть элементов из менюшки программно в активности при выполнении условий. ",
"Делаю так:\nif (!",
"sp!!.getStringSet(\"disabled_app_modules\", HashSet<String>()).isNullOrEmpty()) {\n val set = sp!!.getStringSet(\"disabled_app_modules\", HashSet<String>())\n when {\n set.contains(\"notepad\") -> {\n bottomNavigationView.menu.removeItem(R.id.notespec)\n }\n }\n}\n\nно так ничего не работает. ",
"Если напрямую после объявления виджета удалять элемент то все работает нормально:\nbottomNavigationView.menu.removeItem(R.id.notespec)\n\nдумал сделать так:\nbottomNavigationView.postInvalidate()\n\nно не помогло. ",
"Думал проблема в том что пустой сет приходит, но сет в памяти есть и он не пустой. ",
"Проблема где-то в этих строках:\nset.contains(\"notepad\") -> {\n bottomNavigationView.menu.removeItem(R.id.notespec)\n }\n\nно тут я не знаю где могут быть проблемы, вроде все правильно записано, или нет...\nUPDATE\nЕсть гипотеза почему не находятся элементы, но мне она кажется не очень правдоподобной. ",
"Вот мой сет:\n<set name=\"disabled_app_modules\">\n <string>"notepad"</string>\n</set>\n\nа я ищу set.contains(\"notepad\") может еще нужно как-то учитывать скобки или это бред?",
"\n\nA:\n\nРешил свою проблему, возможно и костыльно но работает нормально:\nval set = sp!!.getStringSet(\"disabled_app_modules\", HashSet<String>())\nval list: ArrayList<String> = ArrayList()\nlist.addAll(set!!)",
"\n\nfor (i in 0 until list.size){\n when(list[i].substring(1,list[i].length-1)){\n\n \"notepad\"->{\n bottomNavigationView.menu.removeItem(R.id.notespec) \n }\n }\n\n}\n\nв итоге делает то что нужно. ",
"Может поможет кому :)\n\n"
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[
"Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism is associated with severe renal involvement and renal sequelae in Henoch-Schönlein purpura.",
"\nTo assess the influence of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism (IL1RN) in the incidence of Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) and cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis (CLA) and to determine if implications exist with severe systemic complications of HSP, in particular with severe renal involvement and permanent renal dysfunction (renal sequelae). ",
"Patients from Northwest Spain with primary cutaneous vasculitis classified as HSP or hypersensitivity vasculitis (HV) according to proposed criteria were studied. ",
"Patients with HV were included if they had a biopsy proven small size blood vessel leukocytoclastic vasculitis limited to skin and also fulfilled the Chapel Hill Consensus Conference on the Nomenclature of Systemic Vasculitis definitions for CLA. ",
"All patients were required to have had at least 2 years' followup. ",
"Patients and ethnically matched controls were genotyped for IL-1 receptor antagonist intron 2 VNTR polymorphism. ",
"We examined 96 Caucasian patients (58 HSP and 38 CLA) and 109 controls. ",
"No allele or genotype differences between the whole group of HSP or CLA patients and controls were observed. ",
"We found a significant association between carriage of IL-1 receptor antagonist allele 2 (ILRN*2) and severe renal involvement, manifested as nephrotic syndrome and/or renal insufficiency (p = 0.016), and permanent renal involvement (renal sequelae) (p = 0.012). ",
"In unselected patients with cutaneous vasculitis, carriage of ILRN*2 alleles influences disease severity rather than susceptibility."
] | {
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"/**\n * Slovene translation for bootstrap-datepicker\n * Gregor Rudolf <gregor.rudolf@gmail.com>\n */\n;(function($){\n\t$.fn.datepicker.dates['sl'] = {\n\t\tdays: [\"Nedelja\", \"Ponedeljek\", \"Torek\", \"Sreda\", \"Četrtek\", \"Petek\", \"Sobota\", \"Nedelja\"],\n\t\tdaysShort: [\"Ned\", \"Pon\", \"Tor\", \"Sre\", \"Čet\", \"Pet\", \"Sob\", \"Ned\"],\n\t\tdaysMin: [\"Ne\", \"Po\", \"To\", \"Sr\", \"Če\", \"Pe\", \"So\", \"Ne\"],\n\t\tmonths: [\"Januar\", \"Februar\", \"Marec\", \"April\", \"Maj\", \"Junij\", \"Julij\", \"Avgust\", \"September\", \"Oktober\", \"November\", \"December\"],\n\t\tmonthsShort: [\"Jan\", \"Feb\", \"Mar\", \"Apr\", \"Maj\", \"Jun\", \"Jul\", \"Avg\", \"Sep\", \"Okt\", \"Nov\", \"Dec\"],\n\t\ttoday: \"Danes\"\n\t};\n}(jQuery));\n"
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"pile_set_name": "Github"
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[
"Whakarewarewa tree felling summer 17/18\n\nTimberlands have started harvesting operations in the 5 Mile Gate area of the Whakarewarewa Forest (see map attached).",
"\n\nDue to the lower level of public access in this area the harvesting crew will be working extended hours through to Christmas (expect 24-7). ",
"Logging trucks will enter and exist through Fern Drive opposite Planet Bike and travel along Long Drive, 5 Mile Gate Road and Corsican Road. ",
"Logging trucks will only be working between the hours of 4:00 am – 4:00 pm Monday to Friday. ",
"To eliminate the risk of public accessing hazardous areas Timberlands will close off 5 Mile Gate Rd and Corsican Rd (shown on map attached).",
"\n\nThere should be no impact on walking or mountain bike trails, but all public should be vigilant if using any of the open roads in the surrounding area as trucks will be operating.",
"\n\nThe harvesting operation is expected to be complete by Mid-January 2018"
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"Four Years: Looking back\n\nToday marks our fourth year in Ireland. ",
"To commemorate this anniversary, I’ve collected a few of my favorite posts about life on the auld sod.",
"\n\nWe arrived with seven suitcases, and shipped four boxes of books. (",
"Three of which arrived.) ",
"We just moved house, and I’d say we’re at 50 suitcases worth of belongings now. ",
"Seven suitcases were filled with my clothes alone!",
"\n\nThis is Mom, not Dad. ",
"I have just read back over many of your blogs. ",
"You really do have the gift. ",
"Some of our absolutely most amazing experiences have happened while visiting and traveling with you and Bill. ",
"We are so looking forward to seeing you in November."
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[
"The Boulder Bicycle Blog\n\nnice shop bike\n\nTuesday, July 28, 2015\n\nSometimes a bicycle just begs to be ridden. ",
"It doesn't want to be mounted to a wall and adored. ",
"There is something fun about a bike that is scruffy enough that it can't be a showpiece, yet isn't so horrible that you can't get the essence of its grandeur. ",
"You can get it dirty, you can add some scratches, but at the same time you respect its heritage and significance. ",
"And most importantly, you relish its performance.",
"\n\nThere is a reason for the Cinelli reputation. ",
"Cinelli bicycles are delightfully stable yet feel wonderfully quick. ",
"The example here is a bit smaller than other's I've most typically ridden, and I'm betting that it might have slightly lighter tubing, perhaps a Reynolds 8/5/8 top tube instead of the more common 9/6/9 Columbus which Cinelli typically used later on. ",
"After all, Cinelli and Columbo eventually shared owners. ",
"But early on, Cinelli made ample use of Reynolds tubing.",
"\n\nTo make a vintage bicycle fun to ride, a few tweaks are sometimes in order. ",
"First, rider interfaces need to be optimized. ",
"That usually means saddle, handlebars, and pedals should be changed if needed to reflect current rider preferences. ",
"In this case, the vintage and very broken-in Brooks saddle seems swell. ",
"In contrast, I simply can't ride, even after break-in, modern Brooks saddles for some reason. ",
"I'm not sure why, I always feel like I'm sliding forward (not an uncommon complaint it seems). ",
"The handlebar and stem are original vintage and I can't bring myself to change them. ",
"I find a Nitto Noodle to be much more comfortable. ",
"But how can I remove the Cinelli stem (it would have to go as the Noodle is 26.0 and the Cinelli is 26.4) and bars from a Cinelli bicycle? ",
"So instead I'm trying to deal with the terrible angle formed at the intersection of the brake lever/handlebar junction.",
"\n\nOne change I did make is installing clipless pedals. ",
"I always found clips and straps a terrible bother and strongly prefer clipless. ",
"Some vintage folks don't like clipless, and some traditionally oriented cycling writers claim that they are responsible for a host problems. ",
"But that is the case when cleats and other foot alignment issues are not properly dealt with.",
"\n\nA nice additional to this bike a Berthoud 786 saddlebag. ",
"This bag allows me to carry wallet, keys, a couple of tubes and a few tools very securely. ",
"If the strap around the seatpost is undone, the bag has a quick release which enables it to be removed easily. ",
"If one has a few bikes with the bracket left in place on the saddle, then a bag can be easily shared among bikes.",
"\n\nA big question is what tires to run on a vintage race bike such as this Cinelli. ",
"In the day, the prime choice would have been a silk tire from Clement. ",
"Perhaps a Paris Roubaix or Del Mundo. ",
"But these days I'm not thrilled by the chore of dealing with tubulars. ",
"I'm a big fan of Challenge tires, and the more I ride the Strada model, the more I love it. ",
"This bike actually has the early version Strada clincher; it uses a lower thread count casing that the latest version. ",
"The newer version does ride better as I've tried it on other bikes.",
"\n\nThe Strada is rated at 25mm but really measures very close to 27mm when inflated. ",
"This is close in size to wider tubular tires of the day and the bike rides beautifully with these tires. ",
"The Challenge tires have a casing that is essentially fabric as opposed to a rubberized thin-strand material. ",
"I've always found that tires like this are wonderfully lively to ride while offering great resistance to sidewall cuts. ",
"The classic good looks of these tires is an added bonus for sure.",
"\n\nVintage bikes often have race gearing that is not so nice for our older bodies and knees. ",
"I really wanted to keep the vintage drivetrain intact on this bike, so I went for a gear cluster that is at the limit of what a classic Campagnolo Nuovo Record drivetrain can handle; 14-28 in the rear and 42/52 up front. ",
"To use this full range of 24 tooth gap, the Nuovo Record rear derailleur must be assembled properly. ",
"In another blog post we'll show how, but the idea is that a Nuovo or Super Record rear derailleur can be assembled in one of 4 ways. ",
