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[ "Oxley Woods\n\nOxley Woods is a housing development in Oxley Park, a district of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. ", "The development was designed by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners and built by Newton Woods, who were subcontracted by Taylor Wimpey after winning the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister's Design for Manufacture Competition, which was run by English Partnerships in 2005.", "\n\nThe design process and construction\n\nDesign for Manufacture Competition\nJohn Prescott, the Deputy Prime Minister announced the competition to construct a home for around £60,000 on 26 September 2004. ", "53 firms/consortiums submitted pre-qualifying questionnaire by the deadline of 13 May 2005. ", "On 1 June 2005, John Prescott, the Deputy Prime Minister announced that 33 firms had been invited to take part in the Design for Manufacture Competition to design and construct homes for around £60,000 on 10 sites in England. ", "They would be invited to submit firm proposals by July 2005 to submit their proposals. ", "The Design for Manufacture Competition was run by English Partnerships on behalf of the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (now known as the Department for Communities and Local Government. ", "The 10 sites chosen for the competition were in Leeds, Aylesbury Vale, Upton (Northampton), Newport Pagnell, Basingstoke, Maidstone, Hastings, Stone and Merton as well as Oxley Park, Milton Keynes. ", "In November 2005, the successful bidders for the first four sites were announced, which included Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners as architects and George Wimpey as the builders, to build on Oxley Park.", "\n\nConstruction\nIt was planned that a total of 145 houses would be built on the site. ", "In total there would be 11 house styles, from 2 bedroom maisonettes to five bedroom family houses. ", "It would be a mix of affordable housing and larger private dwellings.", "\n\nThe houses would take advantage of a range of new technologies and processes involving prefabrication and off-site assembly. ", "This would reduce the construction time, but also reduce waste and energy in the transportation of materials to site. ", "Each house would have a timber frame. ", "The cladding panel would mean that waste was reduced to just 15% during manufacturing. ", "The structure would take just one week to manufacture in the factory before travelling to site. ", "The external element of the building would take just two days to form the shell, without the need for any scaffolding. ", "The interior of the building would take just two weeks to complete. ", "The first houses went up for sale in Spring 2007.", "\n\nAwards for Oxley Woods\n2007 Housebuilding Innovation Awards – Best Material/Product Innovation\n2008 RIBA Manser Medal\n2008 RIBA South Awards\n2008 RICS South East Award for Sustainability\n2008 Housing Design Awards, Large Housebuilder Winner\n2008 HotProperty New Homes Awards – Platinum Award for Green Homes\n2008 HotProperty New Homes Awards – Gold Award for Design and Innovation\n2008 RIBA / English Partnerships Sustainability Award\n2008 Evening Standard New Homes Award – Highly Commended\n2009 National Affordable Home Ownership Housing Awards, Best Environmentally Friendly Scheme\n2009 National House-Building Council (NHBC) Pride in the Job – Seal of Excellence (Site Manager Nigel Mitchell)\n2009 International Architecture Awards\nBuilding for Life, Gold Standard\n\nProblems with Oxley Woods\nThere have been problems with the design and manufacture of the houses. ", "The problems have included the following:\nRainscreen cladding panels becoming detached\nDamp-proof membranes missing from windows and behind cladding panels\nSupporting battens and structure suffering from dry and wet rot\nCoping detail to the top of the parapets found to be discharging water run-off into cavities saturating the boarding, supporting battens and timber frames\nWindows suffering from excessive moisture \nLoose roof coverings\nLeaks and excessive condensation build-up around rooflights\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\n\n Oxley Woods Living residents website\n Design for Manufacture / Oxley Woods on the Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners website\n Oxley Woods on the Woods Newton website\n Oxley Woods on the Taylor Wimpey website\n YouTube excerpt from BBC Flog It programme \n The architectural secrets of Milton Keynes (BBC Beds, Herts and Bucks)\n\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Milton Keynes\nCategory:Richard Rogers buildings" ]

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[ "Are Opportunities Equal?", "\n\ncommon values\n\nArguably, everyone values diversity. ", "Even extremist organizations have members who share their philosophy to varying degrees, but the bottom line is that human beings have a tendency to align themselves with like-minded people. ", "In a non-profit organization, people come together to accomplish a greater good. ", "In for-profits, this shared goal could be something as trivial as the pursuit of profit.", "\n\nWhen you are forced to be with people you disagree with, things can get ugly. ", "For example, a party with friends (with whom you tend to have a lot in common) will usually be a festive occasion; alternatively, a family gathering (consisting of people with whom you probably only share a bloodline) can quickly turn dysfunctional.", "\n\nlike-minded people\n\nIn other words, while you do not choose your family, you do choose your friends. ", "Generally speaking, you will have more in common with friends than with family. ", "Interestingly, you might not want to start a business with most of your friends because, despite your similarities, you might have some striking differences in philosophy.", "\n\nIn business, you tend to have more in common with people who sit on the same rung of the corporate ladder as you do. ", "For example, a data entry clerk will have less in common with a senior manager of the same company than he would with a data entry clerk at another company. ", "In this case, the peer group is the employee's level , not the company.", "\n\nThe key challenge for a young professional is finding a way to break through to mid- and senior-level management. ", "In order to do this, he needs a reality check.", "\n\nbeing on the ball\n\nSuccessful managers try to hire people who are \"on the ball.\" ", "Although experience in the field is a major factor, what matters even more is the degree to which a candidate is aware and capable of tackling a given challenge.", "\n\nSo the first thing you need to measure is the extent to which you are \"on the ball\" or, more importantly, how \"on the ball\" you come across.", "\n\nevolutionary, not revolutionary\n\nDuring an interview, you may be asked to comment on what you would do similarly and what you would do differently if you obtained the position. ", "While you should take this opportunity to offer a candid response, you should do so knowing that people only have a limited capacity for criticism.", "\n\nTo a certain extent, they will appreciate your input, but after a certain point, they will get defensive and take it as a personal attack. ", "Therefore, say what you will, but note the potential downside: If your ideas are too revolutionary, you will be cast aside because you will be seen as someone who will try to take the ship in a different direction." ]

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[ "RICHMOND (KCBS)— Members of several investigative agencies provided an update on the Chevron Refinery fire for residents of the West County community on Monday.", "\n\nThings became tense when some people claimed they were getting misinformation about the toxicity of the black cloud that drifted for miles on Monday, August 6th.", "\n\nResidents demanded answers about the fire and were concerned about possible long-term health effects.", "\n\nA sense of fear remains, among some residents about the smoke and fire that sent more than 14,000 people to local hospitals.", "\n\nKCBS’ Dave Padilla Reports:\n\nEPA Weighs In On Chevron Refinery Fire, Addresses Richmond Community\n\nOne resident mentioned what he called the “little 37th Street clinic” and said it was completely full.", "\n\nDan Meer from the Environmental Protection Agency cautioned that the investigation is still in the early stages. ", "He also dealt with questions about accountability and possible punishment.", "\n\n“I would like to be able to give you the hardest of hard information and I will tell you this— if Chevron violated the law as far as EPA is concerned, we will prosecute to the fullest extent that we can,” said Meer.", "\n\nNo one from Chevron spoke, but some investigators from the deadly British Petroleum off-shore oil rig fire that contaminated the Gulf Coast have been brought into this investigation.", "\n\n(Copyright 2012 by CBS San Francisco. ", "All Rights Reserved. ", "This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.)" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'The best arm identification problem ([<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Best-$1$-Arm</span>]{}) is the most basic pure exploration problem in stochastic multi-armed bandits. ", "The problem has a long history and attracted significant attention for the last decade. ", "However, we do not yet have a complete understanding of the optimal sample complexity of the problem: The state-of-the-art algorithms achieve a sample complexity of $O(\\sum_{i=2}^{n} \\Delta_{i}^{-2}(\\ln\\delta^{-1} + \\ln\\ln\\Delta_i^{-1}))$ ($\\Delta_{i}$ is the difference between the largest mean and the $i^{th}$ mean), while the best known lower bound is $\\Omega(\\sum_{i=2}^{n} \\Delta_{i}^{-2}\\ln\\delta^{-1})$ for general instances and $\\Omega(\\Delta^{-2} \\ln\\ln \\Delta^{-1})$ for the two-arm instances. ", "We propose to study the instance-wise optimality for the [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Best-$1$-Arm</span>]{} problem. ", "Previous work has proved that it is impossible to have an instance optimal algorithm for the 2-arm problem. ", "However, we conjecture that modulo the additive term $\\Omega(\\Delta_2^{-2} \\ln\\ln \\Delta_2^{-1})$ (which is an upper bound and worst case lower bound for the 2-arm problem), there is an instance optimal algorithm for [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Best-$1$-Arm</span>]{}. ", "Moreover, we introduce a new quantity, called the gap entropy for a best-arm problem instance, and conjecture that it is the instance-wise lower bound. ", "Hence, resolving this conjecture would provide a final answer to the old and basic problem.'", "\nbibliography:\n- 'team.bib'\ntitle: 'Open Problem: Best Arm Identification: Almost Instance-Wise Optimality and the Gap Entropy Conjecture'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nIn the [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Best-$1$-Arm</span>]{} problem, we are given $n$ stochastic arms ${A}_1,\\ldots, {A}_n$. The $i^{th}$ arm ${A}_i$ has a reward distribution ${\\mathcal{D}}_i$ with an unknown mean $\\mu_{i}\\in [0,1]$. We assume that all reward distributions are Gaussian distributions with variance 1. ", "Upon each play of ${A}_i$, we can get a reward value sampled i.i.d. ", "from ${\\mathcal{D}}_i$. Our goal is to identify the arm with largest mean using as few samples as possible. ", "We assume here that the largest mean is strictly larger than the second largest (i.e., $\\mu_{[1]}>\\mu_{[2]}$) to ensure the uniqueness of the solution, where $\\mu_{[i]}$ denotes the $i^{th}$ largest mean. ", "The problem is also called the [*pure exploration problem*]{} in the stochastic multi-armed bandit literature.", "\n\nWe say an algorithm ${\\mathbb{A}}$ is $\\delta$-correct for [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Best-$1$-Arm</span>]{}, if it outputs the correct answer on [*any*]{} instance with probability at $1-\\delta$, and we use $T_{{\\mathbb{A}}}(I)$ to denote the expected number of total samples taken by algorithm ${\\mathbb{A}}$ on instance $I$. We also define the gap of $i^{th}$ arm, ${\\Delta_{[i]}} := \\mu_{[1]} - \\mu_{[i]}$.\n\nBackground\n==========\n\nDuring the last decade, the [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Best-$1$-Arm</span>]{} problem and its optimal sample complexity have attracted significant attention. ", "We only mention a small subset that are most relevant to us. ", "The current best lower bound is due to [@mannor2004sample], who showed that for any [$\\delta$-correct]{} algorithm for [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Best-$1$-Arm</span>]{}, it requires $\\Omega\\left(\\sum\\nolimits_{i=2}^{n} {\\Delta_{[i]}}^{-2} \\ln\\delta^{-1}\\right)$ (referred to as the MT lower bound from now on) samples in expectation for any instance. ", "We note that the MT lower bound is an [*instance-wise lower bound*]{}, i.e., any [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Best-$1$-Arm</span>]{} instance requires the stated number of samples. ", "On the other hand, the current published best known upper bound is $O\\left(\\sum\\nolimits_{i=2}^{n} {\\Delta_{[i]}}^{-2} \\left(\\ln\\ln{\\Delta_{[i]}}^{-1}+\\ln\\delta^{-1}\\right)\\right)$, due to [@karnin2013almost]. [", "@jamieson2014lil] obtained a UCB-type algorithm (called lil’UCB), which achieves the same sample complexity. ", "We refer the above bound as the KKS-JMNS bound. ", "Back in 1964, [@farrell1964asymptotic] provided an $\\Omega(\\Delta^{-2}\\ln\\ln\\Delta_2^{-1})$ lower bound for the two-arm cases (which matches the KKS-JMNS bound for two arms).", "\n\nVery recently, in an unpublished manuscript ([@chen2015optimal]), the authors obtained improved lower and upper bounds for [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Best-$1$-Arm</span>]{}. ", "The work lead the authors to make an intriguing conjecture which we detail in the next section. ", "We will also state the improved bounds and their connection to the conjecture in more details.", "\n\nOpen Problem: Almost Instance Optimality and the Gap Entropy Conjecture\n=======================================================================\n\nWe propose to study [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Best-$1$-Arm</span>]{} from the perspective of instance optimality, the ultimate notion of optimality (see e.g., [@fagin2003optimal; @afshani2009instance]).", "\n\nFor the 2-arm cases, the KKS-JMNS bound $O(\\Delta^{-2}\\ln\\ln\\Delta_2^{-1})$ is an upper bound for every instance, and the Farrell lower bound $\\Omega(\\Delta^{-2}\\ln\\ln\\Delta_2^{-1})$ is a lower bound for the worst case instances. ", "As we observed in ([@chen2015optimal]), it is impossible to obtain an instance optimal algorithm even for the 2-arm cases. ", "While the observation has ruled out any hope of an instance optimal algorithm for [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Best-$1$-Arm</span>]{}, however, as we will see, it is still possible to obtain very satisfiable answer in terms of instance optimality.", "\n\nNow, we formally define what is an instance-wise lower bound. ", "Clearly, two arm instances differ only by a permutation of arms should be considered as the same instance. ", "Inspired by [@afshani2009instance], we give the following natural definition.", "\n\n(Order-Oblivious Instance-wise Lower Bound)\n\nGiven a [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Best-$1$-Arm</span>]{} instance $I$ and a confidence level $\\delta$, we define $${\\mathcal{L}}(I,\\delta) := \\inf_{{\\mathbb{A}}: {\\mathbb{A}}\\text{ is } \n \\delta\\text{-correct for {\\textsc{Best-$1$-Arm}}}} \\,\\,\\frac{1}{n!} ", "\\cdot \\sum\\nolimits_{\\pi \\in \\mathrm{Sym}(n)} T_{{\\mathbb{A}}}(\\pi \\circ I),$$ where the summation is over all $n!$ permutations of $\\{1,\\ldots, n\\}$.\n\nThe MT lower bound immediately implies that ${\\mathcal{L}}(I,\\delta) = \\Omega(\\sum\\nolimits_{i=2}^{n} {\\Delta_{[i]}}^{-2}\\ln\\delta^{-1})$.\n\nWe conjecture that the two-arm instance is the [*only*]{} obstruction toward an instance-wise optimal algorithm. ", "More precisely, we have the following conjecture.", "\n\n\\[conj:optimal\\] There is an algorithm for [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Best-$1$-Arm</span>]{} with sample complexity $$O({\\mathcal{L}}(I,\\delta) + \\Delta_2^{-2}\\ln\\ln\\Delta_2^{-1}),$$ for any instance $I$ and $\\delta < 0.1$. And we say such an algorithm is almost instance-wise optimal for [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Best-$1$-Arm</span>]{}.", "\n\nIn the light of the discussion for the 2-arm cases, there must be a gap between the sample complexity of a [$\\delta$-correct]{} algorithm and ${\\mathcal{L}}(I,\\delta)$, and Conjecture \\[conj:optimal\\] states that the gap can be as small as an [*additive factor*]{} $\\Delta_2^{-2}\\ln\\ln\\Delta_2^{-1}$, which is all we need to find out the best arm from the top-2 arms, and is an inevitable gap even for the 2-arm instances.", "\n\nMoreover, we provide an explicit formula for ${\\mathcal{L}}(I,\\delta)$. Interestingly, the formula involves an entropy term (similar entropy terms also appear in [@afshani2009instance] for completely different problems). ", "We define the entropy term first.", "\n\nGiven a [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Best-$1$-Arm</span>]{} instance $I$, let $$G_k = \\{i \\in [2,n] \\mid 2^{-k} \\le {\\Delta_{[u]}} < 2^{-k+1} \\},\\quad\nH_k = \\sum\\nolimits_{i \\in G_k} {\\Delta_{[i]}}^{-2},\n\\quad\\text{ and }\\quad\np_k = H_k/\\sum\\nolimits_j H_j.$$ We can view $\\{p_k\\}$ as a discrete probability distribution. ", "We define the following quantity as the [*gap entropy*]{} for the instance $I$ $${\\mathsf{Ent}}(I) = \\sum\\nolimits_{G_k \\ne \\emptyset} p_k \\log p_k^{-1}.\\footnote{Note that it is exactly the Shannon \nentropy for the distribution defined by $\\{p_k\\}$.}$$\n\nWe choose to partition the arms based on the powers of $2$. There is nothing special about 2 and replacing it by any other constant only changes ${\\mathsf{Ent}}(I)$ by a constant factor.", "\n\nThen we formally state our conjecture.", "\n\n\\[conj:opt-ent\\] For any [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Best-$1$-Arm</span>]{} instance $I$ and $\\delta < 0.1$, we have $${\\mathcal{L}}(I,\\delta) = \\Theta\\left(\\sum\\nolimits_{i=2}^{n} {\\Delta_{[i]}}^{-2}\\cdot\\left(\\ln\\delta^{-1} + {\\mathsf{Ent}}(I)\\right)\\right).$$\n\nIn the next section, we will try to motivate the term ${\\mathsf{Ent}}(I)$ and explain the reasons that lead us to make the above conjecture.", "\n\nMotivation and Current Progress\n===============================\n\nIn our recent work ([@chen2015optimal]), we provide an algorithm with the following sample complexity: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:ub}\nO\\Big(\n{\\Delta_{[2]}}^{-2}\\ln\\ln {\\Delta_{[2]}}^{-1}+\n\\sum\\nolimits_{i=2}^{n} {\\Delta_{[i]}}^{-2} \\ln\\delta^{-1}+\\sum\\nolimits_{i=2}^{n} {\\Delta_{[i]}}^{-2}\\ln\\ln \\min(n,{\\Delta_{[i]}}^{-1}) \n\\Big).\\end{aligned}$$ Furthermore, the algorithm achieves a sample complexity of $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{eq:ub2}\nO\\left( {\\Delta_{[2]}}^{-2}\\ln\\ln {\\Delta_{[2]}}^{-1}+\\sum\\nolimits_{i=2}^{n} {\\Delta_{[i]}}^{-2} \\ln\\delta^{-1}\\right),\\end{aligned}$$ for clustered instances (We say an instance is clustered if the number of nonempty $G_k$s is bounded by a constant).", "\n\nOur new upper bounds and match our conjectured gap entropy lower bound in two extreme cases. ", "On one extreme, the maximum value ${\\mathsf{Ent}}(I)$ can get is $O(\\ln\\ln n)$. This can be achieved by instances in which there are $\\log n$ nonempty groups $G_i$ and they have almost the same weight $H_i$. Hence, is optimal for such instances. ", "On the other extreme where there is only a constant number of nonempty groups (i.e., the instance is clustered), ${\\mathsf{Ent}}(I)=O(1)$, and our algorithm can achieve almost instance optimality (without relying on the Conjecture \\[conj:opt-ent\\], due to the MT lower bound) in this case.", "\n\nBesides the fact that our algorithm can achieve optimal results for both extreme cases, we have more reasons to believe why ${\\mathsf{Ent}}(I)$ should enter the picture.", "\n\n[[**[Upper Bounds]{}:**]{}]{}\n\nFirst, we motivate the gap entropy ${\\mathsf{Ent}}$ from the algorithmic side. ", "Consider an elimination-based algorithm (such as [@karnin2013almost] or our algorithm). ", "We must ensure that the best arm is not eliminated in any round. ", "Recall that in the $r^{th}$ round, we want to eliminate arms with gap $\\Delta_r = \\Theta(2^{-r})$, which is done by obtaining an approximation of the best arm, then take $O(\\Delta_r^{-2} \\ln \\delta_r^{-1})$ samples from each arm and eliminate the arms with smaller empirical means. ", "Roughly speaking, we need to assign the failure probability $\\delta_r$ carefully to each round (by union bound, we need $\\sum_r\\delta_r\\leq \\delta$). ", "The algorithm in [@karnin2013almost] used $\\delta_r = O(\\delta \\cdot r^{-2})$, and we used a better way to assign $\\delta_r$. Indeed, if one can assign $\\delta_r$’s optimally (i.e., minimize $\\sum_{r} H_r \\ln \\delta_r^{-1}$ subject to $\\sum_{r} \\delta_r \\le \\delta$), one could achieve the entropy bound $\\sum_r H_r \\cdot (\\ln\\delta^{-1} + {\\mathsf{Ent}}(I))$ (by letting $\\delta_r = \\delta H_r/\\sum_i H_i $). ", "Of course, this does not lead to an algorithm directly, as we do not know $H_i$s in advance.", "\n\nUsing our techniques, we can estimate the values $H_r$’s when we enter the $r^{th}$ elimination stage. ", "The only obstacle for implementing the above idea of assigning $\\delta_r$’s optimally is that we do not know $\\sum_{r} H_r$ initially. ", "We believe the difficulty can be overcome by additional new algorithmic ideas.", "\n\n[[**[Lower Bounds]{}:**]{}]{}\n\nIn [@chen2015optimal], we prove the following lower bound, improving the MT lower bound.", "\n\n(Theorem 1.6 in [@chen2015optimal])\\[thm:hard-case-exists\\] There exist constants $c,c_1 > 0$ and $N \\in {\\mathbb{N}}$ such that, for any $\\delta < 0.005$ and any [$\\delta$-correct]{} algorithm ${\\mathbb{A}}$, and any $n \\ge N$, there exists an $n$ arms instance $I$ such that $T_{{\\mathbb{A}}}[I] \\ge c \\cdot \\sum_{i=2}^{n} {\\Delta_{[i]}}^{-1} \\ln\\ln n$. Furthermore, ${\\Delta_{[2]}}^{-2} \\ln\\ln {\\Delta_{[2]}}^{-1} < \\frac{c_1}{\\ln n}\\cdot \\sum_{i=2}^{n} {\\Delta_{[i]}}^{-1} \\ln\\ln n$.\n\nIn fact, in the lower bound instances, there are $\\log n$ nonempty groups $G_i$ and they have almost the same weight $H_i$ (hence, ${\\mathsf{Ent}}(I) = \\Theta(\\ln\\ln n)$). ", "Combining with the MT lower bound, we have covered the two extreme ends of Conjecture \\[conj:opt-ent\\].", "\n\nMoreover, it is possible to extend our current technique to construct many instances $I_S$ such that any algorithm ${\\mathbb{A}}$ requires at least $\\Omega( H(I_S) \\cdot {\\mathsf{Ent}}(I_S))$ samples. ", "This strongly suggests $\\Omega( H(I) \\cdot {\\mathsf{Ent}}(I))$ is the right lower bound. ", "However, a complete resolution of Conjecture \\[conj:opt-ent\\] seems to require new techniques.", "\n" ]

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[ "Maternal undernutrition during late gestation-induced intrauterine growth restriction in the rat is associated with impaired placental GLUT3 expression, but does not correlate with endogenous corticosterone levels.", "\nFetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a frequently occurring and serious complication of pregnancy. ", "Infants exposed to IUGR are at risk for numerous perinatal morbidities, including hypoglycemia in the neonatal period, as well as increased risk of later physical and/or mental impairments, cardiovascular disease and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. ", "Fetal growth restriction most often results from uteroplacental dysfunction during the later stage of pregnancy. ", "As glucose, which is the most abundant nutrient crossing the placenta, fulfills a large portion of the fetal energy requirements during gestational development, and since impaired placental glucose transport is thought to result in growth restriction, we investigated the effects of maternal 50% food restriction (FR50) during the last week of gestation on rat placental expression of glucose transporters, GLUT1, GLUT3 and GLUT4, and on plasma glucose content in both maternal and fetal compartments. ", "Moreover, as maternal FR50 induces fetal overexposure to glucocorticoids and since these hormones are potent regulators of placental glucose transporter expression, we investigated whether putative alterations in placental GLUT expression correlate with changes in maternal and/or fetal corticosterone levels. ", "At term (day 21 of pregnancy), plasma glucose content was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in mothers subjected to FR50, but was not affected in fetuses. ", "Food restriction reduced maternal body weight (P<0.001) but did not affect placental weight. ", "Plasma corticosterone concentration, at term, was increased (P<0.05) in FR50 mothers. ", "Fetuses from FR50 mothers showed reduced body weight (P<0.001) but higher plasma corticosterone levels (P<0.05). ", "Adrenalectomy (ADX) followed by corticosterone supplementation of the mother prevented the FR50-induced rise in maternal plasma corticosterone at term. ", "Food restriction performed on either sham-ADX or ADX mothers induced a similar reduction in the body weight of the pups at term (P<0.01). ", "Moreover, plasma corticosterone levels were increased in pups from sham-ADX FR50 mothers (P<0.01) and in pups from ADX control mothers (P<0.01). ", "Western blot analysis of placental GLUT proteins showed that maternal FR50 decreased placental GLUT3 protein levels in all experimental groups at term (P<0.05 and P<0.01), but did not affect either GLUT1 or GLUT4 protein levels. ", "Northern blot analysis of placental GLUT expression showed that both GLUT1 and GLUT3 mRNA were not affected by the maternal feeding regimen or surgery. ", "We concluded that prolonged maternal malnutrition during late gestation decreases maternal plasma glucose content and placental GLUT3 glucose transporter expression, but does not obviously affect fetal plasma glucose concentration. ", "Moreover, the present results are not compatible with a role of maternal corticosterone in the development of growth-restricted rat fetuses." ]

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[ "Public Transit Safety\n\nWitnesses testified about protecting the nation’s public transportation systems from terrorist attack as well as measures implemented by the Federal Transit Administration and transit agencies to address the threat of terrorism to the systems." ]

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[ "NOW PLAYING\n\nYudhoyono leads Indonesia polls\n\nAs polls close, early results indicate strong lead for incumbent president.", "\n\n09 Jul 2009 03:34 GMT\n\nWith over 170 million eligible to vote, Indonesia is the world's third-largest democracy [AFP]\n\nWednesday's vote is Indonesia's second direct presidential election and is seen as an important step in cementing the country's democracy.", "\n\n\"Today is the people's day,\" Yudhoyono told reporters after casting his ballot in the town of Bogor on Java island.", "\n\nYudhoyono's main rivals both cast their votes in the capital, Jakarta, early on Wednesday.", "\n\nIn the former province of East Timor, now a nation in its own right, about 3,670 voters turned out.", "\n\n'Optimistic'\n\nPresidential candidates\n\nSusilo Bambang Yudhoyono\n\nIncumbent president has been riding high with approval ratings of more than 60 per cent in opinion polls.", "\n\nWidely known as \"SBY\", the former general has been credited with bringing Indonesia to record economic growth and restoring security in the multi-ethnic nation.", "\n\nMegawati Sukarnoputri\n\n\"Mega\" as she is widely known, is the daughter of Indonesian independence leader Sukarno and was president from 2001 to 2004.", "\n\nKnown as a staunch nationalist she has called for more protectionist economic policies such as pushing for a review of contracts with foreign firms.", "\n\nDespite trailing in the opinion polls she remains popular in rural and eastern parts of Indonesia.", "\n\nJusuf Kalla\n\nCurrently vice president in the Yudhoyono presidency, Kalla is known as a savvy businessman who has pledged to overhaul the country's bloated infrastructure.", "\n\nHe has chosen as his running mate Wiranto, the former Indonesian army chief, who has been indicted by the UN for crimes against humanity during East Timor's bloody independence referendum in 1999.", "\n\nDespite the poll predictions, Kalla told reporters he remained confident.", "\n\n\"Yes, we are feeling good and we are very optimistic\" he said.", "\n\nThe election is a three horse race pitting Yudhoyono against Megawati, a former president whose father was the first post-colonial leader of Indonesia; and Kalla who has teamed up with General Wiranto, the former head of the armed forces during the Suharto era.", "\n\nIndonesia continues to face huge obstacles on the path to democratic reform and voters will want their candidates to make greater strides against corruption and widespread poverty - major challenges facing the predominantly Muslim country of 235 million.", "\n\nWith about 100 million Indonesians living on less than $2 a day, capturing the vote of the poor has been a priority throughout the campaign.", "\n\nA controversy over voter lists marred the run-up to the vote with the teams of Yudhoyono's two rivals complaining about millions of duplicate names and even the names of dead people and children being on the electoral rolls.", "\n\nTheir complaints may have increased doubt about the credibility of the process, and could make it easier for the losers to challenge the result.", "\n\nThis week, the constitutional court sided with an opposition demand that other citizens, possibly numbering into the tens of millions, will be allowed to make last-minute registrations to exercise their right to vote.", "\n\nThe National Election Commission has been widely criticised for failing to compile a list of registered voters, as it did in the April elections.", "\n\nYudhoyono's rivals, while providing no proof, claim that millions of people will be unable to participate.", "\n\nMegawati had warned supporters to beware of electoral fraud in the final weekend of campaigning in central Java.", "\n\n\"They think the people are stupid, can be manipulated, intimidated and terrorised,\" she was quoted as saying by the Kompas news website, repeating her claims that electoral officials are biased towards Yudhoyono.", "\n\nMegawati, who leads the Democratic People's Party of Struggle, has a strong following as the daughter of independence hero Sukarno and was the figurehead of the opposition against Suharto's government in the late 1990s.", "\n\nUnder her presidency the administration was widely known for inaction and corruption and she was ousted in a 2004 landslide that brought Yudhoyono to office.", "\n\nCompetitor\n\nKalla, Yudhoyono's current deputy, has run a tough campaign against his boss [Reuters]\n\nThe \"dark horse\" in the race is Kalla who has trailed in opinion polls but has proven to be a tough competitor.", "\n\nWith his motto of \"the faster, the better\", Kalla and Wiranto have attacked Yudhoyono as a \"neo-liberal\" and championed a philosophy of economic \"self-reliance\".", "\n\nMegawati also advocates a \"people-centred economy\" and her running mate, former special forces commander Prabowo Subianto, has openly compared his brand of economic nationalism to that of Hugo Chavez, the Venezuelan president.", "\n\nBy contrast, Yudhoyono has chosen Boediono, a Western-educated economist and former central bank governor, as his vice-presidential candidate." ]

