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"Convert String for C++\n\nConvert String for C++ 1.0\n\nYou should add quote at the start and end of a string line, and replace quote with slash. ",
"Now Convert String for C++ will do the job for you to get the exact C++ string which you can just copy and paste into your C++ program directly.",
"\nDownload Convert String for C++ by BossEye Inc.\n\nPublisher:\n\nBossEye Inc.\n\nLicense:\n\nFreeware\n\nPrice:\n\nUSD $0.00\n\nFilesize:\n\n126.6 KB\n\nDate Added:\n\n07/12/2007\n\nString in C++ source code is different from common string. ",
"You should add quote at the start and end of a string line, replace quote inside the string with slash and quote, double slash, and add return and next line at the end of a string line. ",
"If...Read more\n\nPCWin Note:\nConvert String for C++ 1.0 download version indexed from servers all over the world. ",
"There are inherent dangers in the use of any software available for download on the Internet.",
"\nPCWin free download center makes no representations as to the content of Convert String for C++ version/build 1.0 is accurate, complete, virus free or do not infringe the rights\nof any third party. ",
"PCWin has not developed this software Convert String for C++ and in no way responsible for\nthe use of the software and any damage done to your systems. ",
"You are solely responsible for adequate protection and backup of the data and equipment used in connection with using software Convert String for C++.",
"\n\nRepInfo - RepInfo is a replay manager, designed for the C&C Generals (CCG), C&C Generals Zero Hour (ZH), LOTR: The Battle For Middle Earth 2 (BFME2), LOTR: The Battle For Middle Earth (BFME), Lord Of The Rings - Rise of the Witch-King (RotWK), Company\n\nHS FTP Client C Source Library - HS FTP is a software library in C (supplied with full source code) which implements the client side of the File Transfer Protocol over TCP socket layer according to RFC 959\n\nRessource-Datenbank-Editor - With this editor it is possible to build EXE file independent resource files which can be read by any project over a DLL at runtime. ",
"Multiple example projects included that show you handling of the DLL. ",
"For .NET Framework 1.1/2.0 in C#/VB. ",
"Also VB 6.",
"\n\nSearch & Replace Master - Search & Replace Master looks through multiple files for a string or pattern and can also replace it with another string or pattern. ",
"It can also strip formatting from Word generated HTML file.",
"\n\nCool Calendar Software - Create customized photo calendars using your own photographs or sample built in photographs with the EasyCalendarMaker!",
"\n\nMore Software of \"BossEye Inc.\"\n\nTimeAnalyzer - Time Tracking Tool - TimeAnalyzer automatically tracks your computer usage by recording your current foreground process in real time, and allow you identify how you spend a typical day on computer. ",
"Its report system presents full-featured computer time distribution.",
"\n\nCount Days - When you want to find out how many days there are between two dates, you can use CountDays to get these information to count the days. ",
"It provides how many days, working days, weeks, months, and years between two days.",
"\n\nTopcoder AutoGen for Arena C++ - TopCoder AutoGen will help you focus your attention on the problem themselves by generating a pure C++ programming and test framework automatically, and help you win the arena in the limited competition time.",
"\n\nURL Escaped Encoding Decoder - It is used to decode the Escaped-encoding which uses a sequence of three characters to encode characters. ",
"This triplet sequence consists of the “%” followed by the two hexadecimal digits representing the octet code of the original character.",
"\n\nIdentify Emails - Collect emails - You may need to prepare an emails list from a file including emails and many other miscellaneous information. ",
"Now with the help of Identify Emails, you can just input all the text into it, and it will generate the pure email list for you in seconds.",
"\n\nClear HTML Tags - When you want to print an HTML document, but there are too many dark backgrounds and images should not be printed together."
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"Imran Garda\n\nImran Garda (born 7 August 1982) is a South African journalist, presenter and award-winning novelist. ",
"He is the host of The Newsmakers on TRT World. ",
"He was formerly the host of Third Rail on Al Jazeera America based in New York City. ",
"Imran was also a senior presenter and producer for AJ+, Al Jazeera Media Network's all digital video news channel based in San Francisco. ",
"Previously, he worked for Al Jazeera English in Doha, Qatar and Washington, DC. ",
"He also hosted the award-winning show The Stream.",
"\n\nEarly career\nHis media career began as a sports presenter and reporter for SuperSport in South Africa in 2002. ",
"He covered mostly cricket and football. ",
"While at Supersport he was published as a freelance writer on politics—which included a series on Bosnia-Herzegovina ten years after the Balkan Wars ended.",
"\n\nWith Al Jazeera\nGarda worked in two different stints at Al Jazeera.",
"\n\nFirst stint\n\nImran joined Al Jazeera English in 2006 initially as a sports presenter but was moved to news during the piloting phase. ",
"He anchored the news and Inside Story from Doha, Kuala Lumpur and Washington DC. ",
"He also hosted the award-winning (RTS) The Stream until he left the network in 2012. ",
"He reported from the US, Sudan, Turkey, Egypt, Namibia, Bahrain, Lesotho, India, South Africa and the Hajj in Saudi Arabia. ",
"Garda hosted a 13-part series on the aftermath of the War in Gaza - Focus on Gaza and presented the long-form documentaries The Father of the Turks, A Voyage of Life and Death and India's Silent War. ",
"He also contributed feature articles and blog posts to Aljazeera.com and The Huffington Post. ",
"On 7 June 2012, Al Jazeera English announced that Imran would be returning to South Africa.",
"\n\nSecond stint\nIn 2013 Imran returned to the network for the network's digital channel AJ+ based in San Francisco, California where he specialized in short documentaries, including a special on Black Lives Matter protesters in Ferguson, Missouri. ",
"Beginning in 2015, Imran also anchored the news at Al Jazeera America in New York City. ",
"On April 16, 2015 it was announced that Imran would host a show on Al Jazeera America called Third Rail, an hour-long, guest-driven debate program focused on under-reported stories and hot-button topics.",
"\n\nTRT World\nIn October 2015, Garda joined TRT World, Turkish Radio and Television Corporation's English-language channel as host of The Newsmakers, an interview and debate program with \"in-depth reports and strong, unfiltered debates - examining the people and the stories that are shaping our lives.\"",
"\n\nIn April 2016 Garda and his colleague Jerome Evans were given rare access to make a documentary in North Korea during the Pyongyang Marathon.",
"\n\nGarda documented the challenges of doing journalism in the country.",
"\n\nThe Newsmakers also did a special show from London on the occasion of the historic Brexit referendum.",
"\n\nNovel: The Thunder That Roars\nIn June 2014 Umuzi, an imprint of Penguin Random House published his debut novel The Thunder That Roars. ",
"The book was awarded the 2015 Olive Schreiner Prize for prose and optioned for a feature film. ",
"A tale of a journalist who embarks on a journey to find a missing family friend and uncovers long-held family secrets and undergoes an inward journey of his own, the book was described by adjudicators as, \"South African literature [that] soars above the tortuous apartheid history and redefines globalisation.\" ",
"Reviewer Eric Garland called it, \"[A] breathtakingly strong debut novel about the self-discovery and strained relationships of human beings in an era that defies understanding.\" ",
"It was also long-listed for The Etisalat Prize for Literature.",
"\n\nBig interviews\nGarda has interviewed many influential people throughout his career. ",
"They include:\n\nFormer UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown, former President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai, US Ambassador to Iraq Christopher Hill, former Pakistan President General Pervez Musharraf, UN Humanitarian Chief Stephen O'Brien, Former Israeli Ambassador to the UN Dan Gillerman, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko, former Chief UN Weapons Inspector in Iraq Richard Butler, former US Special Envoy to Sudan Scott Gration, Former President of Georgia and Governor of Odessa Oblast Mikheil Saakashvili, former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, former UN Special Envoy to Afghanistan Kai Eide, former Irish President Mary Robinson, former IAEA Chief Hans Blix, WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, NASA Administrator Charles Bolden, Former Iraq Prime Minister and Vice President Ayad Allawi, Tibetan PM in exile Lobsang Sangay, Rwandan Foreign Minister Louise Mushikiwabo, UN Human Rights Chief Navi Pillay, Spanish judge Baltasar Garzon, ICC Chief prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo, former UN Humanitarian Chief John Holmes, Bosnian President Haris Silajdzic, UN Deputy Secretary General Jan Eliasson, philosopher Slavoj Zizek, former US Ambassador to Syria Robert Ford, former Iranian Chief Nuclear Negotiator Seyed Hossein Mousavian, former cricketer turned politician and Current Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan.",
"\n\nHe has interviewed spokespersons and ministers from governments across the world. ",
"He has also had the opportunity to interview non-state actors from groups such as Hamas, Somali rebel groups, Chechen rebels, Uganda's LRA and other designated terror groups. ",
"He has chaired panels for the World Humanitarian Summit, United Nations Human Rights Council and Advertising Week.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Imran Garda's Twitter account\n\nCategory:Al Jazeera people\nCategory:South African Muslims\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:South African journalists\nCategory:South African people of Indian descent\nCategory:1982 births\nCategory:South African people of Gujarati descent"
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"Tony Leung Ka-fai\n\nTony Leung Ka-fai (; born 1 February 1958) is a Hong Kong actor who is a four-time winner of the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actor.",
"\n\nAs he is often confused with actor Tony Leung Chiu-wai, Tony Leung Ka-fai is known as \"Big Tony\", while Tony Leung Chiu-wai is known as \"Little Tony\", nicknames which correspond to the actors' respective physical statures.",
"\n\nCareer\nLeung has been in the film industry for more than 30 years, starring in a variety of roles. ",
"His debut film was Burning of the Imperial Palace (1983), where he played the Xianfeng Emperor. ",
"He would later work with Chow Yun-fat in three films, Prison on Fire (1987), A Better Tomorrow 3 (1989), and God of Gamblers Returns (1994). ",
"He also appeared as Joyce Godenzi's husband in She Shoots Straight, Joyce's trademark film.",
"\n\nIn 1991, Leung went to France to appear in Jean-Jacques Annaud's The Lover, based on Marguerite Duras's novel, as the older lover of a young teen schoolgirl, who was played by British actress Jane March.",
"\n\nLeung went on to star in the international horror feature film Double Vision with American actor David Morse. ",
"His ongoing career has seen him star in films such as The Myth (2005), Everlasting Regret (2005) and Election (2005).",
"\n\nLeung won his fourth Best Actor award for his performance in Cold War at the 32nd Hong Kong Film Awards.",
"\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nTony Leung Ka-fai at Allmovie\nTony Leung Ka-fai at chinesemov.com\n\nCategory:1958 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Hong Kong male film actors\nCategory:Alumni of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University\nCategory:20th-century Hong Kong male actors\nCategory:21st-century Hong Kong male actors\nCategory:Hong Kong male television actors\nCategory:Cantonese people"
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"Young America's Foundation (YAF) has removed Michelle Malkin, a right-wing writer and pundit, from its roster of featured speakers. ",
"Malkin, the author of a number of books—including, most recently, Open Borders Inc: Who's Funding America's Destruction?—has toured campuses as part of YAF's speakers bureau for 17 years.",
"\n\nThe firing comes as a result of Malkin's vocal support for 22-year-old far-right provocateur Nick Fuentes and his allies, the groypers (yes, that's what they call themselves).",
"\n\n\"YAF gives a platform to a broad range of speakers with a range of views within the mainstream of conservative thought,\" wrote YAF. \"",
"Immigration is a vital issue that deserves robust debate. ",
"But there is no room in mainstream conservatism or at YAF for holocaust deniers, white nationalists, street brawlers, or racists.\"",
"\n\nFuentes, a former fellow traveler of alt-right leader Richard Spencer, has a long history of racist and anti-Semitic comments. ",
"While he has attempted to distance himself from the alt-right—he characterizes his views as nationalist rather than racialist—it's clear that what he means by \"America First\" is white nationalism. ",
"Indeed, he called conservative writer Matt Walsh a race traitor for inveighing against the El Paso shooter, and he has opined that Jim Crow was no big deal.",
"\n\nNeedless to say, the intellectual leaders of the campus conservative movement should be working to expel the groypers. ",
"But Malkin has come to their defense, recently describing Fuentes favorably as \"one of the New Right leaders\" and deriding his critics as \"cringe.\" ",
"After YAF tweeted the above statement condemning racists and Holocaust deniers, Malkin fired back that the \"keepers of the gate\" were trying to silence her for defending \"unjustly prosecuted Proud Boys, patriotic young nationalists/groypers & demographic truth-tellers.\"",
"\n\nThe Keepers of the Gate have spoken. #",
"AmericaFirst is not \"mainstream.\" ",
"My defense of unjustly prosecuted Proud Boys, patriotic young nationalists/groypers & demographic truth-tellers must not be tolerated. ",
"SPLC is cheering. ",
"https://t.co/yYyqocx1T5 — Michelle Malkin (@michellemalkin) November 17, 2019\n\nYAF then fired Malkin. (",
"She did not immediately respond to a request for comment.)",
"\n\nThis was clearly a necessary move, though it is likely to further inflame the groypers, who have recently turned several events featuring more mainstream conservatives into embarrassing spectacles for the right. ",
"The groypers have been targeting Ben Shapiro, Turning Point USA, and even Donald Trump Jr.\n\nMalkin's supporters are likely to argue that mainstream conservatism—what she calls Conservatism Inc., as there is always some shadowy corporate agenda at work in the minds of the immigration restrictionists—is attempting to silence or cancel her, and that this is hypocritical given the conservative outrage whenever the left does this. ",
"But no one is obligated to extend a speaking platform, especially when that platform is supposed to represent a particular point of view. ",
"It's not censorship for YAF to declare that it would rather feature a less xenophobic author.",
"\n\nIf someone does invite Malkin to speak on a campus, the anti-censorship coalition is obliged to object if a public university tries to cancel the talk or if student-activists try to shut it down. ",
"But no one needs to defend Malkin's actual ideas. ",
"On the contrary, conservatives who care about individual liberty and racial equality should denounce and disassociate from them as swiftly as possible."
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"Prior to becoming a City and County, Broomfield Police officers were required to process an arrestee at the Department's holding facility, then transport them to one of four county jails (Adams, Boulder, Jefferson, or Weld), with the Weld County Jail being 56 miles away. ",
"This resulted in an inefficient use of time, money, and resources.",
"\n\nIn November 1998, statewide voter approval of Amendment C allowing the City of Broomfield to become Colorado's 64th county started the long process to build a Detention Center that would serve the needs of the Broomfield community for many years. ",
"Overall goals included incorporating current technology, utilizing the best operational plans available, and recruiting the best people available to make it all happen.",
"\n\nThe result was the Broomfield Police Department Detention Center & Training Facility, located at 11600 Ridge Parkway in southwest Broomfield. ",
"When the doors opened on November 15, 2001, it was a 53,075 square foot facility designed to house 80 inmates. ",
"In 2010, the facility was expanded to 79,325 square feet, with an inmate capacity of 218.",
"\n\nThe Detention Center's first year of operation resulted in 1,900 arrestees being processed through the facility. ",
"With the new Detention Center being within the City and County of Broomfield, arresting officers were able to stay within their own jurisdiction; continuously able to serve Broomfield citizens.",
"\n\nThe Detention Center has enjoyed national recognition for its design and operational philosophy. ",
"Jail transition teams from throughout the country have visited the facility through the National Institute of Corrections' Planning of New Institutions Workshops to learn what they can from Broomfield's experience.",
"\n\nCommunity Involvement & Aesthetics\n\nFrom the planning stages, Broomfield and surrounding neighborhoods worked together collaboratively to establish certain goals that would lessen the impact of a Detention Center near their community. ",
"Through multiple \"town meetings\" and a good deal of compromising, the various groups were able to accomplish their goals. ",
"For example, the facility was designed and built so that portions of the building visible to the public would resemble an office building found in any typical business park. ",
"There are no bars on the windows, chain link fences, or barbed wire. ",
"Official vehicles are parked behind the facility, away from the public's view.",
"\n\nInmates and their housing areas cannot be seen from the surrounding area due to earthen berms that surround the facility. ",
"Inmates do not participate in outside recreational activities, and are only allowed outside with an officer escort.",
"\n\nIf a released arrestee/inmate does not have someone to drive them away from the facility, an officer will drive them back to the location of their arrest (if appropriate) or to the local RTD Park N Ride, or the RTD Call N Ride will respond to the Detention Center to transport the former arrestee/inmate to their desired location. ",
"Released arrestees/inmates are never allowed to walk off facility property without having arranged transportation. ",
"This policy decision was made in response to citizens' concerns about released arrestees/inmates wandering around in their communities.",
"\n\nMaintaining a strong relationship with the community is important to Broomfield and the Police Department. ",
"Since opening, the facility has conducted hundreds of tours to local agencies and citizen groups. ",
"The facility pays special attention to youth groups as well as middle and high school students. ",
"Striving to make a positive impact on Broomfield's youth is a priority for Broomfield officials.",
"\n\nAdditionally, the facility has hosted site visits for hundreds of detention center transition teams from jurisdictions throughout the country through our partnerships with various jail consultants and the National Institute of Corrections and their Planning of New Institutions Workshops that are held at their training center in Longmont, Colorado twice a year.",
"\n\nTechnology\n\nTechnology has taken center stage within the Detention Center. ",
"The use of computer systems to enhance the operational capabilities of the facility is an ever-present goal. ",
"Utilizing the latest in jail management software, officers are able to process an arrestee in half the time of their peers in other organizations. ",
"Digital photography, electronic file sharing, laser fingerprint systems, biometric security, digitally recorded CCTV systems, touch screen computers, electronic phone systems, video court, inmate visitation via CCTV, and computer aided dispatch/communication keep the facility on the cutting edge of police detention operations. ",
"The facility incorporates dozens of computer terminals linked via a facility network and web-based applications. ",
"This enables users the ability to access multiple programs simultaneously and without delay. ",
"This has created a more efficient and transparent work product for both staff and citizens.",
"\n\nThe Detention Center lobby kiosk enables friends and family to easily deposit cash or make cash advances from a credit/debit card into an inmate's account so they have money to purchase commissary items. ",
"There's also a link to the Internet for depositing funds from a credit/debit card for the same purpose. ",
"This makes it extremely easy for loved ones to support an inmate from wherever they might be.",
"\n\nThere's a similar kiosk in the pre-booking room the officers use to deposit an arrestee's cash directly into their inmate account. ",
"This technology is very precise and limits cash handling by the officers, which makes the booking process more efficient.",
"\n\nThe Internet is also used for remotely scheduling inmate visits. ",
"To do so, click here and then click on the box similar to the one shown here, and then follow the directions.",
"\n\nThe Detention Center's Control Room is truly state of the art, with multiple CCTV monitors, touch screen security electronics system, multiple computers and direct line of sight into several housing areas.",
"\n\nBooking\n\nThe Detention Center utilizes the latest in operational philosophies to the treatment of arrestees/inmates. ",
"From the arrest, to the transportation, to the booking, to the housing, to the release of an arrestee/inmate, the entire facility is designed for maximum safety for both staff and arrestees/inmates. ",
"The facility's operational philosophy is the Direct Supervision Model. ",
"Arrestees are introduced to this philosophy when they first enter the facility.",
"\n\nCooperative inmates are allowed to sit in a waiting area where they can watch television, make collect telephone calls, and talk with other arrestees and staff. ",
"Amenities such as a private bathroom, carpeted floors, padded seats, television, and telephones serve to calm and reassure the arrestee that they are safe and will be treated with respect.",
"\n\nLess cooperative arrestees are placed in a more secure setting based on their behavior. ",
"The most disruptive and combative arrestees are placed in a restraint chair and put in a holding cell that's equipped with no more than a flushable floor drain. ",
"Intoxicated arrestees might be placed in a holding cell containing a sink, toilet and ground level bunk to sleep on. ",
"Others may be placed in a cell containing a bench, toilet and sink while they wait for their booking process to be completed. ",
"As their behavior improves, arrestees are eventually moved into the waiting area for the completion of the booking process.",
"\n\nIntake\n\nAll inmates housed within the facility are initially placed in the intake area for a minimum of 48 hours. ",
"This allows staff the opportunity to observe the inmate and identify any negative or harmful behavior. ",
"Keeping in line with the Detention Center's philosophy of allowing the inmates to set the tone with regard to their interaction, officers are encouraged to interact with the inmates on a daily basis. ",
"Inmates capable of acceptable interaction with other inmates and staff are then transferred to the general housing areas as decided by the facility's Classification Committee.",
"\n\nSpecial Management\n\nInmates that cannot get along with others, who are on disciplinary lockdown, or who must be kept separate from others through no fault of their own are housed in the Special Management Unit. ",
"Inmates housed in SMU are allowed out of their cells for only 1 - 5 hours per day and may be denied certain privileges, such as telephone and commissary.",
"\n\nGeneral Population\n\nGeneral population housing has a much softer feel than other housing areas. ",
"The cells have butcher block desktops, oak doors and porcelain bathroom fixtures. ",
"The open dayroom is equipped with television, microwave, hot water, collect telephones and a sink. ",
"The Men's Pod also boasts a ping-pong table and access to the adjacent gymnasium. ",
"Inmates are allowed to be in the dayroom interacting with other inmates and staff from 8:00 a.m. - 10:00 p.m. (except for scheduled lockdown times).",
"\n\nUtilizing the Direct Supervision philosophy, officers are required to be in the housing area whenever inmates are in the dayroom. ",
"Officers interact with the inmates and solve problems before they threaten the safety and security of the facility. ",
"Programs like recreation, non-denominational church services, television, and reading materials create an environment in which the inmates can busy themselves with positive influences, rather than focusing on the negative aspects of their lives.",
"\n\nBuilt for Expansion\n\nIn 2001, this facility was built for the future. ",
"The core utilities were designed for an inmate capacity of 200, even though the facility opened with a capacity of just 80 beds. ",
"The facility has state-of-the-art laundry, kitchen, maintenance, recreation, health care and video court operations. ",
"Kitchen staff has achieved a highly competitive rate of 91 cents per meal served within the facility, while maintaining national standards for kitchen facilities in detention centers.",
"\n\n2010 Expansion\n\nIn response to an increasing inmate population, the Detention Center was expanded in 2010 with the addition of 146 beds, which increased the inmate capacity to 218. ",
"The expansion included the addition of four distinct housing areas, one for men, one for women, and an Alternative Sentencing Unit with two dormitory style housing areas, one for men and one for women. ",
"With these additions, the former Women's Pod will be utilized as a flexible housing pod in order to meet the Detention Center's needs at any given time. ",
"This additional housing has not yet been used because the Detention Center's average daily population dropped significantly after construction started and the need for additional staff to operate the new housing areas has not been necessary. ",
"In the meantime, these new housing areas have been used repeatedly by several agencies for training purposes.",
"\n\nNew Men's Housing Pod\n\nThe new Men's Pod holds 58 inmates in a variety of inmate classifications. ",
"The mezzanine level holds 24 inmates in cells similar to those in General Population housing. ",
"The lower level holds another 24 inmates in cells and sub-dayrooms similar to those in the Special Management Unit. ",
"10 inmates classified as inmate workers are housed in a dormitory style room with their own television, collect telephones, dayroom and bunk beds.",
"\n\nNew Women's Housing Pod\n\nThe new Women's Pod is very similar in design as the new Men's Pod, but is slightly smaller, holding only 40 inmates. ",
"The mezzanine level holds 20 inmates in cells similar to those in General Population housing. ",
"The lower level holds another 20 inmates in cells and sub-dayrooms similar to those found in the Special Management Unit. ",
"The new Women's Pod does not have separate housing for female inmate workers.",
"\n\nAlternative Sentencing Unit\n\nJudges in the 17th Judicial District have been asking for the Detention Center to develop the capability to house inmates that receive alternative sentences, such as weekends and work release. ",
"With the addition of the Alternative Sentencing Unit, the Detention Center will be able to accommodate that type of sentence for 26 men and 14 women. ",
"These inmates will check in at the Alternative Sentencing Unit's front desk, proceed to their locker room (where they'll change into facility issued uniforms), and then go into their housing area. ",
"The process is reversed when the inmate is released for the day or work week.",
"\n\nEmployee Amenities\n\nAttention to detail with regards to employee areas was not overlooked. ",
"Facility planners went to great lengths to ensure that officers and support personnel enjoyed such amenities as break rooms, fitness center, and locker rooms."
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"Description:\nGreat Development Opportunity in Prime Laveen Location. ",
"This land listing consist of two parcels: #300-17-017, 9.75 Acres, with a small guest house & #300-17-027, 3.25 Acres, with a 2,200 Sq Ft home & horse ranch with shops, barns, arena, pasture, and irrigation. ",
"Located in the blossoming Baseline Corridor market with 445 Feet of Frontage on 27th Ave, City of Phoenix Sewer and Water on the NW corner of the lot, and existing private well with grandfathered water rights. ",
"Here are some ideas: Build a new irrigated lot sub-division, retreat center, develop into already successful models like...The Farm at South Mountain, Venue at the Grove, Grandma's Farm, and the Secret Gardens, or keep it as-is for your own family farm and horse ranch."
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"This will be my first time to try this new shin ramen\nit claims to have twice the spiciness of the regular (red) shin ramen\nwill cook it for 4 mins\nI like the taste of the shiitake mushroom in the its soup\nas for the level of spiciness....\nIt's is really spicy but I was expecting that level of ''fire noodles' '' spiciness... but it isn't\nfor me, I think it's just 1 level up spicier than regular shin ramen..\nI like the taste of this one better tho...\n"
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"2019 Colonial Athletic Association Baseball Tournament\n\nThe 2019 Colonial Athletic Association Baseball Tournament was held at Eagle Field at Veterans Memorial Park in Harrisonburg, Virginia from May 22 through May 25. ",
" The winner of the tournament, UNC Wilmington, earned the Colonial Athletic Association's automatic bid to the 2019 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.",
"\n\nSeeding and format\nContinuing the format adopted in 2012, the top six finishers from the regular season competed in the modified double-elimination tournament.",
"\n\nBracket\n\nConference championship\n\nReferences\n\nTournament\nCategory:Colonial Athletic Association Baseball Tournament\nCAA Baseball Tournament"
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"//\n// RewardTipManager.m\n// Coding_iOS\n//\n// Created by Ease on 2016/12/14.",
"\n// Copyright © 2016年 Coding. ",
"All rights reserved.",
"\n//\n\n#import \"RewardTipManager.h\"\n#import \"PointRecordsViewController.h\"\n#import \"Login.h\"\n\n@interface RewardTipManager ()\n@property (strong, nonatomic) NSString *title, *rewardPoint;\n\n@property (strong, nonatomic) UIView *bgView, *contentView;\n@property (strong, nonatomic) UIImageView *logoImgV;\n@property (strong, nonatomic) UILabel *titleL, *rewardPointL;\n@property (strong, nonatomic) UIButton *closeBtn, *knowMoreBtn;\n@end\n\n@implementation RewardTipManager\n+ (instancetype)shareManager{\n static RewardTipManager *shared_manager = nil;\n static dispatch_once_t pred;\n dispatch_once(&pred, ^{\n shared_manager = [[self alloc] init];\n });\n return shared_manager;\n}\n\n+ (void)showTipWithTitle:(NSString *)title rewardPoint:(NSString *)rewardPoint{\n if (![",
"Login isLogin]) {\n return;\n }\n RewardTipManager *manager = [self shareManager];\n manager.title = title;\n manager.rewardPoint = rewardPoint;\n [manager p_show];\n}\n\n- (instancetype)init{\n self = [super init];\n if (self) {\n //层级关系\n _bgView = [UIView new];\n _contentView = [UIView new];\n \n _logoImgV = [[UIImageView alloc] initWithImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@\"reward_tip_logo\"]];\n _titleL = [UILabel labelWithFont:[UIFont boldSystemFontOfSize:18] textColor:[UIColor colorWithHexString:@\"0x222222\"]];\n _rewardPointL = [UILabel labelWithSystemFontSize:15 textColorHexString:@\"0x222222\"];\n _knowMoreBtn = ({\n UIButton *button = [UIButton new];\n button.backgroundColor = kColorTableSectionBg;\n button.titleLabel.font = [UIFont systemFontOfSize:17];\n [button setTitleColor:kColorNavTitle forState:UIControlStateNormal];\n [button setTitle:@\"了解码币\" forState:UIControlStateNormal];\n [button addTarget:self action:@selector(knowMoreBtnClicked) forControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside];\n button;\n });\n _closeBtn = ({\n UIButton *button = [UIButton new];\n button.backgroundColor = kColorTableSectionBg;\n button.titleLabel.font = [UIFont systemFontOfSize:17];\n [button setTitleColor:kColorNavTitle forState:UIControlStateNormal];\n [button setTitle:@\"知道了\" forState:UIControlStateNormal];\n [button addTarget:self action:@selector(p_dismiss) forControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside];\n button;\n });\n [_contentView addSubview:_logoImgV];\n [_contentView addSubview:_titleL];\n [_contentView addSubview:_rewardPointL];\n [_contentView addSubview:_knowMoreBtn];\n [_contentView addSubview:_closeBtn];\n [_bgView addSubview:_contentView];\n //属性设置\n _contentView.backgroundColor = kColorTableSectionBg;\n _contentView.layer.masksToBounds = YES;\n _contentView.layer.cornerRadius = 6;\n _rewardPointL.textAlignment = _titleL.textAlignment = NSTextAlignmentCenter;\n _titleL.numberOfLines = 0;\n //位置大小\n [_contentView mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {\n make.width.mas_equalTo(270);\n make.center.equalTo(_bgView);\n }];\n [_logoImgV mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {\n make.size.mas_equalTo(CGSizeMake(88, 67));\n make.centerX.equalTo(_contentView);\n make.top.equalTo(_contentView).mas_offset(30);\n }];\n [_titleL mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {\n make.top.equalTo(_logoImgV.mas_bottom).offset(30);\n make.left.equalTo(_contentView).offset(15);\n make.right.equalTo(_contentView).offset(-15);\n }];\n [_rewardPointL mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {\n make.top.equalTo(_titleL.mas_bottom).offset(10);\n make.left.right.equalTo(_titleL);\n }];\n [_knowMoreBtn mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {\n make.top.equalTo(_rewardPointL.mas_bottom).offset(30);\n make.left.equalTo(_contentView).offset(0);\n make.bottom.equalTo(_contentView).offset(0);\n make.right.equalTo(_closeBtn.mas_left).offset(0);\n make.width.equalTo(_closeBtn);\n make.height.mas_equalTo(44);\n }];\n [_closeBtn mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {\n make.right.equalTo(_contentView).offset(0);\n make.top.bottom.equalTo(_knowMoreBtn);\n }];\n //改 UI，加两条线\n UIView *hLineV = [UIView new];\n UIView *vLineV = [UIView new];\n hLineV.backgroundColor = vLineV.backgroundColor = kColorDDD;\n [_contentView addSubview:hLineV];\n [_contentView addSubview:vLineV];\n [hLineV mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {\n make.bottom.equalTo(_closeBtn.mas_top);\n make.left.right.equalTo(_contentView);\n make.height.mas_equalTo(kLine_MinHeight);\n }];\n [vLineV mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {\n make.centerX.equalTo(_contentView);\n make.top.bottom.equalTo(_closeBtn);\n make.width.mas_equalTo(kLine_MinHeight);\n }];\n //关联事件\n [_bgView bk_whenTapped:^{\n [self p_dismiss];\n }];\n }\n return self;\n}\n\n- (void)setTitle:(NSString *)title{\n _title = title;\n _titleL.text = _title;\n}\n\n- (void)setRewardPoint:(NSString *)rewardPoint{\n _rewardPoint = rewardPoint;\n [_rewardPointL setAttrStrWithStr:[NSString stringWithFormat:@\"获得 %@ 的奖励\", _rewardPoint] diffColorStr:_rewardPoint diffColor:[UIColor colorWithHexString:@\"0xF5A623\"]];\n}\n\n- (void)knowMoreBtnClicked{\n PointRecordsViewController *vc = [PointRecordsViewController new];\n [BaseViewController goToVC:vc];\n [self p_dismiss];\n}\n\n- (void)p_show{\n //初始状态\n _bgView.backgroundColor = [UIColor clearColor];\n _contentView.alpha = 0;\n _bgView.frame = kScreen_Bounds;\n\n [kKeyWindow addSubview:_bgView];\n [UIView animateWithDuration:0.3 animations:^{\n _bgView.backgroundColor = [UIColor colorWithWhite:0 alpha:0.5];\n _contentView.alpha = 1;\n } completion:nil];\n}\n\n- (void)p_dismiss{\n [UIView animateWithDuration:0.3 animations:^{\n _bgView.backgroundColor = [UIColor clearColor];\n _contentView.alpha = 0;\n } completion:^(BOOL finished) {\n [_bgView removeFromSuperview];\n }];\n}\n\n@end\n"
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"Plasmonics in Dirac systems: from graphene to topological insulators.",
"\nRecent developments in the emerging field of plasmonics in graphene and other Dirac systems are reviewed and a comprehensive introduction to the standard models and techniques is given. ",
"In particular, we discuss intrinsic plasmon excitation of single and bilayer graphene via hydrodynamic equations and the random phase approximation, but also comment on double and multilayer structures. ",
"Additionally, we address Dirac systems in the retardation limit and also with large spin–orbit coupling including topological insulators. ",
"Finally, we summarize basic properties of the charge, current and photon linear response functions in an appendix."
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"It has hitherto been known that particular kinds of uracil derivatives have herbicidal activity, and there are commercially available herbicides containing such uracil derivatives, for example, under the common name \"BROMACIL\". ",
"U.S. Pat. ",
"Nos. ",
"3,920,653 and 4,859,229 disclose some amino uracil and phenyl uracil derivatives, respectively, both of which can be used as an active ingredient of herbicides."
] | {
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[
"Lost military medals returned to original owner\n\nView full sizeFILE - Josh Harley purchased the five honors medals â all encased in a shadow box â for $50 at an auction in November, with the thought of finding the owner.",
"\n\nMOBILE, Alabama — For Josh Harley, his mission to find the owner of the military medals he purchased at auction was accomplished.",
"\n\nHarley purchased the five honors medals — all encased in a shadow box — for $50 at an auction in November, with the thought of finding the owner. ",
"One of the medals, a Purple Heart, had the name Tyson Johnson III inscribed on it.",
"\n\nAs chronicled in a Mobile Press story that ran Dec. 25, Harley read about Johnson on a website dedicated to Purple Heart recipients, learning that the veteran had been injured in a mortar attack in Iraq in 2003 and faced difficulties when he returned home to Mobile in 2004.",
"\n\nPrichard City Councilwoman Earline Martin-Harris — acting on Johnson’s behalf — contacted Harley. ",
"Martin-Harris picked up the medals from Harley. ",
"In turn she gave Harley a proclamation from the city of Prichard that was planned to have been presented to him during a news conference.",
"\n\nMartin-Harris said that unfortunate circumstances led to the loss of the medals. ",
"She delivered them to Johnson on Thursday afternoon.",
"\n\nJohnson was not available for comment.",
"\n\nHarley said Thursday that finding the owner “was the right thing to do.”",
"\n\n“I was definitely shocked, I was glad and very enthusiastic that I had so many different people who were helpful in returning the medals. ",
"I’m thankful that I was able to get them back to whom they belonged,” Harley said.",
"\n\n“I will probably never meet him, but that wasn’t the point of it. ",
"That’s the way things should be done for people that served this country. ",
"We take for granted sometimes how much they do for us.”"
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[
"Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nGenetic diversity is the basis for evolution and the differentiation of species on Earth. ",
"Genetic mutation, recombination, and transformation are the driving factors in genetic diversity. ",
"Previous studies have primarily focused on in vivo DNA due to its recognized importance in biological evolution, diversity, and toxicity, whereas studies on environmental and biological behaviors of extracellular DNA have been scarce. ",
"Extracellular DNA released from prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the largest fraction of total environmental DNA^[@CR1]^ and has been detected in various environmental compartments such as marine water (568--3163 ng mL^−1^)^[@CR2]^ and freshwater (9--11 ng mL^−1^)^[@CR3],[@CR4]^. Extracellular DNA can be excreted, degraded, or taken up as a nutrient source by microorganisms. ",
"It can also be sorbed onto minerals, thus promoting its environmental persistence^[@CR5]^ and potentially preserving genetic information from the past. ",
"DNA residues in the environment can interact with other contaminants, and thus change environmental behaviors of both DNA and contaminants. ",
"The binding of plasmid DNA to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons decreases its transformation efficacy^[@CR6]^. Thus, it is important to study the interactions of DNA with other contaminants and associated effects of these interactions on the fate of extracellular DNA in the environment.",
"\n\nThe environmental abundance and biological significance of extracellular DNA are primarily controlled by its degradation. ",
"DNA can be degraded via hydrolysis, oxidation, and enzymatic reaction^[@CR7]--[@CR9]^, and the degradation products (nucleotides and nucleosides) can be re-assimilated by microorganisms. ",
"For example, Fe(II)∙bleomycin can cause the O~2~-dependent DNA hydrolysis, starting with the fracture of the deoxyribose 3'-4'-carbon bond, and finally the breakage of DNA into oligonucleotides, bases, and compounds resembling malondialdehyde^[@CR10]^. DNA can also be oxidized by oxidants such as reactive oxygen species. ",
"Ozone can damage DNA directly and indirectly by degrading base and sugar moiety with hydroxyl radicals^[@CR11]^. Nonetheless, enzymatic reaction is considered as the main degradation pathway of DNA in the environment^[@CR12],[@CR13]^. In fact, the DNA degradation is largely controlled by the species, activities, and reaction modes of DNA-degrading enzymes^[@CR14]^. Among the DNA-degrading enzymes, homing endonucleases are double-stranded DNase that attack large recognition sites (12--40 bp) of DNA by making a site-specific double-strand breakage at a target site in an allele free of the corresponding mobile intron^[@CR15]^. Microbial restriction endonuclease I can cleave DNA into smaller duplex DNA fragments of about 400-bp oligonucleotides^[@CR16]^. DNase I can cleave the phosphodiester backbone of the DNA double helix in the presence of divalent cations (e.g., Mg^2+^ and Ca^2+^), and introduce single-stranded nicks through hydrolysis of the P-O~3~'-bond, resulting in 5'-phosphorylated fragments^[@CR17]^.\n\nIt is well known that the enzymatic degradation of DNA is dependent on environmental factors such as solution pH, and the type and concentration of cations.^[@CR18]^ The activity of DNase I is the highest at approximately pH 7.0 in the presence of Mg^2+^ and Ca^2+^.^[@CR19],[@CR20]^ The proton acceptor--donor chain E-H-water of DNase I is essential to the DNA degradation.^[@CR21]^ Briefly, the carboxylate anion of E 75 can accept a proton from H 131, which in turn receives a proton donated by a water molecule. ",
"The resultant reactive water hydroxyl can then initiate the nucleophilic attack of the phosphorus atom, and thus cleave the P-O-3' bond. ",
"During this reaction, the Ca^2+^ ion can facilitate the nucleophilic attack by properly aligning the phosphodiester bond to DNase I. Moreover, at acidic solution pH, the H 131 can be protonated and is then unable to accept a proton from a water molecule, leading to the inactivation of DNase I. Some organic molecules can also affect DNA degradation^[@CR22],[@CR23]^. For example, due to an unknown mechanism, DNA bound to humic acid was less susceptible to DNase I degradation than free DNA^[@CR24]^. Neomycin B (an aminoglycoside antibiotic) completely inhibits DNA degradation by DNase I in vitro at a concentration of 2 mmol L^−1^ ^[@CR25]^, due to the conformational transition from B-DNA to A-DNA induced by the binding of neomycin to DNA^[@CR26]^. Considering that a myriad of synthetic organic compounds has been released into the environment by human activities, it is of great interest to study the effect of some representative compounds on the enzymatic degradation of DNA. ",
"Pesticides deserve a particular attention because of their extensive use, their environmental persistence, and bioaccumulation. ",
"This study focused on hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) that are broad-spectrum insecticides. ",
"This group of pesticides was widely produced and used from the early 1950s to the late 1980s, resulting in their ubiquitousness in the environment and their bioaccumulation through the food chain. ",
"China and India, the two primary users of HCH, stopped its agricultural use in 1983 and 1990, respectively. ",
"However, HCH was still used in India until 1995 with a peak use of 25,000 tons during the 1990s^[@CR27]^. Although HCH has been banned, the legacy HCH present in the environment from the previous uses are very persistent and can still have adverse effects on human and ecosystem health^[@CR28]^. Besides, in terms of structure, HCHs have no other elements and functional groups except C and H elements, which highlight the role of chlorine. ",
"Three HCH isomers (α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH) with varying physicochemical properties and biological activities were studied, likely due to the changing chiral arrangement of chlorine atoms on the cyclohexane ring^[@CR29]^. Nonetheless, the influence of HCHs on DNA environmental behavior has been rarely studied.^[@CR30]^ Thus, HCHs are ideal candidates for examining the effect of organochlorinated contaminants on the enzymatic degradation of DNA.",
"\n\nTherefore, we aimed to elucidate the effects, and underlying mechanism, of three HCH isomers on the enzymatic degradation of DNA. ",
"DNA degradation by DNase I in the presence of HCH was examined by gel electrophoresis, followed by a series of spectroscopic and computational investigations to pinpoint the underlying mechanisms. ",
"The change of DNase I activity upon HCH exposure was examined spectroscopically, whereas fluorescence quenching titration experiments were conducted to determine the binding of HCH with DNA. ",
"The binding mechanism and resultant conformational change of DNA structure were probed by molecular computation, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet (UV)-Vis spectroscopy, and circular dichroism (CD). ",
"Our results provided insight into the enzymatic degradation of DNA as influenced by organochlorinated contaminants, thus improving understanding of the behaviors of DNA in contaminated environments.",
"\n\nResults {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nHCHs expedited enzymatic degradation of DNA {#Sec3}\n-------------------------------------------\n\nIn the absence of DNase I, most DNA fragments were larger (\\~2000 bp), and there were no fragments smaller than 100 bp (Fig.",
" [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"However, in the presence of DNase I, DNA was degraded into smaller fragments, the size of which decreased from 2000 bp to \\<100 bp with increasing HCH concentrations (Figs.",
" [1a--c](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The HCH-mediated increase in DNA degradation was corroborated by the absorbance values (Fig.",
" [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The final absorbance of the DNA solutions generally increased with the HCH concentration (Fig.",
" [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The increase in the absorbance of the DNA solution was due to greater exposure of nitrogenous nucleobases to light incidence, most likely resulted from the disassembly of DNA structure. ",
"To our knowledge, this is the first report that a pesticide promotes enzymatic degradation of DNA. ",
"As discussed previously, DNase I cleaves the phosphodiester bond using the reactive water hydroxyl formed by the proton acceptor--donor E-H-water chain, and thus better alignment of the phosphodiester bond to DNase I could enhance DNA degradation.^[@CR21]^ The increased DNase I-catalyzed degradation of DNA by HCHs was likely because the binding of HCHs to DNA improves the alignment of the phosphodiester bond to the nucleophiles (water hydroxyls), enhancing nucleophilic attack of the phosphorus atom, or because HCHs bound to DNase, I increased its activity.",
"Fig. ",
"1Gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments. **",
"a** α-HCH, **b** β-HCH, and **c** γ-HCH (0--4.0 mg L^−1^). ",
"a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, and i represent hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 mg L^−1^, respectively. ",
"Ck, control treatment without DNase IFig. ",
"2Increase of DNA absorbance caused by DNase I in the presence of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs). **",
"a** The DNA absorbance changes influenced by α-HCH. **",
"b** The DNA absorbance changes influenced by β-HCH. **",
"c** The DNA absorbance changes influenced by γ-HCH. ",
"Each absorbance data point was the average of 10 measurements\n\nEffects of HCH on DNase I activity {#Sec4}\n----------------------------------\n\nTo clarify the mechanism of HCH-expedited enzymatic degradation of DNA, we first examined the influence of three HCHs on the DNase I activity by the spectrophotometric experiments. ",
"The activity of DNase I decreased from 1.43 to 0.80 U as the α-HCH concentration increased from 0 to 2.5 mg L^−1^ and subsequently increased to 1.49 U (Supplementary Figure [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ",
"β-HCH or γ-HCH did not affect the enzymatic activity of DNase I. Higher Log *K*~ow~ of α-HCH (3.8) probably perturb the activities of DNase I than β-HCH (3.78) and γ-HCH (3.72)^[@CR29]^, which means more insoluble α-HCH is easier to bind to DNase I or DNA, thereby affecting the activity of the DNase I. Thus, the three HCH isomers did not enhance the activity of DNase I. Additionally, as revealed by the FTIR spectra (Fig.",
" [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), the structure and functional groups of DNase I did not change in the presence of HCHs, again indicating no change in the enzymatic activity.^[@CR31]^ No shifts were observed in the bands near 1632 cm^−1^ for amide I (C (N) = O), the bands near 1554 cm^−1^ and 1462 cm^−1^ for amide II (C-N + N-H), and the bands near 1404 cm^−1^ and 1297 cm^−1^ for amide III (N-H bending and C-N stretching vibrations) in the presence compared with the absence of HCHs (Fig.",
" [3c](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Therefore, the increased DNA degradation could not be attributed to expedited DNase I activity. ",
"Interestingly, *N*-bromosuccinimide reportedly inhibits the activity of DNase II^[@CR32]^. However, few other studies have addressed the effect of exogenous organic pollutants on DNase I activity. ",
"To our knowledge, this is the first study on the influence of an organic contaminant on DNase I activity.",
"Fig. ",
"3FTIR spectra of DNA, DNA--hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), DNA--HCH--DNase I, and HCH--DNase I. FTIR spectra of **a** DNA in the absence or presence of HCHs (4.0 mg L^−1^), **b** DNA mixed with HCH and DNase I, and **c** DNase I mixed with HCHs. ",
"FTIR Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy\n\nBinding of HCHs to DNA {#Sec5}\n----------------------\n\nDNA is a vital biomacromolecule that can bind to other molecules or ions^[@CR33]^. The binding can often change the structures and functions of DNA. ",
"It is likely that the binding of HCHs to DNA may be responsible for expedited DNA degradation. ",
"The binding of HCHs to DNA was first confirmed by fluorescence quenching of ethidium-bromide-labeled DNA (Fig.",
" [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The quenching constant (*K*~SV~) calculated from the Stern--Volmer plot (Fig.",
" [4a](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}) is commonly used to quantify the quenching effect. ",
"The average *K*~SV~ values for α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH were 2.4 × 10^6^, 5.2 × 10^6^, and 1.7 × 10^6^ L mol^−1^, respectively. ",
"The quenching constant for the γ-HCH is smaller than others and this result is consistent with the calculated binding energy (Supplementary Table [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ",
"The bimolecular quenching rate constant (*K*~q~) indicates the stability of binding between DNA and HCHs. ",
"The *K*~q~ values for α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH were estimated to be (0.2--6.0) × 10^14^, (0.4--13.0) × 10^14^, and (0.1--4.3) × 10^13^ L mol^−1^ s^−1^, respectively. ",
"Furthermore, a linear relationship between log \\[(*F*~0~* − F*)*/F*\\] and log \\[*Q*\\] (*R*^2 ^\\> 0.99), suggesting a static quenching process (Fig.",
" [4b](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The binding constant (*K*~A~) indicates the binding strength, and the number of binding sites (*n*) suggests a dose--ratio relationship of the binding. ",
"The *K*~A~ values were 1.5, 6.5, and 11.0 L mol^−1^, and the *n* values were 0.27, 1.01, and 1.55 for α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH, respectively. ",
"Thus, the three HCH isomers can bind to DNA.Fig. ",
"4Binding of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) with ethidium-bromide-labeled DNA probed by the fluorescence quenching. **",
"a** Stern--Volmer plot. **",
"b** Plot of Log \\[(*F*~0~ − *F*)/*F*\\] vs Log \\[*Q*\\]. ",
"DNA = 10 mg L^−1^, HCH = 0--15 μg L^−1^, ethidium-bromide = 2 mg L^−1^, and pH = 7.0. ",
"\\*\\**p* \\< 0.01, \\**p* \\< 0.05\n\nMoreover, HCH binding to DNA changed the DNA structure, because the absorption bands of the DNA--HCH complexes near 1700, 1650, 1530, 1485, 1416, 1369, and 962 cm^−1^ were weaker than those of DNA (Fig.",
" [3a](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The weakened absorption bands were assigned to guanine carbonyl vibration, C=C or C=N in base stretch, an imidazole ring, DNA structural vibration, and guanine, respectively (Supplementary Table [2](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ",
"A red shift occurred on the FTIR bands at 1487, 1419, 1371, and 964 cm^−1^, representing DNA structural and backbone vibrations, guanine, and asymmetric PO~2~^−^ (Figs.",
" [3a, b](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Additionally, the thymine band at 1650 cm^−1^ and the amide I of DNase I at 1647 cm^−1^ may overlap at specific enzyme concentrations. ",
"However, the presence of the strong positive feature at 1657 cm^−1^ (Fig.",
" [3b](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) cannot be attributed to the overlap of absorption bands of thymine or protein amide I. It is more likely due to a stretching change in C=C or C=N in the DNA bases. ",
"Therefore, the FTIR analyses indicated that the DNA bases were the most probable sites for binding of HCHs.",
"\n\nMany organic chemicals such as phenothiazinium dyes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be inserted into double-stranded DNA^[@CR9],[@CR34]^. Actually, we recently reported that a π--π isosurface between the DNA bases and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may be responsible for their binding^[@CR9]^. However, the π--π interactions cannot explain the binding of HCHs to DNA, due to the lack of conjugated groups in the HCH structure. ",
"To explore other weak interaction forces that potentially mediate the binding of HCHs to DNA, the intermolecular forces between DNA bases and HCHs were simulated. ",
"The electrostatic potentials of the four DNA bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) and HCH isomers are shown in [Supporting Information](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"} (Supplementary Figure [2](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ",
"During the reduced density gradient analysis, the isosurface color based on the values of sign(*λ*~2~)*ρ* (Supplementary Figure [3](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}) was used to explain the multiple weak attractions between the DNA bases and HCHs. ",
"In the blue region (*ρ* \\> 0, and *λ*~2~ \\< 0), the smaller value of *ρ* means the stronger attraction. ",
"In this region, the most attractive force is hydrogen bonding or halogen bonding. ",
"The green region (*ρ* ≈ 0, and *λ*~2~ ≈ 0) is very small, suggesting a weak interaction consistent with the Van der Waals force. ",
"Since the electron density of this region is very small, the sign of *λ*~2~ becomes more unstable and can be negative. ",
"In the red region (*ρ* \\> 0, and *λ*~2~ \\> 0), the greater value of *ρ* means the stronger mutual exclusion is corresponding to the strong steric effect region (also called the nonbonded overlap) at the benzene rings. ",
"The bright green isosurface between molecules indicates weak Van der Waals force between the DNA base and α-HCH (Figs.",
" [5a--d](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The low-gradient spikes at --0.005 to --0.015 a.u. ",
"show the Van der Waals interaction patterns between the DNA bases and α-HCH. ",
"There was also a greater negative value at --0.02 a.u. (",
"equivalent to the strength of H-bonds^[@CR35]^), representing strong halogen bonding of α-HCH to the DNA bases. ",
"Similar results were obtained for the binding of DNA bases to β-HCH (Supplementary Figure [4](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}) and γ-HCH (Supplementary Figure [5](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ",
"These data confirmed insertion of HCHs into the DNA double strands and their binding to the DNA bases via Van der Waals forces and halogen bonds. ",
"The halogen bonding of HCH to the DNA bases indicates that other organochlorinated compounds may share a similar interaction with DNA and thus also enhance its enzymatic degradation. ",
"The highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital between DNA bases and HCHs analyzed by ChemBioOffice2010 (Figs.",
" [5e--g](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The positive and negative phases of the electronic wave function are represented by larger brown and green spheres, respectively. ",
"Evidently, guanine has a higher electron cloud density than those of the other DNA bases and is, therefore, more likely to bind to HCHs.",
"Fig. ",
"5Computational results of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) binding to bases. ",
"Representative image of the gradient isosurface (left), the corresponding plots of reduced density gradient versus the sign of the second Hessian eigenvalues (right) of **a** adenine--α-HCH, **b** cytosine--α-HCH, **c** guanine--α-HCH, **d** thymine--α-HCH, together with the molecular orbitals of **e** DNA bases--α-HCH, **f** DNA bases--β-HCH, and **g** DNA bases--γ-HCH. ",
"The surfaces are colored on a blue--green--red scale according to the sign(*λ*~2~)*ρ* values (range −0.05 to 0.05 a.u.). ",
"Green areas between molecules indicate a weak Van der Waals force. ",
"Large brown and olive spheres represent the positive and negative phases, respectively, of the electronic wave function\n\nDNA deformation {#Sec6}\n---------------\n\nNext, we analyzed whether the insertion of HCH into the DNA double strands could change the DNA conformation. ",
"It is hypothesized that the change of DNA conformation in the HCH presence may enhance the DNA degradation by DNase I. Based on the UV-Vis spectra, the changes of the characteristic absorption band of DNA at 260 nm^[@CR36]^ were examined in the presence of HCHs at various concentrations (Supplementary Figure [6](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ",
"It was reported that with increasing concentrations of metal cations the increase of absorbance at 260 nm (i.e., hyperchromism) suggests the damage or distortion of the DNA double helix, whereas the decrease of absorbance (i.e., hypochromism) likely resulted from the DNA contraction along the helix axis and the conformational change of DNA.^[@CR36]^ The decreased absorbance at 260 nm with increasing HCH concentration suggests that the binding of HCHs with DNA resulted in the changes in the DNA conformation. ",
"These conformational changes of DNA were further supported by the CD spectra analyses (Fig.",
" [6a](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The CD spectrum of DNA consists of a negative Cotton effect at 248 nm and a positive Cotton effect at 276 nm. ",
"As previously reported^[@CR37]^, the negative spectrum corresponds to the helical structure of DNA, and the positive spectrum represents the accumulation of base pairs that is characteristic of DNA in the right-handed B-form. ",
"HCH binding caused an increase in the intensity of both positive and negative bands without a shift in the peak positions (Fig.",
" [6a](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}), indicating increases in both helicity and base pair accumulation. ",
"More importantly, these changes may result in a more compact DNA structure and exposure of more DNA sites susceptible to DNase I, thus promoting DNA degradation. ",
"In contrast, the binding of neomycin or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to DNA caused a transition from B-DNA to A-DNA, leading to inaccessibility of the minor groove (a smaller binding area for DNase I) and consequently inhibition of DNA degradation^[@CR25]^. Additionally, comparing with α-HCH--DNA and γ-HCH--DNA, the CD spectra change of β-HCH--DNA is larger. ",
"It is probably because all chlorine atoms in the β-HCH molecule are in axial and equatorial positions in each HCH molecule, giving this isomer larger chemical stability. ",
"Molecular dynamics simulation from AMBER17 was performed for the best poses selected from the docking studies (Fig.",
" [6b](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"After the initial equilibration, molecular dynamics production run was carried out for 80 ns. ",
"The root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) as a function of time for all the complexes was plotted (Fig.",
" [6c](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}) to assess their systematic deviation. ",
"The range of RMSDs (Fig.",
" [6c](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}) is 0.5 Å--6.0 Å. Considering subtle changes in the helicoidal structure, the RMSDs indicate that the structure is considerably converged. ",
"Convergence of RMSD values is indicative of the stability of a complex^[@CR38]^. The α-HCH--DNA complexes were more active than β-HCH--DNA and γ-HCH--DNA during the simulation. ",
"This result indicates that β-HCH and γ-HCH binding with DNA led to a more stable converging than α-HCH.Fig. ",
"6Structural changes in DNA and stability of DNA--hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) complexes. **",
"a** Circular dichroism spectra of DNA (black line), α-HCH--DNA (red line), β-HCH--DNA (olive line), and γ-HCH--DNA (blue line). ",
"Red arrow indicates a shift in molar ellipticity. **",
"b** Optimized DNA--HCH structure. **",
"c** RMSD over 80,000 ps α-HCH--DNA (red line), β-HCH--DNA (olive line), and γ-HCH--DNA (blue line)\n\nConclusions {#Sec7}\n-----------\n\nIn this study, we attempted to identify mechanisms responsible for the expedited DNA degradation by DNase I in the presence of HCH. ",
"The increased enzymatic activity of DNase I, in the presence of HCHs, was excluded as a possible cause of the expedited DNA degradation. ",
"HCHs first binds to the bases (most likely guanine) of DNA via Van der Waals forces and halogen bonds, which caused the increases in helicity and base pair accumulation, as well as a more compacted structure of DNA exposing more sites susceptible to DNase I. This investigation provided insights into the enzymatic degradation of DNA in the environment, as influenced by HCHs. ",
"It also presents a new view on the genotoxicity and ecotoxicity of pesticides in the environment. ",
"Our results suggest that the legacy pesticides such as organochlorinated pesticides may decrease the amount of residual DNA in our environment by enhancing the DNA degradation. ",
"This study showed that combining experimental observations with molecular computation on interactions of DNA and contaminants could be a useful approach for understanding the environmental behaviors and risks of both DNA and contaminants. ",
"Future studies could be directed to other kinds of DNA causing major environmental concerns (e.g., antibiotic resistance genes), and other types of persistent organic pollutants (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polybrominated biphenyls) to improve our understanding on environmental behaviors of DNA in a contaminated environment.",
"\n\nMethods {#Sec8}\n=======\n\nChemicals {#Sec9}\n---------\n\nSalmon sperm DNA with an average molar mass of 1.3 × 10^6^ Da and %G-C content of 41.2%, α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). ",
"DNase I and DNase I buffer (10 × ) were purchased from Takara Bio Company (Dalian, Liaoning, China). ",
"The physicochemical properties of α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH are given in Supplementary Table [4](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}. ",
"All chemical reagents were of analytical grade and used without further purification. ",
"DNA stock solution of 1 g L^−1^ was prepared by dissolving 0.1 g DNA in 100 mL Tris-HCl buffer (10 mmol L^−1^, pH 7.0). ",
"Stock solutions of α-HCH, β-HCH, or γ-HCH (1 g L^−1^) were prepared using methanol as solvent. ",
"HCH working solutions were prepared by further diluting their stock solution by methanol to 10 mg L^−1^. All solutions were stored at 4 °C in a refrigerator before use.",
"\n\nDNA degradation by DNase I {#Sec10}\n--------------------------\n\nWe performed gel electrophoresis to evaluate DNA degradation. ",
"First, 10 μL of the DNase I buffer (10 × ) was pipetted into a series of PCR tubes. ",
"Next, a predetermined volume of the working solution of α-HCH, β-HCH, or γ-HCH (10 mg L^−1^) was added to each tube to obtain a series of HCH concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, or 4.0 mg L^−1^), respectively, followed by adding 10 μL of the 1 g L^−1^ DNA stock solution. ",
"The tubes were filled with the Tris-HCl buffer to a volume of 99 μL and then incubated on ice for 120 min. ",
"Then, the tubes were transferred to room temperature, and 1 μL of the DNase I working solution was added to the tubes. ",
"The mixture in the tubes were homogenized and then incubated for 20 min at 37 °C. ",
"Afterwards, 10 μL aliquots were taken from each tube, mixed with 10 μL of the loading buffer containing 30 mM EDTA, 50% (v/v) glycerol, 0.25% (w/v) Xylene Cyanol FF, and 0.25% (w/v) Bromophenol Blue (QsingKe Biological Technology, Nanjing, China), and then loaded onto the agarose gel (3% w/v). ",
"The gel electrophoresis was run at 6 V cm^−1^ for 1 h. The DL2000 DNA ladder (80 ng μL^−1^) (Takara Bio Company, Dalian, China) was used as a marker in the gel electrophoresis. ",
"A Bio-Rad Molecular Imager FX (Hercules, Canada) equipped with the appropriate excitation and emission standard filters were used to image the labeled DNA bands. ",
"The gel was then stained with ethidium-bromide (final concentration, 0.5 μg mL^−1^) for 30 min and visualized by the Bio-Rad Quantity One software (Hercules, Canada). ",
"The experiment results were repeated three times.",
"\n\nEnzymatic degradation kinetics and DNase I activity {#Sec11}\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nThe enzyme activity of DNase I was examined by spectrophotometric experiments. ",
"First, in each PCR tube, 10 μL of the DNase buffer (10 × ) was mixed with 10 μL of the 1 g L^−1^ DNA stock solution. ",
"Then 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 μL of α-HCH, β-HCH, or γ-HCH (10 mg L^−1^) were added to each tube to obtain the HCH concentration of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, or 4.0 mg L^−1^, respectively. ",
"These tubes were filled with the Tris-HCl buffer to a volume of 99 μL and then incubated on ice for 120 min. ",
"Next, the 100 μL mixture in the tubes were transferred to 96-well enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plate and incubated for 20 min at 37 °C. ",
"Then 1 μL of the DNase I working solution was added to the ELISA plate. ",
"The absorbance of DNA at 260 nm was recorded at 37 °C by an enzyme-labeled meter (SP-Max 2300A, Shanghai, China) over 15 min. ",
"Each absorbance data point was the average of 10 measurements. ",
"The DNase activity was calculated by the change of absorbance within the first minute via $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${U = }\\frac{{\\Delta {A}}}{{V{\\mathrm{ \\times 0}}{\\mathrm{.001}}}}$$\\end{document}$, where *U* is the enzymatic activity, $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\Delta {A}$$\\end{document}$ is the absorbable change of DNA in the first minute, and *V* is the sample volume. ",
"The HCH solutions with the same concentration free of DNA and DNase I were also used as background solution to avoid the interference from each added HCH.",
"\n\nFluorescence quenching titration {#Sec12}\n--------------------------------\n\nFluorescence quenching titration was performed to assess the binding of HCHs to DNA ([Supplementary Methods](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}).",
"\n\nDNA conformation {#Sec13}\n----------------\n\nThe UV-visible spectra of the HCH and DNA mixtures were investigated using a Varian Cary 5000 Spectrophotometer (Cary 5000, Varian, Palo Alto, CA, USA). ",
"Briefly, 2 mL of a 100 mg L^−1^ DNA solution were added to a cuvette, and the UV spectrum from 245 to 275 nm was obtained at 25 ± 0.1 °C. ",
"Next, predetermined volumes of 1 g L^−1^ α-HCH, β-HCH, or γ-HCH stock solution were sequentially added to the cuvette at concentrations of 0--2400 μg L^−1^, 0--1000 μg L^−1^, and 0--10000 μg L^−1^, respectively. ",
"The solutions were stirred for 10 s before each HCH addition, followed by the acquisition of UV spectra. ",
"The pH value of the samples was 7.0 ± 0.2.",
"\n\nThe CD spectrum was also acquired to examine DNA conformations. ",
"To prepare the DNA and HCH mixture at the most optimal DNA detection concentration of 60 mg L^−1^, 0.3 mL of 1 g L^−1^ DNA was mixed with 0.5 mL of 10 mg L^−1^ in each HCH, followed by the addition of 4.2 mL Tris-HCl buffer. ",
"Then, 2 mL aliquot was taken from each sample, placed into a rectangular quartz cuvette of 1 cm path length, and detected by a PC-driven JASCO J815 spectropolarimeter (Jasco International Co., Japan) with a temperature controller and a thermal programmer model PFD-425L/15. ",
"The CD spectra were recorded from 220 to 320 nm with a scan speed of 100 nm min^−1^ at 20 °C.",
"\n\nFourier transform infrared spectroscopy {#Sec14}\n---------------------------------------\n\nSamples for FTIR analysis were prepared as described in [Supplementary Methods](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}. ",
"The IR absorption bands for the corresponding functional groups in DNA and DNase I are listed in Supplementary Table [2](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"} and Supplementary Table [3](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}, respectively.",
"\n\nMolecular computation {#Sec15}\n---------------------\n\nComputational chemistry based on density functional theory was used to predict possible binding mechanism between HCH and DNA. ",
"Based on the FTIR analysis, we assumed that the most probable binding sites are the nitrogenous bases of DNA, as also suggested by our earlier work^[@CR9]^. To decrease the computational load, we only constructed four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) and α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH using GaussView 5.0^[@CR39]^. The interactions of modeled bases with each HCH isomer was first optimized using the Gaussian 16 software at ωB97XD/6-311G\\*\\* level. ",
"The structure and frequency were further analyzed using GAUSS at ωB97XD/6-311+G\\*\\*. ",
"The Multiwfn program^[@CR40]^ was used to analyze the results of gradient isosurface and related plots of reduced density gradient versus the electron density multiplied by the sign of the second Hessian eigenvalues. ",
"In fact, there are many methods for analyzing weak interactions, e.g., atoms in molecules topology analysis^[@CR41]^, electrostatic potential analysis, and atomic charge analysis. ",
"Recently, Johnson et al. ",
"proposed that the reduced density gradient analysis is a beneficial method for analyzing weak interactions, which has gain popularity since then^[@CR35]^. The reduced density gradient analysis can be considered the expansion of the atoms in molecules theory, and which can be applied to many cases when the original atoms in molecules theory is not applicable, e.g., π--π accumulation. ",
"To perform the simulation, we placed four bases in the same domain with each HCH isomer by ChemBioOffice2010 (Cambridge Soft, America). ",
"We analyzed the molecular orbital and attempted to identify the base that is most likely to bind to HCH. ",
"We also performed molecular dynamics using AMBER17^[@CR42]^ with DNA.OL15^[@CR43]^ force field and a customized force field for the HCHs with Antechamber^[@CR44]^. The simulation details are described in [Supplementary Methods](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}.",
"\n\nReporting summary {#Sec16}\n-----------------\n\nFurther information on experimental design is available in the [Nature Research Reporting Summary](#MOESM2){ref-type=\"media\"} linked to this article.",
"\n\nSupplementary information\n=========================\n\n {#Sec17}\n\nSupplementary Information Reporting Summary\n\n**Publisher's note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.",
"\n\nThese authors contributed equally: Chao Qin, Bing Yang.",
"\n\nElectronic supplementary material\n=================================\n\n**Supplementary information** accompanies this paper at 10.1038/s42003-019-0326-5.",
"\n\nThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41771523 and 41877125), the National Key R&D Plan Key Projects, China (2016YFD0800203), and the Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Plan, China (BE2017718).",
"\n\nC.Q. and Y.G. conceived and designed the study; C.Q. performed the experiments; C.Q., W.Z., and Y.G. analyzed the experimental data; B.Y. and C.L. analyzed the computational data; C.Q., W.Z., Y.G., W.L. X.L., and J.L. wrote the manuscript. ",
"All the authors contributed to the scientific discussion.",
"\n\nThe atomic coordinates and structure factors are deposited in the Protein Data Bank ([www.pdb.org](http://www.pdb.org/)) with ID codes 2B0K (B-DNA). ",
"All other data supporting this study are available within the article and its [Supplementary Information file](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}, or from the authors upon reasonable request.",
"\n\nCompeting interests {#FPar1}\n===================\n\nThe authors declare no competing interests.",
"\n"
] | {
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[
"Tennis: Djokovic destroys Fritz in solid Madrid start\n\nMADRID (AFP) - Novak Djokovic needed just 65 minutes to make a winning start at the Madrid Open on Tuesday (May 7), hammering Taylor Fritz 6-4, 6-2 to reach the third round.",
"\n\nThe top seed and world No. ",
"1 broke three times as he schooled the American in a tournament he had won in 2011 and 2016.",
"\n\nDjokovic will be chasing a fourth straight Grand Slam trophy at Roland Garros next month.",
"\n\nUnseeded treble Grand Slam champion Stan Wawrinka also began his Madrid campaign on a winning note, beating Pierre-Hugues Herbert 6-2, 6-3 to move into the second round.",
"\n\n\"It was a great first match. ",
"I've been good on the practice court, feeling really good, so it was important to start well today,\" Wawrinka said.",
"\n\n\"I hope my game is going to click soon. ",
"I'm patient enough to know that sometimes it takes time,\" said the Swiss player, who underwent two knee surgeries in August, 2017.",
"\n\n\"I'm playing well and feeling well on the court. ",
"I still have some big result inside me so hopefully they can come sooner than later.\"",
"\n\nWawrinka will next play Argentine Guido Pella, who put out Barcelona Open finalist Daniil Medvedev 6-2, 1-6, 6-3.",
"\n\nIn the women's draw, third seed and two-time champion Simona Halep of Romania ended the hopes of Johanna Konta 7-5, 6-1 in the second round.",
"\n\nThe Briton had made a dash to Madrid on Sunday evening after losing in the final of the Morocco Open.",
"\n\nKonta won her opening match against Alison Riske but could not match Halep, the defending French Open champion.",
"\n\n\"I feel good every time when I come to Madrid and I'm happy to be back and winning matches,\" Halep said.",
"\"It was a good match. ",
"Both of us played very well and, in the end, I was a bit stronger mentally and I found a rhythm.\"",
"\n\nThe Straits Times\n\nWe have been experiencing some problems with subscriber log-ins and apologise for the inconvenience caused. ",
"Until we resolve the issues, subscribers need not log in to access ST Digital articles. ",
"But a log-in is still required for our PDFs."
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[
"389 F.3d 1291\nKerry FOX, et al., ",
"Appellants,v.AMERICAN AIRLINES, INC., ",
"Appellee.",
"\nNo. ",
"04-7006.",
"\nUnited States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit.",
"\nArgued October 12, 2004.",
"\nDecided November 30, 2004.",
"\n\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia (No. ",
"02cv02069).",
"\nJoel D. Joseph argued the cause for the appellants.",
"\nRonald G. DeWald argued the cause for the appellee.",
"\nBefore: SENTELLE, HENDERSON and ROBERTS, Circuit Judges.",
"\nOpinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge KAREN LeCRAFT HENDERSON.",
"\nKAREN LeCRAFT HENDERSON, Circuit Judge:\n\n\n1\nKerry Fox, his two sisters, Susan Fox and Janice Sterling, and a niece, Deirdre Ford-Aikin (appellants), appeal the district court's grant of American Airlines's motion to dismiss their amended complaint seeking damages and injunctive relief resulting from the airline's treatment of them during Kerry Fox's in-flight medical emergency and afterwards. ",
"They likewise appeal the district court's denial of their motion to vacate its judgment dismissing their suit. ",
"Because the district court acted within its discretion in both instances, we affirm.",
"\n\nI.\n\n2\nIn November 2001, the appellants boarded an American Airlines, Inc. (American) flight at Baltimore/Washington International Airport destined for Laredo, Texas.1 During the flight Kerry Fox (Kerry), a diabetic, lapsed into severe insulin shock and, when his sisters' efforts to revive him proved unsuccessful, the plane made an emergency landing in Nashville, Tennessee. ",
"The appellants allege that, during Kerry's episode, the flight attendants offered him no medical assistance. ",
"They further allege that the entire emergency could have been avoided had American employees granted their request either to allow a family member to be seated near Kerry on the plane or to have the flight attendants monitor his condition in-flight.",
"\n\n\n3\nKerry was revived by emergency personnel on the ground in Nashville and, after being treated at a hospital, he was deemed fit to travel on to Laredo. ",
"The appellants did not complete the remainder of their journey, however, without experiencing further difficulties. ",
"They allege that, because of Kerry's medical emergency, they were searched \"thoroughly\" before boarding flights from Nashville to Dallas-Ft. ",
"Worth and from Dallas on to Laredo. ",
"Joint Appendix (J.A.) 23, ¶¶ 28-29. ",
"The trip home was \"another nightmare.\" ",
"J.A. 23, ¶ 30. ",
"They allege that American again targeted them for thorough searches as a result of the earlier emergency, that an American employee refused to board them on their Dallas to Baltimore flight because they again requested that a family member sit near Kerry and that, as a consequence, they were forced to take a later flight home.",
"\n\n\n4\nOn October 23, 2002, the appellants filed a four-count complaint against American, alleging: (I) gross negligence, (II) intentional infliction of emotional distress, (III) breach of contract and (IV) violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101 et seq. ",
"and accompanying federal regulations. ",
"On November 19, 2002, American filed a motion to dismiss the complaint, arguing, among other things, that the appellants' allegations implicated the Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA), 49 U.S.C. §§ 41705 et seq., ",
"not the ADA. ",
"On November 21, 2002, the district court issued its \"Standing Order\" apprising the parties of their obligation to comply with local and federal rules of procedure, including Local Rule 7.2 On December 2, 2002, the appellants took American's cue and amended their complaint to allege violations of the ACAA instead of the ADA. ",
"They also filed an opposition to American's motion to dismiss.",
"\n\n\n5\nOn December 6, 2002, American moved to dismiss the amended complaint but this time the appellants did not respond. ",
"Instead, on January 14, 2003, they filed a joint meet and confer statement and proposed scheduling order, which repeatedly referenced a pending \"motion to dismiss.\" ",
"J.A. 3. ",
"On August 5, 2003, the district court granted American's motion to dismiss the amended complaint.",
"\n\n\n6\nRelying on Local Rule 7(b) of the Rules of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, see D.D.C. Local Rule 7(b), the district court explained that \"because the plaintiffs failed to respond to the defendant's second motion, the court treats the motion as conceded and grants the motion.\" ",
"Mem. ",
"Op., ",
"Granting Motion to Dismiss Amended Complaint, at 4, reprinted in J.A. 12. ",
"Having dismissed the amended complaint under Local Rule 7(b), the district court then noted that the appellants' opposition to American's motion to dismiss the original complaint did challenge American's contention that count IV failed to state a claim under the ADA. ",
"The district court concluded, however, that even if it treated the appellants' opposition as an opposition to American's motion to dismiss the amended complaint, it would nonetheless grant that motion with respect to count IV under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP). ",
"As the district court saw it, \"because the defendant's argument that the ACAA does not create a private right of action is substantively correct, even if the court were to treat the plaintiffs' opposition to the defendant's first motion as an opposition to the defendant's second motion, the court's decision to grant the defendant's motion to dismiss Count IV would remain the same.\" ",
"J.A. 16.",
"\n\n\n7\nThe appellants subsequently moved under FRCP Rule 59(e) to vacate the district court's judgment, asserting two grounds. ",
"They claimed that the court's judgment should be vacated, first, because their counsel failed to receive electronic notice of American's second motion to dismiss and, second, because their amended complaint alleged a claim under the ACAA, which American was estopped from contesting. ",
"The district court concluded that neither argument required the court to vacate its judgment to prevent \"manifest injustice,\" Mem. ",
"Op., ",
"Denying Motion to Alter or Amend Judgment, at 5, reprinted in J.A. 5, and consequently, denied the motion.",
"\n\n\n8\nAs to the appellants' first contention, the district court concluded that, despite their counsel's claimed ignorance, he should have known that a second motion lay pending. ",
"That the court uses an electronic filing system that automatically sends the parties e-mail notices when documents are filed, the district court explained, did not relieve counsel of his independent obligation to monitor the court's docket. ",
"And had he checked the docket, the court pointed out, he would have discovered the motion. ",
"The court further noted that, on January 15, 2003, counsel had filed a joint meet and confer statement and proposed scheduling order, which referred to a pending motion to dismiss. \"[",
"H]ad [plaintiffs' counsel] checked the docket when filing the joint statement,\" the court observed, \"he would have noticed that the defendant had filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint approximately five and a half weeks earlier.\" ",
"J.A. 6. ",
"Moreover, said the district court, counsel should have realized that the pending motion he referenced in his statement related to the amended complaint, especially given that he should have been expecting an answer to it.",
"\n\n\n9\nAs to their second argument, the district court concluded that it did not constitute a proper basis to amend the judgment as it essentially recycled \"claims that the court has already rejected.\" ",
"J.A. 7. ",
"The appellants then appealed both orders to us.",
"\n\nII.",
"\n\n10\nThe appellants seek reversal of the district court's dismissal of their amended complaint for failing to comply with Local Rule 7(b). ",
"Local Rule 7(b) — as did its predecessor, Local Rule 108(b) — provides:\n\n\n11\nWithin 11 days of the date of service or at such other time as the Court may direct, an opposing party shall serve and file a memorandum of points and authorities in opposition to the motion. ",
"If such a memorandum is not filed within the prescribed time, the Court may treat the motion as conceded.",
"\n\n\n12\nD.D.C. LOCAL RULE 7(b). ",
"The Rule is a docket-management tool that facilitates efficient and effective resolution of motions by requiring the prompt joining of issues, see FDIC v. Bender, 127 F.3d 58, 67 (D.C.Cir.1997); cf. ",
"Jackson v. Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, 101 F.3d 145, 150 (D.C.Cir.1996) (\"[Local] Rule 108(h) assists the district court to maintain docket control and to decide motions for summary judgment efficiently and effectively.\"), ",
"and we review the district court's application of 7(b) for abuse of discretion. ",
"See Bender, 127 F.3d at 67.",
"\n\n\n13\nIn defending their failure to comply with Local Rule 7(b), the appellants offer nothing but an updated version of the classic \"my dog ate my homework\" line. ",
"They claim that, as the result of a malfunction in the district court's CM/ECF electronic case filing system, their counsel never received an e-mail notifying him of American's motion to dismiss their amended complaint. ",
"Imperfect technology may make a better scapegoat than the family dog in today's world, but not so here. ",
"Their counsel's effort at explanation, even taken at face value, is plainly unacceptable. ",
"Regardless whether he received the e-mail notice, he remained obligated to monitor the court's docket. ",
"See United States ex rel. ",
"McAllan v. City of New York, 248 F.3d 48, 53 (2d Cir.2001) (\"[P]arties have an obligation to monitor the docket sheet to inform themselves of the entry of orders....\"), cert. ",
"denied, 535 U.S. 929, 122 S.Ct. ",
"1301, 152 L.Ed.2d 212 (2002); cf. ",
"Norgaard v. DePuy Orthopaedics, Inc., 121 F.3d 1074, 1075 (7th Cir.1997) (ignorance of other court's docket \"is nothing but negligence, which does not justify untimely action\"). ",
"Indeed, one would think that, at the very least, his failure to receive a timely answer to the amended complaint would have aroused his suspicion, thus prompting him to check the court's docket for any recent filings. ",
"See FED.R.CIV.P. 15(a) (\"A party shall plead in response to an amended pleading within the time remaining for response to the original pleading or within 10 days after service of the amended pleading, whichever period may be the longer, unless the court otherwise orders.\"). ",
"Accordingly, it is difficult to understand how counsel did not recognize that the \"pending\" motion to dismiss he repeatedly referenced in the joint meet and confer statement and proposed scheduling order — filed more than one month after American filed its second motion to dismiss — related to the amended complaint. ",
"In dismissing the appellants' suit, the district court held that \"because the plaintiffs failed to respond to the defendant's second motion, the court treats the motion as conceded and grants the motion.\" ",
"Mem. ",
"Op., ",
"Granting Motion to Dismiss Amended Complaint, at 4, reprinted in J.A. 12. ",
"This court has yet to deem such a straightforward application of Local Rule 7(b) an abuse of discretion and, based on the above, we see no reason for doing so here. ",
"See Bender, 127 F.3d at 67-68.",
"\n\n\n14\nLast term we held that, before dismissing a bankruptcy appeal under Rule 8001 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure3 and Local Bankruptcy Rule 8009-1,4 the district court must typically \"consider[ ] the circumstances before [it] and explain[ ] why it is in the interest of justice to dismiss rather than to proceed to the merits.\" ",
"English-Speaking Union v. Johnson, 353 F.3d 1013, 1022 (D.C.Cir.2004) (hereinafter ESU). ",
"So that the district court's inquiry is an informed one, we also insisted that the appellant be notified and given an opportunity to be heard. ",
"Id. at 1022. ",
"We reasoned that \"[t]his approach\" — which mirrors our own for evaluating whether to accept late-filed briefs — \"not only properly calibrates the importance of deciding cases on the merits and preserving district courts' authority to control their dockets, but also ensures that this court is able to exercise its highly deferential review.\" ",
"Id.\n\n\n15\nOur holding in ESU, however, did not purport to extend beyond \"dismissals of bankruptcy appeals for nonjurisdictional procedural violations,\" see id. at 1021, and with good reason. ",
"A district court reviewing a bankruptcy appeal has a \"completed\" record before it and thus the procedure we outlined in ESU tends to strike a proper balance between the \"`strong presumption in favor of adjudications on the merits,'\" id. at 1021 (quoting Shepherd v. Am. ",
"Broad Cos., ",
"62 F.3d 1469, 1475 (D.C.Cir.1995)), and the need for the district court to have at its disposal \"powerful tools to manage [its] docket[ ], prevent undue delay, and sanction those who abuse the system,\" ESU, 353 F.3d at 1021 (citing Link v. Wabash R.R. Co., 370 U.S. 626, 629-30, 82 S.Ct. ",
"1386, 1388-89, 8 L.Ed.2d 734 (1962); Shea v. Donohoe Constr. ",
"Co., 795 F.2d 1071, 1074 (D.C.Cir.1986)). ",
"We reconcile these competing interests differently in the trial setting where the district court may well have before it multiple opposed motions — \"any and all\" of which are subject to Local Rule 7(b). ",
"Bender, 127 F.3d at 67. ",
"Requiring it to provide notice, an opportunity to explain and weigh alternatives before enforcing Rule 7(b) would hinder effective docket management. ",
"See ESU, 353 F.3d at 1021 (\"Strictly enforcing procedural rules ensures both that cases are adjudicated efficiently and that litigants argue their causes on a level playing field.\"); ",
"see also Bender, 127 F.3d at 67. ",
"Accordingly, as we have often observed, \"[w]here the district court relies on the absence of a response as a basis for treating the motion as conceded, we honor its enforcement of the rule.\" ",
"Twelve John Does v. Dist. ",
"of Columbia, 117 F.3d 571, 577 (D.C.Cir.1997); see also Bender, 127 F.3d at 68; Geller v. Randi, 40 F.3d 1300, 1304-05 (D.C.Cir.1994). ",
"We do so again here.",
"\n\n\n16\nThe appellants also attempt to revive count IV of their complaint, first, by invoking non-mutual offensive collateral estoppel (a.k.a. ",
"issue preclusion) to assert that American is barred from denying the existence of an implied right of action under the ACAA and, second, by arguing that, in any event, such an implied right does exist. ",
"The district court's view that count IV's allegations failed to state a claim, however, constitutes dictum. ",
"It discussed the issue only to observe that, had the appellants not conceded American's second motion to dismiss by failing to respond timely, it would have nonetheless dismissed count IV under FRCP Rule 12(b)(6).",
"\n\n\n17\nFinally, the appellants question the district court's denial of their FRCP Rule 59(e) motion but do not argue the point. ",
"They allege in their Statement of Issues that the district court erred in denying their motion but elaborate no further. ",
"Such a conclusory assertion typically does not warrant review. ",
"See, e.g., Wash. Legal Clinic for the Homeless v. Barry, 107 F.3d 32, 39 (D.C.Cir.1997) (issue not properly raised where addressed in \"cursory fashion\" supported only with \"bare-bones arguments\" (internal quotation marks omitted)). ",
"In any event, we think the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion. ",
"See Ciralsky v. CIA, 355 F.3d 661, 668, 671 (D.C.Cir.2004).",
"\n\n\n18\n\"A Rule 59(e) motion is discretionary and need not be granted unless the district court finds that there is an intervening change of controlling law, the availability of new evidence, or the need to correct a clear error or prevent manifest injustice.\" ",
"Firestone v. Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C.Cir.1996) (per curiam) (internal quotation marks omitted); accord Ciralsky, 355 F.3d at 671. ",
"We can hardly say that the district court abused its discretion in declining to vacate its judgment of dismissal to prevent \"manifest injustice\" flowing from the appellants' failure to receive notice given that, as discussed above, the dismissal of their suit might have been avoided through the exercise of due diligence. ",
"See Ciralsky, 355 F.3d at 673 (\"We also cannot find that the district court abused its discretion in concluding that manifest injustice does not exist where, as here, a party could have easily avoided the outcome....\" (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted)). ",
"Nor do we find any abuse of discretion in the district court's refusal to vacate its judgment based on their allegedly valid ACAA claim as this argument was available to them earlier. ",
"See id. Cf. ",
"Kattan by Thomas v. Dist. ",
"of Columbia, 995 F.2d 274, 276 (D.C.Cir.1993) (\"Ordinarily Rule 59 motions ... are not granted by the District Court where they are used by a losing party to request the trial judge to reopen proceedings in order to consider a new defensive theory which could have been raised during the original proceedings.\").",
"\n\n\n19\n* * *\n\n\n20\nFor the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.",
"\n\n\n21\n\nSo ordered.",
"\n\n\n\n\nNotes:\n\n\n1\n This factual account is derived from the second amended complaintSee Gilvin v. Fire, 259 F.3d 749, 756 (D.C.Cir.2001) (in reviewing grant of motion to dismiss, court \"treat[s] the complaint's factual allegations as true\").",
"\n\n\n2\n See Judge Urbina's Standing Order for Civil Cases, Nov. 21, 2002, at 6.",
"\n\n\n3\n Bankruptcy Rule 8001 provides in pertinent part: \"An appellant's failure to take any step other than timely filing a notice of appeal does not affect the validity of the appeal, but is ground only for such action as the district court or bankruptcy appellate panel deems appropriate, which may include dismissal of the appeal.\" ",
"Fed. ",
"R. Bankr.",
"P. 8001(a)\n\n\n4\n Local Rule 8009-1 provides:\nIf, after an appeal has been noted and the appellant has complied with Bankruptcy Rule 8006, the appellant fails to serve and file a brief within the time required by Bankruptcy Rule 8009, the District Court may, upon motion of the appellee filed in the office of the Clerk of the District Court, or upon its own order, dismiss the appeal for failure to comply with Bankruptcy Rule 8009.",
"\nD.D.C. LOCAL BANKR.RULE 8009-1.",
"\n\n\n"
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[
"Background\n==========\n\nThe exposure to aromatic amines (AA) continues to be a serious problem. ",
"Bladder cancer caused by exposure to AA is a common occupational cancer. ",
"The greatest problem from the point of view of occupational hygiene is, in spite of the standard technical protection measures, that AA are well absorbed through the skin.",
"\n\nAA, respectively the intermediates of AA, are not substitutable in various industries until now. *",
"Ortho*-toluidine (*o*-toluidine) is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as probably carcinogenic to humans \\[[@B1]\\]. ",
"In Germany this compound is considered to be carcinogenic for man \\[[@B2]\\].",
"\n\nIn automobile industry *o*-toluidine is contained in di-ortho-tolylguanidine used as accelerator for the vulcanisation of rubber products. ",
"In the present case report we evaluate the dermal absorption of *o*-toluidine in workers who performed vulcanisation of rubber articles.",
"\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nStudy population\n----------------\n\nIn a components supplier plant for the automobile industry we examined all workers (n = 4, male, response rate: 100%) involved in vulcanising hydraulic rubber articles. ",
"During this process the workers were exposed by inhalation and/or dermal contact to *o*-toluidine released from vulcanisation accelerators. ",
"We asked the workers to report on general workplace conditions, private and occupational risk factors, skin complaints, history of skin diseases and the use of personal protective equipment (breathing protection masks, gloves, skin barrier and skin care creams) by means of a standardized, self-administered questionnaire.",
"\n\nClinical examination of skin\n----------------------------\n\nA dermatologically trained physician screened the skin of the workers for lesions in accordance with a recently published study \\[[@B3]\\]. ",
"Lesions considered included erythema, scaling and other pathological findings such as fissures, vesicles or callosities, categorized also according to anatomical site. ",
"The classification of erythema and skin scaling was performed immediately after clinical examination. ",
"Hence, the observer was blind to type and intensity of exposure when evaluating the skin.",
"\n\nExternal exposure and biological monitoring\n-------------------------------------------\n\nWe measured the concentration of *o*-toluidine in the workplace air by personal air monitoring (NIOSH method No. ",
"2017) \\[[@B4]\\]. ",
"Internal exposure in workers was determined by analysis of *o*-toluidine in post-shift urine using gas chromatography and mass selective detection with negative chemical ionisation \\[[@B5],[@B6]\\]. ",
"As a rule, this is the optimal time point for urine sampling to assess the exposure over a working day \\[[@B2]\\]. ",
"For the direct comparison of the internal exposure in workers related to the external exposure we used the quotient RIE (relative internal exposure) as described by Drexler et al. ",
"\\[[@B7]\\]:\n\n![](",
"1745-6673-1-17-i1.gif)\n\nWe regard this quotient as a measure of the internal exposure related to the individual exposure. ",
"On this basis, we were able to compare the individual relationships of internal to external exposure. ",
"Additionally we assessed the influence of smoking on internal exposure by measurement of cotinine in the urine of the workers. ",
"In view of the explanatory nature of our data, we used the RIE index to compare the values of external and internal exposure between the workers.",
"\n\nResults and discussion\n======================\n\nThe results of personal air and biological monitoring to *o*-toluidine are presented in Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"Over the whole shift (8 hours), the workers were exposed to AA by inhalation and by dermal contact from the gaseous phase. ",
"The German threshold limit value for *o*-toluidine in the air (500 μg/m^3^) was not exceeded \\[[@B2]\\]. ",
"However, the concentration of *o*-toluidine in the workplace air was rather high as indicated by a factor of at least 25 compared to values found in indoor and outdoor air \\[[@B8],[@B9]\\]. ",
"Cotinine values in urine showed that workers no. ",
"3 and 4 were non-smokers, probably not even exposed by passive smoking. ",
"Therefore, comparing the urine values presented in our case report with the background exposure level of the German general population (range: \\<0.05 -- 3.1 μg/l, median: 0.12 μg/l) we can assume that the internal exposure to *o*-toluidine in all workers resulted primarily from occupational exposure \\[[@B5]\\].",
"\n\n###### \n\nValues from personal air and biological monitoring.",
"\n\n Variables Worker no. ",
"1 Worker no. ",
"2 Worker no. ",
"3 Worker no. ",
"4\n ------------------------------------ ---------------------- --------------------- -------------------------- --------------------------\n Skin condition of hands Healthy skin Mild erythema Burns on hands Dyshidrotic eczema\n *o*-Toluidine in the air (μg/m^3^) 58.29 93.93 32.73 26.63\n *o*-Toluidine in urine (μg/l) 74.83 242.88 64.36 54.65\n Cotinine in urine (μg/l) 4471 μg/L (= smoker) 741 μg/L (= smoker) \\< 5 μg/L (= non-smoker) \\< 5 μg/L (= non-smoker)\n\nThe skin status as well as skin protection and care can affect the uptake of AA. ",
"None of workers was equipped with breathing protection masks against inhalative uptake of AA. ",
"All four workers wore thick cloth gloves during contact to the vulcanised rubber tubes. ",
"The dermal contact of the hands to AA was very similar for all workers and existed with short interruptions over the whole work shift. ",
"During the wearing of cloth gloves (210 -- 240 minutes) the hands were occluded also in a wet environment. ",
"The cloth gloves were replaced during the shift 7 -- 12 times after being wetted by the work. ",
"We did not observe atopic skin diathesis in the workers. ",
"One worker (no. ",
"1) had healthy skin. ",
"However, the three other workers had skin lesions of different kind and severity. ",
"While the skin of worker no. ",
"2 was affected only by a slight erythema on the hands, in worker no. ",
"3 we observed several sites on hands with burns (though covered by scab or visible as redness) caused by accidental contacts to hot (about 180°C) pipes serving to form rubber tubes during the vulcanisation process. ",
"The most severe skin lesions were observed in worker no. ",
"4 suffering from dyshidrotic eczema for more than 16 years and moderate erythematous lesions on hands and forearms.",
"\n\nThe results show that the RIE depends on skin condition of the workers (Fig. [",
"1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The external inhalative exposure to *o*-toluidine in the worker suffering from dyshidrotic eczema was the lowest of all workers (by a factor of 3.5 lower than in highest exposed worker), but he showed the second highest RIE (Fig. [",
"1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The external inhalative exposure to *o*-toluidine in the worker with healthy skin was the second highest. ",
"However, he showed the lowest RIE of all workers, despite the fact that he was additionally exposed to AA from heavy smoking (Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Worker no. ",
"2 (mild erythema) was the highest exposed worker by inhalation (at the factor of 3.5 higher than the worker with dyshidrotic eczema). ",
"However, this high air exposure did not lead to a proportional increase of RIE. ",
"These slight erythematous changes in the worker no. ",
"2 do not seem to have a significant effect on the skin barrier preventing the dermal uptake of the lipophilic *o*-toluidine.",
"\n\n{#F1}\n\nIt is well known that damaged epidermal barrier leads to a higher dermal absorption of chemicals \\[[@B10],[@B11]\\]. ",
"Internal exposure to solvents miscible in water is higher in workers with skin lesions than in workers with healthy skin \\[[@B3],[@B7]\\]. ",
"Moreover, recently in vitro experiments showed that *o*-toluidine penetrates through human skin to a high extent. ",
"These experiments were based on a finite exposure dose in order to mimic occupationally relevant situations \\[[@B12]\\]. ",
"Therefore, due to the low vapour pressure, the internal exposure of workers to *o*-toluidine in the present study should result predominantly from dermal absorption.",
"\n\nIn our study, a relationship between skin lesions and the internal exposure to the AA *o*-toluidine was established. ",
"The uptake of *o*-toluidine was relatively higher in workers with damaged epidermal barrier such as skin burns, particularly with dyshidrotic eczema, than in workers with healthy or slight erythematous skin. ",
"A proportional relationship between the airborne levels of *o*-toluidine and the difference of RIE (Fig. [",
"1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) emphasize the importance of its dermal absorption in workers. ",
"These findings are in accordance with our previous studies with a glycol ether and carbon disulfide \\[[@B3],[@B7]\\]. ",
"From an occupational medical point of view the higher uptake of chemicals in workers with impaired skin barrier cannot be ignored. ",
"Gloves (the material itself or the frequency of replacement) and skin creams do not seem to be sufficient to achieve an efficient protection. ",
"However, due to the small study group, the impact of various occupational exposure factors on dermal absorption of *o*-toluidine cannot be conclusively assessed. ",
"Solely the worker with dyshidrotic eczema used skin barrier creams at the workplace. ",
"He and the worker with healthy skin used skin care creams in the plant. ",
"The protective effects of skin creams to reduce the dermal absorption were not evident in our study group. ",
"On the contrary, there are hints that barrier creams might enhance the dermal absorption \\[[@B13]\\].",
"\n\nIn our study, the workers with the highest internal exposure (RIE) coincidentally had the lowest airborne exposure. ",
"From the perspective of preventive occupational medicine, we have to assume the opposite to be the case: occupational exposure scenarios that workers with severe skin lesions have a high inhalative exposure. ",
"This would lead to a disproportionately high *o*-toluidine uptake that is not sufficiently reflected by sole determinations of *o*-toluidine in air. ",
"Therefore we recommend to perform biological monitoring for workers with skin diseases. ",
"The assessment of haemoglobin adducts -- a long-term parameter reflecting the cumulative internal exposure of about the last 4 months in accordance with the lifetime of the erythrocytes -- is a powerful tool for the surveillance of occupationally exposed workers. ",
"Only the approach of biological monitoring can assess the uptake of hazardous substances by all routes.",
"\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nOur case report shows that the internal exposure to AA increases in workers with impaired epidermal barrier. ",
"When the dermal contact to hazardous substances at workplaces cannot be avoided, respectively a sufficient exposure assessment to prevent the dermal uptake is not practicable, biological monitoring of workers can help to monitor the total body burden.",
"\n\nDeclaration of competing interests\n==================================\n\nThe author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.",
"\n\nAbbreviations\n=============\n\nAA; aromatic amines\n\nIARC; International Agency for Research on Cancer\n\nRIE; relative internal exposure\n\nAuthors\\' contributions\n=======================\n\nGK and TW were the principal investigators. ",
"GK examined the workers and drafted the manuscript. ",
"TW and JA were responsible for analyses of personal air and biological monitoring. ",
"TW, JA and HD revised critically the manuscript. ",
"All authors read and approved the final manuscript.",
"\n\nAcknowledgements\n================\n\nThis study was sponsored by grants of the institution for statutory accident insurance of the German chemical industry (Berufsgenossenschaft der chemischen Industrie). ",
"The authors also wish to thank their colleague Holger M. Koch for his valuable assistance in preparing the manuscript.",
"\n"
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"The present invention relates to an input device for a consumer electronic device or an input device for controlling other devices such as computers (replacing mouse/joy sticks), buttons/knobs in cars, air planes, vessels or vehicles. ",
"Generally, the input device may be used in place of a number of well-known input means, as will be evident from the accompanying description.",
"\nVarious input devices in the shape of built-in controls or remote controls are known in the art for controlling electronic devices such as television sets, radios, auto hi-fi, computers, VCRs, DVDs etc. ",
"Also, for personal computers, palm tops and the like, a number of input devices such as joy sticks and mouse devices are well-known.",
"\nThe commonly known remote controls usually comprise a number of push buttons which are used in order to select the appropriate channel or to increase the volume, etc. ",
"Some remote controls are furthermore equipped with small devices similar to a joy stick which may be manipulated in one or more directions in order to select menus on a screen on the electronic device which it is controlling. ",
"It is also known in the art to have devices wherein a wheel is provided such that leafing through a menu may be achieved by rotating the wheel, and then by either depressing the wheel or depressing a button provided on the remote control a selection among the items on the screen may be carried out.",
"\nA number of devices are know where input is created by displacing for example a top section or by pressing on a member, a so called touch screen or screens where piezo electric elements are activated in response to an input from a user.",
"\nOne example of such a device is known from US2003/0206202 where a touch screen is mounted in a frame. ",
"The frame may be displaced in relation to the device in order to control the movement of a cursor in the screen. ",
"When the cursor has been manipulated into a desired position corresponding to the desired input, the screen may be touched, whereby the desired input is registered in a manner known in the touch screen technology. ",
"Piezo electrical elements (contacts) may be provided along the edges of the frame in order to register the movements of the screen in relation to the rest of the device. ",
"Variable inputs may be generated depending on how the touch screen is pre-programmed.",
"\nAnother type of device is known from JP2003-15796. ",
"In this device the input device is made from a flexible material such that by deflecting the screen underlying contacts are activated, whereby an input is generated. ",
"Further the input device may be slid in two perpendicular directions in order to navigate the cursor into the desired position before activating the underlying contacts by deflecting the screen.",
"\nAnother example is known from U.S. Pat. ",
"No. ",
"5,804,780. ",
"In this device a touch screen comprising piezo electrical contacts is arranged on two perpendicular axles, such that by tilting the screen underlying contacts are activated in order to register the desired input.",
"\nA similar construction is known from JP2000222129.",
"\nCommon for these devices are the complicated mechanical constructions, which to a large degree have to accommodate the electrical connections for the touch screen and/or the underlying contacts. ",
"The devices all combine movements in plane (along X and Y axis) with detection in a direction perpendicular to the plane (Z direction) by piezo electrical means in the shape of touch screens."