"The way that makes for the most chain wrap how the derailleur must be set up. ",
"It does not come this way out of the box.",
"\n\nGetting top quality freewheels has been tricky (IRD now sees fine by the way). ",
"We have some more options on the way soon such as the 14-28 Regina America five speed shown above. ",
"We usually like to mate these freewheels with wide space chains. ",
"But in this case we used the Sachs/Sedis black chain designed for narrow clusters and it shifts just beautifully. ",
"So that is another option for sure.",
"\n\nSo how does this vintage bike ride? ",
"It rides wonderfully. ",
"It is slightly stouter than the skinny tube Boulder Bicycle road sport with 7/4/7 skinny tubing. ",
"It is perhaps a bit less smooth and maybe a hair less quick for me. ",
"But it feels extremely well planted (though a bit more nervous than the road sport) and the more I ride this bike since it came into rotation, the more I want to ride it. ",
"And isn't that what this is all about?",
"\n\nWednesday, May 21, 2014\n\nLeica Fun for Cyclists - act Now!",
"\n\nIf you are like us, you enjoy mechanical products that are beautifully made. ",
"We often like to shoot film. ",
"It is a visceral experience. ",
"You stop, take the camera out of the handlebar bag, compose the image, and snap! ",
"The feeling of mechanical precision we find using old Leica cameras is something many folks may never experience.",
"\n\nBut is shooting film impractical? ",
"Not at all. ",
"There are better film emulsions available now than were commonplace 20 years ago. ",
"Current Kodak Ektar film is perfect for landscapes with its rich color and extreme exposure latitude. ",
"On sunny days the F8 to F11 at film speed (Ektar is 100) gives near perfect results just about every time.",
"\n\nAnd developing - go to many Costco locations and they process, print, and give you a scan disc of the images! ",
"So within a day you have internet ready JPEG's, and a negative that won't get lost when your hard drive explodes.",
"\n\nBut what Leica to buy? ",
"We love the old screwmount Leica's for their compact size. ",
"Right now, Tamarkin Camera in Chicago has a small quantity of Leica iiig's - the ultimate screwmount Leica, for sale. ",
"They were certainly well used, but they have all been CLA'd (clean, lube, adjusted) so are ready to shoot. ",
"It is rare to find affordable Leica iiig's - they made a special purchase to get these. ",
"They will probably last many lifetimes! ",
"If you pair the Leica iiig with one of the smaller collapsible Leica lenses (the 3.5 elmar 50mm is our favorite) the result is a camera and lens that can fit in many large pockets. ",
"An mechanical and optical tour de Force!",
"\n\nSo if interested, contact Tamarkin photo at (800) 289-5342 and have Dan set you up with an ultimate camera pacage! ",
"Or, visit their website: click here for Tamarkin Camera\n\nMonday, May 12, 2014\n\nHardly a day goes by when we don't get asked about rim selection. ",
"As our customers tend to be \"traditionalists\" they want to get our opinion on using a box section rim on a high-dish wheel because they love the looks of classically styled rims.",
"\n\nUnfortunately, we just can't give the go-ahead for classic box section rims on modern high-dish setups. ",
"There is a reason that major manufacturers stopped using classic section box rims when high-dish wheels became the norm. ",
"It is just too delicate of a balancing act to get a wheel with enough tension that the non-drive spokes aren't \"too loose\" while at the same time the tension on the drive side spokes won't crack the rim at the eyelets.",
"\n\nOf course, if the rim is heavy enough, this isn't a problem. ",
"But that isn't much fun...\n\nWe won't say that box rims and high dish can't be done, but we really like having wheels that aren't \"on the edge\". ",
"Plus, many of the wheels that seem fine even after a year or so may develop cracks a bit later on. ",
"And on some lightweight box rims, the failure can be rather sudden and dramatic.",
"\n\nRims that are aero or semi aero are much less prone to eyelet cracking (or cracking around the spoke hole if there are no eyelets). ",
"The rim may distort a smidge under tension, but it doesn't actually fail.",
"\n\nAnd some classic box rims often are made with drillings that make the dish issue even worse! ",
"If the eyelets are significantly staggered from center, there may be even less bracing angle on the drive side then there would be if the spoke holes are staggered just a little bit.",
"\n\nFor these reasons, the use of an OC (off-center) rim really makes sense. ",
"It is possible to get non-drive tensions that are much more reasonable.",
"\n\nOf course, if you use a 135mm space rear (which isn't easy with Campy hubs) or if you are using a more retro set-up with lower dish wheels, then the classic box section rims make sense. ",
"It just comes down to using the right parts for the right application.",
"\n\nWednesday, September 11, 2013\n\nYep - the worlds worst fender line! ",
"Here debris became imbedded in the rear tire, hit the fender strut, and rotated it upward. ",
"The tire/strut junction area then was drawn in and locked against the tire, and the bike came to a skidding halt. ",
"Had the lock-up been on a front wheel, it could have caused severe injury or worse...So here are some thoughts on the topic...\n\nWe are continuing or efforts to gain a better understanding of the failure mode with fenders, and see if there are ways to reduce the risks associated with them. ",
"Metal fenders unlike plastic fenders don't use break-away quick release mounts. ",
"But as we've written elsewhere, we've learned of a number of failures where plastic fenders \"quick released\" away, but then folded up dramaticaly into the forkcrown and locked the tire or otherwise caused a crash. ",
"One guess is maybe the fender disengages from the strut, but then bounces off the downtube perhaps and then gets sucked into the crown. ",
"Another issue is that if the strut quick releases away, the strut might bounce into the wheel and suck the fender into a world where it shouldn't be.",
"\n\nOne idea for metal fenders might be to change the mounting point of the strut. ",
"As the fender strut's mounting point is placed higher relative to the axle, as the fender/strut rotates with the tire when locked by debris, the fender/strut is drawn away from the tire rather than into it. ",
"There is some discussion and thought, however, that lock-ups with metal fenders may not always occur where the tire/debris/interface gets drawn into the tire, but rather that the fender may arch up and lock up at the crown (and then the fender/strut rotates back down a bit). ",
"If that is the case, changing the strut mounting point might not be clearly preferable (we are skeptical though of this argument). ",
"So perhaps it may be that a slight change in strut mouting location (by having a mounting point farther up the forkblade) may not make a significant difference, or might even make the risk greater. ",
"We just aren't sure. ",
"But our general thoughts which we will explore is that changing the strut mounting location might be a good idea.",
"\n\nSo we are looking into this more - and hope that if folks have thoughts (or actual experience or good analytics on this) on this they will contribute to the discussion. ",
"We know of many threads on this already on the web - what we'd love to get is more description of actual failure mode and exact details which will shed more light on this important safety issue.",
"\n\nSo if it becomes clear that a different fender strut mounting point is better, we will make changes to our forks accordingly. ",
"And we will hope that other builders will follow along. ",
"Another possible remedy might be to refine what \"proper\" front fender stay attachment entails. ",
"One idea we're going to test out is to consider using Berthout plastic fender stay attachment blocks and \"run them loose\". ",
"By loose we mean still held firmly in place, but not so firmly that a good tug wouldn't pull the stay out. ",
"To do this, it is vital that an extra long bolt be used to attach the mounting block to the eyelet and that a nut be used to secure the \"loose\" block to the eyelet. ",
"Also, the fender stay probably should be on the long side so that it won't jump free of the mounting block by accident. ",
"Note, though, that having struts come loose via a quick release mechanism is not clearly better either - if the strut gets caught in the spokes then all sorts of bad things can happen too. ",
"But it may be that the rigidity of the struts used on metal fenders enables them to effectively repel most debris challenges, and if the strut can free up only when really necessary, it may provide the greatest but not complete reduction of fender risk.",
"Interestingly, for the situation in the photo above, we think that a modified strut placement would not have helped, but if the stays were not so rigidly attached to the eyelet, then maybe the lock up would not have occured.",
"\n\nIn the meantime, as we sort things out - ride carefully and be vigilant - do your very best to avoid debris if you make the choice to use fenders!",
"\n\nTuesday, July 16, 2013\n\nCustomers and friends ask us this\nquestion constantly. ",
"For many riders,\nthe answer is not a simple decision.",
"\nLike with most things, there are tradeoffs. ",
"When trying to answer this question, we like\nto make two statements.",
"\n\nStatement One:\n\nHigh\nquality 700c tires, including the wider models, seem quicker on acceleration,\nand many riders find that they feel a smidge faster, than a high quality wide\n650b tire such as the Grand Bois Hetre.",
"\nThe 700c tire also provides handling that feels a bit more sporting than\n650b.",
"\n\nStatement\nTwo:\n\nIt\nis amazing how little one gives up when they go from a nice wide 700c tire\n(30mm or so) to the even wider high quality 650b tires such as the Grand Bois\nHetre. ",
"And the cushy ride of a high\nquality 650b tire is so nice! ",
"On a 650b\ntire, you feel like a kid as you feel able to go anywhere yet it’s\nexceptionally stable and fast. ",
"Fatigue\nis lessened on a cushy 650b, and hitting a bump late at night when you’re tired\nis less likely to cause mayhem if you’re on a wide 650b tire.",
"\n\nSo these statements outline the dilemma; 650b tires do seem to give up something, but\nthey don’t give up much, and they have important advantages.",