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[ "A review of counseling practices on prescription medicines in community pharmacies.", "\nCounseling has become an integral part of community pharmacy practice. ", "Previous reviews of research into pharmacists' counseling practices on prescription medicines have primarily focused on activities at a national level. ", "None have adopted an international perspective. ", "To review (1) verbal counseling rates and (2) types of information provided for prescription medicines in community pharmacies and (3) to compare the research methods used in evaluating counseling practice. ", "Published articles in English (1993-2007) were identified based on searches of on-line databases (International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) and cited references in the articles. ", "Forty research articles met inclusion criteria for studies investigating verbal counseling rates and/or types of information provided for prescription medicines in community pharmacies. ", "The counseling rates reported varied from 8% to 100%, depending on the research methods used. ", "On average, lower counseling rates were found from consumer and observational studies compared with pharmacist- and simulated-patient studies. ", "The type of prescription also influenced the rate. ", "Higher rates were found in counseling consumers with new compared with regular prescriptions. ", "Information on directions for use, dose, medicine name, and indications was more frequently given than information on side effects, precautions, interactions, contraindications, and storage. ", "Most findings came from self-report and observational methods, each of which has limitations. ", "Few studies used triangulation to overcome methodological limitations. ", "In recent studies, simulated-patient methods have been used increasingly to evaluate counseling practice in the natural environment. ", "The actual counseling rates are difficult to obtain due to the differences and limitations of each research method. ", "Of all methods, simulated-patient methods appear to be a more reliable method of evaluating counseling practice in pharmacies. ", "In providing information to consumers with prescriptions, pharmacists appear to have fulfilled the minimum legislative requirements or practice standards." ]

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[ "\nApple Genius Bar caught ripping customer off ON CAMERA by CBC News - afandian\nhttps://m.youtube.com/watch?v=o2_SZ4tfLns\n======\nafandian\nThis is especially pertinent in the context of recent discussions about Apple\ninstalling kill switches to lock out anyone else from repairing their\nequipment.", "\n\n[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=18144489](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=18144489)\n\nThis Reddit thread is also eye-opening!", "\n\n[https://www.reddit.com/r/videos/comments/9mlkha/apple_quotes...](https://www.reddit.com/r/videos/comments/9mlkha/apple_quotes_customer_1200_to_fix_one_bent_pin_on/)\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }

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[ "Diverse coordination modes in tin analogues of a cyclopentadienyl anion depending on the substituents on the tin atom.", "\nReactions of an anionic heavy ruthenocene with CCl4, MeI, EtBr and Me3SiCl afforded the first stannole monoanion complexes. ", "Surprisingly, coordination modes of the stannole rings are highly dependent on the substituents on the tin atom. ", "The chloro derivative exhibits a η(4)-fashion-like coordination mode with a bent stannole ring, whereas the trimethylsilyl derivative adopts the conventional η(5)-coordination mode. ", "Coordination modes of the alkyl derivatives are in between the two types. ", "Cyclic voltammograms for these complexes reveal that the electron-donating character of the stannole ligand becomes stronger as the stannole ring becomes planar. ", "Theoretical calculations elucidate that the different coordination modes originate from both electronegativity of an adjacent atom to the tin atom and bulkiness of a substituent on the tin atom." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nSearching for Web-Based Health Information\n------------------------------------------\n\nIn the last decade, the internet has become a powerful instrument for searching for health information because it provides the opportunity to access information from varied and diverse sources \\[[@ref1]\\]. ", "According to current estimates, over 4 billion people have access to the internet \\[[@ref2]\\]. ", "An analysis of global internet use indicates that Israelis are second among the top ten countries worldwide in time spent online among individuals age fifteen or above \\[[@ref3]\\]. ", "Israelis use the internet more than Americans and Europeans \\[[@ref4]\\] and spend the most time on the internet among global users \\[[@ref5]\\].", "\n\nAs for science and health-related information, Israelis exhibit high levels of interest in science, with 62% of the public stating that knowing about science and technology in their everyday life is a necessity \\[[@ref6]\\]. ", "Moreover, polls have documented that health-related news is the most popular news topic among Israelis \\[[@ref7]\\]. ", "A recent study of otolaryngology patients found that Israelis turn to the internet as a source of health information significantly more than to books or newspapers \\[[@ref8]\\].", "\n\nNumerous studies have focused on factors that influence users in searching for health information. ", "One such factor is health literacy \\[[@ref9]-[@ref13]\\]. ", "Low health literacy is related to the limited ability to search, understand, and assess Web-based health information \\[[@ref14]-[@ref16]\\]. ", "In contrast, high health literacy leads to more frequent Web-based searches for medical information \\[[@ref9],[@ref12]\\].", "\n\nOther variables found to influence the preference for internet sources include socioeconomic variables \\[[@ref13],[@ref17]-[@ref19]\\], cultural aspects \\[[@ref20],[@ref21]\\], age variables \\[[@ref22]-[@ref24]\\], gender \\[[@ref25]-[@ref28]\\], and individual's level of self-efficacy \\[[@ref27],[@ref29],[@ref30]\\].", "\n\nOne of the main consequences of searching for health information is its impact on actual behavior \\[[@ref31],[@ref32]\\]. ", "Some studies have indicated a connection between information seeking and actual behavioral improvement \\[[@ref33],[@ref34]\\], with effective searching for Web-based health information leading to positive outcomes such as an improved understanding of medical conditions, an improved understanding of treatment options, informed decision making, and effective stress reduction \\[[@ref35]-[@ref39]\\]. ", "On the contrary, Web-based health information can also contain misinformation and disinformation and can influence the behavior of people from various health fields \\[[@ref16],[@ref40]-[@ref42]\\].", "\n\nTraditional Information Sources Versus Web-Based Sources\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nBefore the digital age, the general public depended heavily on health organizations and official sources for health information. ", "The digital revolution provided new alternatives that enabled laypersons to rely on additional and alternative information sources and to self-manage their information \\[[@ref43]-[@ref45]\\]. ", "The internet revolution has made it possible for people to take an active part in their medical care and manage their daily health needs \\[[@ref46]\\]. ", "This process has led to a shift in the perceived role of the public, from passive recipient to active consumer of health information \\[[@ref16],[@ref45],[@ref47]-[@ref49]\\].", "\n\nWeb-based media constitute an important source of health-related information \\[[@ref50],[@ref51]\\], as well as a platform for discussing and sharing personal experiences, opinions, and concerns regarding illnesses and treatments \\[[@ref49],[@ref52]-[@ref57]\\]. ", "Furthermore, the internet serves as a democratic, accessible, and interactive source of diverse information, thus enabling patients to make informed decisions \\[[@ref58],[@ref59]\\]. ", "Seeking and sharing Web-based information provides people with social support while enabling them to maintain their anonymity \\[[@ref60],[@ref61]\\].", "\n\nAs a result of this revolution, health information no longer belongs exclusively to health professionals but rather is also accessible to the general public \\[[@ref22],[@ref48],[@ref62]\\]. ", "Thus, patients tend to bring information from Google to their appointments to discuss with their doctors so that the patient--physician discourse has changed from one-directional to two-directional communication \\[[@ref10],[@ref63]-[@ref65]\\]. ", "During consultations with their doctors, patients seek to verify the information they obtained from other sources. ", "After a doctor's appointment, some patients continue to search for information as a second opinion to verify the information they received from their doctor \\[[@ref18],[@ref62],[@ref66],[@ref67]\\]. ", "The reasons to continue searching information are as follows: the use of medical terminology in the physician--patient discourse impedes the patient's understanding \\[[@ref50]\\] and the short duration of physician--patient encounters leads patients to seek other information sources to find answers to questions that remain open. ", "These and other factors often lead the public to doubt the credibility of physicians and to consume medical information from Web-based sources \\[[@ref16],[@ref27],[@ref50]\\].", "\n\nIn contrast, other studies show that despite the internet revolution, doctors are still considered the main source of reliable information \\[[@ref22],[@ref68]-[@ref71]\\]. ", "Some studies indicate that searching for Web-based information can improve physician--patient communication \\[[@ref72]\\]. ", "Moreover, some patients do not see the internet as replacing the doctor but rather as another resource that can help them better understand medical recommendations \\[[@ref73]\\]. ", "Some studies indicate that consuming Web-based information also increases the public's reliance on medical professionals \\[[@ref74]\\] for 2 main reasons: (1) the low reliability of the information on social networks \\[[@ref14],[@ref18],[@ref63],[@ref75]-[@ref79]\\] and (2) the low level of health literacy among the public, which makes it difficult for patients to understand and integrate health information and motivates them to turn to physicians as reliable sources \\[[@ref80]-[@ref82]\\].", "\n\nIn addition to doctors, before the digital revolution, the main agents through which the public obtained medical information were traditional media sources (eg, television and the press) \\[[@ref22],[@ref83]-[@ref87]\\]. ", "Journalists who write about health acted as middlemen in communicating information to the public \\[[@ref16],[@ref42],[@ref88],[@ref89]\\]. ", "In today's age of new media, professional journalists constitute a new voice in the discourse, alongside citizens who also define themselves as journalists \\[[@ref16],[@ref42],[@ref90]\\]. ", "Nevertheless, health journalists still play an important role because they are considered to be professionals by the general public, which continues to read their Web-based articles \\[[@ref16],[@ref88],[@ref91]\\]. ", "For example, the study by Pew Research Center reported that 95% of all new information being disseminated via news media came from old media---especially newspapers \\[[@ref87]\\]. ", "According to Walsh-Childers et al (2018), because patients become increasingly involved in the direction of their health care:\n\n> \\...health journalism will likewise increase in salience for audiences as an education source. ", "The current climate encourages a level of patient involvement in medical decision making that requires health care consumers to have a much better understanding of the benefits, harms, and costs of all options available to them.", "\n>\n> 16\n\nThe literature analyzing journalistic quality points to the problematic nature of transmitting reliable information. ", "Numerous studies over the past decade have found many problems in the media coverage of medications and medical treatments. ", "These problems primarily emerge in the tendency toward sensationalism and over-enthusiasm in describing medications and medical technologies by placing excessive emphasis on their benefits while ignoring or hardly mentioning their risks, side effects, or costs \\[[@ref92]-[@ref98]\\]. ", "The literature also found that journalists rely increasingly on websites and press releases from the medical industry and health organizations, which can result in the public perceiving professional journalism as biased and lacking credibility \\[[@ref42],[@ref99]-[@ref101]\\].", "\n\nIn light of the aforementioned changes, it is important to examine how the public in general and health care workers (HCWs) in particular assess the quality of the journalistic articles they read.", "\n\nThe Quality of Health Information\n---------------------------------\n\nRetrieving Web-based information often leads to misinformation or disinformation \\[[@ref102]\\]. ", "The quality of the information offered on the internet varies, ranging from evidence-based scientific data quoting scientific research and clinical experiments to questionable information that could imperil the individual's health. ", "Therefore, the challenge in searching for Web-based information and on social networks lies in the difficulty in finding sound, valid, and reliable information \\[[@ref103]-[@ref105]\\].", "\n\nThe proliferation of Web-based health information has led to a rise in the number of studies analyzing the quality of the published information. ", "The first such study, published in 1997 by Impicciatore et al, evaluated the accuracy and integrity of the information on a website on fever management in children. ", "According to the authors, out of 41 websites, only 4 provided full and accurate information about the subject \\[[@ref106]\\]. ", "This historic study provided a framework for subsequent studies of information quality. ", "Accordingly, measurement tools were developed that usually included the following parameters: accuracy, completeness, readability, accountability, and technical criteria \\[[@ref103]\\]. ", "Additional specific parameters were added according to the subject of interest, for example, Eysenbach's 6 criteria \\[[@ref103]\\], the WebMedQual Scale \\[[@ref107]\\], and Godin's Quality Assurance Rating Tool for Internet Health Sites \\[[@ref108]\\].", "\n\nIn recent years, these measurement tools and others have been used to assess information quality in different areas of medicine and health. ", "All the studies point to the need to create reliable websites, improve information quality, improve access, increase oversight of Web-based medical information, and manufacture and distribute sound and customized materials \\[[@ref109]-[@ref113]\\]. ", "Furthermore, websites have emerged that are dedicated to improving information quality for health writers. ", "For example, the Health News Review website is an Australian-based website that aims to improve the public dialogue about health care by helping readers critically analyze health care news.", "\n\nIn general, most of the relevant literature in the new media age has focused on the reasons for seeking medical information, on diverse criteria that experts consider important to have on websites, and on the consequences of information seeking, whereas few studies have examined how the public reads and understands health information or what the public considers to be reliable.", "\n\nThis study sought to examine not only the ways in which the general public seeks information but also how the public understands this information and what information sources it sees as reliable. ", "In addition, in view of the ongoing role of the press even in the new media era, the study also examines whether HCWs and the general public are capable of identifying quality criteria that influence behavioral intentions.", "\n\nObjectives\n----------\n\nThis research had 2 main objectives:\n\n1. ", " To examine how HCWs and the general public seek out, read, and understand health information.", "\n\n2. ", " To examine perceptions among HCWs and the general public regarding criteria for judging the quality of journalistic articles.", "\n\nThe specific objectives included the following: (1) to examine the differences between the general public and HCWs in how they seek and read information and how this new information influences their behavior and (2) to examine the criteria readers use to determine the quality of an article written by a journalist.", "\n\nComparing HCWs with the general public is based on the following rationale: As part of their daily work routine, HCWs are required to read and understand up-to-date information to be able to answer questions posed by the public. ", "In addition, the public expects HCWs to answer questions about the information it encounters \\[[@ref10],[@ref16],[@ref63]-[@ref65],[@ref72],[@ref114],[@ref115]\\]. ", "This raises questions regarding whether HCWs are able to discern the quality of journalistic information and whether they can refer the public to tools or criteria that can help in assessing the quality of articles appearing in the press.", "\n\nThe study is based on the following hypotheses:\n\n1. ", " The general public and HCWs will indicate that they will change their behavioral intentions after being exposed to health information.", "\n\n2. ", " The general public and HCWs will seek more health information from social networks than from scientific articles published in international journals.", "\n\n3. ", " The general public and HCWs will perceive scientific articles published in international journals as more reliable than information from social networks.", "\n\n4. ", " The general public and HCWs will be partially aware of the components that determine the quality of journalistic articles.", "\n\n5. ", " HCWs will perceive the criteria for determining the quality of health articles as more significant than will the general public.", "\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nA survey was distributed to Israeli HCWs and members of the public via 3 social media outlets: Facebook, WhatsApp, and Google+. ", "A total of 979 respondents participated in the online survey via the Qualtrics XM platform. ", "The research was approved by the Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences Ethics Committee for research with human subjects at the University of Haifa (Approval no. ", "266/18).", "\n\nStudy Design\n------------\n\n### Sampling\n\nOur sample was designed using Qualtrics XM online survey software as it provided rapid and efficient distribution of an interactive online questionnaire (see [Multimedia Appendix 1](#app1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) to our research population (HCWs and the general public in Israel). ", "We used the self-selection in Web survey method of nonprobability sampling \\[[@ref116]\\] to recruit participants through posts on social networks asking the general public (over the age of 18 years) to answer the survey.", "\n\nDevelopment of the Questionnaire and Research Procedure\n\n#### Stage 1: Building the Questionnaire\n\nThe questions were based on a literature review in the field of health information seeking and on HealthNewsReview.org, an Australian website (https://www.healthnewsreview.org/) designed to rank health articles according to quality criteria. ", "The questionnaire consisted of 3 parts. ", "The first part asked the participant for sociodemographic details.", "\n\nThe second part included questions about information searching and reliability attributed to health information sources (eg, \"Where do you usually search for information?\" ", "and \"Which of the aforementioned information sources (social networks, health organization websites, human sources, web-based newspapers, public healthcare workers) do you consider the most reliable?\"). ", "Respondents were also asked about health issues that concern them: \"What main health area usually interests and concerns you; what type of health information do you search for and read about?\" ", "Respondents chose from a list of medical topics: nutrition, physical activity, illnesses, medications, vaccinations, alternative therapies, safety, environmental exposure, and other. ", "Questions also focused on how the public reads health articles (eg, \"Do you read the whole article or just parts of it?\") ", "and the impact of the information on behavior change (eg, \"If you encounter health information which seems important to you, to what extent would you change your behavior after learning about this?\"). ", "An example is information published by the World Health Organization indicating that processed meat raises the risk of cancer.", "\n\nThe third part of the questionnaire focused on what determines whether a health article is of high quality. ", "Respondents were asked to rank the list of criteria they were given (see [Table 1](#table1){ref-type=\"table\"}) on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (completely agree) to 5 (completely disagree).", "\n\n###### \n\nImportance of health information criteria to health care workers and to the general public.", "\n\n Criteria Respondents^a^ \n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ------\n The article also presents the drawbacks of the intervention. ", " 4.27 4.13\n The \\\"tone\\\" of the article is more scientific than marketing. ", " 4.18 3.96\n The article presents alternatives to medical intervention. ", " 4.17 4.05\n The article is based on a number of articles. ", " 4.16 3.86\n Details of the study. ", " 4.09 3.87\n The article cites results from an article from an academic journal. ", " 4.06 3.78\n Presentation of quantitative findings and not personal stories. ", " 4.04 3.84\n The article presents a scientific controversy in the field. ", " 4.01 3.80\n The article notes the availability and accessibility of treatment to the general public. ", " 3.97 3.94\n The article explains and simplifies professional concepts. ", " 3.96 4.03\n The article presents an opposing professional opinion. ", " 3.93 3.73\n The article presents existing conflicts of interest of the researchers. ", " 3.76 3.51\n The article presents information that has implications for policy. ", " 3.75 3.45\n The article presents a response by the regulator. ", " 3.72 3.56\n The article presents the findings even in the event that science indicates that there are no unequivocal answers. ", " 3.68 3.32\n\n^a^Respondents were asked to rank the list of criteria they were given on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (completely agree) to 5 (completely disagree).", "\n\n#### Stage 2: Criteria Validation Process\n\nBefore distributing the questionnaire to each population group, we analyzed the validity of the criteria using a focus group consisting of 25 students and 7 researchers at the School of Public Health (University of Haifa, Israel), who rated 3 health articles according to the criteria. ", "We measured their overall percentage of agreement, as well as Krippendorff alpha (representing the level of agreement between coders beyond mere chance) for each answer \\[[@ref117]\\]. ", "Overall, for all the criteria, the between-coder agreement was satisfactory (alpha=.79; 92%).", "\n\n#### Stage 3: Pilot Survey for Content Validation\n\nIn the pilot, we distributed the questionnaire to 80 Arab and Jewish members of the general public and HCWs. ", "The participants were asked to provide feedback on the questionnaire's content. ", "Subsequently, we focused on adjusting the questions to make them more culturally sensitive. ", "For example, we used the word regulator in Hebrew, but as that term is not used in Arabic, we modified the word to policy. ", "Similarly, conflict of interest is not a familiar concept in Arabic, so in the interest of clarity, an example was provided. ", "Furthermore, as the general public did not always understand the full meaning of a question, we added clarifying examples. ", "For instance, for the item stating that \"The article gives possible solutions for different medical issues\", we gave examples of a possible solution (eg, making a lifestyle change instead of taking medicine to lower high blood pressure).", "\n\n#### Stage 4: Running the Study\n\nTo recruit as many participants as possible, we used intensive sampling in the first step and distributed the questionnaires via social media platforms (WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram). ", "After this initial sampling, we continued to recruit participants through snowball sampling \\[[@ref118]\\] to reach enough participants among HCWs by distributing the questionnaire via specialized HCW Web-based forums and by directly asking them to distribute the questionnaire to additional HCWs they knew.", "\n\nAt interim meetings during the survey, we monitored the social demographic variables and noted a lack of young men among the general public and the HCWs who responded to the survey. ", "As our audience was a deliberate sample, we looked for ways to distribute the survey to more HCWs and turned to health forums. ", "By means of diffusion, the survey was distributed from our inner circles to extended circles.", "\n\nAnalysis\n--------\n\nTo check whether people intended to change their behavior after being exposed to health information, we used a chi-square test in which the answers are reduced to 3 levels (not at all or to a small extent, to a medium extent, and to a high to very high extent). ", "Chi-square tests for independence were conducted to examine the differences between HCWs and others with regard to information seeking, sources of information, source reliability, and the manner in which the information was read. ", "Wilcoxon Rank-Sum tests were used to examine the differences between HCWs and the public regarding behavioral change following exposure to information and the criteria for a high-quality article.", "\n\nRegarding the quality criteria for articles, separate chi-square tests were conducted for each criterion to examine the differences between HCWs and others. ", "To avoid the inflation of a type I error owing to multiple testing, adjusted P values were calculated using the false discovery rate method.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nA total of 979 respondents participated in the survey. ", "The vast majority of the respondents (96%) were below retirement age (\\<66 years) and female (76%), almost half were Jewish (49%) and somewhat fewer (42%) were Muslim. [", "Table 2](#table2){ref-type=\"table\"} depicts the respondents' sociodemographic and health status information.", "\n\n###### \n\nSociodemographic and health status characteristics (n=979).", "\n\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Sociodemographic characteristics and category n (%) \n ----------------------------------------------- ----------- ------------\n **Gender** \n\n \\ Male 232 (23.7)\n\n \\ Female 747 (76.3)\n\n **Age (years)** \n\n \\ \\<29 363 (37.1)\n\n \\ 30-45 397 (40.6)\n\n \\ 46-65 177 (18.1)\n\n \\ 66+ 42 (4.3)\n\n **Ethnicity** \n\n \\ Jewish 481 (49.1)\n\n \\ Muslim 410 (41.9)\n\n \\ Christian 65 (6.6)\n\n \\ Druze 12 (1.2)\n\n \\ Other 11 (1.1)\n\n **HCWs^a^** \n\n \\ Yes 363 (37.1)\n\n \\ No 616 (62.9)\n\n **Suffering from a chronic disease** \n\n \\ Yes 203 (20.7)\n\n \\ No 776 (9.3)\n\n **Child suffers from a chronic disease** \n\n \\ Yes 145 (14.8)\n\n \\ No 834 (85.2)\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n^a^HCWs: health care workers.", "\n\nBehavioral Intentions Following Exposure to Health Information: General Public Versus Health Care Workers\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nRespondents were asked about the extent to which they would change their behavior after receiving health information of personal importance: \"If you encounter health information that seems important to you, to what extent would you change your behavior following your exposure to this information?\" ", "The research findings indicate that more than half the HCWs and more than half the respondents from the general public reported they would change their behavior to a large or very large extent ([Table 3](#table3){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nIntention to change behavior after receiving health information of personal importance. ", "Question: If you encounter health information that seems important to you, to what extent would you change your behavior following exposure to this information?", "\n\n Respondents Intent to change \n ------------- ------------------ ------------- ------------- -----\n HCWs^a^ 20 (5.51) 132 (36.36) 211 (58.13) 363\n GP^b^ 66 (10.71) 220 (35.71) 330 (53.57) 616\n Total 86 (8.78) 352 (35.96) 541 (55.26) 979\n\n^a^HCWs: health care workers.", "\n\n^b^GP: general public.", "\n\nSeeking Health Information and Perceived Reliable Sources---the General Public Versus Health Care Workers\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n[Table 4](#table4){ref-type=\"table\"}, [Table 5](#table5){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Table 6](#table6){ref-type=\"table\"} show where the general public and HCWs search for health information. ", "In comparison with the general public, HCWs mainly search on health organization sites and in academic articles, as they consider academic articles more reliable. ", "The general public seeks more information from social networks and Web-based newspapers and considers social networks, human resources, and HCWs to be more reliable.", "\n\n###### \n\nSeeking information and source reliability: comparison between health care workers and the general public.", "\n\n Sources for health information Respondents, % GP^a^, % HCWs^b^, % Chi-square (*df*) *P* value Adjusted *P* value^c^ \n -------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ---------- ------------ ------------------- ----------- ----------------------- -----------\n **Social networks** \n Where do you usually search for health information? ", " 30.34 37.50 18.18 40.33 (1) \\<.001^d^ \\<.001^d^\n Which source is most reliable in your opinion? ", " 6.13 8.44 2.20 15.45 (1) \\<.001^d^ \\<.001^d^\n **Health organizations** \n Where do you usually search for health information? ", " 33.40 27.11 44.08 29.56 (1) \\<.001^d^ \\<.001^d^\n Which source is most reliable in your opinion? ", " 44.13 43.02 46.01 0.83 (1) .36 .36\n **Human sources** \n Where do you usually search for health information? ", " 4.80 5.84 3.03 3.96 (1) .05 .06\n Which source is most reliable in your opinion? ", " 5.82 7.79 2.48 11.76 (1) \\<.001^d^ \\<.001^d^\n **Academic articles** \n Where do you usually search for health information? ", " 17.06 12.82 24.24 21.05 (1) \\<.001^d^ \\<.001^d^\n Which source is most reliable in your opinion? ", " 34.32 28.41 44.35 25.76 (1) \\<.001^d^ \\<.001^d^\n **Public health care workers** \n Where do you usually search for health information? ", " 5.52 5.68 5.23 0.09 (1) .77 .77\n Which source is most reliable in your opinion? ", " 8.27 10.71 4.13 13.04 (1) \\<.001^d^ \\<.001^d^\n **Web-based newspapers** \n Where do you usually search for health information? ", " 8.89 11.04 5.23 9.51 (1) .00^e^ .00^e^\n Which source is most reliable in your opinion? ", " 1.33 1.62 0.83 1.11 (1) .29 .35\n\n^a^GP: general public.", "\n\n^b^HCWs: health care workers.", "\n\n^c^False discovery rate.", "\n\n^d^*P*\\<.001.", "\n\n^e^*P*\\<.05.", "\n\n###### \n\nPrimary information source and perception of reliability (percentage of health care workers).", "\n\n Information source Source used to search for information Most reliable source\n ----------------------- --------------------------------------- ----------------------\n Health organizations 44% 46%\n Academic articles 24% 44%\n Social networks 18% 2%\n Public health workers 5% 4%\n Human sources 3% 2%\n Web-based newspapers 5% 1%\n\n###### \n\nPrimary information source and perception of reliability (percentage of general public).", "\n\n Information source Source used to search for information Most reliable source\n ----------------------- --------------------------------------- ----------------------\n Health organizations 27% 43%\n Academic articles 13% 28%\n Social networks 38% 8%\n Public health workers 6% 11%\n Human sources 6% 8%\n Web-based newspapers 11% 2%\n\nHealth Care Workers Perceive the Criteria for Quality Health Articles as More Significant Than the General Public\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe differences between HCWs and the general public in their perceptions of the importance of health information quality criteria are statistically significant, with the exception of 2 criteria: the article explains and simplifies professional concepts and the article notes the availability and accessibility of treatment to the general public. ", "Inclusion of the criteria in the articles is more important for HCWs than for the general public ([Table 1](#table1){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nThe comparison between the criteria rankings of the HCWs and those of the general public shown in [Table 1](#table1){ref-type=\"table\"} indicates that both groups ranked the following criteria at the top of the list: intervention drawbacks; tone more scientific than commercial; offers alternatives to medical interventions; based on several articles; and details of the study. ", "Among the HCWs, the importance of citing results from academic articles was next on the list, whereas the general public ranked this criterion in the tenth place, instead ranking presentation of quantitative findings and not personal stories in the sixth place. ", "Both the HCWs and general public ranked conflict of interest at the bottom of the chart (not shown in [Table 7](#table7){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nRanking of top 6 health information criteria among health care workers versus the general public.", "\n\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Group and criteria 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (completely agree) to 5 (completely disagree) *P* value^a^ \n -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------- ------------\n **HCWs^b^** \n\n Drawbacks of the intervention 4.27 .01^b^\n\n \\ Tone more scientific than commercial 4.18 .00^c^\n\n \\ Alternatives to medical interventions 4.17 .04^c^\n\n \\ Based on several articles 4.16 \\<.0001^d^\n\n \\ Details of the study 4.09 .00^c^\n\n \\ Cites results from academic articles 4.06 \\<.0001^d^\n\n **General public** \n\n Drawbacks of the intervention 4.13 .00^c^\n\n \\ Alternatives to medical interventions 4.05 .04^c^\n\n \\ Tone more scientific than commercial 3.96 .00^c^\n\n \\ Details of the study 3.87 .00^c^\n\n \\ Based on several articles 3.86 \\<.0001^d^\n\n \\ Presents quantitative findings and not personal stories 3.84 .00^c^\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n^a^Wilcoxon Rank-sum Test\n\n^b^HCWs: health care workers.", "\n\n^c^*P*\\<.05.", "\n\n^d^*P*\\<.001.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nPrincipal Findings\n------------------\n\nThe new media age has changed the way people seek and consume health information \\[[@ref1],[@ref46]\\]. ", "The purpose of this study was to investigate not only how people search for Web-based and newspaper health information but also how they read and understand this information and what criteria they use to assess the quality of journalistic articles. ", "It is important to examine how people read, understand, and assess the quality of journalistic health articles because health information can influence the way people shape their healthy lifestyles \\[[@ref33],[@ref34],[@ref119],[@ref120]\\].", "\n\nThe findings of this study confirm the importance of this examination. ", "When participants were asked whether they intended to change their behavior after being exposed to health information, more than 30% responded that they would make moderate changes to their behavior and 50% responded that they would make extensive changes.", "\n\nThe findings indicate that HCWs focus their search for health information on health organization sites and in academic articles, whereas the general public tends to search more on social networks and Web-based newspapers. ", "This finding can be explained by the HCWs' professional context \\[[@ref121]\\]. ", "Public HCWs are accustomed to interacting with the health system on a daily basis and naturally search more on health organization websites \\[[@ref122],[@ref123]\\]. ", "Similarly, it is reasonable to assume that in the course of their work, professionals are more likely to use academic articles than the general public \\[[@ref124]\\].", "\n\nMoreover, the difference in choice of information sources between HCWs and the general public can also be explained by the level of health literacy. ", "It is reasonable to assume that HCWs have a higher level of health literacy and are more capable of processing and understanding complex medical information than the general public, leading them to place more trust in scientific sources than in social networks or information available on the internet \\[[@ref12],[@ref125]\\].", "\n\nFurthermore, when participants were asked what they consider to be a reliable source, HCWs found academic articles more reliable than did the general public, which found social networks \\[[@ref55],[@ref58],[@ref59]\\], human sources, and HCWs to be more reliable \\[[@ref68],[@ref74]\\].", "\n\nAs for information seeking, HCWs found academic articles based on scientific facts to be more reliable than information from social networks. ", "Moreover, they considered information based on scientific evidence from academic journals to be more reliable and to have a more scientific than commercial tone. ", "Thus, differences between HCWs and the general public can be explained based on the training that HCWs undergo.", "\n\nNevertheless, when we examined each group separately, differences emerged within each group. ", "Even though HCWs indicated that academic articles are the most reliable, they tended to search more for information on social networks despite considering them very unreliable \\[[@ref126]\\]. ", "We found a similar discrepancy among the general public, which considered health organizations and academic articles to be very reliable or reliable sources yet used them infrequently to search for health information, preferring social networks, which they considered unreliable. ", "The research findings confirm our hypothesis that both HCWs and the general public search for health information on social networks more than they do in sources they consider reliable.", "\n\nThis discrepancy between perceptions and actual behavior is in line with studies indicating that there are situational factors whose influence is stronger than mere attitudes. ", "According to Wicker (1969) \\[[@ref127]\\], even though participants believe that health organizations and academic articles are more reliable sources than social networks, in practice, most of them search in sources they consider to be less reliable.", "\n\nThe following 3 explanations attempt to answer why the public seeks information from social networks more than from other sources. ", "First, health organizations do not provide responses to the public's questions. ", "That is, they conduct a monologue rather than a dialogue, leading the public to seek more information on social networks. ", "The world of social media has generated a radical transformation in the relationship between government organizations and the public. ", "Social media have changed the monologue to a dialogue in which anyone with information and access to communications technology can be a content creator and communicator \\[[@ref128]\\]. ", "Over the past decade, leading international health authorities, health ministries, and local governments have invested financial and human resources to narrow the gaps between the authorities and the public, thus increasing the authorities' presence on social media. ", "Despite this impressive transformation, the use of social media by organizations is still in its infancy. ", "Although the literature indicates that health authorities use social media, it also shows that this use is still very limited, as these tools serve primarily for mass information dissemination (similar to traditional mass media) instead of for 2-way communication \\[[@ref129]-[@ref132]\\].", "\n\nSecond, as health organizations do not exercise complete transparency in conveying information, the public turns to social networks to fill in the missing information. ", "It is important to note that alongside disinformation deliberately conveyed by stakeholders, most of the discourse on social media stems from people's desire to obtain additional information, which is sometimes not fully conveyed by the health organizations \\[[@ref43]\\].", "\n\nThird, among the general public as well as among HCWs, decision making on health matters entails a combination between the automatic emotional system and the rational system. ", "Thus, it is no wonder that despite being aware that social networks are likely to contain misinformation or disinformation, people continue to seek information there \\[[@ref133]\\]. ", "Studies of the health behavior of public HCWs found that they shared the same concerns and barriers as the general public \\[[@ref43],[@ref134]-[@ref137]\\]. ", "Neither public HCWs nor the general public rely only on analytical or evidence-based information (academic articles) when searching for health information, but also seek information based on experience and emotions, both of which are found mostly on the social networks.", "\n\nIn summary, we proposed several possible explanations for the discrepancy we found between what the public and HCWs believe to be reliable and where they actually search for information in practice.", "\n\nAs for the research findings about what criteria the general public uses to judge the quality of journalistic articles compared with the criteria used by public HCWs, statistically significant differences were found between the importance of the criteria (except for 2), indicating that HCWs attributed more importance to the criteria than the public.", "\n\nIn addition, when we examined the 6 criteria that were most important to the general public and to HCWs, we found that 4 were important for both groups: drawbacks of the intervention, a tone that is more scientific than commercial, alternatives to medical interventions, and details of the study. ", "These criteria indicate that the public values providing full information about the negative impacts or limitations of medical interventions as well as existing alternatives, information often absent from the media coverage. ", "Studies have found that media coverage of medications and medical treatments is problematic, primarily in its tendency to provide sensational and an overly enthusiastic coverage of drugs and medical technologies and to emphasize the benefits excessively while ignoring or hardly mentioning the risks, side effects, and costs \\[[@ref93],[@ref94],[@ref96],[@ref97],[@ref98]\\] or the limitations of scientific studies advocating the efficacy of these drugs.", "\n\nIn addition to the 4 aforesaid criteria cited both by public HCWs and by the general public as indications of information quality, 2 specific criteria emerged as important to the public. ", "One of them is that the article should mention treatment availability and accessibility. ", "This finding can be explained by the public\\'s wish to know whether the treatment or medication mentioned in the article is accessible to it. ", "For marketing reasons, press reports often mention medications and interventions that are not accessible to the public \\[[@ref92]\\]. ", "A second criterion valued by the public is that the article should simplify professional concepts. ", "The importance of communicating professional information in understandable and clear language is a basic principle cited in the health communication and risk communication literature \\[[@ref138],[@ref139]\\]. ", "The mental models approach \\[[@ref140]\\] also emphasizes the importance of understanding and simplifying professional concepts for the general public. ", "Conversely, a criterion the public did not consider important was citing academic sources.", "\n\nThe findings also indicate that both HCWs and the general public ranked conflict of interest at the bottom of the list. ", "Studies indicate that for years journalists have relied on information provided to them by organizations and the pharmaceutical industry rather than looking for quotes from academic sources themselves \\[[@ref99],[@ref100]\\]. ", "Several scholars have warned that journalists often fail to disclose the funding sources supporting the research, the investigators' financial conflicts of interests, and all the sources interviewed \\[[@ref95],[@ref141]-[@ref143]\\]. ", "Owing to such potential conflicts of interest, reporting a study's limitations, funding sources, and financial ties is of great importance \\[[@ref144]\\]. ", "The Statement of Principles of the US Association of Health Care Journalists calls on journalists to disclose relevant conflicts of interest in their sources as a routine part of their work \\[[@ref145]\\]. ", "Yet, it seems that more often than not, journalists do not report such conflicts of interest \\[[@ref97],[@ref98],[@ref145]\\].", "\n\nThe public may have become used to reading information in such a way that it does not look for citations from academic sources but relies on the author's integration or summary. ", "In addition, the lack of discussion about the importance of exposing conflicts of interest leads both public HCWs and the general public not to attach adequate importance to this issue. ", "The importance of including scientific articles and assessing their quality and the importance of disclosing conflicts of interest are criteria whose absence can produce misinformation, partial information, or disinformation that affect the public's decision making.", "\n\nLimitations\n-----------\n\nThis study is not a representative sample of the general population of Israel. ", "It used nonprobability sampling and measuring and was therefore vulnerable to selection bias from the outset.", "\n\nFurthermore, in this study, we did not check the impact of several variables that might affect health-information searching behavior, both of the general public and of health workers, such as age, gender, personal relevance, level of health literacy, and the individual\\'s reasons for the health information search. ", "Also, as in any study checking behavioral intentions and actual behavior, this study is vulnerable to information bias as the result of biased reporting by the respondents. ", "Our overall goal was to reach the specific target audiences of the general public versus HCWs and compare them, even though it was not a representative sample of those 2 populations.", "\n\nWe took a number of steps to minimize sampling bias: (1) we used 3 different media channels, thus increasing the chances for randomization in this sample \\[[@ref116]\\]; (2) we monitored the data once a week to insure sufficient professional and ethnic representation among the participants. ", "For example, when we discovered that there was an insufficient number of HCWs, we posted on more medical forums. ", "When we noticed there were not enough participants from the Arab sector, we appealed specifically to this population group and thus broadened the sample; and (3) we used snowball sampling according to which each participant gave the questionnaire to someone else from their group, enabling us to reach more people from the required population groups. ", "As our study is based on a small subpopulation of HCWs, the choice of the snowball sampling technique seemed to be more appropriate than convenience sampling. ", "In addition, the descriptive statistics suggest that we were able to achieve a diverse sample based on sociodemographic variables.", "\n\nConclusions\n-----------\n\nThe study findings point to disparities both among HCWs and among the general public in their information-seeking behavior and their evaluations of the reliability of the sources searched. ", "To reduce these gaps, health organizations must provide attractive materials, make academic articles accessible, and improve their dialogue with the public. ", "In addition, in the technological age, where information is accessible to all, the quality of articles about health is critically important. ", "Making the criteria cited in this research the norm in health writing is important for all stakeholders who write about health, whether they are professional journalists or citizen journalists in the new media.", "\n\nThe authors wish to thank Ofir Raichman for his comments and suggestions at the early stages of the research and Dr Debby Mir for reading and editing the final version of manuscript.", "\n\nConflicts of Interest: None declared.", "\n\nQuestionnaire.", "\n\nHCW\n\n: health care worker\n" ]