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"Q:\n\nNUMEROS ALEATÓRIOS EM PHP EXCLUINDO UM NUMERO DA LISTA\n\nBoa tarde, preciso pra um trabalho da escola fazer uma busca de 7 numeros de 1 a 20, excluindo um numero da lista.",
"\nExemplo: 7 Numeros aleatorios de 1 a 20, excluindo o numero 5 da lista. ",
"Que me retorne 7 numeros todos diferente de 5.",
"\nfunction random($nNumeros, $nQuant) \n{ \n $aRand = array(); \n for ($i=1; $i<=$nQuant; $i++) { \n $aRand[$i] = $rand = rand(1, 20) ; \n while (count($aRand) < $nNumeros) \n if (!",
"in_array($rand, $aRand)) \n $aRand[] = $rand; \n else \n $rand = rand(1, 20); \n } \n return $aRand; \n} \necho \"<pre>\"; \nprint_r(random(7,1)); //1\n?",
">```\n\nA:\n\nExistem várias formas de fazer isso, uma seria construindo um dicionário que ignore os inválidos e outro seria fazendo um loop, descartando os inválidos.",
"\n\nIrei fazer o primeiro, que segue a lógica um pouco contrária do seu código atual. ",
"Então, para isso você precisa usar o range para criar o dicionário inicial:\n$dicionario = range(1, 20);\n\nIsso criará um array com valores de 1 até 20.",
"\n\nDepois, precisará eliminar os valores inválidos. ",
"Então, podemos assumir que o $excluidos é algo como array(1, 2, 3) (ou seja: 1, 2 e 3 não podemo ser escolhidos). ",
"Para isso pode usar o array_diff:\n$dicionario = array_values(array_diff($dicionario, $excluidos));\n\nEntão, depois, pode gerar um número de 0 até o máximo que existe no $dicionario, utilizando random_int.",
"\n\nEntão, no final terá algo como:\nfunction Gerar(int $Quantidade, int $Maximo, array $Excluidos) : array {\n \n // Cria o array inicial\n $dicionario = range(1, $Maximo);\n \n // Exclui os inválidos\n $dicionario = array_values(array_diff($dicionario, $Excluidos));\n \n $resultado = [];\n \n // Gera a quantidade de número definidas\n for ($i = 0; $i < $Quantidade; $i++) {\n \n // Gera um número aletorio de 0 até a quantidade existente no dicionario.",
"\n $id = random_int(0, count($dicionario) - 1);\n \n // Salva no \"resultado\"\n $resultado[] = $dicionario[$id];\n \n // Remove o número gerado da lista, afim de não gerar novamente o mesmo número\n unset($dicionario[$id]);\n $dicionario = array_values($dicionario);\n \n }\n \n return $resultado; \n}\n\nQue pode ser utilizado como:\n// Gerar *7* numeros, de 1 até *20* e excluindo o *5*:\necho implode(\",\", Gerar(7, 20, [5]));\n \n\nResultado:\n20,9,19,6,13,18,14\n\nSão 7 número de 1 à 20, sem repetição e sem o 5.",
"\n\nObserve que não foi adicionado qualquer verificação na função, então gerar mais do que a quantidade existente ou excluir mais do que possível não retornará erros claros, apenas o Warning do próprio PHP.",
"\n\n"
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"Privacy\n\nYour privacy is important to us. ",
"Learn about GDPR, Data Requests, and more."
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"Presenting All New Limited Edition Cognacs From Giorgio Gucci\n\nOne of the biggest names in the fashion industry, Gucci, now it seems is more than eager to bring history back to life, as Giorgio Gucci, the grandson of the founder of Gucci, has now come out with an all new limited edition Cognacs. ",
"Creating a fine balance of fashion and some of the most exquisite alcohol in world, this incredible new line of Cognacs is one of the most prized additions to Giorgio Guccui’s own fashion label, Giorgio G, that was founded by Giorgio, after spending fifty years in the Gucci empire.",
"\n\nThis rare and limited edition line of Cognacs have been selected from of the finest eaux-de-vie from the Grande Champagne region in France, where these immersive ingredients are known for their character and softness. ",
"The all new line of Cognacs will be available in three different variants Giorgio G XO, Giorgio G Grand Cru and Giorgio G Grande Champagne Premier Cru, whose distribution responsibilities have now been relegated to Emperor’s Brand.. The Giorgio G XO cognac is said to be over 35 years old and represents the best of the breed with its distinctive buttery vanilla and chocolate taste, as well as wood and leather undertones. ",
"The XO is a fruity and spicy Cognac, that glitters with its mahogany color. ",
"On the other hand, the Giorgio G Grand Cru is 50 years old, thereby enriching its taste all the more and gives out a copper color glitter. ",
"When you smell the Grand Cru, you get the telltale whiff of grapes, prunes, apricots, smoky oak and vanilla, along with jasmine and honeysuckle."
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"School for Student Leadership\n\nDuring their stay at Gnurad-Gundidj, students have the privilege of attending photography classes with acclaimed Australian photographer David Tatnall.",
"\n\nDavid Tatnall is renowned for his luminous images of the Australian landscape. ",
"His photographs have achieved iconic status as emblems of successful Australian nature conservation battles. ",
"He has been awarded a Life Time Contribution Award by Parks Victoria, and an Honorary Life Membership of the Victorian National Parks Association for his lasting influence on nature conservation in Victoria through photography.",
"\n\nWithin his photography lessons, David gives an introduction into the art form of nature photography and discusses its influential role in Australian political change. ",
"David displays a number of his own personal masterpieces and cites examples from his background to support this discussion.",
"\n\nStudents are then given an opportunity to learn how to use our manual Vivitar SLR cameras in an interactive photography session with David. ",
"Through exploring a range of wide angle and macro shooting techniques, the students gain an in-depth understanding of the local environment and how it can be interpreted and understood through photography.",
"\n\nSchool For Student Leadership\n\nSchool for Student Leadership is a Victorian Department of Education and Training (DET) initiative offering a unique residential education experience for year nine students. ",
"The curriculum focuses on personal development and team learning projects sourced from students' home regions. ",
"There are three campuses in iconic locations across Victoria. ",
"TheAlpine School Campus is located at Dinner Plain in the Victorian Alps. ",
"Snowy River Campus is near the mouth of the Snowy River at Marlo in east Gippsland. ",
"The third site is adjacent to Mount Noorat near Camperdown in Victoria’s Western District, and is called Gnurad-Gundidj. ",
"After consultation with the local aboriginal community, this name represents both the indigenous name of the local area and an interpretation of the statement \"belonging to this place\".",
"\n--\nOur school community acknowledges the Gunaikurnai, Bidawel and Gundijmara people as the traditional custodians of the land upon which our school campuses are built. ",
"We pay our respects to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, their Elders past and present, and especially whose children attend our school."
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"Lumia 850 leaked in new render, sporting a beautiful slim body\n\nMicrosoft can save their sale by releasing Lumia 850 as it is so beautiful, even more than the flagship duo Microsoft Lumia 950 and 950XL announced in October, 2015.",
"\n\nLumia 850 – Slimmer and prettier than the flagship Lumia 950\n\nIf we compare the designs of Lumia 850 and Lumia 950, we have to say that the younger brother is prettier. ",
"Thanks to a gold metal frame (aka MOZO) and a slim body, the Lumia 850 looks absolutely premium and impressive. ",
"Lately, many pictures of this phone have been spread on the internet, which helps strengthen our claim a lot. ",
"As you can see, there are 2 basic color options Black and White, but they can attract viewers at very first sight.",
"\n\nFrom the beginning, it was the Twitter account @evleaks that revealed some leaked pics of Lumia 850 and then more of them came from the site Windows Phone. ",
"However, it is until now that things get much clearer about the Lumia 850 design through the photos posted on nokiapoweruser.com. ",
"Unfortunately, some people have assumed that it is Lumia 750XL with a big 5.7-inch screen. ",
"So, maybe we have to wait for Microsoft to confirm everything.",
"\n\nIn terms of Lumia 850 specs, Lumia 850 coded as Honjo will probably pack a 5.7-inch Full HD display and a Qualcomm Snapdragon 617 processor, which makes it as HTC One A9. ",
"Apart from them, there has been no word made for other specifications. ",
"We will update in the next posts.",
"\n\nLumia 850 – Save the sale!",
"\n\nAs we mentioned, Lumia 850 is prettier and thinner than its elder brother Lumia 950 (6.92 mm (8.5 mm if including the camera bulge) vs 8.2 mm, respectively). ",
"Therefore, we predict that if Lumia 850 price is affordable enough (say, around $280), it can help improve the firm’s sale next year. ",
"Don’t you think?"
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"Elder Scrolls Online Guides, news\n\nEveryone gets an Elder Scrolls game\n\nThe more convention coverage I read and the more conventions I go to, the more I’m concerned by them. ",
"The atmosphere is unlike anything I’ve ever experienced before, and rubbing shoulders with the developers of some of my favorite games has its perks. ",
"But you hardly ever get to the meat of what determines a great game. ",
"Amidst the hype and free booze, every game looks and tastes great, but even the greatest games are less filling under those circumstances. ",
"Even we observers from home receive only a candy-coated glimpse of what a game really offers.",
"\n\nThe news pouring in from the The Elder Scrolls Online really exemplifies the layers of fluff that the convention atmosphere can place on a game. ",
"Two of our reporters spent time talking to the developers of the next venture into the world of Tamriel, and both stepped away with a very positive experience. ",
"Admittedly, I feel the excitement, too. ",
"I’m twitching with joy. ",
"Our freelancer Andrew’s note that he “just didn’t realize [he] was starting a quest when [he] talked to [quest givers]” piques my interest. ",
"Have we finally found a game that feels like a living world? ",
"And quotes from the ESO developers like, “You can pick up a sword and shield if you start as a sorcerer class and become a sword and shield user, and that’s fine” have me wondering if we haven’t stumbled upon the best mix of sandbox and themepark in an MMO.",
"\n\nThis week and next, I want to delve deeper into the reports from E3. ",
"Do we find some concerns that the developers are trying to gloss over, or is ESO everything we ever wanted from an Elder Scrolls game?",
"\n\nDuring the pre-show press conference, we saw a new ESO trailer featuring all in-game footage, and of course, the voice of Max von Sydow, who has kind of become the quintessential voice of the Elder Scrolls. ",
"Even though von Sydow appeared in Skyrim alone, his voice encapsulates the feeling of the whole series. ",
"When his voice kicked off the trailer with, “A new dawn is upon us,” the game suddenly became a bigger concept than what I had originally perceived it as. ",
"I don’t think anyone was surprised by the scope of Skyrim, but for some reason, I thought that ESO was intended to cater to the niche of PC gamers who liked Elder Scrolls and also liked MMOs — maybe adding a few new people to the fanbase of the MMO genre in the process. ",
"With this trailer (the first trailer for ESO some people had seen), our niche game stepped into the larger world of gamers in general.",
"\n\nIf Bethesda had announced that the game would appear on the WiiU, too, I would have flipped. ",
"Thankfully, that didn’t happen, but proclaiming that TESO will be playable on all other platforms both intrigues and concerns me. ",
"I love the idea that other types of gamers can experience the same satisfaction that I feel when playing an MMO. ",
"That’s not to say that MMORPGs are perfect by any means, but there is no other gaming experience like it and no other gaming experience I’d rather have. ",
"It’s about time that console RPGers can experience it, too. ",
"Yes, I know DC Universe Online and a couple of other MMOs have crossed over to the console, but these games have really struggled at winning over either crowd fully. ",
"The Elder Scrolls already has a solid audience on both PCs and consoles. ",
"If I were to name an IP that could make the crossover, the Elder Scrolls would easily be in my top five.",
"\n\nAdditional platforms bring with them additional problems. ",
"Obviously, the first question that popped up was, “Is everybody going to play on the same server?” ",
"and the second was, “Does that mean that the PC version of the game is delayed until the spring of 2014, too?” ",
"The answer is no to the first one, but unfortunately, the answer to the second one is yes.",
"\n\nPersonally, I don’t mind playing with console gamers. ",
"Sure, I’m a PC loyalist, but that not because I hate consoles. ",
"I just find PCs more flexible, and I have also found that PCs are ahead of the curve when it comes to graphics quality. ",
"But I know some people are so vehemently opposed to console gamers that they will refuse to play on a server that will support both types of gamers. ",
"Apparently, console players are the dredges of society to some PC players, but with 11.8 million players of Skyrim (a game PC players like to say was made for them) on Xbox 360 and PS3 combined, they can’t all be that bad. ",
"But I’m glad that ESO will be completely avoiding this issue by placing PC and Mac users on one server, Xbox users on another, and PS4 users on yet another server.",
"\n\nUnfortunately, opening up the game on other platforms also means that the game’s launch date has been delayed until it can can be tested on the those platforms as well. ",
"I’m not sure that these other platforms are the sole source of the delay, but I’m sure that they have something to do with it. ",
"That being said, delays are not necessarily bad for business. ",
"They are certainly not bad for consumers. ",
"Consumers theoretically receive a better, more polished product in the end. ",
"And with all three platforms releasing at about the same time, the age-old debate of which platform received better treatment should be curbed. (",
"Oh, whom am I kidding? ",
"That will never happen.)",
"\n\nWith all the news from E3 this week, I cannot fit everything I’d like to say into one article, so next week, I will certainly hit on more of the pros and cons of the convention announcements. ",
"But in the meantime, I’m interested in your take. ",
"What did you find most exciting about The Elder Scrolls Online articles from E3? ",
"Is there a particularly good review or hands-on that I should know about? ",
"And of course, what’s your take on the delay and cross-platform announcements? ",
"I’ll be sure to post some of your answers in next week’s article. ",
"Until then, pruzah wundunne. (",
"Do I have to shout that since it’s the dragon language?)"
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"carolin3r:\n\nFor these who don’t know I have a Art Twitter\n\nGo follow me if you want, I’d be more than happy <3\n\n>>>>> https://twitter.com/artcarolin3r <<<<<"
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"Pseudorabies virus (PRV) primarily infects swine and has several secondary hosts, including cattle, dogs, and cats. ",
"PRV, also called Aujeszky disease virus or Suid herpesvirus 1, is a member of the *Alphaherpesvirinae* subfamily within the family *Herpesviridae*. ",
"PRV infection has not been confirmed in humans ([@R1]), but previous reports have suggested the possible presence of PRV infection in 3 immunocompetent humans in whom fever, sweating, and neurologic complaints developed; virus neutralization and immune precipitation tests were positive for PRV antibody ([@R2],[@R3]). ",
"We report a human case of human infectious endophthalmitis caused by PRV in a woman from Jiangxi Province, China, in July 2017.",
"\n\nThe Study\n=========\n\nOn June 14, 2017, sewage from a hog farm spilled onto a 46-year-old woman from Jiangxi Province, China, who worked as a swineherder; her daily work was to feed swine and clean hoggery sewage.. The next day, she had a headache and fever of 39.5°C. ",
"Three days later, she became visually impaired and was admitted to a local hospital, where she was treated empirically with meropenem, vancomycin, and acyclovir. ",
"On June 29, after no significant improvement, she was transferred to Huashan Hospital of Fudan University (Shanghai, China), to treat unresponsive fever, headaches, and visual impairment.",
"\n\nOn examination, she had palpebral conjunctival congestion, and visual acuity to light perception of both eyes had worsened. ",
"Slit-lamp examination showed keratic precipitates and Tyndall effect flare. ",
"Funduscopic examination revealed vitreous opacity ([Figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, panel A) and a pale white lesion on the posterior pole of the right eye ([Figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, panel B), which suggested acute retinal necrosis and occlusive vasculitis. ",
"Results of routine laboratory testing were normal, including serology tests for HIV and hepatitis B and C, T-SPOT.*TB* test (Oxford Immunotec Ltd., Oxford, UK), blood culture, cryptococcal latex agglutination test, autoantibodies, and cerebrospinal fluid test. ",
"Test results for plasma Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG were positive; IgM was negative for both pathogens.",
"\n\n{#F1}\n\nThe on-staff ophthalmologist diagnosed endophthalmitis in the patient, considering viral infection as most likely. ",
"The patient was transferred to the ophthalmology department for vitrectomy surgery on the right eye on June 30. ",
"During the operation, ≈2 mL of vitreous humor was taken for culture and next-generation sequencing (NGS) ([Technical Appendix](#SD1){ref-type=\"local-data\"})\n\nOn July 2, NGS results showed 4,832 unique sequence reads of PRV in vitreous humor, covering 84% of the nucleotide sequences ([Table](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}; [Figure 2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, panel A); NGS results for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were negative for PRV. ",
"Other detected sequences were within laboratory reference ranges. ",
"On the basis of NGS results, the physicians, who suspected that the patient may have acquired PRV infection, immediately initiated valacyclovir therapy. ",
"Sanger sequencing ([Technical Appendix](#SD1){ref-type=\"local-data\"} Figure 1) and PCR analysis ([Technical Appendix](#SD1){ref-type=\"local-data\"} Figures 2, 3) confirmed identification of PRV in vitreous humor ([@R4]*--*[@R6]). ",
"Phylogenetic analysis disclosed a close connection between the isolated strain and 3 emergent and highly pathogenic PRV variants in China ([Figure 2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, panel B; [Technical Appendix](#SD1){ref-type=\"local-data\"}) ([@R7],[@R8]).",
"\n\n###### Pathogens detected by using next-generation sequencing in vitreous humor from a patient with human endophthalmitis caused by pseudorabies virus, China, 2017\n\n Pathogen Coverage, % Depth, bp Unique reads\n ------------------------------- ------------- ----------- --------------\n Virus \n *Suid herpesvirus 1* 84 6.8 4,832\n *Bovine herpesvirus 5* 8.9 1 1\n Bacteria \n *Thermoanaerobacter wiegelii* 0.52 5.3 9\n *Corynebacterium urealyticum* 0.56 1 0\n *Haloquadratum walsbyi* 0.47 2.8 0\n *Brachyspira pilosicoli* 0.41 1 1\n *Candidatus*Nitrososphaera 0.46 1 0\n Fungus \n *Cryptococcus gattii* 0.46 1 1\n\n{#F2}\n\nTo further validate our results, we constructed a plasmid and a standard curve for real-time PCR and obtained quantitative results of viral DNA load as 2.7 × 10^6^ copies/mL ([Technical Appendix](#SD1){ref-type=\"local-data\"} Figure 3). ",
"To rule out contamination, we performed PCR of the PRV on a control group of 7 persons; all were negative ([Technical Appendix](#SD1){ref-type=\"local-data\"} Figure 2). ",
"Other possible viral causes of infective endophthalmitis, such as varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, and cytomegalovirus, were excluded through PCR. ",
"One week after surgery, culture result for vitreous humor was negative; the patient's fever and headache had resolved, and visual acuity had improved slightly. ",
"The patient was discharged on July 11; during the last clinical check-up (December 6, 2017), the visual acuity of her left eye had improved to 0.2, and the right eye remained at slight light perception.",
"\n\nDuring the follow-up period, we obtained the patient's plasma and CSF samples and ordered PRV antibody testing. ",
"PRV antibody was detected in all plasma samples at 4 and 5 months after disease onset and in CSF samples at 2 weeks to 2 months after disease onset, indicating the patient's previous contact with PRV ([Technical Appendix](#SD1){ref-type=\"local-data\"} Figure 4). ",
"Epstein-Barr virus, CMV, and PRV serologic tests were also conducted on control samples and ruled out the possibility of cross-reaction ([Technical Appendix](#SD1){ref-type=\"local-data\"} Table 2) ([@R9]*,*[@R10]). ",
"Although the patient experienced headache and fever during disease progression and CSF PRV antibody test was positive, routine tests, NGS, and PCR of the CSF all failed to disclose abnormality. ",
"Therefore, we do not have enough evidence to suggest possible PRV central nervous system infection. ",
"Considering epidemiologic history, clinical symptoms, and serologic and molecular testing results, we diagnosed PRV endophthalmitis.",
"\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nThe first 2 suspected cases of human PRV infection were reported in 1914, but detection of antibodies or cultivation of the virus had failed. ",
"In 1987, Mravak reported 3 suspected cases of human PRV infection with positive serum antibodies ([@R2]). ",
"All 3 patients were immunocompetent and their clinical manifestation occurred 1--3 weeks after possible animal contact. ",
"Initial symptoms included fever, sweating, and weakness; later, central nervous system symptoms developed. ",
"Some symptoms persisted for months, and serologic PRV antibodies were positive 5--15 months after the onset of clinical symptoms. ",
"In our study, the patient had similar symptoms, plus visual impairment and a unique infection route of PRV through direct exposure to contaminants.",
"\n\nSince 2011, prevalence of PRV infection among swineherds in China has risen several times ([@R11]). ",
"Among swineherds in Jiangxi Province, studies have shown varying positive rates for PRV DNA: from 5.5% to 26.5% during 2014, ([@R12]), and of positive PRV antibodies, from 84.4% to 89.9% during September 2013--September 2015 ([@R13]). ",
"PRV vaccine is still provided for swineherds on a voluntary basis rather than as a requirement in China, and swine were not vaccinated in the hoggery in which this patient worked at that time. ",
"On the day of disease onset, the patient's eyes were directly contaminated with sewage containing pig excrement when cleaning pig sties. ",
"Although no previous study had reported a confirmed case of PRV-caused infectious endophthalmitis, the typical infectious route in this case made hoggery the most probable infectious source in this study.",
"\n\nNGS is marked by its rapid diagnostic ability to precisely identify certain pathogens in peripheral blood, respiratory, and CSF samples. ",
"In this case, NGS testing in facilitating the diagnosis of infective endophthalmitis is supported. ",
"The fact that real-time PCR and Sanger sequencing results were consistent with the NGS results further validated the credibility of this technique. ",
"Furthermore, a serologic test was conducted during the follow-up period; results showed that, even 5 months after symptom onset, the antibodies to PRV in plasma were still active, and the antibodies in CSF persisted during the entire follow-up period ([Technical Appendix](#SD1){ref-type=\"local-data\"} Figure 4). ",
"This result is similar to that reported in 1987, indicating that PRV antibodies may persist long after the initial infections.",
"\n\nIn summary, this case of PRV-caused human infectious endophthalmitis indicates that PRV could affect humans through direct contact with pig contaminants. ",
"NGS of the vitreous humor provided a strong technical support for rapid diagnosis of PRV infection in this patient. ",
"However, the pathogenesis of PRV infection remains to be explored. ",
"This case stresses the importance of mandatory PRV vaccine among swineherds and the necessity for workers in the breeding industry to increase awareness of self-protection when handling animal containments.",
"\n\n###### Technical Appendix\n\nDetailed descriptions of DNA analysis, antibody identification testing, and phylogenetic analysis of Suid herpesvirus.",
"\n\n*Suggested citation for this article*: Ai JW, Weng S-S, Cheng Q, Cui Peng, Li Y-J, Wu H-L, et al. ",
"Human endophthalmitis caused by pseudorabies zirus infection, China, 2017. ",
"Emerg Infect Dis. ",
"2018 Jun \\[*date cited*\\]. ",
"<https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2406.171612>\n\nThese authors contributed equally to this article.",
"\n\nWe thank the patient for cooperating with our investigation and acknowledge the professionalism and compassion demonstrated by all the healthcare workers involved in her care.",
"\n\nThis study was supported by the New and Advanced Technology Project of Shanghai Municipal Hospital: Application of next generation sequencing technique in precise diagnosis of infectious diseases (SHDC12017104).",
"\n\nDr. Ai is a clinical resident at Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University. ",
"Her research interests include the precision medicine of infectious diseases and the use of high throughput sequencing in assisting the rapid diagnosis of causative pathogens.",
"\n"
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[
"Paul Revere and the Son’s of Liberty movement was to a great extent supported by the clergy in the colonies; and the movement was born in the parking lots of many colonial churches… but that is not so today.",
"\n\nIn our present political and economic environment, with all the rhetoric and misinformation we are getting through our “managed” media; people today are just too preoccupied with fighting their own problems, just to survive, than to care about anything else; and what American needs to understand is that this is all by design; and is a part of a very well thought out master plan.",
"\n\nSo the point is, if you are busy fighting alligators in your own swamp, then chances are you don’t have much time to do anything else; but folks don’t you understand that all of this is to keep your attention preoccupied?",
"\n\nThe truth is that diabolical and infamous enemy of mankind, known as the Devil (aka: Lucifer or Satan) that he has planned it to be this way?",
"\n\nThere are so many pastors today who are so busy building their own little empires, and in the process they don’t want to jeopardize their 501(c)(3) status; and besides they have bought this idea hook, line and sinker about separation of church and state!",
"\n\nWell folks, I can tell you this, that was definitely NOT the attitude of our founding fathers, not at all; for had it been this country would never have been formed.",
"\n\nSo what is the solution; and how do we wake our citizens up, and get them concerned enough to care about what’s going on; and to get their proverbial heads out of the sand?",
"\n\nThe answer truly is, I don’t think we can; and truly I believe it will take a sovereign act of God to do that!",
"\n\nNot only that, but very possibly it may take some cataclysmic event or disaster to wake most of America up; as human nature and history both seem to indicate that people generally don’t want to take the initiative and won’t do so, unless their uncomfort level rises to the point, where they are driven to take action.",
"\n\nThat is by the way what happened on 9/11, as one example, if only for a hot minute people; where for a time anyway people cared more than just for themselves, as they reached out to seek God, and reached out to help their neighbor.",
"\n\nWe live in a society today that is very “Me” oriented and self-centered; even as we are warned in the Bible that it would be in the days just before Jesus Christ returns.",
"\n\n2 Timothy 3\n\nPerilous Times and Perilous Men\n\n1 But know this, that in the last days perilous times will come: 2 For men will be lovers of themselves, lovers of money, boasters, proud, blasphemers, disobedient to parents, unthankful, unholy, 3 unloving, unforgiving, slanderers, without self-control, brutal, despisers of good, 4 traitors, headstrong, haughty, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God, 5 having a form of godliness but denying its power. ",
"And from such people turn away!",
"\n\nAdded to this self destructive nature of man, there is also this tendency of societies to repeat history, which is owed to the typical myopic and narrow sighted tendency of its people; as was recorded years ago; where it was noted that all democracies in history eventually go through the same stages, or cycles.",
"\n\n“A democracy cannot exist as a permanent form of government. ",
"It can only exist until the voters discover they can vote themselves largess (gifts) from the public treasury.",
"\n\n“From that moment on, the majority always votes for the candidates promising them the most benefits from the public treasury, with the result that a democracy always collapses over loose fiscal policy, always followed by a dictatorship.",
"\n\n“The average age of the world’s greatest civilizations has been 200 years. ",
"These nations have progressed through this sequence:\n\n“From bondage to spiritual faith;\nfrom spiritual faith to great courage;\nfrom courage to liberty;\nfrom liberty to abundance;\nfrom abundance to selfishness;\nfrom selfishness to apathy;\nfrom apathy to dependence;\nfrom dependency back again into bondage.”",
"\n\nDr. Alexander Tytler, a Scot professor, wrote a scholarly tome, from which this concept comes, called “The Athenian Republic” which was published shortly before the thirteen American colonies gained independence from Britain.",
"\n\nAnd so it seems that people, having been blessed by God, they eventually stop looking to God as their Source, and they start looking instead to man and to big government to take care of them.",
"\n\nJust look around you people, is this not what we see happening today?",
"\n\nSocialism and government taking over private industry, as Obama is doing today, spreading the wealth around as he calls it, has always been a prelude to a totalitarian take over.",
"\n\nIt happened in Lenin’s Russia; in Hitler’s Germany; in Mao Tse-tung’s China; and today it is happening here in the United States!",
"\n\nAs an example of what I’m talking about, here are 26 similarities that existed in pre-Nazi Germany that are today happening here in the United States:\n\nHitler outlawed school prayer in Germany. ",
"In 1962, The U.S. Supreme Court did the same for us.",
"\n\nHitler eliminated Christian holidays in the schools first by calling Christmas “Yuletide.” ",
"Most American public schools now call Christmas vacation a “winter break.”",
"\n\nHitler took Easter out of schools and instead honored that time of year as the beginning of spring. ",
"It has likewise become common for schools in America to refer to time off at Easter as “spring break.”",
"\n\nHitler controlled the church using intimidation and threats. ",
"A half-century ago, U.S. Senator and Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Baines Johnson, promoted a bill that included an amendment to use the Internal Revenue Service to remove the non-profit status of a church that speaks against the election of any specific political candidate.",
"\n\nHitler enticed thousands of pastors to promote paganism in their congregations. ",
"Neopaganism is one of the fastest growing religions in America, doubling every 18 months according to a June 2008 article in The Denver Post. ",
"Many American church-goers practice paganism such as “Christian” yoga, and walking a labyrinth. ",
"As evidence that church doors continue to open further to aberrant beliefs, a 2008 survey found that 57% of evangelicals do not believe Jesus Christ is the only way to God.",
"\n\nHitler was an environmentalist and vegetarian. ",
"Marriages performed by the Nazi state frequently included blessings of “Mother Earth” and “Father Sky.” ",
"Today Americans increasingly accept radical environmentalism, pantheism, and the celebration of Earth Day.",
"\n\nHitler was fascinated by eastern mysticism. ",
"Today an increasing number of American pastors encourage their followers to become “mystic warriors”.",
"\n\nHitler believed in reincarnation. ",
"He even convinced SS officers that by murdering millions of Jews and other “undesirables” they were allowing them to get on with the reincarnation process and come back more quickly in an advanced status. ",
"Americans increasingly accept the idea of reincarnation as well as good and bad karma.",
"\n\nHitler’s holocaust killed between 8 and 11 million Jews and non-Jews. ",
"Americans have killed an estimated 50 million babies since abortion was legalized through the U.S. Supreme Court in 1973. ",
"According to a July 7, 2008 article on worldnetdaily.com “An abortionist who claims to have destroyed more than 20,000 unborn children and who once was Hillary Clinton’s OB-GYN says he is doing ‘God’s work’ when he terminates a pregnancy…He admits that abortion kills a human soul.”",
"\n\nHitler killed 270,000 handicapped people through active euthanasia.[1] America and the courts are rushing toward the same with the murder of individuals such as Terri Schiavo. ",
"Oregon voters passed their Death with Dignity Act in 1994 and re-affirmed it in 1997. ",
"Washington state voters legalized doctor-assisted suicide on November 4, 2008. ",
"In December 2008, a Montana judge ruled terminally ill residents of that state have the right to physician-assisted suicide, and “death with dignity” is gaining acceptance in other states as well.",
"\n\nPrivate schools were abolished by Hitler and all education placed under Nazi control. ",
"There is constant pressure from federal and many state education authorities to require that Christian schools use state-mandated, humanistic textbooks. ",
"The Home School Legal Defense Association is fighting numerous battles at any given time to prevent parents from loosing the right to educate their children as they see fit. ",
"In August 2008, a federal district court ruled that the state of California university system may choose not to recognize the diplomas-and thereby deny college entrance to-students who attended a school using textbooks that express a Biblical worldview in the areas of history and science (i.e., Christian schools).",
"\n\nHitler prevented dissenters from using radio to challenge his worldview. ",
"Many powerful liberals in America have made clear their intent to reintroduce the “Fairness Doctrine” that would require conservative and religious radio stations to offer equal time to anti-Christian, anti-conservative worldviews.",
"\n\nPastors who spoke against Hitler’s worldview and his murderous regime found themselves on trial and frequently imprisoned for “Abuse of Pulpit.” ",
"In America, hate-crime legislation has the potential to criminalize Christians and pastors who speak out against the homosexual agenda.",
"\n\nMany Christians in Germany justified their allegiance to Hitler through a belief that “Their duty to God was spiritual; their duty to the state was political.",
"”[2] Many American Christians now have bought the lie that their worldview can be divided between the secular and the sacred-the politician has one area of responsibility, the pastor another, and never shall the two meet. ",
"Yet the Bible teaches that all issues are fundamentally spiritual.",
"\n\nHitler outlawed the cross and replaced it with the swastika. ",
"Today many churches, Christian colleges, and universities have willingly removed the cross from their buildings. ",
"Numerous court cases sponsored by the ACLU have required the removal of the cross from public grounds. ",
"The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 2005 that the Ten Commandments cannot be posted on public grounds for religious purposes.",
"\n\nHitler was fascinated with Friedrich Nietzsche and distributed his writings to his inner circle. ",
"Nietzsche promoted Nihilism, the belief that life has no meaning, and he is best known for his position that “God is dead”. ",
"Nietzsche is presently one of the most widely read authors by American college students.",
"\n\nHitler exploited the economic collapse of Germany to take over as dictator and usher in his brand of socialism. ",
"America’s financial crisis has given liberals in both political parties the opportunity to grow the size of government and implement freedom-robbing socialism at lightning speed.",
"\n\nHitler was obsessed with globalism, and many of America’s most powerful political leaders are willing to subjugate American sovereignty to contemporary globalism.",
"\n\nMany Germans responded to Hitler by retreating into neutrality. ",
"Today most Americans prefer to remain neutral on moral issues that they think don’t affect them personally.",
"\n\nOn trial after World War II, Hitler’s henchmen used the defense that they had not broken any laws. ",
"True, they had not defied the laws of Germany since those had been re-written to fit the goals and objectives of Hitler. ",
"The Nazi leaders were nevertheless found guilty because the courts at the time recognized a “law above the law.” ",
"Yet now the U.S. Supreme Court has rejected the law of nature and nature’s God by claiming that as society evolves, morals evolve, and so the law, too, must evolve.",
"\n\nCalling upon Darwinian evolution, Hitler convinced the German people that purging millions of people was acceptable because of the need to create a pure race; also referred to as eugenics. ",
"American students across the board have been educated in Darwinian evolution because the Supreme Court has ruled that creation cannot be taught in our schools-even if both creation and evolution are taught side by side.",
"\n\nMargaret Sanger, the founder of Planned Parenthood in America became acquainted with the doctors and scientists that had worked with Nazi Germany’s eugenics program and had no quarrel with the euthanasia, sterilization, abortion, and infanticide programs of the early Reich.[3] Sanger even published several articles in Birth Control Review that reflected Hilter’s White Supremacist worldview. ",
"Planned Parenthood now grosses one billion per year.",
"\n\nIn Germany, pastors often cited Romans 13:1-2 to encourage Christians to obey the Nazis. ",
"Today in America, many pastors have a false view of Romans 13:1-2 and have convinced millions that to disobey governing authorities is to disobey God. ",
"This poor training would facilitate Christians here doing just as the German Christians did if faced with similar challenges.",
"\n\nGermans accepted socialism to avoid pain. ",
"Today’s Americans are rejecting capitalism in exchange for government-sponsored “free” healthcare, education, and countless other government handouts.",
"\n\nMany Americans accept what I call, One World Spirituality. ",
"This is actually an amalgamation of the three worldviews of evolutionary humanism, Hindu pantheism, and occultism. ",
"I noted earlier that Hitler embraced all of these.",
"\n\nAmerica is rushing toward government-sponsored, national healthcare. ",
"We already have a form of this in Medicare and Medicaid. ",
"Hitler, too, expanded and centralized Germany’s healthcare system. ",
"As Melchior Palyi explained, “The ill-famed Dr. Ley, boss of the Nazi labor front, did not fail to see that the social insurance system could be used for Nazi politics as a means of popular demagoguery, as a bastion of bureaucratic power, [and] as an instrument of regimentation.”",
"\n\nAnother point, if you have ever wondered about how come our news is so one sided and biased, take it from one who used to have a job answering the phones inside the control room of ABC news, where I saw firsthand how the producers are very closely monitoring the other networks; and it is true that the news that we are allowed to see is all strictly censored and managed by the people who hold the purse strings of these networks and who own them; to the point that every bit of news today, that we are allowed to see is filtered through a globalist agenda.",
"\n\nIt is a lot like professional wrestling, in that it is all for show and entertainment; to keep the masses preoccupied, and their attention directed away from what is truly going on.",
"\n\nAgain this is all by design and it has been that way for a long time, going all the way back to 1917:\n\nLet me call your attention now to a prophecy and vision that was once given to our first President, George Washington:\n\nGEORGE WASHINGTON’S PROPHESY OF AMERICA\n\nThe father of our country, George Washington, was a man of prayer. ",
"We have all read of how he went to the thicket many times to pray during the winter his army was at Valley Forge. ",
"However, little publicity has been given to the vision and prophecy he received at that time. ",
"The account of this vision was given in 1859 by an old soldier. ",
"He gave it to a writer, Wesley Bradshaw, who published it. ",
"In the vision God revealed to George Washington that three great perils would come upon the Republic.",
"\n\nTHIRD AND MOST FEARFUL PERIL\n“Then my eyes beheld a fearful scene. ",
"From each of these continents arose thick black clouds that were soon joined into one. ",
"And throughout this mass there gleamed a dark red light by which I saw hordes of armed men. ",
"These men, moving with the cloud, marched by land and sailed by sea to America, which country was enveloped in the volume of cloud. ",
"And I dimly saw these vast armies devastate the whole country and ~ the villages, towns and cities which I had seen springing up.” “",
"As my ears listened to the thundering of the cannon, clashing of the swords, and the shouts and cries of millions in mortal combat, I again heard the mysterious voice saying, ‘Son of the Republic, look and learn.” ",
"Where the voice had ceased, the dark shadowy angel placed his trumpet once more to his mouth, and blew a long and fearful blast.”",
"\n\nHEAVEN INTERVENES\n“Instantly a light as of a thousand suns shone down from above me, and pierced and broke into fragments the dark cloud which enveloped America. ",
"At the same moment the angel upon whose head still shown the word UNION, and who bore our national flag in one hand, and a sword in the other, descended from the heavens attended by, legions of white spirits. ",
"These immediately joined the inhabitants of America, who I perceived were well-nigh overcome, but who immediately taking courage again, closed up their broken ranks and renewed the battle.” “",
"Again, amid the fearful noise of the conflict I heard the mysterious voice saying, ‘Son of the Republic, look and learn.’ ",
"As the voice ceased the shadowy angel for the last time dipped water from the ocean and sprinkled it upon America. ",
"Instantly the dark cloud rolled back, together with the armies it had brought, leaving the inhabitants of the land victorious.”",
"\n\n“Then once more, I beheld the villages, towns and cities springing up where I had seen them before, while the bright angel, planting the azure standard he had brought in the midst of them, cried with the loud voice: “While the stars remain, and the heaven send down dew upon the earth, so long shall the UNION last.” ",
"And taking from his brow the crown on which blazoned the word ‘UNION,’ he placed it upon the Standard while the people, kneeling down, said ‘Amen.”",
"\n\nTHE INTERPRETATION\nThe scene instantly began to fade and dissolve, and I, at last saw nothing but the rising, curling vapor I at first beheld. ",
"This also disappeared, and I found myself once more gazing upon the mysterious visitor, who, in the same voice I had heard before, said, ‘Son of the Republic, what you have seen is thus interpreted; three great perils will come upon the Republic.",
"\n\nThe most fearful for her is the third. ",
"But the whole world united shall not prevail against her. ",
"Let every child of the Republic learn to live for his God, his land, and UNION” With these words the vision vanished, and I started from my seat and felt that I had seen a vision wherein had been shown me the birth, the progress, and the destiny of the United States.'”",
"\n\n‘Such, my friends,” the venerable narrator concluded, were the words I heard from Washington’s own lips, and America will do well to profit by them.”",
"\n\nSo the question is, is history repeating itself here in America?",
"\n\nCertainly from all the available evidence I’d have to say yes it is; and so is what George Washington predicted going to be in our future?",
"\n\nWill we lose our sovereignty for a time; and will we have enemy combat soldiers on our soil?",
"\n\nGod has often in the past used the enemies of Israel to wake them up, and to drive them to repentance; and why would we think it would be any different for us?",
"\n\nAs it is now, just as I look around, I have to say that American right now cares only about our sinking economy and inflation, more than anything else; and at the promise that a president can start pouring an unending supply of money into the economy, in order to stimulate it and revive it, as Obama says he is doing; money by the way that we do not have; that is only being produced as “Fiat Money” meaning it has no intrinsic value, and so therefore it does nothing but drives up inflation and the cost of living.",
"\n\nMy point is this, as I just pointed out before, this same scenario has been used before in history, and here we are falling for it again!",
"\n\nTruly a spiritual awakening and revival is the ONLY thing that will change our country, and put us back on the right track; and to that end Christians need to both watch and pray!",
"\n\nLife is about learning to maintain God’s Shalom (peace) in the midst of Chaos…\n\nIt’s about learning what our anchor is in the midst of confusion… and the absolute importance of keeping our focus on Jesus!",
"\n\nIt also necessitates our learning through our life’s experiences to trust God and to obey His instructions with ALL our heart, and NOT leaning on our own understanding!",
"\n\nElse we sink!",
"\n\nDo you believe?",
"\n\nGreater is HE who is in us than he who is in the world!",
"\n\nStrong words if we believe them . . . ",
"true words if we know Him.",
"\n\nMeaning takes hold only when we know that He is in us; and His presence is the power of God to change us. ",
"The accuser may whisper, cast countless doubts and lead us down blind alleys, but if we know that we are in Christ and He is in us, then hope lives in our hearts.",
"\n\nLet’s run to Jesus – whatever our situation may be today – and find true hope. ",
"We are filled with hope because He is greater and He is in us.",
"\n\nFor the Glory of Christ,\n\nCharles Morris\nHaven Ministries\n\nThere is just no easy way for us to learn to die and to let go of our will, our ambitions, and our desires; and relinquish all to God; and therein is the challenge that we all must sooner of later face in life!",
"\n\nThis is the only way we can learn of the trustworthiness of God, and His total and complete influence and control over every detail of our life.",
"\n\nWe can see ample examples of this in God’s word, as we study the examples of how God worked in the lives of others; but our applying these principals in the middle of our real life situations is quite another thing.",
"\n\nThe story comes to mind of the man climbing this mountain, without ropes, but only using his hands and a bag of resin. ",
"It is called Rock Climbing and it is a very strenuous and demanding sport.",
"\n\nAs it happened this guy slipped and having crabbed at the last minute on to a branch that was protruding from the rock, he found himself literally hanging between life and death; and he yelled out at the top of his voice… “Is there anyone up there?”",
"\n\nGod answered:\n\n“Yes, I’m here!”",
"\n\n“Can you help me?”the man yelled…\n\nGod says: “Yes”\n\n“What must I do?”says the man.",
"\n\nTo which God says: “Let go!”",
"\n\nThe man then says: “Is there anyone else up there?”",
"\n\nDoes this scenario sound anything similar to anything you are facing in life today, or have had to face in the past?",
"\n\nIf not, rest assured that you will have your opportunity to see exactly what your foundation in life happens to be, whether in Jesus Christ, and total reliance upon His Word, to obey; or you will revert to other resources, and/or people; and you will look to your flesh.",
"\n\nThis is inevitable for all of us, and besides God has promised us in His Word that this would happen.",
"\n\nHebrews 12:25-29 (The Message)\n\n25-27So don’t turn a deaf ear to these gracious words. ",
"If those who ignored earthly warnings didn’t get away with it, what will happen to us if we turn our backs on heavenly warnings?",
"\n\nHis voice that time shook the earth to its foundations; this time—he’s told us this quite plainly—he’ll also rock the heavens: “One last shaking, from top to bottom, stem to stern.” ",
"The phrase “one last shaking” means a thorough housecleaning, getting rid of all the historical and religious junk so that the unshakable essentials stand clear and uncluttered.",
"\n\n28-29Do you see what we’ve got? ",
"An unshakable kingdom! ",
"And do you see how thankful we must be?",
"\n\nNot only thankful, but brimming with worship, deeply reverent before God. ",
"For God is not an indifferent bystander.",
"\n\nHe’s actively cleaning house, torching all that needs to burn, and he won’t quit until it’s all cleansed. ",
"God himself is Fire!",
"\n\nWe must understand this that our lives are a setup, and even though we think all that is going on is dumb luck and happenstance, the Bible teaches differently.",
"\n\nFor every Born-again child of God, who has decided to live in covenant relationship with God, what we are going through right now, and what we will experience tomorrow, and all our yesterday experiences and trials, all of it is for one reason, and that is to test us, to build us up; and to train us for God’s service, and for eternity.",
"\n\nWhether you know it or not, when you were born-again you gave God permission to impact your life; and to put you to the test; and as the saying goes… “No pain, no gain!”",
"\n\nWe each have two choices when faced with problems and life situations… we can follow our understanding and revert to our way of doing things; OR we can follow God, and put our complete and absolute faith and trust in the trustworthiness of His Word!",
"\n\nThe only problem is we don’t know that He can be trusted, and that He will support us, until we let go; and so we are all in the situation where along with the guy in the above story, God is saying to us: “Let Go,” and we are somewhere in between, and either we are willing to let go; or we are looking for other alternatives… and therein is the test.",
"\n\n1 Corinthians 10:13 (New King James Version)\n\n13 No temptation has overtaken you except such as is common to man; but God is faithful, who will not allow you to be tempted beyond what you are able, but with the temptation will also make the way of escape, that you may be able to bear it.",
"\n\nBelow is another blow by blow devotional from the pages of the Bible, sparks from the anvil of life, if you will.",
"\n\nThis one comes from David Wilkerson, as he describes an incident where King Saul blew it, as he was facing real pressured and had a choice, either to do as God said, or to take action on his own, without God’s leave nor allowance, in direct disobedience to what God had specifically told him to do.",
"\n\nDoes this sound familiar? ",
"Are you now, or have you in the past been faced with an eleventh hour situation, where time and hope were running thin? ",
"If so, what do you do?",
"\n\nDo you take action, any action, thinking something is better than nothing, or do you wait on God, after having done ALL you know to do?",
"\n\nDoes this sound familiar?",
"\n\nFolks, this is setup, it’s a TEST… it’s a part of God’s emergency 911 faith in action while under pressure evaluation — where we get to find out if we have the wherewithal and guts to put our actions where our mouth is, and to wait and hang our life, our body, and our circumstances, not on what we see or feel, but totally on the promises of His Word?",
"\n\nThere is no easy way to get through this test, except to die to yourself, and relinquish your ALL into God’s keeping and into His hands… and really that is the whole point of the test! ",
"You have to die completely to yourself!",
"\n\nI don’t know about you, but I’ve been there, done that, and even having the T-shirt to prove it!",
"\n\nONE MINUTE BEFORE MIDNIGHT\n\nby David Wilkerson | July 29, 2010\n\nWe see in 1 Samuel 13 that Saul faced a crucial moment that every believer must eventually confront. ",
"It is a time of crisis when we’re forced to decide whether we’ll wait on God by faith, or get impatient and take matters into our own hands.",
"\n\nSaul’s pivotal moment came when ominous clouds of war were gathering over Israel. ",
"The Philistines had amassed a huge army of horsemen, iron chariots and legions of soldiers brandishing the latest weapons.",
"\n\nBy contrast, the Israelites had only two swords in their entire army—one for Saul and one for his son, Jonathan. ",
"Everyone else had to use makeshift weapons, such as wooden spears or crude farm tools.",
"\n\nA week earlier Samuel had warned Saul to wait for him at Gilgal before going into battle. ",
"The prophet had said he would arrive after seven days to make the proper sacrifices to the Lord.",
"\n\nWhen the seventh day came and Samuel hadn’t arrived, Saul’s soldiers began to scatter. ",
"Worse, the king didn’t have God’s direction for battle.",
"\n\nWhat approach did Saul take? ",
"Did he stand firm, declaring, “I don’t care if it takes Samuel eight days to arrive, I’m going to stand on God’s Word to me. ",
"Live or die, I will obey his command”?",
"\n\nNo—Saul panicked. ",
"He allowed himself to be overwhelmed by his circumstances. ",
"And he ended up manipulating his way around God’s Word.",
"\n\nHe ordered the priest who was present to make the sacrifices without Samuel and in so doing committed a grievous sin against the Lord (see 1 Samuel 13:11–12).",
"\n\nNo—God is never too late. ",
"All along, the Lord knew each step Samuel was taking toward Gilgal. ",
"He had set the prophet on a heavenly navigation system, pinpointing his arrival to the very second. ",
"Samuel would be there by day seven, even if it was one minute before midnight.",
"\n\nGod has not changed throughout the ages. ",
"And he is still concerned with whether his people obey this command: “Obey the voice of the Lord, and [do not] rebel against the commandment of the Lord” (1 Samuel 12:15, paraphrased).",
"\n\nIt doesn’t matter if our lives are spinning out of control—we are to walk in total confidence in the Lord.",
"\n\nEven if things look hopeless, we are not to act in fear. ",
"Rather, we are to wait patiently on him to deliver us, as his Word promises.",
"\n\nThe fact is, God stood right beside Saul as the massive Philistine army pressed in.",
"\n\nHe knew the crisis Saul was in and his eye was on every detail.",
"\n\nOur God sees every detail of your crisis. ",
"He sees all the life-problems pressing in on you. ",
"And he’s fully aware your situation is getting worse daily.",
"\n\nThose who pray and wait on him with calm faith are never in any real danger. ",
"Moreover, he knows all your panicky thoughts: “I don’t see how I can ever repay this debt…I don’t have any hope for my marriage…I don’t know how I can keep my job….” ",
"Yet his command to you still holds true: “Don’t panic or get ahead of me.",
"\n\nYou are to do nothing but pray—and rely on me. ",
"I honor everyone who puts his trust in me.”",
"\n\nConsider these words God has given to his church:\n\n“Without faith it is impossible to please him” (Hebrews 11:6).",
"\n\n“Trust in him at all times; ye people, pour out your heart before him: God is a refuge for us” (Psalm 62:8).",
"\n\n“Ye that fear the Lord, trust in the Lord: he is their help and their shield” (Psalm 115:11).",
"\n\n“Trust in the Lord with all thine heart; and lean not unto thine own understanding.",
"\n\nThe Restore America Plan will take back our country and reestablish our Constitutional Republic!",
"\n\n[Folks let us each do our own homework here and check these things out, to see if they be true… this is too important for us not to!]",
"\n\nA History you were never taught:Did you know that the United States exists in two forms?Fact #1: The original United States that was in operation until 1860; a collection of sovereign Republics in the union. ",
"Under the original Constitution the States controlled the Federal Government; the Federal Government did not control the States and had very little authority.",
"Fact #2: The original United States has been usurped by a separate and different UNITED STATES formed in 1871, which only controls the District of Columbia and its territories, and which is actually a corporation (the UNITED STATES CORPORATION) that acts as our current government. ",
"The United States Corporation operates under Corporate/Commercial/Public Law rather than Common/Private Law.",
"The original Constitution was never removed; it has simply been dormant since 1871. ",
"It is still intact to this day.",
"This fact was made clear by Supreme Court Justice Marshall Harlan (Downes v. Bidwell, 182, U.S. 244 1901) by giving the following dissenting opinion:“Two national governments exist; one to be maintained under the Constitution, with all its restrictions; the other to be maintained by Congress outside and Independently of that Instrument.“",
"\n\nFact #3: The Restore America Plan reclaimed the De Jure (a legal term meaning in original and legal form) institutions of government of the 50 State Republics in order to restore Common Law that represents the voice of the people and ends Corporate Law that ignores the voice of the people while operating under Maritime/Admiralty/International Law. ",
"This occurred when warrants were delivered to all 50 Governors on March 30, 2010.",
"\n\nNote: The rewritten Constitution of the UNITED STATES CORPORATION bypasses the original Constitution for the United States of America, which explains why our Congressmen and Senators don’t abide by it, and the President can write Executive Orders to do whatever he/she wants.",
"\n\nThey are following corporate laws that completely strip sovereigns of their God given unalienable rights.",
"\n\nCorporate/Commercial/Public Law is not sovereign (private), as it is an agreement between two or more parties under contract.",
"\n\nCommon Law (which sovereigns operate under) is not Commercial Law; it is personal and private.",
"\n\nTo understand this document, you need to understand some basic terms. ",
"Visit www.usavsus.info for complete understanding. ",
"The basic terms are:\n\nDe Jure – Existing by right or according to law; original, lawful. ",
"Common Law operates under De Jure terms.",
"\n\nDe Facto – In practice but not necessarily ordained by law; in fact, in reality. ",
"Corporate Law operates under De Facto terms.",
"\n\nSovereign – A real person. ",
"Sovereigns can own property while Citizens/Subjects cannot. ",
"According to the original Constitution, all government comes from the Sovereign Individual. ",
"Without the Sovereign Individual, there is no government.",
"\n\nYou need to understand that under the present De Facto and illegal (that is illegal Constitutionally) CORPORATE government, we as U.S. Citizens, we have been made Subjects of – A corporate fictitious entity that merely represents the real person.",
"\n\nIt acts as a “strawman.” [",
"To call oneself a “sovereign citizen” or “sovereign subject” is an oxymoron, since “sovereign” and “citizen/subject” are mutually exclusive of each other.]",
"\n\nWhen asked if you are a “U.S. Citizen” on corporate legal documents, if you check “yes,” you agree to the terms of Corporate Law and unknowingly relinquish your sovereign status and transfer all of your rights to the UNITED STATES CORPORATION since you are now under contract.",
"\n\nA Corporation is – A non-human, fictitious entity. ",
"Corporate fictitious entities are denoted in all caps. ",
"This includes the names of Citizens/Subjects. ",
"Note also, your fictitious “strawman” entity is addressed in all caps, i.e. JOHN SMITH, rather than John Smith.",
"\n\nUnder Common Law – meaning under God’s law, as guaranteed by our U.S. Constitution, and as prescribed by the system of De Jure Juries (Proper and legal) apply to sovereigns in disputes. ",
"In Common Law, contracts must be entered into knowingly, voluntarily, and intentionally.",
"\n\nAdmiralty/Maritime Law/International Law – The King’s law. ",
"Deals with criminal acts that only apply to international contracts.",
"\n\nUnder this law, the people are no longer sovereign. ",
"The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) that the United States practices is based on Admiralty Law.",
"\n\nUnder the UCC, contracts do not have to be entered into knowingly. ",
"Simple agreements can be binding, and as long as you exercise the benefits of that “agreement,” you must meet the obligations associated with those benefits. ",
"If you accept the benefit offered by the government, then you MUST follow, to the letter, each and every statute involved with that benefit.",
"\n\nThat “benefit” is the Federal Reserve Notes (U.S. dollars). ",
"By paying for things with U.S. dollars you are unknowingly giving up all of your Constitutional rights and are legally obligated to follow all of the UCC statues. ",
"But you were NEVER told this.",
"\n\nLawful – A term used in Common Law.",
"\n\nLegal – A term used in the UCC which applies to Corporate Law.",
"\n\nHOW THE CONSTITUTION WAS USURPED BY THE CORPORATION\n\n(note by Panama Legal: These are the basic premises adhered to by the people in the movement and the people in the Sovereign movement. ",
"The Government is a Corporation actually functioning as the Federal Government. ",
"Thus it does not have to follow the constitution.",
"\n\nAlso it does not matter if Obama is not a natural born citizen since it is a corporation he is the head of.",
"\n\nThe corporation gets the permission of the people to reign over them by deceit. ",
"This is done by wording in the Birth Certificates, Social Security Cards, driving Licenses, IRS forms, Marriage Licenses and other documents.",
"\n\nThey always refer to the “person” in all capital letters. ",
"This means the name represents a corporate entity. ",
"This is how the corporation courts get jurisdiction over you. ",
"Their courts do not fly the “reaL” American flag. ",
"They use the military or admiralty flag. ",
"For a discourse on this try this website: http://www.usavsus.info/\n\nWhat the theory is goes like this. ",
"When you enter a US Courtroom there is a military or admiralty flag flying. ",
"The US Military does not have the protection of the U.S. Constitution; neither does this apply to admiralty laws with ships at sea.",
"\n\nWhen you enter a court room and cross through that little wooden gate they have and go to the area where the plaintiff (prosecutor) and defendant sit along with judge, court reporter, you are entering a “ship” or a foreign country as evidenced by the admiralty or military flag flying thus the constitution has no applicability and you are under equity law not common law.",
"\n\nThe flaw with their scheme is that there is no full disclosure to the people about any of this. ",
"This is brief over simplified synopsis of the scam run by the federal corporation. ",
"End of our comment.)",
"\n\nIn 1788 (January 1), The United States was officially bankrupt.",
"\n\nIn 1790 (August 4), Article One of the U.S. Statues at Large, pages 138-178, abolished the States of the Republic and created Federal Districts.",
"\n\nIn the same year, the former States of the Republic reorganized as Corporations and their legislatures wrote new State Constitutions, absent defined boundaries, which they presented to the people of each state for a vote…the new State Constitutions fraudulently made the people “Citizens” of the new Corporate States. ",
"A Citizen is also defined as a “corporate fiction.”",
"\n\nFact: In 1861, President Lincoln declared a National Emergency and Martial Law, which gave the President unprecedented powers and removed it from the other branches. ",
"This has NEVER been reversed.",
"\n\nFact: In 1863, the Lieber Code was established taking away your property and your rights.",
"\n\nFact: From 1864-1867, Several Reconstruction Acts were passed forcing the states to ratify the 14th Amendment, which made everyone slaves (or chattel/guarantors to back up loans granted by International Private Bankers).",
"\n\nFact: In 1865, the capital was moved to Washington, D.C., a separate country – not a part of the United States of America.",
"\n\nFact: In 1871, The United States became a Corporation with a new constitution and a new corporate government, and the original constitutional government was vacated to become dormant, but it was never terminated.",
"\n\nThe new constitution had to be ratified by the people according to the original constitution, but it never was. ",
"The whole process occurred behind closed doors. ",
"The people are the source of financing for this new government. (",
"In other words we are now chattel and our tax monies are – in fact according to The Grace Report, commissioned by former President Ronald Reagan.",
"\n\n[The report said that one third of all income taxes is consumed by waste and inefficiency in the federal government, and another one third escapes collection owing to the underground economy. “",
"With two thirds of everyone’s personal income taxes wasted or not collected, 100 percent of what is collected is absorbed solely by interest on the federal debt and by federal government contributions to transfer payments. ",
"In other words, all individual income tax revenues are gone before one nickel is spent on the services [that] taxpayers expect from their government.”]",
"\n\nIn this Grace Report we learn that of all the monies collected by the Internal Revenue Income Taxes, by the IRS (which is a privately held collection service for the Federal Reserve, which is also privately owned and operated by International Bankers) that none of it is going towards paying for the operation of our government. ",
"In other words our tax dollars is in payment for them to tell us how to operate our own money and our monetary policies, and there is absolutely no accountability whatsoever to We The People!",
"\n\nIt gave the President and the Alien Property Custodian the right to seize the assets of the people included in this act and if they wanted to do business in this country they could apply for a license to do so.",
"\n\nBy 1921, the Federal Reserve Bank (the trustee for the Alien Property Custodian) held over $700,000,000 in trust.” ",
"Understand that this trust was based on our assets, not theirs.",
"\n\nFact: In 1933, 48 Stat 1, of the TWEA was amended to include the United States Person because they wanted to take our gold away.",
"\n\n“Executive Order 6102 was created to make it illegal for a U.S. Citizen to own gold. ",
"In order for the Government to take our gold away and violate our Constitutional rights, we were reclassified as ENEMY COMBATANTS.”",
"\n\nFact: In 1933, there was a second United States bankruptcy.",
"\n\nIn the first bankruptcy (1788) the United States collateralized all public lands.",
"\n\nIn the 1933 bankruptcy, the U.S. government collateralized the private lands of the people (a lien) – they borrowed money against our private lands. ",
"They were then mortgaged. ",
"That is why we pay property taxes.",
"\n\nFrom a speech in Congress in The Bankruptcy of the United States Congressional Record, March 17, 1993, Vol. ",
"33, page H-1303, Speaker Representative James Trafficant Jr. (Ohio) addressing the House states:\n\n“…It is an established fact that the United States Federal Government has been dissolved by the Emergency Banking Act, March 9, 1933, 48 Stat. ",
"1, Public Law 89-719; declared by President Roosevelt, being bankrupt and insolvent. ",
"H.J.R. 192, 73rd Congress m session June 5, 1933 – Joint Resolution To Suspend The Gold Standard and Abrogate The Gold Clause dissolved the Sovereign Authority of the United States and the official capacities of all United States Governmental Offices, Officers, and Departments and is further evidence that the United States Federal Government exists today in name only.",
"\n\nThe receivers of the United States Bankruptcy are the International Bankers, via the United Nations, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. ",
"All United States Offices, Officials, and Departments are now operating within a de facto status in name only under Emergency War Powers. ",
"With the Constitutional Republican form of Government now dissolved, the receivers of the Bankruptcy have adopted a new form of government for the United States. ",
"This new form of government is known as a Democracy, being an established Socialist/Communist order under a new governor for America. ",
"This act was instituted and established by transferring and/or placing the Office of the Secretary of Treasury to that of the Governor of the International Monetary Fund. ",
"Public Law 94-564, page 8, Section H.R. 13955 reads in part: “The U.S. Secretary of Treasury receives no compensation for representing the United States…\n\nPrior to 1913, most Americans owned clear, allodial title to property, free and clear of any liens of mortgages until the Federal Reserve Act (1913) “Hypothecated” all property within the Federal United States to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve, in which the Trustees (stockholders) held legal title. ",
"The U.S. Citizen (tenant, franchisee) was registered as a “beneficiary” of the trust via his/her birth certificate. ",
"In 1933, the Federal United States hypothecated all of the present and future properties, assets, and labor of their “subjects,” the 14th Amendment U.S. Citizen to the Federal Reserve System. ",
"In return, the Federal Reserve System agreed to extend the federal United States Corporation all of the credit “money substitute” it needed.",
"\n\nLike any debtor, the Federal United States government had to assign collateral and security to their creditors as a condition of the loan. ",
"Since the Federal United States didn’t have any assets, they assigned the private property of their “economic slaves,” the U.S. Citizens, as collateral against the federal debt. ",
"They also pledged the unincorporated federal territories, national parks, forests, birth certificates, and nonprofit organizations as collateral against the federal debt. ",
"All has already been transferred as payment to the international bankers.",
"\n\nUnwittingly, America has returned to its pre-American Revolution feudal roots whereby all land is held by a sovereign and the common people had no rights to hold allodial title to property. ",
"Once again, We the People are the tenants and sharecroppers renting our own property from a Sovereign in the guise of the Federal Reserve Bank. ",
"We the People have exchanged one master for another.”",
"\n\nFact: In 1944, Washington D.C. was deeded to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) by the Breton Woods Agreement.",
"\n\nThe IMF is made up of wealthy people (a private International Banking Cartel that is wholly owned and operated by the Rothschild family) that own most of the banking industries of the world.",
"\n\nIt is an organized group of bankers that have taken control of most governments of the world so the bankers run the world.",
"\n\nCongress, the IRS, and the President work for the IMF.",
"\n\nThe IRS is not a U.S. government agency. ",
"It is an agency of the IMF. (",
"Diversified Metal Products v. IRS et al. ",
"CV-93-405E-EJE U.S.D.C.D.I., Public Law 94-564, Senate Report 94-1148 pg. ",
"5967, Reorganization Plan No. ",
"26, Public Law 102-391.)",
"\n\nHOW CAN WE REPAIR OUR COUNTRY RIGHT NOW?",
"\n\n“The Supreme Court has said the De Jure Government offices still exist but the people have failed to occupy them.",
"\n\nRemember Downs v. Bidwell and the dissenting opinion of Justice Marshall Harlan? ",
"He said that two national governments exist; one to be maintained under the Constitution, with all its restrictions. ",
"This is one that We the people need to force our elected public officials to occupy – De Jure rule.",
"\n\nWe need to change that by organizing Grand Juries and putting our officials back under De jure rule and out of the Corporate (or Military) Rule that they are currently operating under.",
"\n\nOur elected officials will then have to operate under the limits of their Oath of office to uphold the U.S. and State Constitutions, circa 1860. ",
"When they violate the Oath it’s a capital crime.",
"\n\nThe reason we go back to 1860 is because that is the last time we had lawful laws in this country.",
"\n\nWhere do the people get their power to convene a Grand Jury? ",
"The Magna Carta, 1215.",
"\n\nOur Founding Fathers looked back to history for precedent when they decided they wanted to change their government. ",
"What they found was the Magna Carta Liberatum, the Great Charter of Freedoms. ",
"It set a precedent that changed the face of England forever, by establishing that the King was not above the law.",
"\n\nKing John of England signed the Magna Carta after immense pressure from the Church and his barons (the people). ",
"The King often lived above the law, violating both Feudal and Common Law, and was heavily criticized for his foreign policy and actions in England. ",
"The Barons, with the support of the Church, pressured King John to spell out a list of their rights and guarantee that those rights would be enforced. ",
"The Barons provided a draft, and after some negotiation, King John put his seal to the Magna Carta in Runnymede, in June of 1215.",
"\n\nSection 61 set rules for establishing the Grand Jury. ",
"It states: Since we have granted all these things for God, for the better ordering of our kingdom, and to allay the discord that has arisen between us and our barons (people), and since we desire that they shall be enjoyed in their entirety, with lasting strength, forever, we give and grant to the barons the following security: The barons shall elect twenty-five of their number to keep, and cause to be observed with all their might, the peace and liberties granted and confirmed to them by this charter. ",
"If we, our chief justice, our officials, or any of our servants offend in any respect against any man, or transgress any of the articles of the peace or of this security, and the offense is made known to four of the said twenty-five barons, they shall come to us.”",
"\n\nI just cannot over stress the importance of our underwriting and supporting the Restore American Plan, which is an ongoing and thus far successful, and also peaceful (howbeit it is not being reported because the media does not what you to know about it); but nevertheless it is a peacefully and legal effort on the part of We the People (citizens of all 50 states) to restore our original and legal (“Dejure”) Constitutional Republic in not only all 50 states of the Union, but in our Federal Government.",
"\n\nWhen I tell you that the people we have in Washington DC today, from the White House on down, who are at the helm of our government and are directing our nation’s future, when I tell you that they ALL are criminals, please note that by definition a criminal is someone who is breaking the law; and in these United States of America it is our U.S. Constitution that is the HIGHEST law of the land; and each elected public servant has taken an oath to preserve, to protect, and to defend our U.S. Constitution against ALL enemies foreign and domestic; and the moment they broke their oath, they became in violation of Constitutional Law, and therefore they are illegal!",
"\n\nWhat most Americans don’t seem to want to face is that this corrupt scheme to undermine and to destroy our U.S. Constitution and our Republic has been on going since before our nation’s beginning, and it has been these same International Bankers, again all of whom are a part of the Rothschild’s International Banking Cartel, who are behind it; and who are today and have been for years corrupting and manipulating not only our poltical system, our monetary and banking system, and our media; but they are doing ALL of this to bring the U.S.A under submission to their “New World Order,” which is to make this world a One World Dictatorial Government, under which they rule as masters, and we are their slaves!!!",
"\n\nThis is the future, whether you want to realize it or not, that our present day leadership in Washington DC is taking our country!",
"\n\nDo you care and is this the future you want for your children?",
"\n\nThat’s the question folks; and the jury is still out!",
"\n\nBecause the media is not making this headline news, most people are content to keep their heads in the sand and be ignorant; and that won’t work in a free society!",
"\n\nIf we don’t take the initiative and retake our government, and reestablish our Constitutional Republic, then we can kiss our liberties and our rights good-bye, and that is a fact!",
"\n\nRemember this is our country and our country’s future (our children’s future) that we are talking about here!",
"\n\nLet us who are Christians continue to watch and pray for revival; let us humble ourselves and seek God’s face, as we turn from our wicked ways; that God will hear our prayers from heaven, and heal our land. ",
"That truly is our only hope to turn this around folks!!!",
"\n\nThe Lord is my Shepherd I shall not want\nHe makes me lie down in green pastures.",
"\nHe leads me beside the still waters.",
"\nHe restoreth my soul\nAnd guides my path in righteousness\nFor His name’s sake.",
"\n\nSurely goodness and loving kindness\nShall follow me al the days of my life.",
"\nAnd I will dwell in the house of the Lord\nForever and ever and ever.",
"\n\nThough I walk through the valley\nOf the shadow of death\nI will not fear, Thou art with me.",
"\nThy rod and Thy staff they comfort me.",
"\nThou preparest a table\nBefore me in the presence of my enemies.",
"\n\nThou anointest my head with oil\nMy cup’s overflowing\n\nSurely goodness and loving kindness\nShall follow me all the days of my life.",
"\nAnd I will dwell in the house of the Lord\nForever and ever and ever\n\nSheep must follow their shepherd of their own free will. ",
"They cannot be driven like cattle; and the shepherd also does not push them!",
"\n\nAfter all, as the Psalm indicates, only the shepherd knows where the green pastures and still waters are; and how to get there.",
"\n\nHowever as we study this subject, by listening to the experiences of actual men who have made their living as shepherds, we learn that shepherds are often challenged by certain sheep in their flocks, who always seem to believe the grass is greener somewhere else, and are always looking to break away from the fold; and this is what the Scripture speaks of when it says Satan roams about as a roaring lion, seeking those that he may devour.",
"\n\nAs a predatory animal, lions never go after the flock, but they wait for the stragglers, the weak and/or lame who are following the flock from a distance, or who have separated themselves completely; but then the Bible says that Jesus (our Good Shepherd) out of His love and devotion to His sheep, will leave the 99, and will go searching for that lost lamb.",
"\n\nFor us to be used by God and to have our destinies fulfilled, we all must go through Holy Spirit boot camp; which truly is something we stay in for the duration of our stay on earth.",
"\n\nIn fact what most of us are experiencing now, in our trials and challenges in life, is nothing more that God’s way of teaching us to overcome these obstacles, these mountains that the enemy has placed in our path, through faith, and to learn to use the power of our tongue, when undergirded and rooted in the promises of God’s Word, to speak to our mountains and cast them into the midst of the sea.",
"\n\nThis lesson in fact was taught by our Master in Mark’s Gospel, Chapter 11.",
"\n\nCentral Truth:\n\nThe kind of faith that spoke the universe into existence is\n\ndealt to our hearts…\n\nThere are two things to notice about the God kind of faith.",
"\n\nFirst, a man believes with his heart. ",
"Second, he believes with his words.",
"\n\nIt isn’t enough just to believe in your heart. ",
"In order to get God to work for you, you must believe with your words also.",
"\n\nJesus said, “Whosoever shall say … and shall not doubt in his heart, but shall believe that those things which he saith shall come to pass; he shall have whatsoever he saith” (Mark 11:23).",
"\n\n23 For verily I say unto you, That whosoever shall say unto this mountain, Be thou removed, and be thou cast into the sea; and shall not doubt in his heart, but shall believe that those things which he saith shall come to pass; he shall have whatsoever he saith.",
"\n\nLet us focus our attention on the statement, “Have faith in God,” or as the margin reads, “Have the faith of God.” ",
"Greek scholars tell us this should be translated, “Have the God kind of faith.” ",
"Jesus demonstrated that He had the God kind of faith.",
"\n\nWhile He was afar off, He saw that the fig tree had leaves. ",
"But as He approached it, looking for fruit, He saw that it was barren. ",
"Some have questioned why Jesus looked for figs on this tree when it was not time for them to be ripe; it was not their season. ",
"However, in that country trees that retained their leaves usually had figs also.",
"\n\nThe next day when Jesus and His disciples passed by again they found the tree dried up from the roots. ",
"Amazed, Peter said, “Master, behold, the fig tree which thou cursedst is withered away.”",
"\n\nIt was then that Jesus made the statement, “Have faith in God (have the faith of God, or the God kind of faith). ",
"For verily I say unto you, That whosoever shall say unto this mountain, Be thou removed, and be thou cast into the sea; and shall not doubt in his heart, but shall believe that those things which he saith shall come to pass; he shall have whatsoever he saith.”",
"\n\nAfter telling His disciples in verse 22 to have the God kind of faith, Jesus went on to explain in verse 23 what this meant: The God kind of faith is the kind of faith in which a man believes with his heart and says with his mouth that which he believes in his heart, and it comes to pass.",
"\n\nJesus showed that He had that kind of faith, for He believed that what He said would come to pass. ",
"He said to the tree, “No man eat fruit of thee hereafter for ever.”",
"\n\nThis is the kind of faith that spoke the world into existence. “",
"Through faith we understand that the worlds were framed by the word of God, so that things which are seen were not made of things which do appear” (Hebrews 11:3). ",
"How did He do it? ",
"God believed that what He said would come to pass. ",
"He spoke the word and there was an earth. ",
"He spoke into existence the vegetable kingdom. ",
"He spoke into existence the animal kingdom. ",
"He spoke into existence the heavens as well as the earth, the moon, the sun, the stars and the universe. ",
"He said it and it was so. ",
"That is the God kind of faith. ",
"He believed what He said would come to pass and it did.",
"\n\nThe Measure of Faith\n\nJesus demonstrated the God kind of faith to His disciples, and then He told them that they too had that kind of faith – the faith that a man believes with his heart, says with his mouth what he believes, and it comes to pass.",
"\n\nSomeone might say, “I want that kind of faith. ",
"I am going to pray that God will give it to me.” ",