"\n\nSome of the fastest long distance brevet riders believe\nthat 650b tires are their best choice. ",
"If\nyou do the math, this makes a good bit of sense. ",
"Very fast riders spend a relatively small\nportion of their energy overcoming rolling resistance but a great portion of\ntheir energy fighting wind resistance.",
"\nSo if the rolling resistance is greater on a 650b tire, the percentage\ndecrease in their speed is slight. ",
"But a\nslower rider is using more of their watts for overcoming rolling resistance and\nits increase will decrease that rider’s speed by a greater percentage. ",
"It almost seems unfair – a rocket of a rider\ncan use comfy tires and pay a relatively small speed penalty for that comfort\ngain. ",
"Slower riders like myself will pay\na higher penalty.",
"\n\nOf course, for the slower rider, more time is spent\non the bicycle for a given distance. ",
"The\ncomfort benefit (and resultant rider energy savings to the rider of not getting\nbumped around so much) of the sweet 650b wide tire may be far more important\nthan any speed loss.",
"\n\nThere is some question as to why a wide 650b tire\nwith its smaller diameter and therefore reduced inertia would be slower than a\n700c. ",
"The math, according to my\nconversations with Jan Heine of Bicycle Quarterly, indicates that 700c wheels\nshould not be faster. ",
"One argument I\nmake is that the debate on hysteresis losses (losses from tire casing\ndeflection under load such as when climbing out of the saddle) have not been\naccurately measured. ",
"Bicycle Quarterly\ntests have attempted to measure hysteresis losses by analyzing rolling\nresistance at low tire pressures when a rider is pedaling smoothly. ",
"With relatively unsmooth pedaling (hard\nclimbing or sprinting) the losses associated with a larger tire casing may be\ngreater. ",
"Testing this assertion, though,\nis very difficult.",
"\n\nIt also is possible that at least a significant\nreason 700c seems faster is psychological.",
"\nEven wide 700c tires (such as a Grand Bois Cypress or Challenge Strada\nBianco/Eroica) seem to handle in a more sporting fashion and seem to accelerate\nquicker than wide 650b tires such as the Grand Bois Hetre (once you ride a\nHetre equipped bike for a long time, this difference may be forgotten). ",
"But this difference may not be real. ",
"But for many riders, does that matter? ",
"With enough horsepower and proper tires, one\ncan possibly accelerate a large SUV through a curve at a faster speed then some\nlightweight old British sports cars. ",
"But\nwhich vehicle puts a smile on your face and makes you want to drive the twisty\nroads more? ",
"If you like the feel of a\nbike, even if it is not measurably faster, you may ride more and ride\nhappier. ",
"Isn’t that what it’s all about?",
"\n\nEven slight differences in tire speed, though, can\nmake a huge difference on some rides.",
"\nSometimes just a little difference in acceleration can determine whether\na rider catches another rider’s wheel when the tempo ramps up. ",
"By not hanging onto a group, the overall\ndifference in time on a ride may become much greater than the slight difference\nin speed one would calculate from slight differences in rolling resistance.",
"\n\nWithout a doubt, a rider’s typical choice of\nterrain tempers the 650b versus 700c debate.",
"\nIf a rider spends many miles on gravel or dirt, or very rough roads,\nthen the optimal choice swings towards 650b.",
"\nIf a rider does rough stuff only on rare occasions, and likes to do\ngo-fast lunchtime hammer fests, then the more perky nature of 700c might make\nit the preferred choice.",
"\n\nAside from these big picture considerations,\nequipment availability, lack of availability, and recently introduced products\nalso influence the 650b versus 700c decision.",
"\nWhat follows is a list of products and product issues that should help\ninfluence a rider’s choice.",
"\n\nLimited availability of 650b tires and rims\n\nIf\nyou destroy a wheel or tire, you may not find a replacement easily. ",
"Also, almost all 650b tires are made by\nPanaracer (Grand Bois, Rivendell, Soma, Pacenti). ",
"If the Panaracer factory was destroyed, 650b\ntire availability would evaporate. ",
"That\nsaid, if that did occur, there are other makers that would jump into the\nmarket. ",
"The wide array of Panaracer\ntires in this size is actually a detriment to other potential entrants wanting\nto enter the market. ",
"It’s the right size\nfor one major player, but not for many manufacturers.",
"\n\nLack of an optimal 650b rim – no longer an issue!",
"\n\nWe now are offering for late July or early\nAugust delivery the Velocity A23 OC (offset) rim in 650b. ",
"But previous to\nthis introduction, there has been no perfect 650b rim that we totally\nlove. ",
"We use Velocity Synergy rims, but\nthe deep bead wells make for a tire that needs to be carefully seated. ",
"We use two layers of rim tape and have\nvirtually no issues. ",
"But others for some\nreason appear to have issues. ",
"Also, for\nhigh-dish wheels an asymmetric (offset rim) makes tremendous sense. ",
"But Velocity Synergy rims must not be tensioned\ntoo high or there is risk of rim cracking by the eyelets. ",
"This rarely is a big deal, but it doesn’t\ngive anyone a warm feeling. ",
"The Velocity\nA23 rim does not suffer from eyelet issues.",
"\n\nA\nnumber of folks seem to like the Pacenti rim.",
"\nBut we refuse to use it for a high dish wheel on a wheel we would send\nto a customer. ",
"Box section rims are\nnotorious for eyelet failure, and until there are riders with many thousands of\nmiles on these, we aren’t sure there will not be eyelet issues. ",
"We could be wrong. ",
"But the high dish wheels we’ve seen built\nwith these rims had very low tension on the non-drive side. ",
"And even those wheels had enough tension on them\nto distort the rim around the eyelets.",
"\nNow, for a rider who is experienced with wheels, the Pacenti rim could\ncertainly be built to its appropriate tension, and then re-tensioned as needed\nshould the wheel’s tension fall below threshold. ",
"But this is not a plan for wheels that go out\nto customers who want to simply ride and not futz with their wheels. ",
"But for some, it is fine. ",
"And for a low dish application, the Pacenti\nrim is great.",
"\n\nAs\nwe said, the rim issue is now solved.",
"\nBut remember, there are still many more 700c rim options out there\ncompared with 650b!",
"\n\nThese\ntires really messed with our thinking.",
"\nThey are each so fast and so comfortable that riding a 700c bike\n(specifically my old 1970’s Cinelli) with these really diminished our\nenthusiasm for 650b a bit. ",
"The velvety\nride and speed and perky 700c handling has been intoxicating.",
"\n\nThe\nEroica arrived in late September 2012 and I couldn’t get off the Cinelli once\nthey were installed. ",
"But Challenge for\nlegal reasons needed to drop the Eroica name and the new tire is supposed to be\nthe same but is called Strada Bianca. ",
"Note\nthat later Eroica tires and the new Strada Bianca tire have an additional\nanti-puncture strip. ",
"This does diminish\nthe tire’s performance. ",
"I actually\nremoved this strip (it was on the inside of the tire) by carefully prying and\npeeling it off but we’re not sure it is ok to do this (perhaps one could damage\nthe tire’s casing). ",
"For some rider’s,\nthe puncture strip might be very welcome in helping against the battle against\nflats. ",
"But for me, it was an unwelcome solution\nto a problem I didn’t want to solve.",
"\n\nThe\nGrand Bois Cypress Extra Leger is in very tight supply. ",
"But it is super comfortable and seemingly\nvery fast. ",
"I find that the Grand Bois\ntires do not feel as “alive” as the Challenge tires. ",
"Even the Grand Bois Cypres Extra Leger does\nnot have overly high TIP counts compared with Challenge. ",
"But for smoothness and comfort, the Grand\nBois tires are amazing. ",
"It appears,\nthough, that the Cypress in general and the Extra Leger in particular, may have\na casing that is a tad delicate for much off road use. ",
"Our shop “testers” are\nseeing some casing cut issues. ",
"The\nChallenge Eroica/Strada Bianca as we see it, is probably going to be the go-to\ntire for hardcore 700c off-road performance riding.",
"\n\nGrand Bois Hetre Extra Leger 650b x 42\n\nSo\nwe’re thinking that maybe with the fabulous 700c Challenge Eroica that 650b\nisn’t as compelling. ",
"But then Grand Bois\nupped the game with their Hetre Extra Leger.",
"\nThis is an important tire. ",
"While\nit may be pushing the weight/durability limit a bit for more aggressive off\nroad riding, for on-road riding the measurable\nperformance gap between 650b and 700c has to be getting mighty small. ",
"So in terms of speed, one can get mighty\nclose to mainstream 700c performance (if not better) with the Extra Leger, and\nthen use the heavier casing Hetre (or perhaps a Soma B-line) for more\naggressive dirty stuff. ",
"A downside is\nthat currently this tire is in very short supply.",
"\n\nIn summary, there is no perfect answer to the 700c\nversus 650b choice. ",
"That is because each\nperson has their own preferences as to which attributes are most important to\noptimize. ",
"Many of our customers have\nopted for both a 700c and also a 650b machine.",
"\nFor others, that is not a feasible luxury. ",
"The good news is that with current tire and\nrim availability it is a tough decision because great performing bicycles can\nbe made in each of these sizes. ",
"This is\na nice problem to have!",
"\n\nSaturday, June 29, 2013\n\nThe Steel Lauterwassers are back!These handlebars have been a real favorite for a long time. ",
"Folks seem to use them on nifty vintage restorations and modern project bikes. ",
"My son has a pair of the alloy ones on his fixie bike and loves them. ",
"For about 5 months the steel version has been out of stock, but now they are back!click here to see on our online store\n\nThursday, December 13, 2012\n\nWe are going back to the blog! ",
"We stopped making posts to the Rene Herse blog in February 2012. ",
"With the transfer of the Rene Herse name to Compass Bicycles, we realize that it is best to start fresh and start a new blog for Boulder Bicycle. ",
"We expect this blog to be far more active than the old Rene Herse Blog.",
"\n\nBoulder Bicycle\n\nWelcome to Boulder Bicycle's blog. ",
"Boulder Bicycle offers randonneur parts and accessories, complete bicycles, and many vintage specialty items. ",
"We also are the exclusive maker, under licence, of Rene Herse bicycles and frames."