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[ "Mahu Whenua Ridgeline Homestead adds lodge style accom\n\nNew Zealand’s newest luxury lodge and eco-sanctuary is now even more accessible for visitors to Wanaka and Queenstown.", "\n\nMahu Whenua Ridgeline Homestead and Eco Sanctuary has now introduced a ‘lodge style’ individual suite accommodation option to cater for demand following its recent launch.", "\n\nMahu Whenua General Manager Fiona Stevens said traveling couples or those celebrating a wedding or special anniversary, along with corporate groups, groups of friends or smaller families would suit the new room offerings.", "\n\nThe four luxurious Ridgeline Suites on offer – two self-contained Cottage Suites and two Homestead Suites within the original homestead building – boast incredible mountain, lake or river views and supreme privacy.", "\n\nSleeping up to two people each, and named after the native birds that frequent Mahu Whenua, each Suite features a king or king-split bed and ensuite with bath.", "\n\nVisitors staying in the Suites will have a host and chef available to them. ", "They will also have access to all Homestead facilities including two open fireplaces, a large open living area with expansive views, a fully equipped farmhouse kitchen, two dining areas, a media and games room, library, pool table, plenty of storage and dry room.", "\n\nOutside, guests can take their pick from several spots to unwind — two additional dining areas, a spa pool, sheltered swimming pool and a large deck looking out to Lake Wanaka and Mt Aspiring National Park.", "\n\nAccommodation includes breakfast, lunch, dinner, morning and afternoon teas, pre-dinner canapés, refreshments and picnics, as well as premium local wine and beverages served with dinner.", "\n\nMs Stevens said the owners were incredibly excited to announce the new accommodation offering and meet this demand so soon after launching.", "\n\n“We have a small but dedicated and extremely knowledgeable team on board to support our guests including an in-house chef, concierge and private guides,” she said.", "\n\nThe Suites and main Homestead rooms have been refurbished to ‘fit’ with the homestead buildings, their unbeatable setting and the environmental ethos of the high country land and its owner, globally-recognised record producer Robert ‘Mutt’ Lange.", "\n\n“Guests can revel in this conservation hideaway and never see another soul on the property, apart from guides or staff,” said Fiona. “", "The beauty of Mahu Whenua is that, while it bears all the hallmarks of an extremely remote location, it’s only a 20-minute drive from Wanaka township.”", "\n\n“Mahu Whenua is a truly unique lodge experience and we are thrilled to be able to open it up to single travelers and couples, while continuing to offer full buy-out, ‘exclusive-use’ bookings,” said Fiona.", "\n\n*Opening rate is $1850 per Suite per night for up to two guests including all meals, in-house chef, concierge and staff." ]

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[ "As technology advances, humans with Down syndrome are being systematically eliminated via abortion. ", "In Europe in particular, eugenics are flourishing in this regard, with nearly 92% of Down syndrome babies being killed off in the womb. ", "The United States is, sadly, catching up, killing over 67% of our babies with the detected syndrome in utero.", "\n\nA video concerning people with Down syndrome from 2016 recently resurfaced online and rightly struck a nerve. ", "In the video, a man with Down syndrome speaks with an employee from the Dutch National Institute for Public Health, who proceeds to calculate how “expensive” the man is for society relative to “normal” citizens in the country.", "\n\nWATCH:\n\nWatching this broke my heart💔. ", "This dear man who has DownSyndrome is told exactly how much he is costing society & how “expensive” he is☹️. Why has the Dutch National Institute for Public Health (@RIVM) put a price tag to human life? ", "Why?pic.twitter.com/RBIn6IpbKN — Obianuju Ekeocha (@obianuju) December 14, 2017\n\nAccording to a post on WhatsOnWeibo.com, the clip is from a show aired in the Netherlands called “The Last Downer,” which features two advocates for people with Down syndrome who happen to have the syndrome themselves. ", "The show focuses on “what society loses if Down syndrome disappears” and “the ethical, social and psychological consequences of having a child with Down syndrome.”", "\n\n“In the Netherlands, a TV show revolving around ‘the end of Down syndrome’ was recently aired on national television. ", "The series, that was titled ‘The Last Downer’, explored what society loses if Down syndrome disappears. ", "It also talked about the ethical, social and psychological consequences of having a child with Down syndrome,” explains the site.", "\n\nAs troubling as the scene is to watch, the show apparently received backlash for being “too much in favor of the pro-life movement.”", "\n\nBut this is the stuff of Nazis: the dehumanization of a group followed by their attempted elimination.", "\n\n“Do the Dutch, who suffered under — and in many cases heroically resisted — Hitler’s domination, forget that the ‘final solution’ began with the dehumanization and eugenic killing of the handicapped?” ", "asked alarmed Princeton professor Robert P. George.", "\n\nWe should be asking the same question to our fellow American citizens.", "\n\nWatch: Alex Jones’ feature length documentary film Endgame: Blueprint for Global Enslavement which underscores the globalist plan to exterminate 80% of the world’s population through dehumanization and pseudo-science eugenics.", "\n\nThe Emergency Election Sale is now live! ", "Get 30% to 60% off our most popular products today!" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSaving a range to pdf in a specific location\n\nI need to send a range of Cells in an email but formatted as a pdf file. ", "Right now Im able to create the pdf and save it, but since the excel file will be used in different computers, I cant now the paths to the files and attach it that way. ", "Is it possible to attach the range to an email as a pdf right away? ", "Or to prompt a window so the user selects where he saves the pdf and then I can use that path to attach it to the email.", "\nThks!", "\n\nA:\n\nApplication.", "Workbook().Path should get you what you need:\nDim FolderPath As String\nFolderPath = Application.", "Workbook(\"name of book.xlsm\").Path\n'Use your save PDF macro to save to the FolderPath string\n'Reference FolderPath in attachment to message.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nadd tabs to user's facebook page through facebook api\n\nCan a facebook api add tabs to users' facebook page, if yes then HOW??", "\n\nA:\n\nyou can add a tab to you application by filling profile tab part in facebook integration\nhow to go there\nhttp://www.facebook.com/developers/\nchoose the application (if you have any) --> edit settings --> facebook integration\nthen fill tab profile.", "\nunfortunately , profile tabs will no longer be allowed see this link.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Characteristics and regulation of bile salt synthesis and secretion by human hepatoma HepG2 cells.", "\nBile salt uptake, synthesis and secretion by the human hepatoma-derived cell line HepG2 were studied. ", "The cells transported and secreted bile salts largely by means of passive mechanisms. ", "The cells synthesized and secreted the normal human primary bile salts. ", "The ratio of cholate to chenodeoxycholate was 1.5:1. ", "The degree of conjugation, about 35%, was lower than normal, and the glycine-to-taurine ratio was abnormal (4.5:1). ", "This was not due to amino acid deficiency in the medium. ", "Contrary to the report of others, little 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid was secreted. ", "This was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ", "The total rate of synthesis was about 33% that of normal liver. ", "The specific activity of bile salts synthesized from [3H]mevalonate was about 20 times higher than that of the cellular cholesterol derived from the same precursor. ", "The regulation of bile salt synthesis by two compounds that could alter the precursor pool of cholesterol was studied. ", "After a 24-hr incubation in serum-free medium, the compound 25(OH)cholesterol inhibited the rate of bile salt synthesis compared with control values, possibly by depleting the intracellular free cholesterol pool. ", "Surprisingly, however, progesterone, which inhibits cholesterol esterification and should have expanded this pool, also inhibited bile salt synthesis under those conditions. ", "The effect of these compounds on the level of mRNA for cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase was also determined by Northern-blot analysis. ", "The cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase mRNA was 3.7 kb, similar to that in the rat. ", "The incubation of cells in 25(OH)cholesterol or progesterone, as above, resulted in a decreased level of mRNA. ", "The reduction was proportional to the reduction in bile salt synthesis, suggesting that these compounds act at a pretranslational level. ", "Taken together, these results suggest that our particular subclone of HepG2 cells will be useful for studies of the regulation of bile salt synthesis, but not of transport, by human liver-derived tissue." ]

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[ "Animals having a developed rumen function utilize the feed which is consumed by first degrading the carbohydrate (the main nutritive portion) to pyruvate. ", "The pyruvate is further metabolized to volatile fatty acid (VFA) derivatives, which include acetate, propionate and butyrate. ", "The animals are capable of producing propionate in the rumen and of absorbing propionate from the gut more efficiently than either acetate or butyrate. ", "One method for improving the efficiency of feed utilization by ruminants therefore involves altering the rumen function to increase propionate production at the expense of acetate and butyrate production.", "\nAnother method for improving efficiency involves inhibition of methane production. ", "Methane gas is a product of metabolization in the rumen, and is generally lost through eructation. ", "This represents an energy loss which can be minimized by inhibiting methane formation.", "\nIt has now been discovered that certain phthalides are effective in increasing propionate production in animals having a developed rumen function, and also inhibit methane production. ", "The compounds therefore are valuable in improving the efficiency of feed utilization by ruminants.", "\nPhthalides are well known in the art. ", "Several 3-(trichloromethyl)phthalides were synthesized by Fritsch, Ann., ", "296, 344; Beilstein, 18, 20. ", "A number of 6-hydroxy(and 6-alkoxy)-3-(trichloromethyl)phthalide derivatives have been reported; see Chem. ", "Abs., ", "61, 11927H et. ", "seq. ", "and 63, 14746E et. ", "seq. ", "Phthalides have been employed in the treatment of plant fungal diseases such as rice blast (Japanese No. ", "7131350), and as pesticides and pharmaceuticals, (see U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,342,837). ", "Phthalides have not heretofore been employed in ruminants for improving feed utilization efficiency." ]

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[ "Here you go! ", "No ads, no slides, just the list of awesome fireworks that you want!", "\n\nThere may be some changes to this because of weather, or additions made to this list.", "\n\nWEDNESDAY JUNE 19\n\n*Hampton Beach NH, Across from C Street, 9:30 PM\n\nSATURDAY JUNE 22\n\n*Carlisle, Baseball Field, Church Street, 9:30 PM\n\n*Florence, Look Memorial Park, 9:15-9:30 PM (Raindate: 6/23/2019)\n\n*Hanover, Ballfields behind Center School – 65 Silver Street , 9:15 PM (Raindate: 6/23/2019)\n\n*Hull, Barge off Nantasket Beach, 109-125 Main Street , 9:30 PM (Raindate: 6/23/2019)\n\n*Middleton, Town Transfer Station, Natsue Way, 9:20 PM (Raindate: 6/23/2019)\n\n*Monson, Quarry Hill School, 43 Margaret St., 9:15 PM (Raindate: 6/23/2019)\n\n*South Hamilton, Patton Park, Bay Road , 9:15 PM (Raindate: 6/23/2019)\n\n*Upton, Blackstone Valley Regional Vocational High School, 10:00 PM (Raindate: 6/23/2019)\n\n*Hampton Beach NH, Across from C Street, 9:30 PM\n\nWEDNESDAY JUNE 26\n\n*Hampton Beach NH, Across from C Street, 9:30 PM\n\nTHURSDAY JUNE 27\n\n*Somerville MA, Trum Field, Approximately 9:30PM\n\nFRIDAY JUNE 28\n\n*Holyoke, Holyoke Community College, at 303 Homestead Avenue , 9:15 PM (Raindate: 6/29/2019)\n\nSATURDAY JUNE 29\n\n*Braintree, Braintree High School field, 10:00 PM (Raindate: 6/30/2019)\n\n*Chicopee, Szot Park, Front Street, 9:30 PM\n\n*Halifax, Halifax Elementary School Field – 464 Plymouth Street, 9:15 PM (Raindate: 6/30/2019)\n\n*Northbridge, Lasell Field, 171 Linwood Avenue, 9:00 PM (Raindate: 6/30/2019)\n\n*Salisbury, Salisbury Beach, 10:15 PM\n\nSUNDAY JUNE 30\n\n*Auburn, Pappas Recreation Complex, 203 Pakachoag St. , 9:30 PM\n\n*Brockton, Brockton Fairgrounds, Time TBD\n\n*Sutton, best viewed from field off Uxbridge Road near town hall, 9:30 PM\n\nMONDAY JULY 1\n\n*Mashpee High School, 500 Old Barnstable Rd., ", "Mashpee High School, 500 Old Barnstable Rd., ", "9:30 PM\n\nTUESDAY JULY 2\n\n*Boston, Boston Harbor, Dusk\n\n*Worcester, Bell Hill – 170 Belmont Street, 9:30 PM (Raindate: 7/3/2019)\n\nWEDNESDAY JULY 3\n\n*Hampton Beach NH, Across from C Street, 9:30 PM\n\n*Andover, Andover High School, 80 Shawsheen Road, 9:20 PM (Raindate: 7/5/2019)\n\n*Attleboro, Hayward Field, 89 North Avenue, 9:20 PM (Raindate: 7/5/2019)\n\n*Brockton, Brockton Fairgrounds, Time TBD\n\n*Fitchburg, Fireworks are shot off Rollstone Hill off Pratt Road, 10:00 PM (Raindate: 7/6/2019)\n\n*Foxborough, Gillette Stadium & Patriot Place, North Marketplace (Free Parking), 9:00 PM\n\n*Gloucester, Fort Area, Stage Fort Park, 1 Hough Ave., ", "9:30 PM (Raindate: 7/6/2019)\n\n*Haverhill, Riverside Park 163 Lincoln Avenue, 9:15 PM (Raindate: 7/5/2019)\n\n*Lynn & Swampscott, Barge near Red Rock – 76 Marine Street, 9:00 PM (Raindate: 7/5/2019)\n\n*Manchester, Barge off Singing Beach, 9:15 PM\n\n*Methuen, Barge on Merrimack River, The Loop | Riverside Drive, 9:15 PM\n\n*Milford, Plains Park on Cedar Street, 10:00 PM (Raindate: 7/5/2019)\n\n*Needham , Needham HS Parking Lot, 609 Webster Street, 9:30 PM (Raindate: 7/5/2019)\n\n*Randolph, Randolph HS baseball field, 70 Memorial Parkway, 9:30 PM (Raindate: 7/5/2019)\n\n*Sharon, Barge on Lake Massapoag – 196 Pond Street, 9:30 PM (Raindate: 7/7/2019)\n\n*South Hadley, Michael E. Smith Middle School, 9:30 PM (Raindate: 7/5/2019)\n\n*Stoughton, O’Donnel Middle School on Cushing Street , 10:00 PM\n\n*Walpole , Joe Morgan Memorial Field – 220 School Street, 9:30 PM (Raindate: 7/5/2019)\n\n*Webster, Webster Lake Memorial Beach, 9:00 PM (Raindate: 7/4/2019)\n\n*Weymouth, George Lane Beach on River Street in North Weymouth, 9:30 PM (Raindate: N/A)\n\nTHURSDAY JULY 4\n\n*Acton, Nara Park, 25 Ledge Rock Way, 9:30 PM\n\n*Amesbury, Woodsom Farm, Lions Mouth Road , 9:00 PM\n\n*Amherst, McGuirk Stadium at UMASS Amherst, 9:30 PM\n\n*Barnstable, Aselton Park, Bismore Park, and Veteran’s Park Beach, 9:00 PM\n\n*Beverly, West Beach in Beverly Farms, 9:00 PM (Raindate: 7/5/2019)\n\n*Boston, Hatch Shell on the Esplanade, 10:30 PM\n\n*Bridgewater, Legion Field, 9:30 PM\n\n*Brockton, Brockton Fairgrounds, Time TBD\n\n*Burlington, View from Burlington Town Common or Simonds Park, 9:00 PM\n\n*Canton, Irish Cultural Center, 9:15 PM (Raindate: 7/5/2019)\n\n*Edgartown, Edgartown Harbor, Oak Bluffs Ave., ", "9:15 PM\n\n*Fall River, Waterfront/Battleship Cove, 9:30 PM\n\n*Falmouth, Falmouth Heights Beach, 9:15 PM\n\n*Hampton Beach, NH, Hampton Beach, 9:30 PM\n\n*Hyannis, Lewis Beach (View along Hyannis Harbor & West Yarmouth beaches, Dusk (Raindate: 8/31/2019)\n\n*Lincoln, Codman Field, Ballfield Road, 9:45 PM\n\n*Lowell , Edward A. LeLacheur Park , 9:00 PM (Raindate: 7/5/2019)\n\n*Marblehead, Marblehead Harbor (Illumination / Fireworks), 9:00 / 9:15PM\n\n*Mashpee, Golf Course, 20 Red Brook Road, 9:30 PM\n\n*Nahant, Bailey’s Hill Park, Bass Point Road, 9:00 PM (Raindate: N/A)\n\n*New Bedford, Downtown New Bedford/State Pier, 9:00 PM\n\n*Newton, Albemarle Field / Halloran Sports Complex, 9:00 PM\n\n*North Adams, Joe Wolfe Field, 9:30 PM\n\n*Pittsfield, Pittsfield Cemetery Property, 203 Wahconah St., Post Game 9:00pm – 11:00PM (Raindate: 7/5/2019)\n\n*Plymouth, at Plymouth Waterfront, 9:15 PM\n\n*Provincetown, MacMillan Pier – 24 Macmillan Pier at Provincetown Harbor, 9:00 PM (Raindate: 7/5/2019)\n\n*Salem, Derby Wharf after a concert, 9:15 PM\n\n*Springfield, Riverfront Park, 9:30 PM\n\n*Wakefield, Lake Quannapowitt, Dusk/9:30 PM\n\n*Waltham, Leary Field, 19 Athletic Field Road, 9:30 PM (Raindate: 7/5/2019)\n\n*Hampton Beach, NH, Across from C Street, 9:30PM\n\nFRIDAY JULY 5\n\n*Lexington , Lexington H.S. Baseball Field – Worthen Road, 9:30 PM (Raindate: 7/6/2019)\n\n*Nantucket, Jetties Beach, 9:00 PM\n\nSATURDAY JULY 6\n\n*Ayer, Pirone Park, 36 Bligh Street, 9:00 PM (Raindate: 7/7/2019)\n\n*Everett, Glendale Park, ~9:00 PM\n\n*Salisbury, Salisbury Beach, 10:15 PM\n\n*Uxbridge, McCloskey M.S., 62 Capron Street , 9:00 PM\n\n*Wareham, Onset harbor, 9:00 PM (Raindate: 7/7/2019)\n\n*Wilmington, High School, 9:30 PM\n\nEast Brookfield\n\nWEDNESDAY JULY 10\n\n*Hampton Beach NH, Across from C Street, 9:30PM\n\nFRIDAY JULY 12\n\n*Sandwich, Sandwich High School (Sandwich Town Fair), 9:00 PM (Raindate: 7/13/2019)\n\nSATURDAY JULY 13\n\n*Salisbury, Salisbury Beach, 10:15 PM\n\nSATURDAY JULY 20\n\n*Salisbury, Salisbury Beach, 10:15 PM\n\n*Bellingham, Bellingham High School,60 Blackstone Field, 9:00 PM\n\nSATURDAY JULY 27\n\n* Revere, Revere Beach, 9:30 PM\n\n*Salisbury, Salisbury Beach, 10:15 PM\n\nSATURDAY AUGUST 3\n\n*Newburyport, Cashman Park, 9:30PM\n\n*Salisbury, Salisbury Beach, 10:15 PM\n\nSATURDAY AUGUST 10\n\n*Rockport, Old Granite Pier, Sandy Bay, Rockport (Lobsterfest), Dusk\n\n*Salisbury, Salisbury Beach, 10:15 PM\n\nSUNDAY AUGUST 11\n\n*Beverly , Lynch Park and Dane St. Beach (Homecoming Days), 9:00 PM\n\nSATURDAY AUGUST 17\n\n*Salisbury, Salisbury Beach, 10:15 PM\n\n*Jaffrey NH, Festival of Fireworks, 9:30PM\n\nSATURDAY AUGUST 24\n\n*Salisbury, Salisbury Beach, 10:15 PM\n\nSATURDAY AUGUST 31\n\n*Clinton, CV Athletic Complex, Dusk\n\n*Gloucester, Gloucester Harbor, Stage Fort Park, approximately 9:15PM (after boat parade)\n\n*Salisbury, Salisbury Beach, 10:15 PM\n\nSUNDAY SEPTEMBER 1\n\n*Hampton Beach NH, Near C Street, 9:30PM\n\nSATURDAY SEPTEMBER 7\n\n*Hampton Beach NH, Near C Street, 8:00PM\n\nFRIDAY SEPTEMBER 13\n\n*Arlington, Spy Pond, Approximately 7:50PM\n\nSATURDAY SEPTEMBER 14\n\n*Harwich, Harwich Community Center fields, 100 Oak Street, 8:15 PM\n\n*Somerville, Assembly Row, Mystic River, Approximately 8:00 PM\n\nSUNDAY OCTOBER 13\n\n*Yarmouth, Seagull Beach, South Yarmouth, 8:00 PM\n\nSATURDAY SEPTEMBER 21\n\n*Billerica, Marshall Middle School, Approximately 8:30PM\n\nTHURSDAY OCTOBER 31\n\n*Salem, Fireworks over the North River, 10:15 PM\n\nSATURDAY NOVEMBER 9\n\n*Sunderland, Sunderland’s seafront and Cliffe Park, 9:15 PM\n\nTUESDAY DECEMBER 31\n\n*Hampton Beach NH, Across from C Street, approximately 8:00 PM\n\n*Boston, Family First Night, Bostom Common Ball Fields, 7:00 PM\n\n*Boston, First Night over Boston Harbor, 12:00 AM\n\n*Chatham, Oyster Pond, 12:00 AM\n\n…" ]