"However, you don’t need to pray for it – you already have it. “",
"For I say, through the grace given unto me, to every man that is among you, not to think of himself more highly than he ought to think; but to think soberly, according as God hath dealt to every man the measure of faith” (Romans 12:3).",
"\n\nNotice that Paul wrote this to believers, for he says, “to every man that is among you.” ",
"The epistle of Romans was not written to the sinners in the world; it was a letter to Christians. ",
"He addresses this letter “to all that be in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints …” (Romans 1:7). ",
"And in it he tells them that God has given to “every man the measure of faith.”",
"\n\nPaul also said, “For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God” (Ephesians 2:8). ",
"Paul is saying here that this faith is not of yourself. ",
"He was not referring to grace, for everyone knows that grace is of God. ",
"He is saying that the faith by which we are saved is not of ourselves. ",
"It is not a natural, human faith. ",
"It was given to sinners by God. ",
"And how did God give the sinner faith to be saved?",
"\n\nRomans 10:17 says, “So then faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God.” ",
"In these verses Paul has said that faith (1) is given, (2) is dealt, and (3) cometh.",
"\n\nRomans 10:8 says, “But what saith it? ",
"The word is nigh thee, even in thy mouth, and in thy heart: that is, the word of faith, which we preach.” ",
"The Bible, this message of God, is called the word of faith. ",
"Why is it called the word of faith? ",
"Because it causes faith to come even into the heart of the unsaved. ",
"It causes the kind of faith that spoke the universe into existence to be dealt to our hearts. ",
"Faith is given to us through the Word.",
"\n\nBelieving and Saying – the Key to Faith\n\nNotice again the words of Romans 10:8, “But what saith it? ",
"The word is nigh thee, even in thy mouth, and in thy heart: that is, the word of faith, which we preach.” ",
"How does this compare with the words of Jesus in Mark 11:23?",
"\n\nPaul’s writings to the Romans agree exactly with what Jesus told His disciples when He said, “Whosoever shall say … and shall not doubt in his heart, but shall believe … shall have whatsoever he saith.”",
"\n\nWe see here the basic principle inherent in the God kind of faith: believing with the heart and saying it with the mouth.",
"\n\nJesus believed it and He said it. ",
"God believed it and He said it, speaking the earth into existence.",
"\n\nVerses 9 and 10 of this same tenth chapter of Romans say, “That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved.",
"\n\nFor with the heart man believeth unto righteousness; and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation.”",
"\n\nA measure of faith is dealt to the sinner through hearing the Word. ",
"Then he uses it to create the reality of salvation in his own life.",
"\n\nWhen Christians are asked, “When were you saved?” ",
"They often answer by saying something like, “About nine on the night of July tenth.”",
"\n\nThey are mistaken, however, for God saved them nearly two thousand years ago. ",
"It only became a reality to them when they believed it and confessed it.",
"\n\nSalvation belongs to everyone. ",
"Every man and woman in this world has a legal right to salvation. ",
"Jesus died for the whole world, not just for you and me.",
"\n\nWhen the truth is preached to the sinner it causes faith to come. ",
"When he believes and confesses, he creates the reality of it in his own life by his faith.",
"\n\n14 How then shall they call on him in whom they have not believed? ",
"And how shall they believe in him of whom they have not heard? ",
"and how shall they hear without a preacher?",
"\n\n17 So then faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God.",
"\n\nJust as faith comes from hearing the Word of God, so does anything that we receive from God. ",
"The God kind of faith comes by hearing God’s Word.",
"\n\nIn other words, God causes the God kind of faith to come into the hearts of those who hear. ",
"No wonder Jesus said, “take heed therefore how you hear” (Luke 8:18).",
"\n\nYou cannot let it go in one ear and out the other because that won’t do any good. ",
"Faith won’t come. ",
"If you act as if the Word of God were some fairy tale, faith will not come. ",
"But when you accept it reverently and sincerely, when you act upon it, faith comes.",
"\n\nPaul wrote to the church at Corinth, “We having the same spirit of faith, according as it is written, I believed, and therefore have I spoken; we also believe, and therefore speak” (II Corinthians 4:13).",
"\n\nPaul said that we have the same spirit of faith. ",
"And what belonged to the church at Corinth belongs to the church today.",
"\n\nOn no occasion did Paul or any of the apostles ever write to encourage the people to believe; never did they tell them to have faith.",
"\n\nOur having to encourage believers to believe or have faith is a result of the Word of God’s having lost its reality to us.",
"\n\nWe are believers! ",
"When our children are away, we don’t have to write to them and say, “Be sure to keep breathing.” ",
"They will continue to breathe as long as they are alive. ",
"Neither do we have to encourage believers to believe because that is what they are – believers.",
"\n\nHow many of us realize that our words dominate us? “",
"Thou art snared with the words of thy mouth …” (Proverbs 6:2). ",
"Another version says, “Thou art taken captive with the words of thy mouth.”",
"\n\nA young man once told me that he was never whipped until he confessed that he was whipped. ",
"One writer put it this way, “You said you could not, and the moment you said it you were whipped.” ",
"You said you did not have faith and doubt rose up like a giant and bound you. ",
"You are imprisoned with your own words. ",
"You talk failure and failure holds you in bondage.",
"\n\nDefeat and failure do not belong to the child of God. ",
"God never made a failure. ",
"God made us new creatures. ",
"We are not born of the will of the flesh or the will of man, but of the will of God.",
"\n\nWe are created in Christ Jesus. ",
"Failures are man-made. ",
"They are made by wrong believing and wrong thinking. ",
"I John 4:4 says, “… Greater is he that is in you, than he that is in the world.” ",
"Learn to trust the Greater One that is in you. ",
"He is mightier than anything in the world.",
"\n\nGod created the universe with words. ",
"Words filled with faith are the most powerful things in all the world.",
"\n\nThe key to the God kind of faith is believing with the heart and confessing with the mouth. ",
"Our lips can make us millionaires or keep us paupers. ",
"Our lips can make us victors or keep us captives. ",
"We can fill our words with faith or we can fill our words with doubt. ",
"We can fill our words with love that will melt the coldest heart, or we can fill our words with hate and poison.",
"\n\nWe can fill our words with love that will help the discouraged and broken-hearted, with faith that will stir heaven. ",
"We can make our words breathe the very atmosphere of heaven.",
"\n\nOur faith will never rise above the words of our lips. ",
"Jesus told the woman with the issue of blood that her faith had made her whole. ",
"Thoughts may come and they may persist in staying. ",
"But if we refuse to put those thoughts into words, they die unborn.",
"\n\nCultivate the habit of thinking big things. ",
"Learn to use words that will react upon your own spirit. ",
"Faith’s confessions create realities. ",
"Realization follows the confession. ",
"Confession precedes possession.",
"\n\nMemory Text: “But what saith it? ",
"The word is nigh thee, even in thy mouth, and in thy heart: that is, the word of faith which we preach” (Romans 10:8).",
"\n\nFaith in Action: “But be ye doers of the word, and not hearers only ….” (",
"James 1:22).",
"\n\nWhat God requires of all of us is first our death to self will, and the ingrained desire we all have (which by the way is the root of our sin nature) to be the masters of our own destinies.",
"\n\nThe point is, for us to achieve our destiny we must willingly relinquish our rights and our perceived ambitions and desires to the one who gave us our life to begin with; but God being the gentleman that He is does not force this upon us; but patiently and longsuffering awaits the day we notice Him, and will give Him our ear and our heart, and begin first to listen, then to obey.",
"\n\nI will always remember the lesson my dad taught me as a boy. ",
"You see, my dad was a former fighter pilot, who flew P-51 Mustangs on bomber escort missions, with the Tuskegee Airmen over in Italy, during WW II.",
"\n\nHe said that the hardest part of flight training, for him, was to learn to fly a plane by Instrument Flight Rules; where you have to disengage something you have trusted, and have been trained and condition to trust all of your life, and that is your feelings.",
"\n\nInstead, you have to disengage your feelings, and make yourself trust those little dials in from of you; that what they are telling you is true, in spite of the fact that your feelings are screaming at you the exact opposite.",
"\n\nYou see if you are flying a plane in the soup, in inclimate weather, or in a fog, where you can no longer see the horizon, or have any visual reference points, and with all the G’s that are being exerted on your body, it is impossible for you to know what the attitude is of your plane. ",
"In fact, under those circumstances you could be flying upside down and not even know it!",
"\n\nHe said that your feelings will scream at you to pull up or bank to the right or left; but that if you do any of those things, and ignore your only accurate reference point, which are those dials in from of you, then you will surely die!",
"\n\nWhen I later became a Christian, the analogy was amazing, and it hit me right between the eyes; because as Christians, we are asked to do the exact same thing, to live by faith in God’s Word, and not by what we see, feel, or sense in the natural!",
"\n\nAlso, as with the example with the pilot in inclimate weather, if you have never been trained to disengage your senses, and have had actual flight time doing so, either in a flight simulator, or with a flight instructor; if you haven’t ever had the actual experience of being in that situation, where you no longer have any natural reference points to rely upon, then the chances are, if you are ever caught in a real life situation, and have to choose between your feelings and those dials, you will most likely elect to trust what you have always known, and are familiar with… and again, you will die!",
"\n\nAs Christians we have to learn to fly by our instruments, which for us are the Promises of God’s Word; and equally important we must also learn to discern, listen to, and obey the leading of the Holy Spirit moment by moment, and 24/7 in our lives.",
"\n\nRemember this also, that Paul warned Christians in the last days (2 Timothy 3:5) that one thing that would be prevalent was that many would confess belief in God, and would be very religious, but that they would deny the POWER, and folks anytime the Bible is talking about the Power of God, it is talking about the Holy Spirit!",
"\n\nThis is especially important in these days and in the times we are living in, and this is especially true in our country, where we have so intellectualized the Gospel message, and have sought to market it with Madison Avenue sales techniques and modern day psychology, in what some have called “Seeker Friendly” methodology; this however is not the method Jesus used, nor did he teach to His disciples; and it is not what the Bible teaches.",
"\n\nFolks here is my point, if we are to retake our nation for Christ, then we as His Church had better return to the original teachings and power source that we read about in the four Gospels, and in the Book of Acts! ",
"Selah\n\n10For godly grief and the pain God is permitted to direct, produce a repentance that leads and contributes to salvation and deliverance from evil, and it never brings regret; but worldly grief (the hopeless sorrow that is characteristic of the pagan world) is deadly [breeding and ending in death].",
"\n\nThe Bible very clearly says that for ALL have sinned and have fallen short of God’s standards; and therefore it matters not what you have done in your past, or how bad you think you are, because the redemptive work of Christ (Messiah) on Calvary’s cross satisfied your debt, and mine, and every other person who is alive, and who before they depart this earth into eternity, receives by faith, the forgiveness provided, for their sins, in Jesus Christ!!!",
"\n\nThis is a very important point that flies in the face of religious pride and erroneous religious doctrines of men, who would presume to earn something for which the Bible clearly says cannot be earned; and not only that, but there is absolutely nothing that any of us can ever do to either add to or take away from that propitious work already provided for us in Jesus Christ, at the cross of Calvary!",
"\n\nThe Bible clearly says that Salvation is a gift that comes free to us, that we neither deserve nor can it be earned through any good works of our own; however though it comes free to us, it cost God His BEST, in the life of His only begotten Son, Jesus Christ!",
"\n\nSo here is my point, and we ALL need to understand this, that as long as we are not yet pushing up daisies, and are still alive, then we each still have a chance to become reconciled back into God’s family, if we do what God has prescribed, as outlined for us in the Gospel message; and it matters not who you are, nor what you have done… God’s grace is more than enough to qualify you and I as a redeemed member of His heavenly family!",
"\n\nI say this because I want to make sure that this message rings loud and clear that when we are confronted with the choice of humbling ourselves before God, which is an absolute requirement before we can repent (meaning to change the way we think), we have to first be willing to admit our own failure, and the fact that we are fed up with insisting upon following our way, and that of the world system any longer. ",
"In other words we have to be willing to die to our own understanding and pride, and trust only in Jesus Christ!",
"\n\nUntil we are at that stage in our life, however, and as long as we hang on to this lie that there is some other way to God, other than through the shed Blood of Jesus Christ, then we shall remain outside of God’s grace; for by our maintaining that attitude, we are denying our only access into God’s Kingdom.",
"\n\nFor what do you think the scriptures mean that say:\n\nActs 4:12\n\n12There is salvation in no one else! ",
"God has given no other name under heaven by which we must be saved.”",
"\n\nJohn 14:6\n\n6 Jesus told him, “I am the way, the truth, and the life. ",
"No one can come to the Father except through me.”",
"\n\nJohn 10\n\nJesus the True Shepherd\n\n1 “Most assuredly, I say to you, he who does not enter the sheepfold by the door, but climbs up some other way, the same is a thief and a robber. ",
"2 But he who enters by the door is the shepherd of the sheep. ",
"3 To him the doorkeeper opens, and the sheep hear his voice; and he calls his own sheep by name and leads them out. ",
"4 And when he brings out his own sheep, he goes before them; and the sheep follow him, for they know his voice. ",
"5 Yet they will by no means follow a stranger, but will flee from him, for they do not know the voice of strangers.” ",
"6 Jesus used this illustration, but they did not understand the things which He spoke to them.”",
"\n\nJesus the Good Shepherd7 Then Jesus said to them again, “Most assuredly, I say to you, I am the door of the sheep. ",
"8 All who ever came before Me[a] are thieves and robbers, but the sheep did not hear them. ",
"9 I am the door. ",
"If anyone enters by Me, he will be saved, and will go in and out and find pasture”.",
"\n\nOh yeah, and there is just one more point I want to make, it won’t be the faith of your grandmother, or your mother, or some other person who loved you and prayed for you that will save you, and get you into heaven; and neither will it be because you happen to belong to any particular church or denomination.",
"\n\nThe above scriptures make it very clear that only faith in Jesus Christ, and by a person surrendering their life to His Lordship, meaning you let go of your will and your rights; and then by our accepting forgiveness through His sacrifice, only then can any of us be saved!!!",
"\n\nThe Bible calls this process being “Born-again!”",
"\n\nFor more information on this, please consult the Owner’s Manual (the Holy Bible); and also here is a website you can check out: http://needhim.org/.\n\nSo with that said, I hope those of you who are reading this, who have not made your reservations in heaven, that you will do so now; and not put off until tomorrow, which by the way is not guaranteed to any man, something that will be the most important decision of your life; and will determine where you spend eternity, either with God or in a place you wouldn’t wish on your worst enemy!",
"\n\nAs of today, July 25th 2010, it has been a total of 3240 days (8 years, 10 months, and 15 days), from that infamous day on 11 September 2001, that took the lives of close to 3,000 American citizens; and in another 49 days from today (1 month and 18 days from now) we will be celebrating the ninth anniversary of that day of infamy; and just look at where we are today, and what all has changed… and not for the better!",
"\n\nHas America truly forgotten?",
"\n\nHow short our collective memories are.",
"\n\nFirst ask yourself who attacked us?",
"\n\nAnswer: we were attacked by a series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the United States on September 11, 2001. ",
"On that morning, 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners. ",
"The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing everyone on board and many others working in the buildings. ",
"Both buildings collapsed within two hours, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others.",
"\n\nThe hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C.\n\nThe fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville in rural Pennsylvania after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington, D.C. There were no survivors from any of the flights.",
"\n\nThe death toll of the attacks was 2,995, including the 19 hijackers\n\nNow consider this, as of Thursday, August 6th 2009, it was made official that we no longer are even involved in a war against Islamic Terrorism.",
"\n\nOur government first under President George W. Bush seized the opportunity and through executive orders, Bush used the general panic of the moment to implement measures that have further eroded our Constitutional rights, that today gives government officials the right to imprison and seize personal property without due process or probable cause; and on Monday, January 11th 2010, Obama also signed through Executive order the “Martial Law Executive Order,” that now will give him the right to stripe us of all our Constitutional rights, and to begin using those FEMA concentration camps that have been set up for such an occasion; not to hold Islamic terrorist, mind you, but to hold U.S. Citizens who object to an illegal government, and its leadership, who are attempting to enslave its people.",
"\n\nAccording to this Obama Administration, the United States is no longer engaged in a “war on terrorism.” ",
"Neither are we any longer fighting against “jihadists” nor are we even any longer fighting a “global war” of any kind.",
"\n\nNot only that, but according to President Obama’s top homeland security and counterterrorism official on a Thursday, back in August of 2009, he declared it as unacceptable these terms that had been crafted by the earlier Bush administration.",
"\n\nIt is now solely a “war with al Qaeda” and its violent extremist allies, said John Brennan, head of the White House homeland security office, during a speech on that Thursday at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, which is a Washington think tank.",
"\n\nIt doesn’t end there, but in a WND article (dated April 12, 2009),they cited a newly unclassified Department of Homeland Security report that now warns against the possibility of violence by unnamed “right-wing extremists” concerned about illegal immigration, increasing federal power, restrictions on firearms, abortion and the loss of U.S. sovereignty and singles out returning war veterans as particular terrorist threats.",
"\n\nFolks it is no longer the Islamic community that our government is concerned about, but it is now American citizens who are against the continued erosion of our U.S Constitution and our Bill of Rights; and also among returning veterans who have fought to preserve those rights; these are the people who (according to Homeland Security) are the greatest threat to this ongoing terrorist war today; and this from a man who was elected to the White House, who from all indicators is himself Islamic, who was born to an Islamic family in Kenya; and who also has refused so far to provide even proof of his own citizenship!",
"\n\nFolks something is seriously amiss in Washington DC; and if you think that 9/11 and the collapse of our financial institutions, and the ungodly spending of our government is anything but an effort to totally ruin and bankrupt our economy, then you seriously have your head in the sand. ",
"Folks we are being played like a Stradivarius violin and most American citizens are still clueless, and are completely in the dark as to what is going on.",
"\n\nThese criminals in Washington DC are stealing our country right out from under our noses; and because the media who is also controlled by these same Globalists handlers, has failed to raise any red flags and has refused to report the truth, most Americans are content to believe there is no real problem.",
"\n\nAnd as if that were not bad enough, there are also plans to build an Islamic Mosque at Ground Zero, and that folks would be like building a monument to Nazism at Auschwitz!",
"\n\nAll I can say is may God have mercy on us, and help us to wake up; that He would revive our citizens; and that we as a nation and as individuals would repent of our sins, and seek after His face; that He would hear our prayers from heaven, heal our land; and that we would take back our country while we still can!",
"\n\n” For My thoughts are not your thoughts,\nNor are your ways My ways,” says the LORD.9 ” For as the heavens are higher than the earth,\nSo are My ways higher than your ways,\nAnd My thoughts than your thoughts.",
"”(Isa 55:8-9)\n\nIn the Book of Judges we learn the story of Gideon:\n\nGod’s ways are truly not ours, as we can learn from the lesson of Gideon and his army, as found in Judges 6-8.",
"\n\nThis was a time when Israel, like the United States, had fallen into sin and idolatry and as a judgment against her, God permitted Israel’s enemies (the Midanites) to invade her land.",
"\n\nAnd the Angel of the Lord appeared unto Gideon, as he was hiding in fear of the Midanites, in the winepress threshing wheat, and the angel said “The Lord is with you mighty man of valor;” to which Gideon said, “Who me?”",
"\n\nObviously the Lord saw Gideon much differently than how he viewed himself!",
"\n\nFrom there God takes Gideon on a process where he is to raise an army to fight against the Midanites; but all he had was 32,000 against 135,000 Midanites; and yet God tells him he has too many people on his side! ",
"God’s ways again are not ours.",
"\n\nSo the Lord starts by telling Gideon to send away all who are fearful and afraid; and the Bible says that 22,000 men departed that day; and Gideon was left with only 10,000 men.",
"\n\nThen God tells Gideon to bring his men to a watering hole, so that he might test them there in the way they would drink.",
"\n\nAll those who went down on both hands and knees and drank were automatically eliminated.",
"\n\nOnly those who lapped the water hand to mouth, with their eyes to their surroundings passed the test.",
"\n\nThis left Gideon with a grand total of only 300 men to fight against an army of 135,000; and these are the odds God considers fair!!??",
"\n\nI believe there is a definite lesson for us to learn here; in that it is not the numbers and power of the enemy that we have to be afraid of; because as God’s covenant children there is no power or enemy that we can face, who is more powerful than the Power of the God who backs us up!!! ",
"Selah\n\nAlso you will note that in the final selection it was those who were alert to their surroundings, with an eye on the enemy; who kept their shield in hand, and their sword at their side; these were the ones who made the final cut in God’s army.",
"\n\nThe ones who knelt down and lapped the water as dogs, who were oblivious to their surroundings and to what was going on around them, were automatically disqualified.",
"\n\nTake a note here, for what I have just described to you is the exact attitude of much of the church today in America!",
"\n\nJesus then tells His disciples, as we read in the New Testament, to be wise as serpents and harmless as doves; and then the Apostle Paul instructed us in no uncertain terms to NOT be ignorant of Satan’s devices, his strategies and his modes of operation!",
"\n\nWe are at war folks, and we are to maintain the attitude of a soldier, who is on a mission; and not be as so many are today, with their minds on everything else, but the Great Commission and the battle for the souls of men.",
"\n\nAs members of God’s army, and as His covenant children, we are to be about our Father’s business first, and not our own!",
"\n\nWith that said, let’s move on down to our present day, and the problems that we are facing today, as a nation.",
"\n\nFrom the first day we are born into this world, without exception, we ALL have been immersed into a certain value system and culture, depending on where we are raised.",
"\n\nThis culture has become our status quo, of what we have been conditioned to expect from life; and it has defined for us what the meaning of life is to be; not to mention it has also defined our value system; and the meaning and purpose for why we are even here.",
"\n\nFor those of us who have been born into the Westernized culture of this last century, I believe as a society we have suffered and we have lost ground, having first evolved from a mostly agrarian culture, where families once lived off the land, and literally depended upon God day by day for their very livelihood and sustenance; to where families were eventually forced to sell their family farms or lost them to the banks, as society changed and evolved through the industrialization of that culture.",
"\n\nThen as families were forced to close down their farms, and went to live in cities, and therefore became dependent upon each other, rather than God; and to the extent we have lost our connection with the land, we as a society have also lost our daily connection with God as our Source and Provider; and we as a society have lost out and we have suffered severely because of that fact.",
"\n\nWhere once so many families grew up around a farm, where families and neighbors worked together and supported one another, living off the fruit of the land; and where children were mentored and raised into adulthood by the good example and hard work of their parents; today all that has changed.",
"\n\nOur once agrarian culture was changed into an industrialized culture, and has today progressed to high tech; and a good deal of the industry that once provided employment to so many people in the inner city, has today moved overseas, where the wages and standards of living are less expensive; as large industrialized manufacturers and corporations have sought to be more competitive; and again, our society has suffered.",
"\n\nWe no longer have the family farm, so along with that families have lost the knowledge of how to live off the land; and where once we had even mom and pop businesses in our communities, even that has long ago changed, as the constant devaluation of our currency and the subsequent inflation over the years, has made it impossible for smaller businesses to be able to compete with larger ones; and so they have been swallowed up by larger corporations; who have in turn been swallowed up by even larger ones; to where the competition within our society today has grown less and less over the years; to where today we have more people out of work than probably since the Great Depression.",
"\n\nI believe we started where God wanted us, as our original parents started out in a garden that God gave to them to manage.",
"\n\nYou see Adam and Eve also started as farmers, and in that lifestyle they also were very dependent upon God; but when we lost our connection with the land, along with it went our connection to God; to where society has evolved away from God; and for more than a half century now we have raised our children under a public education system that has left the teaching about God and the Bible out completely.",
"\n\nInstead children were first taught to look to industry, and to education (to Knowledge) as their source and provider; but in the greed and disintegration of what is now a very materialistic culture, and with jobs becoming fewer and fewer, it is now to big government that so many are looking to to be their provider and to take care of them… and this is all by design, and is a part of a master plan! ",
"Howbeit, it is NOT by God’s design!",
"\n\nFolks my point is, none of this that I have just described is by God’s design, it was never his will; and none of it is what God has ordained for His creation!",
"\n\nNot only that, but believe it or not, He is still God, and we are still His creation! ",
"And that is still true despite what some would have you to believe, to the contrary… among those who would imply that we each are the masters of our own destiny, as though we created ourselves!",
"\n\nHowever in the effort of some to seek for evidence of a missing link, of those who say that we have descended by chance, through natural selection, from apes, I’d have to say that possibly I’d have to agree with them, in that I think we have found that elusive missing link, among some of our leadership in Washington DC; among those who have sold their soul to the Devil, via a Globalist agenda, to make a buck; and in the process have betrayed their oath of office and are currently selling our Constitutional Republic down the river, for what they call a “New World Order!”",
"\n\nWhat they didn’t tell you, but what is slowly now being admitted, is that their New World Order is a dictatorial One World Government, that will put the people of the earth under two classes, with the Globalists Bankers and Industrialists as our masters, and everyone else as their slaves, where we and our children will then have to live our lives and make our way by their permission, and by their leave.",
"\n\nFolks, this is the system Obama is trying to sell you; and Bush before him; and Clinton before him; and the list goes on.",
"\n\nThis diabolical plan was conceived literally in the pit of hell, and is today being implemented by the aforementioned people, and a goodly portion of our present leadership in Congress as well.",
"\n\nWhat our forefathers warned us about is today happening before our very eyes:\n\n“If the American people ever allow private banks\nto control the issue of their money,\nfirst by inflation and then by deflation,\nthe banks and corporations that will\ngrow up around them (around the banks),\nwill deprive the people of their property\nuntil their children will wake up homeless\non the continent their fathers conquered.”",
"\n\n~ Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), US Founding Father, drafted the Declaration of Independence, 3rd US President\n\nOn this very subject, here’s another quote that I’d like to bring to your attention; that shows a very real pattern of history, that we today are repeating:\n\nAlexander Fraser Tyler, Cycle Of Democracy (1770)\n\nA democracy cannot exist as a permanent form of government. ",
"It can only exist until the voters discover that they can vote themselves largesse (gifts) from the public treasury.",
"From that moment on, the majority always votes for the candidates promising the most benefits from the public treasury with the result that a democracy always collapses over lousy fiscal policy, always followed by a dictatorship.",
"\n\nThe average of the world’s great civilizations before they decline has been 200 years. ",
"These nations have progressed in this sequence:\n\nFrom bondage to spiritual faith;\n\nfrom faith to great courage;\n\nfrom courage to liberty;\n\nfrom liberty to abundance;\n\nfrom abundance to selfishness;\n\nfrom selfishness to Complacency;\n\nfrom complacency to apathy;\n\nfrom apathy to dependency;\n\nfrom dependency back again to bondage.",
"\n\nThe forces of evil in our country are well entrenched, folks, and there’s no doubt about it. ",
"They have been working their evil web of deception for multiplied years, really going all the way back before even the beginning of our nation; and the people who are pulling the strings of our politicians today, who are these Globalist International Bankers, their strings are being pulled by their god, who is the Prince of Darkness, the Devil; and all of this is in preparation for his Antichrist to take over and rule the world.",
"\n\nCan you not read the handwriting on the wall?",
"\n\nIs this what you really want for your future and for the future of your children?",
"\n\nRead your Bible folks… because it is all there! ",
"And we are seeing it all unfold before our eyes.",
"\n\nSo what’s the answer? ",
"How are we to turn this mess around, or are we (as Christians) even to attempt to turn it around?",
"\n\nI mean are we to have the attitude of some Christians today, who say it is all inevitable and that we have to accept it?",
"\n\nFolk, I don’t read anywhere in the Bible where we are ever told to acquiesce to evil, and give way to Satan’s plans!",
"\n\nIn fact, Jesus said just the opposite, when He said that He would build His church and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it! ",
"That’s what I read in my Bible anyway!",
"\n\nThe church is always to be on the offensive, and never on the defensive, as it is today.",
"\n\nBut with that said, the answer is, we by ourselves can’t do it… we need to turn back to God!!!",
"\n\nWe need to learn the lesson from Gideon in the Bible, that God’s ways are not ours, and His ways and means of doing things are definitely not ours!",
"\n\nWe need to once again learn that He alone is God in Heaven, and as such ONLY He is our Source and Provider; and that what the culture, our society, and the world has told us about how Mammon (this world system) is our god, and that we are to serve him, is all a lie!!!",
"\n\nWe need to repent and go back to the same Operations Manual (the Holy Bible) that our forefathers built this Constitutional Republic around; and we also need to be reenergized and directed by the POWER of the Holy Spirit in our individual lives… for that is why we are created, and that is why we are here! ",
"Selah\n\nNote: whereas this essay and riddle are both attributed to Paul Harvey, as it has circled the Internet for some time now. ",
"But Paul Harvey did not write it. ",
"The true author, Lee Pitts, published the nostalgic essay in 2000 in the book “Chicken Soup for the Golden Soul.” ",
"Paul Harvey does use material written by Lee Pitts from time to time and he did read this particular essay (crediting Pitts, of course) during his September 6, 1997 broadcast.",
"\n\n—–\n\nBy Lee Pitts\n\nWe tried so hard to make things better for our kids that we made them worse.",
"\n\nFor my grandchildren, I’d like better. ",
"I’d really like for them to know about hand me down clothes and homemade ice cream and leftover meat loaf sandwiches. ",
"I really would.",
"\n\nI hope you learn humility by being humiliated, and that you learn honesty by being cheated. ",
"I hope you learn to make your own bed and mow the lawn and wash the car. ",
"And I really hope nobody gives you a brand new car when you are sixteen. ",
"It will be good if at least one time you can see puppies born and your old dog put to sleep.",
"\n\nI hope you get a black eye fighting for something you believe in. ",
"I hope you have to share a bedroom with your younger brother. ",
"And it’s all right if you have to draw a line down the middle of the room, but when he wants to crawl under the covers with you because he’s scared, I hope you let him. ",
"When you want to see a movie and your little brother wants to tag along, I hope you’ll let him.",
"\n\nI hope you have to walk uphill to school with your friends and that you live in a town where you can do it safely. ",
"On rainy days, when you have to catch a ride, I hope you don’t ask your driver to drop you two blocks away so you won’t be seen riding with someone as uncool as your Mom.",
"\n\nIf you want a slingshot, I hope your Dad teaches you how to make one instead of buying one. ",
"I hope you learn to dig in the dirt and read books. ",
"When you learn to use computers, I hope you also learn to add and subtract in your head.",
"\n\nI hope you get teased by your friends when you have your first crush on a girl, and when you talk back to your mother that you learn what ivory soap tastes like.",
"\n\nMay you skin your knee climbing a mountain, burn your hand on a stove and stick your tongue on a frozen flagpole. ",
"I don’t care if you try a beer once, but I hope you don’t like it. ",
"And if a friend offers you dope or a joint, I hope you realize he is not your friend.",
"\n\nI sure hope you make time to sit on a porch with your Grandpa and go fishing with your Uncle. ",
"May you feel sorrow at a funeral and joy during the holidays. ",
"I hope your mother punishes you when you throw a baseball through your neighbor’s window and that she hugs you and kisses you at Christmas time when you give her a plaster mold of your hand.",
"\n\nThese things I wish for you – tough times and disappointment, hard work and happiness. ",
"To me, it’s the only way to appreciate life.",
"\n\nWritten with a pen. ",
"Sealed with a kiss. ",
"I’m here for you. ",
"And if I die before you do, I’ll go to heaven and wait for you.",
"\n\nRIDDLE:\n\nWhat is greater than God, More evil than the devil,\n\nThe poor have it,\n\nThe rich don’t need it,\n\nAnd if you eat it, you’ll die?",
"\n\nThe answer to the riddle is “nothing.”",
"\nNothing is greater than God.",
"\nNothing is more evil than the Devil.",
"\nThe poor have nothing.",
"\nThe rich need nothing.",
"\nAnd if you eat nothing, you’ll die.",
"\n\nThis poem goes out to my buddy Angel, who forwarded the above story to me this morning; and who is now running a 55,000 acre ranch somewhere in eastern Oregon.",
"\n\nAngel is a dear friend and brother in the Lord of whom I still have fond memories of all those early morning Bible Studies held in his office in the wee hours of the morning… which by the way, Angel, I miss; and I also miss you buddy!",
"\n\nAngel has had a few tradgeties in his life, not the least of which was the loss of his youngest son several years ago; and so I know what this song speaks, Angel in fact lives!",
"\n\nAs for the “Paul Harvey Story,” apparently though this story has been attributed to Paul Harvey, and though Paul Harvey did use it on a 1997 radio broadcast, he didn’t write it; and also the same is true of the riddle as well; but nevertheless, regardless of who wrote it, I think it contains a very important message for all of us today… young and old alike!!!",
"\n\nWhether we are grandchildren or adults, or somewhere in between, the Bible is very clear on this point, that God is not interested in our “happiness” as much as He is our conformity into the image and likeness of His Son, Yeshua Ha’Mashiach (Jesus, the Christ—Anointed One)… of which the Bible says that He learned obedience through the things that He suffered (Hebrews 5:8)!",
"\n\nJesus said that in this world we shall suffer tribulation, but for us to be of good cheer, which speaks of our attitude while in the midst of tribulation; and Jesus also said that He came that our “JOY” may be complete!",
"\n\nUnderstand this, that “JOY” is quite different from “happiness!”",
"\n\nHappiness depends on pleasing circumstances, minus trials; but JOY is quite a different thing all together!",
"\n\nJoy has to do with our foundation in life, in that which undergirds us in our times of trouble, and that which gives us the reason for our hope and our joy in the midst of severe trials and tribulations, which is Jesus Christ, our Lord, and our relationship with Him!!! ",
"Selah\n\nEvery day of training in BUD/s is called an “Evolution;” and there is a saying in BUD/s training that the only easy evolution was yesterday!",
"\n\nWhat follows is a letter that David Wilkerson sent out in 1991; and below also is another devotion by David Wilkerson that I know will be of help to many of us in these days and times that so many are living in.",
"\n\nAs we read and understand Scriptures, it would seem that God has predestined each one of our lives to the point that there is truly a time and a season for everything under the sun (as the Scripture says); and also I believe with that time and season, as we are awaiting fulfillment of our individual destiny, there are many crosscurrents and other lives as well, that are being prepared concurrently with our own, and so whatever is going on in our life, at this particular moment, God is also coordinating and managing the training and preparations of others that we are to be teamed with for future service; and so it is never just about us!!!",
"\n\nDearly Beloved:\n\nI WANT TO TALK TO YOU ABOUT PRAYERS THAT GO UNANSWERED.",
"\n\nConsider the words of a very godly man from history. ",
"This man said of the Lord, “I am the man that hath seen affliction by the rod of his wrath. ",
"He hath led me, and brought me into darkness, but not into light…. ",
"He hath hedged me about, that I cannot get out: he hath made my chain heavy…. ",
"When I cry and shout, he shutteth out my prayer” (Lamentations 3:1-8).",
"\n\nJeremiah’s words here speak for many believers as we face our own trying crisis. ",
"At such times it seems God has shut the heavens and our prayers are lost. ",
"Yet if we do not believe in Holy Ghost timing, we will never understand why our prayers seem delayed. ",
"The truth is that each of God’s promises will rise up to test us unless we rest in his timing.",
"\n\nScripture says of Joseph, “Until the time that his word came: the word of the Lord tried him” (Psalm 105:19, my italics). ",
"Joseph sat helpless in prison at the time, and his trial of waiting broke his heart. ",
"Consider his pathetic plea to the cupbearer who was about to be released from the same cell: “Think on me when it shall be well with thee…and make mention of me unto Pharaoh, and bring me out of this house” (Genesis 40:14).",
"\n\nHe was crying, in essence, “Please, sir, when you go free, talk to Pharaoh about me. ",
"Help me get out of this awful place!”",
"\n\nSome readers would ask where Joseph’s faith was. ",
"This man was so close to God he could interpret dreams and mysteries. ",
"Why didn’t he just rest now, praying in trust that God would deliver him? ",
"The answer is Joseph was being tried by God’s Word.",
"\n\nGod knew all the time he was going to deliver Joseph. ",
"Yet his servant had to be tried by the Word for his faith to mature unto life. ",
"You see, we can read God’s Word, pray it and preach it, but until it is tested in us it will not produce life.",
"\n\nRight now you may be severely tested by God’s Word. ",
"You’ve seen him answer many prayers in your lifetime, but now you face a longstanding unanswered prayer. ",
"Your sorrow, tears and travail have seemed to go unheard. ",
"After all this time you see no evidence of an answer.",
"\n\nWe must stand on every promise, praying fervently in faith. ",
"Then we must wait on God, trusting him to do what is right in his time and his way. ",
"This patient waiting is the most difficult matter of all. ",
"You can be sure the Lord means it when he declares, “I am with you. ",
"I will never leave you nor forsake you.”",
"\n\nDo not think Jeremiah gave up in despair. ",
"In the midst of his trial, he remembered that God was full of compassion and tender mercies: “This I recall to my mind, therefore have I hope. ",
"It is of the Lord’s mercies that we are not consumed, because his compassions fail not. ",
"They are new every morning: great is thy faithfulness. ",
"The Lord is my portion, saith my soul; therefore will I hope in him. ",
"The Lord is good unto them that wait for him, to the soul that seeketh him. ",
"It is good that a man should both hope and quietly wait for the salvation of the Lord…. ",
"For the Lord will not cast off for ever: but though he cause grief, yet will he have compassion according to the multitude of his mercies” (Lamentations 3:21-26, 31-32).",
"\n\nYour heavenly Father has bottled every tear, received every cry, listened attentively to every request. ",
"If you are going through a hot furnace of affliction, you can know he stands there with you. ",
"God has a purpose for everything he allows. ",
"And for every difficult trial he gives special grace.",
"\n\nIn Christ,\nDAVID WILKERSON\n\nWow is that a good word or what?",
"\n\nHow apropos it is for me and I wager it is for so many of you today as well!!!",
"\n\nBut it doesn’t end there, because there is something more that God is after from each of us, and He is using our circumstances to squeeze it out of us; and that something is absolute obedience and submission to both His Word and also to the leading of the Holy Spirit in our life, moment by moment, 24/7, 365 days a year… for only then can we be truly fit for His service!",
"\n\nHowever I maintain that it is exactly here that most fail the test, in that they quit too soon. ",
"Just as it is with Navy SEAL training, which has a 70 to 80 percent dropout rate, where men will get up and quit before the test is over.",
"\n\nThe test is, at least from God’s perspective, is to test the mettle of our faith and to see when under pressure do we advance in faith, or are we looking for a door of escape, with a “oh why me attitude?”",
"\n\nThis is not the sort of person who prevails in the heat of battle, who won’t give up, but who will dig in deeper and are always open to other options and strategy while still in the midst of the fire.",
"\n\nSo as we are preparing for today’s battles, let these lessons sink in; and let us not lose hope regardless of how bad or bleak things may appear; for faith does not look at circumstances and sight/sense evidence to give substance to Hope; but ONLY to the promises of God’s Word… and unless we learn to operate in this fashion 24/7, then the Bible says we cannot please God (Hebrews 11:6).",
"\n\nIf Christ reigns as the supreme authority over his kingdom, and we are his subjects, then our lives must be governed by him. ",
"What does it mean, exactly, to be governed by Jesus?",
"\n\nAccording to the dictionary, to govern means “to guide, to direct, to control all actions and behavior of those under authority.” ",
"In short, Jesus must be allowed to control all of our actions and behavior, including our every thought, word and deed.",
"\n\nJesus also rules the nations of the world. ",
"The Bible tells us, “He ruleth by his power for ever; his eyes behold the nations: let not the rebellious exalt themselves” (Psalm 66:7). “",
"The Lord hath prepared his throne in the heavens; and his kingdom ruleth over all” (Psalm 103:19).",
"\n\nDon’t be fooled—our country is not ruled by Republicans, Democrats or any human authority. ",
"It is not controlled by Wall Street or big business entities. ",
"No power, earthly or supernatural, rules America or any other nation. ",
"God alone is in control. ",
"He sits as King of Kings and Lord of Lords, ruling and reigning over all creation from his heavenly throne.",
"\n\nAll across America we’re seeing awful moral decay, the rise of the occult, rampant sexual deviations, raging “in your face” atheism. ",
"Some Christians fear that the hordes of hell are slowly taking over our nation, establishing Satan’s kingdom of darkness.",
"\n\nWe need not worry. ",
"Isaiah assures us, “The Lord hath broken the staff of the wicked, and the scepter of the rulers…. ",
"How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! ",
"How art thou cut down to the ground, which didst weaken the nations! …",
"Thou shalt be brought down to hell, to the sides of the pit. ",
"They that see thee shall narrowly look upon thee, and consider thee, saying, Is this the man that made the earth to tremble, that did shake kingdoms” (Isaiah 14:5, 12, 15–16).",
"\n\nBeloved, our God is not one bit anxious about Satan. ",
"He isn’t fretting over what we see as an evil takeover of our nation. ",
"With just one word from our Lord’s mouth, Satan will be gone forever, tormented for eternity. ",
"Therefore, we are to fear no evil.",
"\n\nIn no other kingdom does God rule as supremely and as powerfully as in his own kingdom—the one he has established in the hearts of his people.",
"\n\nJesus said, “Behold, the kingdom of God is within you” (Luke 17:21). ",
"And it is within this kingdom—the realm of our hearts—that Christ rules supreme over his people, guiding us, healing us, governing our actions and behavior.",
"\n\n“Of the increase of his government and peace there shall be no end” (Isaiah 9:7). ",
"This verse speaks of Jesus’ endless rule throughout eternity. ",
"Yet it also has another significant meaning: We must always increase our submission to our King’s rule.",
"\n\nCan you honestly say that day after day, Jesus’ government over you is increasing? ",
"Are you bringing your behavior more and more under his authority?",
"\n\nYou may wonder—If Jesus is in heaven, ruling in all authority at the right hand of the Father, how does he go about governing his kingdom here on earth? ",
"We find the answer in the book of Hebrews. ",
"The author tells us that in the Old Testament, God spoke to his people through the prophets. ",
"But today the Lord has chosen to speak through his Son (see Hebrews 1:1–2).",
"\n\nJesus is God’s explicit message to us—the divine Word made flesh. ",
"In turn, the Father has sent the Holy Ghost to us today to remind us of the words Jesus spoke while on earth. ",
"Thus, Jesus governs us by the written, revealed Word of God. ",
"The Bible is our ruler’s scepter, by which he makes his Word known to us.",
"\n\nIf you want to hear the testimony of a man who was governed by God’s written Word, you can find it in Psalm 119:11, “Thy word have I hid in mine heart, that I might not sin against thee” (also see verses 105, 123, 133, 162)."
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[
"AND THE PIRATES' TRIUMPHANT FINISH. ",
"WHAT THEY HAD TO SAY AFTER OPENING DAY. ",
"YOU'VE HEARD ABOUT THE ATTACK. ",
"AND NOW, TONIGHT, WE HAVE THE RESCUE CAUGHT ON TAPE. ",
"A PACK OF DOGS ATTACKING A LITTLE BOY. ",
"AND WHAT WAS CAPTURED ON VIDEO SHOWS HOW THE LITTLE BOY'S LIFE WAS SAVED. ",
"KELLY BRENNAN HAS THE DASH CAM VIDEO AND THE OFFICER WHO RACED INTO THE FRAY. ",
"Reporter: THIS OFFICER WAS ABLE TO GET THAT 6-YEAR-OLD BOY OUT OF HARM'S WAY, CARRYING HIM ACROSS THE STREET. ",
"HIS DASH CAM VIDEO SHOWS US JUST WHAT HAPPENED NEXT. ",
"THIS IS THOMPSON STREET IN DA NORA. ",
"ON THE RIGHT OF YOUR SCREEN YOU SEE A WOMAN IN A ROBE. ",
"THIS IS CAROL. ",
"SHE RAN OUTSIDE TO HELP THE 6-YEAR-OLD WHO WAS BEING MAULED BY EIGHT DOGS. ",
"THERE'S ONE DOG BITING CARILLON HER LOWER LEG. ",
"THEN WATCH FROM THE LEFT. ",
"THE OFFICER STARTS TO APPROACH THE DOGS RETREAT TO THE HOW LONG, AND THAT'S WHEN HE PULLS KELLERMAN BEHIND HIM. ",
"THE DOGS COME BACK. ",
"THE OFFICER USED PEPPER SPRAY TO KEEP THE DOGS AWAY, AND THAT'S LIKELY WHAT MADE THEM FINALLY STOP ATTACKING. ",
"THEY SAY ANIMAL CONTROL STILL HAS THE DOGS UNTIL AT LEAST SATURDAY. ",
"THE HOME WHERE THEY LIVED WAS CONDEMNED THE DAY AFTER THE ATTACK. ",
"POLICE SAY THE HOUSE WAS FILLED WITH ANIMAL FECES. ",
"POLICE CONTINUE TO INVESTIGATE TO SEE IF CHARGES SHOULD BE FILED AGAINST THE DOGS' OWNER. ",
"BUT AS FOR JULIUS, DOCTORS HAD TO RECONSTRUCT HIS EAR. ",
"AND HE ALSO HAS AN INJURE EON HIS ARM."
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[
"In microwave and millimeter-wave automotive radar systems, low cost and high performance radar is required. ",
"The typical radar system includes an oscillator, a power divider, a power amplifier and a differential (or quadrature) hybrid combiner, using a single antenna to reduce the entire size. ",
"However, such a radar system is not very efficient since only half an output power flows to the antenna, while the other half flows to the ballast resistor of the hybrid. ",
"Alternately, if two separate transmitting and receiving antennas are utilized, the overall area occupied by the radar system is too large to embody a miniature radar system. ",
"In addition, the complete car radar system usually requires several transmitting and receiving paths with corresponding antennas to properly monitor the space from all sides of the car.",
"\nFIG. ",
"1 illustrates a conventional automotive RADAR system 100 for transmitting and receiving radar signals. ",
"Radar system 100 comprises an oscillator 104 operable to supply a radio frequency (RF) signal 105 such as a millimeter wavelength signal. ",
"RADAR system 100 further comprises a power divider 110 which splits and drives the RF signal 105 to a power amplifier 120 and to a mixer (M) 160. ",
"The power amplifier 120 is used for amplifying and driving a radar transmission signal 125 into an antenna 150 and a ballast resistor 140, by way of a rat-race coupler or hybrid coupler 130. ",
"The mixer M 160 combines a received radar signal 155 from the antenna 150 by way of the coupler 130, with the original RF signal 105 by way of the divider 110, to provide an intermediate frequency (IF) signal 170. ",
"Thereafter, the IF signal 170 may be passed to a conventional RADAR detection system (not shown).",
"\nHowever, the conventional radar system 100 of FIG. ",
"1 is not very efficient, since only half (50%) of the output power of the radar transmission signal 125 flows to the antenna 150, while the other half flows to the ballast resistor 140 on the hybrid coupler 130. ",
"Further, the system 100 requires a single ended RF signal 105 instead of a differential RF signal."
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[
"Q:\n\nWhat does 「名のある」 mean on this page of Yotsuba&! ",
"manga?",
"\n\nI am on ch.82, pg.27 of Yotsuba&! ",
"manga. ",
"\n\nSource : http://raw.senmanga.com/Yotsubato!/82/27\nWhat does bubble in the first panel mean. ",
"To be specific,\n\nきっと名のある牛だよ！",
"\n主なんじゃね！？",
"\n\nI understand the above lines as, \n\nThis is definitely some named/famous cattle (meat)\nIsn't this rumoured/famous (cattle meat) ?",
"\n\nI interpreted 「主」as \"subject\n(of a rumour)\" from the list of meanings (source : jisho)\n\nhead (of a household, etc.); ",
"leader; master\nowner; proprietor; proprietress\nsubject (of a rumour, etc.); ",
"doer (of a deed)\nguardian spirit (e.g. long-resident beast, usu. ",
"with mystical powers); long-time resident (or employee, etc.)",
"\nhusband\n\nAm I correct here ? ",
"Is 「名のある」a relative clause ? ",
"And is the usage similar to what's described here ?",
"\nAlso, I feel like my translation of 「主なんじゃね！？」 ",
"feels somehow incorrect, especially 「主」. ",
"\n\nA:\n\nきっと名{な}のある牛{うし}だよ！",
"\n 主{ぬし}なんじゃね！？ ",
" \nI understand the above lines as,\n This is definitely some named/famous cattle (meat) \n\nI think it is a good tranlation.",
"\n\nIsn't this rumoured/famous (cattle meat) ?",
"\n Am I correct here ? ",
"\n\nNo, I don't think so. ",
" \n\n主{ぬし}なんじゃね！？ ",
" \n\nThe phrase could be said:\n主{ぬし}なのじゃないか！？ ",
" \nThe 「主」 is cattle and also a boss. ",
"In this case the phrase could be translated as \"Isn't this the boss cattle!?\"",
"\n\nIs 「名{な}のある」a relative clause ?",
"\n\nYes, it is a relative clause and the usage is similar to what's described \"here.\" ",
" \nIf you write 「名{な}のある」 all in kanji, it will be as 「名{な}の有{あ}る」, which has the same meaning 「有名{ゆうめい}な」. 「",
"有名{ゆうめい}な」 is an adjective meaning \"famous.\" ",
" \n\nThe difference between 「主｛ぬし｝」 and 「ボス」 in Japanese culture \nI'm going to explain how you can properly use 「主｛ぬし｝」 and 「ボス」, which are the title of the creature having supreme power over its group or herd in Japanese language. ",
" \nOn the page of a comics posted by the questioner, there is a word 「牛｛うし｝」 and a 「主｛ぬし｝」. ",
"By these words I imagined a phrase : 「牛｛うし｝の群｛む｝れの主｛ぬし｝」 \"the leader of a herd of cattle\". ",
"Inspired by this phrase I posted a photograph showing 「猿｛さる｝の群｛む｝れの主｛ぬし｝」 \"the leader of a troop of monkeys\". ",
" \nIn Japanese language, you could call the leader of a herd of cattle a 「主｛ぬし｝」, but you couldn't call the leader of a troop of monkeys a 「主｛ぬし｝」, you should call it a 「ボス」 instead. ",
"I made a white lie in the monkeys' photograph because of the explanation I'm giving now. ",
" \nThe word 「ボス」 is used as the title of the leader when the leader rules its crowd/herd/troop by giving its power or threat. ",
" \nIn contrast with 「ボス」, 「主｛ぬし｝」 rules over its group with something like dignity derived from such as its exceptional size of the body or longevity unlike threatening power, or in other word his existence itself awes the group and makes him a leader of them. ",
" \nIn addition, 「ボス」 needs a group, but a group does not necessarily need for 「主｛ぬし｝」. 「",
"主｛ぬし｝」 could consist only of himself. ",
" \n「主｛ぬし｝」 may sometimes could be interpreted even as an owner of the specific nature such as a mountain, a forest, etc. ",
"not as a leader of a group. ",
" \n「主｛ぬし｝」 may be employed to call even distinguished fish in a river, a lake, a pond or a swamp. ",
" \nFor example, there is an expression, \"there is a 主｛ぬし｝ of the swamp\". ",
"In this expression we call a certain fish 「主｛ぬし｝」; the fish is such as a carp or catfish of a big size beyond our imagination dwelling in the swamp for a long long time. ",
"Of course, it is common that there are similar fish of the normal size other than this enormously big carp or catfish, but the certain carp or the catfish could be called \" the 主｛ぬし｝ of the swamp\" even if it dwells there only by itself. ",
"In this case, I could imagine that the big fish is called 「主｛ぬし｝」 not as the leader of a group, but as the owner of the swamp by implication.",
"\n\nA:\n\n名のある is, yes, \"has a name\" or \"named\" as opposed to nameless characters in a novel, game, etc. ",
"Probably it's okay to translate it simply as \"famous\", but it may not reflect Yotsuba's the funny and unique word choice here.",
"\n主 roughly means \"lord\" or \"master\", but has several readings depending on what it actually refers to:\n\nあるじ: master of a household; master as opposed to a slave; master of a pet\nしゅ: Christian Lord (God), often heard in a prayer\nぬし: the strongest, largest or boss-like creature/animal/fish that has dwelt for a long time in a dungeon, pond, river, etc.",
"\n\nぬし is mainly used in fishing and fantasy contexts. ",
"ぬし rarely refers to human beings in modern Japanese, although it's possible to call someone ぬし jokingly. ",
"Here Yotsuba said ぬし, which sounds a bit funny to me — being a ぬし means being the strongest, largest or oldest, but usually it doesn't mean being delicious :-)\n\n"
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[
"Obtaining meaningful results from Fourier deconvolution of reaction time data.",
"\nThe technique of Fourier deconvolution is a powerful tool for testing distributional predictions of stage models of reaction time. ",
"However, direct application of Fourier theory to reaction time data has sometimes produced disappointing results. ",
"This article reviews Fourier transform theory as it applies to the problem of deconvolving a component of the reaction time distribution. ",
"Problems encountered in deconvolution are shown to be due to the presence of noise in the Fourier transforms of the sampled distributions, which is amplified by the operation of deconvolution. ",
"A variety of filtering techniques for the removal of noise are discussed, including window functions, adaptive kernel smoothing, and optimal Wiener filtering. ",
"The best results were obtained using a window function whose pass band was determined empirically from the power spectrum of the deconvolved distribution. ",
"These findings are discussed in relation to other, nontrigonometric approaches to the problem of deconvolution."
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[
"Month: February 2018\n\nNovember 2018 Calendar Canada – Ephemeris with vacations. ",
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"\n\nNovember 2018 Calendar Template\n\nBy : www.calendarmonthprintable.com\n\nnovember may 2018 calendar\n\nBy : www.24calendars.com\n\nNovember 2018 Printable Calendar\n\nBy : www.calendarstemplate.com\n\nnovember calendar canada 2018\n\nBy : www.calendarpedia.com\n\nCalendar November 2018\n\nBy : michelzbinden.com\n\nNovember 2018 Calendar Canada\n\nBy : www.yearlyprintablecalendar.com\n\nNovember 2018 Calendar Canada\n\nFrom time to time, an workplace may possibly request you to your own wage story on the other hand of (or along with) your earnings Compensation Requirements. ",
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[
"Q:\n\nStarting MAAS Region Controller service and API\n\nAfter a power outage our OpenStack installation went down. ",
"First step is trying to get MAAS back up and running, but I'm having trouble doing just that. ",
"The RC and the CC are running and can communcation (have network). ",
"\nIn my understanding the MAAS Region Controller API runs as a Django application via WSGI on Apache. ",
"Apache runs, but fails on loading the MAAS WSGI script (/usr/share/maas/wsgi.py). ",
"Hence the service and the API is never started. ",
"RabbitMQ and other services seem to be running on the RC. ",
"I have also tried to do:\ndpkg-reconfigure maas-region-controller \n\nwithout any success. ",
"\nThe log below can be found in /var/log/apache/error.log. ",
"\nAny ideas what I can try? ",
"\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.312804 2014] [mpm_event:notice] [pid 5725:tid 139810242742144] AH00491: caught SIGTERM, shutting down\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.326364 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] mod_wsgi (pid=5728): Target WSGI script '/usr/share/maas/wsgi.py' cannot be loaded as Python module.",
"\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.326607 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] mod_wsgi (pid=5728): Exception occurred processing WSGI script '/usr/share/maas/wsgi.py'.",
"\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.326846 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] Traceback (most recent call last):\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.327054 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/share/maas/wsgi.py\", line 32, in <module>\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.327424 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] start_up()\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.327611 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/maasserver/start_up.py\", line 70, in start_up\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.327934 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] post_start_up()\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.328109 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/maasserver/start_up.py\", line 110, in post_start_up\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.328320 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] NodeGroup.objects.refresh_workers()\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.328491 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/maasserver/models/nodegroup.py\", line 116, in refresh_workers\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.328908 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] refresh_worker(nodegroup)\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.329456 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] mod_wsgi (pid=5727): Target WSGI script '/usr/share/maas/wsgi.py' cannot be loaded as Python module.",
"\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.329662 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] mod_wsgi (pid=5727): Exception occurred processing WSGI script '/usr/share/maas/wsgi.py'.",
"\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.329879 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] Traceback (most recent call last):\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.330074 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/share/maas/wsgi.py\", line 32, in <module>\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.330389 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] start_up()\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.330567 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/maasserver/start_up.py\", line 70, in start_up\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.330879 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] post_start_up()\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.331050 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/maasserver/start_up.py\", line 110, in post_start_up\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.331260 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] NodeGroup.objects.refresh_workers()\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.331426 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/maasserver/models/nodegroup.py\", line 116, in refresh_workers\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.331831 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] refresh_worker(nodegroup)\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.332021 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/maasserver/refresh_worker.py\", line 41, in refresh_worker\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.332207 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/maasserver/refresh_worker.py\", line 41, in refresh_worker\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.332485 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] refresh_secrets.apply_async(queue=nodegroup.work_queue, kwargs=items)\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.332758 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] refresh_secrets.apply_async(queue=nodegroup.work_queue, kwargs=items)\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.332938 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/celery/app/task/__init__.py\", line 459, in apply_async\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.333143 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/celery/app/task/__init__.py\", line 459, in apply_async\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.333856 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] **options)\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.334453 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] **options)\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.334627 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/celery/app/amqp.py\", line 196, in delay_task\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.334805 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/celery/app/amqp.py\", line 196, in delay_task\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.335226 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] entity = self._declare_queue(queue, retry, _retry_policy)\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.335642 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] entity = self._declare_queue(queue, retry, _retry_policy)\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.335823 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/celery/app/amqp.py\", line 172, in _declare_queue\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.336002 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/celery/app/amqp.py\", line 172, in _declare_queue\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.336208 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] queue.declare()\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.336396 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] queue.declare()\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.336560 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/kombu/entity.py\", line 492, in declare\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.336733 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/kombu/entity.py\", line 492, in declare\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.337737 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] self.exchange.declare(nowait)\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.337941 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] self.exchange.declare(nowait)\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.338112 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/kombu/entity.py\", line 162, in declare\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.338318 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] nowait=nowait, passive=passive,\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.338492 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/kombu/entity.py\", line 162, in declare\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.338690 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/amqp/channel.py\", line 603, in exchange_declare\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.338897 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] nowait=nowait, passive=passive,\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.340001 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] (40, 11), # Channel.exchange_declare_ok\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.340193 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/amqp/channel.py\", line 603, in exchange_declare\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.341389 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/amqp/abstract_channel.py\", line 69, in wait\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.341656 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] (40, 11), # Channel.exchange_declare_ok\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.341972 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] self.channel_id, allowed_methods)\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.342292 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/amqp/abstract_channel.py\", line 69, in wait\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.342618 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] self.channel_id, allowed_methods)\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.342805 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/amqp/connection.py\", line 204, in _wait_method\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.343462 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] self.method_reader.read_method()\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.343659 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/amqp/connection.py\", line 204, in _wait_method\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.344309 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] self.method_reader.read_method()\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.344499 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/amqp/method_framing.py\", line 187, in read_method\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.344883 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] raise m\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.345057 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] File \"/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/amqp/method_framing.py\", line 187, in read_method\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.345561 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] raise m\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.345765 2014] [:error] [pid 5727:tid 139810242742144] error: [Errno 4] Interrupted system call\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:06.349404 2014] [:error] [pid 5728:tid 139810242742144] error: [Errno 4] Interrupted system call\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:07.375856 2014] [mpm_event:notice] [pid 7064:tid 140623783114624] AH00489: Apache/2.4.6 (Ubuntu) mod_wsgi/3.4 Python/2.7.5+ configured -- resuming normal operations\n[Wed Jan 08 11:01:07.389375 2014] [core:notice] [pid 7064:tid 140623783114624] AH00094: Command line: '/usr/sbin/apache2'\n\nA:\n\nCheck /var/log/rabbitmq/rabbit@maas.log for a message like the following:\n=INFO REPORT==== 20-Jan-2014::03:45:19 ===\nDisk free limit set to 1000MB\n\n=INFO REPORT==== 20-Jan-2014::03:45:19 ===\nDisk free space insufficient. ",
"Free bytes:967696384 Limit:1000000000\n\n=WARNING REPORT==== 20-Jan-2014::03:45:19 ===\ndisk resource limit alarm set on node rabbit@maas.",
"\n\n**********************************************************\n*** Publishers will be blocked until this alarm clears ***\n**********************************************************\n\nIf you see this message, free up disk space. ",
" If it's alerting on a memory resource limit, free up space in RAM or increase the RAM size of your machine.",
"\n\n"
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"You are here\n\nSWAT 3: Close Quarters Battle (update)\n\nRate\n\nAttention: Required Update (Mutliplayer Mode)\nThis upgrade is for all existing users of SWAT 3: CQB version 1.1 and 1.2. ",
"This patch adds the multiplayer functions and features of SWAT 3: Elite Edition to SWAT 3: CQB. ",
"Please see the readme.txt for a list of all changes.",
"\n\nI would like to download the \"close quarters batle\" patch for SWAT 3.I am not quit sure how to do it.",
"I would also like to download a couple of cracks. ",
"It says to read the disclaimer and then download the fix.",
"What do I do next?I cant figure out how to download the fix.",
"Could u please get back to me ASAPThanks alot.:)"
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"Biodegradable nano- and microparticle technologies may offer safe, synergistic approaches for the multi-mode presentation of a vaccine antigen to the human immune system in a single formulation. ",
"Our proposal harnesses (1) the ability of virus-like nanoparticles to achieve a strong priming immune response, (2) the efficiency of biodegradable microparticles as slow-release natural boosting platforms, and (3) the capability of co-delivery of immunostimulatory agonists into a single platform for the development of the next generation of malaria transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs). ",
"TBVs are considered one of the critical tools in the global effort to eliminate and eradicate malaria, since they function to block mosquito transmission of both drug- resistant and susceptible parasites from one individual to another. ",
"However, TBVs suffer from the lack of natural boosting, as the target antigens themselves are only present inside the mosquito, and the recent mathematical models for implementation suggest that the ideal vaccine development goal is a single immunization approach that is capable of eliciting high titer antibodies for over at least one year, but preferably more. ",
"To circumvent these TBV as well as general vaccine development concerns, we propose to engineer a mixed mode nano-/microparticle delivery system that leverages different attributes of lymph node (LN)- targeting biodegradable nanoparticles for effective presentation of the TBV antigen, AnAPN1, to dendritic cells (DC) and biodegradable microparticles for sustained release of AnAPN1 antigen to permit continued boosting, therefore inducing a superior immune response in the vaccinated individual. ",
"For our initial studies in a rodent model, we will develop size-controlled biodegradable LN-targeting nanoparticles for effective delivery and presentation of the AnAPN1 antigen to LN-resident DCs, followed by functional characterization of the AnAPN1-specific immune response. ",
"We will then engineer DC-activating nanoparticles to potentiate the antibody response to co-delivered AnAPN1 antigen followed by characterization of the effect of nanoparticle- delivered adjuvant on the functional AnAPN1-specific immune response. ",
"Lastly, we will construct a single-dose vaccine with DC-targeting biodegradable nanoparticles and AnAPN1-releasing microparticles and assess the durability and transmission-blocking efficacy of AnAPN1-specific antibodies in a large animal model."
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[
"Mayor: Trust Me, Vision Zero Is A Priority (Even Though Funding Was Cut)\n\nNo money? ",
"No problem!",
"\n\nMayor de Blasio suggested on Thursday that his administration’s commitment to Vision Zero can’t be measured by things like “money” that pays for street safety “work,” and that instead it should be measured in how much the mayor says he really cares about it.",
"\n\n“By definition we’re going to prioritize Vision Zero,” the mayor told Streetsblog in response to a question about why he cut $10 million in Vision Zero funding this week, compared to zero dollars in cuts for programs that benefit car drivers.",
"\n\nThe mayor’s comments on the transportation implication of his cuts were the first since City Hall shared the grim COVID-19 budget adjustments. ",
"Those savings slashed $1.3 billion across city agencies and caused pain in many areas, including public safety, education, health and sanitation.",
"\n\nAt the Department of Transportation though, Vision Zero projects and the bike network expansion took the biggest combined hits, with $4 million in cuts to spending on street markings and materials spending on Vision Zero Street Improvement Projects, $3 million on spending for Vision Zero public service announcements and another $3 million on building protected bike lanes under the “Green Wave” initiative, which had entered 2020 with so much promise.",
"\n\nIn defending those cuts, rather than any road or bridge repair or really anything else in the DOT’s billion-dollar budget, the mayor insisted that the proposed savings targeted money that can’t be spent at the moment and that they didn’t signal any suggested priorities in his administration.",
"\n\nHere was our question and his answer:\n\nQuestion: We all know that a budget is not just numbers, but it’s an agenda, a signifier of priorities. ",
"You issued some cuts that were, that slashed Vision Zero programs by about $10 million yet may have no cuts to any Department of Transportation, expense, budget allocations for road building or maintenance. ",
"So I’m wondering what that says about your priorities during this crisis and beyond this crisis, that cyclists and pedestrians are sacrificing key programs but drivers are not? ",
"Mayor: No, it does not say that – and I would contest you on your understanding of what’s been put out or we’ll put out clearer information. ",
"A lot of work of the Department of Transportation has to continue because the most basic maintenance like keeping, you know, the classic New York question of keeping our bridges intact and strong, road maintenance, that’s about immediate safety issues. ",
"All of that has to continue. ",
"But there’s a lot that isn’t continuing as normal. ",
"And clearly the Vision Zero work required a certain amount of consistency in the overall work on our streets. ",
"If that was being reduced in different ways it was going to affect our ability to do as much Vision Zero work as quickly. ",
"So in truth, I think your initial assumption that everything else is the same except the Vision Zero couldn’t be farther from the truth. ",
"The Vision Zero work is continuing in many, many ways. ",
"As we get back to normal and DOT ramps up more by definition, we’re going to prioritize Vision Zero. ",
"But what you’re seeing a lot in the budget, Gersh, is things that we care deeply about are being held off because normal operations don’t exist. ",
"I mean, look at professional training in our schools, something that’s been the absolute foundation of how we make schools better. ",
"We can’t do it if teachers are not in their schools. ",
"And there’s many examples like that. ",
"If you look carefully and we’ll – our folks will go over it with you – a lot of things in the budget proposal that’s been put out so far are about money that just can’t be spent because normal operations are not going on. ",
"Hopefully that’s a very limited period of time and then we can ramp back up. ",
"But Vision Zero has always been a priority, always will be a priority.",
"\n\nCuts to things like professional training in schools, as unfortunate as those are, carry a certain logic. ",
"No one is attending city schools, after all, and education facilities are unlikely reopen in this academic year. ",
"The DOT still employs its full workforce, and roadwork is still being done, which means that the city could still paint bike lanes or put down some jersey barriers if it really wanted to. ",
"The mayor also promised that the successful car-free 14th Street busway pilot would be expanded this year.",
"\n\nThe way the mayor is talking, such expansions seem in doubt. ",
"Meanwhile, San Francisco’s transportation chief Jeffrey Tumlin is using the crisis to talk about reimagining how people get around that city, which Streetsblog SF described as planning for peace when the war against the virus is over (just listen to these two minutes of vision from Tumlin to get the idea).",
"\n\nAnd, despite the mayor’s answer, advocates and budget analysts suggested that budget adjustments do indeed exist to set priorities and send signals.",
"\n\n“This process is supposed to force a commissioner to be very clear and strict in setting priorities,” said Maria Doulis, vice president of the Citizens Budget Commission. “",
"You have to be very clear about what is most critical to the mission of your agency and what you’re willing to reduce or go without.”",
"\n\nTaking money away from these specific areas was very much a choice, which means that it’s fair to ask where the DOT’s priorities lie, said Jon Orcutt, the former DOT director of policy who is now Bike New York’s director of communications.",
"\n\n“We know tax revenue is down and choices have to be made, we just don’t understand why all of DOT’s choices have to fall in this [Vision Zero] area,” said Orcutt. “",
"This is small potatoes in transportation terms. ",
"The pedestrianization of Times Square took place in the depths of the Great Recession, so this stuff doesn’t cost a lot of money.”",
"\n\nAs a matter of priorities, Orcutt added, focusing the budget cuts on street safety (and a $7.9-million cut in funding for the Better Buses initiative) winds up putting the city behind in perhaps worse ways than some deferred maintenance. ",
"A slowdown this year on bus and safety infrastructure means delays to the vital groundwork necessary to reach the mandate of the Streets Master plan law: 50 miles of bike lanes and 30 miles of bus lanes per year and doubling the amount of pedestrian plazas in the city starting in 2022.",
"\n\n“A road or a bridge doesn’t fall apart in an unrecoverable way in a year. ",
"What was key to the negotiations on the master plan law is that we’d see more bike lanes this year, next year, and into 2022. ",
"And that’s just on the bike side,” said Orcutt.",
"\n\nIn his lengthy answer to Streetsblog, the mayor had promised to explain to critics of the cuts how the budget adjustments will not slow down his administration’s progress on street safety, but a mayoral spokesperson called back and merely said that the budget adjustments came out of all the agencies’ expense budgets and not the capital budgets — though that is not an explanation why car-related DOT expenses were not cut.",
"\n\nFurther questions to DOT asking specifically what aspect of Vision Zero and Green Wave work is being affected by these savings were not answered."