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[
"Booming Mumbai floods, lacking ‘political will’\n\n“Political will” is a curious phrase. ",
"It is most often deployed in India – and elsewhere – by foreign countries (frequently America but sometimes Europe), and by newspaper columnists, to berate a government for not introducing policies that they favor.",
"\n\nSo it was no surprise to find Richard Lambert, director general of the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) – and my old boss at the Financial Times where he was editor in the 1990s – using those words a short time ago to call for India’s financial market reforms to be speeded up. “",
"The only question is whether India has the political will to drive through the changes needed to turn Mumbai into one of the world’s great financial centers,” he wrote in an FT column.",
"\n\nLambert’s words have come back to me over the past few days because Mumbai’s business is booming – the key Bombay Stock Exchange (BSES) Sensex hit an all-time high of over 14,600 on Monday and banks are reporting record business. ",
"But the mood over the weekend was dramatically different. “",
"Mumbai Sinks, Again” thundered Sunday’s Times of India on top of a picture of people standing on the roofs of cars stranded deep in water, while others paddled rubber dinghies.",
"\n\nFive people were killed in the city’s floods on Saturday. ",
"There have of course been floods across southern India and elsewhere in the region during the past week, with numerous deaths – over 40 people were killed over the weekend in the state of Maharashtra where Mumbai is the capital.",
"\n\nBut the repeated inability of Mumbai’s dilapidated infrastructure to cope with heavy monsoons is not just the result of changing weather patterns: it is also the result of state governments that have not had the political will to build a city that works.",
"\n\nMumbai is in a perfect location geographically to become one of Asia’s leading international financial centers, but to see how far it has to travel, first compare its dismal airport (where a boundary wall was washed away yesterday for the second time in two years), its clogged highways, slow port facilities, unreliable power supplies and badly organized property developments, with the efficiency of Hong Kong – which marked the 10th anniversary of its return to Chinese sovereignty over the weekend.",
"\n\nMumbai needs to transform its infrastructure so that it begins to look and function like the sort of modern city that will attract people who work in international financial centers. ",
"In parallel, the central government should begin reforms that were recommended earlier this year by a grandly-titled “High-Powered Committee on Making Mumbai an International Centre,” headed by Percy Mistry, a former World Bank economist and Hong Kong banker who now runs a consultancy in the UK.",
"\n\nThe report’s recommendations included the creation of an overall financial regulator to replace a growing number of independent authorities, plus partial privatization of public sector banks and insurance companies, the formation of active bond and derivative markets and the introduction of full capital account convertibility.",
"\n\nMistry mysteriously resigned from his High Powered Committee just before the report was published, apparently because he disagreed with public sector bankers on the committee who were insisting that the report’s criticisms of their operations should be watered down. ",
"And that brings us to the flip side of “political will” – “political compulsions,” which are cited by politicians to explain why they cannot carry out reforms.",
"\n\nSadly, political compulsions usually defeat political will, especially in the sort of coalition governments that India will have for years to come because potentially reformist parties are pulled back by the compulsions of their partners. ",
"Some of those partners, like the Left in the current coalition, are ideologically opposed to many reforms. ",
"Other parties are encouraged to block change by vested interests – in this case the huge public sector financial establishment of banks and insurance companies that watered down Mistry’s report and which, backed by their powerful trade unions, are slowing down its reforms.",
"\n\nSo while the political will desired by my old FT boss may be lurking somewhere in the minds of the government’s reformers, it is constantly defeated by political compulsions generated by opponents. ",
"Doing something about Mumbai’s floods might even be easier – with luck before the next monsoon."
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[
"Readers of MO are probably aware of the pedagogic need that would provoke such a query. ",
"It's around 60 years since Serre's FAC, and I imagine some people would say \"you still have to read the original papers\". ",
"There are well-known issues with the EGA/SGA material, and they can be met only by extensive rewriting. ",
"While there are some highly competent (IMO) authors dealing with aspects, an integrated treatment seems a long way off.",
"\n\nSo, who has an overview? ",
"And who might be able to pull together a treatment of the whole area? ",
"We've come a long way since Zariski's Algebraic Surfaces, in particular, which de facto drew a line under the Italian school.",
"\n\nIt's difficult to tell what is being asked here. ",
"This question is ambiguous, vague, incomplete, overly broad, or rhetorical and cannot be reasonably answered in its current form. ",
"For help clarifying this question so that it can be reopened, visit the help center. ",
"If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.",
"\n\n$\\begingroup$@Martin. ",
"Yes, you don't understand the question, because you don't understand why EGA/SGA, a project started more than 50 years ago, should be rewritten for pedagogic reasons. ",
"That is because it has always been very difficult to learn from, for most mathematicians.$\\endgroup$\n– Charles MatthewsMar 28 '12 at 12:47\n\n10\n\n$\\begingroup$Dear Charles, I'm not sure that it's realistic to expect a unified treatment of the type your question is yearning for. ",
"In addition to the texts already mentioned in comments, there are the recent books by Lazarsfeld, on Positivity, and by Kollar, on Resolution of Singularities. ",
"I think that good books like these on slightly more specialized topics are more realistic to hope for, and may also be of real pedagogical benefit: by presenting a less monolithic front, they may make the subject accessible to a wider range of students. ",
"Best wishes, Matthew$\\endgroup$\n– EmertonMar 28 '12 at 13:09\n\n18\n\n$\\begingroup$I voted to close this as subjective and argumentative; I really don't like the tone of the question, nor of the subsequent comments by the OP. ",
"As to the substance, there are introductory texts at several levels; among the new ones, Liu's book comes to mind as a particularly good example. ",
"After that, one can very well read EGA and SGA, and a host of other books.$\\endgroup$\n– AngeloMar 28 '12 at 14:53\n\n9\n\n$\\begingroup$I'm not a geometer, but I think Angelo's comment and the closing of the question are both completely reasonable.$\\endgroup$\n– Peter SamuelsonDec 9 '12 at 7:18\n\n14\n\n$\\begingroup$To Shanmukha: I am sorry you felt that my comment was offensive, but I stand by it, and feel that there is not need to reopen this thread. ",
"And I do take offense at your implication that I get pleasure out of closing down questions. ",
"$\\endgroup$\n– AngeloDec 9 '12 at 8:51"
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"iple of 5291 and 43074512?",
"\n473819632\nCalculate the common denominator of -49/392615 and 26/9983.",
"\n26305205\nWhat is the common denominator of -157/7048800 and -139/626560?",
"\n28195200\nCalculate the common denominator of 31/80040 and -193/53592.",
"\n6163080\nFind the common denominator of 52/11 and -73/598426923.",
"\n6582696153\nCalculate the common denominator of 4/39 and -139/30314544.",
"\n30314544\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 2306962 and 26.",
"\n29990506\nWhat is the common denominator of -127/14956224 and -83/383100?",
"\n373905600\nWhat is the least common multiple of 195926875 and 4375?",
"\n1371488125\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 17824 and 120.",
"\n267360\nCalculate the least common multiple of 3983810 and 706805.",
"\n43821910\nCalculate the common denominator of 109/1030 and 23/1383805.",
"\n2767610\nWhat is the common denominator of 19/64134882 and -52/120645?",
"\n320674410\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 1149 and 486792?",
"\n186441336\nCalculate the common denominator of 101/36128 and -91/46352224.",
"\n46352224\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 225315 and 5925.",
"\n88999425\nCalculate the common denominator of 56/186997019 and -47/118998103.",
"\n1308979133\nCalculate the common denominator of -17/4197501 and 71/66627.",
"\n4197501\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 36168 and 12622632?",
"\n12622632\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 605 and 844465?",
"\n102180265\nCalculate the common denominator of 37/755 and -74/247485.",
"\n37370235\nFind the common denominator of -73/172422 and 97/10912.",
"\n30346272\nWhat is the common denominator of 27/73691252 and -65/165805317?",
"\n663221268\nFind the common denominator of 79/29306810 and -34/8099.",
"\n205147670\nWhat is the least common multiple of 11203302 and 8147856?",
"\n89626416\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 446 and 5948.",
"\n1326404\nWhat is the common denominator of -69/3400 and -67/323850?",
"\n1295400\nWhat is the common denominator of -17/18493 and -30/314381?",
"\n314381\nFind the common denominator of -87/2255294 and -37/49386.",
"\n6765882\nCalculate the common denominator of -4/175 and -81/72100.",
"\n72100\nWhat is the common denominator of -103/23400 and 71/33150?",
"\n397800\nCalculate the common denominator of 65/842 and -27/51550.",
"\n21702550\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 1838725 and 343?",
"\n12871075\nCalculate the common denominator of -19/269940 and 41/10846680.",
"\n119313480\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 3 and 1137962?",
"\n3413886\nCalculate the common denominator of 69/10 and 97/4302850.",
"\n4302850\nFind the common denominator of 105/962228 and 87/418360.",
"\n9622280\nWhat is the common denominator of 20/17487 and -35/40806886?",
"\n367261974\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 1396 and 129479.",
"\n517916\nWhat is the least common multiple of 23123672 and 2088?",
"\n208113048\nWhat is the common denominator of -17/2048690 and -79/2205?",
"\n18438210\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 236964 and 123578?",
"\n22985508\nWhat is the common denominator of -43/3800640 and 31/188320?",
"\n41807040\nFind the common denominator of -25/3789 and 4/392751.",
"\n165348171\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 138 and 6622574.",
"\n19867722\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 150624 and 1104576.",
"\n3313728\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 272332 and 8248.",
"\n561548584\nWhat is the common denominator of 21/22976 and 97/7728?",
"\n11097408\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 9 and 11538034?",
"\n103842306\nCalculate the least common multiple of 1028 and 2054.",
"\n1055756\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 5599152 and 260.",
"\n27995760\nCalculate the least common multiple of 129906 and 67015.",
"\n8443890\nWhat is the common denominator of 115/343566 and 82/72549687?",
"\n435298122\nWhat is the common denominator of 125/728946 and -93/22?",
"\n8018406\nCalculate the least common multiple of 3100578 and 4069.",
"\n3100578\nFind the common denominator of 37/35856 and -13/53120.",
"\n1434240\nFind the common denominator of 101/12702132 and -47/8468088.",
"\n25404264\nCalculate the common denominator of 127/15829800 and -191/791490.",
"\n15829800\nWhat is the common denominator of -49/12323427 and 81/10?",
"\n123234270\nFind the common denominator of 7/1625184 and 1/76.",
"\n1625184\nFind the common denominator of 67/5800 and 65/784.",
"\n568400\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 11902 and 2655769?",