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[ "Cellulose is one of the major components in plant cell wall and is also a major resource of biomass on earth. ", "Hence, many enzymes that degrade cellulose can be widely applied in many different industries. ", "Cellulose is a polysaccharide composed of glucose units linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bond. ", "These polysaccharides organize tightly together to form crystalline cellulose in order to defense destructing energy from outside of plant. ", "On the other hand, many kinds of herbivores and microbes need to degrade cellulose from plant to glucose as an energy source by different degrading enzymes including cellulase, xylanase and so on. ", "The catalytic mechanism of cellulase involves hydrolyzing the β-1,4-glycosidic bond between two sugar units by acid-base interaction. ", "Cellulase can be generally divided into three groups including endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase and β-glucosidase. ", "Endoglucanase can randomly degrade cellulose into many small fragments. ", "Cellobiohydrolase can degrade cellulose from reducing end or non-reducing end to release main product, cellobiose. ", "β-Glucosidase can degrade cellobiose into simple sugar glucose.", "\nSo far, the industrial applications of cellulase are widespread in food industry, feed industry, textile industry or paper pulp industry, even in biofuel production. ", "In general, cellulase needs to conform to different appropriate conditions according to different industrial needs. ", "For example, acidic and thermostable enzymes are suitable for the feed industry but textile industry prefers alkaline enzymes. ", "Therefore, scientists always try to seek better enzymes which are more suitable for different industrial needs in academic or industrial researches. ", "Currently, many researchers and enzyme companies could produce better enzymes by screening in nature or modifying present enzymes. ", "There are generally two strategies of enzyme modification including directed evolution that randomly mutates the enzyme gene and selects with desirable properties or rationale engineering that specifically mutates the enzyme gene based on the structural information of the enzyme.", "\nDifferent industrial production processes need different appropriate enzymes to cooperate and participate in their production procedures. ", "Despite cellulase has been applied in industry for a long time, many industrial cellulases which are produced from mesophile such as Trichoderma reesei have worse thermostabilities. ", "On the other hand, thermostable cellulase can be efficiently applied in the industry which needs high temperature reaction condition, such as brewing, bioethanol production and so on. ", "Thermostable enzyme has higher protein stability, so it can be stable and even work better in high temperature condition. ", "In addition, to increase enzyme activity is also a key point for the improvement of industrial enzyme. ", "Higher enzyme activity represents the cost down and the companies will have better profit.", "\nAccording to previous studies, disulfide bonds are beneficial to protein stability and thermostability. ", "Trichoderma reesei has many kinds of cellulases, in which the cellulase Cel5A belonging to GH family 5 and whose protein structure (ID 3QR3) had been published in 2011 has four disulfide bonds at positions C16-C22, C92-C99, C232-C2683 and C273-C323, and thus has high melting temperature (Tm). ", "Cel5A belongs to α/β TIM-barrel protein (Toni M Lee, Mary F Farrow, Frances H Arnold, and Stephen L Mayo. (", "2011) Protein Structure Report, November27; 20(11):1935-40). ", "In 2004, Simon R. Andrews et al. ", "found that adding disulfide bonds at N terminals and C terminals of the xylanase CjXyn10A of Cellvibrio japonicas and the xylanase CmXyn10B of Cellvibrio mixtus had increased the protein stability and further increased the protein thermostability, and both CjXyn10A and CmXyn10B belong to α/β TIM-barrel proteins (Andrews S. R., Taylor E. J., Pell G., Vincent F., Ducros V. M., Davies G. J., Lakey J. H., and Gilbert H. J., (2004) J. Biol. ", "Chem. ", "December 24;279(52):54369-79).", "\nTherefore, the present invention intends to add disulfide bonds of a cellulase by gene modification, so as to increase the thermostability and further increase the industrial value of the cellulase." ]