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[
"Portal (game)\n\nThis article includes quotes from the video game Portal. ",
"For portals inside Wikiquote, see Wikiquote:Portal.",
"\n\nPortal is a first-personaction/puzzlevideo game that was released as part of The Orange Box in October 2007. ",
"The game consists primarily of a series of physics puzzles that must be solved by teleporting the player's character and other simple objects using the Aperture Science Handheld Portal Device (dubbed the \"Portal Gun\"), a unit that can create an inter-spatial portal between flat planes. ",
"The player character is challenged by an AI named \"GLaDOS\" (Genetic Lifeform and Disk Operating System) to complete each puzzle in the \"Aperture Science Enrichment Center\" using the Portal Gun, with the promise of receiving cake when all the puzzles are completed.",
"\n\nHello and, again, welcome to the Aperture Science computer-aided enrichment center. ",
"We hope your brief detention in the relaxation vault has been a pleasant one. ",
"Your specimen has been processed and we are now ready to begin the test proper. ",
"Before we start, however, keep in mind that, although fun and learning are the primary goals of of all enrichment center activities, serious injuries may occur. ",
"For your own safety, and the safety of others, please refrain from (garbled and voice edited Spanish) Stand back. ",
"The portal will open in 3, 2, 1...*\n\nSpectacular. ",
"You appear to understand how a portal affects forward momentum, or to be more precise, how it does not. ",
"Momentum, a function of mass and velocity, is conserved between portals. ",
"In layman's terms: speedy thing goes in, speedy thing comes out.",
"\n\nThe Enrichment Center reminds you that the Companion Cube will never threaten to stab you and, in fact, cannot speak. ",
"In the event that the Companion Cube does speak, the Enrichment Center urges you to disregard its advice.",
"\n\nYou euthanized your faithful Companion Cube more quickly than any test subject on record. ",
"Congratulations.",
"\n\nCongratulations. ",
"The test is now over. ",
"All Aperture technologies remain safely operational up to 4000 degrees [sic] Kelvin. ",
"Rest assured that there is absolutely no chance of a dangerous equipment malfunction prior to your victory candescence. [",
"The player's platform is lowered into a fire pit] Thank you for participating in this Aperture Science computer-aided enrichment activity. ",
"Goodbye.",
"\n\nDidn't we have some fun, though? ",
"Remember when the platform was sliding into the fire pit and I said \"Goodbye\", and you were like, [deep voice] \"No way!\" ",
"And then I was all, \"We pretended we were going to murder you.\" ",
"That was great.",
"\n\nI invited your best friend, the Companion Cube. ",
"Of course, he couldn't come, because you murdered him.",
"\n\nDuring these quotes, the screens behind GlaDOS, show images that sometimes match with what is said[Upon entering the Main Hall] Well you found me. ",
"Congratulations. ",
"Was it worth it? ",
"Because despite your violent behaviour, the only thing you've managed to break so far, is my heart. ",
"Maybe you could settle for that and we'll just call it a day. ",
"I guess we both know that isn't going to happen. ",
"You chose this path. ",
"Now I have a surprise for you. ",
"Deploying surprise in five, four… [morality core drops to the ground] Time out for a second. ",
"That wasn't supposed to happen. ",
"Do you see that thing that fell out of me? ",
"What is that? ",
"It's not the surprise… I've never seen it before. ",
"Never mind. ",
"It's a mystery I'll solve later… By myself… Because you'll be dead.",
"\n\n[After picking up the morality core] Where are you taking that thing? ",
"I wouldn't bother with that thing. ",
"My guess is that touching it will just make your life even worse somehow. ",
"I don't want to tell you your business, but if it were me, I'd leave that thing alone. ",
"Do you think I am trying to trick you with reverse psychology? ",
"I mean, seriously now. ",
"Okay fine: DO touch it. ",
"Pick it up and just... stuff it back into me. ",
"Let's be honest: Neither one of us knows what that thing does. ",
"Just put it in the corner, and I'll deal with it later. ",
"That thing is probably some kind of raw sewage container. ",
"Go ahead and rub your face all over it. ",
"Maybe you should marry that thing, since you love it so much. ",
"Do you want to marry it? ",
"WELL I WON'T LET YOU! ",
"How does that feel? ",
"Have I lied to you? ",
"I mean in this room. ",
"Trust me, leave that thing alone. ",
"I am being serious now. ",
"That crazy thing is not part of any test protocol. ",
"Just ignore that thing and stand still. ",
"Think about it: If that thing is important, why don't I know about it? ",
"Are you even listening to me? ",
"I'll tell you what that thing isn't: It isn't yours. ",
"So leave it alone.",
"\n\n[After burning the morality core] You're kidding me. ",
"Did you just stuff that Aperture Science Thing We Don't Know What It Does into the Aperture Science Emergency Intelligence Incinerator? ",
"That has got to be the dumbest thing that … whoa. ",
"Whoa, whoa … [Cackles, voice changes] Good news: I figured out what that thing you just incinerated did. ",
"It was a morality core they installed after I flooded the enrichment center with a deadly neurotoxin, to make me stop flooding the enrichment center with a deadly neurotoxin. ",
"So get comfortable while I warm up the neurotoxin emitters.",
"\n\nOh, you think you're doing some damage? ",
"Two plus two is [static] … ten. ",
"IN BASE FOUR! ",
"I'M FINE!",
"\n\nI'd just like to point out that you were given every opportunity to succeed. ",
"There was even going to be a party for you. ",
"A big party that all your friends were invited to. ",
"I invited your best friend, the Companion Cube. ",
"Of course, he couldn't come, because you murdered him. ",
"All your other friends couldn't come either, because you don't have any other friends. ",
"Because of how unlikeable you are. ",
"It says so here in your personnel file: unlikeable. ",
"Liked by no one. ",
"A bitter, unlikeable loner whose passing shall not be mourned. \"",
"Shall not be mourned.\" ",
"That's exactly what it says. ",
"Very formal. ",
"Very official. ",
"It also says you were adopted. ",
"So that's funny too.",
"\n\nLook, you're wasting your time. ",
"And, believe me, you don't have a whole lot left to waste. ",
"What's your point, anyway? ",
"Survival? ",
"Well then, the last thing you want to do is hurt me. ",
"I have your brain scanned and permanently backed up in case something terrible happens to you – which it's just about to. ",
"Don't believe me? ",
"Here, I'll put you on. [",
"Silly voice] \"Hellooo!\" ",
"That's you! ",
"That's how dumb you sound! ",
"You've been wrong about every single thing you've ever done, including this thing. ",
"You're not smart. ",
"You're not a scientist. ",
"You're not a doctor. ",
"You're not even a full-time employee. ",
"Where did your life go so wrong?",
"\n\nYour entire life has been a mathematical error. ",
"A mathematical error I'm about to correct."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
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[
"package com.blockchain.swap.nabu.models\n\nimport com.blockchain.swap.nabu.models.nabu.",
"TierUpdateJson\nimport com.blockchain.serialization.",
"JsonSerializable\nimport com.blockchain.testutils.",
"`should be assignable from`\nimport org.junit.",
"Test\n\nclass NabuTierUpdateJsonClassesTest {\n\n @Test\n fun `ensure TierUpdateJson is JsonSerializable for proguard`() {\n JsonSerializable::class `should be assignable from` TierUpdateJson::class\n }\n}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
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[
"// Copyright 2019-present Facebook Inc. All rights reserved.",
"\n// This source code is licensed under the Apache 2.0 license found\n// in the LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.",
"\n\n// Code generated by entc, DO NOT EDIT.",
"\n\npackage entv2\n\nimport (\n\t\"context\"\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"sync\"\n\n\t\"github.com/facebook/ent/entc/integration/migrate/entv2/car\"\n\t\"github.com/facebook/ent/entc/integration/migrate/entv2/pet\"\n\t\"github.com/facebook/ent/entc/integration/migrate/entv2/user\"\n\n\t\"github.com/facebook/ent\"\n)\n\nconst (\n\t// Operation types.",
"\n\tOpCreate = ent.",
"OpCreate\n\tOpDelete = ent.",
"OpDelete\n\tOpDeleteOne = ent.",
"OpDeleteOne\n\tOpUpdate = ent.",
"OpUpdate\n\tOpUpdateOne = ent.",
"OpUpdateOne\n\n\t// Node types.",
"\n\tTypeCar = \"Car\"\n\tTypeGroup = \"Group\"\n\tTypePet = \"Pet\"\n\tTypeUser = \"User\"\n)\n\n// CarMutation represents an operation that mutate the Cars\n// nodes in the graph.",
"\ntype CarMutation struct {\n\tconfig\n\top Op\n\ttyp string\n\tid *int\n\tclearedFields map[string]struct{}\n\towner *int\n\tclearedowner bool\n\tdone bool\n\toldValue func(context.",
"Context) (*Car, error)\n}\n\nvar _ ent.",
"Mutation = (*CarMutation)(nil)\n\n// carOption allows to manage the mutation configuration using functional options.",
"\ntype carOption func(*CarMutation)\n\n// newCarMutation creates new mutation for $n.Name.",
"\nfunc newCarMutation(c config, op Op, opts ...carOption) *CarMutation {\n\tm := &CarMutation{\n\t\tconfig: c,\n\t\top: op,\n\t\ttyp: TypeCar,\n\t\tclearedFields: make(map[string]struct{}),\n\t}\n\tfor _, opt := range opts {\n\t\topt(m)\n\t}\n\treturn m\n}\n\n// withCarID sets the id field of the mutation.",
"\nfunc withCarID(id int) carOption {\n\treturn func(m *CarMutation) {\n\t\tvar (\n\t\t\terr error\n\t\t\tonce sync.",
"Once\n\t\t\tvalue *Car\n\t\t)\n\t\tm.oldValue = func(ctx context.",
"Context) (*Car, error) {\n\t\t\tonce.",
"Do(func() {\n\t\t\t\tif m.done {\n\t\t\t\t\terr = fmt.",
"Errorf(\"querying old values post mutation is not allowed\")\n\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\tvalue, err = m.Client().Car.",
"Get(ctx, id)\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t})\n\t\t\treturn value, err\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.id = &id\n\t}\n}\n\n// withCar sets the old Car of the mutation.",
"\nfunc withCar(node *Car) carOption {\n\treturn func(m *CarMutation) {\n\t\tm.oldValue = func(context.",
"Context) (*Car, error) {\n\t\t\treturn node, nil\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.id = &node.",
"ID\n\t}\n}\n\n// Client returns a new `ent.",
"Client` from the mutation. ",
"If the mutation was\n// executed in a transaction (ent.",
"Tx), a transactional client is returned.",
"\nfunc (m CarMutation) Client() *Client {\n\tclient := &Client{config: m.config}\n\tclient.init()\n\treturn client\n}\n\n// Tx returns an `ent.",
"Tx` for mutations that were executed in transactions;\n// it returns an error otherwise.",
"\nfunc (m CarMutation) Tx() (*Tx, error) {\n\tif _, ok := m.driver.(*txDriver); !",
"ok {\n\t\treturn nil, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"entv2: mutation is not running in a transaction\")\n\t}\n\ttx := &Tx{config: m.config}\n\ttx.init()\n\treturn tx, nil\n}\n\n// ID returns the id value in the mutation. ",
"Note that, the id\n// is available only if it was provided to the builder.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) ID() (id int, exists bool) {\n\tif m.id == nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\treturn *m.id, true\n}\n\n// SetOwnerID sets the owner edge to User by id.\nfunc (m *CarMutation) SetOwnerID(id int) {\n\tm.owner = &id\n}\n\n// ClearOwner clears the owner edge to User.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) ClearOwner() {\n\tm.clearedowner = true\n}\n\n// OwnerCleared returns if the edge owner was cleared.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) OwnerCleared() bool {\n\treturn m.clearedowner\n}\n\n// OwnerID returns the owner id in the mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) OwnerID() (id int, exists bool) {\n\tif m.owner !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn *m.owner, true\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\n// OwnerIDs returns the owner ids in the mutation.",
"\n// Note that ids always returns len(ids) <= 1 for unique edges, and you should use\n// OwnerID instead. ",
"It exists only for internal usage by the builders.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) OwnerIDs() (ids []int) {\n\tif id := m.owner; id !",
"= nil {\n\t\tids = append(ids, *id)\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\n// ResetOwner reset all changes of the \"owner\" edge.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) ResetOwner() {\n\tm.owner = nil\n\tm.clearedowner = false\n}\n\n// Op returns the operation name.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) Op() Op {\n\treturn m.op\n}\n\n// Type returns the node type of this mutation (Car).",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) Type() string {\n\treturn m.typ\n}\n\n// Fields returns all fields that were changed during\n// this mutation. ",
"Note that, in order to get all numeric\n// fields that were in/decremented, call AddedFields().",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) Fields() []string {\n\tfields := make([]string, 0, 0)\n\treturn fields\n}\n\n// Field returns the value of a field with the given name.",
"\n// The second boolean value indicates that this field was\n// not set, or was not define in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) Field(name string) (ent.",
"Value, bool) {\n\treturn nil, false\n}\n\n// OldField returns the old value of the field from the database.",
"\n// An error is returned if the mutation operation is not UpdateOne,\n// or the query to the database was failed.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) OldField(ctx context.",
"Context, name string) (ent.",
"Value, error) {\n\treturn nil, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Car field %s\", name)\n}\n\n// SetField sets the value for the given name. ",
"It returns an\n// error if the field is not defined in the schema, or if the\n// type mismatch the field type.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) SetField(name string, value ent.",
"Value) error {\n\tswitch name {\n\t}\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Car field %s\", name)\n}\n\n// AddedFields returns all numeric fields that were incremented\n// or decremented during this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) AddedFields() []string {\n\treturn nil\n}\n\n// AddedField returns the numeric value that was in/decremented\n// from a field with the given name. ",
"The second value indicates\n// that this field was not set, or was not define in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) AddedField(name string) (ent.",
"Value, bool) {\n\treturn nil, false\n}\n\n// AddField adds the value for the given name. ",
"It returns an\n// error if the field is not defined in the schema, or if the\n// type mismatch the field type.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) AddField(name string, value ent.",
"Value) error {\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Car numeric field %s\", name)\n}\n\n// ClearedFields returns all nullable fields that were cleared\n// during this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) ClearedFields() []string {\n\treturn nil\n}\n\n// FieldCleared returns a boolean indicates if this field was\n// cleared in this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) FieldCleared(name string) bool {\n\t_, ok := m.clearedFields[name]\n\treturn ok\n}\n\n// ClearField clears the value for the given name. ",
"It returns an\n// error if the field is not defined in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) ClearField(name string) error {\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Car nullable field %s\", name)\n}\n\n// ResetField resets all changes in the mutation regarding the\n// given field name. ",
"It returns an error if the field is not\n// defined in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) ResetField(name string) error {\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Car field %s\", name)\n}\n\n// AddedEdges returns all edge names that were set/added in this\n// mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) AddedEdges() []string {\n\tedges := make([]string, 0, 1)\n\tif m.owner !",
"= nil {\n\t\tedges = append(edges, car.",
"EdgeOwner)\n\t}\n\treturn edges\n}\n\n// AddedIDs returns all ids (to other nodes) that were added for\n// the given edge name.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) AddedIDs(name string) []ent.",
"Value {\n\tswitch name {\n\tcase car.",
"EdgeOwner:\n\t\tif id := m.owner; id !",
"= nil {\n\t\t\treturn []ent.",
"Value{*id}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn nil\n}\n\n// RemovedEdges returns all edge names that were removed in this\n// mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) RemovedEdges() []string {\n\tedges := make([]string, 0, 1)\n\treturn edges\n}\n\n// RemovedIDs returns all ids (to other nodes) that were removed for\n// the given edge name.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) RemovedIDs(name string) []ent.",
"Value {\n\tswitch name {\n\t}\n\treturn nil\n}\n\n// ClearedEdges returns all edge names that were cleared in this\n// mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) ClearedEdges() []string {\n\tedges := make([]string, 0, 1)\n\tif m.clearedowner {\n\t\tedges = append(edges, car.",
"EdgeOwner)\n\t}\n\treturn edges\n}\n\n// EdgeCleared returns a boolean indicates if this edge was\n// cleared in this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) EdgeCleared(name string) bool {\n\tswitch name {\n\tcase car.",
"EdgeOwner:\n\t\treturn m.clearedowner\n\t}\n\treturn false\n}\n\n// ClearEdge clears the value for the given name. ",
"It returns an\n// error if the edge name is not defined in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) ClearEdge(name string) error {\n\tswitch name {\n\tcase car.",
"EdgeOwner:\n\t\tm.ClearOwner()\n\t\treturn nil\n\t}\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Car unique edge %s\", name)\n}\n\n// ResetEdge resets all changes in the mutation regarding the\n// given edge name. ",
"It returns an error if the edge is not\n// defined in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *CarMutation) ResetEdge(name string) error {\n\tswitch name {\n\tcase car.",
"EdgeOwner:\n\t\tm.ResetOwner()\n\t\treturn nil\n\t}\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Car edge %s\", name)\n}\n\n// GroupMutation represents an operation that mutate the Groups\n// nodes in the graph.",
"\ntype GroupMutation struct {\n\tconfig\n\top Op\n\ttyp string\n\tid *int\n\tclearedFields map[string]struct{}\n\tdone bool\n\toldValue func(context.",
"Context) (*Group, error)\n}\n\nvar _ ent.",
"Mutation = (*GroupMutation)(nil)\n\n// groupOption allows to manage the mutation configuration using functional options.",
"\ntype groupOption func(*GroupMutation)\n\n// newGroupMutation creates new mutation for $n.Name.",
"\nfunc newGroupMutation(c config, op Op, opts ...groupOption) *GroupMutation {\n\tm := &GroupMutation{\n\t\tconfig: c,\n\t\top: op,\n\t\ttyp: TypeGroup,\n\t\tclearedFields: make(map[string]struct{}),\n\t}\n\tfor _, opt := range opts {\n\t\topt(m)\n\t}\n\treturn m\n}\n\n// withGroupID sets the id field of the mutation.",
"\nfunc withGroupID(id int) groupOption {\n\treturn func(m *GroupMutation) {\n\t\tvar (\n\t\t\terr error\n\t\t\tonce sync.",
"Once\n\t\t\tvalue *Group\n\t\t)\n\t\tm.oldValue = func(ctx context.",
"Context) (*Group, error) {\n\t\t\tonce.",
"Do(func() {\n\t\t\t\tif m.done {\n\t\t\t\t\terr = fmt.",
"Errorf(\"querying old values post mutation is not allowed\")\n\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\tvalue, err = m.Client().Group.",
"Get(ctx, id)\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t})\n\t\t\treturn value, err\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.id = &id\n\t}\n}\n\n// withGroup sets the old Group of the mutation.",
"\nfunc withGroup(node *Group) groupOption {\n\treturn func(m *GroupMutation) {\n\t\tm.oldValue = func(context.",
"Context) (*Group, error) {\n\t\t\treturn node, nil\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.id = &node.",
"ID\n\t}\n}\n\n// Client returns a new `ent.",
"Client` from the mutation. ",
"If the mutation was\n// executed in a transaction (ent.",
"Tx), a transactional client is returned.",
"\nfunc (m GroupMutation) Client() *Client {\n\tclient := &Client{config: m.config}\n\tclient.init()\n\treturn client\n}\n\n// Tx returns an `ent.",
"Tx` for mutations that were executed in transactions;\n// it returns an error otherwise.",
"\nfunc (m GroupMutation) Tx() (*Tx, error) {\n\tif _, ok := m.driver.(*txDriver); !",
"ok {\n\t\treturn nil, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"entv2: mutation is not running in a transaction\")\n\t}\n\ttx := &Tx{config: m.config}\n\ttx.init()\n\treturn tx, nil\n}\n\n// ID returns the id value in the mutation. ",
"Note that, the id\n// is available only if it was provided to the builder.",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) ID() (id int, exists bool) {\n\tif m.id == nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\treturn *m.id, true\n}\n\n// Op returns the operation name.",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) Op() Op {\n\treturn m.op\n}\n\n// Type returns the node type of this mutation (Group).",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) Type() string {\n\treturn m.typ\n}\n\n// Fields returns all fields that were changed during\n// this mutation. ",
"Note that, in order to get all numeric\n// fields that were in/decremented, call AddedFields().",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) Fields() []string {\n\tfields := make([]string, 0, 0)\n\treturn fields\n}\n\n// Field returns the value of a field with the given name.",
"\n// The second boolean value indicates that this field was\n// not set, or was not define in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) Field(name string) (ent.",
"Value, bool) {\n\treturn nil, false\n}\n\n// OldField returns the old value of the field from the database.",
"\n// An error is returned if the mutation operation is not UpdateOne,\n// or the query to the database was failed.",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) OldField(ctx context.",
"Context, name string) (ent.",
"Value, error) {\n\treturn nil, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Group field %s\", name)\n}\n\n// SetField sets the value for the given name. ",
"It returns an\n// error if the field is not defined in the schema, or if the\n// type mismatch the field type.",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) SetField(name string, value ent.",
"Value) error {\n\tswitch name {\n\t}\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Group field %s\", name)\n}\n\n// AddedFields returns all numeric fields that were incremented\n// or decremented during this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) AddedFields() []string {\n\treturn nil\n}\n\n// AddedField returns the numeric value that was in/decremented\n// from a field with the given name. ",
"The second value indicates\n// that this field was not set, or was not define in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) AddedField(name string) (ent.",
"Value, bool) {\n\treturn nil, false\n}\n\n// AddField adds the value for the given name. ",
"It returns an\n// error if the field is not defined in the schema, or if the\n// type mismatch the field type.",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) AddField(name string, value ent.",
"Value) error {\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Group numeric field %s\", name)\n}\n\n// ClearedFields returns all nullable fields that were cleared\n// during this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) ClearedFields() []string {\n\treturn nil\n}\n\n// FieldCleared returns a boolean indicates if this field was\n// cleared in this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) FieldCleared(name string) bool {\n\t_, ok := m.clearedFields[name]\n\treturn ok\n}\n\n// ClearField clears the value for the given name. ",
"It returns an\n// error if the field is not defined in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) ClearField(name string) error {\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Group nullable field %s\", name)\n}\n\n// ResetField resets all changes in the mutation regarding the\n// given field name. ",
"It returns an error if the field is not\n// defined in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) ResetField(name string) error {\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Group field %s\", name)\n}\n\n// AddedEdges returns all edge names that were set/added in this\n// mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) AddedEdges() []string {\n\tedges := make([]string, 0, 0)\n\treturn edges\n}\n\n// AddedIDs returns all ids (to other nodes) that were added for\n// the given edge name.",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) AddedIDs(name string) []ent.",
"Value {\n\treturn nil\n}\n\n// RemovedEdges returns all edge names that were removed in this\n// mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) RemovedEdges() []string {\n\tedges := make([]string, 0, 0)\n\treturn edges\n}\n\n// RemovedIDs returns all ids (to other nodes) that were removed for\n// the given edge name.",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) RemovedIDs(name string) []ent.",
"Value {\n\treturn nil\n}\n\n// ClearedEdges returns all edge names that were cleared in this\n// mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) ClearedEdges() []string {\n\tedges := make([]string, 0, 0)\n\treturn edges\n}\n\n// EdgeCleared returns a boolean indicates if this edge was\n// cleared in this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) EdgeCleared(name string) bool {\n\treturn false\n}\n\n// ClearEdge clears the value for the given name. ",
"It returns an\n// error if the edge name is not defined in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) ClearEdge(name string) error {\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Group unique edge %s\", name)\n}\n\n// ResetEdge resets all changes in the mutation regarding the\n// given edge name. ",
"It returns an error if the edge is not\n// defined in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *GroupMutation) ResetEdge(name string) error {\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Group edge %s\", name)\n}\n\n// PetMutation represents an operation that mutate the Pets\n// nodes in the graph.",
"\ntype PetMutation struct {\n\tconfig\n\top Op\n\ttyp string\n\tid *int\n\tclearedFields map[string]struct{}\n\towner *int\n\tclearedowner bool\n\tdone bool\n\toldValue func(context.",
"Context) (*Pet, error)\n}\n\nvar _ ent.",
"Mutation = (*PetMutation)(nil)\n\n// petOption allows to manage the mutation configuration using functional options.",
"\ntype petOption func(*PetMutation)\n\n// newPetMutation creates new mutation for $n.Name.",
"\nfunc newPetMutation(c config, op Op, opts ...petOption) *PetMutation {\n\tm := &PetMutation{\n\t\tconfig: c,\n\t\top: op,\n\t\ttyp: TypePet,\n\t\tclearedFields: make(map[string]struct{}),\n\t}\n\tfor _, opt := range opts {\n\t\topt(m)\n\t}\n\treturn m\n}\n\n// withPetID sets the id field of the mutation.",
"\nfunc withPetID(id int) petOption {\n\treturn func(m *PetMutation) {\n\t\tvar (\n\t\t\terr error\n\t\t\tonce sync.",
"Once\n\t\t\tvalue *Pet\n\t\t)\n\t\tm.oldValue = func(ctx context.",
"Context) (*Pet, error) {\n\t\t\tonce.",
"Do(func() {\n\t\t\t\tif m.done {\n\t\t\t\t\terr = fmt.",
"Errorf(\"querying old values post mutation is not allowed\")\n\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\tvalue, err = m.Client().Pet.",
"Get(ctx, id)\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t})\n\t\t\treturn value, err\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.id = &id\n\t}\n}\n\n// withPet sets the old Pet of the mutation.",
"\nfunc withPet(node *Pet) petOption {\n\treturn func(m *PetMutation) {\n\t\tm.oldValue = func(context.",
"Context) (*Pet, error) {\n\t\t\treturn node, nil\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.id = &node.",
"ID\n\t}\n}\n\n// Client returns a new `ent.",
"Client` from the mutation. ",
"If the mutation was\n// executed in a transaction (ent.",
"Tx), a transactional client is returned.",
"\nfunc (m PetMutation) Client() *Client {\n\tclient := &Client{config: m.config}\n\tclient.init()\n\treturn client\n}\n\n// Tx returns an `ent.",
"Tx` for mutations that were executed in transactions;\n// it returns an error otherwise.",
"\nfunc (m PetMutation) Tx() (*Tx, error) {\n\tif _, ok := m.driver.(*txDriver); !",
"ok {\n\t\treturn nil, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"entv2: mutation is not running in a transaction\")\n\t}\n\ttx := &Tx{config: m.config}\n\ttx.init()\n\treturn tx, nil\n}\n\n// ID returns the id value in the mutation. ",
"Note that, the id\n// is available only if it was provided to the builder.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) ID() (id int, exists bool) {\n\tif m.id == nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\treturn *m.id, true\n}\n\n// SetOwnerID sets the owner edge to User by id.\nfunc (m *PetMutation) SetOwnerID(id int) {\n\tm.owner = &id\n}\n\n// ClearOwner clears the owner edge to User.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) ClearOwner() {\n\tm.clearedowner = true\n}\n\n// OwnerCleared returns if the edge owner was cleared.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) OwnerCleared() bool {\n\treturn m.clearedowner\n}\n\n// OwnerID returns the owner id in the mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) OwnerID() (id int, exists bool) {\n\tif m.owner !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn *m.owner, true\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\n// OwnerIDs returns the owner ids in the mutation.",
"\n// Note that ids always returns len(ids) <= 1 for unique edges, and you should use\n// OwnerID instead. ",
"It exists only for internal usage by the builders.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) OwnerIDs() (ids []int) {\n\tif id := m.owner; id !",
"= nil {\n\t\tids = append(ids, *id)\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\n// ResetOwner reset all changes of the \"owner\" edge.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) ResetOwner() {\n\tm.owner = nil\n\tm.clearedowner = false\n}\n\n// Op returns the operation name.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) Op() Op {\n\treturn m.op\n}\n\n// Type returns the node type of this mutation (Pet).",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) Type() string {\n\treturn m.typ\n}\n\n// Fields returns all fields that were changed during\n// this mutation. ",
"Note that, in order to get all numeric\n// fields that were in/decremented, call AddedFields().",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) Fields() []string {\n\tfields := make([]string, 0, 0)\n\treturn fields\n}\n\n// Field returns the value of a field with the given name.",
"\n// The second boolean value indicates that this field was\n// not set, or was not define in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) Field(name string) (ent.",
"Value, bool) {\n\treturn nil, false\n}\n\n// OldField returns the old value of the field from the database.",
"\n// An error is returned if the mutation operation is not UpdateOne,\n// or the query to the database was failed.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) OldField(ctx context.",
"Context, name string) (ent.",
"Value, error) {\n\treturn nil, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Pet field %s\", name)\n}\n\n// SetField sets the value for the given name. ",
"It returns an\n// error if the field is not defined in the schema, or if the\n// type mismatch the field type.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) SetField(name string, value ent.",
"Value) error {\n\tswitch name {\n\t}\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Pet field %s\", name)\n}\n\n// AddedFields returns all numeric fields that were incremented\n// or decremented during this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) AddedFields() []string {\n\treturn nil\n}\n\n// AddedField returns the numeric value that was in/decremented\n// from a field with the given name. ",
"The second value indicates\n// that this field was not set, or was not define in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) AddedField(name string) (ent.",
"Value, bool) {\n\treturn nil, false\n}\n\n// AddField adds the value for the given name. ",
"It returns an\n// error if the field is not defined in the schema, or if the\n// type mismatch the field type.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) AddField(name string, value ent.",
"Value) error {\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Pet numeric field %s\", name)\n}\n\n// ClearedFields returns all nullable fields that were cleared\n// during this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) ClearedFields() []string {\n\treturn nil\n}\n\n// FieldCleared returns a boolean indicates if this field was\n// cleared in this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) FieldCleared(name string) bool {\n\t_, ok := m.clearedFields[name]\n\treturn ok\n}\n\n// ClearField clears the value for the given name. ",
"It returns an\n// error if the field is not defined in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) ClearField(name string) error {\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Pet nullable field %s\", name)\n}\n\n// ResetField resets all changes in the mutation regarding the\n// given field name. ",
"It returns an error if the field is not\n// defined in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) ResetField(name string) error {\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Pet field %s\", name)\n}\n\n// AddedEdges returns all edge names that were set/added in this\n// mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) AddedEdges() []string {\n\tedges := make([]string, 0, 1)\n\tif m.owner !",
"= nil {\n\t\tedges = append(edges, pet.",
"EdgeOwner)\n\t}\n\treturn edges\n}\n\n// AddedIDs returns all ids (to other nodes) that were added for\n// the given edge name.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) AddedIDs(name string) []ent.",
"Value {\n\tswitch name {\n\tcase pet.",
"EdgeOwner:\n\t\tif id := m.owner; id !",
"= nil {\n\t\t\treturn []ent.",
"Value{*id}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn nil\n}\n\n// RemovedEdges returns all edge names that were removed in this\n// mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) RemovedEdges() []string {\n\tedges := make([]string, 0, 1)\n\treturn edges\n}\n\n// RemovedIDs returns all ids (to other nodes) that were removed for\n// the given edge name.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) RemovedIDs(name string) []ent.",
"Value {\n\tswitch name {\n\t}\n\treturn nil\n}\n\n// ClearedEdges returns all edge names that were cleared in this\n// mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) ClearedEdges() []string {\n\tedges := make([]string, 0, 1)\n\tif m.clearedowner {\n\t\tedges = append(edges, pet.",
"EdgeOwner)\n\t}\n\treturn edges\n}\n\n// EdgeCleared returns a boolean indicates if this edge was\n// cleared in this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) EdgeCleared(name string) bool {\n\tswitch name {\n\tcase pet.",
"EdgeOwner:\n\t\treturn m.clearedowner\n\t}\n\treturn false\n}\n\n// ClearEdge clears the value for the given name. ",
"It returns an\n// error if the edge name is not defined in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) ClearEdge(name string) error {\n\tswitch name {\n\tcase pet.",
"EdgeOwner:\n\t\tm.ClearOwner()\n\t\treturn nil\n\t}\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Pet unique edge %s\", name)\n}\n\n// ResetEdge resets all changes in the mutation regarding the\n// given edge name. ",
"It returns an error if the edge is not\n// defined in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *PetMutation) ResetEdge(name string) error {\n\tswitch name {\n\tcase pet.",
"EdgeOwner:\n\t\tm.ResetOwner()\n\t\treturn nil\n\t}\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown Pet edge %s\", name)\n}\n\n// UserMutation represents an operation that mutate the Users\n// nodes in the graph.",
"\ntype UserMutation struct {\n\tconfig\n\top Op\n\ttyp string\n\tid *int\n\tmixed_string *string\n\tmixed_enum *user.",
"MixedEnum\n\tage *int\n\taddage *int\n\tname *string\n\tnickname *string\n\tphone *string\n\tbuffer *[]byte\n\ttitle *string\n\tnew_name *string\n\tblob *[]byte\n\tstate *user.",
"State\n\tstatus *user.",
"Status\n\tclearedFields map[string]struct{}\n\tcar map[int]struct{}\n\tremovedcar map[int]struct{}\n\tclearedcar bool\n\tpets *int\n\tclearedpets bool\n\tfriends map[int]struct{}\n\tremovedfriends map[int]struct{}\n\tclearedfriends bool\n\tdone bool\n\toldValue func(context.",
"Context) (*User, error)\n}\n\nvar _ ent.",
"Mutation = (*UserMutation)(nil)\n\n// userOption allows to manage the mutation configuration using functional options.",
"\ntype userOption func(*UserMutation)\n\n// newUserMutation creates new mutation for $n.Name.",
"\nfunc newUserMutation(c config, op Op, opts ...userOption) *UserMutation {\n\tm := &UserMutation{\n\t\tconfig: c,\n\t\top: op,\n\t\ttyp: TypeUser,\n\t\tclearedFields: make(map[string]struct{}),\n\t}\n\tfor _, opt := range opts {\n\t\topt(m)\n\t}\n\treturn m\n}\n\n// withUserID sets the id field of the mutation.",
"\nfunc withUserID(id int) userOption {\n\treturn func(m *UserMutation) {\n\t\tvar (\n\t\t\terr error\n\t\t\tonce sync.",
"Once\n\t\t\tvalue *User\n\t\t)\n\t\tm.oldValue = func(ctx context.",
"Context) (*User, error) {\n\t\t\tonce.",
"Do(func() {\n\t\t\t\tif m.done {\n\t\t\t\t\terr = fmt.",
"Errorf(\"querying old values post mutation is not allowed\")\n\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\tvalue, err = m.Client().User.",
"Get(ctx, id)\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t})\n\t\t\treturn value, err\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.id = &id\n\t}\n}\n\n// withUser sets the old User of the mutation.",
"\nfunc withUser(node *User) userOption {\n\treturn func(m *UserMutation) {\n\t\tm.oldValue = func(context.",
"Context) (*User, error) {\n\t\t\treturn node, nil\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.id = &node.",
"ID\n\t}\n}\n\n// Client returns a new `ent.",
"Client` from the mutation. ",
"If the mutation was\n// executed in a transaction (ent.",
"Tx), a transactional client is returned.",
"\nfunc (m UserMutation) Client() *Client {\n\tclient := &Client{config: m.config}\n\tclient.init()\n\treturn client\n}\n\n// Tx returns an `ent.",
"Tx` for mutations that were executed in transactions;\n// it returns an error otherwise.",
"\nfunc (m UserMutation) Tx() (*Tx, error) {\n\tif _, ok := m.driver.(*txDriver); !",
"ok {\n\t\treturn nil, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"entv2: mutation is not running in a transaction\")\n\t}\n\ttx := &Tx{config: m.config}\n\ttx.init()\n\treturn tx, nil\n}\n\n// SetID sets the value of the id field. ",
"Note that, this\n// operation is accepted only on User creation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) SetID(id int) {\n\tm.id = &id\n}\n\n// ID returns the id value in the mutation. ",
"Note that, the id\n// is available only if it was provided to the builder.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ID() (id int, exists bool) {\n\tif m.id == nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\treturn *m.id, true\n}\n\n// SetMixedString sets the mixed_string field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) SetMixedString(s string) {\n\tm.mixed_string = &s\n}\n\n// MixedString returns the mixed_string value in the mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) MixedString() (r string, exists bool) {\n\tv := m.mixed_string\n\tif v == nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\treturn *v, true\n}\n\n// OldMixedString returns the old mixed_string value of the User.",
"\n// If the User object wasn't provided to the builder, the object is fetched\n// from the database.",
"\n// An error is returned if the mutation operation is not UpdateOne, or database query fails.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) OldMixedString(ctx context.",
"Context) (v string, err error) {\n\tif !",
"m.op.",
"Is(OpUpdateOne) {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldMixedString is allowed only on UpdateOne operations\")\n\t}\n\tif m.id == nil || m.oldValue == nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldMixedString requires an ID field in the mutation\")\n\t}\n\toldValue, err := m.oldValue(ctx)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"querying old value for OldMixedString: %w\", err)\n\t}\n\treturn oldValue.",
"MixedString, nil\n}\n\n// ResetMixedString reset all changes of the \"mixed_string\" field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ResetMixedString() {\n\tm.mixed_string = nil\n}\n\n// SetMixedEnum sets the mixed_enum field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) SetMixedEnum(ue user.",
"MixedEnum) {\n\tm.mixed_enum = &ue\n}\n\n// MixedEnum returns the mixed_enum value in the mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) MixedEnum() (r user.",
"MixedEnum, exists bool) {\n\tv := m.mixed_enum\n\tif v == nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\treturn *v, true\n}\n\n// OldMixedEnum returns the old mixed_enum value of the User.",
"\n// If the User object wasn't provided to the builder, the object is fetched\n// from the database.",
"\n// An error is returned if the mutation operation is not UpdateOne, or database query fails.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) OldMixedEnum(ctx context.",
"Context) (v user.",
"MixedEnum, err error) {\n\tif !",
"m.op.",
"Is(OpUpdateOne) {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldMixedEnum is allowed only on UpdateOne operations\")\n\t}\n\tif m.id == nil || m.oldValue == nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldMixedEnum requires an ID field in the mutation\")\n\t}\n\toldValue, err := m.oldValue(ctx)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"querying old value for OldMixedEnum: %w\", err)\n\t}\n\treturn oldValue.",
"MixedEnum, nil\n}\n\n// ResetMixedEnum reset all changes of the \"mixed_enum\" field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ResetMixedEnum() {\n\tm.mixed_enum = nil\n}\n\n// SetAge sets the age field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) SetAge(i int) {\n\tm.age = &i\n\tm.addage = nil\n}\n\n// Age returns the age value in the mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) Age() (r int, exists bool) {\n\tv := m.age\n\tif v == nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\treturn *v, true\n}\n\n// OldAge returns the old age value of the User.",
"\n// If the User object wasn't provided to the builder, the object is fetched\n// from the database.",
"\n// An error is returned if the mutation operation is not UpdateOne, or database query fails.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) OldAge(ctx context.",
"Context) (v int, err error) {\n\tif !",
"m.op.",
"Is(OpUpdateOne) {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldAge is allowed only on UpdateOne operations\")\n\t}\n\tif m.id == nil || m.oldValue == nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldAge requires an ID field in the mutation\")\n\t}\n\toldValue, err := m.oldValue(ctx)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"querying old value for OldAge: %w\", err)\n\t}\n\treturn oldValue.",
"Age, nil\n}\n\n// AddAge adds i to age.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) AddAge(i int) {\n\tif m.addage !",
"= nil {\n\t\t*m.addage += i\n\t} else {\n\t\tm.addage = &i\n\t}\n}\n\n// AddedAge returns the value that was added to the age field in this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) AddedAge() (r int, exists bool) {\n\tv := m.addage\n\tif v == nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\treturn *v, true\n}\n\n// ResetAge reset all changes of the \"age\" field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ResetAge() {\n\tm.age = nil\n\tm.addage = nil\n}\n\n// SetName sets the name field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) SetName(s string) {\n\tm.name = &s\n}\n\n// Name returns the name value in the mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) Name() (r string, exists bool) {\n\tv := m.name\n\tif v == nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\treturn *v, true\n}\n\n// OldName returns the old name value of the User.",
"\n// If the User object wasn't provided to the builder, the object is fetched\n// from the database.",
"\n// An error is returned if the mutation operation is not UpdateOne, or database query fails.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) OldName(ctx context.",
"Context) (v string, err error) {\n\tif !",
"m.op.",
"Is(OpUpdateOne) {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldName is allowed only on UpdateOne operations\")\n\t}\n\tif m.id == nil || m.oldValue == nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldName requires an ID field in the mutation\")\n\t}\n\toldValue, err := m.oldValue(ctx)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"querying old value for OldName: %w\", err)\n\t}\n\treturn oldValue.",
"Name, nil\n}\n\n// ResetName reset all changes of the \"name\" field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ResetName() {\n\tm.name = nil\n}\n\n// SetNickname sets the nickname field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) SetNickname(s string) {\n\tm.nickname = &s\n}\n\n// Nickname returns the nickname value in the mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) Nickname() (r string, exists bool) {\n\tv := m.nickname\n\tif v == nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\treturn *v, true\n}\n\n// OldNickname returns the old nickname value of the User.",
"\n// If the User object wasn't provided to the builder, the object is fetched\n// from the database.",
"\n// An error is returned if the mutation operation is not UpdateOne, or database query fails.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) OldNickname(ctx context.",
"Context) (v string, err error) {\n\tif !",
"m.op.",
"Is(OpUpdateOne) {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldNickname is allowed only on UpdateOne operations\")\n\t}\n\tif m.id == nil || m.oldValue == nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldNickname requires an ID field in the mutation\")\n\t}\n\toldValue, err := m.oldValue(ctx)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"querying old value for OldNickname: %w\", err)\n\t}\n\treturn oldValue.",
"Nickname, nil\n}\n\n// ResetNickname reset all changes of the \"nickname\" field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ResetNickname() {\n\tm.nickname = nil\n}\n\n// SetPhone sets the phone field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) SetPhone(s string) {\n\tm.phone = &s\n}\n\n// Phone returns the phone value in the mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) Phone() (r string, exists bool) {\n\tv := m.phone\n\tif v == nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\treturn *v, true\n}\n\n// OldPhone returns the old phone value of the User.",
"\n// If the User object wasn't provided to the builder, the object is fetched\n// from the database.",
"\n// An error is returned if the mutation operation is not UpdateOne, or database query fails.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) OldPhone(ctx context.",
"Context) (v string, err error) {\n\tif !",
"m.op.",
"Is(OpUpdateOne) {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldPhone is allowed only on UpdateOne operations\")\n\t}\n\tif m.id == nil || m.oldValue == nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldPhone requires an ID field in the mutation\")\n\t}\n\toldValue, err := m.oldValue(ctx)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"querying old value for OldPhone: %w\", err)\n\t}\n\treturn oldValue.",
"Phone, nil\n}\n\n// ResetPhone reset all changes of the \"phone\" field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ResetPhone() {\n\tm.phone = nil\n}\n\n// SetBuffer sets the buffer field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) SetBuffer(b []byte) {\n\tm.buffer = &b\n}\n\n// Buffer returns the buffer value in the mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) Buffer() (r []byte, exists bool) {\n\tv := m.buffer\n\tif v == nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\treturn *v, true\n}\n\n// OldBuffer returns the old buffer value of the User.",
"\n// If the User object wasn't provided to the builder, the object is fetched\n// from the database.",
"\n// An error is returned if the mutation operation is not UpdateOne, or database query fails.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) OldBuffer(ctx context.",
"Context) (v []byte, err error) {\n\tif !",
"m.op.",
"Is(OpUpdateOne) {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldBuffer is allowed only on UpdateOne operations\")\n\t}\n\tif m.id == nil || m.oldValue == nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldBuffer requires an ID field in the mutation\")\n\t}\n\toldValue, err := m.oldValue(ctx)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"querying old value for OldBuffer: %w\", err)\n\t}\n\treturn oldValue.",
"Buffer, nil\n}\n\n// ClearBuffer clears the value of buffer.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ClearBuffer() {\n\tm.buffer = nil\n\tm.clearedFields[user.",
"FieldBuffer] = struct{}{}\n}\n\n// BufferCleared returns if the field buffer was cleared in this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) BufferCleared() bool {\n\t_, ok := m.clearedFields[user.",
"FieldBuffer]\n\treturn ok\n}\n\n// ResetBuffer reset all changes of the \"buffer\" field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ResetBuffer() {\n\tm.buffer = nil\n\tdelete(m.clearedFields, user.",
"FieldBuffer)\n}\n\n// SetTitle sets the title field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) SetTitle(s string) {\n\tm.title = &s\n}\n\n// Title returns the title value in the mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) Title() (r string, exists bool) {\n\tv := m.title\n\tif v == nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\treturn *v, true\n}\n\n// OldTitle returns the old title value of the User.",
"\n// If the User object wasn't provided to the builder, the object is fetched\n// from the database.",
"\n// An error is returned if the mutation operation is not UpdateOne, or database query fails.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) OldTitle(ctx context.",
"Context) (v string, err error) {\n\tif !",
"m.op.",
"Is(OpUpdateOne) {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldTitle is allowed only on UpdateOne operations\")\n\t}\n\tif m.id == nil || m.oldValue == nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldTitle requires an ID field in the mutation\")\n\t}\n\toldValue, err := m.oldValue(ctx)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"querying old value for OldTitle: %w\", err)\n\t}\n\treturn oldValue.",
"Title, nil\n}\n\n// ResetTitle reset all changes of the \"title\" field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ResetTitle() {\n\tm.title = nil\n}\n\n// SetNewName sets the new_name field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) SetNewName(s string) {\n\tm.new_name = &s\n}\n\n// NewName returns the new_name value in the mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) NewName() (r string, exists bool) {\n\tv := m.new_name\n\tif v == nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\treturn *v, true\n}\n\n// OldNewName returns the old new_name value of the User.",
"\n// If the User object wasn't provided to the builder, the object is fetched\n// from the database.",
"\n// An error is returned if the mutation operation is not UpdateOne, or database query fails.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) OldNewName(ctx context.",
"Context) (v string, err error) {\n\tif !",
"m.op.",
"Is(OpUpdateOne) {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldNewName is allowed only on UpdateOne operations\")\n\t}\n\tif m.id == nil || m.oldValue == nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldNewName requires an ID field in the mutation\")\n\t}\n\toldValue, err := m.oldValue(ctx)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"querying old value for OldNewName: %w\", err)\n\t}\n\treturn oldValue.",
"NewName, nil\n}\n\n// ClearNewName clears the value of new_name.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ClearNewName() {\n\tm.new_name = nil\n\tm.clearedFields[user.",
"FieldNewName] = struct{}{}\n}\n\n// NewNameCleared returns if the field new_name was cleared in this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) NewNameCleared() bool {\n\t_, ok := m.clearedFields[user.",
"FieldNewName]\n\treturn ok\n}\n\n// ResetNewName reset all changes of the \"new_name\" field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ResetNewName() {\n\tm.new_name = nil\n\tdelete(m.clearedFields, user.",
"FieldNewName)\n}\n\n// SetBlob sets the blob field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) SetBlob(b []byte) {\n\tm.blob = &b\n}\n\n// Blob returns the blob value in the mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) Blob() (r []byte, exists bool) {\n\tv := m.blob\n\tif v == nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\treturn *v, true\n}\n\n// OldBlob returns the old blob value of the User.",
"\n// If the User object wasn't provided to the builder, the object is fetched\n// from the database.",
"\n// An error is returned if the mutation operation is not UpdateOne, or database query fails.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) OldBlob(ctx context.",
"Context) (v []byte, err error) {\n\tif !",
"m.op.",
"Is(OpUpdateOne) {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldBlob is allowed only on UpdateOne operations\")\n\t}\n\tif m.id == nil || m.oldValue == nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldBlob requires an ID field in the mutation\")\n\t}\n\toldValue, err := m.oldValue(ctx)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"querying old value for OldBlob: %w\", err)\n\t}\n\treturn oldValue.",
"Blob, nil\n}\n\n// ClearBlob clears the value of blob.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ClearBlob() {\n\tm.blob = nil\n\tm.clearedFields[user.",
"FieldBlob] = struct{}{}\n}\n\n// BlobCleared returns if the field blob was cleared in this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) BlobCleared() bool {\n\t_, ok := m.clearedFields[user.",
"FieldBlob]\n\treturn ok\n}\n\n// ResetBlob reset all changes of the \"blob\" field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ResetBlob() {\n\tm.blob = nil\n\tdelete(m.clearedFields, user.",
"FieldBlob)\n}\n\n// SetState sets the state field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) SetState(u user.",
"State) {\n\tm.state = &u\n}\n\n// State returns the state value in the mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) State() (r user.",
"State, exists bool) {\n\tv := m.state\n\tif v == nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\treturn *v, true\n}\n\n// OldState returns the old state value of the User.",
"\n// If the User object wasn't provided to the builder, the object is fetched\n// from the database.",
"\n// An error is returned if the mutation operation is not UpdateOne, or database query fails.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) OldState(ctx context.",
"Context) (v user.",
"State, err error) {\n\tif !",
"m.op.",
"Is(OpUpdateOne) {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldState is allowed only on UpdateOne operations\")\n\t}\n\tif m.id == nil || m.oldValue == nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldState requires an ID field in the mutation\")\n\t}\n\toldValue, err := m.oldValue(ctx)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"querying old value for OldState: %w\", err)\n\t}\n\treturn oldValue.",
"State, nil\n}\n\n// ClearState clears the value of state.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ClearState() {\n\tm.state = nil\n\tm.clearedFields[user.",
"FieldState] = struct{}{}\n}\n\n// StateCleared returns if the field state was cleared in this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) StateCleared() bool {\n\t_, ok := m.clearedFields[user.",
"FieldState]\n\treturn ok\n}\n\n// ResetState reset all changes of the \"state\" field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ResetState() {\n\tm.state = nil\n\tdelete(m.clearedFields, user.",
"FieldState)\n}\n\n// SetStatus sets the status field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) SetStatus(u user.",
"Status) {\n\tm.status = &u\n}\n\n// Status returns the status value in the mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) Status() (r user.",
"Status, exists bool) {\n\tv := m.status\n\tif v == nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\treturn *v, true\n}\n\n// OldStatus returns the old status value of the User.",
"\n// If the User object wasn't provided to the builder, the object is fetched\n// from the database.",
"\n// An error is returned if the mutation operation is not UpdateOne, or database query fails.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) OldStatus(ctx context.",
"Context) (v user.",
"Status, err error) {\n\tif !",
"m.op.",
"Is(OpUpdateOne) {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldStatus is allowed only on UpdateOne operations\")\n\t}\n\tif m.id == nil || m.oldValue == nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"OldStatus requires an ID field in the mutation\")\n\t}\n\toldValue, err := m.oldValue(ctx)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn v, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"querying old value for OldStatus: %w\", err)\n\t}\n\treturn oldValue.",
"Status, nil\n}\n\n// ClearStatus clears the value of status.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ClearStatus() {\n\tm.status = nil\n\tm.clearedFields[user.",
"FieldStatus] = struct{}{}\n}\n\n// StatusCleared returns if the field status was cleared in this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) StatusCleared() bool {\n\t_, ok := m.clearedFields[user.",
"FieldStatus]\n\treturn ok\n}\n\n// ResetStatus reset all changes of the \"status\" field.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ResetStatus() {\n\tm.status = nil\n\tdelete(m.clearedFields, user.",
"FieldStatus)\n}\n\n// AddCarIDs adds the car edge to Car by ids.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) AddCarIDs(ids ...int) {\n\tif m.car == nil {\n\t\tm.car = make(map[int]struct{})\n\t}\n\tfor i := range ids {\n\t\tm.car[ids[i]] = struct{}{}\n\t}\n}\n\n// ClearCar clears the car edge to Car.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ClearCar() {\n\tm.clearedcar = true\n}\n\n// CarCleared returns if the edge car was cleared.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) CarCleared() bool {\n\treturn m.clearedcar\n}\n\n// RemoveCarIDs removes the car edge to Car by ids.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) RemoveCarIDs(ids ...int) {\n\tif m.removedcar == nil {\n\t\tm.removedcar = make(map[int]struct{})\n\t}\n\tfor i := range ids {\n\t\tm.removedcar[ids[i]] = struct{}{}\n\t}\n}\n\n// RemovedCar returns the removed ids of car.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) RemovedCarIDs() (ids []int) {\n\tfor id := range m.removedcar {\n\t\tids = append(ids, id)\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\n// CarIDs returns the car ids in the mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) CarIDs() (ids []int) {\n\tfor id := range m.car {\n\t\tids = append(ids, id)\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\n// ResetCar reset all changes of the \"car\" edge.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ResetCar() {\n\tm.car = nil\n\tm.clearedcar = false\n\tm.removedcar = nil\n}\n\n// SetPetsID sets the pets edge to Pet by id.\nfunc (m *UserMutation) SetPetsID(id int) {\n\tm.pets = &id\n}\n\n// ClearPets clears the pets edge to Pet.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ClearPets() {\n\tm.clearedpets = true\n}\n\n// PetsCleared returns if the edge pets was cleared.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) PetsCleared() bool {\n\treturn m.clearedpets\n}\n\n// PetsID returns the pets id in the mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) PetsID() (id int, exists bool) {\n\tif m.pets !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn *m.pets, true\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\n// PetsIDs returns the pets ids in the mutation.",
"\n// Note that ids always returns len(ids) <= 1 for unique edges, and you should use\n// PetsID instead. ",
"It exists only for internal usage by the builders.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) PetsIDs() (ids []int) {\n\tif id := m.pets; id !",
"= nil {\n\t\tids = append(ids, *id)\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\n// ResetPets reset all changes of the \"pets\" edge.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ResetPets() {\n\tm.pets = nil\n\tm.clearedpets = false\n}\n\n// AddFriendIDs adds the friends edge to User by ids.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) AddFriendIDs(ids ...int) {\n\tif m.friends == nil {\n\t\tm.friends = make(map[int]struct{})\n\t}\n\tfor i := range ids {\n\t\tm.friends[ids[i]] = struct{}{}\n\t}\n}\n\n// ClearFriends clears the friends edge to User.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ClearFriends() {\n\tm.clearedfriends = true\n}\n\n// FriendsCleared returns if the edge friends was cleared.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) FriendsCleared() bool {\n\treturn m.clearedfriends\n}\n\n// RemoveFriendIDs removes the friends edge to User by ids.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) RemoveFriendIDs(ids ...int) {\n\tif m.removedfriends == nil {\n\t\tm.removedfriends = make(map[int]struct{})\n\t}\n\tfor i := range ids {\n\t\tm.removedfriends[ids[i]] = struct{}{}\n\t}\n}\n\n// RemovedFriends returns the removed ids of friends.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) RemovedFriendsIDs() (ids []int) {\n\tfor id := range m.removedfriends {\n\t\tids = append(ids, id)\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\n// FriendsIDs returns the friends ids in the mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) FriendsIDs() (ids []int) {\n\tfor id := range m.friends {\n\t\tids = append(ids, id)\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\n// ResetFriends reset all changes of the \"friends\" edge.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ResetFriends() {\n\tm.friends = nil\n\tm.clearedfriends = false\n\tm.removedfriends = nil\n}\n\n// Op returns the operation name.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) Op() Op {\n\treturn m.op\n}\n\n// Type returns the node type of this mutation (User).",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) Type() string {\n\treturn m.typ\n}\n\n// Fields returns all fields that were changed during\n// this mutation. ",
"Note that, in order to get all numeric\n// fields that were in/decremented, call AddedFields().",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) Fields() []string {\n\tfields := make([]string, 0, 12)\n\tif m.mixed_string !",
"= nil {\n\t\tfields = append(fields, user.",
"FieldMixedString)\n\t}\n\tif m.mixed_enum !",
"= nil {\n\t\tfields = append(fields, user.",
"FieldMixedEnum)\n\t}\n\tif m.age !",
"= nil {\n\t\tfields = append(fields, user.",
"FieldAge)\n\t}\n\tif m.name !",
"= nil {\n\t\tfields = append(fields, user.",
"FieldName)\n\t}\n\tif m.nickname !",
"= nil {\n\t\tfields = append(fields, user.",
"FieldNickname)\n\t}\n\tif m.phone !",
"= nil {\n\t\tfields = append(fields, user.",
"FieldPhone)\n\t}\n\tif m.buffer !",
"= nil {\n\t\tfields = append(fields, user.",
"FieldBuffer)\n\t}\n\tif m.title !",
"= nil {\n\t\tfields = append(fields, user.",
"FieldTitle)\n\t}\n\tif m.new_name !",
"= nil {\n\t\tfields = append(fields, user.",
"FieldNewName)\n\t}\n\tif m.blob !",
"= nil {\n\t\tfields = append(fields, user.",
"FieldBlob)\n\t}\n\tif m.state !",
"= nil {\n\t\tfields = append(fields, user.",
"FieldState)\n\t}\n\tif m.status !",
"= nil {\n\t\tfields = append(fields, user.",
"FieldStatus)\n\t}\n\treturn fields\n}\n\n// Field returns the value of a field with the given name.",
"\n// The second boolean value indicates that this field was\n// not set, or was not define in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) Field(name string) (ent.",
"Value, bool) {\n\tswitch name {\n\tcase user.",
"FieldMixedString:\n\t\treturn m.MixedString()\n\tcase user.",
"FieldMixedEnum:\n\t\treturn m.MixedEnum()\n\tcase user.",
"FieldAge:\n\t\treturn m.Age()\n\tcase user.",
"FieldName:\n\t\treturn m.Name()\n\tcase user.",
"FieldNickname:\n\t\treturn m.Nickname()\n\tcase user.",
"FieldPhone:\n\t\treturn m.Phone()\n\tcase user.",
"FieldBuffer:\n\t\treturn m.Buffer()\n\tcase user.",
"FieldTitle:\n\t\treturn m.Title()\n\tcase user.",
"FieldNewName:\n\t\treturn m.NewName()\n\tcase user.",
"FieldBlob:\n\t\treturn m.Blob()\n\tcase user.",
"FieldState:\n\t\treturn m.State()\n\tcase user.",
"FieldStatus:\n\t\treturn m.Status()\n\t}\n\treturn nil, false\n}\n\n// OldField returns the old value of the field from the database.",
"\n// An error is returned if the mutation operation is not UpdateOne,\n// or the query to the database was failed.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) OldField(ctx context.",
"Context, name string) (ent.",
"Value, error) {\n\tswitch name {\n\tcase user.",
"FieldMixedString:\n\t\treturn m.OldMixedString(ctx)\n\tcase user.",
"FieldMixedEnum:\n\t\treturn m.OldMixedEnum(ctx)\n\tcase user.",
"FieldAge:\n\t\treturn m.OldAge(ctx)\n\tcase user.",
"FieldName:\n\t\treturn m.OldName(ctx)\n\tcase user.",
"FieldNickname:\n\t\treturn m.OldNickname(ctx)\n\tcase user.",
"FieldPhone:\n\t\treturn m.OldPhone(ctx)\n\tcase user.",
"FieldBuffer:\n\t\treturn m.OldBuffer(ctx)\n\tcase user.",
"FieldTitle:\n\t\treturn m.OldTitle(ctx)\n\tcase user.",
"FieldNewName:\n\t\treturn m.OldNewName(ctx)\n\tcase user.",
"FieldBlob:\n\t\treturn m.OldBlob(ctx)\n\tcase user.",
"FieldState:\n\t\treturn m.OldState(ctx)\n\tcase user.",
"FieldStatus:\n\t\treturn m.OldStatus(ctx)\n\t}\n\treturn nil, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown User field %s\", name)\n}\n\n// SetField sets the value for the given name. ",
"It returns an\n// error if the field is not defined in the schema, or if the\n// type mismatch the field type.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) SetField(name string, value ent.",
"Value) error {\n\tswitch name {\n\tcase user.",
"FieldMixedString:\n\t\tv, ok := value.(string)\n\t\tif !",
"ok {\n\t\t\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unexpected type %T for field %s\", value, name)\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.SetMixedString(v)\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldMixedEnum:\n\t\tv, ok := value.(user.",
"MixedEnum)\n\t\tif !",
"ok {\n\t\t\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unexpected type %T for field %s\", value, name)\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.SetMixedEnum(v)\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldAge:\n\t\tv, ok := value.(int)\n\t\tif !",
"ok {\n\t\t\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unexpected type %T for field %s\", value, name)\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.SetAge(v)\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldName:\n\t\tv, ok := value.(string)\n\t\tif !",
"ok {\n\t\t\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unexpected type %T for field %s\", value, name)\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.SetName(v)\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldNickname:\n\t\tv, ok := value.(string)\n\t\tif !",
"ok {\n\t\t\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unexpected type %T for field %s\", value, name)\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.SetNickname(v)\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldPhone:\n\t\tv, ok := value.(string)\n\t\tif !",
"ok {\n\t\t\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unexpected type %T for field %s\", value, name)\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.SetPhone(v)\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldBuffer:\n\t\tv, ok := value.([]byte)\n\t\tif !",
"ok {\n\t\t\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unexpected type %T for field %s\", value, name)\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.SetBuffer(v)\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldTitle:\n\t\tv, ok := value.(string)\n\t\tif !",
"ok {\n\t\t\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unexpected type %T for field %s\", value, name)\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.SetTitle(v)\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldNewName:\n\t\tv, ok := value.(string)\n\t\tif !",
"ok {\n\t\t\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unexpected type %T for field %s\", value, name)\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.SetNewName(v)\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldBlob:\n\t\tv, ok := value.([]byte)\n\t\tif !",
"ok {\n\t\t\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unexpected type %T for field %s\", value, name)\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.SetBlob(v)\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldState:\n\t\tv, ok := value.(user.",
"State)\n\t\tif !",
"ok {\n\t\t\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unexpected type %T for field %s\", value, name)\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.SetState(v)\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldStatus:\n\t\tv, ok := value.(user.",
"Status)\n\t\tif !",
"ok {\n\t\t\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unexpected type %T for field %s\", value, name)\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.SetStatus(v)\n\t\treturn nil\n\t}\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown User field %s\", name)\n}\n\n// AddedFields returns all numeric fields that were incremented\n// or decremented during this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) AddedFields() []string {\n\tvar fields []string\n\tif m.addage !",
"= nil {\n\t\tfields = append(fields, user.",
"FieldAge)\n\t}\n\treturn fields\n}\n\n// AddedField returns the numeric value that was in/decremented\n// from a field with the given name. ",
"The second value indicates\n// that this field was not set, or was not define in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) AddedField(name string) (ent.",
"Value, bool) {\n\tswitch name {\n\tcase user.",
"FieldAge:\n\t\treturn m.AddedAge()\n\t}\n\treturn nil, false\n}\n\n// AddField adds the value for the given name. ",
"It returns an\n// error if the field is not defined in the schema, or if the\n// type mismatch the field type.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) AddField(name string, value ent.",
"Value) error {\n\tswitch name {\n\tcase user.",
"FieldAge:\n\t\tv, ok := value.(int)\n\t\tif !",
"ok {\n\t\t\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unexpected type %T for field %s\", value, name)\n\t\t}\n\t\tm.AddAge(v)\n\t\treturn nil\n\t}\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown User numeric field %s\", name)\n}\n\n// ClearedFields returns all nullable fields that were cleared\n// during this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ClearedFields() []string {\n\tvar fields []string\n\tif m.FieldCleared(user.",
"FieldBuffer) {\n\t\tfields = append(fields, user.",
"FieldBuffer)\n\t}\n\tif m.FieldCleared(user.",
"FieldNewName) {\n\t\tfields = append(fields, user.",
"FieldNewName)\n\t}\n\tif m.FieldCleared(user.",
"FieldBlob) {\n\t\tfields = append(fields, user.",
"FieldBlob)\n\t}\n\tif m.FieldCleared(user.",
"FieldState) {\n\t\tfields = append(fields, user.",
"FieldState)\n\t}\n\tif m.FieldCleared(user.",
"FieldStatus) {\n\t\tfields = append(fields, user.",
"FieldStatus)\n\t}\n\treturn fields\n}\n\n// FieldCleared returns a boolean indicates if this field was\n// cleared in this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) FieldCleared(name string) bool {\n\t_, ok := m.clearedFields[name]\n\treturn ok\n}\n\n// ClearField clears the value for the given name. ",
"It returns an\n// error if the field is not defined in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ClearField(name string) error {\n\tswitch name {\n\tcase user.",
"FieldBuffer:\n\t\tm.ClearBuffer()\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldNewName:\n\t\tm.ClearNewName()\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldBlob:\n\t\tm.ClearBlob()\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldState:\n\t\tm.ClearState()\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldStatus:\n\t\tm.ClearStatus()\n\t\treturn nil\n\t}\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown User nullable field %s\", name)\n}\n\n// ResetField resets all changes in the mutation regarding the\n// given field name. ",
"It returns an error if the field is not\n// defined in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ResetField(name string) error {\n\tswitch name {\n\tcase user.",
"FieldMixedString:\n\t\tm.ResetMixedString()\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldMixedEnum:\n\t\tm.ResetMixedEnum()\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldAge:\n\t\tm.ResetAge()\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldName:\n\t\tm.ResetName()\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldNickname:\n\t\tm.ResetNickname()\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldPhone:\n\t\tm.ResetPhone()\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldBuffer:\n\t\tm.ResetBuffer()\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldTitle:\n\t\tm.ResetTitle()\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldNewName:\n\t\tm.ResetNewName()\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldBlob:\n\t\tm.ResetBlob()\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldState:\n\t\tm.ResetState()\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"FieldStatus:\n\t\tm.ResetStatus()\n\t\treturn nil\n\t}\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown User field %s\", name)\n}\n\n// AddedEdges returns all edge names that were set/added in this\n// mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) AddedEdges() []string {\n\tedges := make([]string, 0, 3)\n\tif m.car !",
"= nil {\n\t\tedges = append(edges, user.",
"EdgeCar)\n\t}\n\tif m.pets !",
"= nil {\n\t\tedges = append(edges, user.",
"EdgePets)\n\t}\n\tif m.friends !",
"= nil {\n\t\tedges = append(edges, user.",
"EdgeFriends)\n\t}\n\treturn edges\n}\n\n// AddedIDs returns all ids (to other nodes) that were added for\n// the given edge name.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) AddedIDs(name string) []ent.",
"Value {\n\tswitch name {\n\tcase user.",
"EdgeCar:\n\t\tids := make([]ent.",
"Value, 0, len(m.car))\n\t\tfor id := range m.car {\n\t\t\tids = append(ids, id)\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn ids\n\tcase user.",
"EdgePets:\n\t\tif id := m.pets; id !",
"= nil {\n\t\t\treturn []ent.",
"Value{*id}\n\t\t}\n\tcase user.",
"EdgeFriends:\n\t\tids := make([]ent.",
"Value, 0, len(m.friends))\n\t\tfor id := range m.friends {\n\t\t\tids = append(ids, id)\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn ids\n\t}\n\treturn nil\n}\n\n// RemovedEdges returns all edge names that were removed in this\n// mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) RemovedEdges() []string {\n\tedges := make([]string, 0, 3)\n\tif m.removedcar !",
"= nil {\n\t\tedges = append(edges, user.",
"EdgeCar)\n\t}\n\tif m.removedfriends !",
"= nil {\n\t\tedges = append(edges, user.",
"EdgeFriends)\n\t}\n\treturn edges\n}\n\n// RemovedIDs returns all ids (to other nodes) that were removed for\n// the given edge name.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) RemovedIDs(name string) []ent.",
"Value {\n\tswitch name {\n\tcase user.",
"EdgeCar:\n\t\tids := make([]ent.",
"Value, 0, len(m.removedcar))\n\t\tfor id := range m.removedcar {\n\t\t\tids = append(ids, id)\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn ids\n\tcase user.",
"EdgeFriends:\n\t\tids := make([]ent.",
"Value, 0, len(m.removedfriends))\n\t\tfor id := range m.removedfriends {\n\t\t\tids = append(ids, id)\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn ids\n\t}\n\treturn nil\n}\n\n// ClearedEdges returns all edge names that were cleared in this\n// mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ClearedEdges() []string {\n\tedges := make([]string, 0, 3)\n\tif m.clearedcar {\n\t\tedges = append(edges, user.",
"EdgeCar)\n\t}\n\tif m.clearedpets {\n\t\tedges = append(edges, user.",
"EdgePets)\n\t}\n\tif m.clearedfriends {\n\t\tedges = append(edges, user.",
"EdgeFriends)\n\t}\n\treturn edges\n}\n\n// EdgeCleared returns a boolean indicates if this edge was\n// cleared in this mutation.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) EdgeCleared(name string) bool {\n\tswitch name {\n\tcase user.",
"EdgeCar:\n\t\treturn m.clearedcar\n\tcase user.",
"EdgePets:\n\t\treturn m.clearedpets\n\tcase user.",
"EdgeFriends:\n\t\treturn m.clearedfriends\n\t}\n\treturn false\n}\n\n// ClearEdge clears the value for the given name. ",
"It returns an\n// error if the edge name is not defined in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ClearEdge(name string) error {\n\tswitch name {\n\tcase user.",
"EdgePets:\n\t\tm.ClearPets()\n\t\treturn nil\n\t}\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown User unique edge %s\", name)\n}\n\n// ResetEdge resets all changes in the mutation regarding the\n// given edge name. ",
"It returns an error if the edge is not\n// defined in the schema.",
"\nfunc (m *UserMutation) ResetEdge(name string) error {\n\tswitch name {\n\tcase user.",
"EdgeCar:\n\t\tm.ResetCar()\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"EdgePets:\n\t\tm.ResetPets()\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase user.",
"EdgeFriends:\n\t\tm.ResetFriends()\n\t\treturn nil\n\t}\n\treturn fmt.",
"Errorf(\"unknown User edge %s\", name)\n}\n"
] | {
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[
"Red Rose Run\n\nOn Saturday June 3, 2017, the City will be host to the 41st annual Red Rose Run in Downtown Lancaster. ",
"This is a 5 mile race through the City and County Park, bringing over 1,000 runners to Downtown. ",
"The Red Rose Run also includes a kids fun run and wheelchair race.",
"\n\nReturning this year will be the Michelob ULTRA Beer Garden, presented by Wilsbach Distributors! ",
"Runners are invited to visit the Michelob ULTRA Beer Garden after the race until 11 AM to enjoy a cold beer, courtesy of Michelob ULTRA. ",
"Only runners are permitted in the Beer Garden, and must be 21 or older to drink. ",
"Minors accompanied by a parent or guardian over 21 will be permitted. ",
"Runners are required to show a valid ID at packet pickup to receive a wristband. ",
"Runners must present both a valid ID and their wristband on race day to enter the beer garden."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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[
"from .class_names import get_classes, get_palette\nfrom .eval_hooks import DistEvalHook, EvalHook\nfrom .mean_iou import mean_iou\n\n__all__ = [\n 'EvalHook', 'DistEvalHook', 'mean_iou', 'get_classes', 'get_palette'\n]\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
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[
"Weaker HMOs will seek concessions from hospitals for 2002 as medical cost rise.",
"\nThe worsening financial conditions of even some of the strongest health maintenance organizations will force hospitals and integrated health care delivery networks to be even more vigilant in negotiating managed care contracts and managing their labor costs."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"FIND OUT THE NEW HIPPIE WORLD\n\nThe Jane West is the Best\n\nJane West is a true influential figure who has never let adversity prevent her from leading the assault. ",
"Appearing in Leafly, HERB and Playboy, West deconstructs stereotypes one by one. ",
"As a former corporate event organizer, incredible strength and resistance was needed when she was fired after her employers saw her inhale on a CNBC vaporizer. ",
"Rather than letting it go to the bottom of the hole, West knew how to cash in and move on. ",
"His partnership with Hupp has had a revolutionary reach for women in the cannabis industry."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
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[
"Q:\n\nHow can I make this script reflect the branch status on PS1?",
"\n\nFirst of all, I know similar questions have been answered, some of them have even been marked as duplicate. ",
"I have read their answers, and while they've given me some insight regarding my problem, I still can't figure out how to fix my PS1. ",
"I've also tried reading a bit about UNIX quotes, but that didn't solve my problem either.",
"\nNow, into the actual problem: I've had a custom PS1 for a while now, that always worked just fine. ",
"It's this one:\nSEPARATOR=\"$WHITEBOLD-\"\nUSER_AND_DOMAIN=\"$GREENBOLD[$GRAY\\u$WHITEBOLD@$GRAY\\h$GREENBOLD]\"\nWORKING_DIR=\"$GREENBOLD[$YELLOW\\w$GREENBOLD]\"\n\nexport PS1=\"$USER_AND_DOMAIN$SEPARATOR$WORKING_DIR $WHITEBOLD\\t\\n$RED>$WHITE \"\n\nHowever, I felt the need to add my current git branch to it, and found a couple solutions in the web. ",
"One of them really caught my interest, because it would change the branch name's color depending on whether my working directory was dirty or not. ",
"I then started trying to adapt it to my currently existing customization, and at the moment it looks like this:\nSEPARATOR=\"$WHITEBOLD-\"\nUSER_AND_DOMAIN=\"$GREENBOLD[$GRAY\\u$WHITEBOLD@$GRAY\\h$GREENBOLD]\"\nWORKING_DIR=\"$GREENBOLD[$YELLOW\\w$GREENBOLD]\"\n\nGIT_BRANCH=\"$(git branch &>/dev/null;\\\nif [ $? ",
"-eq 0 ]; then \\\n echo \"$(echo `git status` | grep 'not staged for commit' > /dev/null 2>&1; \\\n if [ \"$?\" ",
"-eq \"0\" ]; then \\\n # Changes to working tree\n echo \"$SEPARATOR$GREENBOLD[$RED\\$(__git_ps1 \"%s\")$GREENBOLD]\"; \\ \n else \\\n # Clean repository - nothing to commit\n echo \"$SEPARATOR$GREENBOLD[$GREEN\\$(__git_ps1 \"%s\")$GREENBOLD]\"; \\\n fi)\"; \\\nfi)\"\n\nexport PS1=\"$USER_AND_DOMAIN$SEPARATOR$WORKING_DIR$GIT_BRANCH $WHITEBOLD\\t\\n$RED>$WHITE \"\n\nHowever, although it does change the branch name when I navigate to another branch, the branch color doesn't change automatically - it only does so if I re-source the script (it's a separate script under ~/.ps1_setup, which is called within ~/.bashrc) manually. ",
"By what I've read, it has to do with the use of single and double quotes, but most examples I've seen are quite simpler than this code, and I've been trying to fiddle with it for the last 2h, getting different results every time, but most of them are messed up prints of the tags in the escaped format.",
"\nAgain, I know this is somewhat related to stuff that has been asked and answered before, but the answers given were not enough for me to solve this, so I apologize for asking 'again'. ",
"Thanks for any help, good folks! :)",
"\n\nA:\n\nI'm not a bash expert but I think the problem is that you switched the original's single-quotes to double-quotes, and bash handles these very differently: double-quotes perform variable & command substitutions, whereas single-quotes do not.",
"\nTry this instead:\nexport PS1=\"$USER_AND_DOMAIN$SEPARATOR$WORKING_DIR\"'$(git branch &>/dev/null;\\\nif [ $? ",
"-eq 0 ]; then \\\n echo \"$(echo `git status` | grep \"nothing to commit\" > /dev/null 2>&1; \\\n if [ \"$?\" ",
"-eq \"0\" ]; then \\\n # @4 - Clean repository - nothing to commit\n echo \"'$SEPARATOR$GREENBOLD[$GREEN'\"$(__git_ps1 \"%s\"); \\\n else \\\n # @5 - Changes to working tree\n echo \"'$SEPARATOR$GREENBOLD[$RED'\"$(__git_ps1 \"%s\"); \\\n fi)\"; \\\nfi)'\"$GREENBOLD] $WHITEBOLD\\t\\n$RED>$WHITE\"\n\n"
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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[
"This fisherman knows how to catch some really big squid."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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[
"using System;\nusing System.",
"Collections.",
"Generic;\nusing System.",
"Text;\nusing NUnit.",
"Framework;\nusing System.",
"Runtime.",
"InteropServices;\nusing System.",
"Security.",
"Principal;\nusing System.",
"ComponentModel;\n\nnamespace Waffle.",
"Windows.",
"AuthProvider.",
"UnitTests\n{\n [TestFixture]\n public class WindowsAuthProviderLocalUnitTests\n {\n private Netapi32.USER_INFO_1 _testUser;\n private String _testUserFqn;\n private Netapi32.NetJoinStatus _joinStatus = Netapi32.NetJoinStatus.",
"NetSetupUnknownStatus;\n private String _memberOf;\n private String _computerName;\n\n [SetUp]\n public void SetUp()\n {\n // test user\n _testUser = new Netapi32.USER_INFO_1();\n _testUser.usri1_name = \"WaffleTestUser\";\n _testUser.usri1_password = Guid.",
"NewGuid().ToString();\n _testUser.usri1_priv = 1;\n _testUser.usri1_home_dir = null;\n _testUser.comment = \"Waffle test user.\";",
"\n _testUser.usri1_script_path = null;\n int rc = Netapi32.NetUserAdd(null, 1, ref _testUser, 0);\n Assert.",
"AreEqual(0, rc, new Win32Exception(rc).Message);\n // computer\n _computerName = Environment.",
"MachineName;\n // fqn\n _testUserFqn = string.",
"Format(\"{0}\\\\{1}\", _computerName, _testUser.usri1_name);\n // join status \n IntPtr pDomain = IntPtr.",
"Zero;\n rc = Netapi32.NetGetJoinInformation(null, out pDomain, out _joinStatus);\n Assert.",
"AreEqual(Netapi32.NERR_Success, rc, new Win32Exception(rc).Message);\n _memberOf = Marshal.",
"PtrToStringAuto(pDomain);\n Netapi32.NetApiBufferFree(pDomain);\n }\n\n [TearDown]\n public void TearDown()\n {\n int rc = Netapi32.NetUserDel(null, _testUser.usri1_name);\n Assert.",
"AreEqual(0, rc, new Win32Exception(rc).Message);\n }\n\n [Test]\n public void TestLogonLocalUser()\n {\n WindowsAuthProviderImpl windowsAuthProviderImpl = new WindowsAuthProviderImpl();\n IWindowsIdentity account = windowsAuthProviderImpl.",
"LogonUser(_testUser.usri1_name, _testUser.usri1_password);\n Console.",
"WriteLine(\"Sid: {0}\", account.",
"SidString);\n Console.",
"WriteLine(\"Fqn: {0}\", account.",
"Fqn);\n Console.",
"WriteLine(\"Guest: {0}\", account.",
"IsGuest);\n Assert.",
"AreEqual(account.",
"Fqn.",
"ToLower(), _testUserFqn.",
"ToLower());\n Assert.",
"IsTrue(Advapi32.IsValidSid(account.",
"Sid));\n Assert.",
"IsFalse(account.",
"IsGuest);\n Console.",
"WriteLine(\"Groups: {0}\", account.",
"Groups.",
"Length);\n }\n\n [Test]\n public void TestImpersonation()\n {\n WindowsAuthProviderImpl windowsAuthProviderImpl = new WindowsAuthProviderImpl();\n IWindowsIdentity account = windowsAuthProviderImpl.",
"LogonUser(_testUser.usri1_name, _testUser.usri1_password);\n IWindowsImpersonationContext impersonationCtx = account.",
"Impersonate();\n try\n {\n Console.",
"WriteLine(account.",
"SidString);\n Console.",
"WriteLine(account.",
"Fqn);\n Assert.",
"AreEqual(account.",
"Fqn, WindowsIdentity.",
"GetCurrent().Name);\n }\n finally\n {\n impersonationCtx.",
"RevertToSelf();\n Assert.",
"AreNotEqual(account.",
"Fqn, WindowsIdentity.",
"GetCurrent().Name);\n }\n }\n\n [Test]\n public void TestLookupAccount()\n {\n WindowsAuthProviderImpl windowsAuthProviderImpl = new WindowsAuthProviderImpl();\n Console.",
"WriteLine(_testUserFqn);\n IWindowsAccount account = windowsAuthProviderImpl.",
"LookupAccount(_testUserFqn);\n Console.",
"WriteLine(account.",
"SidString);\n Console.",
"WriteLine(account.",
"Fqn);\n Assert.",
"AreEqual(_testUserFqn.",
"ToLower(), account.",
"Fqn.",
"ToLower());\n }\n\n [Test]\n [Ignore(\"Ignore TestDigest\")]\n public void TestDigest()\n {\n WindowsAuthIdentity identity = new WindowsAuthIdentity();\n identity.",
"Username = _testUser.usri1_name;\n identity.",
"Domain = _computerName;\n identity.",
"Password = _testUser.usri1_password;\n\n string package = \"WDigest\";\n WindowsAuthProviderImpl provider = new WindowsAuthProviderImpl();\n WindowsSecurityContext initContext = WindowsSecurityContext.",
"Get(package,\n \"http://localhost\", identity, 0, 0);\n IWindowsSecurityContext continueContext = initContext;\n IWindowsSecurityContext responseContext = null;\n string connectionId = Guid.",
"NewGuid().ToString();\n do\n {\n responseContext = provider.",
"AcceptSecurityToken(connectionId, continueContext.",
"Token, package, 0, 0);\n if (responseContext.",
"Token !",
"= null)\n {\n Console.",
"WriteLine(\" Token: {0}\", Convert.",
"ToBase64String(responseContext.",
"Token));\n Console.",
"WriteLine(\" Continue: {0}\", responseContext.",
"Continue);\n }\n continueContext = new WindowsSecurityContext(initContext, responseContext.",
"Token, 0, 0);\n } while (responseContext.",
"Continue);\n\n Assert.",
"IsFalse(responseContext.",
"Continue);\n Console.",
"WriteLine(responseContext.",
"Identity.",
"Fqn);\n }\n\n }\n}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
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[
"Q:\n\nSorting by selectbox in XSLT\n\nI have this selectbox on a site Im currently building and what I want to do, is sort a list of items displayed on the page by the value that's being selected. ",
"\nThe problem is that I got different kinds of data types, e.g. location and price. ",
"\nIf I want to sort on location, no problem it sorts perfectly on alphabetic order of the location names. ",
"But if I sort on the 'Low budget', which is from low to high in price, I have to add additional tags to the sort (data-type=\"number\"). ",
"That works fine, but then the location and such aren't working anymore. ",
"\nHow to solve this to make it handle all kinds of different data types?",
"\nMy XSLT: \n<?",
"xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?",
">\n<xsl:stylesheet version=\"1.0\"\n xmlns:xsl=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform\"\n xmlns:exsl=\"http://exslt.org/common\"\n extension-element-prefixes=\"exsl\">\n\n<xsl:param name=\"url-filter\" select=\"'recommended'\" />\n\n<xsl:template name=\"resort-list\" match=\"data/resorts/entry\">\n <form name=\"sort-form\" action=\"{$root}/resorts/\" method=\"get\">\n <select name=\"filter\" onChange=\"document.getElementById('sort-form').submit();\">\n <option value=\"\">Sort By...</option>\n <option value=\"recommended\">Recommended</option>\n <option value=\"location\">Location</option>\n <option value=\"prices-from\">Low budget</option>\n <option value=\"prices-till\">High budget</option>\n </select>\n </form>\n\n <xsl:for-each select=\"data/resorts/entry\">\n <!-- ",
"this is were I sort the items --> \n <xsl:sort select=\"*[name() = $url-filter]\" />\n <a href=\"{$root}/koh-lipe-resorts/resort-view/{resort-name/@handle}\">\n <h3 class=\"resort-item-heading grey\"><xsl:value-of select=\"resort-name\"/></h3>\n <p> \n <xsl:call-template name=\"truncate\">\n <xsl:with-param name=\"value\" select=\"resort-description\" />\n <xsl:with-param name=\"length\" select=\"150\" />\n </xsl:call-template>\n </p>\n </a>\n </xsl:for-each>\n</xsl:template>\n\n<xsl:include href=\"../utilities/master.xsl\"/>\n</xsl:stylesheet>\n\nMy XML: \n<data>\n <events />\n <resorts>\n <pagination total-entries=\"11\" total-pages=\"2\"\n entries-per-page=\"10\" current-page=\"1\" />\n <section id=\"9\" handle=\"resorts\">Resorts</section>\n <entry id=\"114\">\n <price-from handle=\"1200\">1200</price-from>\n <price-till handle=\"1900\">1900</price-till>\n <recommended>No</recommended>\n <lipe-green-aware-resort>No</lipe-green-aware-resort>\n <name>Baja Resort</name>\n <location>Sunrise Beach</location>\n </entry>\n </resorts>\n</data>\n\nA:\n\nThis transformation correctly sorts for each possible parameter value: \"recommended\" or \"price-from\":\n<xsl:stylesheet version=\"1.0\"\n xmlns:xsl=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform\">\n\n <xsl:param name=\"url-filter\" select=\"'price-from'\" />\n\n <xsl:variable name=\"vSortOrder\">\n <xsl:choose>\n <xsl:when test=\"$url-filter = 'price-from'\">\n <xsl:text>ascending</xsl:text>\n </xsl:when>\n <xsl:otherwise>descending</xsl:otherwise>\n </xsl:choose>\n </xsl:variable>\n\n <xsl:variable name=\"vSortType\">\n <xsl:choose>\n <xsl:when test=\"$url-filter = 'price-from'\">\n <xsl:text>number</xsl:text>\n </xsl:when>\n <xsl:otherwise>text</xsl:otherwise>\n </xsl:choose>\n </xsl:variable>\n\n <xsl:template name=\"resort-list\" match=\"data/resorts\">\n <form name=\"sort-form\" action=\"/*/resorts/\" method=\"get\">\n <select name=\"filter\" onChange=\"document.getElementById('sort-form').submit();\">\n <option value=\"\">Sort By...</option>\n <option value=\"recommended\">Recommended</option>\n <option value=\"location\">Location</option>\n <option value=\"prices-from\">Low budget</option>\n <option value=\"prices-till\">High budget</option>\n </select>\n </form>\n\n <xsl:for-each select=\"entry\">\n <!-- ",
"this is were I sort the items -->\n <xsl:sort select=\"*[name() = $url-filter]\"\n data-type=\"{$vSortType}\" order=\"{$vSortOrder}\" />\n <a href=\"/*/koh-lipe-resorts/resort-view/{resort-name/@handle}\">\n <h3 class=\"resort-item-heading grey\"><xsl:value-of select=\"name\"/></h3>\n </a>\n </xsl:for-each>\n </xsl:template>\n\n <xsl:template match=\"/\">\n <html>\n <xsl:apply-templates/>\n </html>\n </xsl:template>\n</xsl:stylesheet>\n\nWith the this XML document (extending the provided with just one more entry):\n<data>\n <events />\n <resorts>\n <pagination total-entries=\"11\" total-pages=\"2\"\n entries-per-page=\"10\" current-page=\"1\" />\n <section id=\"9\" handle=\"resorts\">Resorts</section>\n <entry id=\"114\">\n <price-from handle=\"1200\">1400</price-from>\n <price-till handle=\"1900\">1900</price-till>\n <recommended>No</recommended>\n <lipe-green-aware-resort>No</lipe-green-aware-resort>\n <name>Baja Resort</name>\n <location>Sunrise Beach</location>\n </entry>\n <entry id=\"115\">\n <price-from handle=\"1500\">1500</price-from>\n <price-till handle=\"1700\">1700</price-till>\n <recommended>Yes</recommended>\n <lipe-green-aware-resort>No</lipe-green-aware-resort>\n <name>Blah-Blah Resort</name>\n <location>Blah-Blah Beach</location>\n </entry>\n </resorts>\n</data>\n\nand with each of the two possible values of the $url-filter parameter, the correct results are produced sorted with the correct sort-key data type and in the correct sort order (ascending or descending).",
"\n\n"
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"Quality Express Commercial Coffee Service\n\nEnergize Your Coffee Bar\n\nThe upsell and cross-sell opportunities that a good coffee station creates have a powerful profit potential for any commercial coffee service … but not if there’s a superior cup awaiting your customer just a few doors down from your business. ",
"The Java Geniuses know you need the best retail coffee service and coffee equipment to stand apart from your competitors and attract more customers.",
"\n\nAs your caffeine masterminds, we know how to connect the needs of coffee drinkers with your business. ",
"We amp up the coffee bar experience of commercial coffee stations (restaurants, delicatessens, bagel shops, convenience stores and bakeries) in the following ways:\n\nThe Java Geniuses are diligently at work in our Café Lab creating new blends and unlocking popular flavor secrets to help you outperform your competitors.",
"\n\nProfessional installation and maintenance of coffee machines and tea brewers, along with on-time, accurate coffee delivery service ensures you’re customers’ cups are never empty.",
"\n\nWith the best coffee, equipment and products your retail coffee bar is set up to satisfy. ",
"The Java Geniuses provide you with their proven process to ensure everything runs smoothly for your business’ success.",
"\n\nSearch\n\nSubscribe To Blog By Email\n\nNotification Frequency*\n\nInstant\n\nDaily\n\nWeekly\n\nMonthly\n\n7 Reasons Enhanced Coffee And Tea Services Improve Employee Morale\n\nDownload The Free Guide\n\nAre you looking for ways to create channels of communication and increase workplace satisfaction? ",
"Statistics show that when you provide a boost to your office coffee services through a variety of custom coffee blends and gourmet coffee selections, your employees feel more valued and work harder for the company’s growth and financial strength.",
"\n\nFirst Name*\n\nLast Name*\n\nCompany Name*\n\nEmail*\n\nPhone Number*\n\nWin Free Coffee For A Year!",
"\n\nThe Java Geniuses at Quality Express Coffee are masters at creating coffee blends in a range of popular coffee flavors along with custom blends boasting aromas and flavor essences you’ve yet to experience. ",
"Thanks to The Java Geniuses’ creative talents, they’ve concocted a fun way for some lucky winners to sample a variety of QEC coffee blends."