"\n58426918\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 50 and 6070.",
"\n30350\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 53888540 and 2790.",
"\n484996860\nFind the common denominator of 3/3344 and 59/337452654.",
"\n2699621232\nFind the common denominator of -71/8 and 93/105733856.",
"\n105733856\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 5164276 and 38?",
"\n5164276\nFind the common denominator of -95/2290752 and -65/228.",
"\n43524288\nWhat is the common denominator of -23/732 and -139/66738?",
"\n8142036\nFind the common denominator of -79/221740785 and -49/2111817.",
"\n221740785\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 40365 and 59800?",
"\n1614600\nWhat is the least common multiple of 1034124 and 5256797?",
"\n63081564\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 641172 and 1022822?",
"\n42958524\nCalculate the least common multiple of 409860 and 550.",
"\n2049300\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 42 and 440667?",
"\n6169338\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 41668 and 1454.",
"\n30292636\nWhat is the common denominator of 9/388647584 and -67/24?",
"\n1165942752\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 258608 and 1716?",
"\n110942832\nWhat is the least common multiple of 1944784 and 3800?",
"\n923772400\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 12649 and 903917?",
"\n11750921\nWhat is the common denominator of 41/303930 and 157/342612?",
"\n18843660\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 4066468 and 3007136?",
"\n357849184\nCalculate the least common multiple of 572 and 6005428.",
"\n6005428\nFind the common denominator of 51/566 and 11/46852914.",
"\n46852914\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 2100 and 13727000.",
"\n41181000\nFind the common denominator of -7/729 and 61/31580280.",
"\n31580280\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 180 and 9805680.",
"\n9805680\nCalculate the common denominator of -81/4570 and -111/400.",
"\n182800\nCalculate the least common multiple of 938 and 286.",
"\n134134\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 4434750 and 512460?",
"\n115303500\nWhat is the least common multiple of 66912 and 710940?",
"\n5687520\nCalculate the least common multiple of 82102356 and 859068.",
"\n574716492\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 8199792 and 33744.",
"\n8199792\nFind the common denominator of -155/86226 and -23/7560.",
"\n15520680\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 15324 and 2835?",
"\n14481180\nCalculate the common denominator of 71/4 and 83/13920081.",
"\n55680324\nFind the common denominator of 67/63960 and 67/4476.",
"\n23857080\nFind the common denominator of 5/21 and 31/4637412.",
"\n32461884\nFind the common denominator of 99/2334914 and -89/406072.",
"\n9339656\nWhat is the common denominator of 169/203010 and -31/303?",
"\n203010\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 653 and 3756.",
"\n2452668\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 245628 and 163752?",
"\n491256\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 13662530 and 865935.",
"\n122962770\nWhat is the least common multiple of 162416826 and 2005146?",
"\n162416826\nWhat is the common denominator of 31/68972 and 39/348068?",
"\n14966924\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 1288392 and 28.",
"\n1288392\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 4541 and 880869?",
"\n4000026129\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 86427 and 8910?",
"\n864270\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 263175 and 114985?",
"\n208697775\nFind the common denominator of 19/2706 and -17/213528.",
"\n2348808\nCalculate the common denominator of -5/518231 and -29/161.",
"\n11919313\nWhat is the least common multiple of 14090736 and 1280976?",
"\n14090736\nWhat is the common denominator of 77/5230 and -91/53064?",
"\n138762360\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 193270 and 9438?",
"\n82912830\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 38118561 and 101649496.",
"\n304948488\nCalculate the common denominator of 25/185444 and -25/592.",
"\n741776\nCalculate the least common multiple of 55998 and 1410.",
"\n13159530\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 7293 and 36621?",
"\n6848127\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 1198689 and 450.",
"\n179803350\nCalculate the common denominator of 16/5546535 and -59/5.",
"\n5546535\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 968130 and 1302.",
"\n6776910\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 1274445 and 14049?",
"\n8921115\nCalculate the common denominator of -41/671620 and 101/2740.",
"\n92011940\nCalculate t"
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[
"Analysis: The big problems with open source\n\nTight budgets prompt another look at open source. ",
"Users say savings and other benefits are easy to reel in, but there are problems, too. ",
"We take a look at just what you need to consider with open source.",
"\n\nWe look at the cons rather than the benefits\n\nEmail this to a friend\n\nCharacters remaining:\n\nWhat is A + B?",
"\n\nTight budgets prompt another look at open source. ",
"Users say savings and other benefits are easy to reel in, but there are problems, too. ",
"We take a look at just what you need to consider with open source.",
"\n\nWhen it comes to open source software, the cost benefit is one of the most commonly highlighted. ",
"However, there are other pros to using the software.",
"\n\nFor example, CIO Daniel Chan said cost savings weren't the number one priority for using open-source software.",
"\n\nHe was mainly interested in how open source would enable his IT group at the New York State Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance to put ideas into action more quickly.",
"\n\nIn his government office, the procurement process lasts anywhere from 12 to 18 months.",
"\n\n\"It makes it impossible to do anything creative,\" Chan says.",
"\n\nWith open-source software, it took just a few months for Chan's team to get the tools it needed to build a new self-service benefits system - just in time for the flurry of activity that occurred during the economic freefall.",
"\n\nEven though the agency purchased a support contract for the technology, there were no licencing terms and conditions to negotiate, which cut way back on the involvement of the procurement and legal offices.",
"\n\nAnd the benefits kept coming. ",
"As use of the system escalated, Chan's team not only kept up with the increasing volume, but also was able to help transfer the technology to three other states in a month's time, since there was no commercial licence involved.",
"\n\n\"We were able to get people to come in and help quickly because there was a large pool of developers to draw from,\" Chan says.",
"\n\nWith that success, Chan is now looking at migrating from the agency's current Unix platform to Linux - and this time, cost savings are at the fore.",
"\n\n\"We'll easily see three to five times in savings by moving to open systems,\" he says.",
"\n\n\"Instead of $5m to do a technology refresh, it will be $1m or less.\"",
"\n\nIn fact, in an survey of 143 IT professionals by PC Advisor's sister title Computerworld, 80 percent of the respondents cited cost savings as the number one benefit of open-source software, and 61 percent said open source has become more accepted in enterprises over the past few years.",
"\n\nOpen-source software \"has transformed over the last decade from this unknown, risky thing that hippies and garage developers do, to the basis for a market in the billions of dollars\", says Jay Lyman, an analyst at The 451 Group.",
"\n\n\"It's come of age, and it's just assumed to deliver cost savings.\"",
"\n\nBut the close association of open source and cost savings can lead users to overlook other benefits of open source - and the challenges that might come with it, including the need to manage cultural change, risk and expectations.",
"\n\n\"There's a lot to live up to,\" Lyman says.",
"\n\n\"If people discover that it costs more than they thought, you do hear horror stories.\"",
"\n\nWhat's more, the decision to use open source has - until recently - been more low-level than strategic, according to Forrester Research.",
"\n\nSo while there's executive awareness of the cost advantages, other benefits, potential risks and structural changes required to take full advantage of open source are less well understood.",
"\n\nTight budgets prompt another look at open source. ",
"Users say savings and other benefits are easy to reel in, but there are problems, too. ",
"We take a look at just what you need to consider with open source.",
"\n\nNot always 'open'\n\nOne of the reasons why costs can be higher than expected is because companies often opt to purchase a licence for the software rather than using the free-of-charge community version.",
"\n\nSome vendors operate on a 'dual-licence' business model, in which customers can buy a license to get access to the vendor's support team or to extra features and extensions for the core software, such as management tools.",
"\n\nAccording to Mark Driver, an analyst at Gartner, the overwhelming majority of commercial open-source efforts today are based on a dual-licence model.",
"\n\nCustomers should know, he says, that with this option, \"the open-source-ness of the product comes into question\".",
"\n\nWhile open-source software licences cost less than commercial software licences, they include terms and conditions that restrict your use and lock you into a vendor.",
"\n\n\"We're seeing pushback from users who say, 'I went to open source to avoid these commitments,' as well as those who just want a piece of software that works well and is cheap,\" Driver says.",
"\n\nLyman points out that larger enterprises often have the development resources to work with community versions of open-source applications, but even they might find reasons to purchase a licence, such as a need for service-level agreements.",
"\n\nFive years ago, it used very little open-source software, whereas today it tries diligently to avoid commercially licenced software if there's an alternative, says Jon Brisbin, portal webmaster at NPC.",
"\n\nThe franchisee started migrating to open source when it converted its point-of-sale system from dBase to PostgreSQL; that deployment has grown to 10,000 installations.",
"\n\nSave Mart uses several open-source applications, including PostgreSQL, Apache Lucene, Red Hat Linux, MySQL and Xymon, and it runs its payroll and time-and-attendance systems on an Ingres- and SUSE Linux-based system.",
"\n\nIt started out using the public domain version of Ingres but experienced challenges that were related to the software's inability to effectively use a database for a company of Save Mart's size.",
"\n\nSims turned to Ingres for support, which led to a contractual agreement.",
"\n\nWhile the costs are comparable to what he'd pay a commercial database company, \"we get incredible support - more than they should provide\", he says.",
"\n\nSimilarly, Bassim Hamadeh, founder of custom educational publishing firm University Readers, purchased a licence for SugarCRM three years ago, after using the community version for a couple of years.",
"\n\n\"Our IT manager read about Sugar 2.0, installed it, and within a week, we were using it,\" he says. ",
"At approximately $350 per user per year, he says the price is 20 to 25 percent that of a system like Salesforce.com, and it enables the company to use additional features such as a robust reporting tool, a workflow system and automated triggers.",
"\n\nTight budgets prompt another look at open source. ",
"Users say savings and other benefits are easy to reel in, but there are problems, too. ",
"We take a look at just what you need to consider with open source.",
"\n\nSupport costs\n\nAnother hallmark of open source is the support available in community forums, particularly for the more mature or widely used systems.",
"\n\nBut choosing to rely on community support instead of signing a service contract can be risky.",