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[ "Standardless EDS analysis of bulk and thin specimens.", "\nA direct relationship between the x-ray intensity ratio and the concentration ratio for bulk and thin specimens has been established by use of a revised full-diffusion model of electron scattering. ", "The suitable ionization cross section, the most important parameter influencing the accuracy of the calculated Cliff-Lorimer factors, has been found after comparing the experimental intensity ratio I(L)/I(K) of eight elements (from Ge to Sn) and I(M)/I(L) of six elements (from Sm to Bi) with the calculated values. ", "The quantitative standardless EDS analysis of bulk samples obtained by this direct method is more satisfactory than the commercial indirect method which gives the composition through ZAF correction after calculating the intensity factors of pure elements. ", "The quantitative standardless analysis of thin samples has been improved by the suitable cross section significantly. ", "This method has been applied to the analysis of film on substrate either without any common element or with one common element (P-Si glass film on Si). ", "It has also been used to calculate the intensity factors of pure bulk samples and the backscattering correction factor in Auger electron spectroscopy." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We introduce a restriction of Wythoff’s game, which we call $\\F$-*Wythoff*, in which the integer ratio of entries must not change if an equal number of tokens are removed from both piles. ", "We show that $\\P$-positions of $\\F$-Wythoff are exactly those positions obtained from $\\P$-positions of Wythoff’s game by adding 1 to each entry. ", "We describe the distribution of Sprague-Grundy values and, in particular, generalize two properties on the distribution of those positions which have Sprague-Grundy value $k$, for a given $k$, for variants of Wythoff’s game. ", "We analyze the misère $\\F$-Wythoff and show that the normal and misère versions differ exactly on those positions which have Sprague-Grundy values 0, and 1 via a swap. ", "We examine two further variants of $\\F$-Wythoff, one restriction and one extension, preserving its $\\P$-positions. ", "We raise two general questions based on the translation phenomenon of the $\\P$-positions.'", "\naddress: 'Department of Mathematics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia 3086'\nauthor:\n- Nhan Bao Ho\ntitle: 'Variants of Wythoff’s game translating its $\\P$-positions'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nIntroduced by Willem Abraham Wythoff [@Wyt], Wythoff’s game is a variant of Nim played on two piles of tokens. ", "Two players move alternately, either removing a number of tokens from one pile or removing an equal number of tokens from both piles. ", "The player first unable to move (because the two piles become empty) loses and his/her opponent wins. ", "We denote by $(a,b)$ the position of the two piles of sizes $a$, $b$. Symmetrically, $(a,b)$ is identical to $(b,a)$. A position is called an *$\\N$-position* (known as *winning position*) if the player about to move from there has a strategy to win. ", "Otherwise, we have a *$\\P$-position* (known as *losing position*). ", "Here, $\\N$ stands for the $\\N$ext player and $\\P$ stands for the $\\P$revious player. ", "Wythoff [@Wyt] shows that the $\\P$-positions of Wythoff’s game form the set $\\{(\\lfloor \\phi n \\rfloor, \\lfloor \\phi^2 n \\rfloor) | n \\geq 0\\}$ where $\\phi = (1+\\sqrt{5})/2$ is the golden ratio and $\\lfloor . ", "\\rfloor$ denotes the integer part.", "\n\nRecall that Wythoff’s game is an impartial combinatorial game. ", "If there exists a move from a position $p$ to some position $q$, then the position $q$ is called a *follower* of $p$. For a finite set $S$ of nonnegative integers, the *minimum excluded number* of $S$, denoted by $mex(S)$, is the smallest nonnegative integer not in $S$. The *Sprague-Grundy function* for an impartial combinatorial game is the function $\\mathcal{G}$ from the set of its positions into the nonnegative integers, defined inductively by $$\\mathcal{G}(p) = mex\\{\\mathcal{G}(q)| q \\text{ is a follower of } p\\}$$ with $mex\\{\\} = 0$. The value $\\mathcal{G}(p)$ is called the *Sprague-Grundy value* at $p$. The base theory of combinatorial games and the Sprague-Grundy function can be found in [@ww1]. ", "Recall that a position is a $\\P$-position if and only if it has Sprague-Grundy value 0 [@ww1]. ", "One also can prove the following fundamental property of Sprague-Grundy values: a position $p$ has Sprague-Grundy value $k > 0$ if and only if (i) $\\G(p) \\neq \\G(q)$ if there exists a move from either $p$ to $q$ or $q$ to $p$, and (ii) for every $l < k$, there exists a position $q$ such that $\\G(q) = l$ and one can move from $p$ to $q$.\n\nDespite being one of oldest impartial games, Wythoff’s game is still a highly interesting topic. ", "The Sprague-Grundy function for this game is studied widely in [@blass; @Dress; @landman; @nivasch]. ", "Several variants of Wythoff’s game have been examined, including (i) [*restrictions*]{}: obtained from Wythoff’s game by eliminating some moves [@Gen-Connell; @Nim-Wythoff; @ho], and (ii) [*extensions*]{}: obtained from Wythoff’s game by adding extra moves [@Heapgame; @Howtobeat; @Gen-Fra; @Adjoining; @RRR0; @RRR; @ho; @hog; @Some-Gen]. ", "Solving the winning strategy for variants of Wythoff’s game is always an interesting exercise. ", "In particular, it has been showed that there exist variants of Wythoff’s game, including restrictions and extensions, preserving its $\\P$-positions [@Ext-Res; @ho]. ", "This paper makes further investigations of variants of Wythoff’s game whose $\\P$-positions are slightly different to those of Wythoff’s game.", "\n\nIn this paper, we introduce a restriction of Wythoff’s game, called *$\\F$-Wythoff*, in which a legal move is either of the following two types:\n\n- removing any number of tokens from one pile;\n\n- removing an equal number of tokens from two piles provided that the integer ratio of the two entries does not change.", "\n\nWe obtain the following result on $\\P$-positions: the $\\P$-positions of $\\F$-Wythoff are those positions obtained directly from $\\P$-positions of Wythoff’s game by adding 1 to each entry. ", "This translation phenomenon is the main theme of this paper. ", "We also establish several results for further modifications of $\\F$-Wythoff.", "\n\nThe paper is organized as follows. ", "In the next section, we solve the $\\P$-positions in both algebraic and recursive characterizations before giving formulas for those positions which have Sprague-Grundy values 1 and 2. ", "Section 3 analyzes the distributions of Sprague-Grundy values for $\\F$-Wythoff on the 2-dimension array whose $(i,j)$ entry is the Sprague-Grungdy value of the position $(i,j)$. In particular, we generalize two results for the Sprague-Grundy values of Wythoff’s game and its variants. ", "In Section 4, we examine $\\F$-Wythoff in misère play. ", "We show that $\\F$-Wythoff and its misère form differ slightly on the set of positions which have Sprague-Grundy values 0 and 1. ", "Section 5 answers the question as to whether there exists a variant of $\\F$-Wythoff preserving its $\\P$-positions. ", "Two such variants, one restriction and an extension, are discussed. ", "In the final section, we raise two questions for variants of Wythoff’s game, based on the theme of the paper. ", "This paper is the continuation of our investigations on variants of Wythoff’s game [@ho] and, more generally, 2-pile variants of the game of Nim [@MEuclid; @Min; @CHL].", "\n\nTranslation phenomenon on those positions which have Sprague-Grundy value 0, 1 and 2\n====================================================================================\n\nThis section first solves the $\\P$-positions in $\\F$-Wythoff. ", "We then give formulas for those positions which have Sprague-Grundy values 1 and 2. ", "It will be shown that these positions are all obtained from $\\P$-positions of Wythoff’s game by a translation, except for some initial positions.", "\n\nLet $\\phi = (1+\\sqrt{5})/2$. Then $\\phi^2 = \\phi + 1$. Therefore, for every positive integer $n$, we have $$\\lfloor \\phi^2n \\rfloor = \\lfloor \\phi n + n \\rfloor = \\lfloor \\phi n \\rfloor + n.$$\n\n\\[Comp\\] [@beatty1] For each $i \\geq 1$, set $a_i = \\lfloor \\phi i \\rfloor$ and $b_i = \\lfloor \\phi^2 i \\rfloor$. Then $$\\begin{aligned}\n& \\{a_i | i \\geq 1\\} \\cup \\{b_i | i \\geq 1\\} = \\NN,\\\\\n& \\{a_i | i \\geq 1\\} \\cap \\{b_i | i \\geq 1\\} = \\emptyset,\\end{aligned}$$ in which $\\NN$ is the set of positive integers.", "\n\nConsequently, we have\n\n\\[Comp.1\\] Let $a \\geq 2$ be an integer. ", "There exists exactly one $n$ such that either $a = \\lfloor \\phi n \\rfloor+1$ or $a = \\lfloor \\phi^2 n \\rfloor +1$. Moreover, the number $a$ cannot be of both forms.", "\n\nRecall that in Wythoff’s game, we have $\\P$-positions as follows.", "\n\n\\[W-P\\] [@Wyt] A position in Wythoff’s game is a $\\P$-position if and only if it is of the form $(\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor, \\lfloor \\phi^2 n \\rfloor)$ for some $n \\geq 0$.\n\nWe first prove an equality that will be used many times in this paper.", "\n\n\\[U-lem\\] Let $n,k$, and $i$ be positive integers. ", "We have $$\\Bigg{\\lfloor} \\frac{\\lfloor\\phi^2 n\\rfloor + k + i}{\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor + k + i}\\Bigg{\\rfloor} = \\Bigg{\\lfloor} \\frac{\\lfloor\\phi^2 n\\rfloor + i}{\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor + i} \\Bigg{\\rfloor} = 1.$$\n\nWe have $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\Bigg{\\lfloor} \\frac{\\lfloor\\phi^2 n\\rfloor + k + i}{\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor + k + i}\\Bigg{\\rfloor}\n& = \\Bigg{\\lfloor} \\frac{\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor +n + k + i}{\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor + k + i}\\Bigg{\\rfloor}\n= 1 + \\Bigg{\\lfloor} \\frac{n}{\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor + k + i}\\Bigg{\\rfloor}\\\\\n&= 1\n= 1 + \\Bigg{\\lfloor} \\frac{n}{\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor + i}\\Bigg{\\rfloor}\n= \\Bigg{\\lfloor} \\frac{\\lfloor\\phi^2 n\\rfloor + i}{\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor + i} \\Bigg{\\rfloor}.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nWe now solve the winning strategy for $\\F$-Wythoff.", "\n\n\\[FW-P\\] A position in $\\F$-Wythoff is a $\\P$-position if and only if it is an element of the set $$\\{(0,0), (\\lfloor \\phi n \\rfloor+1, \\lfloor \\phi^2n \\rfloor +1) | n \\geq 0 \\}.$$\n\nLet $\\A = \\{(0,0), (\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor +1, \\lfloor \\phi^2 n \\rfloor + 1) | n \\geq 0\\}$. We need to show that the following two properties hold for $\\F$-Wythoff:\n\n- Every move from a position in $\\A$ cannot terminate in $\\A$,\n\n- From every position not in $\\A$, there is a move terminating in $\\A$.\n\nFor (i), assume by contradiction that there is a move from $(\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor +1, \\lfloor \\phi^2 n \\rfloor + 1)$ to $(\\lfloor\\phi m\\rfloor +1, \\lfloor \\phi^2 m \\rfloor + 1)$ for some $n > m$. At the moment, there are at most three possibilities for this move: (1) removing some $k$ tokens from the small pile $\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor +1$, or (2) removing some $k$ tokens from the large pile $\\lfloor\\phi^2 n\\rfloor +1$, or (3) removing some $k$ tokens from both piles. ", "Note that the move (3) does not exist. ", "In fact, otherwise one can move from $(\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor, \\lfloor \\phi^2 n \\rfloor)$ to $(\\lfloor\\phi m\\rfloor, \\lfloor \\phi^2 m \\rfloor)$ in Wythoff’s game. ", "This is impossible. ", "Possibility (1) implies the system $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\begin{cases}\n\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor +1 - k = \\lfloor\\phi m\\rfloor +1, \\\\\n\\lfloor \\phi^2 n \\rfloor + 1 = \\lfloor \\phi^2 m \\rfloor + 1.", "\n\\end{cases}\\end{aligned}$$ It follows from the second equation that $n = m$, giving a contradiction. ", "Possibility (2) implies the system $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\begin{cases}\n\\lfloor \\phi^2 n \\rfloor + 1 - k = \\lfloor\\phi m\\rfloor +1, \\\\\n\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor +1 = \\lfloor \\phi^2 m \\rfloor + 1\n\\end{cases}\\end{aligned}$$ giving $\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor = \\lfloor \\phi^2 m \\rfloor$. This is impossible by Lemma \\[Comp\\].", "\n\nFor (ii), let $p = (a,b) \\notin \\A$. Set $q = (a-1,b-1)$. Then $q$ is not of the form $(\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor, \\lfloor\\phi^2 n\\rfloor)$. By Theorem \\[W-P\\], there exists a legal move from $q$ to some $(\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor, \\lfloor\\phi^2 n\\rfloor)$ in Wythoff’s game. ", "This move is identical to the move from $p$ to $(\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor +1, \\lfloor\\phi^2 n\\rfloor+1)$ in $\\F$-Wythoff provided that the integer ratio of the two entries does not change if an equal number of tokens is removed from both piles. ", "The proof is complete by Lemma \\[U-lem\\].", "\n\nSet $(a_0,b_0) = (0,0)$. For $n \\geq 1$, set $a_n = \\lfloor\\phi (n-1)\\rfloor +1$, $b_n = \\lfloor\\phi^2 (n-1)\\rfloor +1$. Then $\\{(a_i,b_i) | i \\geq 0\\}$ is the set of $\\P$-positions of $\\F$-Wythoff. ", "We now describe a recursive characterization of the sequence $\\{(a_i,b_i)\\}_{i \\geq 0}$.\n\n\\[FW-P-A\\] Consider the sequence $\\{(a_i,b_i)\\}_{i \\geq 1}$ of $\\P$-positions of $\\F$-Wythoff. ", "For each $n \\geq 1$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\begin{cases}\n a_n = mex\\{a_i,b_i | 0 \\leq i \\leq n-1\\},\\\\\n b_n = a_n+n-1.", "\n \\end{cases}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nThe first equation follows from Corollary \\[a\\_i\\] below and the second equation follows from Theorem \\[FW-P\\]. ", "Note that the order that Corollary \\[a\\_i\\] comes in the paper does not affect its independent content used for this corollary.", "\n\nWe next give a formula for those positions which have Sprague-Grundy value 1.", "\n\n\\[V1\\] The set of positions which have Sprague-Grundy value $1$ in $\\F$-Wythoff is $$\\B = \\{(0,1), (\\lfloor \\phi n \\rfloor +2, \\lfloor \\phi^2 n \\rfloor +2) | n \\geq 0\\}.$$\n\nRecall that the set of $\\P$-positions of $\\F$-Wythoff is $$\\P = \\{(0,0),(\\lfloor \\phi n \\rfloor +1, \\lfloor \\phi^2 n \\rfloor + 1)| n \\geq 0\\}.$$ Based on the definition of Sprague-Grundy function, we need to prove that\n\n- $\\B \\cap \\P = \\emptyset$,\n\n- There is no move from a position in $\\B$ to a position in $\\B$,\n\n- From every position not in $\\B \\cup\\P$, there exists a move to some position in $\\B$.\n\nFor (i), assume by contradiction that $\\B \\cap \\P \\neq \\emptyset$. Then there exist $n,m$ such that $$(\\lfloor \\phi n \\rfloor +1, \\lfloor \\phi^2 n \\rfloor + 1) = (\\lfloor \\phi m \\rfloor +2, \\lfloor \\phi^2 m \\rfloor +2).$$ It follows that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\begin{cases}\n\\lfloor \\phi n \\rfloor = \\lfloor \\phi m \\rfloor +1, \\\\\n\\lfloor \\phi n \\rfloor + n = \\lfloor \\phi m \\rfloor + m +1.", "\n\\end{cases}\\end{aligned}$$ One can check that this system of equations gives a contradiction.", "\n\nFor (ii), one can check that there is no move from a position of the form $(\\lfloor \\phi n \\rfloor +2, \\lfloor \\phi^2 n \\rfloor +2)$ to (0,1). ", "Similar to case (ii) in Theorem \\[FW-P\\], one can check that there is no move between positions of the form $(\\lfloor \\phi n \\rfloor +2, \\lfloor \\phi^2 n \\rfloor + 2)$.\n\nFor (iii), let $(a,b) \\notin \\B \\cup \\P$ with $a \\leq b$. One can move from $(a,b)$ to (0,1) if either $a = 0$ or $a = 1$. We now assume that $a \\geq 2$. Consider the position $p = (a-2,b-2)$. Note that $p$ is not of the form $(\\lfloor \\phi n \\rfloor, \\lfloor \\phi^2 n \\rfloor)$. In Wythoff’s game, there is one move from $p$ to some position $(\\lfloor \\phi m \\rfloor, \\lfloor \\phi^2 m \\rfloor)$. This move is identical to the move from $(a,b)$ to $(\\lfloor \\phi m \\rfloor + 2, \\lfloor \\phi^2 m \\rfloor +2)$ in $\\F$-Wythoff provided that the integer ratio of the two entries does not change if an equal number of tokens is removed from both piles. ", "The proof is then complete by Lemma \\[U-lem\\].", "\n\nTheorem \\[V1\\] shows that, except for the first position, those positions which have Sprague-Grundy value 1 are all obtained from $\\P$-positions by adding 1 to each entry. ", "Similarly, those positions which have Sprague-Grundy value 2 in $\\F$-Wythoff are also obtained from the $\\P$-positions via a translation, except for the first two positions. ", "We leave the proof of the following theorem for the readers.", "\n\n\\[V2\\] A position $(a,b)$ has Sprague-Grundy value $2$ in $\\F$-Wythoff if and only if $(a,b)$ is an element of the set $$\\{(0,2), (1,3), (\\lfloor \\phi n \\rfloor + 4, \\lfloor \\phi^2 n \\rfloor + 4) | n \\geq 0\\}.$$\n\nWe do not know a formula of such forms for those positions which have Sprague-Grundy values more than 2. ", "It would be therefore interesting if we can answer the following question.", "\n\nDoes there exist $g > 2$ such that those positions which have Sprague-Grundy value $g$, possibly except for a finite number of positions, can be obtained by a translation from the $\\P$-positions?", "\n\nOn the distribution of Sprague-Grundy values\n============================================\n\nConsider the 2-dimension infinite array $\\mathbb{A}$ whose $(i,j)$ entry is the Sprague-Grundy value $\\G(i,j)$ of the position $(i,j)$ in $\\F$-Wythoff. ", "Table \\[T\\] displays some values of the array with $i, j \\leq 9$.\n\n\\[ht\\]\n\n ----- --- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----\n 9 9 8 11 10 12 13 1 2 6 7\n 8 8 9 10 7 11 0 12 4 5 6\n 7 7 6 5 8 9 1 10 11 4 2\n 6 6 7 4 5 0 2 3 10 12 1\n 5 5 4 7 6 3 8 2 1 0 13\n 4 4 5 6 1 2 3 0 9 11 12\n 3 3 2 0 4 1 6 5 8 7 10\n 2 2 3 1 0 6 7 4 5 10 11\n 1 1 0 3 2 5 4 7 6 9 8\n 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9\n i/j 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9\n ----- --- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----\n\n : Sprague-Grundy values $\\G(i,j)$ for $i,j\\leq 9$[]{data-label=\"T\"}\n\nWe discuss in this section the distribution of Sprague-Grundy values in the array $\\mathbb{A}$. We first show that each row (column) in $\\mathbb{A}$ contains every Sprague-Grundy value exactly one time.", "\n\n\\[Row\\] Let $a, g$ be nonnegative integers. ", "There exists a unique integer $b$ such that $\\G(a,b) = g$.\n\nThe uniqueness holds by the definition of $\\F$-Wythoff. ", "We now prove the existence. ", "Note that the theorem holds for $a = 0$. We first show that the theorem holds for $g = 0$. If $a = 1$ then $\\G(1,1) = 0$. If $a \\geq 2$, by Corollary \\[Comp.1\\], there exists $m$ such that either $a = \\lfloor \\phi m \\rfloor + 1$ or $a = \\lfloor \\phi^2 m \\rfloor + 1$. The former case gives $\\G(a,\\lfloor \\phi^2 m \\rfloor + 1) = 0$ and the latter case gives $\\G(a,\\lfloor \\phi m \\rfloor + 1) = 0$.\n\nAssume that $g> 0$ and assume by contradiction that the sequence $R_a = \\{\\G(a,n)\\}_{n \\geq 0}$ does not contain $g$. We can assume that $g$ is the smallest integer not in the sequence $R_a$. Then there exists the smallest integer $b_0 \\geq a$ such that $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{BW-b0}\n\\{0, 1, \\ldots,g -1\\} \\subseteq \\{\\G(a,i) | i \\leq b_0-1\\}.\\end{aligned}$$ For each $s \\geq 1$, let $b_s = b_0+s(a+1)$. We have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\G(a,b_s) = mex\\{&\\G(a-i,b_s), \\G(a,b_s-j), \\G(a-l,b_s-l) | 1 \\leq i \\leq a,\\\\\n &1 \\leq j \\leq b_s, 1 \\leq l < a, \\lfloor\\frac{b_s-l}{a-l}\\rfloor = \\lfloor\\frac{b}{a}\\rfloor\\}.\\end{aligned}$$ By (\\[BW-b0\\]), the $mex$ set contains $\\{0, 1, \\ldots,g -1\\}$. Note that $\\G(a,b_s) \\neq g$. Therefore, $\\G(a,b_s) > g$ and so the $mex$ set contains $g$. Since $\\G(a,b_s-i) \\neq g$ for all $i$, there exists either $i_s \\leq a$ or $l_s < a$ such that either $\\G(a-i_s,b_s) = g$ or $\\G(a-l_s,b_s-l_s) = g$. Note that as $s$ varies, the integers $b_s$ assume infinitely many values, while $i_s, l_s\\leq a$ for each $s$. Moreover, by the uniqueness, there are at most $a+1$ positions of the form $(a-i_s,b_s)$ whose Sprague-Grundy values all are $g$. So there must exist $s_1 < s_2$ such that $l_{s_1} = l_{s_2}$ and $\\G(a-l_{s_1},b_{s_1}-l_{s_1}) = \\G(a-l_{s_2},b_{s_2}-l_{s_2})$. This is impossible since one can move from $(a-l_{s_2},b_{s_2}-l_{s_2})$ to $(a-l_{s_1},b_{s_1}-l_{s_1})$ by removing $b_{s_2}-b_{s_1}$ tokens from the larger pile. ", "Thus, the sequence $R_a$ contains $g$ and so $\\G(a,b) = g$ for some $b$.\n\nRecall that the *Wythoff sequence*, or sequence of $\\P$-positions, of Wythoff’s game is the sequence $\\{(\\lfloor \\phi n \\rfloor, \\lfloor \\phi^2 n \\rfloor)\\}_{n \\geq 0}$. Let $A = \\{a_n | n \\geq 0\\}$, $B = \\{b_n | n \\geq 0\\}$ where $a_n = \\lfloor \\phi n \\rfloor$, $b_n = \\lfloor \\phi^2 n \\rfloor$. By Lemma \\[Comp\\], the Wythoff sequence of Wythoff’s game satisfies conditions $A \\cap B = \\{0\\}$, $A \\cup B = \\Z_{\\geq 0}$ where $\\Z_{\\geq 0}$ denotes the set of nonnegative integers. ", "Moreover, $a_n = mex\\{a_i, b_i | 0 \\leq i < n\\}$. Curiously, these three conditions hold for several variants of Wythoff’s game [@Heapgame; @Howtobeat; @Wyt-mis; @Adjoining; @ho]. ", "We generalize these results for $\\F$-Wythoff in the next two corollaries. ", "The *$k$-sequence* of $\\F$-Wythoff is the sequence $\\{(a_n,b_n)\\}_{n \\geq 0}$ of positions whose Sprague-Grundy values are $k$ in which $0 \\leq a_n \\leq b_n$ and $a_n < a_m$ for $n < m$. We first describe a recursive characterization of the first entries $a_i$ in the $k$-sequence of $\\F$-Wythoff.", "\n\n\\[a\\_i\\] For each $k \\geq 0$, consider the $k$-sequence $\\{(a_n,b_n)\\}_{n \\geq 0}$ of $\\F$-Wythoff. ", "We have $a_n = mex\\{a_i, b_i | 0 \\leq i < n\\}$ for each $n$.\n\nAssume that there exists an integer $n > 0$ such that $a_n \\neq m = mex\\{a_i,b_i | 0 \\leq i \\leq n-1\\}$. If $a_n < m$ then $a_n \\in \\{a_i,b_i | 0 \\leq i \\leq n-1\\}$ and so there exists $l < n$ such that $a_n = b_l$. This means there exists a move between the two positions $(a_n,b_n)$ and $(a_l,b_l)$ whose Sprague-Grundy values are $k$. This is a contradiction. ", "Assume now that $a_n > m$. By Theorem \\[Row\\], there exists $m'$ (either $m \\leq m'$ or $m' < m$) such that the position $(m,m')$ has Sprague-Grundy value $k$. This means there exists some $j < n$ such that $(m,m')$ is identical to $(a_j, b_j)$. It follows that $m \\in mex\\{a_i,b_i | 0 \\leq i \\leq n-1\\}$ giving a contradiction. ", "Hence, $a_n = mex\\{a_i,b_i | 0 \\leq i \\leq n-1\\}$ for all $n$.\n\nNote that Corollary \\[a\\_i\\] is still true for those variants of Wythoff’s game which satisfy Theorem \\[Row\\]. ", "Such games, including Wythoff’s game, are discussed in [@ho]. ", "Similarly, the first equation in the next corollary also holds for those variants of Wythoff’s game which satisfy Theorem \\[Row\\].", "\n\n\\[Z+\\] For each $k \\geq 0$, consider the $k$-sequence $\\{(a_n,b_n)\\}_{n \\geq 0}$ of $\\F$-Wythoff. ", "We have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\begin{cases}\n\\{a_n | n \\geq 0\\} \\cup \\{b_n | n \\geq 0\\} = \\Z_{\\geq 0}, \\\\\n|\\{a_n | n \\geq 0\\} \\cap \\{b_n | n \\geq 0\\}| \\leq 2,\n\\end{cases}\\end{aligned}$$ where $|S|$ is the number of elements of the set $S$.\n\nThe first equation holds by Theorem \\[Row\\]. ", "We now prove the second equation. ", "Assume, by a contradiction, that $|\\{a_n | n \\geq 0\\} \\cap \\{b_n | n \\geq 0\\}| \\geq 3$. Let $x, y,z$ be three elements in the intersection $\\{a_n | n \\geq 0\\} \\cap \\{b_n | n \\geq 0\\}$ such that $x < y < z$ . ", "Then there exist $a_1 \\leq x \\leq b_1, a_2 \\leq y \\leq b_2,a_3 \\leq z \\leq b_3$ such that the six positions $(a_1, x)$, $(x,b_1)$, $(a_2,y)$, $(y,b_2)$, $(a_3, z)$, and $(z,b_3)$ all have Sprague-Grundy value $k$. We have then $a_1 = b_1$, $a_2 = b_2$, and $a_3 = b_3$. Note that $a_2, a_3 > 0$ and so one can move from $(a_3,b_3)$ to $(a_2, b_2)$. This is a contradiction as these two positions belong to the $k$-sequence.", "\n\nWe now return to a discussion of the Sprague-Grundy values in each row of the array $\\mathbb{A}$. A sequence $(s_i)$ is said to be *ultimately additively periodic* if there exist $N,p > 0$ such that $s_{n+p} = s_n+p$ for all $n \\geq N$. Based on our computer explorations, we conjecture that this periodicity holds for each row in the array $\\mathbb{A}$.\n\n\\[add-per\\] Let $a \\geq 0$. The sequence $\\{\\G(a,n)_{n \\geq 0}\\}$ is ultimately additively periodic.", "\n\nRecall that ultimately additive periodicity also holds for Wythoff’s game [@Dress; @landman]. ", "Our computer explorations show that this periodicity is common in variants of Wythoff’s game. (", "See [@ho].) ", "This lead us to the following problem.", "\n\n\\[cha-add-per\\] Characterize variants of Wythoff’s game whose nim-sequences $\\{\\G(a,n)\\}_{n \\geq 0}$ are ultimately additively periodic for all $a$.\n\nWe now discuss the distribution of Sprague-Grundy values of $\\F$-Wythoff in each diagonal parallel to the main diagonal in the array $\\mathbb{A}$. It is well known that each such diagonal for Wythoff’s game contains every nonnegative integer [@blass]. ", "Based on our computer explorations, the same result is conjectured for $\\F$-Wythoff.", "\n\n\\[Dia\\] Let $a, g$ be nonnegative integers. ", "There exists a unique integer $b$ such that $\\G(b,a+b) = g$.\n\nNote that $\\G(\\lfloor \\phi a \\rfloor + 1,\\lfloor \\phi a \\rfloor+a + 1) = 0$ and so Conjecture \\[Dia\\] holds for $g = 0$. We give here the proof of Conjecture \\[Dia\\] for the case $a = 0$.\n\nAssume that $g > 0$ and assume by contradiction that the sequence $\\{\\G(n,n)\\}_{n \\geq 0}$ does not contain $g$. We can assume that $g$ is the smallest integer not in that sequence. ", "Then there exists the smallest integer $b_0 > 0$ such that $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{BW-b00}\n\\{0,1,\\ldots, g-1\\} \\subseteq \\{\\G(i,i) | i \\leq b_0-1\\}.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nFor each $s \\leq b_0$, there exists at most one value $t_s \\geq b_0$ such that $\\G(s,t_s) = g$. Let $S$ be the set of the values $t_s$, and set $$T_0 = \\begin{cases}\\max(S),&\\ \\text{if}\\ S\\not=\\emptyset;\\\\\nb_0, &\\ \\text{otherwise}.", "\n\\end{cases}$$ Then $\\G(s,t) \\neq g$ for $s \\leq b_0, t > T_0$. Note that $\\G(i,i) \\neq g$ for all $i$. Set $m = T_0+1$. We have $$\\G(m,m) = mex\\{\\G(m,i), \\G(j,j) | i, 1 \\leq j \\leq m-1\\}.$$ By (\\[BW-b00\\]), $\\G(m,m) \\geq g$ and so $\\G(m,m) > g$ as $\\G(m,m) \\neq g$. Since $\\G(j,j) \\neq g$ for all $j$, there exists $i_0 \\leq m-1$ such that $\\G(m,i_0) = g$. Note that $i_0 > b_0$ as otherwise $m \\leq T_0$ giving a contradiction with $m = T_0+1$. We have $$\\G(i_0,i_0) = mex\\{\\G(i_0,j), \\G(l,l) | j \\leq i_0-1, 1 \\leq l \\leq i_0-1\\}.$$ By (\\[BW-b00\\]), $\\G(i_0,i_0) \\geq g$ and so $\\G(i_0,i_0) > g$ as $\\G(i_0,i_0) \\neq \\G(i_0,m) = g$ by Theorem \\[Row\\]. ", "Since $\\G(l,l) \\neq g$ for all $l$, there exists $j_0 < i_0$ such that $\\G(i_0,j_0) = g$. However, there exists a move from $(m,i_0)$ to $(i_0,j_0)$ as $m > i_0 > j_0$. This is a contradiction.", "\n\nSo far, we haven’t been able to prove the conjecture for any given $a \\geq 1$.\n\n$\\F$-Wythoff in misère play\n===========================\n\nRecall that in the game we have discussed so far, a player wins if (s)he makes the last move. ", "This is the *normal* convention. ", "Oppositely, in *misère* convention, a player is declared to be the winner if (s)he forces the opponent to make the last move.", "\n\nIn this section, we study $\\F$-Wythoff played under the misère convention. ", "We show that $\\F$-Wythoff and misère $\\F$-Wythoff swap Sprague-Grundy values 0 and 1 while agreeing for all other Sprague-Grundy values. ", "We first show that the $\\P$-positions of misère $\\F$-Wythoff are exactly those positions which have Sprague-Grundy value 1 of $\\F$-Wythoff while those positions which have Sprague-Grundy value 1 of misère $\\F$-Wythoff are exactly $\\P$-positions of $\\F$-Wythoff. ", "The proofs of the following two theorems are essential the same as those of Theorems \\[FW-P\\] and \\[V1\\], respectively, and so we omit the proofs.", "\n\n\\[P-Mis\\] The position $(a,b)$ with $a \\leq b$ is a $\\P$-positions in misère $\\F$-Wythoff if and only if it is an element of the set $$\\{(0,1), (\\lfloor \\phi n \\rfloor +2, \\lfloor \\phi^2 n \\rfloor +2) | n \\geq 0\\}.$$\n\n\\[1-Mis\\] The position $(a,b)$ with $a \\leq b$ has Sprague-Grundy value 1 in misère $\\F$-Wythoff if and only if it is an element of the set $$\\{(\\lfloor \\phi n \\rfloor + 1, \\lfloor \\phi^2 n \\rfloor + 1) | n \\geq 0\\}.$$\n\nWe now go further to show that $\\F$-Wythoff and its misère version differ on those positions which have Sprague-Grundy value 0 and 1 via a swap. ", "An impartial game can be described as a finite directed acyclic graph without multiple edges in which each vertex is a position and each downward edge is a move. ", "Note that if a game $G$, under the normal convention, is described as a graph $\\Gamma$, then the misère version of $G$ can be described as the graph $\\Gamma^-$ obtained from $\\Gamma$ by adding one extra vertex $v$ and an edge downward from each final vertex (vertex without outgoing edge) in $\\Gamma$ to $v$.\n\nFor an impartial game $G$, denote by $\\G_G$ and $\\G^-_G$ the Sprague-Grundy functions for $G$ and its misère version, respectively. ", "If there exist some subset $V_0$ of $\\P$-positions and $V_1$ of those positions which have Sprague-Grundy value 1 of $G$ such that $\\G_G(p) + \\G^-_G(p) = 1$ if $p \\in V_0 \\cup V_1$ and $\\G_G(p) = \\G^-_G(p)$ otherwise, then $G$ is said to be *miserable*. ", "If $V_0$ coincides with the $\\P$-positions and $V_1$ coincides with those positions which have Sprague-Grundy value 1 of $G$, then $G$ is said to be *strongly miserable*. ", "Several miserable and strongly miserable impartial games are studied in [@RRR], including Wythoff’s game. ", "Gurvich has shown that Wythoff’s game is miserable but not strongly miserable [@RRR]. ", "We now show that strong miserability holds for $\\F$-Wythoff.", "\n\n\\[Str.", "Mis\\] The game $\\F$-Wythoff is strongly miserable.", "\n\nLet $\\Gamma$ be the graph of $\\F$-Wythoff. ", "Consider the graph $\\Gamma^-$ of misère $\\F$-Wythoff obtained from $\\Gamma$ with the extra sink $v_0$. For each vertex (position) $v$, the [*height*]{} $h(v)$ of $v$ is the length of the longest directed path from $v$ to the sink $v_0$. Denote by $\\G^-$ the Sprague-Grundy function for misère $\\F$-Wythoff. ", "We will prove by induction on $h(v)$ that $\\G^-(v) = \\G(v)$ if $\\G^-(v) \\geq 2$. One can check that the claim is true for $h(v) \\leq 2$. Assume that the claim is true for $h(v) \\leq n$ for some $n \\geq 2$. We show that the claim is true for $h(v) = n+1$. For each $k < \\G^-(v)$, there exists $w_k$ such that $\\G^-(w_k) = k$ and one can move from $v$ to $w_k$. By Theorems \\[P-Mis\\], \\[1-Mis\\] and the inductive hypothesis, we have $$\\{\\G(w_k)| 0 \\leq k < \\G^-(v)\\} = \\{0,1, \\ldots, \\G^-(v)-1\\}.$$ Note that if there exists a move from $v$ to some $w$ in $\\F$-Wythoff, then that move can also be made in misère $\\F$-Wythoff. ", "Moreover, by Theorems \\[P-Mis\\], \\[1-Mis\\] and the inductive hypothesis, $\\G(w) \\neq \\G^-(v)$. We have $$\\G(v) = mex\\{\\G(w) | \\text{$w$ is a follower of $v$}\\}.$$ Since the $mex$ set includes the set $\\{0,1, \\ldots, \\G^-(v)-1\\}$ but excludes $\\G^-(v)$, $\\G(v) = \\G^-(v)$.\n\nRecall that Wythoff’s game and several of its variants are either miserable or strongly miserable [@RRR]. ", "Our computer explorations show that the two variants of Wythoff’s game recently discussed in [@ho] are miserable. ", "This commonness leads us to the following question and problem.", "\n\nAre all extensions of Wythoff’s game either miserable or strongly miserable?", "\n\nCharacterize miserable or strongly miserable restrictions of Wythoff’s game.", "\n\nVariants of $\\F$-Wythoff preserving its $\\P$-positions\n======================================================\n\nIn this section, we answer the question as to whether there exists either a restriction or an extension of $\\F$-Wythoff preserving its $\\P$-positions. ", "For an impartial game, a move is said to be *redundant* [@Ext-Res] if the elimination of this move from the game does not change the set of $\\P$-positions. ", "A move is therefore not redundant if there exists a position $p$ such that that move is the unique winning move from that position. ", "Given an impartial game, a move can be added into the set of moves without changing the set of $\\P$-positions if this move does not lead a $\\P$-position to another $\\P$-position. ", "We will introduce in this section one restriction and one extension of $\\F$-Wythoff preserving it $\\P$-positions. ", "The idea for this section comes from our recent work on variants of Wythoff’s game preserving its $\\P$-positions [@ho].", "\n\nConsider the restriction of $\\F$-Wythoff which we call *$\\F_{\\R}$-Wythoff* obtained as follow: if the two piles have different sizes, removing tokens from a single pile cannot be made on the smaller pile. ", "The second game is an extension of $\\F$-Wythoff obtained by adding an extra move as follows: from a position $(a,b)$ with $a \\leq b$, one can remove $k$ tokens from the pile of size $a$ and remove $l \\leq k$ tokens from the pile of size $b$ provided that the integer ratio of the two entries does not change. ", "We call this extension *$\\F_{\\E}$-Wythoff*. ", "The proofs for the results in this section are quite similar to those for $\\F$-Wythoff and we leave them for the reader.", "\n\n\\[REF-P\\] The $\\P$-positions of $\\F_{\\R}$-Wythoff $($and $\\F_{\\E}$-Wythoff$)$ are identical to those of $\\F$-Wythoff.", "\n\nWe now answer the question as to whether there exists a restriction of $\\F_{\\R}$-Wythoff preserving its $\\P$-position.", "\n\n\\[RF-Res\\] There is no restriction of $\\F_{\\R}$-Wythoff preserving its $\\P$-positions\n\nWe will show that neither of the moves in $\\F$-Wythoff is redundant. ", "We need to show that for every positive integer $k$, the following two properties hold:\n\n- there exists a winning position $(a,b)$ with $a < b$ such that removing $k$ tokens from the larger pile is the unique winning move;\n\n- there exists a winning position such that removing $k$ tokens from both piles is the unique winning move.", "\n\nFor (i), let $a = 2, b = 3+k$. Then $(a,b)$ is an $\\N$-position. ", "Moreover, by Theorem \\[FW-P\\], removing $k$ tokens from the larger pile is the unique winning move.", "\n\nFor (ii), we first claim that there exist positive integers $n$ and $m$ such that $\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor + k = \\lfloor\\phi m\\rfloor$. In fact, set $n_1 = \\lfloor 2\\phi\\rfloor = 3$, $n_2 = \\lfloor3\\phi \\rfloor = 4$, $m_1 = 3+k$, and $m_2 = 4 + k$. We show that either $m_1$ or $m_2$ is of the form $\\lfloor\\phi m\\rfloor$ for some $m$. Assume by contradiction that neither $m_1$ nor $m_2$ is of the form $\\lfloor\\phi m\\rfloor$. By Lemma \\[Comp\\], there exist $r_1 < r_2$ such that $m_1 = \\lfloor\\phi r_1\\rfloor +r_1$, $m_2 = \\lfloor\\phi r_2\\rfloor +r_2$. Note that $\\lfloor\\phi r_1\\rfloor < \\lfloor\\phi r_2\\rfloor$ and so $$1 = m_2 - m_1 = \\lfloor\\phi r_2\\rfloor +r_2 - (\\lfloor\\phi r_1\\rfloor +r_1)\n = \\lfloor\\phi r_2\\rfloor - \\lfloor\\phi r_1\\rfloor + r_2 - r_1 \\geq 2$$ giving a contradiction. ", "Now, if $m_1 = \\lfloor\\phi m\\rfloor$ (resp. ", "$m_2 = \\lfloor\\phi m\\rfloor$), let $n = 2$ (resp. ", "$n = 3$). ", "Then $n$ and $m$ satisfy the condition $\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor + k = \\lfloor\\phi m\\rfloor$.\n\nLet $a = \\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor +1 + k$, $b = \\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor +n +1 + k$. Then $(a,b)$ is an $\\N$-position and removing $k$ tokens from both piles is a winning move. (", "Note that an equal number of tokens can be removed from $(a,b)$ by Lemma \\[U-lem\\].) ", "Moreover, for $k' \\neq k$, removing $k'$ tokens from both piles is not a winning move. ", "In fact, otherwise there is a move between the two $\\P$-positions $(a-k,b-k)$ and $(a-k',b-k')$. (Note that $\\lfloor b-k/a-k \\rfloor = \\lfloor b-k'/a-k' \\rfloor = 1$ by the last equation of Lemma \\[U-lem\\].) ", "It remains to show that removing $k$ tokens from both pile of $(a,b)$ is the unique winning move. ", "Assume by contradiction that there exists another winning move from $(a,b)$. This move must take some $l$ tokens from the larger pile leading $(a,b)$ to some position $(\\lfloor\\phi r\\rfloor + 1, \\lfloor\\phi r\\rfloor + r + 1)$. First consider the case $b-l = \\lfloor\\phi r\\rfloor + 1$, $a = \\lfloor\\phi r\\rfloor + r + 1$. We have shown the existence of $m$ such that $\\lfloor\\phi m\\rfloor = \\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor + k = a - 1$ and so $\\lfloor\\phi m \\rfloor = \\lfloor\\phi r\\rfloor + r = \\lfloor\\phi^2 r\\rfloor$ which contradicts Lemma \\[Comp\\]. ", "Now consider the case $b-l = \\lfloor\\phi r\\rfloor + r + 1$, $a = \\lfloor\\phi r\\rfloor + 1$. We have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\begin{cases}\na = \\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor + k + 1 = \\lfloor\\phi r\\rfloor + 1,\\\\\nb-l = \\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor + n + 1 + k - l = \\lfloor\\phi r\\rfloor + r + 1.", "\n\\end{cases}\\end{aligned}$$ The first equation implies $n < r$. By substituting $\\lfloor\\phi n\\rfloor + k$ from the first equation into the second one, we get $\\lfloor\\phi r\\rfloor + n - l = \\lfloor\\phi r\\rfloor + r$ which implies $n = l+r > r$ giving a contradiction. ", "Therefore, this case is impossible.", "\n\n\\[REF-1\\] The positions which have value 1 of $\\F_{\\R}$-Wythoff $($and $\\F_{\\E}$-Wythoff$)$ are identical to those of $\\F$-Wythoff.", "\n\nOne can check that those positions which have Sprague-Grundy value $i$, for $2 \\leq i \\leq 3$, in $\\F_{\\R}$-Wythoff and those positions which have Sprague-Grundy value $i$, for $2 \\leq j \\leq 7$, in $\\F_{\\E}$-Wythoff can be obtained from $\\P$-positions of $\\F$-Wythoff by a translation, except for some first positions.", "\n\nConsider the 2-dimension arrays of Sprague-Grundy values of $\\F_{\\R}$-Wythoff and $\\F_{\\E}$-Wythoff (as in Table \\[T\\]). ", "We have similar results to Theorem \\[Row\\].", "\n\n\\[REF-1\\] Let $a, g$ be nonnegative integer. ", "For each of the two games $\\F_{\\R}$-Wythoff and $\\F_{\\E}$-Wythoff, there exists $b$ such that the position $(a,b)$ has Sprague-Grundy value $g$. The uniqueness holds for $\\F_{\\E}$-Wythoff.", "\n\nWe end this section with a result on the strong miserability of the two variants.", "\n\n\\[Str.", "Mis-RE\\] The two games $\\F_{\\R}$-Wythoff and $\\F_{\\R}$-Wythoff are both strongly miserable.", "\n\nMore open questions\n===================\n\nBased on the translation phenomenon discussed above, we raise in this section two general questions on variants of Wythoff’s game.", "\n\nDoes there exist another variant of Wythoff’s game whose $\\P$-positions, possibly except for a finite number of positions, accept the formula $(\\lfloor \\phi n \\rfloor+m, \\lfloor \\phi^2n \\rfloor +m)$ for some $m \\geq 2$.\n\nMore generally,\n\nDoes there exist another variant of Wythoff’s game whose $\\P$-positions, possibly except for a finite number of positions, accept the formula $(\\lfloor \\phi n \\rfloor+a, \\lfloor \\phi^2n \\rfloor +b)$ for some integers $a$ and $b$.\n\nI thank Graham Farr at Monash University for his suggestion of the game and for his communication which improved the paper.", "\n\n[19]{}\n\nS. 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Gurvich, Miserable and strongly miserable impartial games, RUTCOR Research Report, 18-2011, Rutgers University.", "\n\nN.B. Ho, Two variants of Wythoff’s game preserving its $\\P$-positions, J. Combin. ", "Theory Ser. ", "A (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcta.2012.03.010.", "\n\nV.E. Hoggatt Jr., M. Bicknell-Johnson, R. Sarsfield, A generalization of Wythoff’s game, Fibonacci Quart. ", "17 (1979) 198–211.", "\n\nJ.C. Holladay, Some Generalizations of [W]{}ythoff’s Game and Other Related Games, Math. ", "Mag. ", "41 (1968) 7–13.", "\n\nH. Landman, A simple FSM-based proof of the additive periodicity of the [S]{}prague-[G]{}rundy function of Wythoff’s game, in: R.J. Nowakowski (Ed.), ", "More Games of No Chance, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002, pp. ", "383–-386.", "\n\nG. Nivasch, More on the [S]{}prague-[G]{}rundy function for Wythoff’s game, in: M.H. Albert, R.J. 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{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ " F I L E D\n United States Court of Appeals\n Tenth Circuit\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n JUN 23 2003\n FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT\n PATRICK FISHER\n Clerk\n\n\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA,\n\n Plaintiff - Appellee,\n\nv. No. ", "02-5059\n (D.C. No. ", "96-CV-924-B)\nONE PARCEL OF REAL (N.D. Oklahoma)\nPROPERTY KNOWN AS:\n16614 CAYUGA ROAD,\nWYANDOTTE, OTTAWA\nCOUNTY, OKLAHOMA, and all\nbuildings, appurtenances, and\nimprovements thereon,\n\n Defendant.", "\n\n\n\nRICHARD LYNN DOPP,\n\n Claimant - Appellant.", "\n\n\n\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA,\n\n Plaintiff - Appellee,\n\nv.\n No. ", "02-5060\nONE PARCEL OF REAL (D.C. No. ", "96-CV-924-B)\nPROPERTY KNOWN AS: 16614 (N.D. Oklahoma)\nCAYUGA ROAD, WYANDOTTE,\nOTTAWA COUNTY, OKLAHOMA,\n\fand all buildings, appurtenances, and\nimprovements thereon,\n\n Defendant.", "\n\n\n\nPHYLLIS BOEHNE,\n\n Intervenor - Appellant.", "\n\n\n\n ORDER AND JUDGMENT *\n\n\n\n\nBefore BRISCOE , PORFILIO , and ANDERSON , Circuit Judges.", "\n\n\n\n After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined\n\nunanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of\n\nthese appeals. ", " See Fed. ", "R. App. ", "P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. ", "R. 34.1(G). ", "The cases are\n\ntherefore ordered submitted without oral argument.", "\n\n Claimants Richard Lynn Dopp, an Oklahoma state prisoner, and his mother,\n\nPhyllis Boehne, each appearing pro se, appeal the district court’s judgment\n\n\n\n\n*\n This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the\ndoctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. ", "The court\ngenerally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order\nand judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. ", "R. 36.3.", "\n\n -2-\n\fordering the forfeiture of the defendant property, 16614 Cayuga Road, to the\n\nUnited States, pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(6) and § 881(a)(7). ", " 2\n We affirm.", "\n\n A May 1996 search of Dopp’s residence and real property at 16614 Cayuga\n\nRoad revealed eighty-two one-pound bags of marijuana, bags of marijuana seeds,\n\n362 marijuana seedling plants, drug paraphernalia, firearms, and $33,725 in cash.", "\n\nDopp was ultimately convicted in Oklahoma state court of trafficking in\n\nmarijuana, maintaining a residence resorted to by users of a controlled dangerous\n\nsubstance, and unlawful possession of a firearm. ", "He was sentenced to life\n\nimprisonment without possibility of parole. ", "During the criminal proceedings,\n\nwitnesses testified that Dopp had cultivated and sold large quantities of marijuana\n\nat the property for many years. ", "One witness testified he delivered fifty to ninety\n\npounds of marijuana to Dopp’s residence every two weeks.", "\n\n On October 8, 1996, the United States filed a civil complaint in rem\n\nseeking the forfeiture of the defendant property, alleging it had been used to\n\nfacilitate drug transactions and/or was purchased with proceeds of the drug\n\ntransactions. ", "Finding probable cause to believe the defendant property was\n\nsubject to forfeiture under §§ 881(a)(6) and (7), the district court issued a warrant\n\nof arrest and notice in rem . ", "Dopp filed a claim objecting to the forfeiture, and the\n\n\n2\n Claimant Richard Lynn Dopp filed appeal No. ", "02-5059; his mother, Phyllis\nBoehne, filed appeal No. ", "02-5060. ", "These appeals have been consolidated for\nprocedural purposes only.", "\n\n -3-\n\fproceedings were stayed pending his state criminal proceedings. ", "On July 2, 2001,\n\nafter the stay was lifted, the district court held a bench trial on the government’s\n\nclaim of forfeiture. ", "On August 8, 2001, more than a month after the trial, Dopp’s\n\nmother, Phyllis Boehne, filed a motion to intervene and notice of claim, asserting\n\nthat she was the true owner of the defendant property. ", "The district court ruled\n\nBoehne’s claim was time-barred. ", "It then entered a judgment of forfeiture.", "\n\n\n Dopp’s Appeal\n\n Dopp first contends that the Civil Asset Forfeiture Reform Act of 2000\n\n(CAFRA), 18 U.S.C. § 983(c), should have governed the forfeiture proceedings,\n\nand, in particular, that he was entitled to appointed counsel under CAFRA.", "\n\nCAFRA, which significantly amended the procedures for civil judicial forfeiture\n\nproceedings, applies only to civil forfeiture proceedings commenced on or after\n\nits effective date, August 23, 2000. ", " See United States v. Wagoner County Real\n\nEstate , 278 F.3d 1091, 1095 n.1 (10th Cir. ", "2002). ", "Although the term\n\n“commenced” is not defined in CAFRA, it is clear that a judicial forfeiture\n\nproceeding is commenced when the government files the civil complaint. ", " See\n\nUnited States v. One “Piper” Aztec , 321 F.3d 355, 359 (3d Cir. ", "2003) (relying in\n\npart upon CAFRA’s legislative history); United States v. $80,180.00 in U.S.\n\nCurrency , 303 F.3d 1182, 1185 (9th Cir. ", "2002); see also Fed. ", "R. Civ. ", "P. 3 (“A\n\ncivil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.”). ", "Although the\n\n -4-\n\fcivil complaint was filed in October 1996, well before CAFRA’s effective date,\n\nDopp contends that CAFRA should be applied retroactively because the forfeiture\n\ntrial did not begin until July 2001. ", "This court and others have held, however, that\n\nCAFRA does not retroactively apply to cases pending prior to August 23, 2000.", "\n\nSee United States v. $30,006.25 in U.S. Currency , 236 F.3d 610, 615 (10th Cir.", "\n\n2000); see also United States v. One “Piper” Aztec , 321 F.3d at 358; United\n\nStates v. $80,180.00 in U.S. Currency , 303 F.3d at 1185; but see United States v.\n\nReal Prop. ", "in Section 9 , 241 F.3d 796, 797 (6th Cir. ", "2001) (holding retroactive\n\napplication of CAFRA proper where no prejudice to either party). ", "Thus, the\n\nCAFRA did not govern the forfeiture proceedings and the district court did not err\n\nin denying Dopp’s request for appointed counsel.", "\n\n Next, Dopp contends the district court erred in denying his motion to\n\nsuppress evidence, which he did not file until after the conclusion of the\n\nforfeiture trial. ", "He asserts numerous arguments, all of which are related to his\n\ncontention that the evidence seized in his state search, seizure, and arrest, was\n\ndiscovered in violation of the Fourth Amendment. ", "Dopp is collaterally estopped\n\nfrom raising these Fourth Amendment issues as a defense to the civil forfeiture\n\naction, because these same issues were fully litigated in his state criminal\n\nprosecution and all of the criteria for application of collateral estoppel have been\n\nmet. ", "See United States v. 6380 Little Canyon Road , 59 F.3d 974, 979-80 (9th Cir.", "\n\n\n -5-\n\f1995) (abrogation on other grounds recognized by United States v. $273,969.04\n\nU.S. Currency , 164 F.3d 462, 466 n.3 (9th Cir. ", "1999)). ", "Contrary to Dopp’s\n\ncontention, it is clear from the record that all of the relevant pleadings and\n\ntranscripts from the criminal proceedings were submitted to the district court.", "\n\n Dopp next contends that the United States seized the defendant property\n\nwithout adequate notice or an adversary proceeding. ", "This argument is without\n\nmerit. ", "It is clear from the record, including the notice in rem , that the defendant\n\nproperty was not seized until the conclusion of the forfeiture trial, the entry of the\n\njudgment of forfeiture, and the denial of the stay requests. ", "The government\n\nposted notice of the potential seizure, but did not otherwise interfere with Dopp’s\n\nenjoyment of the property. ", " See United States v. James Daniel Good Real Prop. ", " ,\n\n510 U.S. 43, 59 (1993). ", "Indeed, as discussed below, Dopp effected several\n\ntransfers of the property to and from his mother during the pendency of the\n\nforfeiture proceedings. ", "Further, the record amply supports the district court’s\n\nconclusion that the government afforded Dopp notice and an opportunity to be\n\nheard before seizing the defendant property for forfeiture. ", " See Mullane v. Cent.", "\n\nHanover Bank & Trust Co. , 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950).", "\n\n Further, we conclude that the district court did not err in ruling that, based\n\non the marijuana packages, plants and seeds, drug paraphernalia, and currency\n\nfound at the defendant property, the government met its burden of showing\n\n\n -6-\n\fprobable cause to believe that a nexus existed between the defendant property and\n\nillegal activity sufficient to justify forfeiture. ", " See United States v. $149,442.43 in\n\nU.S. Currency , 965 F.2d 868, 876-77 (10th Cir. ", "1992).", "\n\n Next, Dopp contends the forfeiture constituted an excessive fine in\n\nviolation of the Eighth Amendment’s Excessive Fines Clause. ", " See Austin v.\n\nUnited States , 509 U.S. 602, 622 (1993) (holding that forfeiture under § 881(a)(7)\n\nis limited by Excessive Fines Clause). ", "A forfeiture under § 881(a)(7) violates the\n\nExcessive Fines Clause, if it is “grossly disproportional to the gravity of the\n\ndefendant’s offense.” ", " Wagoner , 278 F.3d at 1099 (quotation omitted).", "\n\n In determining whether a civil forfeiture violates the Excessive Fines\n\nClause, the government must make an initial showing that “the connection\n\nbetween the property and the offense is more than a fortuitous or incidental one”;\n\n“[i]f the government meets the test, then the burden shifts to the claimant to show\n\nthat the forfeiture is grossly disproportionate in light of the totality of the\n\ncircumstances.” ", " Id. at 1101 n.8 (quotation and citation omitted). ", "Dopp contends\n\nwe must remand this issue for consideration by the district court in the first\n\ninstance because it did not expressly discuss the factors considered in an\n\nExcessive Fines Clause analysis. ", " See id . ", "at 1099-1102 (describing factors to be\n\nconsidered in making proportionality determination).", "\n\n\n\n\n -7-\n\f The district court did make detailed findings of fact demonstrating Dopp’s\n\nextensive and long-term use of the defendant property for large-scale marijuana\n\ncultivation and distribution. ", "Contrary to Dopp’s assertion, these findings are\n\nclearly and amply supported by the record. ", "We conclude Dopp did not meet his\n\nburden of establishing that the amount of the forfeiture is grossly disproportional\n\nto the gravity of his offense; thus, no remand is necessary. ", " See Wagoner , 278\n\nF.3d 1101 n.8. ", "Moreover, the district court also found, with record support, that\n\nthe defendant property constituted proceeds of crime, or property traceable to\n\nsuch proceeds, forfeitable under § 881(a)(6). ", "As a matter of law, forfeiture of\n\ndrug proceeds pursuant to § 881(a)(6) can never be constitutionally excessive.", "\n\nUnited States v. Lot 41, Berryhill Farm Estates , 128 F.3d 1386, 1395-96 (10th\n\nCir. ", "1997).", "\n\n Next, Dopp contends the government failed to make timely disclosure of\n\nthe evidence it would introduce at the forfeiture trial, in violation of\n\nFed. ", "R. Civ. ", "P. 26. ", "We agree with the district court’s conclusion that Dopp\n\nsuffered no unfair surprise or prejudice as a result of any untimely disclosure\n\nbecause the vast majority of the documents introduced at the forfeiture trial were\n\nthe same as those admitted in his criminal trial, and the record reflects that it was\n\nclear throughout the forfeiture proceedings that the government would be relying\n\non this evidence. ", " See Mid-America Tablewares, Inc. v. Mogi Trading Co. , 100\n\n\n -8-\n\fF.3d 1353, 1362 (7th Cir. ", "1996) (holding that trial court has broad discretion in\n\ndeciding whether a Rule 26(a) violation is substantially justified or harmless).", "\n\nWe further find no error with respect to the admission of DEA Agent Mayfield’s\n\ntestimony or the admission of excerpts of the transcripts of witness Flores’\n\ntestimony.", "\n\n Dopp’s next argument, that the defendant property may not be forfeited\n\nunder Oklahoma’s homestead exemption, is without merit because this court has\n\npreviously ruled that federal civil forfeiture of residential property is not\n\nprecluded by Oklahoma’s homestead exemptions. ", " Wagoner , 278 F.3d at 1097.", "\n\nDopp’s next contention, that the forfeiture violated the Double Jeopardy Clause,\n\nis similarly without merit. ", " See United States v. Ursery , 518 U.S. 267, 270 (1996)\n\n(ruling that civil forfeiture does not implicate the Double Jeopardy Clause);\n\nBerryhill Farm Estates , 128 F.3d at 1391 (same).", "\n\n Finally, with respect to Dopp’s last arguments, we conclude the district\n\ncourt correctly dismissed his counterclaim seeking reimbursement for mortgage,\n\ntax, and insurance payments he allegedly made on the defendant property pending\n\nthe forfeiture proceedings, and in denying his post-trial motion for default\n\njudgment.", "\n\n\n\n\n -9-\n\f Boehne’s Appeal\n\n Throughout the pre-trial forfeiture proceedings and the forfeiture trial,\n\nDopp represented to the district court that he was the owner of the defendant\n\nproperty. ", "See, e.g ., ", "Telephonic Pre-Trial Conference, at 8, 12-13. ", "Inexplicably,\n\none month after the close of forfeiture trial, but before the district court had\n\nentered a judgment of forfeiture, Dopp’s mother, Phyllis Boehne, filed a motion\n\nto intervene, claiming that she actually owned the defendant property. ", "She\n\nclaimed to have acquired it by quitclaim deed from Dopp on October 18, 1996,\n\nafter the government filed its forfeiture complaint, but before it filed its notice of\n\nlis pendens with the Ottawa County clerk’s office (the county in which the\n\ndefendant property was located). ", "She asserted an “innocent owner” owner\n\ndefense to forfeiture, alleging she had no knowledge in October 1996 of any\n\nillegal activity on the property. ", "She further claimed to have no knowledge of the\n\nforfeiture proceedings, which had been pending for almost five years, until June\n\n2001, just before the start of the forfeiture trial.", "\n\n Notwithstanding her claims of ignorance, Boehne admitted loaning Dopp\n\nmoney in May 1996 to post bond and pay his lawyer with respect to the drug\n\ntrafficking charges. ", "On May 9, 1996, six months prior to her alleged acquisition\n\nof the defendant property, the government had recorded a caveat with the Ottawa\n\nCounty clerk’s office, giving notice that it claimed an interest in the defendant\n\n\n -10-\n\fproperty. ", "Notice of the potential forfeiture was issued on October 16, 1996, prior\n\nto her alleged acquisition, and posted at the defendant property, in an open and\n\nvisible manner, on November 8, 1996, in accordance with the district court’s\n\nwarrant of arrest and notice in rem . ", "In addition, the government gave public\n\nnotice of the forfeiture proceedings throughout the month of April 1997, in two\n\nnewspapers, one of general circulation in Ottawa County, and another of general\n\ncirculation in the Northern District of Oklahoma, as required by Rule C(4) of the\n\nSupplemental Rules for Certain Admiralty and Maritime Claims (Supplemental\n\nRules), which govern procedure in civil forfeiture actions. ", " See United States v.\n\n51 Pieces of Real Prop. , ", "17 F.3d 1306, 1308 n.2 (10th Cir. ", "1994). ", "Proof of\n\npublication was filed with the district court in May 1997. ", "Moreover, though\n\nBoehne claimed she first learned of the forfeiture proceedings prior to trial, she\n\ndid not notify the district court of her alleged interest in the property until several\n\nweeks after the close of the trial. ", " 3\n\n\n\n The government filed a motion to strike Boehne’s claim because she had\n\nfailed to file a timely claim and because it discovered that Boehne had executed a\n\nquitclaim deed of the defendant property back to Dopp on March 23, 1998, while\n\n\n\n3\n Dopp did attempt to introduce a copy of the October 18, 1996 quitclaim\ndeed during the forfeiture trial. ", "The district court denied its admission because it\nwas uncertified and contrary to Dopp’s representation during the preceding four\nyears that he owned the defendant property.", "\n\n -11-\n\fthe forfeiture proceedings had been stayed. ", "In response, Boehne acknowledged\n\nthe March 23, 1998, reconveyance to Dopp, but now claimed, for the first time,\n\nthat Dopp had quitclaimed the defendant property back to her on July 27, 2001,\n\nweeks after the close of the forfeiture trial, but just before she filed her motion to\n\nintervene. ", "R. Vol. ", "III, Doc. ", "116, at 4-5. ", "This assertion is directly contrary to\n\nDopp’s affidavit, dated July 26, 1997, in which he testified that Boehne had\n\nowned the property since October 18, 1996, and that he had been unable to buy it\n\nback from her since the October 18, 1996 conveyance. ", " Id., Doc. ", "103, Ex. ", "B.\n\nBoehne did not record the July 27, 2001 quitclaim deed until September 10, 2001,\n\nthe day before she filed her response.", "\n\n The district court, after a thorough analysis of the procedural posture of\n\nBoehne’s many claims and alleged conveyances, ruled that her claim was\n\nuntimely filed. ", " Id., Doc. ", "120, at 7. ", " See Rule C(6) of the Supplemental Rules\n\n(requiring, under the version of the rule in place at the time this forfeiture case\n\narose, that a claimant file a verified claim within ten days after process has been\n\nexecuted). ", "For substantially the reasons set forth in the district court’s\n\nNovember 29, 2001 order, we conclude the district court’s ruling is both factually\n\nsupported by the record, and legally correct. ", " See 51 Pieces of Real Prop. , ", "17 F.3d\n\nat 1318 (noting that purpose of Rule C(6)’s time restriction is “to force claimants\n\nto come forward as soon as possible after forfeiture proceedings have been\n\n\n -12-\n\finitiated so that all interested parties can be heard and the dispute resolved\n\nwithout delay” (quotation omitted)). ", "In light of Boehne’s failure to file a timely\n\nclaim, we need not address the remainder of her arguments on appeal.", "\n\n The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. ", "Dopp’s motion to\n\nproceed before this court without prepayment of fees is GRANTED. ", "The\n\nmandates shall issue forthwith.", "\n\n\n\n Entered for the Court\n\n\n\n Stephen H. Anderson\n Circuit Judge\n\n\n\n\n -13-\n\f" ]