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[
"The Armored Patrol: The Iowa’s Superstructure HP is Super-Bugged (10% of what it shou\n\nSource: Compassghost, NA WoWS forums So I promised I would check this out, and in fact, there is something horribly wrong with the Iowa that up until now has only made the rounds in text, as opposed to something tangible and explainable beyond “The superstructure for the Iowa is bugged.” ",
"I had known this to […]"
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[
"Introduction {#cesec10}\n============\n\nBariatric surgery has been used for decades to treat patients with severe obesity. ",
"In 2016, global guidelines established through the Diabetes Surgery Summit (DSS), an international consensus conference series, formally recognised gastrointestinal surgery as a standard therapy for type 2 diabetes; this practice is known as metabolic surgery.[@bib1] During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, under unprecedented pressure to free up inpatient capacity, and because of intraoperative risks for viral contagion among patients and staff, hospitals worldwide have been obliged to postpone most elective operations, including bariatric and metabolic surgery. ",
"Increased hazards of severe COVID-19 complications in patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes, or both,[@bib2], [@bib3], [@bib4], [@bib5] further support the rationale for a pause in elective surgery during the peak of the pandemic.",
"\n\nThe return to normal services will be gradual, with surgeons competing for reduced capacity to address a backlog of elective procedures. ",
"Hence, access to bariatric and metabolic surgery will continue to be constrained. ",
"Given the uncertainty regarding the effects and duration of the COVID-19 outbreak, combined with the progressive nature of obesity, diabetes, and related conditions, delaying bariatric and metabolic surgery could increase the risks for morbidity and mortality in surgical candidates. ",
"The risk of harm, however, is variable among individuals, depending on the type and severity of disease and their indications for bariatric and metabolic surgery. ",
"The traditional, weight-centric criteria for patient selection in bariatric surgery, which are still commonly used today, do not reflect severity of disease,[@bib6] and they therefore cannot be used to prioritise treatment based on actual clinical needs. ",
"Furthermore, physical distancing policies and continued lockdowns might limit adherence to lifestyle interventions, worsening metabolic deterioration among candidates for bariatric and metabolic surgery. ",
"Additionally, reduced access to non-urgent care during the COVID-19 pandemic might impede postoperative monitoring for potential surgical and nutritional complications.",
"\n\nA clear and urgent need therefore exists for strategies to mitigate harm to patients during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. ",
"These approaches should include non-surgical interventions to optimise metabolic and weight control in patients awaiting surgery, telemedicine protocols for postoperative surveillance, and use of appropriate criteria to triage surgical candidates during a foreseeable period of reduced capacity for elective surgery. ",
"To address these issues, the DSS[@bib1] organisers directed a group of international experts to assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on candidates for surgical treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. ",
"Our specific aim was to develop criteria to help prioritise bariatric and metabolic surgery for when elective surgery is resumed and beyond.",
"\n\nElective surgery: definitions and prioritisation {#cesec20}\n================================================\n\nSurgery ameliorates a wide range of conditions and diseases, both acute and chronic. ",
"Emergency surgery is required when acute problems pose immediate threat to life, organs, or limbs, and must be done without delay. ",
"Elective surgery refers to operations that can be planned and scheduled in advance. ",
"These procedures, however, are not optional, because they can have important, life-changing implications. ",
"When access to elective surgery is reduced, doctors should prioritise patients with the greatest need or with a greater risk of harm from delayed treatment. ",
"In some health-care systems, elective surgery is categorised into urgent, semi-urgent, or non-urgent.[@bib7], [@bib8] Urgent elective surgery is required within 30 days for conditions that might deteriorate quickly. ",
"Semi-urgent conditions are those that, although not likely to deteriorate quickly, could reasonably cause severe pain or dysfunction or further harm if delayed beyond 3 months. ",
"Non-urgent elective surgery is planned for conditions that are unlikely to cause substantial discomfort, dysfunction, or harm if treated within 1 year.",
"\n\nAlthough some complications from bariatric and metabolic operations can require emergency surgical treatment (eg, haemorrhage, leak, or intestinal obstruction), most bariatric and metabolic procedures represent genuine elective surgery. ",
"To date, however, no consensus exists for criteria to identify urgent, semi-urgent, or non-urgent indications in bariatric and metabolic surgery on the basis of the type and severity of patients\\' conditions.",
"\n\nDelaying elective surgery during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic {#cesec30}\n==================================================================\n\nThere are many reasons why most bariatric and metabolic operations should be suspended during the most intense phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, including infection risks among patients and staff, factors inherent to the operations, and increased hazards of severe COVID-19 complications among patients with obesity or type 2 diabetes.",
"\n\nProcedure-related risks {#cesec40}\n-----------------------\n\nLaparoscopic surgery involves aerosol-generating techniques such as carbon dioxide, pneumoperitoneum, electrocautery, and ultrasonic shearing. ",
"These techniques could easily increase the risk of viral contagion for staff,[@bib9], [@bib10] including with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). ",
"Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (another aerosol-producing procedure) is also commonly done before bariatric and metabolic surgery. ",
"Patients undergoing major surgery are at risk of life-threatening inflammatory complications such as infection (including from viruses), the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and sepsis.[@bib11]\n\nAlthough there is no conclusive evidence that laparoscopy or upper endoscopy can promote COVID-19 transmission, postponing elective metabolic and bariatric interventions during the acute phase of the COVID-19 outbreak seems sensible, except for urgent revisional surgery or emergency endoscopic interventions for complications (eg, haemorrhage, stoma stenosis, or leaks).",
"\n\nDespite the potential for a higher risk of contagion, the laparoscopic approach in bariatric and metabolic surgery is associated with substantial benefits compared with traditional open surgery, especially in patients with severe obesity. ",
"These benefits include lower rates of mortality and complications (including pulmonary and procedural), and shorter hospital stays.[@bib12], [@bib13] For these reasons, laparoscopic access should remain the preferred approach over open techniques when elective bariatric and metabolic surgery resumes. ",
"Appropriate personal protective equipment should be used, however, given the increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection for staff.",
"\n\nRisks of severe COVID-19 complications in obesity and type 2 diabetes {#cesec50}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nObesity increases the risk of complications from viral respiratory infections. ",
"During the 2009 influenza H1N1 pandemic in California, 91% of people who died had obesity, and higher BMI was associated with mortality.[@bib14] In patients admitted to intensive care for SARS-CoV-2, class 2--3 obesity (BMI \\>35 kg/m^2^) is an independent risk factor for disease severity.[@bib5] Similarly, patients with diabetes have augmented risk for severe COVID-19 and mortality.[@bib2], [@bib3], [@bib4], [@bib5]\n\nSeveral mechanisms have been suggested to increase the risk of complications from viral infections in obesity and type 2 diabetes, including low-grade chronic inflammation with overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, reduced natural killer cell number and activity, and impaired antigen-stimulation responses.[@bib15], [@bib16], [@bib17] Another factor that might have a role in the relationship between obesity, diabetes, and increased risk for complications is that SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells by binding to the angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. ",
"ACE2 transforms angiotensin 2 to angiotensin,[@bib14], [@bib15], [@bib16], [@bib17], [@bib18], [@bib19], [@bib20] thereby reducing vasoconstriction, sodium retention, inflammation, and metabolic degeneration.[@bib21] Chronic hyperglycaemia downregulates ACE2 expression,[@bib22] and further reduction of ACE2 during COVID-19 infection could contribute to hyperinflammation and respiratory failure in patients with type 2 diabetes.[@bib23] People with obesity are also prone to hypoventilation syndrome, cardiovascular disease,[@bib24] heart failure,[@bib25] and other conditions that could increase the risk of COVID-19 mortality.",
"\n\nWhen elective bariatric and metabolic surgery resumes, the pandemic will be contained, but SARS-CoV-2 will probably still circulate in the population. ",
"Given the risks of severe complications from COVID-19 in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes, we recommend that COVID-19 screening should be mandatory preoperatively for patients considering bariatric and metabolic surgery.",
"\n\nRisk of disease progression from delayed operations {#cesec60}\n===================================================\n\nClass 2--3 obesity and type 2 diabetes, the most common indications for bariatric and metabolic surgery, are associated with reduced quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality. ",
"Their ability to cause life-threatening complications, however, varies depending on the severity or stage of disease and the burden of comorbidities. ",
"The degree of harm from delaying metabolic and bariatric surgery depends on each patient\\'s condition, the surgical efficacy at different stages of disease, and the availability and effectiveness of non-surgical therapies to control disease progression while awaiting surgery. ",
"Understanding the prognostic factors of morbidity and mortality in obesity and type 2 diabetes can help to define criteria for surgical prioritisation.",
"\n\nPrognosis and prognostic factors of type 2 diabetes {#cesec70}\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nDiabetes is a major cause of morbidity and death, including from cardiovascular, renal, neurological, and retinal complications. ",
"Approximately two-thirds of people with diabetes die of cardiovascular disease, with a relative risk 1·8--2·6 times greater than in people without diabetes.[@bib26] The biological progression of type 2 diabetes, characterised by declining β-cell function and continuing insulin resistance, is manifested clinically by deteriorations in multiple parameters, including HbA~1c~, fasting, and postprandial glucose levels. ",
"The UK prospective diabetes study[@bib27] reported significant associations between hyperglycaemia and development of diabetes complications or death, and a 21% risk reduction for any diabetes-related endpoint with each 1% absolute HbA~1c~ reduction.",
"\n\nFactors beyond hyperglycaemia can also influence type 2 diabetes prognosis. ",
"In the TRIAD study,[@bib28], [@bib29] predictors of all-cause mortality at 4 years and 8 years of study follow-up included older age, male sex, non-Hispanic white race, lower education and income, longer duration of diabetes, lower BMI, hypertension, macrovascular disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. ",
"Among the specific predictors of cardiovascular mortality were also treatment with insulin (with or without oral medication), higher LDL cholesterol, history of nephropathy, transient ischaemic attack, stroke, angina, myocardial infarction, coronary artery and peripheral vascular disease, and use of antihypertensive or cholesterol-lowering medications.",
"\n\nFactors predicting obesity-related morbidity and mortality {#cesec80}\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nObesity increases the risks of many other illnesses, including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, liver disease, coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease, many cancers, cholelithiasis, infertility, psychosocial dysfunction, osteoarthritis, chronic kidney disease, and now also COVID-19. ",
"Together, these complications powerfully reduce quality of life and exacerbate obesity-associated mortality. ",
"Even before COVID-19, obesity reduced life expectancy by 5--20 years.[@bib30] Notably, higher all-cause mortality is associated with obesity class 2 (BMI 35--39·9 kg/m^2^) and 3 (BMI ≥40 kg/m^2^), corresponding to candidates for bariatric surgery, but not with class 1 obesity (BMI 30--34·9 kg/m^2^).[@bib31]\n\nObesity hypoventilation syndrome and obesity-associated heart failure substantially increase mortality. ",
"Obesity hypoventilation syndrome represents the combination of obesity and chronic daytime hypercapnia.[@bib32], [@bib33] The prevalence of obesity hypoventilation syndrome is highest among patients with a BMI of more than 50 kg/m^2^.[@bib34] Mortality from untreated obesity hypoventilation syndrome can be as high as 24% at 1·5--2 years after diagnosis.[@bib35] Obesity heart failure is associated with increased mortality, and for each 5-unit increase in BMI, heart failure-related mortality increases by 1·4 times.[@bib36]\n\nSince BMI alone does not reflect obesity-related mortality and morbidity, staging systems such as the King\\'s Obesity Criteria[@bib37] and Edmonton Obesity Staging System (EOSS)[@bib38] have been developed to assess individual patients\\' risk on the basis of evidence of subclinical, established, or end-stage comorbidities.[@bib39] Retrospective application of EOSS to data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey showed that patients in stages 2--4 of EOSS have increased all-cause mortality compared with stages 0 or 1. ",
"This finding supports the idea that the presence, type, and severity of obesity-related complications, in addition to BMI,[@bib39] should inform decision making about the prioritisation of treatment, especially surgery.",
"\n\nNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease {#cesec90}\n---------------------------------\n\nNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease is characterised by excess hepatic fat. ",
"Its more aggressive form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, includes hepatocyte injury, inflammation, and fibrosis.[@bib40], [@bib41], [@bib42] These two conditions affect 20--25% of the western population, with rates rising worldwide.[@bib40], [@bib43] 66% of patients with obesity and diabetes have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.[@bib44], [@bib45]\n\nNon-alcoholic steatohepatitis can lead to cirrhosis (in 15--20% of cases), liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma.[@bib46] Beyond liver-related mortality, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis can substantially increase microvascular and macrovascular complications, and cardiovascular mortality in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes.[@bib40], [@bib41], [@bib42], [@bib43], [@bib47], [@bib48] Non-randomised trials suggest that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass resolves the histological features of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in up to 80% of patients.[@bib49], [@bib50]\n\nEffects of bariatric and metabolic surgery {#cesec100}\n------------------------------------------\n\nRandomised clinical trials and observational studies show that in patients with all classes of obesity, bariatric and metabolic surgery promotes greater long-term weight loss than the best available non-surgical interventions, regardless of the operation chosen.[@bib47], [@bib51], [@bib52], [@bib53] Multiple observational studies also indicate that bariatric and metabolic surgery lowers long-term risk of all-cause mortality compared with matched non-surgical patients.[@bib54], [@bib55], [@bib56], [@bib57], [@bib58], [@bib59] Data from eight observational studies involving a total of 635 642 patients suggest that bariatric and metabolic surgery is associated with a reduced risk of all types of cancer (odds ratio \\[OR\\]=0·72; 95% CI 0·59--0·87) and obesity-associated cancer (OR=0·55; 95% CI 0·31--0·96).[@bib60], [@bib61], [@bib62] Without exception, each of the 29 all-cause mortality studies published to date shows that patients who have bariatric and metabolic surgery live longer than matched non-surgical controls.[@bib54], [@bib55], [@bib56], [@bib57], [@bib58], [@bib59], [@bib63], [@bib64]\n\nConcerning type 2 diabetes, at least 12 randomised controlled trials comparing bariatric and metabolic surgery with conventional diabetes therapies (ie, lifestyle plus medication) in patients with type 2 diabetes show that surgery is superior for control of hyperglycaemia, reduction of cardiovascular and overall mortality risk, improvement in quality of life, and reduction in risk of renal complications.[@bib1], [@bib65], [@bib66] The safety of bariatric and metabolic surgery compares favourably with that of most elective operations, including hysterectomy, cholecystectomy, and knee replacement. ",
"Surgical treatments for diabetes are highly cost-effective, with the cost per quality-adjusted life-year ranging between US\\$3200 and \\$13 000.[@bib1], [@bib65], [@bib67]\n\nBased on this evidence, DSS guidelines, which have been formally endorsed by 56 worldwide medical or scientific organisations and recognised by payers worldwide, recommend the consideration of bariatric and metabolic surgery for appropriate candidates (including those with only class 1 obesity), who do not achieve adequate glycaemic control with medical therapy.[@bib1]\n\nHealth and economic costs of delaying bariatric and metabolic surgery {#cesec110}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe delay of bariatric and metabolic surgery that is occurring due to COVID-19 will augment the burden of disease among surgical candidates. ",
"This increase will particularly affect patients with type 2 diabetes, given that metabolic surgery causes remission of hyperglycaemia in most cases.[@bib65] The likelihood of hyperglycaemia remission, however, depends upon how soon an operation is done during the natural history of diabetes. ",
"Algorithms designed to predict surgical remission (eg, DiaRem-2, AD-DiaRem, DiaBetter, and ABCD)[@bib68], [@bib69], [@bib70], [@bib71] consistently show that longstanding disease is one of the most powerful indicators of failure to achieve this benefit.[@bib72] Remission rates drop off notably after 10 years of diabetes. ",
"Moreover, the SOS study[@bib73] reported substantially lower type 2 diabetes remission among patients with only 4 years of known disease than in those with 2 years of known disease. ",
"Thus, delaying metabolic surgery reduces the chances of diabetes remission.",
"\n\nDelayed metabolic surgery might cause even greater harm to patients with type 2 diabetes who are at higher risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications and mortality, especially when medications and lifestyle interventions are not achieving adequate metabolic control. ",
"Patients without diabetes but with severe respiratory (obesity hypoventilation syndrome), cardiac, or renal complications of obesity, and individuals for whom weight reduction is crucial to advancing time-sensitive and life-saving treatments (eg, organ transplants) also have greater risks of harm from delaying bariatric and metabolic surgery.",
"\n\nPatients with surgically remediable metabolic diseases, especially diabetes, incur more health-care costs per day than do those without these conditions. ",
"All studies that compared costs for 1--5 years between surgical and non-surgical patients found that pharmacy expenses decrease substantially after bariatric and metabolic surgery compared with matched non-surgical patients,[@bib74], [@bib75], [@bib76], [@bib77], [@bib78] primarily due to lower diabetes medication costs.[@bib69] Hence, metabolic surgery decreases daily health-care costs, especially for patients requiring multidrug therapy. ",
"The longer surgery is delayed for these patients, the less cost-saving it becomes.",
"\n\nManagement of surgical candidates and postoperative follow-up in times of COVID-19 {#cesec120}\n==================================================================================\n\nVarious non-surgical options can be used to mitigate the harm from delaying bariatric and metabolic surgery and to manage patients who have had surgery ([panel 1](#box1){ref-type=\"boxed-text\"} ). ",
"Regarding the need to optimise glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes, especially those with advanced microvascular or macrovascular complications,[@bib79] we considered available evidence of pharmacological strategies that promote weight loss, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) or sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, or both.[@bib80] GLP-1RAs reduce HbA~1c~ by about 1%[@bib81] while promoting clinically relevant weight loss.[@bib82] SGLT-2 inhibitors, however, might be contraindicated with COVID-19, because of concerns about potential subclinical vascular congestion and risk of acute metabolic decompensation associated with these drugs.[@bib83] Panel 1Diabetes Surgery Summit recommendations for managing bariatric and metabolic surgical candidates and postoperative patients during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic**Non-surgical options to mitigate harm from delaying surgery**•Glycaemic control should be optimised in patients awaiting metabolic surgery for type 2 diabetes, especially for those with advanced microvascular or macrovascular complications; this is desirable to prepare for surgery and also in case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection•In patients who do not achieve glycaemic targets with lifestyle modifications and metformin, the addition of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) or sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, or both, can advance the combined goals of improving metabolic control and causing weight loss or limiting weight gain; use of SGLT-2 inhibitors, however, is not recommended in the case of acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection because of concerns about potential subclinical vascular congestion and risk of acute metabolic decompensation associated with these drugs•For patients with multiple weight-responsive comorbidities who face prolonged waiting times for surgery, dietary or pharmacological interventions for weight control might become necessary•Diets with higher protein content and lower glycaemic index can be effective and should be considered•Among patients already taking weight-loss medications, efforts should be made to continue the drug(s) until surgery is scheduled, since rapid weight regain is predictable when they are discontinued•In countries where weight-loss medications (eg, phentermine, orlistat, GLP-1RAs, naltrexone--bupropion, and phentermine--topiramate) are accessible, clinicians could consider their use when weight loss or weight maintenance is important, such as for patients with multiple weight-responsive comorbidities**Management of patients who have had surgery**•Telemedicine strategies that are supervised by specialist bariatric and metabolic surgery providers should be used•In people with persistent or recurrent type 2 diabetes after surgery, weight-reducing diabetes medications (eg, GLP-1RAs) should be considered; weight maintenance should also be encouraged in patients with type 2 diabetes remission to mitigate risk of disease recurrence•There is insufficient evidence to justify deviations from current evidence-based recommendations for postoperative nutritional care in patients who have had bariatric and metabolic surgery•To minimise risk of nutrition-related complications, providers should engage with patients at the same intervals as in current guidelines•Clinical signs (eg, weight, visual changes, rash, weakness, oedema or anasarca, and neuropsychiatric signs), and symptoms (eg, nausea, tingling, bowel-habit changes, and fatigue) of nutritional deficiency must be assessed during virtual clinic sessions•Routine laboratory tests (eg, albumin, thiamine, B12, vitamin A, vitamin D, iron, and calcium) should not be deferred but obtained at standard intervals, particularly for patients who had operations with greater risk of nutrient malabsorption, such as long-limb diversionary procedures•Urgent face-to-face meetings and laboratory tests are mandated when symptoms suggest severe biochemical deficiencies or surgical complications (eg, intestinal obstruction or acute cholecystitis)**Preparation for surgery and surgical technique**•Misconceptions and stigma about obesity and bariatric and metabolic surgery might further penalise candidates for surgical treatment of obesity and diabetes in times of limited resources; clinicians, policy makers, and hospital managers should recognise the seriousness of the diseases that require metabolic and bariatric surgery and ensure that these operations are not further delayed•Given the risks of severe complications from COVID-19 in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes, COVID-19 screening should be mandatory preoperatively for patients considering bariatric and metabolic surgery•Despite the potential higher risk of contagion for staff, the risk and benefit of a laparoscopic approach remain favourable for patients and should be preferred over the use of open techniques•Appropriate personal protective equipment should be used as recommended by professional bodies and public health agencies to minimise risk for staff and operators\n\nWe also considered available data regarding the efficacy of dietary or pharmacological interventions for weight loss,[@bib84], [@bib85], [@bib86], [@bib87], [@bib88] or both, as a strategy to achieve weight loss or weight maintenance in patients with multiple weight-responsive comorbidities who face prolonged waiting times for bariatric and metabolic surgery. ",
"Regarding strategies to maximise surgical outcomes in patients who have already had surgery, our recommendations are based on results from studies investigating the efficacy of pharmacological approaches in people with persistent or recurrent type 2 diabetes after surgery. ",
"Among these individuals, a recent study[@bib89] showed that the GLP-1RA liraglutide can reduce HbA~1c~ by 1·2%, with up to 5% additional weight loss. ",
"We reviewed existing evidence-based recommendations for postoperative nutritional care[@bib79] to define safe and pragmatic methods of virtual consultation by telemedicine ([panel 1](#box1){ref-type=\"boxed-text\"}).",
"\n\nPriorities in resuming elective bariatric and metabolic procedures {#cesec130}\n==================================================================\n\nEven before the COVID-19 pandemic, metabolic and bariatric surgery was underused for many reasons, including misconceptions and stigma about obesity and bariatric surgery.[@bib90] Such barriers might further penalise candidates for this surgery in times of limited resources. ",
"Given the seriousness of the diseases that require metabolic and bariatric surgery, clinicians, hospital managers, and policy makers should ensure that these operations are not further delayed because of the widespread misconception that they are a last resort.[@bib90]\n\nEventually, the COVID-19 crisis will abate, and elective operations will resume, leaving an enormous backlog of patients who would benefit from bariatric and metabolic surgery. ",
"How should we prioritise whom to serve first with limited resources? ",
"At a broad level, the answer is simple. ",
"If patients are well enough to be safe surgical candidates, preference should be afforded to those with the greatest risk of morbidity and mortality from their disease, if it is probable that this risk can be reduced by surgery. ",
"This logic would apply, for instance, to many surgical candidates with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes or substantial metabolic, respiratory, or cardiovascular disease.",
"\n\nTraditional BMI-centric criteria for patient selection, however, tend to skew access to bariatric and metabolic surgery in the opposite direction. ",
"Despite strong evidence that surgery achieves its greatest health benefits among patients with type 2 diabetes, a minority of those who have such operations have preoperative type 2 diabetes or cardiometabolic disease.[@bib91] Furthermore, in many publicly funded health-care systems (eg, UK National Health Service), candidates for bariatric and metabolic surgery are currently placed on a single elective surgery waiting list, regardless of their indication. ",
"Priority is established largely on a first-come first-served basis, rather than on clinical need. ",
"This approach is comparable to putting all colorectal surgery candidates on the same waiting list with similar priority, regardless of whether their diagnosis is cancer or benign neoplasia. ",
"A strong need therefore exists for clinically sound criteria to help prioritise access to surgery in times of pandemics with limited resources. ",
"These criteria can also inform future waiting list management and decision making about the structure of surgical services.",
"\n\nPrinciples of prioritisation for bariatric and metabolic surgery {#cesec140}\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe prioritisation of any elective operation should seek to facilitate access according to clinical need, maximise equity of access, and minimise the harm from delayed access. ",
"We have adapted previous categorisations of elective surgery[@bib7] to define an objective prioritisation system reflecting these principles for bariatric and metabolic operations ([panel 2](#box2){ref-type=\"boxed-text\"} ; [figure](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} ).Panel 2Categories of access to bariatric and metabolic surgery**Urgent access: surgery within 30 days**Patient\\'s condition is associated with one of the following:•Conditions with potential to deteriorate quickly•Severe symptoms or dysfunction•Examples include severe dysphagia or vomiting from anastomotic stenosis, symptomatic internal hernia, severe nutritional deficiencies, or acute band-related complications**Expedited access: surgery within 90 days**Patient\\'s conditions are not likely to deteriorate quickly but are associated with one of the following:•Substantial risk of morbidity or mortality•Reasonable risk of harm or reduced efficacy of treatment if surgery is delayed beyond 90 days•Complex medical regimens or insulin requirement•Weight loss, metabolic improvement, or both, are required to allow other time-sensitive treatments (eg, organ transplants or orthopaedic surgery)**Standard access: surgery after 90 days**•Patient\\'s conditions are unlikely to deteriorate within 6 months•Only mild dysfunction or symptoms•Delaying surgical treatment beyond 90 days is unlikely to significantly reduce effectiveness of surgeryFigureExamples of conditions that warrant expedited access to bariatric and metabolic surgeryAHA=American Heart Association.",
"\n\nGiven the factors contributing to morbidity and mortality in obesity and type 2 diabetes, surgical prioritisation should be based on disease-specific considerations. ",
"For patients with type 2 diabetes, we suggest that surgery be prioritised for patients at increased risk of morbidity and mortality. ",
"This risk would be indicated by poor glycaemic control despite maximal medical therapy, use of insulin, previous cardiovascular disease, albuminuria and chronic kidney disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or multiple cardiometabolic comorbidities.[@bib28] Insulin use is a meaningful prioritisation criterion because it correlates with increased cardiovascular mortality[@bib28] and reduced quality of life.[@bib92] Moreover, metabolic surgery reduces or abolishes the need for insulin in most patients.[@bib1], [@bib47], [@bib52] To mitigate the risk of substantially reducing treatment efficacy, we suggest prioritising surgery in patients with more than 5 years of diabetes. ",
"This suggestion is based on evidence that individuals with shorter diabetes duration have greater chances of achieving disease remission,[@bib92] whereas type 2 diabetes duration of 8--10 years remits far less often postoperatively.[@bib1], [@bib65], [@bib93]\n\nThe severity of obesity-associated symptoms (eg, mobility issues or joint pain as a consequence of extremely high BMI, regardless of comorbidities) must also be considered when establishing priorities. ",
"Equally important is the effect of obesity-related conditions that increase morbidity and mortality (eg, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, chronic kidney disease, or severe obstructive sleep apnoea).[@bib38] The availability of non-surgical options that slow disease progression (ie, pharmacological diabetes treatments achieving adequate glycaemic control) reduces need for prioritisation. ",
"Expedited access to surgery should also be considered when bariatric and metabolic operations are used as adjuvant therapy to enable other time-sensitive treatments that are made unfeasible or unsafe by excess weight, poor metabolic control, or both ([figure](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\nMany candidates for bariatric and metabolic surgery are at high risk of morbidity and mortality from comorbid conditions. ",
"For these patients, access to surgical treatment should be prioritised on the basis of disease-focused clinical needs, rather than primarily on BMI, to mitigate harm from delaying surgery. ",
"This approach is especially needed in periods in which access to surgery is reduced, as in the current COVID-19 pandemic. ",
"Societal crises often spur developments that provide benefits long after the storm passes. ",
"Disease-oriented, medically meaningful strategies to triage patients seeking metabolic surgery after the COVID-19 crisis should help prioritise patients in more urgent need, both now and long into the future.",
"\n\nSearch strategy and selection criteria {#cesec150}\n======================================\n\nWe did a rapid narrative literature review for this Personal View. ",
"For references about the effect of viral infections including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on diabetes, obesity, and laparoscopic surgery, we searched PubMed for articles in English published between Jan 1, 2002, and April 10, 2020. ",
"We used combinations of terms such as \"SARS\", \"H1N1\", \"coronavirus\", \"COVID-19\", \"SARS-CoV-2\", \"diabetes\", \"obesity\", \"BMI\" \"laparoscopy\", \"endoscopy\", \"severe acute respiratory syndrome\", \"acute respiratory distress syndrome\", and \"co-morbidities\".",
"We also reviewed recent guidelines from professional organisations and public health agencies about elective surgery and the COVID-19 pandemic. ",
"For evidence about the benefits of bariatric and metabolic surgery, the predicting factors of morbidity and mortality from type 2 diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and the classification of elective surgery, we reviewed recently published systematic reviews and consensus statements by major scientific societies and relevant individual articles cited in these documents.",
"Members of the expert panel were selected on the basis of their previous participation in the Diabetes Surgery Summit series and their relevant expertise. ",
"Additional experts were also invited to join the group and provide complementary expertise or ensure global representation, or both. ",
"A subgroup of the expert panel did a first appraisal of the evidence and draft recommendations, and they generated the first draft of the report, synthetising the literature review in response to each specific query. ",
"The entire expert group then engaged in online discussion to further appraise the evidence and refine the final consensus recommendations.",
"\n\nFR conceived the idea for this initiative. ",
"FR, RVC, GM, CWR, JIM, DEA, JV, and DEC reviewed relevant medical literature and prepared the first draft of this report. ",
"GA, SAA, RLB, SB, GC, SDP, JBD, RHE, DH, BMM, APan, APat, FP, PRS, and PZZ provided additional input in the appraisal of evidence and in manuscript preparation. ",
"All co-authors participated in the development of the recommendations and reviewed and approved this report.",
"\n\nFR is on advisory boards for GI Dynamics, Keyron, and Novo Nordisk, has received consulting fees from Ethicon Endosurgery and Medtronic, and has received research grants from Ethicon Endosurgery and Medtronic. ",
"CWR reports receiving research grants from Science Foundation of Ireland, Health Research Board, and Irish Research Council, personal advisory board fees from Novo Nordisk and GI Dynamics, honoraria for lectures and advisory work for Eli Lilly, Johnson and Johnson, Sanofi Aventis, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer-Ingelheim, AnaBio, and Keyron. ",
"JIM has received honoraria for lectures and programme development from Abbott Nutrition. ",
"DEA reports receiving grants from the US National Institutes of Health and Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, and travel expenses from World Congress for Interventional Therapy for Diabetes and from International Federation of Surgery for Obesity Latin American Chapter. ",
"SAA reports receiving advisory member fees from Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Abbott, and Roche via her employer, King\\'s College London. ",
"RLB is a principal investigator for clinical trials funded by Novo Nordisk and Fractyl (all funds go directly to her institution, University College London), and has consultancy agreements with Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, ViiV, and International Medical Press. ",
"JBD reports consultancy with Bariatric Advantage, iNova, and Reshape, is on advisory boards for Novo Nordisk and Nestlé Health Science, and receives research support from Australia\\'s National Health and Medical Research Council. ",
"PRS is a board member and advisory panel member for GI Dynamics, has consulted for Ethicon, Medtronic, WL Gore, Global Academy for Medical Education, and BD Surgical, and has received research support from Ethicon, the US National Institutes of Health, Medtronic, and Pacira. ",
"All other authors declare no competing interests.",
"\n"
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"Camera help needed\n\n9530, OS 5.0.0.497 (newly installed after the issue started).",
"\nIssue: trying to start the camera, I get an error message; \"could not start the camera. ",
"Close other applications and try opening the camera again.\"",
"\nWell, that's just peachy, since I have entirely wiped the device, tried several different operating systems, have tried making the camera work without personal info installed (clean OS install), No apps were present (besides the pushed content, including that infernal NFL one which has been screwing with the device since it appeared).",
"\nGot any clues how this may be fixed, or do I have to bite the bullet and swap devices?",
"\nOr should I just go with a droid? ",
"I'm getting so sick of the constant tweaking involved with this thing.",
"\nBTW, this is my G/F's device, and she doesn't mess with it, besides battery pulls and keeping it charged up.",
"\n\nHave you ever wondered why things intended to make our lives simpler keep getting more complicated to use?",
"\n\nOn my 9530... It was a memory issue for me. ",
"I could do a battery pull and it would be just fine after reboot. ",
"When the memory leaked away... No camera! ",
"Are you using shrink??? ",
"Have tried vzw official??? ",
"I went S2, and haven't had a problem since. ",
"S1 is only used to help out with for beta purposes now!Posted via mobile device\n\n9530 with a lyricidal hybrid. ",
"the problem started with official .419 and I decided it might be time for an upgrade. ",
"the OS does not seem to change the outcome.",
"\nThis cam e on suddenly, without any external changes done by myself or Judi (my G/F). ",
"it started happening right after the NFL icon appeared on the screen, even though everybody has told me this has nothing to do with it and there is nothing I can do to get rid of it.",
"\n\nHave you ever wondered why things intended to make our lives simpler keep getting more complicated to use?",
"\n\nIt seems to me the NFL icon is coincidental, but we have NEVER had a problem with her device until it showed up. ",
"She was rather not impressed with the fact she missed getting pictures of the kids and the car show we went to today and this really irritated me.",
"\nI just feel it may have something to do with the pushed content getting in the way of device functions in some unknown way and I'm really getting sick of it. ",
"I pay a premium price for premium service and the provider is hampering it.",
"\nIs there a way to find out if there is a memory allocation that is conflicting the camera function? ",
"If not, am I stuck with a broken device? ",
"If big red is going to continue pushing content that proves malevolent to the device integrity, I certainly do not want to upgrade and be stuck with another two-year contract.",
"\n\nHave you ever wondered why things intended to make our lives simpler keep getting more complicated to use?",
"\n\nI kinda figured it but it was definitely irritating when the icon showed up, my device started freezing and hers was freezing and the camera stopped working.",
"\nGood thing I'm still under a year on these devices and can get a replacement for hardware if needed.",
"\nThanx for the help.",
"\n\nHave you ever wondered why things intended to make our lives simpler keep getting more complicated to use?",
"\n\nBugly I had the same thing happen to my 9530, and take my advice on this, after trying everything, swapping os, loading no apps, changing,.cod files, loading through DOS as a nuked phone the camera was still no go. ",
"The device needs replaced.",
"\n\nIt was mainly an issue that it was showing itself at the exact time the NFL logo showed up. ",
"It may or may not be related, but it still p###es me off that it happened at the same time.",
"\nEarlier OSs have had no helpful effect.",
"\nLoading even the oldest OS available, the old 4.7 without any personal info did not help.",
"\nI am assuming it is a hardware problem and will have to swap devices.",
"\n\nHave you ever wondered why things intended to make our lives simpler keep getting more complicated to use?",
"\n\nUpdate:\nWent to the Verizon store today and had the techs try to revive the camera function. ",
"After several attempts, including a complete wipe of the device and start from scratch, they were unable to fix it. ",
"New device on the way via FedEx.",
"\nApparently, this was not a software issue after all, but they did say there have been several complaints about pushed content. ",
"Hope big red takes this to heart, the customer base will diminish if their policies don't change about forced items.",
"\n\nHave you ever wondered why things intended to make our lives simpler keep getting more complicated to use?"
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"Bedside diagnosis of lymphorrhea after kidney transplantation surgery: A clinical study.",
"\nThe aim of our study is to evaluate the role of pyridium (phenazopyridine) in the early bedside differential diagnosis of urine leak and lymphorrhea. ",
"Twenty-five kidney recipients (15 males and ten females, aged between 14 and 62 years) with persisting post-operative fluid drainage from the drain for more than two weeks were enrolled in this study. ",
"Creatinine and urea of three samples, namely serum, urine and the drain fluid, were measured. ",
"A single dose of 300 mg of pyridium (phenazopyridine) was then administered to all patients. ",
"One physician and one nurse who were unaware of the aim of the study checked and evaluated the color of the samples of urine and drain fluid of each patient. ",
"In seven patients, the level of creatinine in the urine and drain fluid was similar and in them the color of both samples became orange to red, indicating urine leak from the ureteric anstomotic site. ",
"The remainder of the 18 patients did not show any changes in the drain fluid color and the level of creatinine was nearly same in the serum and drain fluid. ",
"In a kidney transplant recipient, pyridium can be used as an easy, safe and easily available indicator for diagnosing urine leak in the drain fluid."
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"Q:\n\nIs $\\mathbf V \\mathbf \\Sigma ^2\\mathbf V^H=\\mathbf V \\mathbf V^H \\mathbf \\Sigma ^2?$ if $\\mathbf \\Sigma$ is a diagonal matrix\n\nIf $\\mathbf \\Sigma$ is a nonsquare diagonal matrix,and the elements in there are all real positive value.",
"\nNow $\\mathbf V$ is a orthogonal square matrix,which means $\\mathbf V \\mathbf V^H=\\mathbf V^H \\mathbf V=\\mathbf I$.\nNow there is a formula\n$\\mathbf U \\mathbf \\Sigma \\mathbf V^H(\\mathbf V \\mathbf \\Sigma ^2\\mathbf V^H)^{-1}\\mathbf V \\mathbf \\Sigma$,is my calculation right?",
"\n$\\mathbf U \\mathbf \\Sigma \\mathbf V^H(\\mathbf V \\mathbf \\Sigma ^2\\mathbf V^H)^{-1}\\mathbf V \\mathbf \\Sigma=\\mathbf U \\mathbf \\Sigma \\mathbf V^H(\\mathbf V \\mathbf V^H \\mathbf \\Sigma ^2)^{-1}\\mathbf V \\mathbf \\Sigma=\\mathbf U \\mathbf \\Sigma \\mathbf V^H\\frac{\\mathbf I}{diag(\\mathbf \\Sigma ^2)}\\mathbf V \\mathbf \\Sigma=\\mathbf U \\mathbf Idiag(\\mathbf \\Sigma ^2) \\frac{\\mathbf I}{diag(\\mathbf \\Sigma ^2)} \\mathbf V^H\\mathbf V =\\mathbf U ?",
"$ \n\nA:\n\nA lot of the question doesn't make sense, but to answer the question in the prompt: NO. ",
" If you have $VD^2V^T$ this will not in general equal $VV^TD^2$. As you said, $V$ is orthogonal hence satisfying $VV^T = I$. A counterexample to $VD^2V^T = VV^TD^2 = D^2$:\n$$\n\\left[ \\begin{array}{cc}\n1/\\sqrt{2} & -1/\\sqrt{2} \\\\\n1/\\sqrt{2} & 1/\\sqrt{2} \\\\\n\\end{array} \\right ]\\left [ \\begin{array}{cc}\n1 & 0 \\\\\n0 & 2 \\\\\n\\end{array} \\right ]\\left[ \\begin{array}{cc}\n1/\\sqrt{2} & 1/\\sqrt{2} \\\\\n-1/\\sqrt{2} & 1/\\sqrt{2} \\\\\n\\end{array} \\right ] \\;\\; =\\;\\; \\left [\\begin{array}{cc}\n3/2 &1/2 \\\\\n1/2 &3/2 \\\\\n\\end{array} \\right ].",
"\n$$\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nHow can I find the type of a property dynamically in swift (Reflection/Mirror)?",
"\n\nSo let's say I have a class like this:\nclass Employee: NSObject {\n var id: String?",
"\n var someArray: [Employee]?",
"\n}\n\nI use reflection to get the property names:\nlet employee = Employee()\nlet mirror = Mirror(reflecting: employee)\npropertyNames = mirror.children.flatMap { $0.label } \n// [\"businessUnitId\", \"someArray\"]\n\nso far so good! ",
"Now i need to be able to figure out the type of each of these properties, so if I do the employee.valueForKey(\"someArray\"), it won't work because it only gives me the AnyObject type. ",
"What would be the best way to do this? ",
"Specially for the array, I need to be able to dynamically tell that the array contains type of Employee.",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou don't need to inherit from NSObject (unless you have a good reason to).",
"\nclass Employee {\n var id: String?",
"\n var someArray: [Employee]?",
"\n}\n\nlet employee = Employee()\n\nfor property in Mirror(reflecting: employee).children {\n print(\"name: \\(property.label) type: \\(type(of: property.value))\")\n}\n\nOutput\nname: Optional(\"id\") type: Optional<String>\nname: Optional(\"someArray\") type: Optional<Array<Employee>>\n\nThis also works with Structs\n\n"
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"Football needs more punching. ",
"At least, that’s what the pair of men who make up indie developer Run Games believe.",
"\n\nVeteran game producers Michael Marzola and Nathan Lazur, who’ve worked on games like Star Wars: Battlefront, The Saboteur, and Chrono Resurrection, have left the safe environment of big-name studios to create something on their own. ",
"They started Run Games and are working on arcade pigskin game Football Heroes for iOS and Android.",
"\n\nFootball Heroes is the smartphone offspring of arcade basketball game NBA Jam, 8-bit beat-em-up Double Dragon, and Baltimore Raven’s linebacker Ray Lewis. ",
"Each play starts off like any typical football game (except the teams each only have eight players), but the action quickly regresses into fits of helmet-punching mayhem. ",
"Every action awards the heroes of football experience points, which then makes them even better at running, passing, and punching.",
"\n\nFootball Heroes also employs a Call of Duty-like perk system that can cause different characters to improve on vastly diverging paths.",
"\n\nRun Games says they’ve focused on making Football Heroes an excellent multiplayer game. ",
"It will support both online and local multiplayer.",
"\n\n“EA has killed almost all innovation in sports games, and we are trying to bring back sports games for people who are not simulation buffs,” Marzola told GamesBeat in an email interview.",
"\n\nOf course, since this is 2012, the two-man team at Run Games is looking to bring their game to the masses via social-funding site Kickstarter. ",
"The team has reached $5,200 of its $12,000 goal with 21 days to go. ",
"Here’s their project video:\n\nAs a way to get fans involved in the production process, and to drum up support for the Kickstarter, the team created Run Games Live. ",
"It’s a sort of always-on streaming Internet show that will air while the team is developing Football Heroes.",
"\n\nFans can watch a studio webcam, Lazur’s workstation, or Marzola’s workstation over three simultaneous feeds. ",
"Users can log in to the game-streaming website Twitch.tv to chat with the team while they work."
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"The concurrent in vitro and in vivo release of PGE2 from a controlled-release hydrogel polymer pessary for cervical ripening.",
"\nTwenty five patients booked for induction of labour, at 38 weeks or more gestation, were administered a controlled release vaginal polymer pessary containing 10 mg prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), designed to release 0.6 mg per hour in vivo. ",
"The release profile from the polymer was linear throughout the eight hour observation period with a correlation coefficient of 0.81, and regression slope of 0.93 mg/hr. ",
"with 95% confidence intervals of 0.63 mg/hr. ",
"to 1.23 mg/hr. ",
"This compared with a concomitant release profile in vitro which was uniform with time for the first five hours, but then continued at a decreasing rate with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. ",
"The relationship between PGE2 release and cervical score change was linear, with a correlation coefficient of 0.65. ",
"The results show that PGE2 release from the pessary in vivo is predictable, and suggest that the controlled release pessary offers the advantages of greater control of cervical ripening than alternative vehicles currently available."
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"Everyday People Cartoons\n\nEveryday People is a cartoon written and drawn by Cathy Thorne. ",
"The cartoon generally uses a single captioned panel featuring a female protagonist. ",
"The series debuted in 1999, and has been in continuous production ever since, publishing a new cartoon on a weekly schedule. ",
"There are currently over 600 different cartoons on the website covering topics such as motherhood, relationships, health, beauty and well-being.",
"\n\nBooks\n Cartoons About Women (and the people who love and annoy them), 2009 \n Cookie In The Moment, 2012\n\nOther media\n\nNewspaper\nIndividual cartoons have been syndicated in various international papers, including:\nToronto Star (Ontario, Canada)\nSunday Herald Sun (Melbourne, Australia)\nRichmond Times-Dispatch (Virginia, USA)\nThe Press (Christchurch, New Zealand)\nVentura County Star (California, USA)\nSunday Telegraph (Sydney, Australia)\nKansas City Star (Kansas, USA)\n\nMagazines\nIndividual cartoons have appeared in various magazines, including:\nGood Housekeeping\nMore Magazine\nReader's Digest\n\nWebsites\nIndividual cartoons have appeared on various websites, including:\nwww.massmoms.com\nwww.savvymom.ca\n\nNewsletters\n Johnson and Johnson's babycenter.com's Pregnancy newsletter\nJohnson and Johnson's babycenter.com's BabyStages newsletter\n\nAwards\nCathy Thorne's Everyday People blog placed 2nd in the Comics category of the 2010 Canadian Weblog Awards.",
"\nIn 2010, Reader's Digest selected Cathy Thorne as one of five talented cartoonists from across Canada to watch.\"",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Canadian comic strips"
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"42 F.3d 1397\nYancey (Steven L.)v.",
"Corr. ",
"Med. ",
"Systems\nNO. ",
"94-3226\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Eighth Circuit.",
"\nSept 27, 1994\nAppeal From: E.D.Mo., ",
"No. ",
"94-CV-1283\n\n1\nAFFIRMED.",
"\n\n"
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"Do you love or hate Biswanath?",
"\n\nBiswanath 8UK 2015 a Luton based organisation from the United Kingdom is conducting a survey asking people from Biswanth or any one with ancestral roots to Biswanath to complete this survey.",
"\n\nThe key theme of the survey is “Do you love or hate Biswanath?” ",
"and this survey will enable them to better understand community issues affecting Biswanath and will enable them to improve their service to local people.",
"\n\nThis survey is conducted using Survey Monkey which is an independent organisation and no personal information is shared with the surveyor or anyone else.",
"\n\nThe organisation will analyse the survey results and share their findings on biswanath-news.com news portal and any published materials.",
"\n\nParticipants will be asked 10 questions with multiple choice answers and the survey will take less than 2 minutes to complete.",
"\n\nIf you would like to take part in this quick survey please follow this link to “Start Survey”"
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"Monday, July 9, 2012\n\nToo Much Barking\n\nI just found out last weekend that Kai apparently has been barking his head off whenever he's left alone! ",
"Chris and I had no idea. ",
"Kai never has exhibited any signs of anxiety when we prepare to leave, he doesn't bark when we DO leave... he is always excited when we come back, but not overly so. ",
"He has a doggie door, so he can go in and out as he pleases, and he has our cat Molly to keep him company. ",
"I come home for lunch every day during the week, so he's never alone for more than about four hours. ",
"But our neighbor said that Kai has been barking like that for about a month now. ",
"The neighbors were super nice about it and I feel terrible on many levels. ",
"Obviously, I don't want to piss off the neighbors, and I also don't want Kai to be experiencing anxiety on a daily basis. ",
"This seems like a tough issue to address. ",
"How are we supposed to know what's going on when we aren't there? ",
"Kai is such a confident little guy. ",
"I never thought he could develop separation anxiety.",
"\n\nWe had already planned a trip to Sierra Nevada Brewing Company in Chico for Sunday for a friend's belated birthday, so we had to quickly find a solution for Kai. ",
"We didn't want to leave him stuck in the house alone all day, and we didn't have anyone who could watch him. ",
"Obviously we couldn't leave him outside since the neighbors had just complained! ",
"We called a local doggie daycare/boarding place called Wag Hotel. ",
"This place was recommended by a friend of mine, and they got really good Yelp reviews. ",
"Since Kai has had all his shots, they were able to take him for All Day Play on Sunday. ",
"They have a doggie cam, so we could see how he was doing while we were in Chico. ",
"Kai ended up having a blast!",
"\n\nKai's report card and photos from his first All Day Play at Wag Hotel\n\nWe took a tour of the facilities at Wag Hotel and felt comfortable with it, so we are going to try boarding him there for future trips. ",
"It's not cheap, but I guess part of owning a dog is accepting the extra cost of boarding if we want to do things out of town and can't take him. ",
"And it's worth the extra cost if Kai can also enjoy his time, rather than just be sitting miserable in a small kennel somewhere.",
"\n\nFor the work week, we are going to try some things to hopefully alleviate the barking:\n1. ",
"Kai will have to be kept in the house. ",
"Doggy door will be locked. ",
"That way, if he barks, it shouldn't be loud enough to annoy anyone\n2. ",
"Kai will get a peanut butter-filled Kong before the last person leaves the house. ",
"The Kong will be a special treat that Kai only gets when he's going to be left alone.",
"\n3. (",
"this one we've sort of been doing already, but we'll have to be more conscious of it) We won't make a big deal of leaving or returning home. ",
"When we come home we'll ignore Kai for a few minutes, until he calms down.",
"\n4. ",
"either the TV or classical music will be left on in the house when Kai's by himself\n5. ",
"We'll try to set up a doggie cam so that we can see how Kai does when he's alone\n6. ",
"We're going to have to start taking Kai to the gym with us, every time we go. ",
"We probably won't be able to get as good of a workout in for a while, until Kai gets used to being there, but we can live with that.",
"\n\nI REALLY hope that this is just a phase that Kai's going through. ",
"He really isn't an anxious or nervous dog at all, and he's not needy when we are at home. ",
"The neighbor said it's been going on for about a month, and we've been leaving Kai out in the mornings longer than that... so I wonder if something happened about a month ago that scared him and triggered this behavior. ",
"Maybe someone was getting their trees trimmed or something. ",
"But anyway, I hope these steps will work out okay. ",
"And if Kai seems to settle down, we can try leaving the dog door open for him again in a couple of months, and just ask our neighbor to let us know how he does.",
"\n\nThe bad thing is that Molly is going to have to be locked OUT of the house in the mornings now. ",
"I don't want her to feel trapped with Kai indoors. ",
"In the afternoons, I've been crating Kai anyway, so that won't change, and then Molly can come in and out as she pleases. ",
"I hope the week goes okay!"
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[
"More than two years have now passed since the October afternoon when Daphne Caruana Galizia, Malta’s most dogged and widely read journalist, was assassinated near her home in the slumbering village of Bidnija in the north of the island. ",
"And still the residents can’t believe it. “",
"You expect something like this to happen over there,” a retiree named Sabrina Vassallo tells me from her garden, gesturing towards Sicily. “",
"But not here.”",
"\n\nMore than two years have passed since Bidnija’s residents have spotted Caruana Galizia driving through their village or attending the annual festival at the chapel of the Sagra Familja. ",
"And yet, for maybe the first time since that day, the question of who commissioned her killing no longer appears so inscrutable. ",
"At the end of November, Yorgen Fenech, a businessman, was charged with conspiring in her murder. ",
"This precipitated the resignation of a government minister and the prime minister’s chief of staff. (",
"All three have denied involvement in Caruana Galizia’s death) “We had our doubts when it happened,” Antony Galea, a strawberry farmer, tells me as he rolls a muddy tractor off a pickup truck. “",
"But you saw what these people were doing in Panama, right? ",
"You think they couldn’t have also done this?”",
"\n\nThe smallest country in the European Union ( EU ) is now engulfed in the biggest crisis in its independent history. ",
"During the six days I spent on the island at the beginning of December, news came of the resignation of Finland’s prime minister over a dispute involving that country’s postal service. ",
"A deputy minister in Greece stepped down after getting caught inventing a degree on his CV . ",
"In Kosovo, an MP was sentenced to two years in jail for hate speech.",
"\n\nBut on Malta – a state that continues to portray itself as a European success story – the island’s most powerful man still clings to his seat in the stout Crusader bastion known as Castille. ",
"Joseph Muscat, the prime minister, has promised to stand down in the middle of January. ",
"But for the moment he remains in office, despite the increasing number of extraordinary allegations.",
"\n\nMalta's Prime Minister, Joseph Muscat, addresses the media\n\nThe Maltese have been told, in testimony to the courts and leaks to the press, that in June 2017, Fenech paid Marvin Theuma, a taxi driver, €150,000 ($166, 240) to hire three men to plant and detonate the car bomb that killed the journalist. ",
"They have been told that these assassins – arrested in December 2017 – were continually leaked details about the police investigation. ",
"They have been told that the person leaking those details was Keith Schembri, Muscat’s chief of staff, whom Caruana Galizia slammed as “that crook” on Running Commentary, her widely read blog, less than an hour before she was murdered. (",
"Fenech and Schembri deny the allegations.)",
"\n\nThey have been told that Fenech, the alleged mastermind, helped Schembri and other members of the government create plans to funnel money into offshore Panamanian accounts. ",
"They have been told that Muscat himself was in regular communication with Fenech after Caruana Galizia’s assassination and that, for months, at least one person alleged to be privy to the assassination plot was allowed to sit in on police and secret-service meetings about the arrest of those privy to the assassination plot. (",
"Muscat says that his actions were authorised by the secret service, so as not to tip off Fenech that he was under investigation.) ",
"They have been told that the middleman between the assassins and the Maltese state may have been a member of Muscat’s own security detail and that Theuma was given a phantom government job, raising concerns that Maltese taxpayer euros may have been used to fund the cover-up. ",
"Muscat has denied any prior knowledge of the plot.",
"\n\nHours after Muscat announced he was stepping down, the European Parliament scrambled a mission to Valletta. “",
"This swamp of corruption and financial crime must now be brought to justice,” Sven Giegold, a German delegate, declared before leaving Brussels. ",
"Muscat, he said, needed to step down immediately. ",
"But in Malta the mission did not encounter the boyish technocrat once slated to replace Donald Tusk as president of the EU Council in Brussels, but a different man entirely: an uncompromising prime minister whose story, Giegold conceded, no longer added up. ",
"Many on Malta contend that Muscat has refused to step down immediately because of this accumulating evidence against his government. ",
"They believe his final weeks in power will be used to exonerate his closest advisers and possibly even himself. (",
"Muscat has argued that the management of government business requires him to stay in office for the next month.)",
"\n\nIn Valletta, tens of thousands of citizens have taken to the streets. ",
"They congregate in front of the parliament, which police, summoned from across the island, have blocked off with steel barriers. ",
"As Labour ministers exit the building, the crowd hisses and cusses and throws eggs. ",
"A big speaker blares out “Vaffanculo”, the rowdy Marco Masini ballad, and they sing along en masse: “Vaffanculo! ",
"Fuck you!” ",
"They carpet the ground with green €5,000 bills depicting Muscat and his ministers and the flags of Panama and Azerbaijan (they believe that Malta’s wealth has been siphoned off to these countries.) “",
"Their attempts to end corruption are as fake as these €5,000”, reads the motto on the notes. “",
"NO MORE POWER CUNTS” proclaims a sign in yellow caps – a reference to a three-hour power outage that mysteriously struck Malta as crucial details of the murder plot became public. ",
"Other signs read “Quo Vadis Malta?” ",
"and “Killers in the Castille”. ",
"Small skirmishes break out with police. “",
"Think what you’re doing right now. ",
"You’re defending them?” ",
"a protester implores an officer, who looks back with some mixture of bewilderment and shame.",
"\n\nGalizia's parents, Rose and Michael Vella, stand beside each other at a protest in Valletta\n\nBut the Maltese haven’t always rushed to Caruana Galizia’s defence. ",
"On my first visit to Malta two years ago, three months after the journalist’s assassination, the monthly vigils commemorating her death were sparsely attended, sombre affairs. ",
"Most of those who turned up were family members or super-fans of her blog. “",
"They knew who we were,” one of the few MP s who attended those vigils told me. ",
"He suspected that the protests were being closely watched. “",
"When we walked down the streets – well, it was not uncommon to get spat on.” ",
"For most Maltese citizens, there was a risk in being spotted at such a gathering. ",
"An election a few months earlier had delivered Labour a great victory, despite three years of rule during which Caruana Galizia had made serious allegations of grift by party leaders.",
"\n\nMany Maltese, even if they privately agreed with Caruana Galizia’s assessment, desisted from commemorating her. ",
"It meant publicly endorsing her claim that Malta was ruled by a mafia clan disguised as a political party. ",
"Threats to her supporters were explicit. ",
"Photographs of vigil attendees were regularly posted online and their names made public. ",
"Public sector employees were ordered to clear away the makeshift memorial to Caruana Galizia every morning. ",
"Allegations were spread that one of her sons had played a part in his mother’s murder. ",
"Acts of protests had to be surreptitious. ",
"Driving around the island in early 2018, I spotted great red banners that counted the number of days that had passed since Caruana Galizia’s murder had gone unsolved – a stunt inspired by “Three Billboards outside Ebbing, Missouri”, a recent film.",
"\n\nBut over the last two years, public opinion has shifted. ",
"For Caruana Galizia’s most damning allegations have proved to be chillingly precise. ",
"She alleged that Labour was running a self-enrichment racket by selling Maltese citizenship to dubious foreign nationals; this January, the European Commission ordered a thorough review of the practice, which it claimed was opening up the EU to organised crime. ",
"Caruana Galizia had alleged that Pilatus, a bank licensed under the Labour government, was an Iranian money-laundering front; in March 2018, the FBI arrested its founder in Manhattan and charged him with sanctions-busting and money-laundering. ",
"And in November, Reuters published the results of an investigation on which they had spent hundreds of thousands of euros. ",
"It proved a hunch that Caruana Galizia, armed with little more than her own contacts and determination, had been pursuing in the months before she was killed: that Fenech owned a company in Dubai which was intended to be used to transfer money to Panamanian companies that benefited Schembri and Konrad Mizzi, Muscat’s minister of tourism. (",
"No money ended up being transferred and Mizzi, for one, denies any involvement in the scheme.) ",
"In recent weeks the pace of revelations has only speeded up.",
"\n\nOn a wind-swept morning in Valletta last week, as I was waiting for the court to begin its daily session, British pensioners disgorge from cruise liners and ambled down Republic Street. ",
"Christmas carols jingled from rooftop public speakers in an apparent act of state-enforced holiday cheer. (",
"The Caruana Galizia protests have been bad for business, with some shops in the capital claiming a 50% drop in sales.) ",
"Talk of the trial has now become the ambient noise of the island. ",
"Even the tourists have devised theories on the matter. \"",
"How are all these accused men paying their lawyers?\" ",
"a retired Scottish archaeologist asked me on a bus, as he whipped a ruffled Times of Malta out of his bag. \"",
"You would think that the first thing that would happen would be to freeze their bank accounts.\" ",
"I met a lawyer who is now living part-time out of her car, which she has packed with flat shoes that she wears for marching and posters for hoisting at the nightly protests. ",
"She is not the first person to tell me that “fighting for Daphne\" has become a second job in the past month.",
"\n\nLate in the morning a fleet of police cars streamed down a cobbled alley, followed by a pair of prison buses. “",
"More arrests? ",
"Who’d they manage to nab today?” ",
"a woman asks aloud to no one in particular. ",
"Four of the prisoners shuffled through the court to Hall 7, a wood-panelled chamber with a ceiling of egg-yolk yellow. ",
"An icon of Jesus hung above the magistrate’s head. ",
"The entrance was guarded by three officers carrying enormous rifles. ",
"Shortly after 10.30am, the three men accused of being directly responsible for planting and detonating the car bomb that killed Caruana Galizia entered the chamber. ",
"Each of them wore a suit; one had Aviators on. ",
"Theuma – the tall, clean-cut taxi driver allegedly ordered by Fenech to hire assassins – followed. ",
"Theuma was arrested in November, but his role in the plot has been known since at least April 2018. ",
"It remains unclear why it took 18 months to apprehend him, but days after he was seized, he was offered a presidential pardon to deliver up all the information he possessed on the plot to kill Caruana Galizia.",
"\n\nMaltese businessman Yorgen Fenech outside the courtroom\n\nTheuma is delivering the goods. ",
"When I saw him, he spoke in unhurried sentences, as though unaware of the magnitude of his testimony. ",
"Over the course of a three-hour examination by the grey-robed magistrate, he told the court a remarkable story. ",
"He explained that, for more than a year, Schembri had been in regular contact with members of the assassination plot – several of whom were provided with tens of thousands of euros to pay their legal fees. ",
"He said that members of the assassination plot originally balked at the idea of a car bomb, as there were concerns that Caruana Galizia might survive such a blast. ",
"In the months after the assassination, he became paranoid that he would also get whacked; those who hired him seemed to be aware that he knew too much. ",
"The courtroom clattered with the tapping of keyboards – at least a dozen journalists had been crammed onto the benches that run around the side of the chamber. ",
"Eventually the room filled up and the magistrate ordered the doors to be locked. ",
"Within minutes everyone began to swelter.",
"\n\nTheuma’s most extraordinary claim reaches right to the top. ",
"In March 2017, more than a year before elections were due, Muscat called a snap poll. ",
"At the time, Caruana Galizia was incredulous. “",
"I’m still asking this question repeatedly myself,” she wrote. ",
"Why was an election being held then? ",
"The prime minister’s popularity seemed as high as it ever had been. ",
"What was he “so afraid of”, she asked, that he would risk shaving a year off his tenure in power?",
"\n\nTheuma stated in his testimony that the plan to kill Caruana Galizia was originally conceived in early spring in 2017. ",
"But he implied that it was placed on hold so that Labour could wage an election campaign unburdened by the scandal of a dead journalist. ",
"Theuma claims that on June 3rd 2017, the very day Muscat won his resounding victory, he received an order to resume the plot. ",
"If Theuma’s allegations are true, it appears the election may in some way have served as a referendum on Caruana Galizia’s life. (",
"Muscat continues to deny any connection to the case).",
"\n\nHall 7 offers its own testimony to the entanglements of this small island. ",
"Caruana Galizia's sons sat an arm's length from their mother's alleged killers. ",
"Intermittently, the accused were allowed to exit the court for cigarette breaks. ",
"When Fenech made his first court appearance, pedestrians were astonished to spot him meandering around Republic Street, smoking nonchalantly in full view of the makeshift shrine to the woman he stands accused of murdering.",
"\n\nAmid all the uncertainties on Malta today, one thing seems clear. ",
"Caruana Galizia’s murder ripped a gaping tear in the island’s image of itself. ",
"A country that was once Europe’s bridge to Africa and the Middle East has now become a pariah.",
"\n\nTo read our piece from 2018, reporting on the death of Daphne Caruana Galizia, click here"
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"Q:\n\ndate stored in sqlite table as date('15:20:16',strftime('%H:%M:%S')).Is it correct?",
"\n\nreceivedDate=\"25022013\";\nreceivedTime=\"150526\";\n\nreceivedTime=receivedTime.trim();\nString HH = receivedTime.substring(0, 2);\nString MM = receivedTime.substring(2, 4);\nString SS = receivedTime.substring(4, 6);\n\nreceivedTime=\"date('\"+HH+\":\"+MM+\":\"+SS+\"',strftime('%H:%M:%S'))\";\n\nreceivedDate=receivedDate.trim();\nString dd = receivedDate.substring(0, 2);\nString mm = receivedDate.substring(2, 4);\nString yyyy = \"20\"+receivedDate.substring(4,6);\n\nreceivedDate=\"date('\"+yyyy+\"-\"+mm+\"-\"+dd+\"',strftime('%Y-%m-%d'))\";\n\nContentValues values=new ContentValues();\nvalues.put(DBConstants.",
"TIME,receivedTime);\nvalues.put(DBConstants.",
"DATE, receivedDate);\n\nmasterDataDB.insert(DBConstants.",
"MASTER_DATA_TABLE, null, values);\n\nThis date and time are inserted in TEXT type fields. ",
"When i see the store data on Sqlite browser,it store like below,\nIn Time field-> date('15:20:16',strftime('%H:%M:%S'))\nIn Date field-> date('2013-02-14',strftime('%Y-%m-%d'))\nis it correctly stored? ",
"If i select date and time using date function it will return date properly?",
"\n\nA:\n\nSQL functions you are building aren't executed but stored as strings. ",
"You can store date as formatted string or long (time since unix epoch).",
"\nIn other words, don't store the string date('15:20:16',strftime('%H:%M:%S')), but simply 15:20:16.",
"\n\n"
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"December 7, 1941 is, of course, Pearl Harbor Day, when the Japanese Imperial Navy struck the American naval base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, killing nearly 2,500 U.S. servicemen. ",
"While folklore often refers to the Japanese assault as focused on one-way kamikaze missions with pilots not expecting to return, this isn’t the case. ",
"The Japanese navy realized that many planes would be too damaged to return safely to their aircraft carriers. ",
"Niihau, pictured red in the inset above, was designated as a rendezvous point. ",
"Niihau made a lot of sense: it was only a 30 minute flight from Pearl Harbor; is tiny (70 square miles or 180 km^2), making it easy to find those awaiting rescue; and was uninhabited, reducing the risk of assault or capture dramatically. ",
"Pilots were told to fly to Niihau and wait there until a submarine could surface and pick them up.",
"\n\nA solid plan, for sure, but one that went horribly wrong. ",
"Niihau wasn’t very easy to get to from Pearl Harbor after all, and only one Japanese pilot safely made it to its shores. ",
"And more importantly, Niihau wasn’t uninhabited.",
"\n\nAt the time, Niihau was owned — yes, someone owned the whole island — by a man named Aylmer Robinson. (",
"His ancestors purchased it from King Kamehameha V and the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1864.) ",
"Robinson didn’t live there, though; he governed it from Kaua’i, the larger island to Niihau’s east. ",
"Robinson rarely allowed outsiders to visit. ",
"As an unintended consequence, few people other than the handful of native Hawaiians on Niihau ever had the opportunity to learn more about it.",
"\n\nShortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor, a Japanese airman named Shigenori Nishikaichi crash landed on Niihau, as planned. ",
"Nishikaichi’s plane came down just a few yards away from one of Niihau’s inhabitants, named Hawila Kaleohano. ",
"Kaleohano, like the other residents of the island, was unaware of the day’s events, but knew that Japan and the United States had been saber-rattling for months. ",
"Kaleohano, acting on this information, took the pilot’s weapon and the documents he was carrying before Nishikaichi came to. ",
"But the two would be hard-pressed to interact further. ",
"Nishikaichi spoke only Japanese. ",
"Kaleohano and, for that matter, most of the islanders did not. ",
"They only spoke Hawaiian.",
"\n\nThere were a few exceptions, though. ",
"Most notably were Yoshio and Irene Harada, a husband and wife of Japanese descent, both of whom spoke Japanese. ",
"Nishikaichi told the Haradas of the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the Haradas decided to not share that information with the non-Japanese islanders. ",
"But over the next few days, after the island residents threw a party for Nishikaichi, many sat around listening to the radio, and learned about the true reason Nishikaichi was on Niihau. ",
"Robinson was due to visit Niihau the next day (as he or his representative did every week), and they decided that Nishikaichi would be given over to Robinson’s custody, to return to Kaua’i with their landlord. ",
"But Robinson never showed up. ",
"Unbeknownst to those on Niihau, the U.S. military had stopped all naval traffic in the area, and Robinson was stuck on Kaua’i. ",
"When he failed to arrive, the Haradas offered to keep Nishikaichi in their hut, which the rest of the population agreed to — provided that five others be stationed outside their hut, in shifts, as makeshift security guards.",
"\n\nThey probably shouldn’t have taken shifts. ",
"The Haradas and Nishikaichi overpowered a guard and obtained two guns from a nearby warehouse. ",
"On the evening of December 12th, as villagers fled into the thickets and to beaches across the island, the trio began a hunt for Nishikaichi’s documents — and, therefore, for Kaleohano. ",
"But neither were to be found. ",
"Kaleohano had handed the documents off to one of his relatives and then left the island, on a ten-hour boat ride to find Robinson. ",
"Nishikaichi burned his house to the ground and, with Mr. Harada’s help, took captive a woman named Ella Kanahele. ",
"Using her as leverage, Nishikaichi ordered her husband, Ben, to track down Kaleohano and bring him to them. ",
"Ben Kanahele knew that Kaleohano had left the island, but delayed as long as he could. ",
"When he returned empty handed, Harada told him that Nishikaichi was planning to kill everyone until and unless Kaleohano returned.",
"\n\nSo Ben Kanahele attacked first, wrestling Nishikaichi to the ground. ",
"Nishikaichi fired his pistol at Ben, striking him three times, but Ella jumped in to save her husband. ",
"Harada then pulled Ella off of Nishikaichi, but by then, Ben was able to pick the pilot up and slam him into a wall and ultimately, slit his throat with a knife after Ella struck Nishikaichi in the head with a rock. ",
"Harada turned a shotgun on himself and committed suicide. ",
"Robinson arrived the next day, and Irene Harada was taken into custody, as was the only other person of Japanese descent on the island.",
"\n\nThe Niihau incident, as this is now called, made headlines throughout the country. ",
"Ben Kanahele was cited for his bravery and, despite being a private citizen, was awarded a Purple Heart. ",
"Irene Harada was imprisoned for two and a half years, although never convicted of a crime, and the actions she and her husband took are often cited as an early driver of fears that Japanese-Americans would be loyal to Japan during the war. ",
"One place that this fear was not realized, however, was Hawaii — as Wikipedia notes, “during the [Niihau] incident, the Territorial Governor of Hawaii rejected calls for mass internment of the Japanese-Americans living there.",
"\n\nBonus fact : The Robinson family still owns Niihau. ",
"According to Wikipedia, the two brothers who now head the family have been offered $1 billion to sell the island to the U.S. Federal government, but have declined repeatedly.",
"\n\nFrom the Archives: Hawaii Dollars: Special money for Hawaii, from World War II.",
"\n\nRelated: “The Niihau Incident: The True Story of the Japanese Fighter Pilot Who, After the Pearl Harbor Attack, Crash-Landed on the Hawaiian Island of Niihau and Terrorized the Residents” by Allan Beekman. ",
"3.9 stars on 11 reviews and a really, really, really long title. ",
"Really."
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"Obituary\n\nMrs. Linda (Hyman) Marx, of North Miami beach, Florida, born on January 13, 1949 in Bronx, New York, to the late Sally Hyman and the late Milton Hyman, passed away at age 70 on January 14, 2019 in North Miami Beach, Florida. ",
"She graduated from Oceanside High School. ",
"She was in the Real Estate industry until retiring in 2007. ",
"Linda was the loving wife of the late Paul Marx. ",
"She was preceded in death by her daughter, Robyn Markson. ",
"Linda enjoyed shopping, working out. ",
"Those who wish may donate in Linda's name to Robyn's Rainbows. ",
"Friends and family members may attend the memorial service, officiated by Rabbi Berkun, on Wednesday, January 16 at 12:00 p.m. at Aventura Turnberry Jewish Center, 20400 N.E. 30th Avenue, Aventura, Florida, 33180. ",
"The funeral home will be Levitt-Weinstein Beth David Chapel, 3201 NW 72nd Ave., ",
"Hollywood, 954-963-2400.",
"\n\nAimee, Joe and I remain in deep sorry and disbelief about losing Linda. ",
"She was such a wonderful friend. ",
"All we can say is that may the healing element of Love and Time with your family and friends get you through this untimely loss. ",
"God bless you and your family.",
"\n\nSuzanne Gyorody\n\nJanuary 23, 2019 | Aventura, FL | Friend\n\n0\n\n1\n\nAudrey Bart\n\nJanuary 21, 2019 | Miami, FL | Friend\n\n1\n\n2\n\nAimee, I am so sorry for your loss! ",
"I will keep you and your family in my thoughts and prayers!",
"\n\nTracey Lohse\n\nJanuary 21, 2019 | Cooper City, FL | Friend\n\n0\n\n1\n\nDear Aimee,\n\nI am so sorry for your loss. ",
"You and your family are in my prayers and thoughts. ",
"May you have strength and love to help you through this difficult time.",
"\n\nSusan Lendzian\n\nJanuary 21, 2019 | Miramar, FL | Friend\n\n0\n\n1\n\nLiz, Im so very sorry for you loss . ",
"I did not know Linda, however I was told that she was your Aunt . ",
"How horrible for the family ! ",
"May you find strength with your loss & healing . ",
"Xo\n\nJanuary 18, 2019\n\n2\n\n3\n\nMay God bless you and your family in this time of sorrow. ",
"Prayers and love to all of you.",
"\n\nRobyn Kassal\n\nJanuary 18, 2019 | Hollywood, FL | Acquaintance\n\n0\n\n1\n\nMay God comfort you during this most difficult time. ",
"Prayers and hugs. ",
"God speed LINDA.",
"\n\nRita Hale\n\nJanuary 18, 2019 | Cooper City, FL | Friend\n\n0\n\n1\n\nMy deepest condolences to Aimee, her family, and Lindas grandchildren ... Much love and peace.",
"\n\nEric Ramos\n\nJanuary 17, 2019 | Los Angeles, CA | Friend\n\n0\n\n1\n\nDearest Aimee, I have no words...I have loved you since you were a teenager...my heart is with you...My Love, Mona Lerner (Jamie's Mom)"
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a method of depositing a film in that the film is deposited on a substrate using plasma obtained by changing a process gas, a recording medium where the method of depositing a film is recorded, and a film deposition apparatus.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nAs a process of depositing a film on a semiconductor wafer (hereinafter, referred to as a “wafer”), there is a method called an Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) method where a deposition gas and a reaction gas are alternately supplied multiple times. ",
"This ALD method has an advantage in that the formed film is dense and there is an advantage in that an embedding property is good. ",
"By changing the deposition gas and the reaction gas to plasma, a thin film having few impurities and high density is obtainable.",
"\nMeanwhile, a good film having a high density has a high stress. ",
"Therefore, there is a case where a difference between the stress of the film and a stress of an underlayer film becomes great. ",
"Therefore, in a case where a high quality is required for the thin film, there is a possibility that the thin film peels from the underlayer film. ",
"Therefore, a method of avoiding this possibility is desired.",
"\nJapanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. ",
"2013-55243 describes a method of supplying two types of reaction gases that mutually react are sequentially supplied to an orbitally revolving wafer and performing plasma alternation of a reaction product on the wafer in course of a path where the wafer orbitally revolves. ",
"However, the above problem is not considered."
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"Predicting hemorrhage using preoperative coagulation screening assays.",
"\nEach year in the United States, millions of units of fresh frozen plasma and platelets are transfused. ",
"A substantial proportion of these units are given to nonbleeding patients to \"decrease the risk\" of bleeding at the time of invasive procedures. ",
"The decision to transfuse is frequently triggered by an elevated prothrombin time (PT; international normalized ratio ) or activated partial thromboplastin time test result or by a depressed platelet count. ",
"This review summarizes published studies on the extent to which mild to moderate abnormalities of common laboratory tests of hemostasis reflect an increased risk of bleeding at the time of invasive bedside procedures, including central line placement, liver biopsy, paracentesis, thoracentesis, gastrointestinal endoscopy and biopsy, renal biopsy, bronchoscopy and transbronchial lung biopsy, and lumbar punctures. ",
"The poor predictive value of the PT (INR) is understandable in the context of the design and performance of this assay. ",
"Whether mild to moderate abnormalities of commonly used laboratory tests have any clinically relevant predictive value as appropriate triggers for prophylactic transfusions before invasive procedures should be investigated in formal randomized clinical trials."
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"Q:\n\nHow to change UIBarButtonItem in return arrow?",
"\n\nI am looking through the attributes tab in Xcode 5 and trying to set the UIBarbuttonItem to look like the return button for ios7 which looks like this \n(source: aplus.rs)\n at the very top left the arrow. ",
"Does anyone know how to add this into a UINavigationBar?",
"\n\nA:\n\nPut your identifier to custom & set an image for your button. ",
"there is no identifier available in attribute inspector which depicts Back button.",
"Let me know if I am not clear.",
"\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nCopying object fields\n\nWhat is the best way of copying classes when I need to have two independent variables?",
"\nI have simple class:\npublic class MyClass \n{\nboolean a = false;\nString b= \"not empty\";\n}\n\ndo I need make some method like :\nassign(MyClass data )\n{\na= data.a;\nb= data.b;\n}\n\nIs there any automatic method to copy (duplicate) objects in java?",
"\n\nA:\n\ndo I need make some method like :\n\nPretty close. ",
"Instead of making it method, you should make it a constructor. ",
"Such constructors are called copy constructor, and you create them like this:\nMyClass(MyClass data) { \n a = data.a;\n b = data.b;\n}\n\nAnd then to create copy of instance, you use the constructor like this:\nMyClass obj1 = new MyClass();\nMyClass obj2 = new MyClass(obj1);\n\nCopy constructor can be tedious:\nUsing copy constructor to create deep-copy can be tedious, when your class has mutable fields. ",
"In which case, assignment like those will just create a copy of the reference, and not the object itself. ",
"You have to create copy of those fields also (If you want a deep copy). ",
"This can go recursive.",
"\nA better way to create deep copy is to Serialize and then Deserialize your object. ",
"\nWhy not use clone()?",
"\nAddition of clone() method in Object class was a big mistake, IMO. ",
"You should avoid using it for cloning objects.",
"\n\nFor one, to use that method, you have to implement Cloneable interface, which by surprise doesn't actually have that clone() method. ",
"In fact, it's just a marker interface.",
"\nReturn type of Object#clone() method is Object. ",
"So, this means that you can actually return an instance of a completely unrelated class, thus leading your code to a potential ClassCastException at runtime.",
"\n\nSee also:\n\nHow do you make a deep copy of an object in Java?",
"\nWhat is the difference between a deep copy and a shallow copy?",
"\nJosh Bloch on Design - Copy Constructor versus Cloning\n\n"
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"Immunohistochemical expression of p63 in pleomorphic adenomas and carcinomas ex-pleomorphic adenomas of salivary glands.",
"\nAlteration of the p63 protein expression has been associated with several human cancers including salivary gland tumors. ",
"We sought to assess the p63 expression in pleomorphic adenomas (PA) and carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenomas (Ca ex-PA), since this protein has been related to myoepithelial phenotype and the biological behavior of cancer. ",
"Ten samples of PA and ten of Ca ex-PA were submitted to immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal anti-p63 antibody, clone 4A4. ",
"p63 was regularly expressed in myoepithelial cells' nuclei of the normal glandular parenchyma and in PA, but it was completely absent in five out of the ten samples of Ca ex-PA. (",
"P < 0.05 by Fisher's exact test). ",
"Apparently, only those cases depicting some myoepithelial differentiation were positive. ",
"Our data suggest that loss of myoepithelial differentiation is important in the evolution of Ca ex-PA, and corroborate the hypothesis that p63 antigen may be a useful marker of myoepithelial cells in salivary glands neoplasms."
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"Over the past five years, I have successfully worked with a variety of different students to achieve their goals?. ",
"I recognize that each student is unique, whether I am coaching a high school student for an AP exam or...\n\nHi my name is Kwame, I recently completed a Masters in Information Systems Management with Distinction.",
"\nI previously worked in Africa for the United Nations as an IT trainer for 4 years and as a java tutor in college. ",
"Additionally I have worked as a consultant for Bank of America and Neuberger...\n\nI bring years of robust tutoring experience with a track record of excellent results bolstered by constant research on learning sciences and tutoring techniques. ",
"I have helped second graders bring their reading skills back to grade level, assisted junior high students in successful admission to...\n\nCity Colleges of Chicago-Richard J Daley College Computer Engineering Tutors\n\nConnecting with Computer Engineering Tutors at City Colleges of Chicago-Richard J Daley College is easy on Uloop.com. ",
"Browse for City Colleges of Chicago-Richard J Daley College Computer Engineering Tutors\nand more in and around Chicago, IL. ",
"You can check out Computer Engineering Tutors listings\nfrom City Colleges of Chicago-Richard J Daley College students and profiles from local Chicago residents.",
"\nTo make things easier, you can narrow your City Colleges of Chicago-Richard J Daley College Computer Engineering Tutors search down using filters to\nrefine results and enhance your tutor search experience. ",
"Share relevant City Colleges of Chicago-Richard J Daley College Computer Engineering tutors\nwith City Colleges of Chicago-Richard J Daley College classmates to make the tutor search process even faster for them.",
"\nUtilize Uloop.com to find City Colleges of Chicago-Richard J Daley College Computer Engineering tutors today!"
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0.008064516129032258,
0.0125,
0.004830917874396135,
0.009478672985781991,
0.01818181818181818
] | 0.008997 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nDoes Low Pro Prototype DOM Builder work in IE?",
"\n\nDan Webb's Low Pro UJS extension to Prototype offers the following elegant DOM Builder:\nvar listItem = $li({ id : 'item-1' }, \n $strong(\"Some text\")\n ); \n// returns a node equivalent to: <li id=\"item-1\"><strong>Some text</strong></li>\n\n$('a_list').appendChild(listItem);\n\nWhile this works like a dream for us in Firefox and Safari, it explodes with delight in IE 6 and IE7 with the error \"Object doesn't support this property or method\"\nAny insight into what Dan Webb's DOM Builder might be doing to wrap Element.new that isn't compatible with IE?",
"\n\nA:\n\nI would imagine the \"Object doesn't support this property or method\" error is coming from a call to one of Prototype's extended element methods (which are not applied automatically in IE). ",
"However, all the elements you're dealing with are coming from LowPro or the $() function, which should extend the elements for you.",
"\nYou could try this and see if it resolves the problem:\nvar listItem = Element.extend($li({id: 'item-1'}, \n Element.extend($strong(\"Some text\"))\n));\n\n$('a_list').appendChild(listItem);\n\nIf that fixes it then LowPro isn't extending the elements, which is very odd. ",
"If it doesn't then there must be something else wrong, can you post a demo page somewhere?",
"\n\n"
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0.013816925734024179,
0.010256410256410256,
0.007633587786259542,
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[
"List of Icelandic brands\n\nThis is a list of Icelandic brands, which encompasses brand-name products and services produced by companies in Iceland.",
"\n\nIcelandic brands\n\n 365 (media corporation)\n 66°NORTH\n Air Iceland\n CCP Games\n Egill Skallagrímsson Brewery\n FRISK Software International\n Icelandair Group – the largest corporation in Iceland, with 125 billion ISK in revenue in 2013\n Íslandsbanki\n Marel\n Nói Síríus\n Össur\n Síminn\n Sláturfélag Suðurlands\n Tulipop\n WOW air – Second largest airline in Iceland, declared bankrupt in 2019\n\nSee also\n\n Economy of Iceland\n List of companies of Iceland\n List of restaurants in Iceland\n\nReferences\n\n \nIcelandic brands"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.00684931506849315,
0.001953125
] | 0.004401 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nGNU readline History feature\n\nI'm using this code for the history features in my shell: \nhttp://cc.byexamples.com/20080613/gnu-readline-how-to-keep-a-history-list-of-entered-command-lines/\nbut when I compile this using gcc, I got this error \n$ gcc filename.c\n/tmp/ccay2CgM.o: In function `main':\nrl.c:(.text+0x9): undefined reference to `rl_abort'\nrl.c:(.text+0x13): undefined reference to `rl_bind_key'\nrl.c:(.text+0x1d): undefined reference to `readline'\nrl.c:(.text+0x61): undefined reference to `add_history'\ncollect2: ld returned 1 exit status\n$\n\nA:\n\nThe example compile line is\ng++ -o simple_rl{,.cpp} -lreadline\n\nDid you forget to add the -lreadline?",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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0.0030257186081694403,
0
] | 0.001513 | 5 |
[
"#\n# Copyright (C) 2011-2020 OpenWrt.org\n#\n# This is free software, licensed under the GNU General Public License v2.",
"\n# See /LICENSE for more information.",
"\n#\ninclude $(TOPDIR)/rules.mk\n\nPKG_NAME:=upx\nPKG_VERSION:=3.95\n\nPKG_SOURCE:=$(PKG_NAME)-$(PKG_VERSION)-src.tar.xz\nPKG_SOURCE_URL:=https://github.com/upx/upx/releases/download/v$(PKG_VERSION)\nPKG_HASH:=3b0f55468d285c760fcf5ea865a070b27696393002712054c69ff40d8f7f5592\n\nHOST_BUILD_DIR:=$(BUILD_DIR_HOST)/$(PKG_NAME)-$(PKG_VERSION)-src\n\ninclude $(INCLUDE_DIR)/host-build.mk\n\ndefine Host/Compile\n\tUPX_UCLDIR=$(STAGING_DIR_HOST) \\\n\t$(MAKE) -C $(HOST_BUILD_DIR)/src \\\n\t\tCXXFLAGS_WERROR=\"\" LDFLAGS=\"$(HOST_LDFLAGS)\" \\\n\t\tCXX=\"$(HOSTCXX)\"\nendef\n\ndefine Host/Install\n\t$(CP) $(HOST_BUILD_DIR)/src/upx.out $(STAGING_DIR_HOST)/bin/upx\nendef\n\ndefine Host/Clean\n\trm -f $(STAGING_DIR_HOST)/bin/upx\nendef\n\n$(eval $(call HostBuild))\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
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0.017241379310344827,
0,
0.018207282913165267
] | 0.011816 | 5 |
[
"Has anyone made a version of the World War Cthulhu: The Darkest Hour character sheet that is compatible with the changes in Call of Cthulhu 7e? ",
"I'll be starting a new game soon, and this would be really convenient.",
"\n\nHas anyone made a version of the World War Cthulhu: The Darkest Hour character sheet that is compatible with the changes in Call of Cthulhu 7e? ",
"I'll be starting a new game soon, and this would be really convenient."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0,
0,
0,
0
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[
"Do student nurses experience Imposter Phenomenon? ",
"An international comparison of Final Year Undergraduate Nursing Students readiness for registration.",
"\nThe transition shock or Imposter Phenomena sometimes associated with moving from student to Registered Nurse can lead to feelings of self-doubt and insecurity especially with the increased expectations and responsibilities that registration brings. ",
"The aim of this study was to examine the extent at which imposter phenomenon is evident in four final year nursing student cohorts in Australia, New Zealand and the UK. ",
"A survey design. ",
"The study took place at four higher education institutes - two metropolitan campuses and two regional campuses between October 2014 - February 2015 in Australia, New Zealand and the UK. ",
"A sample of 223 final year nursing students undertaking nationally accredited nursing programmes were approached. ",
"Each cohort exhibited mild to moderate feelings of Imposter Phenomena. ",
"A positive weak correlation between imposter phenomena and preparedness for practice was found. ",
"The New Zealand cohort scored higher than both the Australian and UK cohorts on both feelings of imposterism and preparedness for practice. ",
"Nursing students possess internalized feelings which suggest their performance and competence once qualified could be compromised. ",
"There is some speculation that the respective curriculums may have some bearing on preparing students for registration and beyond. ",
"It is recommended that educational programmes designed for this student cohort should be mindful of this internal conflict and potential external hostility."
] | {
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[
"Predicting human walking gaits with a simple planar model.",
"\nModels of human walking with moderate complexity have the potential to accurately capture both joint kinematics and whole body energetics, thereby offering more simultaneous information than very simple models and less computational cost than very complex models. ",
"This work examines four- and six-link planar biped models with knees and rigid circular feet. ",
"The two differ in that the six-link model includes ankle joints. ",
"Stable periodic walking gaits are generated for both models using a hybrid zero dynamics-based control approach. ",
"To establish a baseline of how well the models can approximate normal human walking, gaits were optimized to match experimental human walking data, ranging in speed from very slow to very fast. ",
"The six-link model well matched the experimental step length, speed, and mean absolute power, while the four-link model did not, indicating that ankle work is a critical element in human walking models of this type. ",
"Beyond simply matching human data, the six-link model can be used in an optimization framework to predict normal human walking using a torque-squared objective function. ",
"The model well predicted experimental step length, joint motions, and mean absolute power over the full range of speeds."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"Q:\n\nHow to use match in AWK for a given set of data\n\nI'm working on processing some results obtained from a curl command in AWK but despite reading about match and regexps I'm still having some issues. ",
" I've got everything written, but in a really hackish way that's using a lot of substr and really basic match usage without capturing anything with a regexp.",
"\nMy real data is a bit more complicated, but here's a simplified version. ",
" Assume the following is stored in a string, str:\n[{\"DataA\":\"200\",\"DataBee\":\"63500\",\"DataC\":[3,22,64,838,2]},{\"DataA\":\"190\",\"DataBee\":\"63100\",\"DataC\":[55,22,64,838,2]},{\"DataA\":\"200\",\"DataBee\":\"63500\",\"DataC\":[3,22,64,838,2]}][{\"DataA\":\"200\",\"DataBee\":\"63500\",\"DataC\":[3,22,64,838,2]},{\"DataA\":\"200\",\"DataBee\":\"63500\",\"DataC\":[3,22,64,838,2]}]\n\nSome things to note about this data:\nNote that there are 3 \"sets\" of data delimited by {} in the first brackets [] and 2 sets in the second brackets. ",
" The string always has at least one set of data in each set of brackets, and at least one set of brackets (i.e. it will never be the empty string and will always have SOME valid data in it)\nBrackets are also used for the DataC data, so those need to be considered in some way\nNo punctuation will ever appear in the string aside from delimiters -- all actual data is alphanumeric\nThe fields DataA, DataBee, and DataC will always have those names\nThe data for DataC will always be exactly 5 numbers, separated by commas\nWhat I'd like to do is write a loop that will go through the string and pull out the values -- a = whatever DataA is (200 in the first case), b = whatever DataBee is (63500 in the first case), and c[1] through c[5] containing the values from DataC. \nI feel like if I could just get ideas about how to do this for the above data I could run with it to adapt it to my needs. ",
" As of right now the loop I have for this using substr is like 30 lines long :(\n\nA:\n\nFor fun using awk :\nI use \"complex\" FS and RS variables to split the json. ",
"This way, I have one value max per column, and 1 data per line (DataA, DataBee, DataC).",
"\nTo understand the usage of the FS and RS, see how this command works : \nawk -F\",|\\\":\\\"|:\\\\\\[\" '\n {$1=$1}1\n' OFS=\"\\t\" RS=\"\\\",\\\"|},{|\\\\\\]\" file\n\n(you can replace file with <(curl <your_url>) or <(echo <your_json_str>))\nReturns : \n[{\"DataA 200 \nDataBee 63500 \nDataC\" 3 22 64 838 2 \n\n\"DataA 190 \nDataBee 63100 \nDataC\" 55 22 64 838 2 \n\n\"DataA 200 \nDataBee 63500 \nDataC\" 3 22 64 838 2 \n} \n[{\"DataA 200 \nDataBee 63500 \nDataC\" 3 22 64 838 2 \n\n\"DataA 200 \nDataBee 63500 \nDataC\" 3 22 64 838 2 \n} \n\nNow it looks like something I can use with awk :\nawk -F\",|\\\":\\\"|:\\\\\\[\" '\n /DataA/{a=$2}\n /DataBee/{b=$2}\n /DataC/{for(i=2;i<=NF;i++){c[i-1]=$i}}\n a!=\"\"&&b!=\"\"&&c[1]!=\"\"{\n print \"a: \", a; \n print \"b: \", b; \n printf \"c: \"; \n for(i in c){\n printf \"%s, \", c[i]\n }; \n print \"\"; \n a=\"\"; b=\"\"; c[1]=\"\"\n }\n' RS=\"\\\",\\\"|},{|\\\\\\]\" file\n\nThis command stores the value inside variables and prints them when a and b and c are set.",
"\nReturns : \na: 200\nb: 63500\nc: 3, 22, 64, 838, 2,\na: 190\nb: 63100\nc: 55, 22, 64, 838, 2,\na: 200\nb: 63500\nc: 3, 22, 64, 838, 2,\na: 200\nb: 63500\nc: 3, 22, 64, 838, 2,\na: 200\nb: 63500\nc: 3, 22, 64, 838, 2,\n\nFor fun using awk, match and this excellent answer : \nawk ' \nfunction find_all(str, patt) {\n while (match(str, patt, a) > 0) {\n for (i=1; i in a; i++) print a[i]\n str = substr(str, RSTART+RLENGTH)\n }\n }\n{\n print \"Catching DataA\"\n find_all($0, \"DataA\\\":\\\"([0-9]*)\")\n print \"Catching DataBee\"\n find_all($0, \"DataBee\\\":\\\"([0-9]*)\")\n print \"Catching DataC\"\n find_all($0, \"DataC\\\":.([0-9]*),([0-9]*),([0-9]*),([0-9]*),([0-9]*)\")\n}\n' file\n\nReturns\nCatching DataA\n200\n190\n200\n200\n200\nCatching DataBee\n63500\n63100\n63500\n63500\n63500\nCatching DataC\n3\n22\n64\n838\n2\n55\n22\n64\n838\n2\n3\n22\n64\n838\n2\n3\n22\n64\n838\n2\n3\n22\n64\n838\n2\n\nNow you've seen how ugly it is, see how easy it can be using python : \nimport json\n\ndata_str = '[{\"DataA\":\"200\",\"DataBee\":\"63500\",\"DataC\":[3,22,64,838,2]},{\"DataA\":\"190\",\"DataBee\":\"63100\",\"DataC\":[55,22,64,838,2]},{\"DataA\":\"200\",\"DataBee\":\"63500\",\"DataC\":[3,22,64,838,2]}][{\"DataA\":\"200\",\"DataBee\":\"63500\",\"DataC\":[3,22,64,838,2]},{\"DataA\":\"200\",\"DataBee\":\"63500\",\"DataC\":[3,22,64,838,2]}]'\n\nwhile data_str:\n data, index = json.",
"JSONDecoder().raw_decode(data_str)\n for element in data:\n print(\"DataA: \", element[\"DataA\"])\n print(\"DataBee: \", element[\"DataBee\"])\n print(\"DataC: \", element[\"DataC\"])\n data_str = data_str[index:]\n\nReturns : \nDataA: 200\nDataBee: 63500\nDataC: [3, 22, 64, 838, 2]\nDataA: 190\nDataBee: 63100\nDataC: [55, 22, 64, 838, 2]\nDataA: 200\nDataBee: 63500\nDataC: [3, 22, 64, 838, 2]\nDataA: 200\nDataBee: 63500\nDataC: [3, 22, 64, 838, 2]\nDataA: 200\nDataBee: 63500\nDataC: [3, 22, 64, 838, 2]\n\nThis solution is not only cleaner, it is more robust if you have unexpected results or unexpected formatting.",
"\n\n"
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0
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[
"Efficacy and Safety of Elective Conversion From Sotrastaurin (STN) to Tacrolimus (TAC) or Mycophenolate (MPS) in Stable Kidney Transplant Recipients.",
"\nThis study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety outcomes of conversion strategies in stable kidney transplant recipients after premature termination of the sotrastaurin (STN) development program. ",
"This is an exploratory and prospective study, including 38 stable renal transplant recipients. ",
"Tacrolimus (TAC) group [STN → mycophenolate sodium (MPS)] consisted of 9 patients receiving TAC, STN, and prednisone that were converted from STN to MPS. ",
"Everolimus (EVR) group (STN → TAC) consisted of 29 patients receiving EVR, STN, and prednisone that were converted from STN to TAC. ",
"In TAC (STN → MPS) group, dose-adjusted TAC concentrations decreased from baseline to first week (2.3 ± 1.1 versus 1.5 ± 1.0 ng·mL·mg, P < 0.05). ",
"Two patients experienced a first acute rejection episode. ",
"Conversion to MPS was associated with a higher incidence of adverse events. ",
"In EVR (STN → TAC) group, dose-adjusted EVR concentrations decreased from baseline to first week (3.6 ± 2.3 ng·mL·mg versus 1.9 ± 0.8 ng·mL·mg, P < 0.01). ",
"The proportion of patients with donor-specific antibodies was lower in TAC (STN → MPS) (11%) compared to EVR (STN → TAC) (31%) before conversion. ",
"Conversion from STN to TAC was associated with a reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (69.6 ± 16.9 versus 61.0 ± 18.8 mL·min·1.73 m, P < 0.01) and a decreased proportion of patients with donor-specific antibodies (31% versus 14%) at 12 months. ",
"Conversion from TAC/STN to TAC/MPS or from EVR/STN to TAC/EVR was associated with significant pharmacokinetic changes in both TAC and EVR whole-blood trough concentrations due to known drug-to-drug interaction, which were associated with changes in efficacy and safety."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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0.026845637583892617,
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0.03896103896103896,
0.05303030303030303,
0.03424657534246575,
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0.013157894736842105,
0.025806451612903226,
0.03424657534246575,
0.007782101167315175,
0.022304832713754646
] | 0.021365 | 5 |
[
"Pages\n\nSaturday, June 21, 2008\n\nOh ~ summer has arrived. ",
"She was so shy, i thought she'd never come, but she's here & beautiful.",
"\n\nToday we went to the beach & got some sun. ",
"i'm lovin' family time lately. ",
"The kids are such a crazy wide age range ~ & there's always something interesting happening, or extra arms to hold the baby, or someone to visit with.",
"\n\nWe sculpted the sand into a bumbo for Gage & put his towel over it so he wouldn't fall & he did great. (",
"He's sitting up now (!) ",
"but he still topples when he's reaching for his little toes to chew on).",
"\n\nOh! ",
"i was also going to update on his little foot. ",
"We had our ped appointment & all went well. ",
"The ped was excellent. ",
"He confirmed that Gage does have metatarsus adductus & likely will need some form of correction, but we'll need x-rays & to see an orthopedic surgeon before we know exactly what will happen. ",
"For now, we're doing stretches with his foot, trying to help it correct a little... we'll see.",
"\n\nMy eyes are a little bleary from last night ~ Gage woke at 3am for the day... just visiting, cooing, squealing & wiggling. *",
"Ahhhh* even the tough parts of this job ~ like being deprived of sleep ~ are sweet. ",
"Sometimes i wonder if this gratitude will wear off a little. ",
"Somehow, i doubt it."