"\n\n\"People can Google for 90 percent of the problems they run into, but the last 10 percent may be killer if it's a mission-critical system,\" says Gartner's Driver.",
"\n\nIt's important to understand the business impact of a catastrophic failure and have contingency plans in place to remediate the problems, he says.",
"\n\nReducing your risk might mean limiting your use of an application based on its maturity and the level of community support available, or choosing to pay for vendor or third-party support.",
"\n\n\"If you have no service-level agreement, contract or warranty, you have shouldered the burden of responsibility,\" Driver says.",
"\n\n\"If you're able to do self-support, it's an upside, but if you can't, you have created unforeseen risk.\"",
"\n\nOf all the open-source software NPC uses, Brisbin opted to pay for support only for SpringSource tc Server, which it uses to deploy web-based applications in an internal cloud.",
"\n\nHe went down that route because the application server deployment is pushing the envelope of common developer knowledge.",
"\n\n\"We can't go out to a mailing list of 150 developers and ask questions, because not many people are doing this the way we are,\" Brisbin says.",
"\n\nBut he says he's happy that the contract didn't require him to purchase a license, and that it cost just a couple thousand dollars.",
"\n\nApplying governance\n\nOrganisations serious about using open source are also advised to establish policies and governance practices to monitor and control its use.",
"\n\nDriver estimates that only 20 percent of organisations using open source have such policies in place, and in the Computerworld survey, most respondents said they didn't measure ROI.",
"\n\nTaking such a risk can lead to unforeseen costs; for instance, even if you think you're reaping benefits, with no benchmarking or cost comparison, that could be an illusion, he says.",
"\n\n\"People can be getting a negative ROI and firmly believe it's positive because they've gone from a [capital] expense to an [operating] expense,\" he says.",
"\n\nIn other words, the savings on licence fees could be outdone by the salaries of employees who must spend eight to 10 hours a week updating, testing and patching the software.",
"\n\nIn some cases, companies are realising savings but can't prove it.",
"\n\n\"The key to minimising the potential downside and maximizing the upside is governance,\" Driver says.",
"\n\nTight budgets prompt another look at open source. ",
"Users say savings and other benefits are easy to reel in, but there are problems, too. ",
"We take a look at just what you need to consider with open source.",
"\n\nAt the New York State Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance, Chan is creating a direct comparison between the cost and performance of the new IT environment and the older one.",
"\n\nHe cautions that it requires an investment of resources to run tests and create meaningful benchmarks.",
"\n\nAnd even if you're only planning to use the software internally, it's important to ensure that the legal department understands the numerous types of licences available, Driver says.",
"\n\n\"Restrictions vary, sometimes dramatically,\" he says.",
"\n\n\"You don't want to get a letter from your lawyer with an injunction because your open-source solution violated someone else's intellectual property.\"",
"\n\nFitting open-source technology into your current infrastructure is another thorny issue.",
"\n\nThree years ago, Roy Mentkow, director of technology for Roanoke in Canada, decided to transition from Microsoft Office to OpenOffice.",
"\n\nHowever, for some users, desktop applications were heavily integrated with Lotus Notes workflows.",
"\n\n\"We had to ensure OpenOffice worked well with Notes on an application-by-application basis,\" Mentkow says.",
"\n\n\"That was something that snuck up on us.\"",
"\n\nIn the end, the city migrated about half of its 900 users, resulting in $140,000 in savings.",
"\n\nStill, Mentkow says, the savings won't come all at once but rather when those desktops would have been upgraded to a new version of Microsoft Office.",
"\n\nIt's also important to look beyond another widely touted benefit of open-source software: the ready pool of developers who are familiar with the technology and see the prospect of using it as a retention or hiring plus.",
"\n\nWhile it's true that developers are plentiful and eager to work with open source, that expertise can come at a price.",
"\n\n\"If you asked a developer if they'd like to work with open-source or commercial software, eight times out of 10 they'll say open source,\" Lyman contends.",
"\n\nAnd some developers may charge less than developers who work with commercial products.",
"\n\nHamadeh says that with SugarCRM, it's even possible to \"have a local student come in and program something in a couple of hours,\" Hamadeh says, or a tech-savvy business person can create custom modules.",
"\n\nBut, he cautions, while there are some SugarCRM consultants who will do a great job, they can be expensive, so having internal IT talent can help you avoid added costs.",
"\n\nBrisbin points out that the success of open source at NPC is due largely to the fact that its developers have a breadth of knowledge and are willing to work outside of narrowly defined silos.",
"\n\n\"We have small development teams, and we cross areas of responsibility,\" he says, noting that he routinely moves among RPG, Java, web front-end development, PostgreSQL and the underlying application system.",
"\n\n\"There is a critical mass of information you need to have as a developer to do open source effectively,\" Brisbin adds.",
"\n\nAnd then there's one of the more hard-to-quantify costs: cultural change. ",
"Mentkow says Roanoke's move to OpenOffice involved changing the culture as much as it did changing the desktops.",
"\n\n\"Cultural change does not happen in moments,\" he says.",
"\n\n\"As we move to different platforms and different standards, what we have to see is an acceptance of those changes.\"",
"\n\nSims adds that it's easier to achieve cultural change at organisations that value resourcefulness and courage, since moving to open source represents a break from the approach that involves seeking traditional answers to difficult problems.",
"\n\n\"People still say you can't get fired for buying Microsoft or Oracle - how about, you should get fired for not coming up with the best scenario that meets your company's unique criteria, regardless of conventional wisdom,\" he says.",
"\n\nAs open source matures, companies will begin to get past the misconceptions, understand the implications and balance the benefits with the downsides.",
"\n\n\"Most of the time when there's a problem, it's because there's an assumption of 'It works, and when it doesn't, we'll fix it ourselves or find the answer on the internet,' \" Driver says.",
"\n\n\"Or there's an assumption that the cost of acquisition can be extrapolated to total cost of ownership. ",
"But there's a care and feeding cost to everything.\"",
"\n\nTight budgets prompt another look at open source. ",
"Users say savings and other benefits are easy to reel in, but there are problems, too. ",
"We take a look at just what you need to consider with open source.",
"\n\nAdaptable open source\n\nCost savings are still the primary driver for organisations choosing open-source software, according to Jay Lyman, an analyst at The 451 Group.",
"\n\nHowever, that impression seems to change after adoption, when more users report that flexibility is the primary benefit they enjoy rather than cost savings, he says.",
"\n\n\"With the downspin of the economy, how you spend your money is critically important,\" says Bassim Hamadeh, founder of University Readers, which uses SugarCRM software.",
"\n\n\"But beyond saving money, what we look for is better software.\"",
"\n\nSugarCRM offers enough flexibility that when the IT team wants to add a feature to the website, it first considers creating it in SugarCRM.",
"\n\n\"It's not a closed-circuit environment,\" Hamadeh says.",
"\n\nTroy Stone, CIO for Lehigh County, agrees that the benefit of open source is its balance between cost and flexibility.",
"\n\n\"The platform we chose increased our capabilities versus commercially available products, and it did so within a scope of cost that was reasonable versus commercially available products,\" he says.",
"\n\nAdds Jon Brisbin, portal webmaster at NPC International, \"Flexibility is the most important thing that we realise from open source, but being realistic, cost is right up there as a close second.\"",
"\n\nBy flexibility, Brisbin says he means the ability to \"take an application and mangle it if we have to - take a standard install and rip out the guts and do all kinds of weird stuff and make it fit our environment.\"",
"\n\nEmail this to a friend\n\nTrending Stories\n\nComments\n\nredstringuitar said: Comments,redstringuitar,I have had formatting discrepancies when opening documents in Writer that were created in Word and vice versa, the respective page layouts don't seem to get on 100%...you don't want that when deadlines loom.",
"\n\nDieSse said: Comments,DieSse,\"The big problems with open source\"\nReads like a list of Open Source success stories to me - not \"big problems\"."
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[
"Preeclampsia, preterm delivery and infant cerebral palsy.",
"\nTo evaluate the association between preeclampsia and cerebral palsy among preterm infants. ",
"A cohort study of 345 singleton preterm (24 to 33 weeks gestation) infants delivered at an institution where no mothers received magnesium sulphate. ",
"We investigated the relationship of preeclampsia to the development of infant cerebral palsy (spastic quadriplegia, hemiplegia or diplegia) at two years' corrected age. ",
"Potential confounders were controlled for by politomous logistic regression analysis. ",
"The prevalence of cerebral palsy in surviving infants from normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies was 13.4% (38/284) and 3.3% (2/61), respectively (P=0.026 by Fisher exact test). ",
"After control for potential confounders (gestational age, infant gender, birthweight standard deviation score, mode of delivery), the likelihood of infant cerebral palsy was reduced by preeclampsia (odds ratio 0.16, 95% confidence interval=0.04-0.74 for infants from preeclamptic versus normotensive pregnancies being palsied). ",
"Among preterm infants, the protective effect of preeclampsia against cerebral palsy is manifest in the absence of magnesium sulphate utilization."
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"A role for microtubule dynamics in phagosome movement.",
"\nWe have shown previously that intracellular phagosome movement requires microtubules. ",
"Here we provide evidence that within cells phagosomes display two different kinds of microtubule-based movements in approximately equal proportions. ",
"The first type occurs predominantly in the cell periphery, often shortly after the phagosome is formed, and at speeds below 0.1 microm/second. ",
"The second is faster (0.2-1.5 micron/second) and occurs mainly after phagosomes have reached the cell interior. ",
"Treating cells with nanomolar concentrations of taxol or nocodazole alters microtubule dynamics without affecting either total polymer mass or microtubule organisation. ",
"Such treatments slow the accumulation of phagosomes in the perinuclear region and reduce the number of slow movements by up to 50% without affecting the frequency of fast movements. ",
"This suggests that a proportion of slow movements are mediated by microtubule dynamics while fast movements are powered by microtubule motors. ",
"In macrophages, interphase microtubules radiate from the microtubule organising centre with their plus-end towards the cell periphery. ",
"To understand the behaviour of 'early' phagosomes at the cell periphery we investigated their ability to bind microtubule plus-ends in vitro. ",
"We show that early phagosomes have a strong preference for microtubule plus-ends, whereas 'late' phagosomes do not, and that plus-end affinity requires the presence of microtubule-associated proteins within cytosol. ",
"We suggest that phagosomes can bind to the plus-ends of dynamic microtubules and move by following their shrinkage or growth."