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[ "This disc chronicles the development of Baroque music from Rome in the first decades of the 1600s to mid-17th century Vienna, continuing north towards Lübeck...continue...\nRecording information: Chiesa auditorium San Giorgio, Rieti (05/2011/10/2011); Chiesa di San Giuseppe in Leonessa, Rieti (05/2011/10/2011); Chiesa di Santa scolastica in Rieti (05/2011/10/2011)....continue..." ]

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[ "Прочее\n\nDear customers, we are glad to inform you that the manufacturing of rotors for helicoid wind turbines has launched. ", "Rotor blades made of composite materials and has the aerodynamic profile. ", "Rotor dimensions: diameter - 1800 mm, height - 3000 mm.", "\nThe main dignities of the design unlike classical wind turbines is:\n- Low noise level. ", "The result is that it can be installed near residential houses.", "\n- It does not require the orientation to wind direction. ", "VAWT not require an unreliable brush unit for transfer the electricity from generator to consumer.", "\n- Self-braking effect at hurricane wi..." ]

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[ "\nHow to protect your private data when you travel to the United States - lemming\nhttps://theconversation.com/how-to-protect-your-private-data-when-you-travel-to-the-united-states-73909\n======\ntonylemesmer\nIts says wiping data may arouse suspicions and then goes on to recommend\nwiping your devices.", "\n\nAlso \"backing up your data\" is a very broadly worded action. ", "How is this\nachieved? ", "Is it simply hit the \"Backup\" button or is it more involved.", "\n\n------\nLordWinstanley\nDon't travel to the US.", "\n\nProblem solved.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "ASSOCIATION OF PREVASCULAR VITREOUS FISSURES AND CISTERNS WITH VITREOUS DEGENERATION AS ASSESSED BY SWEPT SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY.", "\nTo demonstrate the presence of prevascular vitreous fissures (PVF) and posterior vitreous cisterns in vivo and correlate with the degree of vitreous degeneration (VD). ", "This was a cross-sectional study using Topcon Deep Range Imaging OCT-1 Atlantis 3D swept source optical coherence tomography for acquiring scans of posterior vitreous covering an 18 × 18-mm area in 104 eyes of 52 healthy volunteers without posterior vitreous detachment. ", "We observed that increasing age was associated with higher VD grades (P < 0.05). ", "Prevascular vitreous fissures, characterized by areas of lower optical density overlying the retinal blood vessels, were identified in 93 (89%) eyes, and the presence of PVF correlated with lower VD grades (P < 0.05). ", "Presence of cisterns correlated with higher VD grades (P < 0.05). ", "All eyes with absence of PVF were found to have established cisterns. ", "Prevascular vitreous fissures were connected with cisterns in 44 of the 71 (62%) eyes with cisterns, while the base of the cistern was directly above retinal blood vessels in 38 (54%) eyes, which suggests that the cisterns could be derived from PVF. ", "Swept source optical coherence tomography imaging can identify PVF and cisterns occurring in the context of age-related VD, and PVF appeared to be possible precursors of cisterns." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Not content with shaking up just one massive industry, the Uncarrier has set its sights on another: banking. ", "T-Mobile on Wednesday announced a new program called Mobile Money that provides the company’s wireless subscribers with checking accounts that offer free activation, monthly maintenance and ATM withdrawals at any of the carrier’s 42,000 in-network partner ATMs. ", "There is also no fee for replacing lost or stolen cards and no minimum balances required.", "\n\nThe move closely follows T-Mobile’s “Uncarrier 4.0” initiative, which offers to pay families who break their contracts with rival carriers and switch to T-Mobile.", "\n\n“We’ve already transformed how Americans use and pay for phones, tablets and wireless service; why stop there?” ", "T-Mobile CEO John Legere said. “", "Millions of Americans pay outrageous fees to check cashers, payday lenders and other predatory businesses – just for the right to use their own money. ", "Mobile Money shifts the balance of power for T-Mobile customers and keeps more money in their pockets.”", "\n\nT-Mobile’s full press release follows below.", "\n\nT-Mobile Frees Consumers From Outrageous Check Cashing Fees With Innovative New Smartphone Solution Un-carrier brings its revolution to personal finance with Mobile Money by T-Mobile BELLEVUE, Wash. — Jan. 22, 2014 — Not content with upending just one industry, T-Mobile US, Inc. (NYSE: TMUS) today announced the company is extending its Un-carrier consumer movement to personal finance – transforming smartphones into personal money managers that can free people from excessive fees they often pay to use their own money. ", "The company calls this next phase of its consumer revolution Mobile Money by T-Mobile®. “", "We’ve already transformed how Americans use and pay for phones, tablets and wireless service; why stop there?” ", "said John Legere, president and chief executive officer of T-Mobile. “", "Millions of Americans pay outrageous fees to check cashers, payday lenders and other predatory businesses – just for the right to use their own money. ", "Mobile Money shifts the balance of power for T-Mobile customers and keeps more money in their pockets.” ", "ATM, overdraft and monthly maintenance fees all hit record highs last year, according to Bankrate’s 2013 Checking Survey. ", "Mobile Money helps counter that trend with the combination of a simple, smartphone money management application designed for use with a re-loadable T-Mobile Visa® Prepaid Card that offers many reduced fee or $0 cost services for registered T-Mobile wireless customers. ", "With Mobile Money, registered T-Mobile wireless customers pay $0 for things they do every day. ", "No charge for activation, monthly maintenance, in-network ATM withdrawals, or for replacing lost or stolen cards. ", "No minimum balances required. ", "No more worrying about overdraft fees. ", "And no unnecessary trips to the bank or a check casher[i]. ", "At the same time, Mobile Money lets customers do most everything they would otherwise do with traditional checking accounts, including direct depositing paychecks, depositing checks from capable smartphone cameras, making retail purchases, paying bills and withdrawing cash from more than 42,000 in-network ATMs nationwide with no ATM fees[ii]. ", "Mobile Money can also be a powerful tool for families seeking a better way to budget or to provide money to kids away at college. ", "Consumers get all of this plus the ease of managing money any time and from virtually anywhere. ", "T-Mobile isn’t new to the personal finance arena. ", "With its ground-breaking approach to separating the costs of wireless services and devices, T-Mobile gives customers the option of financing smartphone purchases. ", "To date, T-Mobile has facilitated billions of dollars in loans for customer phones, all without charging a penny in interest. ", "Mobile Money builds on T-Mobile’s financing experience to provide a sensible and affordable alternative to checking fees for the roughly 68 million U.S. adults who do not have traditional accounts and have to rely on alternative financial services[iii]. “", "It’s ridiculous that families, especially those who can least afford it, have to pay so much for basic check cashing services that many of us take for granted,” said Mike Sievert, chief marketing officer for T-Mobile. “", "Mobile Money levels the playing field to put money back in consumers’ pockets for important things – like bills, groceries or vacations. ", "The typical household using a check casher to cash their paychecks could save about $1,500 per year, and customers tired of getting hit with overdraft fees can switch and save an average of $225 a year[iv].” ", "Starting today, individuals can register for their personalized T-Mobile Visa Prepaid Card at https://t-mobilemoneyservices.com/. Cards will also be available in participating T-Mobile retail locations and beginning in February will be available in Safeway stores in the United States. ", "For more information, please visit: http://www.t-mobile.com/landing/moneyservices.html." ]

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[ "Fulton Opera House\n\nThe Fulton Opera House, also known as the Fulton Theatre or simply The Fulton, is a League of Regional Theatres class B regional theater located in historic downtown Lancaster, Pennsylvania. ", "It is reportedly the oldest working theatre in the United States. ", " It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.", "\n\nBuilding\nFulton Hall is named after Robert Fulton (1765-1815), Lancaster County's steam engine pioneer, and it is his likeness that is portrayed in the statue on the front facade. ", "This statue is a replica of the original wooden statue, which has since been restored and now resides on display inside the interior lobby. ", "The building itself was built on the foundation of Lancaster's pre-Revolutionary jail. ", "In 1763, a vigilante gang known as the Paxton Boys massacred the Conestoga Indians being held there for their protection. ", "This was a monumental event throughout the colonies and became the subject matter for the first plays ever written on American soil - \"A Dialogue Between Andrew Trueman and Thomas Zealot About the Killing the Indians at Cannestogoe and Lancaster\" and \"The Paxton Boys, a Farce\". ", "The exterior wall of the jail courtyard is now the back wall of the theatre.", "\nChristopher Hager, a Lancaster merchant and civic leader, commissioned the renowned Philadelphia architect Samuel Sloan (who later designed the Lancaster County Courthouse) to create a building that would serve as a community center for meetings, lectures, concerts, and theatrical performances. ", "The building was erected in 1852.", "\n\nThe Fulton Theatre was later modified by noted theatrical architect Edwin Forrest Durang, is one of only three theatres recognized as National Historic Landmarks (the others are the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia and the Goldenrod Showboat in St. Louis, Missouri). ", "\nThe 1959 production of Our Town, starring Jeanne Clemson, marked that first time that a live theater production had been performed at the Fulton Opera House in thirty years.", "\n\nOperation\nA founding member of the League of Historic American Theatres (LHAT), the Fulton is operated by the Fulton Theatre Company, a non-profit organization.", "\n\nAs the Fulton is run on a non-profit basis, it depends on a variety of grants, corporate sponsorship, and private donations to accomplish its mission. ", "The Fulton is an Equity House, operating under agreement with the Actor's Equity Association and the Union for Professional Actors and Stage Managers (which essentially means that its actors and production team are paid per collective bargaining agreements, as opposed to non-equity actors who are not paid per collective bargaining agreements or volunteers) and employs members of the Stage Directors and Choreographers Society and the United Scenic Artists. ", " The Fulton is also a member of ASSITEJ, the International Association of Theatre for Children and Young People.", "\n\nThe Fulton Theatre is home to six mainstage productions per year including previous productions of Disney's Newsies, In The Heights, Agatha Christie's The Mousetrap, some of which are world premier originals (critically acclaimed Lightning Rod, 2005); four family series productions, including the Fulton's own 'Twas the Night Before Christmas, Aladdin, Jack and the Beanstalk, the Musical, and other theatre for young audiences productions; and four studio series productions, including the Pulitzer Prize-winning drama Disgraced, along with other riveting productions like Venus in Fur, Veronica's Room and Other Desert Cities. ", "Although most casting takes place in New York City, regional auditions are also held. ", " While many of The Fulton's regulars are Lancaster County natives who are delighted at the chance to return home to perform, nearly all quickly fall in love with the \"Grand Old Lady\" and her charm.", "\n\nIn addition to providing a place of employment for professional actors, the Fulton Theatre Company is a complete production facility which employs full-time carpenters, electricians, scenic artists, painters, composers, lighting and sound technicians. ", " Most set pieces and costumes are created in-house or at an adjacent workshop, and makeup, hair, and wigs are created by a full-time designer. ", " The Fulton also maintains a costume shop which provides access to professional quality costumes and props to schools, community theatre companies, and other organizations throughout the region. ", " Its marketing department maintains a website that allows users to browse theatre history, check audition times, and purchase tickets. ", "All posters and print materials, including production programs, are cataloged and archived by the Lancaster Historical Society.", "\n\nMany famous actors have appeared at the Fulton. ", " In December 1930 Basil Rathbone appeared as Christian St. Obin in A Kiss of Importance. ", " Peter Weir's film, \"Witness,\" starring Harrison Ford and Kelly McGillis, much of which represents the lifestyle of the Amish, premiered here in February, 1985.", "\n\nSee also\nList of National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania\nNational Register of Historic Places listings in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania\n\nReferences\n Who's Who in the Theatre, edited by John Parker, tenth edition, revised, London, 1947, p. 1184.", "\n\nExternal links\n\nBuilding history\nListing and photographs at Philadelphia Architects and Buildings\n\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Lancaster, Pennsylvania\nCategory:Culture of Lancaster, Pennsylvania\nCategory:History of Lancaster, Pennsylvania\nCategory:Music venues completed in 1852\nCategory:Theatres completed in 1852\nCategory:National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania\nCategory:Opera houses in Pennsylvania\nCategory:Theatres in Pennsylvania\nCategory:Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania\nCategory:Tourist attractions in Lancaster, Pennsylvania\nCategory:Pennsylvania state historical marker significations\nCategory:1852 establishments in Pennsylvania\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Lancaster, Pennsylvania\nCategory:Opera houses on the National Register of Historic Places\nCategory:Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania" ]

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[ "Electrophoresis Aluminium extruded profile is mainly applied in the\ntop-end decoration for doors, windows and furniture. ", "The surface is\nmuch smoother than anodized aluminum profile. ", "It has a bright\nfinish looking, bright and shining. ", "Its main market is for USA,\nEuropean, East-South Asian.", "\n\nSpecifications of Profiles:\n\n1) aluminum profile material: AL6063 or 6061 or 6005 or as per\ncustomers' need.", "\n\nCost: The whole production lines are adopted, produces the products\nbegin from aluminum ingot, minimize the cost from every single\nstep.", "\n\nQuality: The modern management and advanced equipments create the stable\nand super quality.", "\n\nE.G: The most advanced aluminum rod homogenizing furnaces are\nadopted to make the aluminum rod more stable.", "\n\nAutomatic digital control anodized production lines with advanced\nanodizing formula creates the even surface and control the anodized\nthickness within 8 to 12μm. ", "The precision is much better than\nmanual operation.", "\n\nService: Any request will be replied within 24 hours, Local office in\nMexico, Colombia and Canada, no communication problem, no time\ndifference problem.", "\n\nYou can also get these advanced conditions below:\n\nMore than 400 types moulds are adopted, can meet almost all kinds\nof design in South American market.", "\n\nGood Quality Control, CE, ISO certificates approved.", "\n\nFast Delivery, Only 15 Days which is not easy achieve for other\nfactory in China.", "\n\nExpert export Package, perfect protection, length could reach to\n5.995m, full loaded and minimized the waste space of 20GP and 40HQ\ncontainer." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCan I use one mobx store in two different components in react-native app?", "\n\nI have a module with topTabNavigator that wrapped with mobx provider with the store:\nexport class ModuleTeam extends Component {\n render() {\n return (\n <Provider store={store}>\n <TopTabNavigator />\n </Provider>\n );\n }\n}\n\nAnd inside of topTabNavigator I have two screens:\nexport class TopTabNavigator extends Component {\n render() {\n return (\n <Tab.", "Navigator>\n <Tab.", "Screen name='Team' component={ScreenTeam}/>\n <Tab.", "Screen name='Invites' component={ScreenInvites}/>\n </Tab.", "Navigator>\n )\n }\n}\n\nCan you tell me please is it a good way to share the store between two screens and inject it like this, separate in every component:\n@inject('store')\n@observer\nexport class ScreenTeam extends Component {\n\n}\n\n@inject('store')\n@observer\nexport class ScreenInvites extends Component {\n\n}\n\nI know is it a good practise to divide one store on a few, but in my case there is some data that uses on the both screens, and I don't want repeat myself. ", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can create different stores, several. ", "example how to do it\nconst App = () =>\n <Provider FirstStore={FirstStore} SecondStore={SecondStore}>\n <app stuff... />\n </Provider>\n\nconst Button = (({ FirstStore, SecondStore, label, onClick }) =>\n <button style={{\n color: FirstStore.colors.foreground,\n backgroundColor: SecondStore.colors.background\n }}\n onClick={onClick}\n >{label}</button>\n));\n\nexport default inject(\"FirstStore\", \"SecondStore\")(observer(Button));\n\nor some advanced example\nclass stores {\n this.", "ModalsStore = new ModalsStore(this);\n this.", "AuthStore = new AuthStore(this);\n ...\n}\n\nconst mobxStores = stores();\n\nconst App = () =>\n <Provider {...mobxStores}>\n <app stuff... />\n </Provider>\n\n" ]