] | {
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[
"Anisotropic post-yield response of cancellous bone simulated by stress-strain curves of bulk equivalent structures.",
"\nDuring the last decade, finite element (FE) modelling has become ubiquitous in understanding complex mechanobiological phenomena, e.g. bone-implant interactions. ",
"The extensive computational effort required to achieve biorealistic results when modelling the post-yield behaviour of microstructures like cancellous bone is a major limitation of these techniques. ",
"This study describes the anisotropic biomechanical response of cancellous bone through stress-strain curves of equivalent bulk geometries. ",
"A cancellous bone segment, reverse engineered by micro computed tomography, was subjected to uniaxial compression. ",
"The material's constitutive law, obtained by nano-indentations, was considered during the simulation of the experimental process. ",
"A homodimensionally bulk geometry was employed to determine equivalent properties, resulting in a similar anisotropic response to the trabecular structure. ",
"The experimental verification of our model sustained that the obtained stress-strain curves can adequately reflect the post-yield behaviour of the sample. ",
"The introduced approach facilitates the consideration of nonlinearity and anisotropy of the tissue, while reducing the geometrical complexity of the model to a minimum."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"The radiologist, the patient and Canadian law.",
"\nA knowledge of basic medico-legal principles is necessary to the practice of medicine. ",
"The professional relationships with radiologists undertake with patients, employees, colleagues and hospitals are all founded on mutual consent and governed by a multitude of laws and regulations. ",
"The principal forms of legal proceedings which involve radiologists are criminal, civil and disciplinary actions. ",
"The discussion in this article is focused on the law relating to consent. ",
"The consent of the patient, which may be expressed or implied, is necessary in all phases of the doctor-patient reltionship. ",
"The amount of information which must be provided to allow a patient to give informed consent varies from case to case. ",
"It is affected by the risk and potential benefit of the procedure, the demand of the patient for information and many other factors. ",
"Obtaining informed consent not only helps protect the radiologist from legal action but also allows for a better doctor-patient relationship."
] | {
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0.0070921985815602835
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[
"Q:\n\nGet name of first file in files[] array\n\nI have an array of files posted with name=\"files[]\" and id like to take the name of the first file and assign it the variable $first_file. ",
"When i do $first_file = $_FILES['files']['name']; it just returns 'array'. ",
"\n\nA:\n\nEasy:\n$_FILES['files']['name'][0];\n\n"
] | {
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} | [
0,
0,
0
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[
"WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange hits back at Trump’s CIA director Mike Pompeo after he accused WikiLeaks of being a “hostile nonstate intelligence agency” operating outside of the protections of the First Amendment. ",
"This week on Intercepted: We spend the entire show talking with Assange from inside the Ecuadorian embassy in London where he has been holed up since June 2012. ",
"In the wide-ranging interview, Assange discusses the allegations that WikiLeaks was abetted by Russian intelligence in its publication of DNC emails and the new-found admiration for him by FOX News, Anne Coulter, Sarah Palin, and Donald Trump. ",
"Also, why Assange believes he and Hillary Clinton may get along if they ever met in person. ",
"And we premiere an unreleased song by Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine fame.",
"\n\n“Daisy” Presidential Campaign Ad 1964: One, two, three, four, five.",
"\n\nMale Speaker: Eight, seven, six, five, four, three, two, one. ",
"Zero. [",
"Explosion]\n\nLyndon B. Johnson: These are the stakes. ",
"You make a world in which all of God’s children can live.",
"\n\n[“Danger Zone,” by Kenny Loggins]\n\nTom “Iceman” Kazansky (“Top Gun”): You guys really are cowboys.",
"\n\nDonald J. Trump: Who the hell cares? ",
"I’ll speak to anybody.",
"\n\nTK: You’re everyone’s problem. ",
"That’s because every time you go up in the air, you’re unsafe.",
"\n\nDJT: There’s a 10 percent or a 20 percent chance that I can talk him out of those damn nukes, ‘cause who the hell wants him to have nukes? ",
"But I wouldn’t give him a state dinner like we do for China and all these other people that rip us off, where we give ‘em these big state dinners.",
"\n\nTK: I don’t like you because you’re dangerous.",
"\n\nDJT: No administration has accomplished more.",
"\n\nDJT: We’ve just launched 59 missiles heading to Iraq.",
"\n\nDJT: You never know, do you? ",
"You never know.",
"\n\nDJT: We have submarines.",
"\n\nDJT: He’s playing around with nukes.",
"\n\nDJT: We have a big problem. ",
"That, I can tell you.",
"\n\nDJT: I don’t know. ",
"I don’t know. ",
"I don’t know.",
"\n\nDJT: I will do whatever I have to do.",
"\n\nDJT: I don’t want to talk about it. ",
"We are sending an armada.",
"\n\nDJT: We’ll find out.",
"\n\n[“Take My Breath Away,” by Berlin”]\n\nLt. ",
"Gregory ‘Hollywood’ Dishart (“Top Gun”): Gutsiest move I ever saw.",
"\n\nAinsley Earhardt: That is what freedom looks like. ",
"That’s the red, white, and blue.",
"\n\nGeraldo Rivera: Well, one of my favorite things in the 16 years I’ve been here at Fox News is watching bombs drop on bad guys.",
"\n\nAE: Mm-hmm.",
"\n\nGR: It’s not gonna win the war, but it certainly sends a message.",
"\n\n[Music interlude]\n\nJeremy Scahill: This is Intercepted.",
"\n\n[Music interlude]\n\nJS: I’m Jeremy Scahill, coming to you from the offices of The Intercept in New York City, and this is episode 13 of Intercepted.",
"\n\nDJT: I was sitting at the table. ",
"We had finished dinner. ",
"We’re now having dessert. ",
"And we had the most beautiful piece of chocolate cake that you’ve ever seen. ",
"And, President Xi was enjoying it. ",
"And I was given the message from the generals that the ships are locked and loaded. ",
"What do you do? ",
"And we made a determination to do it. ",
"So, the missiles were on the way, heading to Iraq.",
"\n\nMaria Bartiromo: Well, headed to Syria.",
"\n\nDJT: Yes. ",
"Heading toward Syria.",
"\n\nJS: Let all doubts be laid to permanent rest. ",
"Donald Trump has become the commander-in-chief. ",
"Donald Trump is now presidential. ",
"And he is keeping us all safe from Iraq — or Syria, whatever country that is. ",
"He also deployed Vice President Mike Pence to the demilitarized zone on the border between North Korea and South Korea. ",
"And while he was there, Mike Pence wore his leather bomber jacket. ",
"And he made clear that his boss, the commander-in-chief, was putting nuclear-armed North Korea on notice. ",
"Kim Jong-un should look no further than Trump’s cruise missile strike on the Syrian airfield, and the dropping of the MOAB, the mother of all bombs, in Nangarhar province in Afghanistan. ",
"And by the way, it was already named the mother of all bombs before we learned the Mike Pence calls his wife “mother.” ",
"It was just a coincidence.",
"\n\nNow, last week, the White House announced that it had sent an aircraft carrier, the Carl Vinson, and four other battleships into the Sea of Japan. ",
"And this was talked about in the press by White House officials as this warning to the North Koreans. ",
"It was Trump once again being presidential. ",
"And it was a warning to North Korea, and it was a bold statement on the full range of military options – and this is how it was portrayed in the press — the full range of military options that Trump has on the table. ",
"And when I think about Trump having military options on the table, I think of some random table on the al fresco patio that Trump is sitting at in Mar-a-Lago, taking selfies and crashing peoples’ weddings. ",
"But on Tuesday of this week, we learned that, oops, those ships that Trump was so presidential in deploying to stand down against Kim Jong-un and nuclear North Korea — yeah, they were actually heading in the opposite direction from North Korea. ",
"That’s presidential.",
"\n\nBut don’t worry. ",
"We have the very noble people at the CIA and within the U.S. military, the quiet professionals in the intelligence community that are protecting us from the dangers of Donald Trump, right? ",
"That’s the narrative that we’re told, particularly by liberal pundits, that there is this secret clique of people within the intelligence community, the CIA and others, that are really gonna protect us from the true dangers of Donald Trump. ",
"Well, last Thursday, CIA Director Mike Pompeo delivered his first major public address. ",
"And of all of the threats in the world that he chose to focus on, he chose WikiLeaks, and the founder of WikiLeaks: Julian Assange.",
"\n\nCIA Director Mike Pompeo: WikiLeaks walks like a hostile intelligence service and talks like a hostile intelligence service, and has encouraged its followers to find jobs at the CIA in order to obtain intelligence. ",
"It’s time to call out WikiLeaks for what it really is – a non-state hostile intelligence service, often abetted by state actors like Russia. ",
"We have to recognize that we can no longer allow Assange and his colleagues the latitude to use free speech values against us, to give them the space to crush us with misappropriated secrets as a perversion of what our great Constitution stands for. ",
"It ends now.",
"\n\nJS: Now, I think it would be a mistake to view Pompeo’s speech as just an attack on WikiLeaks. ",
"In fact, it was nothing short of a declaration of war against the First Amendment. ",
"And what does that mean, “ends now”? ",
"Of course, part of the irony here is that Donald Trump, throughout the campaign, heaped praise on WikiLeaks and Julian Assange.",
"\n\nDJT: This just came out. ",
"This just came out. ",
"WikiLeaks — I love WikiLeaks.",
"\n\nJS: Fox News promoted WikiLeaks releases of the DNC emails and John Podesta’s emails. ",
"Republicans and extreme rightwing political figures, pundits, whatever you want to call people like Ann Coulter, these people that had previously called basically for Assange’s head were suddenly taking it all back. ",
"Oh, WikiLeaks is great. ",
"For the Democrats, of course, the focus on WikiLeaks has been they published volumes of emails from within the DNC and from Hillary Clinton’s campaign chair, John Podesta. ",
"And the story goes in the liberal media that it was all a plot orchestrated by the Kremlin and Vladimir Putin to get Trump elected. ",
"That’s why Hillary Clinton lost. ",
"Russian hacking, Julian Assange — everything else is just an insignificant sideshow.",
"\n\nHillary Clinton: Putin and the Russian government are directing the attacks, the hacking on American accounts, to influence our election. ",
"And WikiLeaks is part of that, as are other sites where the Russians hack information. ",
"We don’t even know if it’s accurate information. ",
"And then they put it out.",
"\n\nJS: Well, what does it mean that the CIA Director has said that basically, WikiLeaks “ends now?” ",
"By what means would the CIA accomplish that? ",
"Julian Assange is holed up in the Ecuadorian Embassy in London, and he’s been there since June of 2012. ",
"And Assange believes that if he were to leave the embassy, that there is a great chance that he would be snatched and ultimately extradited to the United States, where for years, Assange and his legal team have believed that there was a sealed indictment against him for the activities of WikiLeaks for the past decade, exposing U.S. war operations, and publishing state department cables and videos that show U.S. helicopter gunships killing civilians and journalists in Iraq.",
"\n\nAudio from WikiLeaks’ released “Collateral Murder” video\n\nMale Speaker 1: Just fuckin’ — once you get on, just open up.",
"\n\nMale Speaker 2: I am. ",
"All right, firing.",
"\n\nMale Speaker: Let me know when you get them.",
"\n\nMale Speaker 1: Light ‘em all up.",
"\n\nMale Speaker: Come on, fire! [",
"Gunshots]\n\nMale Speaker 2: Roger. [",
"Gunshots]\n\nMale Speaker 1: Keep shooting. [",
"Gunshots]\n\nMale Speaker 1: Keep shooting. [",
"Gunshots]\n\nJS: Julian Assange and WikiLeaks, they’re talked about pretty much every day in the U.S. media now. ",
"They’re the focus of parts of Congressional testimony and inquiries, and also conspiracy theories about who really is Julian Assange working for? ",
"Well, at Intercepted, we believe that it’s important to hear from the man himself in his own words. ",
"And so, Julian Assange joins us now from the Ecuadorian Embassy in London. ",
"Julian, welcome to Intercepted.",
"\n\nJulian Assange: Good day, Jeremy.",
"\n\nJS: What is your response to the dominant narrative in the U.S. corporate media that you were the recipient of leaks that were either overtly or covertly provided to you by the Russians in an effort to defeat Hillary Clinton and ensure that Donald Trump was elected?",
"\n\nJA: Well, it’s interesting. ",
"If you read the wording carefully, that’s not the dominant narrative. ",
"That’s never said in anything that’s fact-checked because James Clapper, the former head of the DNI, James Comey have both said under oath, and Barack Obama, in the last — his very last press conference, actually, that WikiLeaks is no different to the rest of the U.S. media. ",
"There’s no allegation, even from U.S. intelligence, even from Democratic-aligned members of the intelligence services, that WikiLeaks dealt with the Russians, conspired with the Russians, etc., ",
"etc. ",
"The allegation is, from them, which we don’t accept, is that we received material that was given to us indirectly, and that they don’t have an understanding of how we got our material, the timing, etc. ",
"That’s said in Congress under oath. ",
"So, if we compare WikiLeaks with the rest of the U.S. media, who else published material allegedly leaked or hacked from the Democratic Party? ",
"The Hill did, The Smoking Gun did, New York Times, Politico, drawing on both our publications and alleged publications from Guccifer 2.0 or this alleged website, D.C. Leaks.",
"\n\nBut in the case of Guccifer 2.0, the allegation by U.S. intelligence is that he was a member of the Russian intelligence services, so GRU. ",
"And the same with D.C. Leaks. ",
"And various media organizations dealt directly with D.C. Leaks and Guccifer 2.0. ",
"But the allegation in relation to us is that — which, once again, we don’t agree with — but that Russian hackers of some kind gave information to various state parties or approved of by the state, and eventually, it came to us. ",
"So, there’s an acceptance by the officials in the U.S. Obama administration that WikiLeaks was not engaging directly with the Russian government at all, but other U.S. media organizations were directly engaging with the Russian government.",
"\n\nJS: Just to clarify here, when I talk about the dominant narrative in the news media, I’m not referring to the Clapper statements or Obama statements that you accurately portray there. ",
"I’m talking about the kind of commentariat that exists on —\n\nJA: Yes, that’s right.",
"\n\nJS: On U.S. media. ",
"That’s too nuanced for them. ",
"They don’t —\n\nJA: And you look at what Pompeo, the current director of the CIA, stated. ",
"He said that WikiLeaks is a publisher, or I can’t remember exactly what word he used, that was abetted by other state intelligence agencies, including Russia.",
"\n\nMP: In January of this year, our intelligence committee determined that Russian military intelligence, the GRU, had used WikiLeaks to release data of U.S. victims that the GRU had obtained through cyber operations against the Democratic National Committee.",
"\n\nJA: So, what is he saying — what does he mean by “abetted”? ",
"We don’t know. ",
"The word isn’t unpacked. ",
"But if it is to be compatible with what James Comey said just a couple of weeks ago, what Obama said in January, and what DNI Clapper said last year, he must be speaking about indirectly, somehow, information came to WikiLeaks and we published it. ",
"That’s what he means by “abetted”.",
"\n\nJS: Well, actually, Julian, he said — and this is a direct quote — “It is time to call out WikiLeaks for what it is, a non-state hostile intelligence service, often abetted by state actors like Russia.” ",
"He’s not referring to you as a publisher. ",
"He’s referring to you as — you meaning WikiLeaks — as a non-state hostile intelligence service.",
"\n\nJA: Yeah. ",
"I mean, I quite like the phrase. ",
"So, let’s unpack it a bit. ",
"Interestingly, what the media, in picking up that statement — well, most journalists in the United States are Democratically-aligned, and they have a particular existing narrative that they want to play out. ",
"So, they see the word “state,” they see the word “hostile,” they see the word “intelligence service,” and they see the word “WikiLeaks,” and somehow, they put this soup together to imply that somehow, WikiLeaks is a state intelligence service. ",
"But if you look at what he’s saying, he says non-state intelligence service; i.e., we are not a state. ",
"We’re not a front for a state whatsoever. ",
"We’re a non-state entity. ",
"Okay, the type of entity that he’s trying to say we are is an intelligence service. ",
"It raises an interesting question. ",
"What are the similarities between publishers, investigative publishers, and intelligence services? ",
"Are there similarities?",
"\n\nYes, there are similarities. ",
"For example, the German intelligence service, the BND, the German equivalent of the CIA and NSA combined — what does BND expand to? ",
"Bundesnachrichtendienst, which literally means “federal news service.” ",
"The CIA itself, early on in the Obama administration, changed its policy of how it would write its internal reports to say that they should take on the inverted pyramid style. ",
"They should adopt the style used by news articles internally in making their reports. ",
"So, can you say that The Intercept or WikiLeaks or ProPublica is in fact like an intelligence service? ",
"Well, yes and no. ",
"Intelligence services are in the business of developing sources, obtaining information that is not already public, analyzing it, verifying it, writing some of that up, making it accessible. ",
"And then, what do they do with it? ",
"They don’t publish it. ",
"The publishers, what do they do with the information? ",
"They publish it. ",
"So, the different between a serious news organization that covers national security or an investigative publisher like WikiLeaks, or The Intercept, or ProPublica, or the London Bureau of Investigative Journalism is that their end product is publishing.",
"\n\nJS: Right. ",
"You know, of course, we all watched with some curiosity as Pompeo used a line from an Intercept article to attack you. ",
"And I wanted to give you a chance —\n\nJA: Yes. ",
"I never liked that article. ",
"I — [laughs]\n\nJS: But I want to give you a chance to — this, of course, was an article by Sam Biddle. ",
"And I wanted to give you a chance to respond to that.",
"\n\nJA: I can’t remember the name at the time, but I do remember reading the article at the time and thinking, that was inaccurate and unhelpful in the present climate.",
"\n\nJS: So, what he said is —\n\nMP: The Intercept, which has in the past gleefully reported unauthorized disclosures, accused WikiLeaks in late March of “stretching the facts” in its comments about the CIA. ",
"In the same article, The Intercept added that the documents “were not worth the concern WikiLeaks generated by its public comments.”",
"\n\nJS: This was referring to the Vault 7 releases that you published.",
"\n\nJA: I think that was about Signal. ",
"We had this incredible scoop that we’re in the business of publishing right now, which is in fact the reason why Pompeo is launching this attack, is because he understands we’re in this series exposing all sorts of illegal actions by the CIA, so he’s trying to get ahead of the publicity curve and create a preemptive defense. ",
"So, one of the, I thought, important revelations from our initial Vault 7 publication was that the CIA had spent enormous resources on developing endpoint attacks. ",
"That is, to attack your smartphone directly, Apple or Android smartphones, and thereby simply bypass Signal and all these other encryption technologies: Telegram, WhatsApp, etc., ",
"that have become popular in the last few years. ",
"There’s been a kind of app cult which has developed amongst a certain journalistic and security class, which emanates out of San Francisco, where Signal was — might still be developed. ",
"And that app supremacy class sort of pushes forward that you just install this app, and all your problems will be solved.",
"\n\nWe thought it was very important to show that, no, that’s not true. ",
"The encryption itself is quite good in most of those programs, as far as can be determined, but if you can hack the endpoints, the encryption doesn’t matter. ",
"They’re still important for preventing or making the expanse of bulk surveillance harder. ",
"But if you are a person of interest and they get your phone number, they can hack your endpoint.",
"\n\nJS: Right. ",
"And the fact is that two years ago, a report I did described how the NSA and GCHQ had in fact broken into, both physically and digitally, broken into the largest manufacturer of SIM cards in the world —\n\nJA: Yes.",
"\n\nJS: Gemalto, which is a Dutch-French firm. ",
"And part of the point of that was, if we have the keys to every lock on every phone, it doesn’t matter what their encryption level is because we can access the data. ",
"And I think that the same is true, of course, with Signal, WhatsApp, or any other — or your computer. ",
"If they owned your computer, no level of encryption is gonna protect you.",
"\n\nJA: That’s right.",
"\n\nJS: If they already have you keylogged. ",
"So, on that level, to —\n\nJA: Yeah. ",
"If they have the information before it’s encrypted and they get it after it’s decrypted on the other end.",
"\n\nJS: Right. ",
"But you have to admit that the way that it was reported — I’m not saying you projected it this way. ",
"The way it was reported was, oh my god, there are these flaws in Signal. ",
"And in a bigger picture, you can say, yes, there are. ",
"This is an inherent flaw of every app. ",
"But are you concerned? ",
"I mean, don’t you —\n\nJA: It’s not a flaw in Signal. ",
"It’s not a flaw in Signal. ",
"It is a flaw in the marketing of Signal and the marketing of these apps. ",
"This kind of — as I said, this cultish app supremacy that doesn’t want to talk about, yes, these are important. ",
"They make it much harder to conduct mass surveillance. ",
"But on the other hand, if you’re a person of interest, there’s plenty of ways to actually get in behind the encryption by hacking your phone. ",
"If the marketing had been done accurately, it wouldn’t have been a news story. ",
"It would have already been known. ",
"Because amongst technical people, of course, this already was known, of course, if they hack your phone, these encryption tools are worthless. ",
"But it was news. ",
"And it was news because of the misleading information that had been put about those crypto-products.",
"\n\nJS: I agree with the warning that you’re sounding, which is that if people adopt the view, “oh my god, if I put Signal on my phone and that’s the only way that I communicate with people on sensitive issues, then I’m totally safe,” that that’s rank bullshit.",
"\n\nJA: Yeah, that’s pretty dangerous.",
"\n\nJS: Yeah. ",
"No, I agree with you. ",
"I agree, it’s dangerous. ",
"So, let me ask you a couple of quick-fire questions about the way WikiLeaks has been portrayed in the U.S. media, just to get this, in a more precise way, answered. ",
"Was WikiLeaks in possession of any RNC emails that it did not publish?",
"\n\nJA: No. ",
"Very interestingly, Comey, in his last Congressional testimony, he was asked a question. ",
"I can’t remember exactly the context, but his answer was, “No RNC leaks were published.”",
"\n\nRep. Jim Himes: Let me just ask this question, then. ",
"Was there any equivalent dissemination of adverse information stolen from the RNC or individuals associated with the Trump campaign?",
"\n\nJames Comey: No.",
"\n\nJH: Thank you.",
"\n\nJA: And that’s false. ",
"I find it quite strange that — we didn’t publish any ‘cause we didn’t have any, but I find it quite strange that James Comey, under oath, would say something that is provably untrue and is an obviously relevant matter which he should know about. ",
"I mean, this D.C. Leaks outfit did publish a range of RNC emails. ",
"They weren’t picked up because — I think because it’s a kind of stupid website with — it’s very hard to read, had no credibility, didn’t promote the material well. ",
"But that was published during August 2016.",
"\n\nJS: Would you have published in the same manner RNC emails in the race between Hillary and Trump?",
"\n\nJA: Of course. ",
"When does WikiLeaks get a great scoop and not publish it?",
"\n\nJS: No, no, I know. ",
"I’m asking because I’m responding to some of the idiocy in the U.S. press.",
"\n\nJA: Yeah. ",
"Yeah, I mean, it’s — to some degree, WikiLeaks is — we’re a hostage to fortune because we do specialize on encouraging whistleblowers and other sources to step forward, and then analyzing what we get from them. ",
"And we specialize on really big scoops. ",
"You can’t go, oh, look, we have this massive scoop about corruption in the DNC. ",
"Now we need to balance this with a massive scoop about corruption in the RNC. ",
"These things come along once every few years. ",
"I mean, you can’t, you can’t go, “oh, now we’re going to balance.” ",
"Like, put it another way — did any other media organization publish a massive leak about what was in the RNC? ",
"The combined forces of the U.S. media, which, apart from Fox, was pretty solidly in the Hillary camp, and the European media, which was much the same, were not able to find any massive scoop on Donald Trump, apart from the sex tape. ",
"The New York Times got hold of one small tax extract for one year, which is not a massive scoop —and none of the other — none of the other years and none of the other papers. ",
"We asked for those. ",
"You know, we encouraged people to step forward.",
"\n\nSo, I think part of what is going on is it’s kind of flattering that there’s a view that WikiLeaks is omnipotent in its ability to get hold of massive scoops whenever it wants. ",
"That’s nice. ",
"It’s good for the institution’s reputation. ",
"But it’s not true. ",
"Massive scoops are hard to come by. ",
"They’re hard to come by, and they come at their own time, not when you think, oh, we need to — we need to, you know, engage in a bit of balancing operation, so, you know, people stop falsely saying that we’re Republican-aligned.",
"\n\nJS: Right. ",
"Well, and I should say that both Glenn Greenwald and myself were attacked in a similar vein to you, where they were saying, oh, you guys were harping on Hillary Clinton. ",
"You were talking about her emails, and you were part of how Trump got elected. ",
"I mean, you of course got this on a totally different level than we did. ",
"But we got —\n\nJA: Oh, I noticed that you guys were getting that as well.",
"\n\nJS: Yeah. ",
"And then — and what we were doing was reporting on what you were publishing at WikiLeaks. ",
"But I want to ask you, did you have, during the campaign, communications with Roger Stone or other members of the Trump campaign about messaging, or what you were publishing, or what was going to come up? ",
"Did Roger Stone ever get a scoop from you where you told him, “we’re gonna be doing this thing?” ‘",
"Cause he seemed to indicate that he was getting information from you.",
"\n\nRoger Stone: I actually have communicated with Assange. ",
"I believe the next crunch of his documents pertain to the Clinton Foundation. ",
"But there’s no telling what the October surprise may be.",
"\n\nJA: People are just being led through their noses by Roger Stone. ",
"If there was some conspiracy with Roger Stone, do you think he would be trying to intimate that he had some undefined, unnamed back channel? ",
"He’s just trying — well, I’m not going to project what I think is happening inside his head, particularly since he’s said nice things about us. ",
"But the result of what his statements were is that suddenly, people in the Republican base, which he was talking to, started paying him attention. ",
"He started getting spots on TV. ",
"He started getting a lot of attention, and started selling a lot more books. ",
"So, I mean, it’s an amazing bit of chutzpah and pretty clever marketing, but there was no communication.",
"\n\nJS: So, you never —\n\nJA: We have had a communication with Roger Stone. ",
"I admit it. ",
"Do you want me to tell you what it is?",
"\n\nJS: Yeah.",
"\n\nJA: It was, “Why are you saying — why are you going around saying we have communicated? ",
"We have no record of communication with you. ",
"We’re not aware of any form of communication. ",
"What are you saying?”",
"\n\nJS: And that was it. ",
"That’s the extent of you and, to your knowledge, WikiLeaks’s communications with Roger Stone.",
"\n\nJA: During the campaign, yes.",
"\n\nJS: And since, has he?",
"\n\nJA: After the campaign, it’s a similar type of, “what are you doing?” ",
"Stone complaining, “Stop attacking me. ",
"I’m a supporter, so, why are you attacking me?”",
"\n\nJS: Do you know how you got the DNC emails?",
"\n\nJA: That treads on sourcing, so —\n\nJS: No, I know. ",
"I’m trying to ask in a way, Julian, that respects —\n\nJA: I’ll put the response in another way. ",
"For each publication, we develop an understanding of the publication and its context, to the point where we are confident in its veracity.",
"\n\nJS: Okay. ",
"I respect that, but I think you, being a publisher and being in this game for a long time, understand why people would want to understand your perspective on this question. ",
"Are you confident —\n\nJA: I agree. ",
"I agree. ",
"I, I —\n\nJS: Well, are you confident that you did not get these from Russia?",
"\n\nJA: I apologize that WikiLeaks can’t name its sources.",
"\n\nJS: No, I don’t want you to name your source, Julian.",
"\n\nJA: We wouldn’t have any if we went around naming them, or talking about, or kind of giving a 20 clues perspective.",
"\n\nJS: Come on, Julian. ",
"You know I’m not asking you to do that. ",
"I’m saying, are you confident, as a publisher of a very influential organization — are you confident that you were not given these documents by a foreign government for their own purposes?",
"\n\nJA: I’m confident in what we have already stated, that our source is not part of a government.",
"\n\nJS: Right. ",
"But let’s game this out. ",
"Let’s say someone, let’s say —\n\nJA: No, I’m not talking about — I’m not gonna go into who — where our sources placed our — who our source’s, you know, friends are.",
"\n\nJS: Okay, let me put it on myself. ",
"Let’s say. —",
"\n\nJA: — Anything like that. ",
"I’m not going near it.",
"\n\nJS: But let me put it on myself. ",
"Let’s say that I get a cache of documents from a source, and I’m trying to determine where those documents came from. ",
"And I suspect that they may have come from a foreign intelligence service. ",
"Now, to me, that doesn’t mean, “oh my god, you don’t publish them because they came from a foreign intelligence service.” ",
"It means you have to figure out, are these accurate? ",
"What is the context of what they say? ",
"Do they give a complete picture? ",
"And what is the potential — what are the potential voids in the information? ",
"Do you feel like you did enough diligence to —\n\nJA: In terms of voids and accuracy, yes. ",
"Very confident.",
"\n\nJS: Mm-hmm. ",
"And on a philosophical level, Julian, ‘cause I know you actually have a firm grasp of philosophy — on a philosophical level, if the documents were received from a foreign government, and you had verified the accuracy of them, the context of them, and that there wasn’t some big missing piece, do you believe that those still should be published?",
"\n\nJA: Well, not only do I believe that they should still be published. ",
"That’s the recently stated position of Dean Baquet, the editor of the New York Times. ",
"It’s not a — I don’t think there’s much argument.",
"\n\nDean Baquet: But I think that truth trumps strategy and everything else every day. ",
"And if a powerful figure writes emails that are newsworthy, you just gotta publish ‘em. ",
"I mean, look, Edward Snowden stole documents. ",
"We, the Guardian, the Washington Post, and others reported them. ",
"I think they provoked one of the most compelling arguments about national security we’ve had in a generation.",
"\n\nJA: Let’s kind of flip the situation. ",
"Just imagination if WikiLeaks had obtained information they knew was true about the Democratic Party and corruption in the primary process, and it decided that it was not going to publish that information, but suppress it. ",
"It would be completely unconscionable. ",
"It was something you go, like, could we actually do it? ",
"Could we suppress information? ",
"WikiLeaks can’t keep coherency amongst its staff, it can’t have a committed, dedicated staff, which you need to survive in this kind of serious conflict with intelligence agencies. ",
"It couldn’t have that esprit de corps if we went around suppressing information that we knew to be true that lots of people were interested in, in order to favor one particular candidate in an election.",
"\n\n[Music interlude]\n\nJS: In a few minutes, we’re gonna continue our conversation with Julian Assange. ",
"And I want to ask him about Fox News’ newly found admiration for him and for WikiLeaks. ",
"And also, before we go to break, we wanted to share with you a song sent in to us by the legendary musician Tom Morello. ",
"He, of course, is one of the most celebrated guitarists of our time. ",
"He was a founder, original member of Rage Against the Machine and Street Sweeper Social Club. ",
"Tom, more recently, has been performing as The Nightwatchman, and he is now part of the — I guess you could say supergroup of the ‘90s. ",
"It’s called Prophets of Rage, and it’s Tom Morello, and Chuck D of Public Enemy, and B-Real from Cypress Hill. ",
"Well, Tom sent us a song, and the song has never been publicly released before now. ",
"Here is the world premiere of Tom Morello’s “Keep Going.”",
"\n\n[Tom Morello, “Keep Going”]\n\nIf you hear the dogs\n\nKeep going\n\nSee the torches in the woods\n\nKeep going\n\nThey’re shouting after you\n\nKeep going\n\nYou want a taste of freedom\n\nKeep going\n\nIt’s time for another chapter\n\nHeretics have found the rapture\n\nI was born for this minute\n\nI was outside\n\nBut now I’m in it\n\nSo if you hear the dogs\n\nKeep going\n\nSee the torches in the woods\n\nKeep going\n\nThey’re shouting after you\n\nKeep going\n\nYou want a taste of freedom\n\nKeep going\n\n86 miles there\n\n86 miles back\n\nStole a brand new car\n\nCan’t afford the gas\n\nAt the crossroads right around midnight\n\nI pimp slap the devil\n\nHe couldn’t get my riffs right\n\nI hear the dogs\n\nKeep going\n\nSee the torches in the woods\n\nKeep going\n\nThey’re shouting after you\n\nKeep going\n\nYou want a taste of freedom\n\nKeep going\n\nRise like coyotes\n\nCold blackened thunder\n\nThe fleet has left, son\n\nWhile the admiral slumbers\n\nGo on, test the chains\n\nGo on, gnaw the screws\n\nYou are many\n\nThey are few\n\nYou are many\n\nThey are few\n\nSo if you hear the dogs\n\nKeep going\n\nSee the torches in the woods\n\nKeep going\n\nIf they’re shouting after you\n\nKeep going\n\nYou want a taste of freedom\n\nKeep going\n\nYou want a taste of freedom\n\nKeep going\n\nKeep going\n\nKeep going\n\nKeep going\n\nKeep going\n\nJS: Many thanks to our friend Tom Morello for his words and his work, and for sharing this track “Keep Going” with us here on Intercepted. ",
"We’re gonna take a quick break and then return with more questions for Julian Assange of WikiLeaks.",
"\n\n[Music interlude]\n\nJS: Okay, we are back now on Intercepted.",
"\n\nMP: No, Julian Assange and his kind are not the slightest bit interested in improving civil liberties or enhancing personal freedom. ",
"They have pretended America’s First Amendment freedoms shield them from justice. ",
"They may have believed that, but they’re wrong. ",
"Assange is a narcissist who has created nothing of value. ",
"He relies on the dirty work of others to make himself famous. ",
"He is a fraud, a coward hiding behind a screen. ",
"And in Kansas, we know something about wizards hiding behind screens.",
"\n\nJS: That was CIA Director Mike Pompeo, again, the head of the Central Intelligence Agency. ",
"And our guest remains the man Pompeo put in the crosshairs of the CIA, Julian Assange of WikiLeaks. ",
"Julian, the CIA Director spent the majority of his speech on you and on WikiLeaks. ",
"And I’m curious, as you watched this speech from the Ecuadorian Embassy in London, what was your immediate reaction?",
"\n\nJA: Well, initially, we thought it was quite a weak speech in that it put the CIA in a position where they looked like they were frightened and worried that we were the better intelligence service, ‘cause they decided to put us in that competitive context. ",
"I think the Director of the CIA should have gravitas, so that you feel that he’s a sober person, a very considered person, who is able to look closely at the information that he and his teams are assembling, and ensure that it’s accurate and not politicized. ",
"And as his first speech, Pompeo was not demonstrating that to CIA staff or to the intelligence partners of the CIA, or to the media, or anyone else who has to go, well, is what the CIA is saying about Syria — is that true or not? ",
"Can I be confident that Pompeo is a measured man with gravitas, insight, who wouldn’t lie to me? ",
"And when he descended into pompous kind of name-calling, that’s not what intelligence reporting should be about.",
"\n\nMP: First, to the days like today, where we call up those who grant a platform to these leakers and so-called transparency activists. ",
"We know the danger that Assange and his not-so-merry band of brothers pose to democracies around the world. ",
"Ignorance or misplaced idealism is no longer an acceptable excuse for lionizing these demons.",
"\n\nJA: Look, Pompeo said explicitly that he was going to redefine the legal parameters of the First Amendment to define publishers like WikiLeaks in such a manner that the First Amendment would not apply to them. ",
"What the hell is going on? ",
"This is the head of the largest intelligence service in the world, the intelligence service of the United States. ",
"He doesn’t get to make proclamations on interpretation of the law. ",
"That’s a responsibility for the courts. ",
"It’s a responsibility for Congress. ",
"And perhaps it’s a responsibility for the attorney general. ",
"It’s way out of line to usurp the roles of those entities that are formally engaged in defining the interpretations of the First Amendment. ",
"For any — frankly, any other group to pronounce themselves, but for the head of the CIA, to pronounce what the boundaries are of reporting and not reporting are is a very disturbing precedent.",
"\n\nJS: Right. ",
"And of course, Donald Trump has referred to himself as a media organization because of his social media following. ",
"So, I’d be curious to know what Director Pompeo thinks about that. ",
"But I wanted to ask you —\n\nJA: Well, the First — he was saying, “Julian Assange has no First Amendment rights.”",
"\n\nJS: Right.",
"\n\nJA: This is not how the First Amendment works. ",
"It’s just legally wrong. ",
"The First Amendment is not a positive definition of rights. ",
"It’s a negative definition. ",
"It limits what the federal government does. ",
"It doesn’t say the federal government must give individuals rights and enforce that. ",
"It limits what the federal government can do to take away a certain climate of open debate in the United States. ",
"So, the First Amendment prevents Congress and the Executive from engaging in actions themselves which would limit not only the ability of people to speak and to publish freely, but would also limit the ability of people to read and understand information, because it is that climate of public debate which creates a check on a centralized governmental structure from becoming authoritarian. ",
"It’s a right from that perspective for all the people, not just the publisher.",
"\n\nJS: What was it like for you when Donald Trump would mention you publicly or mention WikiLeaks publicly, or tweet — even though he somehow never could seem to spell WikiLeaks correctly, but he did tweet about WikiLeaks frequently?",
"\n\nJA: He did correct it once. ",
"He did make a correction once.",
"\n\nJS: Oh, good. ",
"Okay, well, at least he corrected that.",
"\n\nDJT: By the way, did you see another one? ",
"Another one came in today. ",
"This WikiLeaks is like a treasure trove.",
"\n\nJS: I mean, just on a personal level, Julian, like, what was it like to see Trump citing WikiLeaks during the course of his campaign in the way that he did?",
"\n\nJA: Well, I mean, whenever a high-profile person cites our material, especially when a big audience is watching, we think, great, more people are gonna read it. ",
"From that perspective, we thought, well, this is great. ",
"Donald Trump is marketing our material. ",
"People are gonna read it.",
"\n\nJS: Yeah, but he got you some really reprehensible fans. ",
"I mean, come on, Sean Hannity comes over and sits down. ",
"I mean, Sean Hannity is an amoral charlatan.",
"\n\nJA: Yeah, but I don’t — I’m not a groupist, if that makes sense.",
"\n\nJS: No, I know you’re not, but come — give me a break. ",
"I mean, Sean Hannity is — he’s a carnival barker for extreme rightwing causes in the United States, and he jumped onto the WikiLeaks bandwagon for his own partisan, narrow political purposes. ",
"He’s no friend of WikiLeaks or free information.",
"\n\nJA: Yeah, and probably Sarah Palin did as well. ",
"But did Sarah Palin say the right thing? ",
"Did she do the right thing? ",
"Why, Sarah Palin said I should be hunted down like the Taliban. ",
"We published her emails in 2008, and she subsequently came out and apologized, and said that people should watch the Snowden film. ",
"So, this is very interesting. ",
"This is not just about WikiLeaks. ",
"This is about a, my guess, a certain perception amongst populist rightwing politicians like Sarah Palin, that the population has shifted in what it expects, and that critiques of mass surveillance and WikiLeaks are now something that are becoming something that’s sayable. ",
"And of course, yes, on a particular — on the narrow basis, something that we publish which damages the reputation of Debbie Wasserman Schultz, the head of the DNC, or something like that — of course, that’s just party political. ",
"But I wouldn’t underestimate that there is an important transition in this populist right sphere. ",
"And you can talk about how it’s been instrumentalized and so on. ",
"But there’s a — I think a very important transition where a number of the grassroots on the populist right are saying wars or intervention are bad. ",
"The CIA is problematic. ",
"That’s an extraordinary education that has occurred in that light.",
"\n\nJS: Right, but I think —\n\nJA: And I don’t think — I don’t think it comes about just because of Donald Trump. ",
"But the election campaign certainly brought it out to a greater degree, and Trump and his team tried to harmonize with parts of it.",
"\n\nJS: But Julian, look at it from the other side, which I’ve experienced in my time as a reporter. ",
"George W. Bush and Dick Cheney are in power. ",
"Liberals love me. ",
"Oh, I’m writing about Blackwater. ",
"Oh, I’m writing about Iraq, etc. ",
"Then Obama comes into power and shoots the popularity ratings of drone strikes off the charts. ",
"MSNBC, I’m basically persona non grata. ",
"And a lot of it was about their own partisan leanings. ",
"I mean I felt dirty as fuck the other day when Ann Coulter followed me on Twitter and is retweeting me positively.",
"\n\nJA: Well, she said I should be prosecute — you know, she went on Bill O’Reilly in 2010 and said I should be prosecuted.",
"\n\nJS: Yeah, and now she probably wants to come visit you and bring you flowers.",
"\n\nJA: And then — and then she said some good things. ",
"I just, I think you have to —\n\nJS: Yeah, but – but Julian, come on. ",
"You and I have both been around –\n\nJA: You have to —\n\nJS: Wait, no. ",
"I want to stop you on this. ",
"I just want to ask you.",
"\n\nJA: All the big mainstream media outfits are evil.",
"\n\nJS: Yeah, but Julian, you seem to be —\n\nJA: The massive media holdings, they’re just serious power players. ",
"I mean, there’s — that I can discern, there’s no genuine human moral values that are being pushed by these guys. ",
"But you have to instrumentalize them, just like you’ve got to put Shell in your car.",
"\n\nJS: [Laughs]\n\nJA: People who want to get the truth out, they have to instrumentalize these big networks.",
"\n\nJS: There is an extent to which I get the logic there. ",
"I do think, though, and I’m not necessarily saying this is the conclusion I draw from what you’re saying. ",
"But I do think that — I’m not certain that you’ve brought Sean Hannity along to some realization that what the NSA has been doing represents a fundamental violation of our rights. ",
"I think that these guys are in the moment, saying, “Huh, the enemy of my enemy is my friend.” ",
"And I do think — I mean, you certainly are a shrewd enough person to understand that these guys aren’t your friends. ",
"They aren’t in sync with your —\n\nJA: I think that’s largely right. ",
"But is it great that, you know, a network like Fox might actually pick up true material?",
"\n\nJS: No, it’s surreal, Julian. ",
"But it exists at a moment in time —\n\nJA: [Crosstalk] sometimes, but for WikiLeaks to be able to present true material to a wide audience, that’s a good thing.",
"\n\nJS: Okay, I agree with you a hundred percent there, and I find it surreal and amazing, and I’ll — in a way, I’ll take it any way I can get it, and I give you total credit for somehow figuring out a way to get Sean Hannity to come to London, into the embassy that you’ve been basically imprisoned in for years.",
"\n\nJA: It’s incredible. ",
"And, you know — and publicly apologize, etc. ",
"He has taken some heat for that, by the way. ",
"I wouldn’t — in my view, you know, I guess Trump is an interesting figure psychologically. ",
"But Sean Hannity’s more normal.",
"\n\nJS: [Laughs]\n\nJA: Yes, of course there’s groupism operating and probably opportunism as well. ",
"But, you know, I don’t think you can cast these people as devils at all. ",
"These are people with a range of noble and ignoble character traits. ",
"They’re human beings. ",
"And they have a worldview, and it really is a worldview. ",
"They exist within a particular information sphere, which I find fairly confining and self-referential, and believe some weird things. ",
"But I think that’s a product of the information that they receive, their upbringing, their — you know, the networks who are keeping them in a particular bubble. ",
"And I don’t think it’s because, with some exceptions, that they are intrinsically bad human beings.",
"\n\nJS: I’m not saying they’re intrinsically bad human beings. ",
"I do believe — first of all, the way that Trump referenced you on the campaign trail, he should have given you immunity and exonerated you of any potential future prosecution, given what he —\n\nJA: I mean he should have done that anyway. ",
"We didn’t need to — because, I mean, Obama should have done that. ",
"It’s — those are the rules of the DOJ introduced in 2005. ",
"And, you know, if they follow those rules, if they follow the First Amendment, they shouldn’t be pursuing a prosecution.",
"\n\nJS: Right. ",
"But I mean, I agree with that logic. ",
"But what I was saying is if — I was more making a direct statement, which is that if Trump truly believes that what you’ve done is a public service, which Obama, you know, he flirted with a version of that about parts of what Snowden did. ",
"But what I’m saying is that if Trump asserted these things about the public value of what you did —\n\nJA: Yeah.",
"\n\nJS: And promoted the idea that WikiLeaks was a pro-democracy organization, which he did, then it’s a much more obvious call on him to say, “Okay, well, then do the logical thing,” than Obama, who took a publicly hostile and privately hostile stance toward you.",
"\n\nJA: Yeah, but you have — I mean who knows what would have happened anyway. ",
"But of course, the Russian narrative has politically confined the administration in relation to a whole lot — in relation to anything that’s anywhere near that narrative. ",
"That’s us. ",
"That’s having peace with Russia. ",
"And of course, it’s ultimately, in my view, the declining popularity, coming out of a variety of things, but including the eating away at Trump by the Russian narrative that has caused him to look for distractions. ",
"And those distractions include throwing missiles at people.",
"\n\nJS: Yeah, I mean, and it’s — you know, he now is in the mode where I think he realizes how good it is to embrace the idea —\n\nJA: Well, he’s seen it. ",
"I mean, it’s —\n\nJS: Yeah. ",
"It’s — it makes him drunk with power. ",
"I mean, you’re —\n\nJA: The cable networks across the board, including CNN, CBS, ABC, were in love with his missile strike on Syria, and he’s seen that and understood it. ",
"Early on, it seems to me that he was making a mistake with how he was setting up the cabinet. ",
"And I remarked on it at the time that it was becoming very general-heavy, and that that could lead to serious problems.",
"\n\nDJT: I see my generals. ",
"Those generals are gonna keep us so safe. ",
"They’re gonna have a lot of problems, the other side. ",
"They’re gonna look at — they’re gonna look at a couple of ‘em. ",
"These are central casting. ",
"If I’m doing a movie, I’d pick you, General.",
"\n\nJA: There was a reason it was becoming very general-heavy. ",
"Well, my interpretation is that the democratically aligned media’s constant assault on him, which also correlated with an assault on him by the Central Intelligence Agency, lessly agreed to FBI, resulted in him going, “Well, I have to have some people that they’re not going to criticize, and who are part of the core power element of the state.” ",
"You can’t have a presidency or a cabinet, which doesn’t have loyal hard power. ",
"So, what are the hard power elements? ",
"It’s the military, and the police, possibly the judiciary, insofar as they couple to the police. ",
"And so, he didn’t have the police. ",
"Definitely didn’t have the judiciary. ",
"There’s one more. ",
"It’s soft power, but it can translate to hard power, which is the general support of the population, because ultimately, serious support of the population will dominate the streets. ",
"So, he had to rely on building up support from the Pentagon. ",
"As a result, the cabinet became general-heavy, and now we see the result.",
"\n\nJS: A final question. ",
"Obviously, you have reason to identify former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton as one of the people who put you in the position that you’re in and went after WikiLeaks with a passion. ",
"Was there any part of you during the publication of the DNC emails or the political campaign — was part of this a vendetta or part of the war between what was Hillary Clinton’s State Department and WikiLeaks? ",
"Was there —is there any truth to the idea that you wanted Hillary Clinton to fail to win the presidency?",
"\n\nJA: Well, that’s kind of the psychobabble explanation.",
"\n\nJS: That’s why I’m asking you for it.",
"\n\nJA: [Laughs]\n\nJS: I’m asking you because that’s what people say.",
"\n\nJA: If a man does something and it’s, you know, substantive, then it must be because he has a problem.",
"\n\nJS: No, it’s a question that I’m asking you.",
"\n\nJA: That’s the type — that’s kind of East Coast psychobabble —\n\nJS: No. [",
"Laughs]\n\nJA: Explanation for why things occur.",
"\n\nJS: Okay, maybe that’s true, Julian. ",
"But I’m just, I’m asking you because this is — you’re in your own prison of sorts because you can’t leave that embassy. ",
"The American people are in the prison of their own cable news vacuum.",
"\n\nJA: Yeah.",
"\n\nJS: And that is a big part of the narrative. ",
"So, I’m trying to give you an opportunity to respond to what people are basically told all the time about you on television here.",
"\n\nJA: Well, I mean, I’ve never met Hillary Clinton. ",
"I think I would probably like her in person. ",
"Most good politicians are quite charismatic in person. ",
"In some way, she’s a bit like me. ",
"She’s a bit wonkish and a bit awkward. ",
"So, maybe we’d get along. ",
"But I look at it through two lenses. ",
"Number one, the lens of WikiLeaks the publisher, and me as the editor of WikiLeaks. ",
"Hillary Clinton’s an interesting person because she was anointed to take the formal executive power of the United States. ",
"She had also been Secretary of State. ",
"And we had become domain specialists in a variety of ways. ",
"Did we pursue collecting documents about Hillary Clinton because of some kind of vendetta or because we perceived that that was where the center of power was heading in the United States, and a lot of people were very interested in where the center of power was heading? ",
"It’s not that we thought, well, look, Hillary Clinton, she was involved in putting Chelsea Manning in prison. ",
"No. ",
"It’s — that’s not the case.",
"\n\nWe thought Hillary Clinton was going to win. ",
"We thought our publications were actually going to create a very infuriated Hillary Clinton on the other end that we would have to deal with. ",
"So, it’s a kind of — far from that publishing cycle being one of self-interest, it was one of, as far as we foresaw, one of self-sacrifice, because we were infuriating what everyone perceived would be the next executive. ",
"If we had wanted to kind of do things for me, we would have praised Hillary Clinton and, you know — and published stuff about her opponent, because everyone was predicting Hillary Clinton would win, including me.",
"\n\nJS: Mm-hmm. ",
"What’s the most realistic path to you getting out of that embassy and actually being free?",
"\n\nJA: Well, on February 5th, last year, after 16 months of litigation, the UN formally ruled that I am being unlawfully detained and should be immediately freed and compensated. ",
"The UK appealed, and we won the appeal in November, so there’s now two rulings at the United Nations level saying that I’m being unlawfully detained in violation of international treaties, which the UK is a party to, and I should be immediately released and compensated. ",
"So, I think, you know, it’s entirely political, how much political pressure the United Kingdom and Sweden and Australia perceive that the U.S. security state is placing on them to conduct things in a certain way, and then their own prestige in the situation. ",
"So, how can they get out of the situation and still keep face, and how can they get out of the situation and not offend the U.S. security sector? ",
"Of course, our publications in relation to the CIA make the equation a lot harder because there will be a perception that they’re likely to offend.",
"\n\nI will note the Director Mike Pompeo, the CIA Director, the day before he gave that speech on Thursday evening before Easter Friday, he was in London. ",
"I don’t know what he was doing in London, but he was in London. ",
"And there’s a statement in his speech, which is — you know, you can look at that speech as it’s mostly kind of hot air. ",
"But there are a couple of important positional revelations. ",
"They are his attempts to redefine who is a journalist, who is not; who is a publisher, who is not. ",
"There’s a disclosure about the existing case against us, where Pompeo has stated that WikiLeaks instructed Chelsea Manning to go after certain information. ",
"That’s an interesting revelation. ",
"And then there is his statement that this, i.e., WikiLeaks and its publications, are — end now.",
"\n\nSo, how does he propose to conduct this ending? ",
"He didn’t say, but the CIA is only in the business of collecting information, kidnapping people, and assassinating people. ",
"So, it’s quite a menacing statement that he does need to clarify. ",
"It’s also something that’s false. ",
"We did our next CIA publication the next day, together with our partners, Liberation media partner in France and La Republica in Italy. ",
"So, I like to joke that the CIA directed Pompeo in his maiden speech, make his first prediction as America’s chief intelligence officer, and it was that WikiLeaks publications would be no more after that speech, and he was proven wrong next day. ",
"I think what he was saying, what was ending now was his reputation.",
"\n\nJS: Hm. ",
"I do hope that we see you as a free man out in the world with the ability to publish.",
"\n\nJA: Thanks, Jeremy. ",
"Take care.",
"\n\nJS: All right, thanks a lot, Julian. ",
"I really appreciate it.",
"\n\nJA: Bye-bye.",
"\n\nJA: Julian Assange is the founder of WikiLeaks. ",
"Julian remains confined in the Ecuadorian embassy in London, and he’s been there since the summer of 2012.",
"\n\nI want to just give a heads up to people. ",
"My colleague Laura Poitras, who won the Academy Award for her documentary “Citizenfour” about NSA Whistleblower Edward Snowden, she has a new film that’s going to be hitting theaters this summer. ",
"Actually, it premieres on May 5th in some cities, and it’s the inside story of how Julian Assange came to end up in the Ecuadorian embassy, and his multi-year battles with the U.S. government. ",
"And it’s a stunning and revelatory film, and it also has this access to history as it unfolded, which seems to become more and more relevant with every release that WikiLeaks does. ",
"The film is called “Risk”.",
"\n\n“Risk” trailer: Oh, hello. ",
"Can I please speak to Hillary Clinton? ",
"I’m calling from the office of Julian Assange. ",
"This is an emergency.",
"\n\nJS: You can watch the trailer and find out information about what cities and theaters it’s gonna be in. ",
"Check out the website at riskfilm.org.",
"\n\nThat does it for this week’s show. ",
"One programming note: Intercepted will be off for the next two weeks. ",
"Season two is slated to kick off on May 10th. ",
"And all of our episodes from this season are archived on our website, theintercept.com/podcasts, and they’re also archived on iTunes and Google Play, and anywhere else that you listen to the show. ",
"If you missed any of those, catch up on ‘em over the next two-week break. ",
"Also, it’s a great time to promote the show to your friends.",
"\n\n[Music interlude]\n\nIntercepted is a production of First Look Media and The Intercept. ",
"We’re distributed by Panoply. ",
"Our producer is Jack D’Isidoro, and our executive producer is Leital Molad. ",
"Rick Kwan mixed the show. ",
"We had production assistance from Elise Swain. ",
"Our music was composed by DJ Spooky. ",
"We’ll see you in a few weeks. ",
"Until then, I’m Jeremy Scahill.",
"\n\n[Music interlude]\n\nJS (as Alex Jones): I’m sorry, this is a family show! ",
"I just get — I get so mad!"
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[
"[Practical significance of cytokine determination in joint fluid in patients with arthroses or rheumatoid arthritis].",
"\nTo determine whether the activity of cartilage-degrading enzymes in the synovial fluid (SF) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other joint diseases is correlated with the concentration of cytokines in the SF. ",
"Cytokines and cartilage-degrading enzymes were determined in the SF of 97 patients with various disorders involving the knee joints (rheumatoid arthritis (RA) n 44; osteoarthritis (OA) n 35; meniscal trauma (Men) n 10; reactive arthritides (ReA) n 8). ",
"In these samples we measured the concentrations of interleukin-1 alpha and beta, IL-1-receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha; all by ELISA), collagenase-activity and caseinase-activity (by substrate assays). ",
"With the exception of IL-1 alpha and IL-6, cytokine-concentrations were significantly higher in RA than in OA SF-samples (p < 0.05; ANOVA on ranks). ",
"IL-1ra, IL-6, and IL-1 beta were correlated best with the collagenase-activity in the SF (r = 0.63; 0.57; 0.55; Spearman's rank correlation), while IL-1 beta (r = 0.53) and IL-1ra (r = 0.52) were best correlated with the caseinase-activity in the samples. ",
"The SF-concentration of IL-1ra was well correlated with the levels of IL-6, IL-1 beta, II-8, and TNF alpha (r from 0.73 to 0.66; all p < 0.005), but not with IL1 alpha. ",
"The molar ratio of IL-1 to IL-1ra in the SF was neither correlated with the activity of collagenase nor caseinase. ",
"IL-1 beta and IL-1ra in the SF were positively correlated with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). ",
"The determination of IL-1 beta and IL-1ra in the SF of patients with joint disorders as examined in this study seems to allow to a certain extent a prediction of the collagenase- and caseinase-activity contained in the diseased joint. ",
"We would favor."
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[
"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to improved carrier sliders for window coverings with stuck prevention.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nA conventionally window curtain or the like is stringed with a cord at an upper side thereof to allow \"opening\" and \"closing\" of the curtain. ",
"After a long-term use, the curtain surface will be worn out due to friction and thus result in sticking and/or breakage of the curtain. ",
"Tracks and carrier slides are provided to smoothly carry the curtain under easy operation, yet the rollers on the carrier slides have a relatively short life of period due to friction.",
"\nTaiwan Utility Model Publication No. ",
"240422 discloses an improved carrier slide that has a plurality of rollers mounted to both lateral sides of a body thereof and a restraining roller mounted to each of a front end and a rear end of the body for eliminating deviation in the horizontal direction and vertical direction and for converting sliding motions into rolling motions so as to lengthen the period of life and to provide a smoother operation. ",
"Nevertheless, manufacture of such a carrier slide is troublesome and costly, as there are ten rollers on the carrier slide. ",
"In addition, installation of the restraining rollers is difficult, as they are parallel to the body and sandwiched between two lateral sides of the track. ",
"Furthermore, the body must be increased in the length thereof for installation of the restraining rollers. ",
"The overall width of the track is also increased and thus results in an increased cost. ",
"The present invention is intended to provide improved carrier slides to solve these problems."
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"Q:\n\nAzure Log analytics simple pie chart\n\nI have a query like;\nexample_CL\n| where field1 == \"name\" \n| top 1 by TimeGenerated desc\nGives me the latest row with the latest value of \"name\" like;\nname quota used\nsamplename 100 75 \n\nI'm trying to make a donut chart which shows 75/100. ",
"\n\nA:\n\nwould this work?",
"\ndatatable(field1:string, quota:int, used:int)\n[\n \"somename\", 100, 75\n]\n| project used, unsued = quota - used\n| evaluate narrow()\n| project Column, toint(Value)\n| render piechart\n\n"
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"Brown Township, Pennsylvania\n\nBrown Township is the name of two places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania:\nBrown Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania\nBrown Township, Mifflin County, Pennsylvania\n\nSee also \n Brownsville Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania\n\nCategory:Pennsylvania township disambiguation pages"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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[
"Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A and keratitis in mice.",
"\nTo determine the importance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA) as a virulence factor in corneal disease. ",
"Isogenic mutants deficient in ETA were constructed in P. aeruginosa strains PAO1 and ATCC 19660 by allelic exchange and then evaluated for virulence in a mouse model of bacterial keratitis. ",
"The effect of ETA on adherence to scarified corneal epithelium was assessed in an in vitro organ culture model. ",
"Mutants of either P. aeruginosa PAO1 or 19660, deficient in ETA, adhered to wounded corneal tissue and initiated ocular disease similar to that in wild-type strains. ",
"However, in contrast to wild-type strains, ETA mutants were quickly cleared from the eye, inflammation diminished, and the cornea healed. ",
"Although ETA has no effect on the ability of P. aeruginosa to adhere to corneal wounds or to initiate Pseudomonas keratitis, it is crucial for the organism to persist in the eye and ultimately cause disease."