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"Q:\n\nHow to export the kendo grid with two decimal places (with culture)\n\nI have a grid and my data contains 3 decimal places for the numeric property value. ",
"I want to export the grid and still have the decimal format to 2 places. ",
"But it's not happening. ",
"It displays 2 decimal places in the grid but when I click export, it becomes 3 decimal places in the excel file. ",
"The reason I use \"{0:N2}\") so that when I use other culture, it will display accordingly.",
"\nWhat is the best way to do it? ",
"\n@(Html.",
"Kendo().Grid<Box>()\n .Name(\"gridKendo\")\n .Columns(columns =>\n {\n columns.",
"Bound(l => l.Name).Locked(true);\n columns.",
"Bound(l => l.Length).Format(\"{0:N2}\");\n columns.",
"Bound(l => l.Length2).Format(\"{0:N2}\");\n columns.",
"Bound(l => l.Length3).Format(\"{0:N2}\");\n })\n .ToolBar(toolBar =>\n {\n toolBar.",
"Create().Text(\"Add Book\");\n toolBar.",
"Excel();\n })\n .Editable(editable => editable.",
"Mode(GridEditMode.",
"InLine))\n .Pageable(pageable => pageable\n .Refresh(true)\n .PageSizes(true)\n .ButtonCount(5))\n .Sortable(sortable => sortable\n .AllowUnsort(true)\n .SortMode(GridSortMode.",
"MultipleColumn))\n .Filterable()\n .Groupable()\n .Excel(excel => excel\n .FileName(\"Excel.xlsx\")\n .Filterable(true)\n .ProxyURL(Url.",
"Action(\"ExportToExcel\", \"Grid\")) \n )\n .DataSource(dataSource => dataSource\n .WebApi()\n .PageSize(10)\n\nA:\n\nFrom Kendo UI's Excel Export & Column Formats documentation:\n\nKendo UI Grid doesn't use column formats during Excel export because\n some Kendo UI formats are incompatible with Excel.",
"\nTo format the cell values set the format option of the cells.",
"\nThe Create a custom number format page describes the formats that\n Excel supports.",
"\nThe Cell Format tutorial shows how to format the cell values.",
"\n\n"
] | {
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"\nPython 3 comes to Scrapy - ddebernardy\nhttps://blog.scrapinghub.com/2016/02/04/python-3-support-with-scrapy-1-1rc1/\n======\nceronman\nThe breakup between Python 2 and 3 has been very slow and painful. ",
"Python devs\nknow that, and that's why they won't break compatibility in such big and\ndrastic way ever again.",
"\n\nI'm glad that we're starting to see light at the end of the tunnel. ",
"I find\nmyself using Python 3 in most of my projects. ",
"Some times I still have to\nresort to Python 2 when some dependency is not ready but those cases are more\nrare every day. ",
"Also it's frustrating to use Python 2 when many cool features\nare now Python 3 only. ",
"It will take some more time, but I'm sure that the\ntransition will eventually be completed.",
"\n\n~~~\nbootload\n_\" The breakup between Python 2 and 3 has been very slow and painful. ",
"Python\ndevs know that, and that's why they won't break compatibility in such big and\ndrastic way ever again.\"_",
"\n\nFork, don't break, cf Pillow (PIL fork) ~ [http://python-\npillow.github.io/](http://python-pillow.github.io/)\n\nWhat are the most commonly used Py2 packages that need to be Py3?",
"\n\n~~~\njacobolus\n> _What are the most commonly used Py2 packages that need to be Py3?_",
"\n\n[https://python3wos.appspot.com](https://python3wos.appspot.com)\n[http://py3readiness.org](http://py3readiness.org)\n\n~~~\nnerdwaller\nFor most of the ones that aren't compatible I've found an alternative or\nmonkey patched a method to support python 3 (I'm looking at supervisor ->\ncircus and flask-session -> monkey patch because the author seems to have\nabandoned it).",
"\n\n------\ndjm_\nMany congrats on the release & also thanks to the Scrapy team for the effort\ninvolved.",
"\n\nAs far as I am concerned, this was the last package I used heavily that still\nhad not made the upgrade.",
"\n\nFor the Python community: which packages are you still waiting for/working on?",
"\n\n~~~\ncrdoconnor\nMechanize would be nice, but it's practically abandonware at this point.",
"\n\n~~~\nkevinwang\nsame\n\n------\njstoiko\nThis is great news for Python 3. ",
"We're almost there! -",
">\n[http://py3readiness.org](http://py3readiness.org)\n\n~~~\njimmaswell\nI want to like Python 3 but the print statement change really kills it for me.",
"\nYears later it's still frustrating on the occasions I write a python script.",
"\nIf I ran a project like one of those, I might not use Python just for this\nreason.",
"\n\n~~~\nnjharman\nReally?, ",
"Really! ",
"Because every other output method was a function the\nstatement is annoying as all hell.",
"\n\nSwapping between print and fh.write() log.error(), stringio.write(),\nsys.stderr.write(),\nmycustom_thing_that_suppresses_print_when_quiet_arg_supplied() in python 2.x\nis annoying as all fuck and simple 'ct(' with python 3.x\n\n~~~\nscrollaway\nLook up 'q' on pypi. ",
"Thank me later. :)",
"\n\n~~~\nnjharman\nI resolved to use print debugging less and pdb more. ",
"This makes that even\nharder, thanks a lot. :)",
"\n\n~~~\nscrollaway\nq.d() ;)\n\n------\nbbayer\nIt is a major change to ask but I am wondering if they consider to switch to\nasyncio instead of using Twisted. ",
"Twisted is great library but it is a huge\ndependency to maintain.",
"\n\n~~~\nglyph\nCan you elaborate? ",
"What makes it a \"huge dependency to maintain\"? ",
"Is there\nanything that the Twisted project can do to make it easier? ",
"If this is\nactually a problem I'd really like to hear from users on the Twisted mailing\nlist and bug tracker.",
"\n\n~~~\nbbayer\nTwisted is a general purpose library/framework with lots of features. ",
"This is\nthe \"huge\" part. ",
"In my previous projects I have used it a lot and appreciated\nit.",
"\n\nWhat I was trying to tell is if Scrapy uses only small part of library, it may\nbe possible for developers to use similar constructs from Python's standard\nlibrary. ",
"In any case dependency is dependency and it is always better to\nminimize code footprint.",
"\n\n------\nengi_nerd\nI've seen developers refuse to use Python 3 because of not being able to use\nScrapy. ",
"Hopefully this gets some more devs to finally make the switch.",
"\n\n~~~\nsqueaky-clean\nI've been refusing to use Scrapy because of not being able to use Python 3 :P\nSo this is a very exciting announcement for me.",
"\n\n~~~\nddebernardy\nBelieve me, we've been hearing this too. ",
"We're super excited as well. :-)",
"\n\n------\nerroneousfunk\nThis is great! ",
"I wrote \"Web Scraping with Python\" (O'Reilly) and did\neverything with Python 3... except for the oddball section on Scrapy. ",
"Glad to\nknow I can update that for the second edition!",
"\n\n------\nKeats\nNice! ",
"Everytime I create a new Scrapy project I keep forgetting it was not\npython3 and had to recreate the virtualenv. ",
"Great news!",
"\n\n------\nBuckRogers\nI've been holding out for a while on moving to 3. ",
"I have tried every 3 release\nand always found issues or performance regressions. ",
"Like others have said here\nit's a concern about the performance issues, Python is already slow. ",
"It's an\neven harder sell when\n\n\\- all major (and equally important, the long tail of minor) libraries support\n2\n\n\\- CPython2 has the performance advantage in most (if not all) applications\n\n\\- virtually every 3rd party implementation supports it very well (PyPy in\nparticular)\n\n\\- Python2 already supported unicode, so that gets old to hear about\n\n\\- Most of the new features are available as backports\n\n\\- Some new features are absurd, like the new 4th string formatting method in\n3.6\n\nPeople shouldn't openly wonder why someone uses 2 instead of 3 if you really\nlook at it.",
"\n\nI just started a new 3.5 project because while I gave 3.0-3.4 a shot, 3.5\nhasn't had its runthrough yet. ",
"Most people in my shoes have more than likely\nmoved on from Python to Go. ",
"I'd like to have this be the one and stop going\nback to 2.7. ",
"Admittedly patience is running on fumes after ~8 years of testing\nCPython3 releases.",
"\n\nIt wasn't just a bad break, it seems like it was a sloppy break. ",
"Instead of\nfeature bloat, I'd like to see Python3 focus on performance.",
"\n\n~~~\nChris2048\nAlso, Jython py3 dev lagged far behind py2.",
"\n\n------\nbobby_9x\nI'm glad Python 3 supports so many libraries now. ",
"I just made the switch a\ncouple of months ago (from 2).",
"\n\n------\ndarkrho\nTry it out via conda!",
"\n\n \n \n conda install -c scrapinghub/label/dev scrapy\n\n------\nChris2048\nI mentioned some of the issues I had with scrapy ages ago on reddit:\n[http://www.reddit.com/r/Python/comments/g112q/installing_and...](http://www.reddit.com/r/Python/comments/g112q/installing_and_using_scrapy_web_crawler_to_search/)\n\nNever got a reply, but I'll reproduce here; I wonder how much of this is still\ntrue?",
"\n\n\" The docs where pretty good, but it was unclear sometimes how to proceed;\nThere was a lot of structure to understand in order to get started.",
"\n\nWhen I used it, I wanted to scrape a site until certain conditions were met;\nwhen the last page scraped returned no objects. ",
"I wanted all results initially\nreturned from a page to be dropped if they were older than a certain date;\nThus I wanted Scrapy to keep scraping until no new items were found. ",
"Also, I\nwanted the latest date of the items returned so I could use this the next time\nI scrape.",
"\n\nI created the 'DropElderMiddleware' middleware to do this. ",
"I couldn't see any\nother way of making calculations based on items returned from a particular\npage.",
"\n\nI could never figure out what the difference between input and output\nprocessors where, or when I should use one or the other.",
"\n\nThe MapCompose function flattens object by default, So I had to be careful\nsometimes when returning lists that represented structure I wanted to retain.",
"\n\nThe way the html match object worked was sometimes confusing; If I wanted to\nmatch multiple items, then match items within each of those, I wanted a list\nof lists (group matches together base based on what matches they were found\nin). ",
"I can't remember the details of why I found this hard, but I can try to\ncome up with an example if you like?",
"\n\nIn the end I figured I was having to learn the structure of Scrapy for\neverything that I wanted it to do, but many of Scrapy's features I didn't need\ne.g. I didn't want command-line control (I would actually prefer not to use\nthe interface, though didn't discover how I could write a python script to\napply the spider directly).",