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[ "1993 Green Bay Packers season\n\nThe 1993 Green Bay Packers season was their 75th season overall and their 73rd in the National Football League. ", "They had a 9–7 record and won their first playoff berth in 11 years. ", "The record also marked the first back-to-back winning season since the Packers 1967 season. ", "During the regular season, the Packers finished with 340 points, ranking sixth in the National Football League, and allowed 282 points, ranking ninth. ", "In his third year as a pro and second with the Packers, quarterback Brett Favre led the Packers offense, passing for 3,303 yards and 19 touchdowns. ", "Favre, who played his first full season, was selected to his second of eleven Pro Bowl appearances.", "\n\nIn the playoffs, the Packers played in the NFC Wild Card Game against the Detroit Lions. ", "The Packers won 28–24, closing with a 40-yard touchdown pass from Brett Favre to Sterling Sharpe with 55 seconds left. ", "In the NFC Divisional Playoff Game, the Packers played the Dallas Cowboys and lost 27–17.", "\n\nThe Packers commemorated their 75th overall season of professional football in 1993 with a \"75\" logo uniform patch, one year before the NFL's diamond anniversary.", "\n\nOffseason\n\nFree agents\nIn the off season, the Packers signed future Pro Football Hall of Famer Reggie White in one of the biggest moves in Packers history.", "\n\n1993 NFL Draft\nThe Green Bay Packers selected Linebacker Wayne Simmons in the first round of the 1993 NFL Draft. ", "In the fifth round the Packers drafted quarterback Mark Brunell, who would later become Jacksonville Jaguars career\npassing yards leader.", "\n\nStaff\n\nRoster\n\nRegular season\n\nOpening week\nThe Green Bay Packers started the season strong with a 36–6 win over the Los Angeles Rams. ", "The Packers showed a strong defense and offense in the win. ", "The Rams finished with 53-yards rushing, and Bryce Paup and George Koonce were able to record a safety on one play. ", "Rams quarterback, Jim Everett completed 17 of 41 passes for 175 yards and two interceptions. ", "The offense recorded 381 total yards, scoring in six of eight possessions. ", "Quarterback Brett Favre completed 19 of 29 passes for 264 yards and two touchdowns. ", "For one of the touchdowns, Favre completed a 50-yard touchdown pass to Sterling Sharpe, who finished with seven catches for 120 yards.", "\n\nThree game skid\nAfter the strong start against the Rams, the Packers lost the following three games. ", "The first came in a 20–17 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles at Lambeau Field. ", "Despite gaining a 17–7 lead in the third quarter, the Packers only managed 159 yards of total offense in the game. ", "Starting linebacker Brian Noble left the field with a season-ending injury as the Eagles were able to rally from behind. ", "The Eagles gained the lead with under five minutes to play when Randall Cunningham escaped a sack from former teammate Reggie White, and firing a 40-yard touchdown pass to Eagles receiver Victor Bailey. ", "Following a bye week, the Packers traveled to the Metrodome to play the Minnesota Vikings. ", "The Packers again fell short of victory in the closing seconds of the game. ", "The Packers were leading 13–12 before Jim McMahon completed a 45-yard pass on third and ten to Eric Guliford, who was wide open. ", "With four seconds left, Vikings kicker Fuad Reveiz completed his fifth field goal to give the Vikings a 15–13 victory. ", "The following week, the Packers lost their third straight to defending Super Bowl champions, the Dallas Cowboys.", "\n\nWinning streak\nAfter losing three of their first four games, the Packers proceeded to win six of their next seven, defeating four conference opponents. ", "The Packers won their second game of the season, narrowly defeating the Denver Broncos on Brett Favre's birthday. ", "At halftime the Packers held a 30–7 lead, scoring on each of their first six possessions. ", "Brett Favre passed for 182 yards in the first half, including a 66-yard touchdown pass to Jackie Harris. ", "John Stephens and Edgar Bennett each scored one-yard touchdown runs and Chris Jackie made three field goals. ", "In the second half the Packers gained only 61 yards on offense. ", "Brett Favre threw three interceptions, including one which was returned for a touchdown. ", "Broncos quarterback John Elway completed 33 of 59 passes for 367 yards and a touchdown, helping to close the Packers lead to 30–27. ", "The Broncos had a chance to tie or win the game on their last drive, but came up short when Reggie White was able to sack John Elway twice. ", "After the win the Packers had another bye week.", "\n\nIn week eight the Packers defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 37–14, bringing their record to 3–3. ", "Brett Favre completed 20 of 35 passes for 268 yards. ", "Sterling Sharpe caught a career-high four touchdown passes, tying a Green Bay Packer record held by Don Hutson. ", "For the second week in a row the Packers faced a conference opponent. ", "They defeated the Chicago Bears 17–3 and forced seven sacks and three turnovers in the game.", "\n\nThe Beginning of the Lambeau Leap\nThe Packers beat the Raiders in the final home game of the regular season. ", "But this game will be remembered for the start of the famed Lambeau Leap. ", "Packer LeRoy Butler forced a fumble from Raider quarterback Vince Evans that Reggie White recovered. ", "After running 10 yards, White lateraled the ball to Butler, who ran the remaining 25 yards into the end zone. ", "Butler then made the lunging leap into the south bleachers and inviting arms of crazed fans.", "\nThe true first \"Leap\" came the week before at Milwaukee County Stadium.", "\n\nSchedule\n\nGame summaries\n\nWeek 1 vs. Rams\n\nWeek 2: vs. Philadelphia Eagles\n\nWeek 5: @ Dallas Cowboys\n\nWeek 6: vs. Denver Broncos\n\nWeek 8: @ Tampa Bay Buccaneers\n\nWeek 12: vs. Detroit Lions\n\nWeek 14: @ Chicago Bears\n\nWeek 16: vs. Minnesota Vikings\n\nStandings\n\nAwards and records\n Brett Favre, NFC leader, attempts: 522\n Brett Favre, NFC leader, completions: 318\n Brett Favre, NFC leader, interceptions (tied): 24\nRobert Brooks, NFL kickoff return leader\nSterling Sharpe, NFL leader in receptions: 112\nSterling Sharpe, franchise record, most receptions in a season: 112\n\nMilestones\nBrett Favre, first 400 yard passing game (December 5)\nSterling Sharpe, fifth 1,000 Yard receiving season\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n1993 Green Bay Packers at Pro-football-reference.com\n\n1993\nGreen Bay Packers\nGreen" ]

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[ "\"They're on their way to you now.\" \"", "We'll be waiting for them.\" \"", "Put your hands up.\" \"", "Previously on Fringe...\" \"His name is David Robert Jones.\" \"", "He was looking for a mineral named Amphilicite.\" \"", "Enough to blow a hole in the universe.\" \"", "That tracker we had on Jones, how did he pinpoint the wavelength we were on that quickly?\" \"", "Colonel Broyles, we lost him.\" \"", "Roger that.\" \"", "You think someone from our team told him?\" \"", "You have a better idea?\" \"", "Officer down!\" \"", "Who knew?\" \"", "We've got to find out.\" \"", "Hey, Linc--Linc.\" \"", "I've been blown up before.\" \"", "This is nothing.\" \"", "What's going on?\" \"", "Captain Lee, he didn't make it.\" \"", "I don't like funerals.\" \"", "I never know what I'm supposed to say.\" \"", "There's nothing you can say.\" \"", "This isn't right.\" \"", "Our children aren't supposed to die before we do.\" \"", "We are going to do everything that we can to find who's responsible and bring them to justice.\" \"", "I give you my word.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "I'm rather unclear.\" \"", "In exchange for this reduced sentence, what do you expect from me?\" \"", "I believe that David Robert Jones has a mole in the Department of Defense.\" \"", "Among other things, someone tipped him off about the location of a prisoner transport, which allowed his men to ambush my team and kill my partner.\" \"", "So you're going to tell me who tipped off Jones.\" \"", "This is your last chance.\" \"", "One-time only offer signed by the Secretary of Defense.\" \"", "You're making a mistake.\" \"", "I will find him.\" \"", "And soon Jones and everyone who worked for him will find themselves rotting in a cell just like you.\" \"", "Well, you needn't worry about me, Agent Dunham.\" \"", "You see, I'm not gonna be here very long.\" \"", "It's your world you ought to be concerned about.\" \"", "Because as bad as you think things are now, things are going to get much worse.\" \"", "Can anyone here tell me what we are in the business of doing?\" \"", "We are in the business of making money.\" \"", "Do you agree, Mr. Delman?\" \"", "Yes, Mr. Bauer.\" \"", "Can you explain to me why Hamilton and I had to cancel our flight to Baltimore this morning?\" \"", "Um, well, uh, because\" \"Because you and your associates failed to finish the presentation.\" \"", "Yes, Mr. Bauer.\" \"", "So you're telling me that this company has to forfeit on one of its largest accounts because you didn't do your job?\" \"", "Is that right?\" \"", "Yes, sir.\" \"", "Well, then it should come as no surprise to anyone in this room, especially you,\" \"Mr. Delman, you are\" \"What the hell is happening?\" \"", "What am I doing\" \"I can't move!\" \"", "Somebody get me down!\" \"", "♪ Fringe 4x18 ♪ The Consultant Original Air Date on April 13, 2012\" \"== sync, corrected by elderman ==\" \"♪\" \"It's a miracle we made it in one piece.\" \"", "You drive like a daredevil.\" \"", "For the 11th time, Walter, I drive the speed limit.\" \"", "Most automobile fatalities occur driving between work and home.\" \"", "Yeah, so does most driving.\" \"", "Ascot, look.\" \"", "It's my son and his girlfriend.\" \"", "I called your house last night, Peter.\" \"", "You didn't answer.\" \"", "That's 'cause I was out.\" \"", "With Agent Dunham, I presume, making up for lost time.\" \"", "Uh, you wanna let us know what we're in for?\" \"", "Yeah, about an hour ago two men were killed in this building simultaneously.\" \"", "Witnesses say that they were both lifted several feet in the air and then driven back down to the ground by some unseen force.\" \"", "They died on impact.\" \"", "Bones in the lower half of his body are completely shattered.\" \" ", "Feel this.\" \" ", "Oh, please, can I?\" \"", "He's dead, Peter.\" \"", "You can't hurt him.\" \"", "Not really what I was concerned about.\" \"", "I'm seeing similar injuries over here.\" \"", "How come out of this entire building, it only happened to these two?\" \"", "The wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all unrighteous men.\" \"", "Romans 1:18.\" \"", "That's the theory?\" \"", "The hand of God reached down from the skies and punished these people for their sins?\" \"", "One could argue that God kills us all.\" \"", "Although typically not in such a direct manner.\" \"", "Spinal column's crushed.\" \"", "Hip bone pushed up through his torso.\" \"", "All injuries consistent with impact.\" \"", "Yeah, sure, but from that height the fall couldn't possible have produced a velocity to do that.\" \"", "No, you're right.\" \"", "His injuries would require much more velocity.\" \"", "So tell me exactly what happened.\" \"", "He was, um, yelling, and I thought for sure he was gonna fire me.\" \"", "He's yelled at us before, but not like this.\" \"", "I've never seen him so angry.\" \"", "And then all of a sudden, he was pulled up out of his chair by, like, this invisible hand or something.\" \"", "Excuse me.\" \"", "What you got?\" \"", "It's a laceration of some sort.\" \"", "Could you check the other victim's abdomen for abrasions, dear?\" \"", "Yeah, I got one here too.\" \"", "It's just above the waist.\" \"", "What do you think could have caused that?\" \"", "I'm not sure yet.\" \"", "A seatbelt.\" \"", "Look at the way the laceration extends across the waist.\" \"", "If these people weren't in an office building, you'd swear they were in a car crash together.\" \"", "We have a third victim.\" \"", "Broyles just called, and apparently they found a man who died in his apartment in Brooklyn.\" \"", "His injuries and time of death are consistent with the men here, and he was a pilot.\" \"", "Yes, yes.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "The crushed spinal column, the broken femurs.\" \"", "These men's wounds are consistent with a plane crash.\" \"", "That's brilliant, dear.\" \"", "Walter, how could these people have been in a plane crash if neither of them was in a plane?\" \"", "Right.\" \"", "There is that.\" \"", "I might have an idea.\" \"", "Sir, the other side was correct.\" \"", "There was a plane crash.\" \"", "When did it happen?\" \"", "Approximately 90 minutes ago just after takeoff from an airfield in Teaneck.\" \"", "Casualties?\" \"", "Two men and the pilot.\" \"", "Just the person I wanted to see.\" \"", "Coordinate with NTSB to take possession of the wreckage and the bodies.\" \"", "Yes, sir.\" \"", "I've narrowed it down to 108 names.\" \"", "108 names?\" \"", "Everyone who had operational clearance and would have known about the prisoner transport.\" \"", "I want to initiate background checks and electronic surveillance.\" \"", "You're talking about investigating our own people, many of whom work for D.O.D. and outrank both of us.\" \"", "Sir, Jones has been a step ahead of us the whole way.\" \"", "He knew we were coming, and he moved his entire shapeshifter operation.\" \"", "When we were tracking him, he knew what frequency we were on.\" \"", "Someone inside tipped of Nina Sharp and got Lincoln killed.\" \"", "I understand.\" \"", "But this level of surveillance comes with a lot of red tape.\" \"", "I'll cut through it.\" \"", "In the meantime, I need you on something else.\" \"", "A charter plane crashed in New Jersey this morning, killing everyone on board.\" \"", "Apparently it also killed their counterparts on the other side.\" \"", "How's that possible?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "But I want you to report to the bridge and pick up members from the other Fringe Division.\" \"", "We'll be investigating this together.\" \"", "Yes, sir.\" \"", "Agent Dunham, are you ready?\" \"", "Uh, almost.\" \"", "Always like to empty my bladder before a long trip.\" \"", "Walter, you do realize that we're just walking through a door.\" \"", "It's better safe than sorry.\" \"", "We're ready, Sergeant.\" \"", "Dr. Walter Bishop?\" \"", "Yes, that's me.\" \"", "Walter Bishop, consultant.\" \"", "Place your hand on the screen, please.\" \"", "Do you have a pacemaker?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Have you ever been diagnosed with smallpox?\" \"", "No.\" \" ", "Tuberculosis?\" \" ", "No.\" \" ", "Malaria?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "Are you on any medications?\" \"", "Several.\" \"", "Mostly recreational.\" \"", "It's okay.\" \"", "Per treaty code 5891J, once you cross over, you will be subject to the same laws and regulations as any naturalized citizen of the other side.\" \"", "Do you understand?\" \"", "I do.\" \"", "Initiating scan.\" \"", "Scan complete.\" \"", "Walter, are you sure that you don't want me to go with you?\" \"", "I'm sure, dear.\" \"", "Once Peter receives the bodies at the lab, he'll need your help to examine them.\" \"", "And when I've collected samples from the bodies on the other side,\" \"I'll return and we can compare the two.\" \"", "Besides, I'm sure you love birds could use a little time together.\" \"", "Walter.\" \"", "And thank you for trusting me.\" \"", "This is a really big step for me.\" \"", "Ah, my escort is here.\" \"", "And by escort, I don't mean prostitute.\" \"", "Good to see you.\" \"", "You too.\" \"", "Shall we?\" \"", "How is she doing?\" \"", "As well as can be expected considering she just lost her partner.\" \"", "She wants to find the people responsible.\" \"", "Yeah, I hope she does.\" \"", "She's lucky to have your help, Lincoln.\" \"", "Take care of Walter.\" \"", "I will.\" \"", "Agent Dunham.\" \"", "Sergeant.\" \"", "These two are with me.\" \"", "What is this?\" \"", "It's a list of hot spots where the damage was the worst.\" \"", "I see.\" \"", "It's getting better, though.\" \"", "The bridge is helping to heal our world.\" \"", "You're all set.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Oh, Agent Dunham, sorry to hear out Agent Lee.\" \"", "He was a good man.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "I wanted to bring a casserole.\" \"", "Casserole?\" \"", "Well, in times of grief, people need to eat.\" \"", "But apparently it's forbidden to transport perishables between the universes.\" \"", "Dr. Bishop, do you have a theory as to how a plane crash in one universe can kill people in the other?\" \"", "No, not yet.\" \"", "In all our years of researching the relationship between the universes,\" \"Belly and I were successfully able to transport matter from one side to the other.\" \"", "Even to merge tiny portions of both universes, but it never occurred to us that an event that happened in one universe would cause a reaction on the other.\" \"", "But do you think that someone could have caused this?\" \"", "On purpose?\" \"", "Anything's possible, even Santa Claus.\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "You don't think Jones had something to do with this, do you?\" \"", "It's just Nina Sharp said that things were about to get a lot worse, and then about an hour later, this happened.\" \"", "It's possible.\" \"", "But if Jones caused this, he's conceived of something Belly and I never did.\" \"", "What are you looking for?\" \"", "Not looking.\" \"", "Listening.\" \"", "You hear that?\" \"", "It's a perfect \"G\".\" \"", "A hand.\" \"", "I removed it from one of the victims on our side.\" \"", "You couldn't bring over a casserole, but a severed hand is okay?\" \"", "Shh.\" \"", "That's a \"G\".\" \"", "That's incorrect.\" \"", "It should be a \"C\".\" \"", "You see, each universe vibrates at its own specific frequencies.\" \"", "Everything from this universe would vibrate at a \"G\", and everything from our universe at \"C\".\" \"", "Somehow the victims on our side were made to vibrate at the frequency of this universe.\" \"", "So you're saying that the doppelgangers were somehow linked across universes?\" \" ", "Yes, it would seem so.\" \" ", "How?\" \"", "How were the bodies retuned?\" \"", "That's a good question.\" \"", "Well, do you think maybe that's what killed them?\" \"", "That's another good question, but I don't think so.\" \"", "I suggest it was the plane crash that killed them, not the retuning, as you call it.\" \"", "But it stands to reason that somehow the events were linked.\" \"", "Have you recovered the black box yet?\" \"", "What's a black box?\" \"", "From the plane.\" \"", "The cockpit recorder.\" \"", "We don't have that.\" \"", "But satellites record all communication in flight.\" \"", "Two-eight-niner, departure radar has you at 8,000 feet.\" \"", "Maintain at heading 2-2-0.\" \"", "Idlewild control, we appear to be running into some turbulence.\" \"", "Request permission to climb another\" \"What the hell was that?\" \"", "Say again, two-eight-niner?\" \"", "ATC, aircraft is coming apart.\" \"", "Systems failing!\" \"", "Vertical control is\" \"Mayday!\" \"", "Mayday!\" \"", "Mayday!\" \"", "The wing!\" \"", "Would you like for me to play that again?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "That won't be necessary.\" \"", "If my hypothesis is correct, whatever merged the frequencies of the two universes destabilized the aircraft.\" \"", "Whoever's responsible must have attached some sort of device to the craft.\" \"", "Okay, well, what if you're right?\" \"", "I mean, why?\" \"", "Doesn't feel like an assassination.\" \"", "So what, is it a threat?\" \"", "What are they trying to prove?\" \"", "I haven't the slightest.\" \"", "Sorry that I'm late.\" \"", "No matter.\" \"", "Gave me time to enjoy my tea.\" \"", "I must say,\" \"Matcha is one of the few things I'm going to miss.\" \"", "How did our experiment with the plane go?\" \"", "Better than we expected.\" \"", "Do you have a preference for this next one?\" \"", "Surprise me.\" \"", "Hey, you.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "How was the service?\" \"", "It was difficult.\" \"", "I'm so sorry.\" \"", "It's fine.\" \" ", "How's Chris?\" \" ", "He's good.\" \"", "Can't stop talking about some girl in his class.\" \"", "If only I could get him to pay half as much attention to his homework as he does to those girls.\" \"", "Where is he?\" \"", "He's in the living room.\" \"", "We've been entertaining your friend.\" \"", "What friend?\" \"", "Oh, hey, Dad.\" \"", "Hello, Phillip.\" \"", "I'm just catching up with Christopher here.\" \"", "He really is a remarkable young man.\" \"", "It's a pleasure to finally meet him.\" \"", "We have protocols for making contact.\" \"", "Showing up in my home isn't one of them.\" \"", "I see where my showing up unannounced would be worrying.\" \"", "But I wanted to bring this to you personally.\" \"", "I understand it's a tad overdue.\" \"", "Christopher's responding extraordinarily well to treatment.\" \"", "It's hard to imagine that a few months ago he was in constant pain, his eyesight was gone, that he was\" \"Dying.\" \"", "Every parent's nightmare.\" \"", "Christopher, come help me in the kitchen!\" \"", "I certainly don't envy what you've been through.\" \"", "I noticed the way your wife looks at him.\" \"", "It's as if she's witnessing a miracle.\" \"", "But there aren't miracles.\" \"", "That's what you're here to remind me, am I right?\" \"", "I'm sure you were dismayed after the unfortunate incident with Agent Lee.\" \"", "I buried an agent today.\" \"", "A good man.\" \"", "And I'm also well aware that Agent Lee isn't the first casualty of our collaboration.\" \"", "Some day I'll have to account for what I've done, but...\" \"But you can't lose your boy.\" \"", "Love makes us vulnerable.\" \"", "But it also makes us human, I suppose.\" \"", "Is there anything else?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Not yet.\" \"", "But I will be calling on you very shortly.\" \"", "Right here's fine.\" \"", "I'm going to Liberty Heights.\" \"", "What's that?\" \"", "Did you find everything you were looking for?\" \"", "Mm-hmm.\" \"", "That'll be $18.47.\" \"", "Astrid, we're here.\" \"", "According to the cops, the cab went over the bridge at exactly 6:37, the same time the victim died on the other side.\" \"", "Hello.\" \"", "My team's online.\" \"", "We're just standing by.\" \"", "I'm ready whenever they are.\" \"", "It's nice to see you again.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Um...\" \"I brought you something.\" \"", "Oh, no, no, it's okay.\" \"", "I got permission.\" \"", "You like it?\" \"", "I never thought that I was going to taste this again.\" \"", "Oh, here they are.\" \"", "Hello.\" \"", "Can you tell Agent Dunham that our victim's name is Nancy Guerring.\" \"", "According to her Show Me, she's from Malden, Massachusetts.\" \"", "Hey, there you are.\" \"", "Domesticated badgers, really?\" \"", "As pets?\" \"", "Come on, Walter.\" \"", "We need you.\" \"", "Olivia, their victim's name is Nancy Guerring.\" \"", "Same here.\" \"", "Nancy Elizabeth Guerring.\" \"", "Ask if her left arm is broken.\" \"", "Is her left arm broken?\" \"", "Yep.\" \"", "Hey, Astrid, can you ask Walter what it is I'm looking for?\" \"", "What this device might look like?\" \"", "Doctor Bishop says that a device this powerful is probably rather large.\" \"", "Uh, Peter,\" \"Walter says the device could be rather large.\" \"", "Or it might be small.\" \"", "Actually, I don't think he has any idea what it looks like.\" \"", "I got something.\" \"", "Hold on.\" \"", "We found something.\" \"", "What is it?\" \"", "Amphilicite.\" \"", "Jones.\" \"", "Have we found a similar device at the crash site?\" \"", "No, but considering the wreckage, it could have been destroyed.\" \"", "Dr. Bishop, do you have any idea what Jones is trying to do?\" \"", "He's done it twice, originating once in each universe.\" \"", "So why?\" \"", "He must have a reason.\" \"", "Of course he has a reason.\" \"", "Problem is I don't know what it is.\" \"", "I'm sorry.\" \"", "It's been a long day.\" \"", "Maybe after a good night's sleep.\" \"", "I think you're right.\" \"", "Although the pillow I was given last night left me with a terrible crick.\" \"", "Apparently this universe hasn't discovered memory foam.\" \"", "You know, Walter, you can stay at my place tonight if you like.\" \"", "I got a spare room.\" \"", "I appreciate that.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "And I shall refrain from sleeping naked.\" \"", "Well, that is good to know.\" \"", "Okay, I'm gonna get my bag.\" \"", "Colonel Broyles.\" \"", "I wanted to apologize.\" \"", "For what?\" \"", "For snapping at you.\" \"", "It's not you I'm angry with.\" \"", "None of what Jones is doing would be possible without the right conditions.\" \"", "I created those conditions by crossing over all those years ago.\" \"", "Had I not done that, we wouldn't be in this situation now.\" \"", "Dr. Bishop.\" \"", "May I ask you something?\" \"", "Of course.\" \"", "If you had to do it all over again, would you make the same choice?\" \"", "If you'd asked me that question a few months ago, the answer would have been no.\" \"", "But now that I have met my adult son, got to know him,\" \"I don't know that I'd do anything differently.\" \"", "Agent Dunham, I ran the names, all their cell records, electronic communication\" \"I'm sorry, what?\" \"", "The list of 108 names that you gave to Colonel Broyles.\" \"", "He got clearance and asked me to look into them.\" \"", "Did you find anything?\" \"", "I ran the data twice.\" \"", "There is nothing to implicate any of them.\" \"", "Nothing at all out of the ordinary.\" \"", "Do you want me to run the information for a third time?\" \"", "No, it's okay.\" \"", "Thank you, though.\" \"", "You wanna tell me what this is?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "All you need to know is what you're to do with it.\" \"", "Take it to Liberty Island, to what I believe you call the bridge, and affix it to the control panel on the machine.\" \"", "You do realize that machine is healing our worlds?\" \"", "I do.\" \"", "Need I remind you who I am healing?\" \"", "No hurry.\" \"", "Anytime before sundown tomorrow should be fine.\" \"", "So your mother tells me you have some good news.\" \"", "I told her not to say anything.\" \"", "She didn't.\" \"", "That's all she said.\" \"", "I'm waiting to hear it from you, so spill it.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "So today at recess a bunch of the guys were playing hitball.\" \"", "And when they started picking the teams,\" \"I got picked first.\" \"", "That's great.\" \"", "No, Dad, you don't understand.\" \"", "I got picked first, me.\" \"", "So who won the game?\" \"", "We did.\" \"", "Now that's good news.\" \"", "It gets better.\" \"", "Really?\" \"", "Yeah, so Stacy, this girl in my class, told Danny that she likes me.\" \"", "Can you believe that?\" \"", "Dad, no one's ever liked me.\" \"", "I'm glad you had a good day.\" \"", "Good night, Chris.\" \"", "Good night, Dad.\" \"", "Can't you sleep?\" \"", "Is the bed too hard?\" \"", "No, I was sleeping like a baby.\" \"", "Sadly my bladder was not.\" \"", "You're a lot like her, you know?\" \"", "The other Olivia.\" \"", "She has trouble sleeping too when there's an open case.\" \"", "It's not the case.\" \"", "It's the evidence from Lincoln's murder.\" \"", "I see.\" \"", "Are you looking for something in particular?\" \"", "A mole.\" \"", "The night that he died, we were transporting a prisoner, and someone must have let Jones's men know the location of our convoy.\" \"", "And then he sent his people into ambush us.\" \"", "I'm sorry, I don't usually drink, and my ex, Frank, he left this here when he moved out.\" \"", "Are these the rest of Frank's belongings?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "That's everything that Lincoln had left in Fringe Division.\" \"", "And I'm supposed to give it to his parents, and I just can't face them, not until I got something more to tell them.\" \"", "And I thought this would give me some courage, but all it's done is just make me feel a little bit sick.\" \"", "I have just the thing for that.\" \"", "Some people swear by hair of the dog, but I prefer nature's sponge, the egg.\" \"", "It won't be long.\" \"", "I'm missing something.\" \"", "I know I am, Walter.\" \"", "Then I suggest you sleep on it.\" \"", "Our brains are remarkable instruments.\" \"", "They can process evidence even when we're not conscious.\" \"", "Yeah, but that's the thing, there is no evidence.\" \"", "I mean, there is absolutely nothing linking any of the likely suspects to the crime.\" \"", "Then perhaps it's time to give some thought to the dog that did not bark.\" \"", "I don't understand.\" \"", "Sherlock Holmes.\" \"", "Fictitious Detective.\" \"", "Penchant for cocaine?\" \"", "No, not on this side.\" \"", "The point is no evidence is evidence in and of itself.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "So what if our mole is covering his tracks?\" \"", "Then it would have to be someone pretty high up on the food chain.\" \"", "I mean, someone with enough clearance to alter classified details.\" \"", "How 'bout Colonel Broyles?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Broyles?\" \"", "No way.\" \"", "You know him better than I do.\" \"", "But in the case of a mole, no one should be above suspicion.\" \"", "Frankly, I'm still upset about Nixon.\" \"", "I don't suppose you brought me my breakfast.\" \"", "Is there a reason for the additional privacy?\" \"", "I just wanted to tell you in person that we found our mole.\" \"", "We have Colonel Broyles in custody.\" \"", "He told us everything, so he won't be able to set you free anymore.\" \"", "You really have no idea.\" \"", "Phillip is irrelevant.\" \"", "He's just another pawn.\" \"", "This changes nothing, Agent Dunham.\" \"", "I know Jones, and he will come for me.\" \"", "Perhaps.\" \"", "Unless you're just another pawn.\" \"", "She just confirmed it's Broyles.\" \"", "For all we know, Nina Sharp is lying.\" \"", "Why would she lie to me?\" \"", "What does she have to gain?\" \"", "Maybe she knew you were bluffing.\" \"", "Agents, I've been asking around.\" \"", "No one has seen Colonel Broyles come in today.\" \"", "I checked, and his subcutaneous tracker was disabled two hours ago.\" \"", "Should we be worried?\" \"", "Good morning, sir.\" \"", "Your Show Me, please.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "How you doing today?\" \"", "Fine, thanks.\" \"", "Sir...\" \"You are good to go.\" \"", "Okay, well, thank you, Diane.\" \"", "I'm really sorry to have bothered you at home.\" \"", "Bye.\" \"", "Colonel Broyles's Show Me was just swiped at Liberty Island.\" \" ", "What's he doing there?\" \" ", "The bridge is there.\" \"", "The Secretary of Defense.\" \"", "He could be doing any number of things.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Agent Dunham.\" \"", "Did Colonel Broyles come through here?\" \"", "Yeah, about ten minutes ago.\" \"", "Hey, you haven't been cleared!\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "I got your message.\" \"", "Colonel Broyles just turned himself in.\" \"", "He told us everything.\" \"", "I'm sorry.\" \"", "Well, dear, I guess this is it.\" \"", "Thank you for everything.\" \"", "Don't judge him.\" \"", "No one can be certain exactly what they're capable of, how far they'll go to save the ones they love.\" \"", "I know this more than most.\" \"", "Keep an eye on this universe, will you?\" \"", "I've grown quite fond of it.\" \"", "See, I'm surprised that you're not going back with him.\" \"", "I told you I'd help find the people who killed your partner.\" \"", "And mine.\" \"", "And until we do that,\" \"I'm not going anywhere.\" \"", "Look, it might not feel like it now, but it does get better.\" \"", "Walter, what's up?\" \"", "We got here as quick as we could.\" \"", "I know why he did it twice.\" \"", "Jones, I think I know what he's doing.\" \" ", "Okay.\" \" ", "It was a test.\" \"", "The damage we saw was irrelevant.\" \"", "He was just taking readings.\" \"", "Well, what kind of readings?\" \"", "He wanted to find a common denominator, a frequency that could link both universes.\" \"", "Right, so that whatever he did over there, the same thing would happen over here.\" \"", "We already know that, Walter.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "That was just a start.\" \"", "Had Colonel Broyles uploaded this device into the machine, it would make it possible for Jones to do something much worse.\" \"", "Like what?\" \"", "He could collapse both universes.\" \"", "== sync, corrected by elderman ==\"" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to electric furnaces for heating molten glass and their methods of operation and more particularly to the interconnection of current source outputs for increasing electric power available for Joule\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nIn the manufacturing of glass, an electric furnace may be utilized to melt a batch of raw materials in a refractory lined furnace chamber. ", "Although hydrocarbon fuel burning furnaces may also be utilized to produce glass, the electric furnace has certain advantages with respect to the problems of air pollution and maintenance of uniform heating.", "\nTypically, an electric furnace will have two or more electrodes submerged in the molten glass which are connected to a source of alternating current. ", "The resistivity of the molten glass transfers the electrical energy of the current flowing between electrodes into heat energy thereby creasing Joule effect heating. ", "Molten glass has a negative temperature coefficient and therefore, the resistivity below a critical temperature is sufficiently high so as to limit current flow below a level at which electric melting can be sustained. ", "The power supplied to the furnace chamber can be regulated by phase controlling the applied voltage with suitable means, typically silicon controlled rectifiers. ", "Since, during normal operation, the phase control is operating at 92% to 95% of the voltage cycle to obtain a favorable power factor and the power supplies and phase controls are operated at or near their ratings, neither the current flow nor the voltage can be increased significantly to raise the temperature of the molten glass. ", "Thus, for example, when the molten glass falls below the critical temperature, its molten state has not been maintained electrically. ", "Therefore, electric furnaces generally require a plurality of fuel burners positioned to direct radiant heat to the upper surface of the material in the furnace chamber. ", "This radiant heat melts the material until the critical temperature is reached above which the resistivity of the molten glass is low enough to permit sufficient current to flow between the electrodes for normal controlled electric heating furnace operation.", "\nGlass which is utilized in the production of glass wool often has alkali metals, such as sodium or potassium, added as a flux to facilitate melting of the batch material and to lower the viscosity of the molten glass to decrease production time. ", "These alkali metals also cause the molten glass to have low resistivity which aids the melting process in an electric furnace. ", "However, some glasses, typically those utilized for the manufacture of continuous filaments, generally referred to as \"E\" glass, have less than 1% alkali metal content and therefore exhibit relatively high resistivity as compared to the wool glass, for example, 10 to 12 times that of wool glass even at melting and refining temperatures. ", "Further, a wool glass may normally be refined at about 2500.degree.", "F and for a given set of parameters for electrical melting reaches a critical temperature below which electrical melting retrogresses at about 2300.degree.", "F while E glass will be refined to about 2600.degree.", "F and have a critical temperature of about 2400.degree.", "F for those parameters.", "\nHowever, the use of fuel burners creates undesirable combustion products and emissions from the batch material. ", "Fluorine is often added to E glass as a flux to aid in placing some of the components of the batch materials in solution, to reduce bubbles in the molten glass and to reduce the viscosity of the molten glass. ", "During the melting and refining process much of this fluorine is driven off with boron and other elements which may also be included in the batch material. ", "In order to militate against these factors, glass melting and refining is performed in electric furnaces employing a cold top wherein a layer of batch material covers substantially the entire upper surface of the molten glass and batch material is added to the upper surface as the lower surface of the batch layer is melted. ", "However, if the electric furnace is to be restarted after the power has been interrupted for a period of time sufficient to allow the molten glass to cool below the critical temperature so that it has a relatively high resistivity, in the past it has been necessary to apply radiant heat to melt the cold top crust and the underlying molten glass to lower the resistivity to permit sufficient current flow for normal furnace operation. ", "During this restart period, the undesirable emissions from the batch material and the products of combustion are generated.", "\nAn object of this invention is to facilitate the electric heating of molten glass.", "\nA second object is to increase rapidly the temperature of molten glass which is heated electrically.", "\nA third object is to avoid, during the campaign of a glass tank in which molten glass is heated electrically, the application of heat to the top of a mass of glass constituents.", "\nA fourth object is to expand the range of molten glass temperature over which electric heating is effective to raise the molten glass to suitable melting, refining and working temperatures.", "\nA fifth object is to enable the temperature of molten glass to be raised to the critical temperature for the electrical heating and tank parameters of the system at which normal electrical heating will increase the glass temperature.", "\nAnother object is to increase Joule effect heating in selected localized regions of molten glass." ]