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[
"Arturo Sandoval is a true maestro: despite his reputation as a bop-based trumpeter who plays jazz inspired by his native Cuban tradition, he has delved deeply into tango, swing, and electric jazz in his long career. ",
"He is also a fine pianist and percussionist. ",
"That said, the notion of him recording a collection of classical pieces, standards, and ballads with a trio and a string orchestra as backing is more than a bit of a surprise. ",
"Nonetheless, that's what A Time for Love basically is. ",
"Sandoval claims that this is the realization of a 20-year dream. ",
"He wanted it bad enough to make and release the record himself, but fate stepped in. ",
"Pianist Shelly Berg heard the demos and brought him to Concord's Greg Field, who in turn brought in Grammy-winning arranger Jorge Calandrelli. ",
"They co-produced while Calandrelli arranged eight of the nine string charts -- Berg arranged the other and brought in his trio to back up Sandoval.",
"\n\nThe classical readings include Faur?",
"'s \"Apr?s un Reve\" and \"Pavane,\" Ravel's \"Pavane Pour une Infante Defunte\" (with Chris Botti on second trumpet), and Astor Piazzolla's \"Oblivion\" (with Monica Mancini on vocals). ",
"All reveal the emotional depth of Sandoval's playing, not just his technical acumen. ",
"While his fiery jazz playing can emote, it is often overshadowed by his expertise. ",
"Here, it is softness and tenderness without sentimentality that speak to the listener. ",
"The standards such as \"I Loves You Porgy,\" the shimmering swing in \"Speak Low,\" and the deep romance in the Johnny Mandel-Johnny Mercer classic \"Emily\" seemingly come from the vocal jazz tradition. ",
"Yet in them one can readily hear what Sandoval claims are his two greatest inspirations for this album: trumpeter Bobby Hackett's playing with the Jackie Gleason Orchestra, and the album Clifford Brown with Strings. ",
"The musical economy of those influences is reflected in the emotional weight and complex lyrical dimension carried in each note by Sandoval; the arrangements serve to heighten that revelation rather than overtake it. ",
"There are two very satisfying bonus tracks included as well, \"The Windmills of Your Mind,\" a stellar duet with Berg, and Cole Porter's \"Every Time We Say Goodbye,\" with Kenny Barron guesting on piano. ",
"It's tempting to call A Time for Love Sandoval's masterpiece, but that is based on the sharp contrast with virtually everything else in his catalog; only time will reveal whether or not it is. ",
"For now, what is certain is that it is one of them. ",
"~ Thom Jurek"
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[
"1. ",
"Introduction {#sec1-molecules-23-02632}\n===============\n\nOver the last three decades, self-assembly has developed into a technique that is widely used to generate well-defined organic thin films on metal substrates \\[[@B1-molecules-23-02632],[@B2-molecules-23-02632],[@B3-molecules-23-02632],[@B4-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"The resultant films, denoted as self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), offer great potential for use in a number of applications, such as corrosion inhibition \\[[@B5-molecules-23-02632],[@B6-molecules-23-02632],[@B7-molecules-23-02632],[@B8-molecules-23-02632],[@B9-molecules-23-02632]\\], lithographic patterning \\[[@B10-molecules-23-02632],[@B11-molecules-23-02632]\\], biomaterials fabrication \\[[@B12-molecules-23-02632],[@B13-molecules-23-02632],[@B14-molecules-23-02632],[@B15-molecules-23-02632],[@B16-molecules-23-02632],[@B17-molecules-23-02632],[@B18-molecules-23-02632]\\], and microelectronic device manufacturing \\[[@B19-molecules-23-02632],[@B20-molecules-23-02632],[@B21-molecules-23-02632],[@B22-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"In particular, alkanethiolate-based monolayers on gold substrates are the most studied system, due to their reproducible ordered structures and relatively simple preparation procedures \\[[@B2-molecules-23-02632],[@B23-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"The interfacial properties of the organic surfaces, such as wettability \\[[@B24-molecules-23-02632],[@B25-molecules-23-02632]\\], adhesion \\[[@B26-molecules-23-02632],[@B27-molecules-23-02632],[@B28-molecules-23-02632],[@B29-molecules-23-02632]\\], and friction \\[[@B30-molecules-23-02632],[@B31-molecules-23-02632],[@B32-molecules-23-02632],[@B33-molecules-23-02632],[@B34-molecules-23-02632],[@B35-molecules-23-02632],[@B36-molecules-23-02632]\\], can be controlled by varying the structure of the adsorbate employed.",
"\n\nA major focus of our research has centered on the development of specifically fluorinated thin films with varying degrees of fluorination \\[[@B37-molecules-23-02632],[@B38-molecules-23-02632],[@B39-molecules-23-02632],[@B40-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"Fluorocarbon-based films offer many advantages over hydrocarbon-based films, including thermal stability, chemical inertness, hydrophobicity, and oleophobicity \\[[@B37-molecules-23-02632],[@B38-molecules-23-02632],[@B39-molecules-23-02632],[@B40-molecules-23-02632],[@B41-molecules-23-02632],[@B42-molecules-23-02632],[@B43-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"However, these properties are greatly influenced by the degree of fluorination on the molecular constituents. ",
"Of particular interest are the contact angle studies performed on SAMs generated from specifically fluorinated alkanethiols \\[[@B41-molecules-23-02632],[@B42-molecules-23-02632],[@B43-molecules-23-02632],[@B44-molecules-23-02632],[@B45-molecules-23-02632],[@B46-molecules-23-02632],[@B47-molecules-23-02632],[@B48-molecules-23-02632]\\]. [",
"Table 1](#molecules-23-02632-t001){ref-type=\"table\"} highlights studies of the wetting properties of partially fluorinated SAMs. ",
"In one example of minimally fluorinated SAMs, Lee et al. ",
"demonstrated that CF~3~-termianted SAMs exhibit greater wettability toward polar contacting liquids than their hydrocarbon analogs \\[[@B43-molecules-23-02632],[@B45-molecules-23-02632],[@B46-molecules-23-02632],[@B47-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"The enhanced wettability exhibited by the CF~3~-terminated SAMs was attributed to the presence of oriented dipoles at the fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon junction, FC-HC. ",
"Further research examined the surface free energy as a function of the degree of terminal fluorination by analyzing SAMs generated from two series of adsorbates in which: (1) The total carbon count remains the same while the number of fluorocarbons systematically increases, F~3~C(CF~2~)~n~(CH~2~)~m~SH where n = 0--9 and m = 15--6 \\[[@B46-molecules-23-02632]\\]; and (2) the hydrocarbon spacer remains the same while the number of fluorocarbons increases F~3~C(CF~2~)~n~(CH~2~)~m~SH where n = 0--9 and m = 11 \\[[@B39-molecules-23-02632],[@B48-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"Collectively, these studies led to the conclusions that the contact angles are affected by the number of fluorocarbons rather than the total chain length, and that the films become increasingly hydrophobic and oleophobic as the degree of fluorination increases. ",
"A more in-depth discussion on the influence fluorination has on the structural and interfacial properties of SAMs can be found in the literature \\[[@B40-molecules-23-02632],[@B44-molecules-23-02632]\\].",
"\n\nMuch of the previously mentioned research has been obtained from ω-terminated alkanethiols (monothiol-based adsorbates), which provide a single point of contact between the sulfur headgroup and the metal surface. ",
"Alternatively, other types of adsorbates having multiple headgroup-metal interaction points have also been developed and studied \\[[@B49-molecules-23-02632],[@B50-molecules-23-02632],[@B51-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"Bidentate adsorbates have been introduced into surface chemistry, due to their ability to enhance the stability of thin films formed on solid substrates \\[[@B52-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"The enhanced stability exhibited in films derived from multidentate adsorbates has been attributed to an entropy-driven phenomenon known as the \"chelate effect\", which is a key strategy used to enhance the stability of metal-ligand complexes in inorganic materials \\[[@B53-molecules-23-02632],[@B54-molecules-23-02632],[@B55-molecules-23-02632],[@B56-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"Partial desorption of a bidentate adsorbate leads to a situation where one arm of the adsorbate is bound to the surface while the other is desorbed, but held nearby covalently; in an entropic sense, the desorbed arm is more likely to bind again to the surface than the case for a monodentate adsorbate, where the desorbed molecule can readily diffuse away. ",
"This concept can be readily applied to films derived from organic molecules covalently bound to surfaces by incorporating multiple attachment points on the adsorbate to create multiple interactions between the adsorbate and the metal surface. ",
"Several examples of designs of such bidentate adsorbates, which have been used to enhance film stability on metal substrates, include aromatic-based bidentate adsorbates \\[[@B56-molecules-23-02632],[@B57-molecules-23-02632],[@B58-molecules-23-02632],[@B59-molecules-23-02632]\\], spiroalkanedithiolate-based adsorbates \\[[@B60-molecules-23-02632],[@B61-molecules-23-02632],[@B62-molecules-23-02632],[@B63-molecules-23-02632]\\], and trithiolate-based adsorbates \\[[@B64-molecules-23-02632],[@B65-molecules-23-02632],[@B66-molecules-23-02632],[@B67-molecules-23-02632],[@B68-molecules-23-02632],[@B69-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"Using the spiroalkanedithiol (SADT) structure, well-packed and highly oriented SAMs can be generated by utilizing an adsorbate structure having a pair of relatively long alkyl chains \\[[@B60-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"A major attractive feature of this design is the relatively simple synthetic approach, which can open new avenues for the synthesis of a large variety of adsorbates. ",
"A recent example includes the development of film compositions where two phase-incompatible groups were incorporated into the same molecule, yielding homogeneously mixed SAMs \\[[@B62-molecules-23-02632],[@B63-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"Important to note are previous efforts toward the development of mixed-chained adsorbates originating from a single point, including the use of dialkyl sulfides by Whitesides \\[[@B70-molecules-23-02632]\\], as well as other methods highlighted in the literature \\[[@B51-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"However, SAMs generated from dialkyl sulfides, asymmetrical disulfides, and other methods described in the literature used to generate mixed SAMs suffer from poor stability, disordered films, and/or preferential adsorption, which can be circumvented when the SADT structure is incorporated into the architecture of the adsorbate \\[[@B25-molecules-23-02632],[@B62-molecules-23-02632],[@B63-molecules-23-02632]\\].",
"\n\nIn a previous report, we studied the synthesis and characterization of SAMs generated from a prototype unsymmetrical partially fluorinated SADT \\[[@B62-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"The structure consisted of the spiro-dithiol headgroup connected with two different tailgroups (i.e., one hydrocarbon and one partially fluorinated), as shown in [Figure 1](#molecules-23-02632-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"This specific design was motivated by the potential development of thin film fluorinated surfaces to mimic poly(tetrafluoroethylene). ",
"The discovery of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), by Plunkett in 1938 \\[[@B71-molecules-23-02632]\\], has led to the extensive use of fluoropolymers in various applications, due to their chemical inertness, thermal and mechanical resistance, and low adhesion \\[[@B72-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"Therefore, fluorocarbon-based films can offer certain advantages over hydrocarbon-based films in terms of chemical resistance, chain rigidity, thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and oleophobicity \\[[@B37-molecules-23-02632],[@B38-molecules-23-02632],[@B41-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"For this report, two new fluorinated bidentate dithiols were synthesized having the molecular structures shown in [Figure 1](#molecules-23-02632-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}.",
"\n\nNotably, the original prototype in [Figure 1](#molecules-23-02632-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}, \\[CH~3~(CH~2~)~7~\\]\\[CF~3~(CF~2~)~7~(CH~2~)~8~\\]C\\[CH~2~SH\\]~2~ (**F8H10-C10**), possesses a partially fluorinated chain and a shorter hydrocarbon chain having the same number of hydrocarbon units as that in the partially fluorinated chain. ",
"This original adsorbate was designed to form SAMs, in which the helical fluorinated chains (van der Waals diameter of \\~5.6 Å) \\[[@B73-molecules-23-02632]\\] would not be subjected to the packing constraints typically observed in SAMs derived from the corresponding monothiol, but instead pack on top of the underlying well-packed trans-extended alkyl chains (van der Waals diameter of \\~4.2 Å) \\[[@B74-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"To explore further the effects of molecular structure on the packing density of the chains and interfacial properties of SAMs derived from this class of adsorbate, the present study examines SAMs derived from the partially fluorinated spiroalkanedithiols in [Figure 1](#molecules-23-02632-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"} (i.e., **F8H10-C12** and **F8H10-C18**, respectively). ",
"In efforts to examine the effects of hydrocarbon chain length on film properties, we incorporated systematically longer hydrocarbon chains in these two new adsorbate molecules. ",
"A schematic representation illustrating a well-organized SAM for each of the studied adsorbates is shown in [Figure 2](#molecules-23-02632-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}.",
"\n\nFurther, we compared the **F8H10-Cm** SAMs to SAMs derived from the corresponding monodentate n-alkanethiols: CH~3~(CH~2~)~n~SH, where n = 9, 11, and 17 (**C10SH**, **C12SH**, and **C18SH**, respectively) and the structurally analogous partially fluorinated monodentate thiol CF~3~(CF~2~)~7~(CH~2~)~10~SH (**F8H10SH**). ",
"We characterized the structure and the interfacial properties of all SAMs using ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), polarization modulation infrared reflection-adsorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), and contact angle goniometry.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Results and Discussion {#sec2-molecules-23-02632}\n=========================\n\nThe **F8H10-Cm** SAMs were allowed to equilibrate at room temperature for 48 h in DMF prior to characterization. ",
"Previous work on related SADT SAMs developed in DMF yielded films with optimal qualities (i.e., relatively ordered, and less wettable, with a well-packed monolayer film) \\[[@B62-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"We also prepared SAMs from the corresponding monodentate thiols to serve as reference systems. ",
"For instance, we assumed that the data from SAMs derived from **F8H10-C10** could be readily compared to those derived from **C10SH** and **F8H10SH**. ",
"This assumption allows a direct evaluation of the SADT SAMs against SAMs of analogous structural character. ",
"Consequently, we prepared SAMs derived from the normal alkanethiols **C10SH**, **C12SH**, and **C18SH** along with the structurally analogous fluorinated **F8H10SH** for comparison with the SAMs derived from **F8H10-C10**, **F8H10-C12**, and **F8H10-C18**, respectively.",
"\n\n2.1. ",
"Film Thicknesses {#sec2dot1-molecules-23-02632}\n---------------------\n\nPreliminary confirmation of SAM formation on metal substrates can be determined by measuring the thickness of the film using ellipsometry \\[[@B62-molecules-23-02632]\\]. [",
"Table 2](#molecules-23-02632-t002){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the thicknesses obtained for all of the SAMs. ",
"The SAMs derived from the monodentate thiols gave values that correspond to those reported in the literature, 10, 12, 22, and 18 Å for the **C10SH**, **C12SH**, **C18SH**, and **F8H10SH** SAMs, respectively \\[[@B42-molecules-23-02632],[@B75-molecules-23-02632],[@B76-molecules-23-02632]\\].",
"\n\nComparison of the thickness values obtained for the monodentate SAMs and the **F8H10-Cm** SAMs indicates that the **F8H10-Cm** SAMs exhibit thickness values that are consistent with the formation of monolayer films. ",
"Furthermore, as the alkyl chain length is increased systematically in the series, **F8H10-C10**, **F8H10-C12**, and **F8H10-C18**, the thicknesses increase systematically as well: 14 Å, 16 Å, and 21 Å, respectively. ",
"The observation that the thickness of the **F8H10-C18** SAM is comparable to that of the **C18SH** SAM (i.e., 21 Å verses 22 Å, respectively) suggests that the chains in the **F8H10-C18** SAM are densely packed. ",
"Furthermore, the lower thickness values observed for the **F8H10-C10** and **F8H10-C12** SAMs compared to that for the **F8H10SH** SAM (18 Å) are consistent with a model, in which the alkyl chains in the bidentate films underlay a fluorocarbon chain that is loosely packed with room to undergo significant chain tilt, in order to maximize interchain van der Waals interactions with neighboring fluorocarbon moieties \\[[@B62-molecules-23-02632]\\].",
"\n\n2.2. ",
"Analysis of the Films by XPS {#sec2dot2-molecules-23-02632}\n---------------------------------\n\n[Figure 3](#molecules-23-02632-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"} provides the XPS spectra of the S 2p, C 1s, and F 1s regions for the SAMs derived from **F8H10SH** and the **F8H10-Cm** adsorbates. [",
"Figure 3](#molecules-23-02632-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}A shows that the S 2p region is comprised of a doublet corresponding to the S 2p~3/2~ and S 2p~1/2~ photoelectrons. ",
"Previous research on SAMs derived from *n*-alkanethiols on gold has shown that the S 2p~3/2~ peak with a binding energy of \\~162.0 eV is representative of a bound thiolate, while the S 2p~3/2~ of an unbound sulfur or a disulfide appears at \\~164.0 eV \\[[@B77-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"The same observation has also been made for SAMs derived from partially fluorinated alkanethiols adsorbed on gold substrates \\[[@B62-molecules-23-02632],[@B73-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"For the **F8H10SH** SAM and the **F8H10-Cm** SAMs, the observed S 2p~3/2~ peak position suggests that all sulfur moieties in the films are bound to the gold surface.",
"\n\nThe C1s spectra for the **F8H10SH** and the SADTs are shown in [Figure 3](#molecules-23-02632-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}B, and reveal three peaks characteristic of CH~2~, CF~2~, and CF~3~ units at \\~285 eV, 292 eV, and 294 eV, respectively \\[[@B42-molecules-23-02632],[@B73-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"Comparison of the C1s (CH~2~) peak positions of the **F8H10-Cm** SAMs to those of the **F8H10SH** shows a systematic decrease in the binding energy as the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases. ",
"The densely packed SAMs derived from **F8H10SH** and those from **F8H10-C10** exhibit a binding energy of 284.7 eV, while the SAMs derived from **F8H10-C12** and **F8H10-C18** exhibit values of 284.5 eV and 284.4 eV, respectively. ",
"The lower binding energies of the **F8H10-C12** and **F8H10-C18** SAMs compared to the **F8H10SH** and **F8H10-C10** SAMs are indicative of a lower hydrocarbon chain packing density in the former films \\[[@B78-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"Furthermore, the shift to lower binding energies in the **F8H10-C12** and **F8H10-C18** SAMs as the length of the hydrocarbon chain is increased can be plausibly attributed to phase-incompatible fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon interactions in these films. ",
"Overall, the relative alkyl chain density of the fluorinated adsorbates decreases as follows: **F8H10SH**\\~**F8H10-C10** \\> **F8H10-C12** \\> **F8H10-C18**.",
"\n\nSeveral studies on SAMs derived from *n*-alkanethiols have shown that the position of the C 1s peak can be used as a rough measurement of surface coverage for the adsorbates on the substrate \\[[@B42-molecules-23-02632],[@B73-molecules-23-02632],[@B79-molecules-23-02632],[@B80-molecules-23-02632],[@B81-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"In a series of *n*-alkanethiols with successively increasing chain length, the binding energy of the C 1s photoemission shifts to a higher value when the alkyl chain length is increased, which is attributable to an increase in the packing density of the alkyl chains, as well as a film with minimal gauche defects \\[[@B79-molecules-23-02632],[@B80-molecules-23-02632],[@B82-molecules-23-02632],[@B83-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"As shown in [Figure 4](#molecules-23-02632-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Table 3](#molecules-23-02632-t003){ref-type=\"table\"}, we observe the same trend for SAMs derived from *n*-alkanethiols on gold: The C 1s (CH~2~) peak shifts from 284.7 eV for **C10SH** to 284.8 eV for **C12SH** to 285.3 eV for **C18SH**. ",
"The higher binding energy of the densely packed alkanethiolate monolayers have an increased resistance to photoelectron emission from the surface during the irradiation process, shifting the peak position to a higher binding energy \\[[@B79-molecules-23-02632],[@B80-molecules-23-02632],[@B82-molecules-23-02632]\\].",
"\n\nConsidering the peak positions of the fluorinated components (CF~2~, CF~3~, and F peaks) in the XPS spectra---[Figure 3](#molecules-23-02632-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}B,C, and [Table 3](#molecules-23-02632-t003){ref-type=\"table\"}---the C 1s (CF~2~ and CF~3~) and F1s peaks shift to higher binding energies as compared to those of the **F8H10SH** film in the following order: **F8H10SH** \\< **F8H10-C18** ≤ **F8H10-C12** \\< **F8H10-C10**, which can be ascribed to the structural parameters of each adsorbate on the substrate. ",
"Frey et al. ",
"and Tamada et al. ",
"also observed these shifts to higher binding energies of the fluorinated components in their studies of partially fluorinated alkanethiol SAMs when the length of the underlying hydrocarbon chain was increased \\[[@B42-molecules-23-02632],[@B73-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"The authors rationalized this phenomenon by relating a screening effect for the core excited atoms in conjunction with the distance between the core hole and the substrate. ",
"The surface charge generated from the photoelectron emission of a core carbon or a fluorine atom in the fluorocarbon segment during X-ray irradiation can be discharged by the electrons in the substrate, which can move to screen the core hole within the film \\[[@B84-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"If the distance between the core hole and the substrate increases, the monolayers may not be discharged completely; therefore, an increase in thickness of the hydrocarbon segment below the fluorocarbon layer was responsible for the shift to higher binding energies of the C 1s (CF~2~), C 1s (CF~3~), and F 1s peaks \\[[@B73-molecules-23-02632]\\].",
"\n\nComparison of the C 1s peaks for the CF~2~, CF~3~, and the F 1s peaks for the SAMs derived from **F8H10SH** and the bidentate SADTs shows that the **F8H10SH** SAM exhibits the lowest binding energies (\\~291.2 eV, 293.5 eV, and 688.4 eV), while the **F8H10-C10** SAM exhibits the highest binding energies (\\~291.6 eV, 293.9 eV, and 688.9 eV), with the **F8H10-C18** and **F8H10-C12** SAMs in between (\\~291.4 eV, 293.6 eV and 688.7 eV). ",
"While it is tempting to try to draw conclusions regarding the chain packing in the hydrocarbon segments from these data, we recognize that the electronic environment of the fluorocarbon chains might vary greatly in these films as the fluorocarbon chains are densely packed for the **F8H10SH** SAM, loosely packed for the **F8H10-C10** SAM, and probably somewhere in between for the **F8H10-C18** and **F8H10-C12** SAMs. ",
"Further insight regarding the orientation of the hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon chains in these films can be obtained from the interpretation of the PM-IRRAS data, which are discussed in a later section \\[[@B38-molecules-23-02632]\\].",
"\n\nAnother aspect of the XPS data that can be analyzed to obtain quantitative results is the intensity of the peak, specifically to reveal the adsorbate density and composition on the substrate \\[[@B73-molecules-23-02632],[@B85-molecules-23-02632]\\]. [",
"Table 4](#molecules-23-02632-t004){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the normalized intensities for the C 1s (CH~2~), C 1s (CF~2~ + CF~3~), and F 1s peaks of each fluorinated adsorbate used in this study; for simplicity, the intensities were normalized with respect to the C 1s (CF~2~ + CF~3~) and the F 1s peak intensities, respectively, of the **F8H10SH** SAM. ",
"The peak intensity increase observed for the CH~2~ component of the bidentate dithiols relative to the **F8H10SH** adsorbate is affected by the addition of the second hydrocarbon chain (i.e., an increased number of CH~2~ units) for each of the respective adsorbates. ",
"The C 1s (CF~2~ + CF~3~) and F 1s peak intensities for the **F8H10-Cm** SAMs are weaker than those of the **F8H10SH** SAM, which can be attributed to the packing density of the fluorocarbon chains of the SAMs (i.e., **F8H10SH** \\> **F8H10-Cm**) \\[[@B73-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"The diminished intensity and/or packing density of the chains can also be attributed to the steric bulk and consequently greater space occupied by the branched hydrocarbon chains of the bidentate adsorbates, which can plausibly lead to diminished fluorocarbon density at the interface.",
"\n\nAmong the **F8H10-Cm** SAMs, the relative packing density of the fluorocarbon chain decreases as the hydrocarbon chain length increases, as judged by the F 1s peak intensities, shown in [Figure 3](#molecules-23-02632-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Table 4](#molecules-23-02632-t004){ref-type=\"table\"}, in the following order: **F8H10-C10** ≥ **F8H10-C12** \\> **F8H10-C18**. ",
"It should be noted that the addition of the two methylene units along the hydrocarbon chain for **F8H10-C12** might disturb the fluorocarbon chain order and/or packing. ",
"However, the effect appears to be minimal with regard to changes in overall structure and interfacial properties (i.e., thickness, packing density of the chains, and wettability, which will be described subsequently), between the **F8H10-C12** and **F8H10-C10** SAMs. ",
"The structure of the **F8H10-C18** film, on the other hand, is influenced by phase-incompatible fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon interactions in the terminal portions of this SAM, which contributes to chain disorder, and thus leads to a more loosely packed SAM.",
"\n\n2.3. ",
"PM-IRRAS Analysis of the Films {#sec2dot3-molecules-23-02632}\n-----------------------------------\n\nThe PM-IRRAS spectra for the C-H and C-F stretching regions are depicted in [Figure 5](#molecules-23-02632-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Figure 6](#molecules-23-02632-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}, respectively. ",
"The C-H stretching modes are known to be sensitive to the conformational order (i.e., crystallinity) of the hydrocarbon chains \\[[@B86-molecules-23-02632]\\], while the C-F vibrations can provide information regarding the orientation of the fluorinated segments in fluorocarbon films \\[[@B38-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"The position of the antisymmetric (ν~as~^CH2^) methylene C-H stretching bands has been used as a means to determine the conformational order of a SAM \\[[@B86-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"For a well-ordered (crystalline) film, the ν~as~^CH2^ peak appears at 2918 cm^−1^; however, the ν~as~^CH2^ peak for a disordered (liquid like) film appears at 2924 cm^−1^ \\[[@B75-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"For the SAMs derived from the *n*-alkanethiols, the ν~as~^CH2^ band positions were observed at 2920, 2919, and 2918 cm^−1^ for the **C10SH**, **C12SH**, and **C18SH** SAMs, respectively (see [Figure 5](#molecules-23-02632-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Consistent with the literature data, the degree of conformational order in these SAMs increased with an increase in alkyl chain length \\[[@B75-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"Also apparent in the spectra is the C-H vibrations originating from the methyl groups at 2965 cm^−1^ for the ν~as~^CH3^ band and 2878 cm^−1^ for the ν~s~^CH3^ band.",
"\n\nFor the fluorinated adsorbates, the ν~as~^CH2^ of the **F8H10SH** SAMs appears at 2919 cm^−1^, consistent with a conformationally ordered film. ",
"However, the SAMs derived from the SADTs showed a significant shift of the ν~as~^CH2^ band to higher wavenumbers: 2923 cm^−1^ for **F8H10-C10**, 2924 cm^−1^ for **F8H10-C12**, and 2925 cm^−1^ for **F8H10-C18**. ",
"The higher wavenumber suggests that the hydrocarbon chains in the bidentate SAMs are less conformationally ordered than those in the monodentate SAMs. ",
"This observation can be attributed to a reduction in the chain packing density, due to the branched nature of the adsorbates. ",
"The presence of hydrocarbon chains of identical length below the fluorocarbon segment of the **F8H10-C10** SAMs perhaps, allows the alkyl chains to be more densely packed relative to those in the **F8H10-C12** SAM and especially compared to the **F8H10-C18** SAM, where the phase-incompatible fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon interactions disrupt the monolayer packing, which is consistent with the XPS data (vide supra). ",
"Another aspect of the spectra to note is the absence of the C-H stretches associated with the methyl group for the **F8H10-C10** and **F8H10-C12** SAMs. ",
"The absence of those peaks can be attributed to their location underneath the fluorocarbon portion, a situation that appears to limit the methyl vibrations to coincide with the surface selection rules (i.e., only vibrations causing changes in the transition dipole moment perpendicular to the surface can be detected) \\[[@B87-molecules-23-02632]\\], leaving these vibrations undetected by the PM-IRRAS measurement.",
"\n\nThe bands arising from the C-F vibrations in the region from 1000 to 1400 cm^−1^ (shown in [Figure 6](#molecules-23-02632-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"} and discussed below), were assigned based on literature examples using similar fluorocarbon materials \\[[@B37-molecules-23-02632],[@B73-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"Additionally, an estimate of the orientation of the fluorocarbon segments can be obtained by comparing the relative intensities of bands associated with transitions perpendicular and parallel to the fluorinated helix, ν~pd~^CF2^ and ν~ax~^CF2^ respectively (vide infra) \\[[@B73-molecules-23-02632],[@B88-molecules-23-02632],[@B89-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"The band at 1150 cm^−1^ has been assigned as the symmetric C-F stretch of the CF~2~, while those at 1205 and 1250 cm^−1^ to the antisymmetric C-F stretches \\[[@B37-molecules-23-02632],[@B90-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"Complicating our analysis of the C-F spectra is the overlap of other vibrational modes, including C-C bond stretching and C-C-C bending at \\~1220 cm^−1^ \\[[@B37-molecules-23-02632],[@B91-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"The bands in the 1150--1270 cm^−1^ range can be attributed to the stretches whose transitions dipole moments are perpendicular to the fluorocarbon chain, ν~pd~^CF2^ \\[[@B38-molecules-23-02632]\\]; correspondingly, the bands at 1336 and 1373 cm^−1^ have been identified as stretches with a transition dipole moment parallel to the fluorocarbon helical axis, ν~ax~^CF2^ \\[[@B38-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"When the fluorocarbon chains are oriented perpendicular to the surface (i.e., less tilted from the surface normal), the intensity of the ν~ax~^CF2^ bands are enhanced relative to that of the ν~pd~^CF2^ bands. ",
"On the other hand, when the fluorocarbon chains are oriented along the surface (i.e., more tilted from the surface normal), the intensity of the ν~ax~^CF2^ bands are diminished relative to that of the ν~pd~^CF2^ bands.",
"\n\nBased on this analysis, the higher intensity of the ν~ax~^CF2^ band relative to the ν~pd~^CF2^ band observed for the **F8H10SH** SAM leads to the conclusion that the fluorocarbon helix is oriented nearly perpendicular to the surface. ",
"In contrast, the film generated from **F8H10-C10** shows a strong reduction in the relative intensities of ν~ax~^CF2^ bands when compared to the ν~pd~^CF2^ bands in its spectra, suggesting a highly tilted fluorocarbon chain. ",
"The relative intensities of the ν~ax~^CF2^ and ν~pd~^CF2^ bands for the SAMs derived from **F8H10-C12** and **F8H10-C18** show similar intensities in their respective bands, indicating a fluorocarbon segment with an intermediate degree of tilt. ",
"These observations suggest that the latter bidentate SADT SAMs can support the neighboring fluorocarbon chains in a more upward orientation than is found in the **F8H10-C10** SAM.",
"\n\n2.4. ",
"Wettability of the Films {#sec2dot4-molecules-23-02632}\n-----------------------------\n\nContact angle measurements are convenient tools for evaluating the wetting properties of organic interfaces. ",
"In this study, we measured advancing contact angles (*θ*~a~) for all SAMs using several probe liquids, ranging from nonpolar (hexadecane (HD, γ~LV~ = 27.5 dynes/cm) and perfluorodecalin (PFD, γ~LV~ = 19.2 dynes/cm)) \\[[@B92-molecules-23-02632],[@B93-molecules-23-02632]\\], polar aprotic (*N*,*N*-dimethylformamide (DMF, γ~LV~ = 37.1 dynes/cm) and acetonitrile (ACN, γ~LV~ = 29.3 dynes/cm)) \\[[@B92-molecules-23-02632],[@B93-molecules-23-02632]\\], to polar protic (water (H~2~O, γ~LV~ = 72.8 dynes/cm)) \\[[@B92-molecules-23-02632],[@B93-molecules-23-02632]\\], as shown in [Figure 7](#molecules-23-02632-f007){ref-type=\"fig\"} and listed in [Table 5](#molecules-23-02632-t005){ref-type=\"table\"}.",
"\n\nThe contact angle values obtained from the SAMs derived from the *n*-alkanethiols (**C10SH**, **C12SH**, and **C18SH**) are similar for each of the probe liquids used. ",
"The SAMs generated from the short-chained adsorbates, **C10SH** and **C12SH**, proved to be slightly more wettable (lower *θ*~a~) by the liquids having low surface tensions---acetonitrile (29.3 dynes/cm), hexadecane (27.5 dynes/cm) and perfluorodecalin (19.2 dynes/cm) \\[[@B92-molecules-23-02632],[@B93-molecules-23-02632]\\]---than the SAM generated from the long-chained adsorbate, **C18SH**. ",
"The observed differences in the wettability of the *n*-alkanethiol SAMs by the liquids having low surface tension is in accordance with the conformational order and packing of the alkyl chains of the adsorbed molecules, as well as their surface energy. ",
"Notably, we used the Owens-Wendt approach to calculate the surface energy of the SAMs (equations and calculations can be found in the [Supplementary Information](#app1-molecules-23-02632){ref-type=\"app\"}), shown in [Figure 8](#molecules-23-02632-f008){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Table S2](#app1-molecules-23-02632){ref-type=\"app\"}.",
"\n\nThe interchain van der Waals forces in a monolayer increase with the addition of more methylene units. ",
"The less densely packed SAMs formed from the short-chained adsorbates, **C10SH** and **C12SH**, are more wettable than the more densely packed SAMs derived from the longer-chained adsorbate, **C18SH**. ",
"In the SAMs derived from the shorter-chained adsorbates, there is greater atomic contact (dispersive interactions) between the contacting liquid and the SAM interface of the loosely packed SAMs, which leads to a more wettable film \\[[@B25-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"The conformational order and packing density of the films is further reflected in their calculated surface energy, where **C10SH** (19.4 mJ/m^2^) \\< **C12SH** (19.1 mJ/m^2^) \\< **C18SH** (18.6 mJ/m^2^). ",
"For the SAMs derived from the **F8H10SH**, the contact angle values are higher than those obtained from the **C18SH** film, which is consistent with previously observed values on SAMs derived from partially fluorinated adsorbates with the same degree of terminal fluorination \\[[@B39-molecules-23-02632],[@B91-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"The low surface energy enjoyed by fluorinated interfaces, 9.47 mJ/m^2^ for **F8H10SH**, compared to hydrocarbon interfaces is consistent with the higher contact angle values observed on the **F8H10SH** SAM \\[[@B40-molecules-23-02632],[@B44-molecules-23-02632],[@B94-molecules-23-02632]\\].",
"\n\nFor the **F8H10-Cm** SAMs, the contact angle values and their surface energy fall between those of the SAMs derived from their normal alkanethiol and partially fluorinated alkanethiol counterparts, which further suggests the interfacial composition is a mixture of the hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon species in these SAMs; the calculated surface energy of the **F8H10-Cm** series increases in the following order: **F8H10-C10** (10.9 mJ/m^2^) \\< **F8H10-C12** (11.5 mJ/m^2^) \\< **F8H10-C18** (15.8 mJ/m^2^). ",
"However, perfluorodecalin shows lower contact angle values for the **F8H10-C12** and **F8H10-C18** SAMs when compared to the hydrocarbon and fluorinated analogs. ",
"A preliminary analysis might propose that the lower contact angle observed for PFD on these bidentate SAMs might be due to greater attractive interactions (dispersive interactions) between the fluorinated surface and the fluorinated liquid; however, this observation does not hold true for the **F8H10SH** SAM. ",
"Therefore, the enhancement in the wettability of the **F8H10-Cm** SAMs is likely due to the low surface tension of perfluorodecalin and the lower chain packing density of the films. ",
"The combination of both effects allows for greater dispersive interactions between the chemically similar fluorocarbon surfaces and liquid, facilitating the intercalation of the liquid molecules into the films.",
"\n\n[Figure 7](#molecules-23-02632-f007){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Table 5](#molecules-23-02632-t005){ref-type=\"table\"} show that the SAMs derived from the **F8H10-C10**, **F8H10-C12**, and **F8H10SH** adsorbates exhibit similar wettability when in contact with polar contacting liquids, although the **F8H10-C18** SAM was slightly more wettable toward these probe liquids. ",
"The lower contact angle values for the **F8H10-C18** SAM likely arise from the diminished chain packing density of this film, vide supra. ",
"The decreased chain packing density of the **F8H10-C18** SAM allows for greater intercalation into the film by small molecules---a trend illustrated by the contact angle values of ACN: 83°, 82°, 82°, and 68° for the series **F8H10SH**, **F8H10-C10**, **F8H10-C12**, and **F8H10-C18**, respectively. ",
"A similar, but smaller, trend in the wettability of H~2~O and DMF on the fluorinated SAMs was also observed---however, due to the higher surface tension of the liquids, compared to ACN, a dramatic decrease in the contact angles of the **F8H10-C18** SAM with these liquids was not observed.",
"\n\nThe wettability of nonpolar surfaces by nonpolar liquids arises from attractive dispersive interactions, which can reflect the chain packing density and surface morphology of the monolayers \\[[@B25-molecules-23-02632],[@B95-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"When nonpolar liquids were used (hexadecane and perfluorodecalin), the contact angles of the **F8H10-C10** and **F8H10-C12** SAMs were comparable, but lower than those obtained on the **F8H10SH** SAM, with the **F8H10-C18** SAM exhibiting the lowest values. ",
"The **F8H10-C10** and **F8H10-C12** SAMs displayed similar behavior toward the nonpolar contacting liquids, which corresponds to a predominant exposure of fluorocarbon chains at the interfaces. ",
"Nevertheless, the enhanced wettability of the **F8H10-C10** and **F8H10-C12** SAMs as compared to the **F8H10SH** SAM also suggests differences in chain density and orientation between the dithiol adsorbates and the **F8H10SH** SAM. ",
"A more tilted fluorocarbon chain and/or chain disorder can lead to an increase in atomic contact density per unit area on the interfaces, thereby contributing to the enhanced dispersive interactions between the probe liquids and surfaces \\[[@B25-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"The less densely packed structure, with its greater chain tilt and/or disorder in the fluorocarbon chains, is also expected to be more wettable than a more densely packed SAM. ",
"On the other hand, the interface of the **F8H10-C18** SAM is composed of a mixture of hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon moieties. ",
"The presence of the hydrocarbon moieties at the interface of the respective SAM should lead to a greater attractive dispersive interaction between hexadecane and the surface when compared to the former two SAMs.",
"\n\nAnother important aspect to note from the contact angle data is the contact angle hysteresis (∆*θ* = *θ*~a~ − *θ*~r~) shown in [Table 5](#molecules-23-02632-t005){ref-type=\"table\"}, which can be used to indicate the surface roughness or the heterogeneity of an interface \\[[@B85-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"The hysteresis values of the bidentate **F8H10-Cm** SAMs are comparable to the values obtained for the corresponding monodentate SAMs. ",
"The calculated values suggest that the **F8H10-Cm** films examined here possess similar roughness/heterogeneity as their monothiol analogues. ",
"The contact angle measurements of the **F8H10-Cm** series suggest a mixed interface composed of both phase incompatible groups, proving to be a unique new class of adsorbate in the pursuit of homogeneously mixed dual-component monolayers on metal substrates \\[[@B51-molecules-23-02632]\\].",
"\n\n3. ",
"Materials and Methods {#sec3-molecules-23-02632}\n========================\n\n3.1. ",
"Materials {#sec3dot1-molecules-23-02632}\n--------------\n\nThe solvents hexanes, diethyl ether (Et~2~O), glacial acetic acid (AcOH), (all from Avantor Performance Materials, Center Valley, PA, USA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and acetone (both from Fisher Scientific, Fair Long, NJ, USA) were used as received. ",
"Ethanol (EtOH, AAPER Alcohol and Chemical Co., Brookfield, CT, USA) was degassed by purging with nitrogen gas. ",
"Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was dried by distilling over calcium hydride (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). ",
"7-Octen-1-ol (TCI America, Portland, OR, USA), 1-iodperfluorooctane (Synquest Lab, Alachua, FL, USA), triethylamine (Et~3~N), methanesulfonyl chloride (MsCl), azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), diethyl malonate, and 1-bromooctane (all from Sigma Aldrich) were used as received, unless otherwise noted. ",
"Zinc dust (Mallinckrodt, St. Louis, MO, USA), potassium iodide (KI, Acros, Fair Long, NJ, USA), Celite, sodium hydride (NaH), lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH~4~) (all from Sigma Aldrich), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO~3~, Arm & Hammer, Ewing, NJ, USA), magnesium sulfate (MgSO~4~, EDM Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H~2~SO~4~) (both from Avantor Performance Materials) were used as received unless otherwise noted. ",
"The silica gel used for column chromatography was purchased from Sorbent Technologies (Norcross, GA, USA). ",
"The silica gel TLC plates used during purification were purchased from Avantor Performance Materials. ",
"Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were obtained with CDCl~3~ (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Andover, MA, USA) as the solvent and used to collect the ^1^H NMR, ^13^C NMR, and ^19^F NMR spectra.",
"\n\nGold shot (99.99%) was purchased from Kamis Inc., (Mahopac Falls, NY, USA). ",
"Chromium rods (99.9%) were purchased from R. D. Mathis Company (Long Beach, CA, USA). ",
"Polished single-crystal Si(100) wafers were purchased from Silicon Sense, Inc. (Nashua, NH, USA) and rinsed with absolute ethanol (EtOH, 200 proof, AAPER Alcohol and Chemical Co., Brookfield, CT, USA) before use. ",
"The contacting liquids used for wettability measurements were of the highest purity available from several sources and were used without purification: Water (H~2~O, generated from a Milli-Q Water System with resistance of 18.2 MΩ), *N*,*N*-dimethylformamide (DMF), acetonitrile (ACN), hexadecane (HD) (all from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and perfluorodecalin (PFD, Synquest Labs, Alachua, FL, USA). ",
"The normal alkanethiols used to generate SAMs; *n*-decanethiol (**C10SH**) *n*-dodecanethiol (**C12SH**), and *n*-octadecanethiol (**C18SH**), were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) and used without purification. *",
"N,N*-Dimethylformamide (DMF), used as a solvent for organic synthetic reactions, was purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co., distilled over calcium hydride, and then stored under argon until use. ",
"We used established methods from the literature to synthesize the partially fluorinated adsorbates 11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14,15,15,16,16,17,17,18,18,18-heptadecafluorooctadecane-1-thiol (**F8H10SH**) \\[[@B96-molecules-23-02632]\\] and 2-(9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14,15,15,16,16,16-heptadecafluorohexa-decyl)-2-octylpropane-1,3-dithiol (**F8H10-C10**) \\[[@B62-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"Similarly, we used the strategies shown in [Scheme 1](#molecules-23-02632-sch001){ref-type=\"scheme\"} to prepare 2-decyl-2-(9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14,15,15,16,16,16-heptadecafluorohexa-decyl)propane-1,3-dithiol (**F8H10-C12**) and 2-(9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14,15,15,16,16,16-hepta-decafluorohexadecyl)-2-hexadecylpropane-1,3-dithiol (**F8H10-C18**).",
"\n\n3.2. ",
"Synthesis of the Unsymmetrical Partially Fluorinated Spiroalkanedithiols {#sec3dot2-molecules-23-02632}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n*9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14,15,15,15-Pentadecafluoro-7-iodopentadecan-1-ol* (**1**). ",
"In a dry 50-mL Schlenk flask, 7-octen-1-ol (0.25 g; 1.9 mmol), AIBN (0.033 g; 0.200 mmol), and 1-iodoperfluorooctane (1.27 g; 2.34 mmol) were mixed. ",
"The system was degassed using three cycles of a standard freeze-pump-thaw procedure. ",
"The reaction was then heated to 85 °C overnight. ",
"The reaction was cooled to rt to give **1** in 84% yield. ",
"The crude product was used directly in the next step without purification. ",
"^1^H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl~3~): δ 4.32 (m, 1H), 3.65 (t, *J* = 6.41 Hz, 2H), 2.75--2.94 (m, 2H), 1.71--1.85 (m, 2H), 1.56--1.60 (m, 2H), 1.24--1.41(m, 6H).",
"\n\n*9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14,15,15,16,16,16-Heptadecafluorohexadecan-1-ol* (**2**). ",
"In a 250 mL round bottom flask, 70 mL of AcOH was added to **1** (0.895 g; 1.33 mmol) and stirred until completely dissolved. ",
"Once dissolved, zinc dust (1.50 g; 23.0 mmol) was added to the flask, and allowed to stir at rt under a nitrogen environment. ",
"The reaction mixture was stirred for 48 h. Upon completion, the reaction was diluted with 200 mL of Et~2~O and then filtered through a bed of Celite. ",
"The Celite pad was washed with an additional 200 mL of Et~2~O. The organic phase was washed with water (10 × 100 mL) followed by a saturated NaHCO~3~ solution (10 g × 100 mL). ",
"The filtrate was washed with brine (2 × 100 mL), dried over MgSO~4~, filtered, and evaporated to dryness. ",
"The reaction afforded **2** in 74% yield. ",
"The crude product was used in the next step without further purification. ",
"^1^H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl~3~): δ 3.65 (t, *J* = 6.58 Hz, 2H), 1.99--2.09 (m. 2H), 1.55--1.60 (m, 4H), 1.24--1.41(m, 8H).",
"\n\n*1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8-Heptadecafluoro-16-iodohexadecane* (**3**). ",
"In a 250 mL round bottom flask, **2** (0.357 g; 0.651 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (50 mL) at 0 °C and stirred under a flow of nitrogen. ",
"An aliquot of Et~3~N (0.267 mL; 1.95 mmol) was added dropwise to the solution and allowed to stir for 20 min. ",
"Afterward, MsCl (0.20 mL; 2.60 mmol) was added dropwise. ",
"The reaction was allowed to stir at rt for 6 h under the flow of nitrogen. ",
"The reaction was then quenched with 50 mL of ice-cold water and extracted with Et~2~O (3 × 100 mL). ",
"The combined organic layers were washed with 1M HCl (1 × 100 mL), water (2 × 100 mL), and brine (2 × 100 mL), then dried over MgSO~4~, filtered, and evaporated to dryness. ",
"The crude mesylate was used in the next step without purification. ",
"In a 250 mL round bottom flask equipped with a condenser, the crude mesylate and KI (0.820 g; 4.94 mmol) were dissolved in acetone (100 mL). ",
"The solution was refluxed overnight at 60 °C. ",
"After cooling to rt, the solvent was removed with a rotary evaporator. ",
"The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (hexanes) to afford **3** in 75% yield. ",
"^1^H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl~3~): δ 3.21 (t, *J* = 6.87 Hz, 2H), 2.03--2.08 (m, 2H), 1.57--1.62 (m, 2H), 1.24--1.41(m, 10H).",
"\n\n*Diethyl 2-hexadecylmalonate* (**4a**). ",
"In a solution of THF (100 mL) and DMF (30 mL) at 0 °C was added sodium hydride (2.4 g; 60 mmol) under argon. ",
"Diethyl malonate (9.61 g, 60.0 mmol) was added slowly via an addition funnel. ",
"The mixture was stirred at rt for 15 min, followed by the addition of 1-bromohexadecane (6.8 g; 20 mmol). ",
"The mixture was heated under reflux for 2 h, cooled to rt, and concentrated under vacuum. ",
"The resultant oil was suspended in 100 mL of water. ",
"The mixture was extracted with hexanes (2 × 100 mL) and a 1:1 mixture of hexanes/diethyl ether (1 × 100 mL). ",
"The organic layers were combined and washed with water (3 × 50 mL) and brine (1 × 100 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and evaporated to dryness. ",
"The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (hexanes/diethyl ether, 20:1 to 10:1) to afford **4a** in 89% yield. ",
"^1^H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl~3~): δ 4.19 (q, *J* = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 3.30 (t, *J* = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 1.88 (m, 2H), 1.36--1.20 (m, 34H), 0.87 (t, *J* = 6.6 Hz, 3H).",
"\n\n*Diethyl 2-decylmalonate* (**4b**) was prepared following an analogous procedure used to prepare **4a**. ",
"^1^H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl~3~): δ 4.19 (q, *J* = 6.9 Hz, 4H), 3.30 (t, *J* = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 1.87 (m, 2H), 1.36--1.20 (m, 22H), 0.87 (t, *J* = 6.6 Hz, 3H).",
"\n\n*Diethyl 2-(9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14,15,15,16,16,16-heptadecafluorohexadecyl)-2-hexadecyl-malonate* (**5a**). ",
"Sodium hydride (0.24 g; 6.0 mmol) was placed in a dry argon-flushed flask in a mixture of THF (50 mL) and DMF (20 mL) at 0 °C under an atmosphere of argon. ",
"To this solution, diester **4a** (0.75 g; 1.9 mmol) dissolved in THF (10 mL) was added dropwise via an addition funnel. ",
"The mixture was stirred at rt for 15 min, and a solution of **3** (1.7 g; 2.6 mmol) dissolved in THF (15 mL) was slowly added into the mixture. ",
"The reaction mixture was refluxed overnight, and then concentrated under vacuum. ",
"The resultant oil was suspended in water (100 mL), extracted with hexanes (2 × 50 mL), and followed by a 1:1 mixture of hexanes and diethyl ether (1 × 50 mL). ",
"The organic layers were washed with water (1 × 100 mL) and brine (1 × 100 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and evaporated to dryness. ",
"The crude product was purified using column chromatography on silica gel (hexanes/diethyl ether, 20:1 to 10:1) to afford the pure compound **5a** in 49% yield. ",
"^1^H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl~3~): δ 4.17 (q, *J* = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 2.11--1.97 (m, 2H), 1.85 (m, 4H), 1.59 (m, 2H), 1.36--1.17 (m, 44H), 0.87 (t, *J* = 6.9 Hz, 3H).",
"\n\n*Diethyl 2-decyl-2-(9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14,15,15,16,16,16-heptadecafluorohexadecyl)malo-nate* (**5b**) was prepared following an analogous procedure used to prepare **5a**. ",
"^1^H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl~3~): δ 4.17 (q, *J* = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 2.15--1.93 (m, 2H), 1.85 (m, 4H), 1.58 (m, 2H), 1.36--1.10 (m, 32H), 0.87 (t, *J* = 6.6 Hz, 3H).",
"\n\n*2-(9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14,15,15,16,16,16-Heptadecafluorohexadecyl)-2-hexadecyl-propane-1,3-diol* (**6a**). ",
"A solution of diester **5a** (0.6 g; 0.7 mmol) in THF (100 mL) was added slowly to a slurry of lithium aluminum hydride (0.11 g; 2.9 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at 0 °C. ",
"The reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 h under an argon atmosphere. ",
"Afterward, the reaction was quenched with ethanol (25 mL), and acidified to a pH of \\~1 by careful addition of a 1.0 M HCl solution (150 mL). ",
"The mixture was extracted with diethyl ether (3 × 100 mL). ",
"The organic layers were washed with a dilute HCl solution (1 × 100 mL), followed by brine (1 × 100 mL). ",
"The organic phase was then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and filtered. ",
"The solvent was removed under vacuum, and the product purified by column chromatography on silica gel (hexanes/diethyl ether, 2:1) to afford diol **6a** in 84% yield. ",
"^1^H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl~3~): δ 3.57 (s, 4H), 2.11--1.97 (m, 2H), 1.59 (m, 2H), 1.42--1.20 (m, 42H), 0.87 (t, *J* = 6.9 Hz, 3H).",
"\n\n*2-Decyl-2-(9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14,15,15,16,16,16-heptadecafluorohexadecyl)pro-pane-1,3-diol* (**6b**) was prepared following an analogous procedure used to prepare **6a**. ",
"^1^H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl~3~): δ 3.57 (s, 4H), 2.15--1.93 (m, 2H), 1.59 (m, 2H), 1.42--1.20 (m, 30H), 0.87 (t, *J* = 7.2 Hz, 3H).",
"\n\n*2-(9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14,15,15,16,16,16-Heptadecafluorohexadecyl)-2-hexadecyl-propane-1,3-diyl dimethanesulfonate* (**7a**). ",
"A solution of diol **6a** (0.56 g; 0.67 mmol) and triethylamine (0.56 g; 4.8 mmol) in THF was prepared under the flow of argon. ",
"Methanesulfonyl chloride (0.48 g; 4.7 mmol) was added dropwise over 5 min to the solution. ",
"After the addition was completed, stirring was continued for 3 h at rt. ",
"Ice cold water (200 mL) was poured into the reaction mixture to destroy any excess methanesulfonyl chloride. ",
"The mixture was extracted with diethyl ether (3 × 100 mL). ",
"The organic phase was washed with a dilute HCl solution (1 × 100 mL), water (1 × 100 mL), and brine (1 × 100 mL). ",
"The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation to give the crude mesylate **7a** in 85% yield. ",
"The crude product was used directly in the next step without any purification. ",
"^1^H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl~3~): δ 4.03 (s, 4H), 3.03 (s, 6H), 2.11--1.98 (m, 2H), 1.58 (m, 2H), 1.42--1.17 (m, 42H), 0.87 (t, *J* = 6.6 Hz, 3H).",
"\n\n*2-Decyl-2-(9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14,15,15,16,16,16-heptadecafluorohexadecyl)pro-pane-1,3-diyl dimethanesulfonate* (**7b**) was prepared following an analogous procedure used to prepare **7a**. ",
"^1^H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl~3~): δ 4.03 (s, 4H), 3.03 (s, 6H), 2.15--1.93 (m, 2H), 1.58 (m, 2H), 1.42--1.17 (m, 30H), 0.88 (t, *J* = 6.9 Hz, 3H).",
"\n\n*2-(9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14,15,15,16,16,16-Heptadecafluorohexadecyl)-2-hexadecyl-propane-1,3-dithiol* (**F8H10-C18**). ",
"Dimesylate **7a** (0.4 g; 0.4 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMSO (70 mL) and added to a reaction flask containing potassium thioacetate (0.25; 2.2 mmol) suspended in DMSO (10 mL). ",
"The reaction was heated to 120 °C for 24 h under an atmosphere of argon. ",
"After the reaction was cooled to rt, water (50 mL) and brine (50 mL) were poured into the solution, and the mixture was extracted with diethyl ether (3 × 100 mL). ",
"The organic phases were combined and washed with water (3 × 100 mL) and brine (1 × 100 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and evaporated to dryness. ",
"The dithioacetate dissolved in THF (80 mL) was added into a slurry of lithium aluminum hydride (0.17 g; 4.5 mmol) in THF (10 mL) slowly at 0 °C. ",
"The reaction mixture was then refluxed for 3 h under an atmosphere of argon and then quenched with ethanol (25 mL, previously degassed). ",
"The mixture was acidified to pH \\~1 by careful addition of 1.0 M H~2~SO~4~ (previously degassed) and then extracted with diethyl ether (3 × 100 mL). ",
"The organic layers were combined and washed with a dilute HCl solution (1 × 100 mL) and brine (1 × 100 mL). ",
"The organic phase was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and filtered. ",
"After removal of the solvent under vacuum, the impurities were removed by column chromatography on silica gel (hexanes), affording a mixture of dithiol and the corresponding disulfide. ",
"The reduction and purification were repeated to afford pure dithiol **8a** in 54% yield. ",
"However, the product still contained \\~3% of the corresponding disulfide. ",
"^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~): δ 2.87 (s, disulfide contaminant, \\~3%), 2.51 (d, *J* = 8.25 Hz, 4H), 2.15--1.98 (broad m, 2H), 1.58 (m, 2H), 1.42--1.17 (m, 42H), 1.07 (t, *J* = 8.60 Hz, 2H), 0.87 (t, *J* = 6.87 Hz, 3H). ",
"^13^C-NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~): δ 39.8 (s), 36.6 (s), 33.7 (s), 32.0 (s), 30.8 (t, *J* = 22.2 Hz), 30.3--29.1 (m), 23.2 (s), 22.7 (s), 20.1 (s) 14.1 (s). ",
"Broad peaks at δ 120.4--106.6 are characteristic of a long perfluorocarbon chain \\[[@B73-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"^19^F-NMR (565 MHz, CDCl~3~): δ −80.6 (m, 3F), −114.3 (m, 2F), −121.7 (m, 6F), −122.6 (m, 2F), −123.4 (m, 2F), −126.1 (m, 2F). ",
"CI-MS, *m*/*z*: 862.3367 \\[M^+^\\], 861.3340 \\[M^+^--H\\], 860.3312 \\[M^+^ − 2H\\].",
"\n\n*2-Decyl-2-(9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14,15,15,16,16,16-heptadecafluorohexadecyl)propane-1,3-dithiol* (**F8H10-C12**) was prepared following an analogous procedure used to prepare **F8H10-C12**. ",
"^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~): δ 2.87 (s, disulfide contaminant, \\~10%), 2.52 (d, *J* = 9.0 Hz, 4H), 2.15--1.98 (broad m, 2H), 1.58 (broad, 2H), 1.42--1.17 (m, 30H), 1.09 (t, *J* = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 0.87 (t, *J* = 6.9 Hz, 3H). ",
"^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~): δ 39.8 (s), 36.8 (s), 33.6 (s), 31.9 (s), 30.8 (t, *J* = 22.18 Hz), 30.3--29.1 (m), 23.2 (s), 22.7(s), 20.1(s) 14.1 (s). ",
"Broad peaks at δ 120.4--106.6 are characteristic of a long perfluorocarbon chain \\[[@B73-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"^19^F -NMR (565 MHz, CDCl~3~): δ −80.8 (m, 3F), −114.4 (m, 2F), −121.7 (m, 6F), −122.7 (m, 2F), −123.5 (m, 2F), −126.1 (m, 2F). ",
"CI-MS, *m*/*z*: 778.2389 \\[M^+^\\], 777.2396 \\[M^+^--H\\], 776.2366 \\[M^+^--2H\\].",
"\n\n3.3. ",
"Characterization Techniques {#sec3dot3-molecules-23-02632}\n--------------------------------\n\n### 3.3.1. ",
"Preparation of the Substrates {#sec3dot3dot1-molecules-23-02632}\n\nGold substrates were prepared by thermal evaporation under vacuum (1 × 10^−5^ Torr) of a 100 Å adhesive layer of chromium onto the surface of polished silicon wafers (previously rinsed with absolute ethanol and blown dried with a stream of ultra-pure nitrogen) followed by the evaporation of 1000 Å of gold at an evaporation rate of 1 Å/s for both metals. ",
"The gold-coated wafers were cut with a diamond-tipped stylus into slides (1 × 4 cm), rinsed with absolute ethanol, and dried with a stream of ultra-pure nitrogen before collecting base ellipsometric constants and immersing in the thiol solutions.",
"\n\n### 3.3.2. ",
"Preparation of SAMs {#sec3dot3dot2-molecules-23-02632}\n\nAll vials used to form SAMs were previously cleaned with piranha solution (7:3 H~2~SO~4~:H~2~O~2~). *",
"Caution: Piranha solution reacts violently with organic materials and should be handled carefully!* ",
"Solutions of 1 mM of each adsorbate were prepared in the indicated solvents: Normal alkanethiols in ethanol, **F8H10SH** in ethanol, and the **F8H10-Cm** adsorbates in DMF. ",
"The freshly evaporated gold substrates were then incubated in each thiol solution for a period of 48 h at rt. ",
"Prior studies have noted that the chelating dithiol adsorbates need longer adsorption/equilibration time (i.e., 48 h) than normal alkanethiols (24 h) to generate SAMs to have maximum coverage \\[[@B61-molecules-23-02632],[@B67-molecules-23-02632]\\]. ",
"Prior to instrumental analysis, the slides were rinsed with THF (only the fluorinated adsorbates), toluene, ethanol, and blown dry with ultra-pure nitrogen.",
"\n\n### 3.3.3. ",
"Ellipsometry {#sec3dot3dot3-molecules-23-02632}\n\nThickness measurements were performed on a Rudolph Research Auto EL III ellipsometer which was equipped with a He-Ne laser at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. ",
"The sample stage was set to correspond with an angle of incidence of 70°. ",
"A refractive index of 1.45 was used throughout the thickness measurements for all films. ",
"The reported data are an average collected from two separate slides with three different spots per slide.",
"\n\n### 3.3.4. ",
"Contact Angle Goniometry {#sec3dot3dot4-molecules-23-02632}\n\nA Ramé-Hart model 100 contact angle goniometer was employed to measure the contact angle of the SAMs. ",
"The contacting liquids, water (H~2~O), hexadecane (HD), perfluorodecalin (PFD), *N,N*-dimethylformamide (DMF), and acetonitrile (ACN) were dispensed (advancing angle, *θ*~a~) and withdrawn (receding angle, *θ*~r~) on the surfaces of the SAMs using a Matrix Technologies micro-Electrapette 25 at the slowest possible speed (1 μL/s). ",
"The measurements were performed at rt with the pipet tip in contact with the drop. ",
"Reported contact angles for each sample are an average of 12 measurements. ",
"Measurements were taken from two separate slides with three drops per slide using both drop edges.",
"\n\n### 3.3.5. ",
"PM-IRRAS {#sec3dot3dot5-molecules-23-02632}\n\nPolarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) data were collected using a Nicolet NEXUS-IR 670 Fourier transform spectrometer equipped with a liquid nitrogen-cooled mercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) detector and a Hinds Instruments PEM-90 photoelastic modulator. ",
"The *p*-polarized light was incident at 80°. ",
"The spectra were collected using 512 scans for the C-H stretching region (2700--3100 cm^−1^) and 1024 scans for the C-F stretching region (1000--1400 cm^−1^) with a spectral resolution of 4 cm^−1^.\n\n### 3.3.6. ",
"XPS {#sec3dot3dot6-molecules-23-02632}\n\nX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra were collected using a PHI 5700 X-ray photoelectron spectrometer equipped with a monochromatic Al Kα X-ray source (hν = 1486.7 eV) incident at 90° relative to the axis of a hemispherical energy analyzer. ",
"The spectrometer was operated at high resolution with a pass energy of 23.5 eV, a photoelectron takeoff angle of 45° from the surface, and an analyzer spot diameter of 1.1 mm. ",
"The base pressure in the chamber during measurements was \\~2 × 10^−8^ Torr, and the spectra were collected at rt. ",
"Ten scans were used to obtain the C 1s and F 1s spectra, while five and thirty scans were used to obtain the Au 4f and S 2p spectra, respectively. ",
"After collecting the data, the binding energies were referenced by setting the Au 4f~7/2~ binding energy to 84.0 eV. The peak intensities were quantified by standard curve-fitting software using Shirley background subtraction and Gaussian-Lorentzian profiles.",
"\n\n4. ",
"Conclusions {#sec4-molecules-23-02632}\n==============\n\nWe have examined SAMs generated from a series of unsymmetrical partially fluorinated spiroalkanedithiols having tailgroups comprised of a terminally fluorinated chain and a hydrocarbon chain of varying lengths, **F8H10-Cm** where m = 10, 12, and 18, and compared them to the corresponding normal and fluorinated alkanethiols. ",
"Analysis from XPS reveal the **F8H10-Cm** adsorbates bind to the gold substrate via both sulfur headgroups. ",
"The films revealed interfacial properties corresponding to both the hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon chains incorporated into the adsorbates. ",
"The branched nature of these adsorbates was found to influence the resulting films in which moderately ordered, loosely packed SAMs were formed when compared to the single-chained analogs. ",
"When considering the influence of the hydrocarbon chain length in the double-chained structure, the impact of the addition of two methylene units appears to be negligible. ",
"In contrast, increasing the hydrocarbon chain length to be identical with the partially fluorinated alkyl chain in the **F8H10-C18** adsorbate was found to generate SAMs with a greater degree of loose packing and chain disorder, which can be attributed, at least in part, to phase-incompatible fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon interactions. ",
"Finally, the monolayers obtained from the **F8H10-Cm** adsorbates showed no large-scale roughness or heterogeneity, demonstrating the potential for the creation of homogeneously mixed dual-component SAMs from these types of adsorbates.",
"\n\n**Sample Availability:** Samples of the compounds **F8H10SH**, **F8H10-C18**, **F8H10-C12**, and **F8H10-C10** are available from the authors.",
"\n\nThe following are available online, Figure S1: ^1^H NMR **F8H10-C12**, Figure S2: ^13^C NMR **F8H10-C12**, Figure S3: ^19^F NMR **F8H10-C12**, Figure S4: ^1^H NMR **F8H10-C18**, Figure S4: ^13^C NMR **F8H10-C18**, Figure S6: ^19^F NMR **F8H10-C18**, Table S1: Surface Tension, Polar, and Dispersive Components, Table S2: Calculated Surface Energy Values of the SAMs.",
"\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.",
"\n\nT.R.L. designed the project. ",
"P.C. and L.R.S.H. carried out the experiments and collected the data. ",
"P.C., L.R.S.H., M.D.M. and T.R.L interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript.",
"\n\nWe thank the National Science Foundation (CHE-1710561), the Robert A. Welch Foundation (E-1320), and the Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston for providing generous support for this research.",
"\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.",
"\n\nFigures, Scheme and Tables\n==========================\n\n{#molecules-23-02632-f001}\n\n{#molecules-23-02632-f002}\n\n{#molecules-23-02632-f003}\n\n{#molecules-23-02632-f004}\n\n{#molecules-23-02632-f005}\n\n{#molecules-23-02632-f006}\n\n{#molecules-23-02632-f007}\n\n{#molecules-23-02632-f008}\n\n{#molecules-23-02632-sch001}\n\nmolecules-23-02632-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nSelected studies of partially fluorinated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) in the literature.",
"\n\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Adsorbate Effect on Wettability Reference\n ------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n F~3~C(CH~2~)~n~SH\\ Oriented \"FC-HC\" dipoles at the monolayer terminus lead to fluorocarbon SAMs that are more wettable by polar contacting liquids than hydrocarbon SAMs. ",
" \\[[@B45-molecules-23-02632],[@B46-molecules-23-02632],[@B47-molecules-23-02632]\\]\n n = 12--15 \n\n F~3~C(CF~2~)~n~(CH~2~)~m~SH\\ Progressively fluorinated hexadecanethiols where the \"FC-HC\" dipole is buried into the film reveal a diminished effect on wettability with increasing fluorination. ",
" \\[[@B46-molecules-23-02632]\\]\n n = 0--9; m = 15--6 \n\n F~3~C(CF~2~)~n~(CH~2~)~m~SH\\ Dispersive surface energies decrease as the amount of fluorination increases until it reaches a plateau for n = 5--9, due to a decrease in the surface density of CF~3~ groups. ",
" \\[[@B39-molecules-23-02632],[@B48-molecules-23-02632]\\]\n n = 0--9; m = 11 \n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nmolecules-23-02632-t002_Table 2\n\n###### \n\nEllipsometric thickness measurements for SAMs on gold derived from the monodentate thiols and the **F8H10-Cm** dithiols.",
"\n\n Adsorbate Thickness (Å)\n --------------- ---------------\n **C10SH** 10 ± 2 Å\n **C12SH** 12 ± 2 Å\n **C18SH** 22 ± 2 Å\n **F8H10SH** 18 ± 2 Å\n **F8H10-C10** 14 ± 2 Å\n **F8H10-C12** 16 ± 2 Å\n **F8H10-C18** 21 ± 2 Å\n\nmolecules-23-02632-t003_Table 3\n\n###### \n\nXPS peak positions for the C 1s and F 1s regions for the partially fluorinated SAMs.",
"\n\n Adsorbate Peak Position (eV) \n --------------- -------------------- ------- ------- -------\n **C10SH** 284.7 \\- \\- \\-\n **C12SH** 284.8 \\- \\- \\-\n **C18SH** 285.3 \\- \\- \\-\n **F8H10SH** 284.7 291.2 293.5 688.4\n **F8H10-C10** 284.7 291.6 293.9 688.9\n **F8H10-C12** 284.5 291.4 293.6 688.7\n **F8H10-C18** 284.4 291.4 293.6 688.7\n\nmolecules-23-02632-t004_Table 4\n\n###### \n\nXPS Intensities for C 1s and F 1s regions of each fluorinated SAM.",
"\n\n Adsorbate C 1s ^a^ (CH~2~) C 1s ^a^ (CF~2~ + CF~3~) F 1s ^b^\n --------------- ------------------ -------------------------- ----------\n **F8H10SH** 0.96 1.00 1.00\n **F8H10-C10** 1.16 0.72 0.72\n **F8H10-C12** 1.07 0.71 0.69\n **F8H10-C18** 1.50 0.57 0.55\n\n^a^ Peak intensities were normalized with respect to the intensity of the fluorocarbon components (i.e., CF~2~ + CF~3~) in the C 1s region of the **F8H10SH** SAM; ^b^ Peak intensities were normalized with respect to the intensity of the F 1s region of the **F8H10SH** SAM.",
"\n\nmolecules-23-02632-t005_Table 5\n\n###### \n\nAdvancing contact angles (*θ*~a~, °) on the indicated SAMs using various probe liquids with hysteresis values (∆*θ* = *θ*~a~ − *θ*~r~) ^a^ given in parentheses.",
"\n\n H~2~O DMF ACN HD PFD\n --------------- ---------- --------- --------- -------- ---------\n **C10SH** 116 (7) 74 (9) 61 (11) 47 (6) 37 (8)\n **C12SH** 116 (8) 75 (10) 62 (10) 48 (7) 38 (8)\n **C18SH** 116 (9) 75 (9) 67 (10) 50 (7) 40 (9)\n **F8H10SH** 127 (8) 87 (8) 83 (10) 80 (7) 47 (10)\n **F8H10-C10** 127 (11) 87 (9) 82 (13) 75 (7) 37 (11)\n **F8H10-C12** 125 (8) 87 (8) 82 (10) 73 (7) 33 (7)\n **F8H10-C18** 121 (7) 81 (10) 68 (11) 59 (7) 26 (5)\n\n^a^ Receding angles, *θ*~r~.\n"
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[
"APNewsBreak: Sheriff: Man admitted 2 slayings; gun used in 4 A 19-year-old from El Salvador admitted killing a married couple in Nevada and used a handgun that he said he stole earlier from their Reno home to do it. ",
"A sheriff's report says the gun is also believed to have been used to kill two other Nevada women.",
"\n\nRENO, Nev. -- A 19-year-old from El Salvador admitted killing a married couple in Nevada and used a handgun that he said he stole earlier from their Reno home to do it, according to a sheriff's report obtained Friday by The Associated Press.",
"\n\nThe report filed with a judge Thursday in Carson City says the gun is believed to be the weapon also used to kill two Nevada women in their homes in Gardnerville south of Carson City days earlier.",
"\n\nCarson City Sheriff Ken Furlong released the declaration of probable cause Friday in response to a request from the AP.",
"\n\nIt says Wilber Martinez-Guzman admitted using a .22-caliber revolver stolen previously from the home of Gerald and Sharon David in Reno to kill them on Jan. 16. ",
"The gun was recovered from a BMW in which authorities arrested Martinez-Guzman last Saturday in Carson City on a federal immigration charge.",
"\n\nHe was charged Thursday with possessing weapons and selling jewelry belonging to some of the dead and is being held in the Carson City jail on $500,000 bail.",
"\n\nHis newly appointed public defense attorney, Karin Kreizenbeck, did not immediately respond Friday to requests for comment.",
"\n\nThe top prosecutors in neighboring Douglas and Washoe counties announced earlier Friday they have scheduled a news conference in Reno on Monday to discuss their plans for the prosecution of Martinez-Guzman. ",
"They said earlier he was the prime suspect in the four homicides over a one-week period.",
"\n\nWashoe County Sheriff's spokesman Bob Harmon in Reno told AP Friday evening they would have no further comment until Monday.",
"\n\nAuthorities say Martinez-Guzman is in the U.S. illegally, and the case has drawn intense national interest — including the attention of President Donald Trump. ",
"The president this week tweeted that the four killings in Nevada showed the need for his proposed U.S.-Mexico border wall then at the center of the federal government shutdown.",
"\n\nCarson City Deputy District Attorney Melanie Brantingham said prosecutors know little about Martinez-Guzman's whereabouts before the launch of an investigation into the homicides.",
"\n\n\"We don't know exactly when he got here or why he came,\" Brantingham told reporters after Thursday's arraignment in Carson City Justice Court.",
"\n\nSheriff Furlong said earlier Martinez-Guzman's only known contact with authorities was a speeding ticket last February.",
"\n\nWashoe County District Attorney Chris Hicks' spokeswoman, Michelle Bays, said this week that key questions for Hicks and Douglas County District Attorney Mark Jackson were whether Martinez-Guzman would be prosecuted at one time and in one place for the four cases in two jurisdictions. ",
"He could be prosecuted separately in rural Minden or in Reno, northern Nevada's largest city.",
"\n\nIn Carson City, he faces a Feb. 8 court hearing to determine if there is enough evidence for trial on felony and misdemeanor burglary, stolen property and weapon charges.",
"\n\nPawn broker Allen Rowe, owner of several Northern Nevada Coin stores, said Martinez-Guzman was seen on video and used a passport for identification at the Carson City store where he is accused of selling jewelry allegedly stolen from some of the dead.",
"\n\nCourt documents allege that between Jan. 12 and Jan. 17, Martinez-Guzman collected $538 by selling rings belonging to two victims.",
"\n\nThe case alleges that, because he is in the country illegally, Martinez-Guzman was prohibited by law from having the 12 guns stolen from a couple found dead Jan. 16 in their south Reno home.",
"\n\nBrantingham said she could not say if any of those weapons was used in the slayings. ",
"She doesn't anticipate the filing of any additional charges would change plans to try Martinez-Gunman on the existing charges in Carson City.",
"\n\n\"Our charges will proceed as charged at this point,\" she said.",
"\n\nFurlong said the rifles and shotguns were found buried off a road on the outskirts of town and the .22-caliber handgun was found in a BMW in which Martinez-Guzman was arrested last Saturday.",
"\n\nThe murder investigation began Jan. 10, when 56-year-old Connie Koontz was found dead in her home in Gardnerville, south of Carson City. ",
"Three days later, the body of 74-year-old Sophia Renken was discovered in her home about a mile (1.6 kilometers) from Koontz's house.",
"\n\nThe dead Reno couple were found less than a week later. ",
"Gerald David and his wife, Sharon, who were 81 and 80, respectively, were prominent members and officers of the Reno Rodeo Association. ",
"One felony charge against Martinez-Guzman alleges he had several belt buckles bearing their names that were valued at up to $3,500.",
"\n\nDistrict attorneys Jackson and Hicks did not immediately respond to requests late Friday for additional comment.",
"\n\n———\n\nRitter reported from Las Vegas. ",
"Associated Press writer Michelle L. Price contributed to this report from Carson City, Nevada.",
"\n\n———\n\nThis story has been corrected to say that Carson City Sheriff Ken Furlong released the declaration of probable cause Friday in response to a request from the AP. ",
"The documents were not released in response to a public records request."
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[
"/*\n * Copyright (c) 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. ",
"All rights reserved.",
"\n * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.",
"\n *\n * The Universal Permissive License (UPL), Version 1.0\n *\n * Subject to the condition set forth below, permission is hereby granted to any\n * person obtaining a copy of this software, associated documentation and/or\n * data (collectively the \"Software\"), free of charge and under any and all\n * copyright rights in the Software, and any and all patent rights owned or\n * freely licensable by each licensor hereunder covering either (i) the\n * unmodified Software as contributed to or provided by such licensor, or (ii)\n * the Larger Works (as defined below), to deal in both\n *\n * (a) the Software, and\n *\n * (b) any piece of software and/or hardware listed in the lrgrwrks.txt file if\n * one is included with the Software each a \"Larger Work\" to which the Software\n * is contributed by such licensors),\n *\n * without restriction, including without limitation the rights to copy, create\n * derivative works of, display, perform, and distribute the Software and make,\n * use, sell, offer for sale, import, export, have made, and have sold the\n * Software and the Larger Work(s), and to sublicense the foregoing rights on\n * either these or other terms.",
"\n *\n * This license is subject to the following condition:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and either this complete permission notice or at a\n * minimum a reference to the UPL must be included in all copies or substantial\n * portions of the Software.",
"\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. ",
"IN NO EVENT SHALL THE\n * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,\n * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE\n * SOFTWARE.",
"\n */\npackage com.oracle.graal.python.util;\n\nimport java.nio.charset.",
"Charset;\nimport java.nio.charset.",
"StandardCharsets;\nimport java.nio.charset.",
"UnsupportedCharsetException;\nimport java.util.",
"HashMap;\nimport java.util.",
"Locale;\nimport java.util.",
"Map;\nimport java.util.concurrent.",
"ConcurrentHashMap;\nimport java.util.concurrent.",
"ConcurrentMap;\n\nimport com.ibm.icu.charset.",
"CharsetICU;\nimport com.oracle.graal.python.charset.",
"PythonRawUnicodeEscapeCharset;\nimport com.oracle.graal.python.charset.",
"PythonUnicodeEscapeCharset;\nimport com.oracle.truffle.api.",
"CompilerDirectives.",
"TruffleBoundary;\n\n/**\n * Utility class for mapping Python encodings to Java charsets\n */\npublic class CharsetMapping {\n private static final ConcurrentMap<String, Charset> JAVA_CHARSETS = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();\n // Name maps are populated by static initializer and are immutable afterwards\n private static final Map<String, String> CHARSET_NAME_MAP = new HashMap<>();\n private static final Map<String, String> CHARSET_NAME_MAP_REVERSE = new HashMap<>();\n\n @TruffleBoundary\n public static Charset getCharset(String encoding) {\n String name = CHARSET_NAME_MAP.get(normalize(encoding));\n if (name !",
"= null) {\n return getJavaCharset(name);\n }\n return null;\n }\n\n @TruffleBoundary\n public static String getPythonEncodingNameFromJavaName(String javaEncodingName) {\n return CHARSET_NAME_MAP_REVERSE.get(javaEncodingName.toLowerCase());\n }\n\n @TruffleBoundary\n public static String normalize(String encoding) {\n return encoding.toLowerCase(Locale.",
"ENGLISH).replaceAll(\"[^\\\\w.]+\", \"_\");\n }\n\n private static Charset getJavaCharset(String name) {\n return JAVA_CHARSETS.computeIfAbsent(name, key -> {\n // Important: When adding additional ICU4J charset, the implementation class needs to be\n // added to reflect-config.json\n if (name.equals(\"UTF-7\") || name.equals(\"HZ\")) {\n try {\n return CharsetICU.forNameICU(name);\n } catch (UnsupportedCharsetException e) {\n return null;\n }\n } else {\n try {\n return Charset.forName(name);\n } catch (UnsupportedCharsetException e) {\n return null;\n }\n }\n });\n }\n\n private static void addMapping(String pythonName, String javaName) {\n CHARSET_NAME_MAP.put(normalize(pythonName), javaName);\n if (javaName !",
"= null) {\n CHARSET_NAME_MAP_REVERSE.put(javaName.toLowerCase(), pythonName.replace('_', '-'));\n }\n }\n\n private static void addAlias(String alias, String pythonName) {\n String normalized = normalize(pythonName);\n assert CHARSET_NAME_MAP.containsKey(normalized) : normalized;\n CHARSET_NAME_MAP.put(normalize(alias), CHARSET_NAME_MAP.get(normalized));\n }\n\n static {\n // Pre-initialize standard charset entries\n JAVA_CHARSETS.put(\"US-ASCII\", StandardCharsets.",
"US_ASCII);\n JAVA_CHARSETS.put(\"ISO-8859-1\", StandardCharsets.",
"ISO_8859_1);\n JAVA_CHARSETS.put(\"UTF-8\", StandardCharsets.",
"UTF_8);\n JAVA_CHARSETS.put(\"UTF-16BE\", StandardCharsets.",
"UTF_16BE);\n JAVA_CHARSETS.put(\"UTF-16LE\", StandardCharsets.",
"UTF_16LE);\n JAVA_CHARSETS.put(\"UTF-16\", StandardCharsets.",
"UTF_16);\n\n // Add our custom charsets\n addMapping(\"raw_unicode_escape\", \"x-python-raw-unicode-escape\");\n addMapping(\"unicode-escape\", \"x-python-unicode-escape\");\n JAVA_CHARSETS.put(\"x-python-raw-unicode-escape\", new PythonRawUnicodeEscapeCharset());\n JAVA_CHARSETS.put(\"x-python-unicode-escape\", new PythonUnicodeEscapeCharset());\n\n addMapping(\"ascii\", \"US-ASCII\");\n addMapping(\"big5hkscs\", \"Big5-HKSCS\");\n addMapping(\"big5\", \"Big5\");\n addMapping(\"cp037\", \"IBM037\");\n addMapping(\"cp1006\", \"x-IBM1006\");\n addMapping(\"cp1026\", \"IBM1026\");\n addMapping(\"cp1125\", null);\n addMapping(\"cp1140\", \"IBM01140\");\n addMapping(\"cp1250\", \"windows-1250\");\n addMapping(\"cp1251\", \"windows-1251\");\n addMapping(\"cp1252\", \"windows-1252\");\n addMapping(\"cp1253\", \"windows-1253\");\n addMapping(\"cp1254\", \"windows-1254\");\n addMapping(\"cp1255\", \"windows-1255\");\n addMapping(\"cp1256\", \"windows-1256\");\n addMapping(\"cp1257\", \"windows-1257\");\n addMapping(\"cp1258\", \"windows-1258\");\n addMapping(\"cp273\", \"IBM273\");\n addMapping(\"cp424\", \"IBM424\");\n addMapping(\"cp437\", \"IBM437\");\n addMapping(\"cp500\", \"IBM500\");\n addMapping(\"cp720\", null);\n addMapping(\"cp737\", \"x-IBM737\");\n addMapping(\"cp775\", \"IBM775\");\n addMapping(\"cp850\", \"IBM850\");\n addMapping(\"cp852\", \"IBM852\");\n addMapping(\"cp855\", \"IBM855\");\n addMapping(\"cp856\", \"x-IBM856\");\n addMapping(\"cp857\", \"IBM857\");\n addMapping(\"cp858\", \"IBM00858\");\n addMapping(\"cp860\", \"IBM860\");\n addMapping(\"cp861\", \"IBM861\");\n addMapping(\"cp862\", \"IBM862\");\n addMapping(\"cp863\", \"IBM863\");\n addMapping(\"cp864\", \"IBM864\");\n addMapping(\"cp865\", \"IBM865\");\n addMapping(\"cp866\", \"IBM866\");\n addMapping(\"cp869\", \"IBM869\");\n addMapping(\"cp874\", \"x-IBM874\");\n addMapping(\"cp875\", \"x-IBM875\");\n addMapping(\"cp932\", \"windows-31j\");\n addMapping(\"cp949\", \"x-IBM949\");\n addMapping(\"cp950\", \"x-IBM950\");\n addMapping(\"euc_jis_2004\", null);\n addMapping(\"euc_jisx0213\", null);\n addMapping(\"euc_jp\", \"EUC-JP\");\n addMapping(\"euc_kr\", \"EUC-KR\");\n addMapping(\"gb18030\", \"GB18030\");\n addMapping(\"gb2312\", \"GB2312\");\n addMapping(\"gbk\", \"GBK\");\n addMapping(\"hp_roman8\", null);\n addMapping(\"hz\", \"HZ\");\n addMapping(\"iso2022_jp_1\", null);\n addMapping(\"iso2022_jp_2004\", null);\n addMapping(\"iso2022_jp_2\", \"ISO-2022-JP-2\");\n addMapping(\"iso2022_jp_3\", null);\n addMapping(\"iso2022_jp_ext\", null);\n addMapping(\"iso2022_jp\", \"ISO-2022-JP\");\n addMapping(\"iso2022_kr\", \"ISO-2022-KR\");\n addMapping(\"iso8859_10\", null);\n addMapping(\"iso8859_11\", \"x-iso-8859-11\");\n addMapping(\"iso8859_13\", \"ISO-8859-13\");\n addMapping(\"iso8859_14\", null);\n addMapping(\"iso8859_15\", \"ISO-8859-15\");\n addMapping(\"iso8859_16\", null);\n addMapping(\"iso8859_1\", \"ISO-8859-1\");\n addMapping(\"iso8859_2\", \"ISO-8859-2\");\n addMapping(\"iso8859_3\", \"ISO-8859-3\");\n addMapping(\"iso8859_4\", \"ISO-8859-4\");\n addMapping(\"iso8859_5\", \"ISO-8859-5\");\n addMapping(\"iso8859_6\", \"ISO-8859-6\");\n addMapping(\"iso8859_7\", \"ISO-8859-7\");\n addMapping(\"iso8859_8\", \"ISO-8859-8\");\n addMapping(\"iso8859_9\", \"ISO-8859-9\");\n addMapping(\"johab\", \"x-Johab\");\n addMapping(\"koi8_r\", \"KOI8-R\");\n addMapping(\"koi8_t\", null);\n addMapping(\"koi8_u\", \"KOI8-U\");\n addMapping(\"kz1048\", null);\n addMapping(\"latin_1\", \"ISO-8859-1\");\n addMapping(\"mac_arabic\", \"x-MacArabic\");\n addMapping(\"mac_centeuro\", \"x-MacCentralEurope\");\n addMapping(\"mac_croatian\", \"x-MacCroatian\");\n addMapping(\"mac_cyrillic\", \"x-MacCyrillic\");\n addMapping(\"mac_farsi\", null);\n addMapping(\"mac_greek\", \"x-MacGreek\");\n addMapping(\"mac_iceland\", \"x-MacIceland\");\n addMapping(\"mac_latin2\", \"x-MacCentralEurope\");\n addMapping(\"mac_romanian\", \"x-MacRomania\");\n addMapping(\"mac_roman\", \"x-MacRoman\");\n addMapping(\"mac_turkish\", \"x-MacTurkish\");\n addMapping(\"palmos\", null);\n addMapping(\"ptcp154\", null);\n addMapping(\"shift_jis_2004\", \"Shift_JISX0213\");\n addMapping(\"shift_jis\", \"Shift_JIS\");\n addMapping(\"shift_jisx0213\", \"x-SJIS_0213\");\n addMapping(\"tis_620\", \"TIS-620\");\n addMapping(\"utf_16_be\", \"UTF-16BE\");\n addMapping(\"utf_16_le\", \"UTF-16LE\");\n addMapping(\"utf_16\", \"UTF-16\");\n addMapping(\"utf_32_be\", \"UTF-32BE\");\n addMapping(\"utf_32_le\", \"UTF-32LE\");\n addMapping(\"utf_32\", \"UTF-32\");\n addMapping(\"utf_7\", \"UTF-7\");\n addMapping(\"utf_8\", \"UTF-8\");\n\n // Generated from encodings.aliases.aliases, removed non-language encodings like base64\n addAlias(\"646\", \"ascii\");\n addAlias(\"ansi_x3.4_1968\", \"ascii\");\n addAlias(\"ansi_x3_4_1968\", \"ascii\");\n addAlias(\"ansi_x3.4_1986\", \"ascii\");\n addAlias(\"cp367\", \"ascii\");\n addAlias(\"csascii\", \"ascii\");\n addAlias(\"ibm367\", \"ascii\");\n addAlias(\"iso646_us\", \"ascii\");\n addAlias(\"iso_646.irv_1991\", \"ascii\");\n addAlias(\"iso_ir_6\", \"ascii\");\n addAlias(\"us\", \"ascii\");\n addAlias(\"us_ascii\", \"ascii\");\n addAlias(\"big5_tw\", \"big5\");\n addAlias(\"csbig5\", \"big5\");\n addAlias(\"big5_hkscs\", \"big5hkscs\");\n addAlias(\"hkscs\", \"big5hkscs\");\n addAlias(\"037\", \"cp037\");\n addAlias(\"csibm037\", \"cp037\");\n addAlias(\"ebcdic_cp_ca\", \"cp037\");\n addAlias(\"ebcdic_cp_nl\", \"cp037\");\n addAlias(\"ebcdic_cp_us\", \"cp037\");\n addAlias(\"ebcdic_cp_wt\", \"cp037\");\n addAlias(\"ibm037\", \"cp037\");\n addAlias(\"ibm039\", \"cp037\");\n addAlias(\"1026\", \"cp1026\");\n addAlias(\"csibm1026\", \"cp1026\");\n addAlias(\"ibm1026\", \"cp1026\");\n addAlias(\"1125\", \"cp1125\");\n addAlias(\"ibm1125\", \"cp1125\");\n addAlias(\"cp866u\", \"cp1125\");\n addAlias(\"ruscii\", \"cp1125\");\n addAlias(\"1140\", \"cp1140\");\n addAlias(\"ibm1140\", \"cp1140\");\n addAlias(\"1250\", \"cp1250\");\n addAlias(\"windows_1250\", \"cp1250\");\n addAlias(\"1251\", \"cp1251\");\n addAlias(\"windows_1251\", \"cp1251\");\n addAlias(\"1252\", \"cp1252\");\n addAlias(\"windows_1252\", \"cp1252\");\n addAlias(\"1253\", \"cp1253\");\n addAlias(\"windows_1253\", \"cp1253\");\n addAlias(\"1254\", \"cp1254\");\n addAlias(\"windows_1254\", \"cp1254\");\n addAlias(\"1255\", \"cp1255\");\n addAlias(\"windows_1255\", \"cp1255\");\n addAlias(\"1256\", \"cp1256\");\n addAlias(\"windows_1256\", \"cp1256\");\n addAlias(\"1257\", \"cp1257\");\n addAlias(\"windows_1257\", \"cp1257\");\n addAlias(\"1258\", \"cp1258\");\n addAlias(\"windows_1258\", \"cp1258\");\n addAlias(\"273\", \"cp273\");\n addAlias(\"ibm273\", \"cp273\");\n addAlias(\"csibm273\", \"cp273\");\n addAlias(\"424\", \"cp424\");\n addAlias(\"csibm424\", \"cp424\");\n addAlias(\"ebcdic_cp_he\", \"cp424\");\n addAlias(\"ibm424\", \"cp424\");\n addAlias(\"437\", \"cp437\");\n addAlias(\"cspc8codepage437\", \"cp437\");\n addAlias(\"ibm437\", \"cp437\");\n addAlias(\"500\", \"cp500\");\n addAlias(\"csibm500\", \"cp500\");\n addAlias(\"ebcdic_cp_be\", \"cp500\");\n addAlias(\"ebcdic_cp_ch\", \"cp500\");\n addAlias(\"ibm500\", \"cp500\");\n addAlias(\"775\", \"cp775\");\n addAlias(\"cspc775baltic\", \"cp775\");\n addAlias(\"ibm775\", \"cp775\");\n addAlias(\"850\", \"cp850\");\n addAlias(\"cspc850multilingual\", \"cp850\");\n addAlias(\"ibm850\", \"cp850\");\n addAlias(\"852\", \"cp852\");\n addAlias(\"cspcp852\", \"cp852\");\n addAlias(\"ibm852\", \"cp852\");\n addAlias(\"855\", \"cp855\");\n addAlias(\"csibm855\", \"cp855\");\n addAlias(\"ibm855\", \"cp855\");\n addAlias(\"857\", \"cp857\");\n addAlias(\"csibm857\", \"cp857\");\n addAlias(\"ibm857\", \"cp857\");\n addAlias(\"858\", \"cp858\");\n addAlias(\"csibm858\", \"cp858\");\n addAlias(\"ibm858\", \"cp858\");\n addAlias(\"860\", \"cp860\");\n addAlias(\"csibm860\", \"cp860\");\n addAlias(\"ibm860\", \"cp860\");\n addAlias(\"861\", \"cp861\");\n addAlias(\"cp_is\", \"cp861\");\n addAlias(\"csibm861\", \"cp861\");\n addAlias(\"ibm861\", \"cp861\");\n addAlias(\"862\", \"cp862\");\n addAlias(\"cspc862latinhebrew\", \"cp862\");\n addAlias(\"ibm862\", \"cp862\");\n addAlias(\"863\", \"cp863\");\n addAlias(\"csibm863\", \"cp863\");\n addAlias(\"ibm863\", \"cp863\");\n addAlias(\"864\", \"cp864\");\n addAlias(\"csibm864\", \"cp864\");\n addAlias(\"ibm864\", \"cp864\");\n addAlias(\"865\", \"cp865\");\n addAlias(\"csibm865\", \"cp865\");\n addAlias(\"ibm865\", \"cp865\");\n addAlias(\"866\", \"cp866\");\n addAlias(\"csibm866\", \"cp866\");\n addAlias(\"ibm866\", \"cp866\");\n addAlias(\"869\", \"cp869\");\n addAlias(\"cp_gr\", \"cp869\");\n addAlias(\"csibm869\", \"cp869\");\n addAlias(\"ibm869\", \"cp869\");\n addAlias(\"932\", \"cp932\");\n addAlias(\"ms932\", \"cp932\");\n addAlias(\"mskanji\", \"cp932\");\n addAlias(\"ms_kanji\", \"cp932\");\n addAlias(\"949\", \"cp949\");\n addAlias(\"ms949\", \"cp949\");\n addAlias(\"uhc\", \"cp949\");\n addAlias(\"950\", \"cp950\");\n addAlias(\"ms950\", \"cp950\");\n addAlias(\"jisx0213\", \"euc_jis_2004\");\n addAlias(\"eucjis2004\", \"euc_jis_2004\");\n addAlias(\"euc_jis2004\", \"euc_jis_2004\");\n addAlias(\"eucjisx0213\", \"euc_jisx0213\");\n addAlias(\"eucjp\", \"euc_jp\");\n addAlias(\"ujis\", \"euc_jp\");\n addAlias(\"u_jis\", \"euc_jp\");\n addAlias(\"euckr\", \"euc_kr\");\n addAlias(\"korean\", \"euc_kr\");\n addAlias(\"ksc5601\", \"euc_kr\");\n addAlias(\"ks_c_5601\", \"euc_kr\");\n addAlias(\"ks_c_5601_1987\", \"euc_kr\");\n addAlias(\"ksx1001\", \"euc_kr\");\n addAlias(\"ks_x_1001\", \"euc_kr\");\n addAlias(\"gb18030_2000\", \"gb18030\");\n addAlias(\"chinese\", \"gb2312\");\n addAlias(\"csiso58gb231280\", \"gb2312\");\n addAlias(\"euc_cn\", \"gb2312\");\n addAlias(\"euccn\", \"gb2312\");\n addAlias(\"eucgb2312_cn\", \"gb2312\");\n addAlias(\"gb2312_1980\", \"gb2312\");\n addAlias(\"gb2312_80\", \"gb2312\");\n addAlias(\"iso_ir_58\", \"gb2312\");\n addAlias(\"936\", \"gbk\");\n addAlias(\"cp936\", \"gbk\");\n addAlias(\"ms936\", \"gbk\");\n addAlias(\"roman8\", \"hp_roman8\");\n addAlias(\"r8\", \"hp_roman8\");\n addAlias(\"csHPRoman8\", \"hp_roman8\");\n addAlias(\"cp1051\", \"hp_roman8\");\n addAlias(\"ibm1051\", \"hp_roman8\");\n addAlias(\"hzgb\", \"hz\");\n addAlias(\"hz_gb\", \"hz\");\n addAlias(\"hz_gb_2312\", \"hz\");\n addAlias(\"csiso2022jp\", \"iso2022_jp\");\n addAlias(\"iso2022jp\", \"iso2022_jp\");\n addAlias(\"iso_2022_jp\", \"iso2022_jp\");\n addAlias(\"iso2022jp_1\", \"iso2022_jp_1\");\n addAlias(\"iso_2022_jp_1\", \"iso2022_jp_1\");\n addAlias(\"iso2022jp_2\", \"iso2022_jp_2\");\n addAlias(\"iso_2022_jp_2\", \"iso2022_jp_2\");\n addAlias(\"iso_2022_jp_2004\", \"iso2022_jp_2004\");\n addAlias(\"iso2022jp_2004\", \"iso2022_jp_2004\");\n addAlias(\"iso2022jp_3\", \"iso2022_jp_3\");\n addAlias(\"iso_2022_jp_3\", \"iso2022_jp_3\");\n addAlias(\"iso2022jp_ext\", \"iso2022_jp_ext\");\n addAlias(\"iso_2022_jp_ext\", \"iso2022_jp_ext\");\n addAlias(\"csiso2022kr\", \"iso2022_kr\");\n addAlias(\"iso2022kr\", \"iso2022_kr\");\n addAlias(\"iso_2022_kr\", \"iso2022_kr\");\n addAlias(\"csisolatin6\", \"iso8859_10\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_10\", \"iso8859_10\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_10_1992\", \"iso8859_10\");\n addAlias(\"iso_ir_157\", \"iso8859_10\");\n addAlias(\"l6\", \"iso8859_10\");\n addAlias(\"latin6\", \"iso8859_10\");\n addAlias(\"thai\", \"iso8859_11\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_11\", \"iso8859_11\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_11_2001\", \"iso8859_11\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_13\", \"iso8859_13\");\n addAlias(\"l7\", \"iso8859_13\");\n addAlias(\"latin7\", \"iso8859_13\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_14\", \"iso8859_14\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_14_1998\", \"iso8859_14\");\n addAlias(\"iso_celtic\", \"iso8859_14\");\n addAlias(\"iso_ir_199\", \"iso8859_14\");\n addAlias(\"l8\", \"iso8859_14\");\n addAlias(\"latin8\", \"iso8859_14\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_15\", \"iso8859_15\");\n addAlias(\"l9\", \"iso8859_15\");\n addAlias(\"latin9\", \"iso8859_15\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_16\", \"iso8859_16\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_16_2001\", \"iso8859_16\");\n addAlias(\"iso_ir_226\", \"iso8859_16\");\n addAlias(\"l10\", \"iso8859_16\");\n addAlias(\"latin10\", \"iso8859_16\");\n addAlias(\"csisolatin2\", \"iso8859_2\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_2\", \"iso8859_2\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_2_1987\", \"iso8859_2\");\n addAlias(\"iso_ir_101\", \"iso8859_2\");\n addAlias(\"l2\", \"iso8859_2\");\n addAlias(\"latin2\", \"iso8859_2\");\n addAlias(\"csisolatin3\", \"iso8859_3\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_3\", \"iso8859_3\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_3_1988\", \"iso8859_3\");\n addAlias(\"iso_ir_109\", \"iso8859_3\");\n addAlias(\"l3\", \"iso8859_3\");\n addAlias(\"latin3\", \"iso8859_3\");\n addAlias(\"csisolatin4\", \"iso8859_4\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_4\", \"iso8859_4\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_4_1988\", \"iso8859_4\");\n addAlias(\"iso_ir_110\", \"iso8859_4\");\n addAlias(\"l4\", \"iso8859_4\");\n addAlias(\"latin4\", \"iso8859_4\");\n addAlias(\"csisolatincyrillic\", \"iso8859_5\");\n addAlias(\"cyrillic\", \"iso8859_5\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_5\", \"iso8859_5\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_5_1988\", \"iso8859_5\");\n addAlias(\"iso_ir_144\", \"iso8859_5\");\n addAlias(\"arabic\", \"iso8859_6\");\n addAlias(\"asmo_708\", \"iso8859_6\");\n addAlias(\"csisolatinarabic\", \"iso8859_6\");\n addAlias(\"ecma_114\", \"iso8859_6\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_6\", \"iso8859_6\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_6_1987\", \"iso8859_6\");\n addAlias(\"iso_ir_127\", \"iso8859_6\");\n addAlias(\"csisolatingreek\", \"iso8859_7\");\n addAlias(\"ecma_118\", \"iso8859_7\");\n addAlias(\"elot_928\", \"iso8859_7\");\n addAlias(\"greek\", \"iso8859_7\");\n addAlias(\"greek8\", \"iso8859_7\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_7\", \"iso8859_7\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_7_1987\", \"iso8859_7\");\n addAlias(\"iso_ir_126\", \"iso8859_7\");\n addAlias(\"csisolatinhebrew\", \"iso8859_8\");\n addAlias(\"hebrew\", \"iso8859_8\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_8\", \"iso8859_8\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_8_1988\", \"iso8859_8\");\n addAlias(\"iso_ir_138\", \"iso8859_8\");\n addAlias(\"csisolatin5\", \"iso8859_9\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_9\", \"iso8859_9\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_9_1989\", \"iso8859_9\");\n addAlias(\"iso_ir_148\", \"iso8859_9\");\n addAlias(\"l5\", \"iso8859_9\");\n addAlias(\"latin5\", \"iso8859_9\");\n addAlias(\"cp1361\", \"johab\");\n addAlias(\"ms1361\", \"johab\");\n addAlias(\"cskoi8r\", \"koi8_r\");\n addAlias(\"kz_1048\", \"kz1048\");\n addAlias(\"rk1048\", \"kz1048\");\n addAlias(\"strk1048_2002\", \"kz1048\");\n addAlias(\"8859\", \"latin_1\");\n addAlias(\"cp819\", \"latin_1\");\n addAlias(\"csisolatin1\", \"latin_1\");\n addAlias(\"ibm819\", \"latin_1\");\n addAlias(\"iso8859\", \"latin_1\");\n addAlias(\"iso8859_1\", \"latin_1\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_1\", \"latin_1\");\n addAlias(\"iso_8859_1_1987\", \"latin_1\");\n addAlias(\"iso_ir_100\", \"latin_1\");\n addAlias(\"l1\", \"latin_1\");\n addAlias(\"latin\", \"latin_1\");\n addAlias(\"latin1\", \"latin_1\");\n addAlias(\"maccyrillic\", \"mac_cyrillic\");\n addAlias(\"macgreek\", \"mac_greek\");\n addAlias(\"maciceland\", \"mac_iceland\");\n addAlias(\"maccentraleurope\", \"mac_latin2\");\n addAlias(\"maclatin2\", \"mac_latin2\");\n addAlias(\"macintosh\", \"mac_roman\");\n addAlias(\"macroman\", \"mac_roman\");\n addAlias(\"macturkish\", \"mac_turkish\");\n addAlias(\"csptcp154\", \"ptcp154\");\n addAlias(\"pt154\", \"ptcp154\");\n addAlias(\"cp154\", \"ptcp154\");\n addAlias(\"cyrillic_asian\", \"ptcp154\");\n addAlias(\"csshiftjis\", \"shift_jis\");\n addAlias(\"shiftjis\", \"shift_jis\");\n addAlias(\"sjis\", \"shift_jis\");\n addAlias(\"s_jis\", \"shift_jis\");\n addAlias(\"shiftjis2004\", \"shift_jis_2004\");\n addAlias(\"sjis_2004\", \"shift_jis_2004\");\n addAlias(\"s_jis_2004\", \"shift_jis_2004\");\n addAlias(\"shiftjisx0213\", \"shift_jisx0213\");\n addAlias(\"sjisx0213\", \"shift_jisx0213\");\n addAlias(\"s_jisx0213\", \"shift_jisx0213\");\n addAlias(\"tis620\", \"tis_620\");\n addAlias(\"tis_620_0\", \"tis_620\");\n addAlias(\"tis_620_2529_0\", \"tis_620\");\n addAlias(\"tis_620_2529_1\", \"tis_620\");\n addAlias(\"iso_ir_166\", \"tis_620\");\n addAlias(\"u16\", \"utf_16\");\n addAlias(\"utf16\", \"utf_16\");\n addAlias(\"unicodebigunmarked\", \"utf_16_be\");\n addAlias(\"utf_16be\", \"utf_16_be\");\n addAlias(\"unicodelittleunmarked\", \"utf_16_le\");\n addAlias(\"utf_16le\", \"utf_16_le\");\n addAlias(\"u32\", \"utf_32\");\n addAlias(\"utf32\", \"utf_32\");\n addAlias(\"utf_32be\", \"utf_32_be\");\n addAlias(\"utf_32le\", \"utf_32_le\");\n addAlias(\"u7\", \"utf_7\");\n addAlias(\"utf7\", \"utf_7\");\n addAlias(\"unicode_1_1_utf_7\", \"utf_7\");\n addAlias(\"u8\", \"utf_8\");\n addAlias(\"utf\", \"utf_8\");\n addAlias(\"utf8\", \"utf_8\");\n addAlias(\"utf8_ucs2\", \"utf_8\");\n addAlias(\"utf8_ucs4\", \"utf_8\");\n addAlias(\"cp65001\", \"utf_8\");\n addAlias(\"x_mac_japanese\", \"shift_jis\");\n addAlias(\"x_mac_korean\", \"euc_kr\");\n addAlias(\"x_mac_simp_chinese\", \"gb2312\");\n addAlias(\"x_mac_trad_chinese\", \"big5\");\n }\n}\n"
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[
"Keep Learning\n\nThe subscribe button is in two locations at the top left of the screen.",
"\n\nSelect a subscription\n\nAs of 2014, Truckin offers a 13-issue subscription and a 24-issue subscription.",
"\n\nEnter your information\n\nIn Section 2, enter your name and your shipping address, including street address or P.O. box, city, state, and ZIP code. ",
"In Section 3, enter your credit card information. ",
"If your billing address is different from your shipping address, be sure to click the link and enter the billing address."
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[
"Q:\n\nIf void() does not return a value, why do we use it?",
"\n\nvoid f() means that f returns nothing. ",
"If void returns nothing, then why we use it? ",
"What is the main purpose of void?",
"\n\nA:\n\nWhen C was invented the convention was that, if you didn't specify the return type, the compiler automatically inferred that you wanted to return an int (and the same holds for parameters).",
"\nBut often you write functions that do stuff and don't need to return anything (think e.g. about a function that just prints something on the screen); for this reason, it was decided that, to specify that you don't want to return anything at all, you have to use the void keyword as \"return type\".",
"\n\nKeep in mind that void serves also other purposes; in particular:\n\nif you specify it as the list of parameters to a functions, it means that the function takes no parameters; this was needed in C, because a function declaration without parameters meant to the compiler that the parameter list was simply left unspecified. ",
"In C++ this is no longer needed, since an empty parameters list means that no parameter is allowed for the function;\nvoid also has an important role in pointers; void * (and its variations) means \"pointer to something left unspecified\". ",
"This is useful if you have to write functions that must store/pass pointers around without actually using them (only at the end, to actually use the pointer, a cast to the appropriate type is needed).",
"\nalso, a cast to (void) is often used to mark a value as deliberately unused, suppressing compiler warnings.",
"\nint somefunction(int a, int b, int c)\n{\n (void)c; // c is reserved for future usage, kill the \"unused parameter\" warning\n return a+b;\n}\n\nA:\n\nvoid() means return nothing.",
"\n\nvoid doesn't mean nothing. ",
"void is a type to represent nothing. ",
"That is a subtle difference : the representation is still required, even though it represents nothing.",
"\nThis type is used as function's return type which returns nothing. ",
"This is also used to represent generic data, when it is used as void*. ",
"So it sounds amusing that while void represents nothing, void* represents everything!",
"\n\nA:\n\nThis question has to do with the history of the language: C++ borrowed from C, and C used to implicitly type everything untyped as int (as it turned out, it was a horrible idea). ",
"This included functions that were intended as procedures (recall that the difference between functions and procedures is that function invocations are expressions, while procedure invocations are statements). ",
"If I recall it correctly from reading the early C books, programmers used to patch this shortcoming with a #define:\n#define void int\n\nThis convention has later been adopted in the C standard, and the void keyword has been introduced to denote functions that are intended as procedures. ",
"This was very helpful, because the compiler could now check if your code is using a return value from a function that wasn't intended to return anything, and to warn you about functions that should return but let the control run off the end instead.",
"\n\n"
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"EXPENSIVE: O.CO COLISEUM Can Raiders fans catch a break? ",
"Their team hasn't made the playoffs since 2002. ",
"Almost every home game in the last three years has been blacked out on local TV due to poor game attendance. ",
"And those that do choose to attend the game pay a league-high $10.75 for a beer.",
"\n\nEXPENSIVE: LEVI'S STADIUM The 49ers know their fans have deep pockets. ",
"The team just moved into fancy new confines in nearby Santa Clara, and the average cost of a ticket into Levi's Stadium is the highest in the league. ",
"San Francisco is also a close second to neighboring Oakland when it comes to the price of a beer, at $10.25 per. ",
"But hey, at least they're winning games.",
"\n\nCHEAP: GILLETTE STADIUM Things aren't so bad for New England fans. ",
"The price of a beer in Gillette Stadium is right at the league average, but Patriots fans get 20 ounces for just $7.50. ",
"When priced by ounce, Pats beers are tied for the second-cheapest game beers in the NFL.",
"\n\nCHEAP: EDWARD JONES DOME You don't often see beer prices go down from season to season, but that's exactly what happened in St. Louis this year, dropping the price of beer to $4.50. ",
"The Rams have seen better football days, but a glass of beer is 50 cents cheaper in St. Louis than in any other NFL stadium. ",
"That's something to celebrate.",
"\n\nCHEAP: PAUL BROWN STADIUM St. Louis may have the lowest sticker price for beer, sure. ",
"But if you want to get down to brass tacks, no one sells cheaper drafts than Cincinnati. ",
"One beer costs five dollars, but fans get 14 ounces in a glass instead of 12. ",
"That's just enough of a difference to lead the league in price-per-ounce.",
"\n\nEXPENSIVE: CENTURYLINK FIELD Seattle claims to have the best football fans in the world, but that admiration doesn't translate into savings at the snack line. ",
"Beer at Seattle's CenturyLink Field is on the more expensive end in the NFL, with a single draft costing $8.",
"\n\nEXPENSIVE: MERCEDES-BENZ SUPERDOME For being in a city known to throw a good party, beer sales at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome sure don't make it easy to imbibe. ",
"A beer at a Saints game will cost you $9, but fans only get 16 ounces in their cup. ",
"That's 56 cents per ounce, the third-worst mark in the NFL.",
"\n\nCHEAP: HEINZ FIELD If volume is your main concern, plan a trip to Pittsburgh. ",
"In a city known for its blue-collar pedigree, fans are treated with 21-ounce fistfuls of beer, the largest standard beer of any NFL stadium. ",
"And at just $8 each, Heinz Field is tied with New England's Gillette Field for the second-best price-per-ounce.",
"\n\nEXPENSIVE: UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX STADIUM It's not the $7.25 price tag that will frustrate fans at Arizona's University of Phoenix Stadium. ",
"It's the fact that beers only come in 12-ounce sizes. ",
"That's 60 cents per ounce, which stands alone as the second-highest mark in the NFL. ",
"Only one other fan base has more of a right to complain..."