"\n\nNow I prefer to use mechanize + PyQuery; PyQuery is at least as good as\nprocessing web pages as Scrapy's object, and if I need something more for\nopening a page e.g. complicated login, I can use mechanize. ",
"I find this a more\nmodular approach, and think that I better understand what's going on in my\nscripts. \"",
"\n\n~~~\nkmike84\n> The docs where pretty good, but it was unclear sometimes how to proceed;\n> There was a lot of structure to understand in order to get started.",
"\n\nYeah, docs used to be a problem; they improved a lot in 1.0 and 1.1 releases\nthough.",
"\n\n> When I used it, I wanted to scrape a site until certain conditions were met;\n> when the last page scraped returned no objects. ",
"I wanted all results\n> initially returned from a page to be dropped if they were older than a\n> certain date; Thus I wanted Scrapy to keep scraping until no new items were\n> found. ",
"Also, I wanted the latest date of the items returned so I could use\n> this the next time I scrape.",
"\n\nThe easies way is to raise CloseSpider exception in a callback if no new items\nare scraped - see\n[http://doc.scrapy.org/en/1.0/topics/exceptions.html#closespi...](http://doc.scrapy.org/en/1.0/topics/exceptions.html#closespider)\n\n> I could never figure out what the difference between input and output\n> processors where, or when I should use one or the other.",
"\n\n> The MapCompose function flattens object by default, So I had to be careful\n> sometimes when returning lists that represented structure I wanted to\n> retain.",
"\n\nI also have troubles understanding ItemLoader details. ",
"They are totally\noptional though, and they are no longer in Scrapy tutorial\n([http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/intro/tutorial.html](http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/intro/tutorial.html)).",
"\nItem loaders provide features very similar to\n[https://github.com/Suor/funcy](https://github.com/Suor/funcy) or\n[https://github.com/kachayev/fn.py](https://github.com/kachayev/fn.py).",
"\n\n> The way the html match object worked was sometimes confusing; If I wanted to\n> match multiple items, then match items within each of those, I wanted a list\n> of lists (group matches together base based on what matches they were found\n> in). ",
"I can't remember the details of why I found this hard, but I can try to\n> come up with an example if you like?",
"\n\nI'm not sure what problems did you have. ",
"Scrapy selectors library\n([https://github.com/scrapy/parsel](https://github.com/scrapy/parsel)) is\nquite similar to PyQuery (esp. ",
"when CSS selectors are used), and nothing\nprevents you from using PyQuery with Scrapy. ",
"In future we may add PyQuery (and\nBeautifulSoup?) ",
"support to parsel and provide PyQuery selectors as response.pq\n(like response.css and response.xpath), +1 to do that.",
"\n\n> In the end I figured I was having to learn the structure of Scrapy for\n> everything that I wanted it to do, but many of Scrapy's features I didn't\n> need e.g. I didn't want command-line control (I would actually prefer not to\n> use the interface, though didn't discover how I could write a python script\n> to apply the spider directly).",
"\n\nYeah, library interface used to be a problem. ",
"It was improved in 1.0 release\n(there is an official API for integrating Scrapy with Twisted apps and running\nspiders from user scripts), but there is still more to go. ",
"See\n[http://doc.scrapy.org/en/1.0/topics/practices.html#run-\nscrap...](http://doc.scrapy.org/en/1.0/topics/practices.html#run-scrapy-from-\na-script).",
"\n\nIt probably won't be as easy to integrate with regular Python scripts as\nmechanize because Scrapy is async. ",
"On the other hand, Scrapy is easier to\nintegrate with async servers like Twisted or Tornado.",
"\n\n> Now I prefer to use mechanize + PyQuery; PyQuery is at least as good as\n> processing web pages as Scrapy's object, and if I need something more for\n> opening a page e.g. complicated login, I can use mechanize. ",
"I find this a\n> more modular approach, and think that I better understand what's going on in\n> my scripts.",
"\n\nYou may want to check the new 'Scrapy at glance' page\n([http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/intro/overview.html](http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/intro/overview.html)).",
"\nThe main advantage of Scrapy over mechanize is that it handles parallel\ndownloads and have a wide range of built-in extensions you won't have to\nimplement yourselves.",
"\n\n~~~\nChris2048\nHmm, the matching issue might have been something like wanting to do\n\"[i.match(tag='foo') for i in body.match(tag='bar')]\" and getting a list-of-\nlists back, but this was a long time ago :-)\n\nIncidentally, I've since gone off pyQuery as it doesn't always keep up with\njquery. ",
"I now prefer lxml or BS4..\n\nBTW, I love ScrapingHub. ",
"I bashed out a few Spiders with portia, but\nultimately, I'll prob start scripting instead. ",
"Do you know if portia actually\ngenerates script code? ",
"Might be easier for fast scraping to get 60% of the\nways with portia, then manually write the rest of the script.",
"\n\nOne last thing - looking at this page\n\n> [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6261714/inferring-\n> templat...](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6261714/inferring-templates-\n> from-a-collection-of-strings)\n\nthere is mention of a \"wrapper induction library\"; I can't find anymore\nmention of it though, does the class/functionality still exist?",
"\n\n~~~\nkmike84\nWrapper induction library is separated from Scrapy:\n[https://github.com/scrapy/scrapely](https://github.com/scrapy/scrapely). ",
"It\nis used in Portia under the hood. ",
"Portia can be seen as a tool to annotate\nscrapely templates and define crawling rules and post-processing rules.",
"\n\nI'm not a Portia developer/user myself, but I think it is possible to get\nscript code from Portia; it exports Scrapy spider to some folder. ",
"But I don't\nreally know what I'm talking about, it is better to ask at\n[https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/portia-\nscraper](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/portia-scraper) or at\nstackoverflow (use tag 'Portia').",
"\n\n~~~\nChris2048\nThanks for your help :-)\n\n------\npenetrarthur\nNot related to Scrapy, but what are some things you scrape the web for?",
"\n\n~~~\nkevin_thibedeau\nI once scraped every October posting from Slashdot to see long term trends.",
"\nShort story: it's dying. ",
"I project the active userbase will be gone by 2020.",
"\nCuriously the bulk of the posters were in the 100k to 300k UID range. ",
"There\nwas also evidence of shenanigans with UID assignment where they were skipping\neven numbers and odd numbers at various times possibly to inflate their\nnumbers.",
"\n\nThis will get you IP banned BTW but I did get a full data set before their\nscript caught me.",
"\n\n~~~\nhatchoo\nScrapingHub (the guys behind Scrapy) offers Crawlera which provides some sort\nof automatic proxying and throttling so you can scrape away avoiding getting\nbanned.",
"\n\n------\nbootload\nThis is great news. ",
"I often read the stick developers give to Py3, not wanting\nto upgrade from 2->3 citing code bases still using Py2.",
"\n\n------\nnjharman\nMinor point of clarification re title; Python 3 has been here, it's Scrapy\nthat has (finally and good for them) come to Python 3.",
"\n\n~~~\nkmike84\nthat's an example of\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_invariance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_invariance)\n\n"
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"TEHRAN, Iran - Iran has sentenced detained Washington Post journalist Jason Rezaian to an unspecified prison term following his conviction last month on charges that include espionage, Iranian state TV reported Sunday.",
"\n\nGholam Hossein Mohseni Ejehi, the spokesman for Iran's judiciary, announced the punishment in a statement on the TV station's website.",
"\n\n\"In brief, it is a prison sentence,\" he said. ",
"The verdict is \"not finalized,\" he added, referring to an expected appeal.",
"\n\nGet Breaking News Delivered to Your Inbox\n\nRezaian's lawyer, Leila Ahsan, told The Associated Press she had not been informed of the verdict - let alone details of the sentence.",
"\n\n\"I have no information about details of the verdict,\" she said. \"",
"We were expecting the verdict some three months ago.\"",
"\n\nRezaian was detained with his wife, Yeganeh Salehi, and two photojournalists on July 22, 2014. ",
"All were later released except Rezaian, a dual U.S.-Iranian citizen.",
"\n\nRezaian went on trial in four closed-door court hearings at Tehran's Revolutionary Court, which hears cases related to national security. ",
"Last month, he was convicted of spying and other charges.",
"\n\nThe Post has vigorously denied the accusations against its correspondent.",
"\n\n\"We're aware of the reports in the Iranian media, but have no further information at this time,\" Washington Post foreign editor Douglas Jehl said in a statement.",
"\n\n\"Every day that Jason is in prison is an injustice. ",
"He has done nothing wrong. ",
"Even after keeping Jason in prison 488 days so far, Iran has produced no evidence of wrongdoing. ",
"His trial and sentence are a sham, and he should be released immediately.\"",
"\n\nRezaian, who has covered Iran for the Post since 2012, grew up in Marin County, California and spent most of his life in the United States. ",
"The Post, U.S. officials and Rezaian's family have all called for his release. ",
"Iran does not recognize dual-nationality.",
"\n\nIran's state media, citing the indictment, have said Rezaian collected information on Iranian and foreign individuals and companies circumventing sanctions and passed them on to the U.S. government. ",
"Iranian state TV has repeatedly called Rezaian an \"American spy.\"",
"\n\nEarlier this month, the intelligence department of the powerful elite Revolutionary Guard claimed in a report to parliament that Rezaian is an agent seeking to \"overthrow\" Iran's Islamic ruling system.",
"\n\nHis incarceration and trial played out as Iran and five world powers, including the U.S., negotiated a landmark agreement in which Tehran agreed to curb its nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief.",
"\n\nIranian media in August quoted officials discussing the possibility of swapping Americans detained in Iran for 19 Iranians held in the U.S. It's unclear, however, whether that's been seriously discussed between Iranian and U.S. officials."
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