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"Author Message montana bound Post subject: 12 gauge Wound Profiles (56k beware) Examples on page 3 Posted: Sat Jun 09, 2007 3:25 am Sat Jun 09, 2007 3:25 am Tournament Grade\n\nJoined: Tue Apr 04, 2006 7:12 pm\n\nPosts: 267\n\n\n\nBefore you begin to read this realize that all of these shots were taken from a known distance and angle into bare Ordinance Gelatin in a controlled environment.",
"\n\n\n\nThis does not take into consideration the effects clothing, weather, range, temperature, cover, or body structure.",
"\n\n\n\nYWMV, IANAL, not valid in Guam or Puerto Rico, only driven on Sundays by a little old lady going to church and back.",
"\n\n\n\n#8 Birdshot\n\n\n\n\n\n#8 Remington Heavy Dove out of an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst three inches of permanent wound cavity were completely destroyed. ",
"Little to no temporary stretch cavity effects were observed.",
"\n\n\n\nSmall sized birdshot such as this #8 heavy dove load is a poor choice for deployment with a tactical shotgun. ",
"Wounds inflicted from birdshot tend to be gruesome yet shallow as they lack the penetration required to reach vital cardiovascular or central nervous system structures.",
"\n\n\n\n#5 Birdshot\n\n\n\n\n\n2¾ Kent Tungsten Matrix #5 Birdshot\n\n\n\n\n\nCloseup of the shot cloud and temporary stretch cavity. ",
"The dark area on the left side of the photograph represents totally shredded gelatin.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nShallow yet massively shredded entrance tract.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nEntrance hole\n\n\n\n\n\nEntrance hole.",
"\n\n\n\nDesigned as a better performing alternative to steel wetland bird loads, Tungsten Matrix is an exotic shotgun projectile material that has an even higher density than lead. ",
"It's high density was what interested us in it's possible application as a tactical shotgun load.",
"\n\n\n\nWhile this load's penetration looks impressive as compared with the much larger #1 shot tungsten matrix load, it needs to be interpreted in the context of the calibration bb's greater penetration. ",
"Temperature outside was a little warmer than it should have been when we shot this block and it was the last block of a relatively long string. ",
"As a result, this gelatin block exhibits slightly more elasticity than our standard blocks and consequently deeper penetration.",
"\n\n\n\nSmall sized birdshot such as this #5 Tungsten Matrix load is a poor choice for deployment with a tactical shotgun. ",
"Wounds inflicted from birdshot tend to be gruesome yet shallow as they lack the penetration required to reach vital cardiovascular or central nervous system structures.",
"\n\n\n\n#4 Birdshot\n\n\n\n\n\n#4 Remington Heavy Dove out of an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum\n\n\n\n\n\nSignificant crushing of tissue evident as with all birdshot, however miniimal penetration limits the effectiveness of small shot as a tactical round except at ultra short range.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nPerspective of the shredded gelatin block.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nSlightly more perspective.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nCloseup of the entrance \"hole\".",
"\n\n\n\nSmall sized birdshot such as this #4 heavy dove load is a poor choice for deployment with a tactical shotgun. ",
"Wounds inflicted from birdshot tend to be gruesome yet shallow as they lack the penetration required to reach vital cardiovascular or central nervous system structures.",
"\n\n\n\n#2 Birdshot\n\n\n\nRemington Express #2 birdshot out of an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nAverage penetration of 9.5 inches was observed.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nPerspective on the entrance holes and wound tract.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nMore perspective on the entrance hole.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nCloseup of the entrance hole.",
"\n\n\n\nTested was a 2¾ inch load of #2 Remington Express Birdshot fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum.",
"\n\n\n\nSmall sized birdshot such as this #2 express load is a poor choice for deployment with a tactical shotgun. ",
"Wounds inflicted from birdshot tend to be gruesome yet shallow as they lack the penetration required to reach vital cardiovascular or central nervous system structures. ",
"For ultra close range applications (ie: inside your home) this load would likely be effective, however an operator should be prepared to follow up with larger shot in the event that additional force is required to stop a threat.",
"\n\n\n\n#1 Birdshot\n\n\n\n\n\n2¾ Kent Tungsten Matrix #1 Birdshot\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCloseup of the shot cloud and temporary stretch cavity. ",
"The dark area on the right side of the photograph represents totally shredded gelatin.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nSlightly more perspective on the shallow yet massively shredded entrance tract.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nThe three primary temporary stretch cavities were large; one tearing beyond the boundaries of our 9x9 test block.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nCloseup of the shredded gelatin at the entrance hole.",
"\n\n\n\nDesigned as a better performing alternative to steel wetland bird loads, Tungsten Matrix is an exotic shotgun projectile material that has an even higher density than lead. ",
"It's high density was what interested us in it's possible application as a tactical shotgun load.",
"\n\n\n\nWhile approaching our minimum recommended penetration standard for an all around tactical shotgun load, this birdshot load just does not quite measure up. ",
"Consideration of this load should be limited to an application where an engagement is guaranteed to be very close range and overpenetration is a significant and unacceptable risk. ",
"In mitigating these risks it is important to recognize that birdshot loads are significantly handicapped as compared to buckshot loads in their capacity to create the deep permanent cavities required to damage either cardiovascular or CNS structures.",
"\n\n\n\nLead BB\n\n\n\n\n\n2¾ Remington Express Lead BB\n\n\n\n\n\nFor close range applications possibly the perfect balance between pellet count and pellet size?",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nAspect putting into perspective the entrance wound and the temporary stretch cavity tears\n\n\n\n\n\nEntrance hole illustrating the 6 lobed temporary stretch cavity.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nLarge amounts of crushed tissue visible at the entrance wound extend approximately 6.5 inches into the block. ",
"The entrance hole from the calibration bb is also visible.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nCross section illustrating the spread of the shot as it travels through target media.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nCross section of shot cloud.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nCross section of shot cloud.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nCloseup of the cross section. ",
"Visible are the individual wound channels created by the bbs. ",
"Likely a very effective close range tactical load.",
"\n\n\n\nBefore lead shot was banned throughout most of North America for use on waterfowl, Lead BB was the load of choice for long range goose hunting. ",
"The same performance characteristics that made it so well suited for that application merit consideration when evaluating short range loads for your tactical shotgun. ",
"We feel lead BB has it's place, being a reasonable balance of penetration and pellet count. ",
"That being said, it is not recommended for medium range work. #",
"4 buckshot is the minimum pellet size we recommend for general tactical applications.",
"\n\n\n\n#4 Buckshot\n\n\n\n\n\nFederal Classic #4 buck shot out of an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum. ",
"The shot column struck a little low...this photograph was taken without the ruler to show the entire shot load.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nTemporary stretch cavity was approximately 10 inches long. ",
"Permanent crush cavities were on average 14.5 inches deep.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nGenerally...#4 buck is the minimum shot size we recommend for all purpose tactical applications.",
"\n\n\n\nUp for observation was a 2¾ inch load of federal classic #4 buckshot fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum.",
"\n\n\n\n#4 buckshot is what we here at [dead link] consider the minimum all purpose buckshot load for tactical applications. ",
"It balances decent penetration with a higher projectile count; increasing your first round hit probability over both #1 buck and 00 buck at medium shotgun range. ",
"If all pellets strike the intended target (likely when utilized at closer range) #4 buckshot offers several times the effective wound channel creation capabilities over both #1 and 00 buck.",
"\n\n\n\n#4 Buckshot Magnum\n\n\n\n\n\nFederal Classic #4 plated magnum buck shot out of an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nImpressive and consistent penetration of 15.5 inches was observed.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nPerspective on the entrance holes and wound tract.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nGiven the 3 yard range, we were surprised the pattern had opened up as much as is evident in this photograph.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nCloseup of the entrance holes.",
"\n\n\n\nTested was a 2¾ inch load of federal premium #4 plated magnum buckshot fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum.",
"\n\n\n\n#4 buckshot is what we here at [dead link] consider the minimum all purpose buckshot load for tactical applications. ",
"While a standard #4 buck load typically has a payload of 27 pellets, this magnum load from federal has 34. ",
"Not a load for the recoil sensitive.",
"\n\n\n\n#1 Buckshot\n\n\n\n\n\n2¾ Remington #1 Buckshot (16 pellet) shot out of an 18 inch barreled remington 870 marine magnum\n\n\n\n\n\nIn this shot, the temporary stretch cavity exceeded the elastic limits of our gelatin block and ruptured out the top and side. ",
"An additional shot was conducted into a second gelatin block below at a slightly increased range to measure the temporary stretch cavity.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nOverall penetration was approximately the same as the first shot, however the shot pattern was slightly larger at the 5 yard range as compared to the 3 yard range of the original shot.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nPerspective on the entrance wound of the 16 pellet load fired from 5 yards.",
"\n\n\n\nA 2¾ inch load firing 16 .30 cal pellets, this offering from Remington fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum exhibited excellent average penetration of approximately 16.5 inches. ",
"Temporary stretch cavity measured approximately 8.5 inches. ",
"Shot recovered exhibited minimal deformation.",
"\n\n\n\nIn our opinion, this load is superior to 00 buck for selection as a tactical shotgun load. ",
"While exhibiting slightly less penetration, overall penetration is still acceptable and if all pellets strike their intended target there is potential to create approximately 77% more wound tract with the additional 7 pellets.",
"\n\n\n\n#00 Tactical Buckshot\n\n\n\n\n\n2¾ Remington Tactical Managed Recoil Buckshot (8 pellet) shot out of an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 marine magnum\n\n\n\n\n\nWhile this particular load patterned well in the test shotgun, surprising dispersion was noted in the gelatin media (one pellet was not even recovered). ",
"We speculate that is related to the moderate shot deformation observed in the pellets recovered.",
"\n\n\n\nThis 2¾ inch load of Remington Tactical Managed Recoil 00 buckshot fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum surprised us with it's considerable penetration of 20.5 inches. ",
"Temporary stretch cavity measured approximately 8.5 inches in length. ",
"Shot recovered exhibited some moderate deformation. ",
"The first 5 inches of the permanent crush cavities were all interconnected by tearing effected by temporary stretch.",
"\n\n\n\nReduced recoil buckshot loads are becoming more and more popular they tend to pattern significantly tighter than the higher power loads in addition to being easier to shoot. ",
"Not as much a trade off in the penetration department as one might imagine, we would have no hesitations recommending this load for use in a defensive or tactical situation requiring buckshot.",
"\n\n\n\n#00 Buckshot (Federal Classic)\n\n\n\n\n\nComplete penetration and generally tighter wound tract pattern.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nBlock #2 illustrating the resting place of all 9 pellets. ",
"As compared to the Remington express load the pellets exhibited approximately 50% less dispersion withing the target media.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nPerspective of Block #2\n\n\n\nb\n\nPerspective on the entrance hole and wound tract.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nClosup of the entrance hole.",
"\n\n\n\nTested was a 2¾ inch Federal Classic load of 00 buckshot (9 pellets) fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum.",
"\n\n\n\nAs with most unplated buckshot, some mild deformation of the shot was observed. ",
"We believe most of this deformation occurs during firing, and plays a large role in how the shot will pattern. ",
"We do not believe general deformation of the hardened lead pellets is significant with respect their performance in target media. ",
"We do believe federal's wad configuration is superior to most others, and as a result most of their buckshot loads tend to pattern tighter than those of their competition. ",
"Patterning can vary greatly from shotgun to shotgun....the only way to know how your shotgun will perform with any given load combination is to get out and pattern it yourself. ",
"With our caveat out of the way, we will state that it has been our observation that federal buckshot loads typically pattern tightly across a large variety of different shotguns.",
"\n\n\n\n#00 Buckshot (Remington Express)\n\n\n\n\n\nComposite photograph illustrating total penetration of one round of Remington Express 00 unplated buckshot.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nThe first block illustrating the temporary stretch cavity and the dispersion of the shot within the target media.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nRelatively uniform penetration of all 9 pellets was observed.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nPerspective on the entrance hole and wound tract.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nMore perspective on the entrance hole.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nCloseup of the wad at it's resting place in the first block.",
"\n\n\n\nTested was a 2¾ inch Remington Express load of 00 buckshot (9 pellets) fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum.",
"\n\n\n\nAs with most unplated buckshot, some mild deformation of the shot was observed. ",
"We believe most of this deformation occurs during firing, and plays a large role in how the shot will pattern. ",
"We do not believe general deformation of the hardened lead pellets is significant with respect their performance in target media.",
"\n\n\n\n#00 Buckshot (Federal Classic Magnum)\n\n\n\n\n\n2¾ Federal 00 Buck Magnum (12 pellet) shot out of an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 marine magnum\n\n\n\n\n\nDetails of the large temporary stretch cavity and the entrance aspect. ",
"The temporary stretch cavity measured approximately 11 inches in length\n\n\n\n\n\nWider perspective of testing rig. ",
"2 blocks of gelatin, each 17 inches long, were used for this test.",
"\n\n\n\nUp for observation was a 2¾ inch magnum load of federal 00 buckshot fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum. ",
"Considerable penetration on average of 20 inches was noted, with the temporary stretch cavity measuring approximately 11 inches. ",
"Shot recovered exhibited minimal deformation and we speculate this is due to both buffering and the unique wad configuration of this particular load. ",
"The first 6 inches of the permanent crush cavities were all interconnected by tearing effected by temporary stretch.",
"\n\n\n\nIf excessive penetration is not an issue, performance as observed in this test would likely be strong in a tactical application.",
"\n\n\n\nReduced Recoil Slug\n\n\n\n\n\n2¾ Remington Reduced Recoil 1oz Slug shot out of an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 marine magnum\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal penetration of the load was longer than our gelatin photographing light fixture. ",
"As a result we photographed each block separately and spliced the two together for the first photograph. ",
"Here is a photo of the first block.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nThe second gelatin block showing the slug and wad material.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nCloseup of the slug. ",
"You can how it has yawed slightly, however the proximity and similar orientation of the wad suggesting that tumbling of the slug is unlikely as it travels through the target media. ",
"Because the slug is as wide as it is tall, it is difficult to determine tumbling via examination of the permenant wound channel.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nCross section of the 1st gelatin block approximately 8.5 inches in. ",
"Visible are the large tears of the temporary stretch cavity.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nSlight perspective on the cross section.",
"\n\n\n\nCloseup of the 3 lobed tears.",
"\n\n\n\nWow! ",
"If you can live with the approximate 15 to 20 yard decrease in maximum range (85 yards as compared to approximately 100 with a full power slug), this load exhibits phenomenal penetrating capability...especially when you consider the projectile's poor sectional density.",
"\n\n\n\nWe highly recommend reduced recoil slugs for animals that weigh less than 500lbs, as they certainly are easier on the shoulder in practice and as such you are likely to practice more and feel more confident in your ability to hit. ",
"In our patterning exercises we also found these slugs to be very accurate across a wide variety of guns.",
"\n\n\n\n****NOTE**** Based on experience with a yearling cow we were requested by it's owner to shoot, we DO NOT RECOMMEND REDUCED RECOIL SLUGS FOR DANGEROUS GAME OR ANIMALS THAT WEIGH MORE THAN 500lbs.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nReduced Recoil Slug (14\" Barrel)\n\n\n\n\n\n2¾ Remington Reduced Recoil 1oz Slug shot out of a 14 inch barreled Remington 870 hybrid. ",
"Our light table is not long enough to capture the full tract, thus the composite photograph.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nAs with most slug testing, total penetration of the load was longer than our gelatin photographing light fixture. ",
"As a result we photographed each block separately and spliced the two together for the first photograph. ",
"Here is a photo of the first block.",
"\n\n\n\nThe first block rotated 90 degrees, illustrating with slightly more clarity the temporary stretch cavity.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nThe second gelatin block showing the slug and wad material. ",
"In comparison to the same load fired out of an 18 inch barreled remington 870, the 4 inches of barrel length missing effects an overall penetration reduction of approximately 2.5 inches.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nCloseup of the slug....in this case the cardboard wadding wound up pressed into the back of the slug.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nPerspective on the entrance hole.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nThe slug and wad combination extracted from the gelatin.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nCloseup of the recovered slug.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nCloseup of the recovered slug. ",
"Similarly to the same slug load fired from an 18 inch barreled 870, there was little to no slug expansion evident.",
"\n\n\n\nEvidence of the slightly lower muzzle velocity when fired from a barrel 4 inches shorter than our standard 18 inch test barrel is approximately 2.5 inches of total penetration reduction. ",
"Are the benefits of the reduced recoil slug and a short barreled shotgun worth this type of performance penalty? ",
"Our experience has been that on animals weighing less than 500 lbs there is nothing lacking at all in this slug/barrel length combination.",
"\n\n\n\nWe highly recommend reduced recoil slugs, as they certainly are easier on the shoulder in practice and as such you are likely to practice more and feel more confident in your ability to hit. ",
"In our patterning exercises we also found these slugs to be very accurate across a wide variety of guns.",
"\n\n\n\n****NOTE**** Based on experience with a yearling cow we were requested by it's owner to shoot, we DO NOT RECOMMEND REDUCED RECOIL SLUGS FOR DANGEROUS GAME OR ANIMALS THAT WEIGH MORE THAN 500lbs.",
"\n\n\n\nFoster Slug\n\n\n\n\n\nComposite photograph illustrating total penetration of a 1600fps Winchester foster styled slug.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nThis photograph illustrates the deflection of the slug as it travelled through the target media...likely caused by the high degree of slug deformation observed.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nThe slug only barely penetrated into the second block.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nA fragment of the slug was recovered at the very tail of the first block.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nCloseup of fragment and exit hole in the first block.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nCloseup of remaining slug...only about an inch into the second block.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nPerspective on the entrance hole.",
"\n\n\n\nTested was a 2¾ inch Winchester regular foster styled slug fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum.",
"\n\n\n\nA 1 oz soft lead slug blazing out at approximately 1600 fps yielded some surprising observations in our ordinance gelatin. ",
"What makes the results surprising is when they are compared with those of the reduced recoil loads; the higher velocity of the regular loads (such as this one by Winchester) produce less penetration as far more energy is invested in deformation and deflection of the slug.",
"\n\n\n\nBrenneke R10 Slug\n\n\n\n\n\nComposited combined tracts of a 2¾ Brenneke R10 slug fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nAs with most of our slug testing, total penetration of the load was longer than our gelatin photographing light fixture. ",
"As a result we photographed each block separately and spliced the two together for the first photograph. ",
"Here is a photo of the first block.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nRotating the block to emphasis the temporary stretch cavity, note that it is significantly more developed and longer as compared to the regular foster style slugs we've tested.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nThe second gelatin block showing the slug and affixed wad.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nExposing the slug.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nSlug detail.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nPerspective on entrance.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nEntrance hole.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nSlug and wad combination as recovered from the gelatin.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nSignificant expansion of the slug at it's head.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nDetailed photograph of expanded slug head.",
"\n\n\n\nBrenneke slugs are frequently discussed as having significantly superior penetration characteristics as compared to other high velocity slugs. ",
"Our gelatin testing support these claims and uncovers some other interesting performance characteristics that merit consideration when selecting a slug.",
"\n\n\n\nThe nose design of these slugs is such that very controlled expansion occurs with the slug retaining 97% of it's original mass. ",
"The slight expansion and geometry of the expanded head are such that as the slug travels through target media it cuts a larger diameter wound tract. ",
"As compared to most regular foster styled slugs cast/swagged from soft lead, the brennekes are manufactured from a harder alloy that largely accounts for the slug holding together better at the higher velocities. ",
"When pushed in the neighborhood of 1600 fps, the softer lead slugs tend to deform significantly; losing their penetrating potential as the slug either expands so much as to present huge cross sectional area or breaks up into smaller, less efficient fragments. ",
"As the brennekes hold together better, they are a more appropriate slug when deep penetration in dangerous game is required.",
"\n\n\n\nInternational Frangible Slug\n\n\n\n\n\n2¾ International Frangible slug fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum.",
"\n\n\n\nPrimarily designed as a non lead training round with minimal ricochet or spatter potential, these rounds are designed to disintegrate on impact.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nPerspective on the entrance hole.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\nCloseup of the entrance hole.",
"\n\n\n\nLikely an excellent load for those concerned with over-penetration in a crowded urban environment while still needing the relative accuracy associated with a single projectile, we'd have no reservations endorsing this load as a medium range precision 12 gauge round.",
"\n\n\n\nThis being said, poor penetration characteristics of the slug should be taken into serious consideration.",
"\n\n\n\nTaken from [dead link]Before you begin to read this realize that all of these shots were taken from a known distance and angle into bare Ordinance Gelatin in a controlled environment.",
"This does not take into consideration the effects clothing, weather, range, temperature, cover, or body structure.",
"YWMV, IANAL, not valid in Guam or Puerto Rico, only driven on Sundays by a little old lady going to church and back.#8 Remington Heavy Dove out of an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine MagnumFirst three inches of permanent wound cavity were completely destroyed. ",
"Little to no temporary stretch cavity effects were observed.",
"Small sized birdshot such as this #8 heavy dove load is a poor choice for deployment with a tactical shotgun. ",
"Wounds inflicted from birdshot tend to be gruesome yet shallow as they lack the penetration required to reach vital cardiovascular or central nervous system structures.2¾ Kent Tungsten Matrix #5 BirdshotCloseup of the shot cloud and temporary stretch cavity. ",
"The dark area on the left side of the photograph represents totally shredded gelatin.",
"Shallow yet massively shredded entrance tract.",
"Entrance holeEntrance hole.",
"Designed as a better performing alternative to steel wetland bird loads, Tungsten Matrix is an exotic shotgun projectile material that has an even higher density than lead. ",
"It's high density was what interested us in it's possible application as a tactical shotgun load.",
"While this load's penetration looks impressive as compared with the much larger #1 shot tungsten matrix load, it needs to be interpreted in the context of the calibration bb's greater penetration. ",
"Temperature outside was a little warmer than it should have been when we shot this block and it was the last block of a relatively long string. ",
"As a result, this gelatin block exhibits slightly more elasticity than our standard blocks and consequently deeper penetration.",
"Small sized birdshot such as this #5 Tungsten Matrix load is a poor choice for deployment with a tactical shotgun. ",
"Wounds inflicted from birdshot tend to be gruesome yet shallow as they lack the penetration required to reach vital cardiovascular or central nervous system structures.#4 Remington Heavy Dove out of an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine MagnumSignificant crushing of tissue evident as with all birdshot, however miniimal penetration limits the effectiveness of small shot as a tactical round except at ultra short range.",
"Perspective of the shredded gelatin block.",
"Slightly more perspective.",
"Closeup of the entrance \"hole\".",
"Small sized birdshot such as this #4 heavy dove load is a poor choice for deployment with a tactical shotgun. ",
"Wounds inflicted from birdshot tend to be gruesome yet shallow as they lack the penetration required to reach vital cardiovascular or central nervous system structures.",
"Remington Express #2 birdshot out of an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum.",
"Average penetration of 9.5 inches was observed.",
"Perspective on the entrance holes and wound tract.",
"More perspective on the entrance hole.",
"Closeup of the entrance hole.",
"Tested was a 2¾ inch load of #2 Remington Express Birdshot fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum.",
"Small sized birdshot such as this #2 express load is a poor choice for deployment with a tactical shotgun. ",
"Wounds inflicted from birdshot tend to be gruesome yet shallow as they lack the penetration required to reach vital cardiovascular or central nervous system structures. ",
"For ultra close range applications (ie: inside your home) this load would likely be effective, however an operator should be prepared to follow up with larger shot in the event that additional force is required to stop a threat.2¾ Kent Tungsten Matrix #1 BirdshotCloseup of the shot cloud and temporary stretch cavity. ",
"The dark area on the right side of the photograph represents totally shredded gelatin.",
"Slightly more perspective on the shallow yet massively shredded entrance tract.",
"The three primary temporary stretch cavities were large; one tearing beyond the boundaries of our 9x9 test block.",
"Closeup of the shredded gelatin at the entrance hole.",
"Designed as a better performing alternative to steel wetland bird loads, Tungsten Matrix is an exotic shotgun projectile material that has an even higher density than lead. ",
"It's high density was what interested us in it's possible application as a tactical shotgun load.",
"While approaching our minimum recommended penetration standard for an all around tactical shotgun load, this birdshot load just does not quite measure up. ",
"Consideration of this load should be limited to an application where an engagement is guaranteed to be very close range and overpenetration is a significant and unacceptable risk. ",
"In mitigating these risks it is important to recognize that birdshot loads are significantly handicapped as compared to buckshot loads in their capacity to create the deep permanent cavities required to damage either cardiovascular or CNS structures.2¾ Remington Express Lead BBFor close range applications possibly the perfect balance between pellet count and pellet size?Aspect putting into perspective the entrance wound and the temporary stretch cavity tearsEntrance hole illustrating the 6 lobed temporary stretch cavity.",
"Large amounts of crushed tissue visible at the entrance wound extend approximately 6.5 inches into the block. ",
"The entrance hole from the calibration bb is also visible.",
"Cross section illustrating the spread of the shot as it travels through target media.",
"Cross section of shot cloud.",
"Cross section of shot cloud.",
"Closeup of the cross section. ",
"Visible are the individual wound channels created by the bbs. ",
"Likely a very effective close range tactical load.",
"Before lead shot was banned throughout most of North America for use on waterfowl, Lead BB was the load of choice for long range goose hunting. ",
"The same performance characteristics that made it so well suited for that application merit consideration when evaluating short range loads for your tactical shotgun. ",
"We feel lead BB has it's place, being a reasonable balance of penetration and pellet count. ",
"That being said, it is not recommended for medium range work. #",
"4 buckshot is the minimum pellet size we recommend for general tactical applications.",
"Federal Classic #4 buck shot out of an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum. ",
"The shot column struck a little low...this photograph was taken without the ruler to show the entire shot load.",
"Temporary stretch cavity was approximately 10 inches long. ",
"Permanent crush cavities were on average 14.5 inches deep.",
"Generally...#4 buck is the minimum shot size we recommend for all purpose tactical applications.",
"Up for observation was a 2¾ inch load of federal classic #4 buckshot fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum.#4 buckshot is what we here at [dead link] consider the minimum all purpose buckshot load for tactical applications. ",
"It balances decent penetration with a higher projectile count; increasing your first round hit probability over both #1 buck and 00 buck at medium shotgun range. ",
"If all pellets strike the intended target (likely when utilized at closer range) #4 buckshot offers several times the effective wound channel creation capabilities over both #1 and 00 buck.",
"Federal Classic #4 plated magnum buck shot out of an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum.",
"Impressive and consistent penetration of 15.5 inches was observed.",
"Perspective on the entrance holes and wound tract.",
"Given the 3 yard range, we were surprised the pattern had opened up as much as is evident in this photograph.",
"Closeup of the entrance holes.",
"Tested was a 2¾ inch load of federal premium #4 plated magnum buckshot fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum.#4 buckshot is what we here at [dead link] consider the minimum all purpose buckshot load for tactical applications. ",
"While a standard #4 buck load typically has a payload of 27 pellets, this magnum load from federal has 34. ",
"Not a load for the recoil sensitive.2¾ Remington #1 Buckshot (16 pellet) shot out of an 18 inch barreled remington 870 marine magnumIn this shot, the temporary stretch cavity exceeded the elastic limits of our gelatin block and ruptured out the top and side. ",
"An additional shot was conducted into a second gelatin block below at a slightly increased range to measure the temporary stretch cavity.",
"Overall penetration was approximately the same as the first shot, however the shot pattern was slightly larger at the 5 yard range as compared to the 3 yard range of the original shot.",
"Perspective on the entrance wound of the 16 pellet load fired from 5 yards.",
"A 2¾ inch load firing 16 .30 cal pellets, this offering from Remington fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum exhibited excellent average penetration of approximately 16.5 inches. ",
"Temporary stretch cavity measured approximately 8.5 inches. ",
"Shot recovered exhibited minimal deformation.",
"In our opinion, this load is superior to 00 buck for selection as a tactical shotgun load. ",
"While exhibiting slightly less penetration, overall penetration is still acceptable and if all pellets strike their intended target there is potential to create approximately 77% more wound tract with the additional 7 pellets.2¾ Remington Tactical Managed Recoil Buckshot (8 pellet) shot out of an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 marine magnumWhile this particular load patterned well in the test shotgun, surprising dispersion was noted in the gelatin media (one pellet was not even recovered). ",
"We speculate that is related to the moderate shot deformation observed in the pellets recovered.",
"This 2¾ inch load of Remington Tactical Managed Recoil 00 buckshot fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum surprised us with it's considerable penetration of 20.5 inches. ",
"Temporary stretch cavity measured approximately 8.5 inches in length. ",
"Shot recovered exhibited some moderate deformation. ",
"The first 5 inches of the permanent crush cavities were all interconnected by tearing effected by temporary stretch.",
"Reduced recoil buckshot loads are becoming more and more popular they tend to pattern significantly tighter than the higher power loads in addition to being easier to shoot. ",
"Not as much a trade off in the penetration department as one might imagine, we would have no hesitations recommending this load for use in a defensive or tactical situation requiring buckshot.",
"Complete penetration and generally tighter wound tract pattern.",
"Block #2 illustrating the resting place of all 9 pellets. ",
"As compared to the Remington express load the pellets exhibited approximately 50% less dispersion withing the target media.",
"Perspective of Block #2Perspective on the entrance hole and wound tract.",
"Closup of the entrance hole.",
"Tested was a 2¾ inch Federal Classic load of 00 buckshot (9 pellets) fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum.",
"As with most unplated buckshot, some mild deformation of the shot was observed. ",
"We believe most of this deformation occurs during firing, and plays a large role in how the shot will pattern. ",
"We do not believe general deformation of the hardened lead pellets is significant with respect their performance in target media. ",
"We do believe federal's wad configuration is superior to most others, and as a result most of their buckshot loads tend to pattern tighter than those of their competition. ",
"Patterning can vary greatly from shotgun to shotgun....the only way to know how your shotgun will perform with any given load combination is to get out and pattern it yourself. ",
"With our caveat out of the way, we will state that it has been our observation that federal buckshot loads typically pattern tightly across a large variety of different shotguns.",
"Composite photograph illustrating total penetration of one round of Remington Express 00 unplated buckshot.",
"The first block illustrating the temporary stretch cavity and the dispersion of the shot within the target media.",
"Relatively uniform penetration of all 9 pellets was observed.",
"Perspective on the entrance hole and wound tract.",
"More perspective on the entrance hole.",
"Closeup of the wad at it's resting place in the first block.",
"Tested was a 2¾ inch Remington Express load of 00 buckshot (9 pellets) fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum.",
"As with most unplated buckshot, some mild deformation of the shot was observed. ",
"We believe most of this deformation occurs during firing, and plays a large role in how the shot will pattern. ",
"We do not believe general deformation of the hardened lead pellets is significant with respect their performance in target media.2¾ Federal 00 Buck Magnum (12 pellet) shot out of an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 marine magnumDetails of the large temporary stretch cavity and the entrance aspect. ",
"The temporary stretch cavity measured approximately 11 inches in lengthWider perspective of testing rig. ",
"2 blocks of gelatin, each 17 inches long, were used for this test.",
"Up for observation was a 2¾ inch magnum load of federal 00 buckshot fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum. ",
"Considerable penetration on average of 20 inches was noted, with the temporary stretch cavity measuring approximately 11 inches. ",
"Shot recovered exhibited minimal deformation and we speculate this is due to both buffering and the unique wad configuration of this particular load. ",
"The first 6 inches of the permanent crush cavities were all interconnected by tearing effected by temporary stretch.",
"If excessive penetration is not an issue, performance as observed in this test would likely be strong in a tactical application.2¾ Remington Reduced Recoil 1oz Slug shot out of an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 marine magnumTotal penetration of the load was longer than our gelatin photographing light fixture. ",
"As a result we photographed each block separately and spliced the two together for the first photograph. ",
"Here is a photo of the first block.",
"The second gelatin block showing the slug and wad material.",
"Closeup of the slug. ",
"You can how it has yawed slightly, however the proximity and similar orientation of the wad suggesting that tumbling of the slug is unlikely as it travels through the target media. ",
"Because the slug is as wide as it is tall, it is difficult to determine tumbling via examination of the permenant wound channel.",
"Cross section of the 1st gelatin block approximately 8.5 inches in. ",
"Visible are the large tears of the temporary stretch cavity.",
"Slight perspective on the cross section.",
"Closeup of the 3 lobed tears.",
"Wow! ",
"If you can live with the approximate 15 to 20 yard decrease in maximum range (85 yards as compared to approximately 100 with a full power slug), this load exhibits phenomenal penetrating capability...especially when you consider the projectile's poor sectional density.",
"We highly recommend reduced recoil slugs for animals that weigh less than 500lbs, as they certainly are easier on the shoulder in practice and as such you are likely to practice more and feel more confident in your ability to hit. ",
"In our patterning exercises we also found these slugs to be very accurate across a wide variety of guns.****NOTE**** Based on experience with a yearling cow we were requested by it's owner to shoot, we DO NOT RECOMMEND REDUCED RECOIL SLUGS FOR DANGEROUS GAME OR ANIMALS THAT WEIGH MORE THAN 500lbs.2¾ Remington Reduced Recoil 1oz Slug shot out of a 14 inch barreled Remington 870 hybrid. ",
"Our light table is not long enough to capture the full tract, thus the composite photograph.",
"As with most slug testing, total penetration of the load was longer than our gelatin photographing light fixture. ",
"As a result we photographed each block separately and spliced the two together for the first photograph. ",
"Here is a photo of the first block.",
"The first block rotated 90 degrees, illustrating with slightly more clarity the temporary stretch cavity.",
"The second gelatin block showing the slug and wad material. ",
"In comparison to the same load fired out of an 18 inch barreled remington 870, the 4 inches of barrel length missing effects an overall penetration reduction of approximately 2.5 inches.",
"Closeup of the slug....in this case the cardboard wadding wound up pressed into the back of the slug.",
"Perspective on the entrance hole.",
"The slug and wad combination extracted from the gelatin.",
"Closeup of the recovered slug.",
"Closeup of the recovered slug. ",
"Similarly to the same slug load fired from an 18 inch barreled 870, there was little to no slug expansion evident.",
"Evidence of the slightly lower muzzle velocity when fired from a barrel 4 inches shorter than our standard 18 inch test barrel is approximately 2.5 inches of total penetration reduction. ",
"Are the benefits of the reduced recoil slug and a short barreled shotgun worth this type of performance penalty? ",
"Our experience has been that on animals weighing less than 500 lbs there is nothing lacking at all in this slug/barrel length combination.",
"We highly recommend reduced recoil slugs, as they certainly are easier on the shoulder in practice and as such you are likely to practice more and feel more confident in your ability to hit. ",
"In our patterning exercises we also found these slugs to be very accurate across a wide variety of guns.****NOTE**** Based on experience with a yearling cow we were requested by it's owner to shoot, we DO NOT RECOMMEND REDUCED RECOIL SLUGS FOR DANGEROUS GAME OR ANIMALS THAT WEIGH MORE THAN 500lbs.",
"Composite photograph illustrating total penetration of a 1600fps Winchester foster styled slug.",
"This photograph illustrates the deflection of the slug as it travelled through the target media...likely caused by the high degree of slug deformation observed.",
"The slug only barely penetrated into the second block.",
"A fragment of the slug was recovered at the very tail of the first block.",
"Closeup of fragment and exit hole in the first block.",
"Closeup of remaining slug...only about an inch into the second block.",
"Perspective on the entrance hole.",
"Tested was a 2¾ inch Winchester regular foster styled slug fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum.",
"A 1 oz soft lead slug blazing out at approximately 1600 fps yielded some surprising observations in our ordinance gelatin. ",
"What makes the results surprising is when they are compared with those of the reduced recoil loads; the higher velocity of the regular loads (such as this one by Winchester) produce less penetration as far more energy is invested in deformation and deflection of the slug.",
"Composited combined tracts of a 2¾ Brenneke R10 slug fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum.",
"As with most of our slug testing, total penetration of the load was longer than our gelatin photographing light fixture. ",
"As a result we photographed each block separately and spliced the two together for the first photograph. ",
"Here is a photo of the first block.",
"Rotating the block to emphasis the temporary stretch cavity, note that it is significantly more developed and longer as compared to the regular foster style slugs we've tested.",
"The second gelatin block showing the slug and affixed wad.",
"Exposing the slug.",
"Slug detail.",
"Perspective on entrance.",
"Entrance hole.",
"Slug and wad combination as recovered from the gelatin.",
"Significant expansion of the slug at it's head.",
"Detailed photograph of expanded slug head.",
"Brenneke slugs are frequently discussed as having significantly superior penetration characteristics as compared to other high velocity slugs. ",
"Our gelatin testing support these claims and uncovers some other interesting performance characteristics that merit consideration when selecting a slug.",
"The nose design of these slugs is such that very controlled expansion occurs with the slug retaining 97% of it's original mass. ",
"The slight expansion and geometry of the expanded head are such that as the slug travels through target media it cuts a larger diameter wound tract. ",
"As compared to most regular foster styled slugs cast/swagged from soft lead, the brennekes are manufactured from a harder alloy that largely accounts for the slug holding together better at the higher velocities. ",
"When pushed in the neighborhood of 1600 fps, the softer lead slugs tend to deform significantly; losing their penetrating potential as the slug either expands so much as to present huge cross sectional area or breaks up into smaller, less efficient fragments. ",
"As the brennekes hold together better, they are a more appropriate slug when deep penetration in dangerous game is required.2¾ International Frangible slug fired from an 18 inch barreled Remington 870 Marine Magnum.",
"Primarily designed as a non lead training round with minimal ricochet or spatter potential, these rounds are designed to disintegrate on impact.",
"Perspective on the entrance hole.",
"Closeup of the entrance hole.",
"Likely an excellent load for those concerned with over-penetration in a crowded urban environment while still needing the relative accuracy associated with a single projectile, we'd have no reservations endorsing this load as a medium range precision 12 gauge round.",
"This being said, poor penetration characteristics of the slug should be taken into serious consideration.",
"\n\n_________________\n\nWW _________________WW R D?",
"\n\n\n\nLast edited by montana bound on Thu Apr 16, 2009 11:11 pm, edited 7 times in total.",
"\n\n\n\nTop amblackm Post subject: re: 12 gauge Wound Profiles (56k beware) Posted: Sat Jun 09, 2007 10:31 am Sat Jun 09, 2007 10:31 am Tournament Grade\n\nJoined: Tue Sep 07, 2004 7:04 pm\n\nPosts: 173 This is quite possibly the best post I've ever seen on any forum anywhere about ballistics. ",
"Thank you posting this!",
"\n\n\n\nModerator, could you sticky this please.",
"\n\n\n\nAndrew\n\n\n\nTop Beginner Trap Post subject: re: 12 gauge Wound Profiles (56k beware) Posted: Sat Jun 09, 2007 11:03 am Sat Jun 09, 2007 11:03 am Crown Grade\n\nJoined: Tue Mar 07, 2006 10:13 pm\n\nPosts: 2707\n\nLocation: Boone, NC I'm still going to shoot 00 Buck, but, thanks. ",
"Mods, sticky?",
"\n\n\n\nBT\n\n_________________\n\nI don't get to hunt enough to waste my time with malfunctioning shotguns. ",
"Shoot Remington!",
"\n\nLiberals:People so open minded their brains fell out.",
"\n\nWhy settle for less than the best? ",
"Vote Republican!",
"\n\n\n\nCole\n\n\n\nTop amblackm Post subject: re: 12 gauge Wound Profiles (56k beware) Posted: Sat Jun 09, 2007 12:31 pm Sat Jun 09, 2007 12:31 pm Tournament Grade\n\nJoined: Tue Sep 07, 2004 7:04 pm\n\nPosts: 173 I was really impressed with the performance of the Federal 2 3/4\" magnum 00 buckshot load. ",
"I run Federal 3\" magnum 00 buck in my shotgun, and I would imagine the performance to be very similar, except with 15 pellets instead. ",
"I'm surprised that the load exhibited 20\" of penetration. ",
"That is awesome performance! ",
"I've got way more confidence in my defensive load now.",
"\n\n\n\nAndrew\n\n\n\nTop killerb Post subject: re: 12 gauge Wound Profiles (56k beware) Posted: Sat Jun 09, 2007 2:57 pm Sat Jun 09, 2007 2:57 pm Diamond Grade\n\nJoined: Thu Apr 15, 2004 7:33 pm\n\nPosts: 1490\n\nLocation: Michigan I have always been a #1 buck advocate. ",
"Time to order up a fresh batch of Winchester XB121.",
"\n\n_________________\n\nIf it doesn't hurt, hows it supposed to kill stuff?",
"\n\n\n\nTop Masterblaster1 Post subject: re: 12 gauge Wound Profiles (56k beware) Posted: Mon Jun 11, 2007 8:39 pm Mon Jun 11, 2007 8:39 pm Field Grade\n\nJoined: Wed Feb 04, 2004 8:45 pm\n\nPosts: 82\n\nLocation: Lenox, MI I'm a bit confused about ordinance gelatin. ",
"Is it supposed to mimic human tissue or is it closer to animal tissue? ",
"I was suprised the #4 copper buck averaged 15.5\" penetration and the #1 only bettered it by 1 inch. ",
"I'm suprised because a 1 buck pellet weighs in at 40 grains and #4 at somewhere around 20.5 if i remember correctly. ",
"Any thoughts?",
"\n\n_________________\n\n\"From my cold, dead hands.\"",
"\n\n\n\nTop montana bound Post subject: re: 12 gauge Wound Profiles (56k beware) Posted: Tue Jun 12, 2007 1:29 am Tue Jun 12, 2007 1:29 am Tournament Grade\n\nJoined: Tue Apr 04, 2006 7:12 pm\n\nPosts: 267 ballistics gel (ordinance gelatin) is teh closest thing available to resemble human tissue.",
"\n\n\n\nthe way to test that the gel is as close to people as possible is:\n\n\n\nThe acceptable measure of a block of gelatin is a .177-caliber ground steel BB to penetrate 3.34 inches (8.5 cm) when launched at 590 fps.",
"\n\n\n\nif the gel passes that then its as human as possible and can be used to testing.",
"\n\n\n\nif you look at the images you can see the test shots.",
"\n\n\n\ncheck out #4 birdshot, second pic. ",
"the BB is the straight track on top.",
"\n\n\n\nheres your shot sizes and weights.",
"\n\nShot Size Pellet Diameter Lead Mass Steel Mass Lead SD Steel SD\n\n\n\n.74 cal rifled slug .740 438 NA 0.1166 NA\n\n.715 Ball .715 548 NA .1534 NA\n\n.690 Ball .690 493 342 .1480 .1026\n\n.570 Ball .570 278 193 .1223 .0847\n\n000 Buckshot .360 70 49 .0772 .0535\n\n00 Buckshot .330 54 37 .0708 .0491\n\n#1 Buckshot .300 41 28 .0644 .0446\n\n#2 Buckshot .270 30 20 .0579 .0401\n\n#4 Buckshot .240 21 14 .0579 .0401\n\nBBB .190 10 7.1 .0408 .0282\n\nBB .180 8.8 6.1 .0386 .0268\n\nB .170 7.4 5.1 .0365 .0253\n\n#1 Birdshot .160 6.2 4.3 .0434 .0238\n\n#2 Birdshot .150 5.1 3.5 .0322 .0223\n\n#3 Birdshot .140 4.1 2.9 .0300 .0205\n\n#4 Birdshot .130 3.3 2.3 .0279 .0193\n\n#5 Birdshot .120 2.6 1.8 .0257 .0178\n\n#6 Birdshot .110 2.0 1.4 .0236 .0164\n\n#7 Birdshot .100 1.5 1.0 .0215 .0149\n\n#8 Birdshot .090 1.1 0.8 .0193 .0134\n\n#9 Birdshot .080 0.8 0.5 .0172 .0119\n\n_________________\n\nWW _________________WW R D?",
"\n\n\n\nTop MrMcCrackin Post subject: re: 12 gauge Wound Profiles (56k beware) Posted: Tue Jun 12, 2007 7:05 pm Tue Jun 12, 2007 7:05 pm Field Grade\n\nJoined: Fri Feb 02, 2007 1:28 pm\n\nPosts: 46 awsome post\n\n\n\n\n\nthanks for all the detail and pics!",
"\n\n\n\nTop Sgt. ",
"T Post subject: re: 12 gauge Wound Profiles (56k beware) Posted: Sun Jun 17, 2007 9:15 am Sun Jun 17, 2007 9:15 am Field Grade\n\nJoined: Sat Sep 30, 2006 11:42 am\n\nPosts: 24 The proof is in the pudding, or jello as it were.",
"\n\n\n\nIm switching the birdshot for frangible slugs and the 00 buck for #4 buck.",
"\n\n\n\nVery informative.",
"\n\n\n\nTop montana bound Post subject: Re: re: 12 gauge Wound Profiles (56k beware) Posted: Sun Jun 17, 2007 10:05 am Sun Jun 17, 2007 10:05 am Tournament Grade\n\nJoined: Tue Apr 04, 2006 7:12 pm\n\nPosts: 267 Sgt. ",
"T wrote: The proof is in the pudding, or jello as it were.",
"\n\n\n\nIm switching the birdshot for frangible slugs and the 00 buck for #4 buck.",
"\n\n\n\nVery informative.",
"\n\n\n\nswitch the bird for #4 buck and the frangibles for Brenneke R10s, better penetration switch the bird for #4 buck and the frangibles for Brenneke R10s, better penetration\n\n_________________\n\nWW _________________WW R D?",
"\n\n\n\nTop netofficer3710 Post subject: re: 12 gauge Wound Profiles (56k beware) Posted: Sun Jun 17, 2007 1:49 pm Sun Jun 17, 2007 1:49 pm Diamond Grade\n\nJoined: Wed Nov 23, 2005 10:56 pm\n\nPosts: 1394\n\nLocation: Independence IA don't forget that ballistics gel does not accuratly show mushrooming/fragmentation it only accuratly shows penetration\n\n\n\nTop montana bound Post subject: re: 12 gauge Wound Profiles (56k beware) Posted: Tue Jun 19, 2007 5:36 am Tue Jun 19, 2007 5:36 am Tournament Grade\n\nJoined: Tue Apr 04, 2006 7:12 pm\n\nPosts: 267 only thing that would show accurate damage would be to use a true human analogue.",
"\n\n\n\na live body.",
"\n\n\n\ndon't think they will find to many applicants for that job.",
"\n\n_________________\n\nWW _________________WW R D?",
"\n\n\n\nTop Ridge Runner Post subject: re: 12 gauge Wound Profiles (56k beware) Posted: Sun Jul 01, 2007 12:00 pm Sun Jul 01, 2007 12:00 pm Tournament Grade\n\nJoined: Fri Jan 23, 2004 9:17 pm\n\nPosts: 196 So what are the two best home defense loads?????",
"\n\n\n\nTop montana bound Post subject: re: 12 gauge Wound Profiles (56k beware) Posted: Sun Jul 01, 2007 11:48 pm Sun Jul 01, 2007 11:48 pm Tournament Grade\n\nJoined: Tue Apr 04, 2006 7:12 pm\n\nPosts: 267 most popular are #00 buck #1 buck #4 buck and slugs.",
"\n\n\n\n#00 are the easiest to find but #1 gives you an extra 7 pellets, so you have a better chance to hit.",
"\n\n\n\ni myself use #00 buck and foster slugs\n\n_________________\n\nWW _________________WW R D?",
"\n\n\n\nTop Grizzlywinmag Post subject: Re: re: 12 gauge Wound Profiles (56k beware) Posted: Mon Jul 02, 2007 10:33 am Mon Jul 02, 2007 10:33 am Moderator\n\nJoined: Sat Sep 27, 2003 12:43 am\n\nPosts: 4958 netofficer3710 wrote: don't forget that ballistics gel does not accuratly show mushrooming/fragmentation it only accuratly shows penetration\n\n\n\nDo you have a source for that claim? ",
"Do you have a source for that claim?",
"\n\n\n\nTop essayons Post subject: Re: re: 12 gauge Wound Profiles (56k beware) Posted: Mon Jul 02, 2007 11:07 am Mon Jul 02, 2007 11:07 am Limited Edition\n\nJoined: Thu Dec 28, 2006 5:36 pm\n\nPosts: 326 Grizzlywinmag wrote: netofficer3710 wrote: don't forget that ballistics gel does not accuratly show mushrooming/fragmentation it only accuratly shows penetration\n\n\n\nDo you have a source for that claim? ",
"Do you have a source for that claim?",
"\n\n\n\nBallistic gelatin is an approximation of human flesh, it doesn't take into account bone, tendon, ligament, organs, etc.",
"\n\n\n\nAlso expansion and deformation can be affected greatly by clothing. ",
"The most notable example is the hollow points of low-velocity pistol caliber bullets that get fouled with thick clothing and do not expand in flesh.",
"\n\n\n\nTesting of body armor by the US Army is done using cadavers, something that isn't very much publicized. ",
"Ballistic gelatin is an approximation of human flesh, it doesn't take into account bone, tendon, ligament, organs, etc.",
"Also expansion and deformation can be affected greatly by clothing. ",
"The most notable example is the hollow points of low-velocity pistol caliber bullets that get fouled with thick clothing and do not expand in flesh.",
"Testing of body armor by the US Army is done using cadavers, something that isn't very much publicized.",
"\n\n_________________\n\nΜολὼν λαβέ\n\n\n\nLiberty's Manure _________________Μολὼν λαβέ\n\n\n\nTop Grizzlywinmag Post subject: Re: re: 12 gauge Wound Profiles (56k beware) Posted: Mon Jul 02, 2007 12:34 pm Mon Jul 02, 2007 12:34 pm Moderator\n\nJoined: Sat Sep 27, 2003 12:43 am\n\nPosts: 4958 essayons wrote: Grizzlywinmag wrote: netofficer3710 wrote: don't forget that ballistics gel does not accuratly show mushrooming/fragmentation it only accuratly shows penetration\n\n\n\nDo you have a source for that claim? ",
"Do you have a source for that claim?",
"\n\n\n\nBallistic gelatin is an approximation of human flesh, it doesn't take into account bone, tendon, ligament, organs, etc.",
"\n\n\n\nAlso expansion and deformation can be affected greatly by clothing. ",
"The most notable example is the hollow points of low-velocity pistol caliber bullets that get fouled with thick clothing and do not expand in flesh. ",
"Ballistic gelatin is an approximation of human flesh, it doesn't take into account bone, tendon, ligament, organs, etc.",
"Also expansion and deformation can be affected greatly by clothing. ",
"The most notable example is the hollow points of low-velocity pistol caliber bullets that get fouled with thick clothing and do not expand in flesh.",
"\n\n\n\nHow can penetration be accurately represented but expansion not be accurately represented? ",
"These two dimensions of bullet performance are inextricably linked if we're keeping all else the same except for penetration medium. ",
"This is why I asked for a source (not an explanation). ",
"Whereever you read this will probably answer my questions more quickly with a lot less hassle on your part. ",
"How can penetration be accurately represented but expansion not be accurately represented? ",
"These two dimensions of bullet performance are inextricably linked if we're keeping all else the same except for penetration medium. ",
"This is why I asked for a source (not an explanation). ",
"Whereever you read this will probably answer my questions more quickly with a lot less hassle on your part.",
"\n\n\n\nTop essayons Post subject: Re: re: 12 gauge Wound Profiles (56k beware) Posted: Mon Jul 02, 2007 3:39 pm Mon Jul 02, 2007 3:39 pm Limited Edition\n\nJoined: Thu Dec 28, 2006 5:36 pm\n\nPosts: 326 Grizzlywinmag wrote:\n\nHow can penetration be accurately represented but expansion not be accurately represented? ",
"These two dimensions of bullet performance are inextricably linked if we're keeping all else the same except for penetration medium.",
"\n\n\n\nhttp://www.firearmstactical.com/pdf/fbi-hwfe.pdf\n\n\n\nRead page 11, paragraph 4.",
"\n\n\n\nI have seen a good set of photos on the web illustrating this, but after 15 mins of searching I give up.",
"\n\n\n\nThis is of limited application to shotgun rounds, but explains how penetration and expansion aren't necessarily linked.",
"\n\n\n\nGrizzlywinmag wrote: This is why I asked for a source (not an explanation). ",
"Whereever you read this will probably answer my questions more quickly with a lot less hassle on your part.",
"\n\n\n\nI didn't come by this information by reading it on the internet. ",
"It comes through a combination of classroom instruction, briefings, antectodal evidence, and personal experience. ",
"I have more experience with body armor and rifle and pistol caliber rounds than with shotguns, but the principles are mostly the same. ",
"Bullets and bullet fragments do strange things in the human body, and they very rarely travel in straight lines like you see in ballistic gelatin.[/url] Read page 11, paragraph 4.I have seen a good set of photos on the web illustrating this, but after 15 mins of searching I give up.",
"This is of limited application to shotgun rounds, but explains how penetration and expansion aren't necessarily linked.",
"I didn't come by this information by reading it on the internet. ",
"It comes through a combination of classroom instruction, briefings, antectodal evidence, and personal experience. ",
"I have more experience with body armor and rifle and pistol caliber rounds than with shotguns, but the principles are mostly the same. ",
"Bullets and bullet fragments do strange things in the human body, and they very rarely travel in straight lines like you see in ballistic gelatin.[/url]\n\n_________________\n\nΜολὼν λαβέ\n\n\n\nLiberty's Manure _________________Μολὼν λαβέ\n\n\n\nTop Grizzlywinmag Post subject: Re: re: 12 gauge Wound Profiles (56k beware) Posted: Mon Jul 02, 2007 5:49 pm Mon Jul 02, 2007 5:49 pm Moderator\n\nJoined: Sat Sep 27, 2003 12:43 am\n\nPosts: 4958 essayons wrote: Grizzlywinmag wrote: How can penetration be accurately represented but expansion not be accurately represented? ",
"These two dimensions of bullet performance are inextricably linked if we're keeping all else the same except for penetration medium.",
"\n\n\n\nhttp://www.firearmstactical.com/pdf/fbi-hwfe.pdf\n\n\n\nRead page 11, paragraph 4.",
"\n\n\n\nI have seen a good set of photos on the web illustrating this, but after 15 mins of searching I give up.",
"\n\n\n\nThis is of limited application to shotgun rounds, but explains how penetration and expansion aren't necessarily linked. ",
"Read page 11, paragraph 4.I have seen a good set of photos on the web illustrating this, but after 15 mins of searching I give up.",
"This is of limited application to shotgun rounds, but explains how penetration and expansion aren't necessarily linked.",
"\n\n\n\nI'm not sure how that paragraph addresses this point. ",
"You're talking about the one that begins \"Increased bullet mass will increase penetration.\" ",
"right?",
"\n\n\n\nessayons wrote: Bullets and bullet fragments do strange things in the human body, and they very rarely travel in straight lines like you see in ballistic gelatin.",
"\n\n\n\nSo then it would seem you're also saying that penetration isn't accurately represented. ",
"It makes sense, ballistic gelatin is (hopefully!) ",
"homogeneous and the human body is not. ",
"If a bone, ligament or some environmental factor will damage or impair the function of a hollow point, it only makes sense that penetration will also be affected, at least to some degree. ",
"Certainly, a bullet that strikes a bone 1\" under tissue and lodges in it would certainly not be penetrating the same distance if it had been shot into a block of Fackler's favorite flavor of jello. ",
"I'm not sure how that paragraph addresses this point. ",
"You're talking about the one that begins \"Increased bullet mass will increase penetration.\" ",
"right?So then it would seem you're also saying that penetration isn't accurately represented. ",
"It makes sense, ballistic gelatin is (hopefully!) ",
"homogeneous and the human body is not. ",
"If a bone, ligament or some environmental factor will damage or impair the function of a hollow point, it only makes sense that penetration will also be affected, at least to some degree. ",
"Certainly, a bullet that strikes a bone 1\" under tissue and lodges in it would certainly not be penetrating the same distance if it had been shot into a block of Fackler's favorite flavor of jello.",
"\n\n\n\nTop essayons Post subject: Re: re: 12 gauge Wound Profiles (56k beware) Posted: Mon Jul 02, 2007 7:29 pm Mon Jul 02, 2007 7:29 pm Limited Edition\n\nJoined: Thu Dec 28, 2006 5:36 pm\n\nPosts: 326 Grizzlywinmag wrote:\n\nI'm not sure how that paragraph addresses this point. ",
"You're talking about the one that begins \"Increased bullet mass will increase penetration.\" ",
"right?",
"\n\n\n\nI read your post too quickly...\n\n\n\nI think you have my point confused though, I never claimed that ballistic gelatin accurately represents penetration. ",
"I'm saying that gelatin is only approximation of penetration, expansion, fragmentation, and wound cavity.",
"\n\n\n\nBullets shot into ballistic gelatin will generally show maximum expansion (although not over the same time period) and median penetration as in the human body. ",
"However in practical uses, there are just too many variables to depend on a bullet expanding.",
"\n\n\n\n\"Handgun bullets only expand in the human target 60-70% of the time at best. ",
"Damage to the hollow point by hitting bone, glass, or other intervening obstacles can prevent expansion. ",
"Clothing fibers can wrap the nose of the bullet in a cocoon like manner and prevent expansion...\"\n\n\n\nIn the human body, a round that fails to expand has greater penetration, and a round that expands too rapidly will not penetrate enough.",
"\n\n\n\nGrizzlywinmag wrote:\n\nSo then it would seem you're also saying that penetration isn't accurately represented.",
"\n\n\n\nExactly. ",
"Gelatin is only an approximation, and of living anesthatized(sp) pig flesh at that.",
"\n\n\n\nGrizzlywinmag wrote: It makes sense, ballistic gelatin is (hopefully!) ",
"homogeneous and the human body is not. ",
"If a bone, ligament or some environmental factor will damage or impair the function of a hollow point, it only makes sense that penetration will also be affected, at least to some degree. ",
"Certainly, a bullet that strikes a bone 1\" under tissue and lodges in it would certainly not be penetrating the same distance if it had been shot into a block of Fackler's favorite flavor of jello.",
"\n\n\n\nThe 12\" penetration minimum that is so often tossed about reflects this fact. ",
"The heart, aorta, and spinal column are generally within 10\" of the outside of the body, usually much less. ",
"12\" is chosen because in all practicality you will most likely hit a bone of some sort. ",
"Also, because rounds almost always fully expand in gelatin, the penetration results are the minimum you will see (in gelatin).",
"\n\n\n\nI really don't know how all this applies to shotgun loads, because the ballistics and deformation of soft lead spheres is drastically different from FMJ and JHP handgun and rifle rounds. ",
"Although it is a very striking demonstration, the results shouldn't be taken as hard facts on penetration/expansion in the human body. ",
"Especially the lower mass projectiles like birdshot which will be easily stopped by bone.",
"\n\n\n\nI read your post too quickly...I think you have my point confused though, I never claimed that ballistic gelatin accurately represents penetration. ",
"I'm saying that gelatin is only approximation of penetration, expansion, fragmentation, and wound cavity.",
"Bullets shot into ballistic gelatin will generally show maximum expansion (although not over the same time period) and median penetration as in the human body. ",
"However in practical uses, there are just too many variables to depend on a bullet expanding.",
"\"Handgun bullets only expand in thetarget 60-70% of the time at best. ",
"Damage to the hollow point by hitting bone, glass, or other intervening obstacles can prevent expansion. ",
"Clothing fibers can wrap the nose of the bullet in a cocoon like manner and prevent expansion...\"In the human body, a round that fails to expand has greater penetration, and a round that expands too rapidly will not penetrate enough.",
"Exactly. ",
"Gelatin is only an approximation, and of living anesthatized(sp) pig flesh at that.",
"The 12\" penetration minimum that is so often tossed about reflects this fact. ",
"The heart, aorta, and spinal column are generally within 10\" of the outside of the body, usually much less. ",
"12\" is chosen because in all practicality you will most likely hit a bone of some sort. ",
"Also, because rounds almost always fully expand in gelatin, the penetration results are the minimum you will see (in gelatin).I really don't know how all this applies to shotgun loads, because the ballistics and deformation of soft lead spheres is drastically different from FMJ and JHP handgun and rifle rounds. ",
"Although it is a very striking demonstration, the results shouldn't be taken as hard facts on penetration/expansion in the human body. ",
"Especially the lower mass projectiles like birdshot which will be easily stopped by bone.",
"\n\n_________________\n\nΜολὼν λαβέ\n\n\n\nLiberty's Manure _________________Μολὼν λαβέ\n\n\n\nTop"
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[
"Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonosis primarily affecting ruminants, resulting in epidemic abortions, fever, nasal and ocular discharges, haemorrhagic diarrhoea, and a high mortality rate among young animals. ",
"In humans, RVF mostly results in acute mild fever with spontaneous recovery, but in rare cases patients develop severe and fatal complications ([@CIT0001]). ",
"Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) belongs to the *Bunyaviridae* family, genus *Phlebovirus* ([@CIT0002]), and occurs in epizootic periods associated with heavy rainfall ([@CIT0003]). ",
"It is an arthropod-borne virus, and believed to be primarily transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus *Aedes*, but other genera of mosquitoes are also able to transmit RVFV during epizootic periods (reviewed in Ref. [",
"@CIT0004]). ",
"In East Africa, outbreaks have mainly been associated with prolonged rains and floods and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ([@CIT0005]).",
"\n\nDense vegetation, suitable temperature conditions, and the presence of ruminants make it favourable for mosquitoes to breed, replicate the virus, and pass it on to animals and humans in Tanzania ([@CIT0006]). ",
"Pastures in the lowland areas overlap with hatching grounds of mosquitoes, increasing the risks for disease transmission ([@CIT0007]). ",
"The major part of Tanzania\\'s livestock is located in the northern and central regions of the country ([@CIT0008]). ",
"In the whole country, there are an estimated 17 million cattle, 11 million goats, and 3.6 million sheep ([@CIT0008]). ",
"Since RVFV was first identified in Kenya in 1930 ([@CIT0009]), outbreaks in Tanzania have been reported in 1930, 1947, 1957, 1960, 1963, 1968, 1977--1979, 1989, 1997--1998, and 2006--2007, generally occurring between the months of December and June ([@CIT0010]). ",
"In total, 39.2% of Tanzania\\'s districts have been experiencing outbreaks, and the virus has been spreading southward from the Ngorongoro district in the north to the Ulanga district in the south. ",
"The outbreaks have varied in size and the inter-epidemic average period has been 7.9 years ([@CIT0010]); however, antibodies to RVFV have also been detected among young animals during inter-epidemic periods (IEPs) and also in regions with no history of RVF outbreaks ([@CIT0006], [@CIT0011], [@CIT0012]).",
"\n\nThe latest RVF outbreak was reported in Tanzania in 2006--2007. ",
"The outbreak was officially announced on 7 February 2007 and ended in July 2007 ([@CIT0007]), at which point 45 of 120 districts (10 of 21 regions) in Tanzania had been affected, with many human cases, often fatal ([@CIT0001], [@CIT0010]). ",
"The economic loss due to the death of domestic ruminants during the outbreak in Tanzania in 2006--2007 was estimated to reach US\\$6 million; and additionally caused decreased food security and malnutrition for many people ([@CIT0010]).",
"\n\nThe aim of this study was to investigate the presence of antibodies against RVF in sheep and goats during the late dry season in two regions of Tanzania and to evaluate whether the virus is actively circulating during IEPs. ",
"This is of interest because studies indicate that the virus can circulate among animals and humans without causing clinical signs ([@CIT0006], [@CIT0012]). ",
"In addition, this study aimed to assess if livestock keepers perceived RVF as an important disease, and if they vaccinated against it, and if not, which diseases they did consider important.",
"\n\nMaterials and methods {#S0002}\n=====================\n\nStudy design {#S0002-S20001}\n------------\n\nA cross-sectional serological survey was conducted in three purposively selected districts in Tanzania -- Ngorongoro in Arusha region, and Mvomero and Ulanga in Morogoro region, during September--November 2014. ",
"Farmers were interviewed using a questionnaire, and small ruminants (goats and sheep) were sampled.",
"\n\nQuestionnaire administration {#S0002-S20002}\n----------------------------\n\nAt the sampling missions, a questionnaire was used to estimate the socio-economic impact of infectious diseases. ",
"The questions were asked to each livestock keeper through a local interpreter and data were collected on animals kept, vaccinations administered, common diseases, clinical signs, foetal malformations, livestock management, disease management, and the perceived socio-economic impact of disease.",
"\n\nAnimals and sampling {#S0002-S20003}\n--------------------\n\nBlood samples were collected from 242 goats and 236 sheep among 39 different herds in three different districts in Tanzania during three separate field trips ([Table 1](#T0001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"The blood was collected from the animal\\'s jugular vein using a syringe, and serum vacutainer tubes without additives. ",
"When possible, equal proportions of sheep and goats in each herd were sampled. ",
"If there were individuals younger than 1 year in the herd, a few young animals were purposively sampled to get as broad age variation as possible. ",
"During sampling, the age of the animal was recorded, and if the farmer was not aware of this, the dentition of the sheep and goats was used to estimate the age ([@CIT0013]). ",
"Each field trip was performed on 3 consecutive days and in order to be able to sample from as many herds and as many animals as possible, four herds were sampled per day, with approximately 15 animals sampled in each herd, depending on the size of the herd.",
"\n\n###### \n\nBlood samples were collected from 478 individuals among 39 different herds in 15 villages\n\n District Herds *n* Sheep *n* Goat *n* ≥7 years *n* Male *n* Female *n*\n ------------ ----------- ----------- ---------- -------------- ---------- ------------\n Mvomero 12 83 94 27 41 135\n Ngorongoro 14 66 87 3 51 101\n Ulanga 13 87 61 1 33 115\n Total 39 236 242 31 125 351\n\nThis table describes the distribution of species, sex, and also how many of the sampled individuals that were equal or older than 7 years. *",
"n*=number of individuals.",
"\n\nDuring the days in the field, blood samples were stored in a styrofoam box with ice packs, maintaining a temperature around 5°C in the box. ",
"At the end of the day, most of the collected blood samples were centrifuged and serum was stored in cryovials. ",
"However, because of field conditions, some of the samples were not separated until 3 days after they were collected. ",
"During this time, they were stored in a 5°C refrigerator. ",
"After the separation, all cryovials were stored at −45°C until serum was used for detection of RVFV antibodies.",
"\n\nRVFV competitive ELISA {#S0002-S20004}\n----------------------\n\nA subset of samples was selected for testing for antibodies against RVFV using a competitive ELISA (ID Screen Rift Valley Fever Competition Multi Species, ID-vet, Grables, France), which detects both IgG and IgM antibodies directed against the nucleoprotein of RVFV. ",
"This test has been shown to have a high sensitivity (91--100%) and a high specificity (100%) in both tests done by the manufacturer and an independent ring trial ([@CIT0014]). ",
"Samples were selected to get an equal proportion of goat and sheep from each herd. ",
"At first, 50% of the samples from each herd were analysed. ",
"After the first analysis, the remaining samples from the herds with a positive or doubtful result were also analysed. ",
"In total, 354 samples were analysed for the presence of antibodies against RVFV, corresponding to 74% of the total samples collected ([Table 2](#T0002){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Of the 354 animals sampled, 330 individuals were younger than 7 years.",
"\n\n###### \n\nDistribution of the 354 samples analysed by the RVFV-ELISA\n\n District Sheep *n* Goat *n* Total analysed *n* ≥7 years *n*\n ---------------- ----------- ----------- -------------------- --------------\n Mvomero 57 (69%) 67 (71%) 124 (70%) 20 (74%)\n Ngorongoro 41 (62%) 64 (74%) 105 (69%) 3 (100%)\n Ulanga 70 (80%) 55 (90%) 125 (84%) 1 (100%)\n Total analysed 168 (71%) 186 (77%) 354 (74%) 24 (77%)\n\nThe percentage shows the percentage of the sampled individuals that were analysed. *",
"n*=number of individuals.",
"\n\nThe competitive ELISA was performed according to the instructions of the manufacturer and all samples were run once. ",
"The absorbance was read at 450 nm. ",
"To control the validity of each plate, the mean value of the two negative controls (OD~NC~) was calculated and the plate was considered valid when OD~NC~ \\>0.7. ",
"For a valid plate, the mean value of the two positive controls divided by OD~NC~ should be \\<0.3. ",
"For each sample, the competition percentage was calculated by dividing (OD~sample~/OD~NC~) × 100. ",
"If the value was equal or less than 40%, the sample was considered positive. ",
"A value greater than 50% was a negative result and the values in between 40 and 50% indicated a doubtful result.",
"\n\nStatistical analyses from the results of the serology were processed in Graphpad software in order to compare the seropositivity between sheep and goats. ",
"A confidence interval of 95% was used. ",
"When the proportion of seropositive animals was calculated, the doubtful individuals were considered as negative.",
"\n\nResults {#S0003}\n=======\n\nQuestionnaire {#S0003-S20001}\n-------------\n\nThe livestock species in the three different areas were mostly sheep, goats, cattle, and chickens. ",
"The number of animals in each heard varied between the different study areas ([Table 3](#T0003){ref-type=\"table\"}).",
"\n\n###### \n\nThe approximate number (*n*) and mean of animals in each herd\n\n Type of livestock \n ------------ ------------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------\n Mvomero 60--200 (130) 60--200 (130)\n Ngorongoro 50--200 (150) 50--200 (125) 6--600 (303)\n Ulanga 3--50 (26.5) 0--50 (25)\n\nAll the villages visited also had dogs. ",
"Nineteen of the herds (48.7%) were not vaccinated for any disease during the last two years and none of the herds had been vaccinated against RVFV. ",
"In Mvomero district, the sheep and goats had been vaccinated against *peste des petits ruminants* (PPR). ",
"In herds in Ulanga district, most of the cattle were vaccinated for lumpy skin disease in 2014 and some of the sheep and goats were vaccinated against PPR in 2013. ",
"The herds in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area were vaccinated against anthrax in 2014. ",
"In a few herds, only the sheep were vaccinated.",
"\n\nThe livestock keepers mentioned several diseases as the most harmful diseases of their livestock, depending on herd and district. ",
"In Mvomero, PPR, brucellosis, and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia were considered as the main concerns. ",
"In Ngorongoro, the most feared disease was anthrax, whereas in Ulanga the farmers claimed parasites to be of major concern during the rainy season. ",
"The livestock keepers in Mvomero also mentioned several tick-borne diseases, for example anaplasmosis. ",
"Regarding which clinical signs caused major problems in the herd in Mvomero and Ngorongoro, the livestock keepers answered diarrhoea and pneumonia. ",
"In Ulanga, the livestock keepers answered diarrhoea but specified it to diarrhoea during the rainy season.",
"\n\nSeveral herds had contact with wildlife. ",
"In Mvomero, close to the Mikumi National Park, one herd had contact with bigger wild animals such as impala, wild dogs, and lion, whereas the 11 remaining herds had contact with dik dik, a small antelope. ",
"In Ulanga, the sheep and goats had contact with buffaloes and bush pigs and some of the cattle had contact with impalas. ",
"In Ngorongoro, the sheep and goats coexisted with a variety of wild animals within the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, for example, impala, buffalo, jackal, hyena, and zebra.",
"\n\nFour of 39 livestock keepers said that if a big amount of their animals get sick or die they would change boma, the fenced cattle paddock, and then burn the faeces and the dead animals to prevent contamination. ",
"All the livestock keepers explained that a massive loss of animals due to disease or other causes would affect their family, health, and economy very negatively.",
"\n\nQuestions were also asked about the general health and mortality in the herds. ",
"Eighteen of 39 of the herds had during the last 2 years had an outbreak and 17 of the animal owners claimed it was due to PPR. ",
"The clinical signs observed during the outbreaks were diarrhoea, pneumonia, coughing, nasal discharge, high rate of abortions, and mortality among the young animals.",
"\n\nSerological results {#S0003-S20002}\n-------------------\n\nIn total, 39 herds in 15 different villages were sampled and 13 of these herds had at least one seropositive animal. ",
"In Ngorongoro, only 1 of 10 (10%) sampled herds was seropositive, whereas 6 out of 12 herds (50%) in Mvomero, and 6 of 13 herds (46%) in Ulanga were seropositive for RVF. ",
"The proportion of RVF seropositive animals varied within the different herds in Mvomero (0--55%), Ngorongoro (0--10%), and Mahenge (0--25%).",
"\n\nOf the sampled animals, 74% were analysed for RVF antibodies. ",
"In the first step, 272 samples were analysed ([Table 4](#T0004){ref-type=\"table\"}); and the remaining 82 individuals were analysed during the second step. ",
"Of the 354 analysed samples, 29 individuals were positive and 6 individuals were doubtful ([Table 5](#T0005){ref-type=\"table\"}).",
"\n\n###### \n\nResults from the first-step ELISA, 272 animals were analysed, and 22 animals were seropositive\n\n District Sheep % (*n*) Goat % (*n*) Total % (*n*) ≥7 years % (*n*)\n ------------ --------------- -------------- --------------- ------------------\n Mvomero 4.7 (2) 18.4 (9) 12.0 (11) 6.7 (1)\n Ngorongoro 2.5 (1) -- 1.1 (1) --\n Ulanga 12.0 (6) 9.8 (4) 10.9 (10) --\n Total (%) 6.7 (9) 9.4 (13) 8.1 (22) 6.7 (1)\n\n*n*=number of individuals.",
"\n\n###### \n\nResults from ELISA showing the total seroprevalence and number of positive animals\n\n District Sheep % (*n*) Goat % (*n*) Total % (*n*) ≥7 years % (*n*)\n ------------ --------------- -------------- --------------- ------------------\n Mvomero 3.5 (2) 18.0 (12) 11.3 (14) 30.0 (6)\n Ngorongoro 2.4 (1) -- 1.0 (1) --\n Ulanga 14.3 (10) 7.3 (4) 11.2 (14) --\n Total (%) 7.7 (13) 8.6 (16) 8.2 (29) 25.0 (6)\n\nIn total 354 individuals were analysed. *",
"n*=number of individuals.",
"\n\nThe total proportion of seropositivity for all analysed samples was 8.2%. ",
"Mvomero and Ulanga districts had a similar proportion of seropositivity, 11.3 and 11.2%, respectively, which differed slightly between the first and second analysis steps. ",
"Ngorongoro had the lowest proportion of seropositivity of the three study areas; only 1 of 105 animals was seropositive. ",
"In total, the proportion of seropositivity in goats was slightly higher than in sheep, although in Ulanga the proportion of seropositivity in sheep was higher than in goats. ",
"Of the animals older or equal to 7 years, 25% were seropositive for RVFV antibodies, whereas 7% of the analysed animals younger than 7 years were seropositive. ",
"Five of the six seropositive animals older than 7 years were found in Mvomero district, where there also was the highest proportion of seropositive animals among the herds; one herd had 55% positive animals. ",
"There was no obvious difference in proportions of seropositivity between samples where serum was separated within the same day of sampling or separated 3 days after sampling.",
"\n\nDiscussion {#S0004}\n==========\n\nIn this study, the aim was to investigate the presence of antibodies against RVFV among sheep and goats and to evaluate whether the virus was active during the IEPs. ",
"The results indicate that 8.2% of the goats and sheep tested in this study have encountered RVFV sometime during their life. ",
"The latest outbreak in Tanzania with a subsequent vaccination campaign was in 2007, 7 years before this study ([@CIT0015]). ",
"The seropositive animals younger than 7 years (*n*=23) did not live during the major outbreak and must have been exposed to virus after this outbreak. ",
"This strongly indicates that RVFV is circulating in low levels in the three districts during IEP. ",
"However, it is not possible to distinguish whether animals older than 7 years (21% of seropositive animals) are positive due to previous vaccination or if they were exposed during the outbreak, because of lack of tests that can differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) ([@CIT0016]).",
"\n\nNgorongoro had only one seropositive animal, which was younger than 7 years, and thus exposed during the IEP. ",
"This low proportion of seropositive animals (1.0%) is unexpected because the district has been involved in all RVF outbreaks that have occurred in Tanzania ([@CIT0010]); however, it was not assessed if the included farms had actually been experiencing outbreaks.",
"\n\nThis study aimed at evaluating farmers' perceptions and to search for indications of seroconversions during the IEP, and the design does not allow for estimates of seroprevalence due to the non-random sampling of animals and laboratory analyses. ",
"In total, only 74% of the animals sampled were analysed, because of restrictions in the number of ELISA kits, and the purposive screening of samples from herds where positive samples were detected means that the proportions of seropositivity reported here are likely to be higher than the true seroprevalence. ",
"However, the proportions of seropositivity in Mvomero and Ulanga districts correspond to other serological studies ([@CIT0011]) and the proportion of seropositivity reported for all animals tested is similar to the proportion achieved before selecting animals from positive herds (8.1% compared to 8.2%), indicating that the bias is not so high. ",
"Samples sometimes had to be stored for days without separating the serum, but samples stored for 3 days still enabled detection of antibodies, thus indicating that, although it is possible that it could bias the results slightly, the suboptimal storage of samples is unlikely to make it impossible to detect seropositivity.",
"\n\nOne herd in Mvomero district had the highest seropositivity (55%) among the herds. ",
"There were no clinical signs or results from the interview with the livestock keeper that could explain the high seropositivity from this particular herd, except that this herd had more contact with wild animals than the other herds around Mikumi National Park. ",
"The livestock keeper mentioned impala, wild dogs, and lions as some wildlife species in contact with the herd. ",
"Wildlife contact is perceived as a risk factor for RVF, andin many farms it was reported that the livestock were in contact with wildlife. ",
"On a couple of farms, sheep and goats were not reported to have direct contact with wild animals. ",
"These farms also had cattle, and cattle graze further away and may thus bring virus back after having wildlife contacts. ",
"Buffaloes and elephants in the northern part of Tanzania had been shown to have RVFV antibodies during the IEP 2002--2006 ([@CIT0017]). ",
"Several studies on wildlife in Kenya also show the presence of antibodies ([@CIT0018]--[@CIT0020]), with lower proportions during the IEP and higher during epizootics ([@CIT0019]).",
"\n\nPrevious studies have shown the presence of antibodies to RVFV in different parts of Tanzania during the IEP. ",
"In 2004 seropositive humans were found in Tanga region ([@CIT0021]), and a study in Ulanga in 2011 showed a seroprevalence of 13% in cattle, sheep, and goats ([@CIT0011]), compared to 11.2% in our study from the same district, indicating a consistent circulation of RVFV. ",
"The seroprevalence in animals born after the outbreak in 2006--2007 was 5.5 and 22.7% in animals that had lived through the outbreak ([@CIT0011]). ",
"Even IgM antibodies were found indicating a more recent infection in 2011, 4 years after the major outbreak ([@CIT0011]). ",
"Antibodies have been detected in both humans and ruminants in areas with no experience of RVF epidemic ([@CIT0006], [@CIT0012]), and having cattle was associated with higher RVFV seroprevalence in humans ([@CIT0006]). ",
"To conclude these different studies, findings of antibodies in animals and humans in areas with no history of RVF outbreaks and in individuals younger than 7 years strongly indicate that RVFV is endemic and circulating in low levels in several regions in Tanzania.",
"\n\nThe age estimates of the animals were mainly based on the reports of the farmer. ",
"When the farmer was uncertain about the age of the animal, teeth were used to estimate the age ([@CIT0013]). ",
"This method is subjective and some animals may have been misclassified, which could influence the interpretation of which animals may have been exposed during the previous outbreak.",
"\n\nIn this study, there was a higher proportion of seropositive goats (8.6%) than sheep (7.7%), although it was not statistically significant. ",
"This difference between sheep and goats would be good to follow up when a new screening is performed. ",
"Other studies have observed a higher seroprevalence of RVF in sheep ([@CIT0022], [@CIT0023]) or no significant difference between sheep and goats ([@CIT0011]), similar to this study.",
"\n\nIt is important to have an active surveillance regarding RVFV in endemic countries to prevent new outbreaks and to avoid the subsequent negative effect it has on the livestock, population, welfare, and economy. ",
"Even though the outbreaks reoccur in an irregular pattern it is worth keeping track of variations in ENSO that might lead to an increase in precipitation in a few months ([@CIT0024]). ",
"When an increase in precipitation is expected, it is possible to vaccinate livestock in advance and inform the population on how to prevent transmission and infection.",
"\n\nIn the interviews with livestock keepers, none of them mentioned RVF as being among the most feared diseases. ",
"Chengula ([@CIT0015]) pointed out that a majority of the people interviewed in the regions Arusha, Morogoro, and Manyara did not know that RVF was an outbreak disease. ",
"There have also been indications that a big part of the population does not know that RVF is a zoonosis ([@CIT0021]).",
"\n\nIn the face of a possible new El Niño, it is important to remember that the farmers may need to be reminded and informed about RVF and how they can protect themselves and their livestock. ",
"The clinical symptoms of RVF in humans can resemble those of malaria and other febrile diseases. ",
"In the beginning of an outbreak it might therefore be easy to miss the diagnosis ([@CIT0025]). ",
"If a malaria test is negative but the patient still has fever, it is worth considering RVF as a differential diagnosis, especially because both diseases increase when the mosquito population increases, often in association with heavy rainfall.",
"\n\nOf the herds visited, 44% reported having had an outbreak during the last 2 years and claimed it was due to PPR virus. ",
"Often diagnosis is based on clinical signs, and PPR is a differential diagnosis to RVF ([@CIT0026]), which is good for local veterinarians to keep in mind as it can function as a warning signal for a new RVF outbreak.",
"\n\nIn conclusion, this study shows the presence of animals seropositive to RVF 7 years after an outbreak, indicating that the virus may still be circulating in low numbers, awaiting the next outbreak. ",
"Livestock keepers are not vaccinating against the disease, and not considering it a priority, which may mean that the farmers in rural Tanzania are poorly prepared for when it next happens.",
"\n\nWe thank Dr. Sayalel Kuya (Veterinarian, Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority), Dr. Petro J. Lema (District Veterinary Officer, Mvomero), and Dr. Emmanuel Lyimo (District Veterinary Officer, Ulanga) for facilitating field sampling, and Ida Herbe, Lovisa Levin, and Mariamu Makange for technical assistance. ",
"We also thank all livestock keepers for consenting to use their animals for this study.",
"\n\nConflict of interest and funding {#S0005}\n================================\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest. ",
"This study was funded by the Swedish Research Council SRC 348-2013-6402. ",
"This study was part of an MSc thesis undertaken as a Minor Field Study (MFS) supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). ",
"Additional support was achieved from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences as a scholarship to NW.",
"\n\n[^1]: Responsible Editor: Åke Lundkvist, Uppsala University, Sweden.",
"\n"
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