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[ "The Ball administration has stressed the importance of immigration to Newfoundland and Labrador's future, but people trying to come to the province through two key programs have recently faced longer waits in having their applications processed.", "\n\nThat's according to internal provincial briefing materials obtained through access to information.", "\n\nThe minister in charge of the immigration portfolio says there is a good-news reason behind the bad-news backlog — a big bump in the number of people seeking to come to the province.", "\n\n\"There is a little blip there for sure, but that's a blip because we've had a massive amount of demand,\" said Bernard Davis, the minister of Advanced Education, Skills and Labour.", "\n\nAccording to Davis, there has been a 50 per cent increase over last year's number of applications.", "\n\n\"That's an impressive total by any stretch, in any business or any opportunity. ", "So there is a bit of a stress in the system,\" he said.", "\n\nProcessing time double the standard\n\nThe internal document obtained by CBC News outlines the impacts of that \"blip,\" as of late May.\n\nApplications to the Newfoundland and Labrador Provincial Nominee Program (NLPNP) are supposed to be assessed within 25 business days. ", "Instead, the processing time was double that, or about two and a half months. (", "There is a second, federal portion that occurs after the provincial approval.)", "\n\nAnd the combined number of applications in the queue for the NLPNP and the other provincial stream, the Atlantic Immigration Pilot Program (AIPP), was triple the number from a year earlier.", "\n\nThere were 49 NLPNP applications in the line-up in late May 2018; the corresponding 2019 number was 88.", "\n\nThere was only one AIPP application in the queue in late May 2018; that number jumped to 68 in the same period this year.", "\n\nAdvanced Education, Skills and Labour Minister Bernard Davis says immigration is important to address demographic challenges facing Newfoundland and Labrador. (", "Eddy Kennedy/CBC)\n\n\"We have to process those files as best we can, and as efficiently as we can,\" Davis said.", "\n\nHe says a \"record number\" of applications were processed in June, which helped clean up some of the backlog.", "\n\nAnd one of the five immigration officers handling those applications is soon expected to return from parental leave, which will also help.", "\n\n(The number of immigrants settling in the province under those two programs don't include other types of applications such as federal economic, family sponsorship, or refugee applications.)", "\n\n'People on the ground'\n\nAs a full-time immigration lawyer, Meghan Felt sees the impact of all of this on her clients.", "\n\nShe says the province is doing a good job, but more resources appear to be needed in the system.", "\n\nAnd the consequences of longer processing times could be skilled immigrants deciding to go elsewhere.", "\n\nMeghan Felt is a partner with McInnes Cooper in St. John's who dedicates 100 per cent of her practice to immigration law. (", "Rob Antle/CBC)\n\n\"The government had mandated that they want immigration to increase in the province. ", "If Newfoundland wants to remain competitive economically, then we need to increase the number of immigrants coming to the province,\" said Felt, who is a partner with McInnes Cooper in St. John's.", "\n\n\"And if we don't have the people on the ground in these offices to be able to process applications in a timely manner, then there seems like there's a bit of a disconnect there. ", "So in my opinion, you know, it's a simple fix.\"", "\n\n'Make sure there's opportunity here'\n\nDavis says work is underway to assess that need going forward, and to come up with that fix.", "\n\nHe says the work of immigration officers is \"highly specialized\" and people can't be dropped into the positions for short-term employment.", "\n\n\"The long-term solution is more individuals processing the applications as the demand requires, and that's where we are right now,\" Davis said.", "\n\n\"We're addressing those situations. ", "Hopefully, we'll be looking at those in the near future, because if this trend continues, we're going to need more support in that area, which is what we're looking for.\"", "\n\nWe're a welcoming place. ", "We want to make sure there's opportunity here. - ", "Advanced Education, Skills and Labour Minister Bernard Davis\n\nDavis stresses that there is another trend moving in the right direction.", "\n\nThe province had hoped to reach its annual target of 1,700 newcomers by 2022, but now expects to \"smash\" that total this year.", "\n\nWhile that number is near the bottom of the list nationally, it's a big increase over prior years.", "\n\nAnd a new target is expected to be unveiled soon, for an influx of more people to help address looming demographic challenges in Newfoundland and Labrador.", "\n\n\"It's great for the schooling system that we get younger families here,\" Davis said.", "\n\n\"We need a strong workforce. ", "And these individuals, when they come here, provide [a] great, great amount of cultural diversity for our province … We're a welcoming place. ", "We want to make sure there's opportunity here.\"", "\n\nRead more articles from CBC Newfoundland and Labrador" ]

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[ "\n8 Wn. ", "App. ", "233 (1973)\n505 P.2d 819\nANNA M. HUNT, Appellant,\nv.\nNORAH R. MATTHEWS et al., ", "Respondents.", "\nNo. ", "1015-1.", "\nThe Court of Appeals of Washington, Division One — Panel 1.", "\nJanuary 15, 1973.", "\nHennings, Maltman & Weber and John R. Weber, for appellant.", "\nBogle, Gates, Dobrin, Wakefield & Long, Don Paul Badgley, and Edward C. Biele, for respondents.", "\nCALLOW, J.\nThis is an action to quiet a title claimed to have been acquired by adverse possession. ", "Three major matters are raised: the criteria for ruling on a motion challenging the sufficiency of the evidence at the conclusion of the plaintiff's testimony, objections to the trial court's findings and objections to the conclusions regarding adverse possession.", "\nPlaintiff acquired title by deed to that parcel marked \"A\" on the map. ", "Title was acquired in 1957 after the plaintiff had leased this residential property for a year. ", "She has lived since in a house on the property. ", "In November 1968, she filed a complaint alleging adverse possession of the adjacent parcel \"B\" under the 10-year statute, RCW 4.16.020.", "\nDefendants Biele and Brody are the contract purchasers of the property to the west of plaintiff's property, their property being bounded on the north by Northeast 95th Street, on the west by Sand Point Way and on the south by the Northern Pacific Railway right-of-way. ", "The wooded and undeveloped property of the defendants includes parcel \"B\". ", "When plaintiff acquired parcel \"A\", parcel \"B\" included an irregular and undefined extension of the lawn\n*235 \nthen existing on parcel \"A\". ", "She has maintained the lawn which extended onto defendants' property since she purchased parcel \"A\", and the lawn presently appears much as it did when she acquired parcel \"A\". ", "The court found that the area of defendants' property occupied by the lawn was not in conformity, in any way, with that portion of the defendants' property to which plaintiff asserts adverse possession. ", "She maintained a garden of approximately 15 feet by 15 feet in an area to the south of the extended lawn, usually spaded the garden in the spring and used a compost pile near the garden area. ", "The plaintiff described her use of parcel \"B\" as \"a lawn and also a garden spot.\"", "\nPlaintiff did not erect a fence or any structure on parcel \"B\", but an old fence was standing on part of the western fringe of the disputed area when plaintiff took possession of parcel \"A\". ", "This fence is now pushed to the ground and less *236 of it exists now than in 1957. ", "It was used to keep children off the property and by plaintiff's testimony consisted \"mostly some sticks, twigs and chicken wire\" and is \"mostly bent down and ... runs in an area through the woods, ...\" It is in an area of bushes and undergrowth, is not visible from the lawn, and its remnants extend along part of the western border of the disputed parcel. ", "The western periphery of parcel \"B\" extending from the south edge of the old fence to the railroad right-of-way is a tangled area of blackberries and bushes. ", "The plaintiff never cut a boundary through this area or maintained it but left it in its wild state as a barrier.", "\n[1] The trial court has a choice in ruling on a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in a nonjury case. ", "It may either (a) proceed as in a jury case, treat the plaintiff's evidence as true, and rule, as a matter of law, that plaintiff has or has not established a prima facie case; or (b) it may weigh the evidence and rule as a matter of fact. ", "N. Fiorito Co. v. State, 69 Wn.2d 616, 419 P.2d 586 (1966); Trautman, Motions Testing the Sufficiency of Evidence, 42 Wash. L. Rev. 787, 802 (1967). ", "The trial court entered findings and decided as a matter of fact that the plaintiff had not established a prima facie case. ", "Substantial evidence supports these findings. ", "Richards v. Kuppinger, 46 Wn.2d 62, 64, 278 P.2d 395 (1955).", "\n[2] Were the actions of the one claiming title by adverse possession sufficiently apparent and blatant to give notice to the original title holder that he was being challenged? ", "The acts constituting the warning which establishes notice must be made with sufficient obtrusiveness to be unmistakable to an adversary, not carried out with such silent civility that no one will pay attention. ", "The intention to claim title to an area must be objectively exhibited by the claimant. ", "Brown v. Hubbard, 42 Wn.2d 867, 259 P.2d 391 (1953). ", "Uninterrupted, open, notorious, hostile and exclusive possession for 10 years is required. ", "Krona v. Brett, 72 Wn.2d 535, 433 P.2d 858 (1967); El Cerrito, Inc. v. Ryndak, 60 Wn.2d 847, 376 P.2d 528 (1962); Rognrust v. Seto, 2 *237 Wn. ", "App. ", "215, 467 P.2d 204 (1970). ", "Real property will be taken away from an original owner by adverse possession only when he was or should have been aware and informed that his interest was challenged. ", "See Roesch v. Gerst, 18 Wn.2d 294, 138 P.2d 846 (1943).", "\n[3] Whether actions are open, notorious and hostile is a question of fact to be decided by the trier of the fact. ", "Northwest Cities Gas Co. v. Western Fuel Co., 13 Wn.2d 75, 123 P.2d 771 (1942); Spear v. Basagno, 3 Wn. ", "App. ", "689, 477 P.2d 197 (1970). ", "The decision is made within the context of the locality, the nature and character of the property and the use made of it. ", "Frolund v. Frankland, 71 Wn.2d 812, 431 P.2d 188 (1967). ", "When a claimant does everything a person could do with particular property, it is evidence of the open hostility of his claim. ", "If he does less, the trier of the fact is justified in concluding that an owner would not be expected to take alarm from such random activity. ", "Grays Harbor Commercial Co. v. McCulloch, 113 Wash. 203, 210, 193 P. 709 (1920).", "\nThe trial court noted that the claimant lived in a residence on her property, but the adjacent property of the defendants was a vacant lot. ", "Greater use of a vacant lot would be required to be notorious to an absentee owner than to one occupying the land who would observe an offensive encroachment daily. ", "The reasoning of Peoples Sav. ", "Bank v. Bufford, 90 Wash. 204, 208, 155 P. 1068 (1916), is applicable:\nIt is ... important ... to consider the character and intended uses of the property.... the mere fencing and sowing of some turnip seed were insufficient to initiate a title to a town lot. ", "It is not like land that may be pastured or put to commercial crops or from which wood may be cut. ", "Such acts are not inconsistent with an intent to trespass, for few owners would object to the use of his unimproved town lot by those who might plant a garden, erect a chicken run, or pile wood upon it. ", "Town lots are laid out for the purpose of erecting dwellings and convenient outbuildings, and the title to them should not be disturbed until there is clear proof *238 that the occupant intends to devote the property to the uses for which it was intended.", "\nRespondents did nothing that was not consistent with permissive use, or the act of a trespasser, . ..", "\nThe property must be used beyond the use it would receive because it was handy and convenient and, instead, must be utilized and exploited as by an owner answerable to no one. ", "Fadden v. Purvis, 77 Wn.2d 23, 459 P.2d 385 (1969); Butler v. Anderson, 71 Wn.2d 60, 426 P.2d 467 (1967); Mesher v. Connolly, 63 Wn.2d 552, 388 P.2d 144 (1964).", "\n[4] The erection of a fence is also a circumstance to be considered by the trial court in ascertaining if the claim was open, notorious and hostile. ", "The fence in question was not erected or improved by the plaintiff but was allowed to deteriorate. ", "Its existence, under the circumstances, would not convey notice of a claim by the plaintiff. ", "Beck v. Loveland, 37 Wn.2d 249, 222 P.2d 1066 (1950); Drumheller v. Nasburg, 3 Wn. ", "App. ", "519, 475 P.2d 908 (1970). ", "A fence existing as a convenience rather than as an assertion of ownership does not establish notice of a claim. ", "Taylor v. Talmadge, 45 Wn.2d 144, 273 P.2d 506 (1954); Young v. Newbro, 32 Wn.2d 141, 200 P.2d 975 (1948). ", "In this light, the evidence was justifiably weighed and found wanting. ", "The fence did not define the boundary of the area claimed by the plaintiff; it did not exclude the defendants from the property; and it did not indicate an affirmative exertion of dominion by the claimant over the property. ", "Compare Davies v. Wickstrom, 56 Wash. 154, 105 P. 454, 134 Am. ", "St. R. 1100 (1909) with the previously cited authorities.", "\n[5] The burden of proving the existence of each element of adverse possession is on the claimant. ", "Woehler v. George, 65 Wn.2d 519, 398 P.2d 167 (1965); Scott v. Slater, 42 Wn.2d 366, 255 P.2d 377 (1953). ", "The presumption is in the holder of the legal title. ", "He need not maintain a constant patrol to protect his ownership. ", "5 G. Thompson, Real Property § 2544 (1957).", "\nThe findings of the trial court are supported by substantial evidence and will not be overturned. ", "The conclusion *239 follows that adverse possession was not proven. ", "The judgment is affirmed.", "\nHOROWITZ, C.J., and WILLIAMS, J., concur.", "\n" ]

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[ "RUN WAY?...... ", "mmmmm.... RUN WAY, RUN WAY, RUN WAY, WHAT IS THAT EVEN MEAN? ", "must be her catchfrace, umm..... no, sorry bro, i dont get it, but nice pic, looks like a poster, for me. ", ";D" ]

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[ "The invention relates to an apparatus for the ejection of liquid.", "\nWith such apparatuses articles and surfaces can be cleaned or processed." ]

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[ "The materials are based on the information in the online module developed by the IRIS Center at Vanderbilt University. ", "View the full module.", "Dialogue guides are written for general audiences that includes many different stakeholders. ", "Listed alphabetically under each guide, you will also find specific dialogue starters for local administrators, family, practitioners (teachers and related service providers), policymakers, and higher education. ", "Use the documents above to create your customized set of materials to ground your dialogue around the implementation of IDEA 2004.", "\n\nBefore you begin, review the Facilitator's Handbook, then choose the topic and the appropriate dialogue guide starters for your audience." ]

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[ "//\n// Generated by class-dump 3.5 (64 bit) (Debug version compiled Oct 25 2017 03:49:04).", "\n//\n// class-dump is Copyright (C) 1997-1998, 2000-2001, 2004-2015 by Steve Nygard.", "\n//\n\n#import \"TViewController.h\"\n\n#import \"TMarkTornDown-Protocol.h\"\n\n@class IPropertyValueExtractor, NSObject, NSString, TPropertyAsyncExtractionOperation;\n\n@interface IPropertyValueController : TViewController <TMarkTornDown>\n{\n struct TNSRef<NSObject, void> _value;\n struct TNSRef<IPropertyValueExtractor, void> _valueExtractor;\n _Bool _shouldBeVisible;\n _Bool _shouldBeEnabled;\n _Bool _isTornDown;\n _Bool _visibleWhileLoadingAsync;\n TPropertyAsyncExtractionOperation *_currentAsyncOperation;\n optional_a670fce5 _syncCountThreshold;\n}\n\n+ (id)propertyValueController;\n- (id).cxx_construct;\n- (void).cxx_destruct;\n@property(nonatomic) __weak TPropertyAsyncExtractionOperation *currentAsyncOperation; // @synthesize currentAsyncOperation=_currentAsyncOperation;\n@property(readonly) _Bool visibleWhileLoadingAsync; // @synthesize visibleWhileLoadingAsync=_visibleWhileLoadingAsync;\n@property(nonatomic) optional_a670fce5 syncCountThreshold; // @synthesize syncCountThreshold=_syncCountThreshold;\n@property(getter=isTornDown) _Bool tornDown; // @synthesize tornDown=_isTornDown;\n@property(nonatomic) _Bool shouldBeEnabled; // @synthesize shouldBeEnabled=_shouldBeEnabled;\n@property(nonatomic) _Bool shouldBeVisible; // @synthesize shouldBeVisible=_shouldBeVisible;\n- (void)handleNodeMDAttributesChanged:(const struct TFENode *)arg1 attributes:(id)arg2 isDisplayAttributes:(_Bool)arg3;\n- (void)handleNodesGoingAway:(const struct TFENodeVector *)arg1;\n- (void)handleBulkNodesDeleted:(const map_27534541 *)arg1 observedNodes:(const struct TFENodeVector *)arg2;\n- (void)handleBulkNodesChanged:(const map_253f12d2 *)arg1 observedNodes:(const struct TFENodeVector *)arg2;\n- (_Bool)canModifyNodes:(const struct TFENodeVector *)arg1;\n- (void)flush;\n- (_Bool)isApplicableToNodes:(const struct TFENodeVector *)arg1;\n- (_Bool)needsUpdateForProperty:(unsigned int)arg1;\n- (id)extractValueFromNodes:(const struct TFENodeVector *)arg1;\n- (void)updateWithNodes:(const struct TFENodeVector *)arg1;\n- (_Bool)willAsyncUpdateWithNodes:(const struct TFENodeVector *)arg1;\n@property(retain, nonatomic) IPropertyValueExtractor *valueExtractor; // @dynamic valueExtractor;\n- (void)setNeedsUpdateForPropertyGetter:(const function_38a74c59 *)arg1;\n- (void)setIsApplicableToNodesGetter:(const function_f87b6561 *)arg1;\n- (void)setValueFromNodesExtractor:(const function_398a4b50 *)arg1;\n@property(retain, nonatomic) NSObject *value; // @dynamic value;\n- (id)defaultValue;\n- (void)aboutToTearDown;\n- (void)initCommon;\n\n// Remaining properties\n@property(readonly, copy) NSString *debugDescription;\n@property(readonly, copy) NSString *description;\n@property(readonly) unsigned long long hash;\n@property(readonly) Class superclass;\n\n@end\n\n" ]

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[ "Falls--hiding behind curtains.", "\nReported in this paper are the outcomes of a retrospective investigation into falls in toilets and injuries sustained by 29 elderly, frail, yet independently ambulatory aged people (mean age 86.21 years) in a residential aged care facility. ", "It was hypothesised that the white or pale coloured curtains that had replaced walls in some toilet cubicles contributed to the falls and injuries. ", "During the six months for which data were reviewed nine of the 29 independently mobile people fell in the toilets, seven in the cubicles with the curtains. ", "This latter group sustained 100 percent of the injuries. ", "It is concluded that curtained cubicles create an additional hazard to the elderly in this particular setting. ", "Recommendations are made to improve the situation." ]

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[ "The latest Windows editions allow you to change the volume for individual applications, but it takes one extra click, which may be a bit too much in certain situations, like when the CPU or RAM is overused. ", "Ear Trumpet provides you with volume sliders for each application, just like Windows, but it lets you access them faster. ", "If the sounds from a certain application or game are louder then the music from your media player, you can use this application to balance the volumes on the fly.", "\n\nEar Trumpet is distributed as a freeware application, for Windows 8, 8.1 and Windows 10. ", "It comes in a small package and it can be installed in no time. ", "Apart from having one of the latest Windows versions, there are no special requirements you have to meet and you won't notice a significant impact on your computer's performance while the application is running.", "\n\nThere is not much to say about Ear Trumpet's functionality. ", "Once it is up and running on your computer, you will find a new system tray icon. ", "Clicking this icon will immediately reveal a series of volume sliders, for each running application that produces sounds. ", "This includes media players, browsers, games and more.", "\n\nTo be clear, Ear Trumpet is not a replacement tool for the operating system's volume control feature. ", "You can still find the default volume options in the system tray. ", "In fact, if no sound-emitting applications are running, Ear Trumpet will display a message that it couldn't find any applications, instead of volume controllers. ", "If you want to change the operating system's main volume, you will have to do it the old fashioned way.", "\n\nEar Trumpet gives you full control to decide which applications should be louder or quieter on your computer.", "\n\nPros: Ear Trumpet lets you change the volume for each application separately. ", "It doesn't get in your way and it doesn't use too many resources. ", "The software is free and you can have it up and running in a few seconds." ]

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[ "Conventionally, sensor units in the form of revolution rate sensors in motor vehicles, for example for an antilock brake system (ABS) of an electronic brake system of a motor vehicle, are used to detect the rotation rate of a wheel and to control associated braking depending on rotary motion and the rotation rate. ", "For this purpose, values measured by the sensor unit are transferred to an analyzer via at least two connecting lines. ", "One such sensor unit is for example featured in DE 10 2006 021 018 B4.", "\nIn the wheel area of a motor vehicle, however, electrostatic charging occurs within individual electrically isolated parts of the motor vehicle. ", "The electrostatic charging arises for example through the friction of the tires while travelling. ", "Because the chassis parts, in particular vehicle axles, include no conductive connection to the frame of the vehicle, electrostatic charges cannot be discharged from the vehicle axle, as a result of which there is a continuous raised potential between the vehicle axle and the frame of the vehicle. ", "On exceeding a voltage limit, a flashover of the charge to the nearest electrically conductive part takes place. ", "Such flashovers occur in particular in the region of connecting lines between electrical sensor units and electronic analyzers.", "\nElectric circuits with integrated components, such as those used in analyzers, in particular in control units for electronic brake systems, are however sensitive to large noise voltages that can occur because of electrostatic discharges (electrostatic discharge—ESD) in individual vehicle parts. ", "If such overvoltages occur above an upper tolerance limit of a maximum permissible voltage of the analyzer, the analyzer can be damaged.", "\nIn order to protect electrical circuits, such as analyzers in control units, against overvoltages, conventionally overvoltage protection devices, such as direct surge arresters, are used that make an electrically conductive connection between otherwise electrically decoupled vehicle parts and thereby discharge any possible electrostatic charges.", "\nDE 9412038 U1 discloses a device for connecting a sensor to a chassis of a vehicle. ", "The sensor comprises, in addition to two conductive wires that can be connected to an analyzer, a third conductive wire that is connected to ground (GND). ", "For this purpose, the sensor is enclosed by a covering body of non-conducting plastic from which the third conductive wire protrudes. ", "The covering body with the protruding third conductive wire is at least partly enclosed by a further covering body of conductive plastic, wherein the sensor is attached to a wheel mounting via the further covering body such that the wheel mounting is conductively connected to ground via the third conductive wire.", "\nHowever, such surge arresters require a cost intensive overhead, because an additional line is provided that requires a change from standardized control units and entails greater maintenance effort for the vehicle electronics." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPHP: Session files contain no data\n\nI've looked around on the internet, including stack overflow, for a few days trying to resolve my issue with PHP sessions. ", "For one, I've noticed that most of the tutorials simply say \"Here's the code, go use it.\" ", "and not so much \"This is how it works.\" ", "Additionally, all of the issues/answers I find seem to be about information being lost on refresh or after switching pages and none of these apply to me.", "\nThe data in $_SESSION is being stored/loaded no matter which page I view. ", "My issue is, when I view the session files on the server, there is no data in them. ", "Additionally, when I destroy a session or unset the variables the information is still stored and the next time $_SESSION is accessed the old information is retrieved.", "\nTo troubleshoot the behavior of sessions on my server I created an extremely simple script:\n<?", "php\n// Use $HTTP_SESSION_VARS with PHP 4.0.6 or less\nif (!", "isset($_SESSION['count'])) {\n $_SESSION['count'] = 0;\n} else {\n $_SESSION['count']++;\n}\n\necho $_SESSION['count'];\n?", ">\n\nThis is ALL of the code on the page (viewable here: ). ", "Every time this page is refreshed a new, blank, session file is saved into the specified directory on the server and the counter does not increase. ", "\nMore information:\nFor information regarding php install: \nHosted on GoDaddy Shared Hosting - Linux OS\nI will update the permissions on the phpsessions directory to be temporarily browseable shortly. () ", "\n\nA:\n\nYou need to call session_start() before you try to use the session.", "\n\nA:\n\nUPDATE:\nI haven't been to stack overflow in a while and decided to look back at this question because it was 1 of the only 2 I asked. ", "I'd like to mention that the issue was that the php session name was changed and needed to be changed back to the default.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Debunking The Claim That Bad Things Happen When Works Fall Into The Public Domain\n\nfrom the public-domain-is-important dept\n\nIf you've read James Boyle's book, The Public Domain, then you already should understand the reasons why the public domain is so important, and why it's a shame that, here in the US, we've had absolutely nothing going into the public domain for years, due to retroactive extension of copyright terms. ", "One of the key complaints about such retroactive extension of copyrights is that it was done entirely without evidence that it was needed. ", "Instead, we got purely faith-based arguments on the importance of keeping works out of the public domain. ", "Those arguments tended to fall into three camps: (1) that public domain works get ignored, since a lack of monopoly means no one will do anything with them. (", "2) Totally contradicting the first claim, that public domain works would become overused in typical \"tragedy of the commons\" fashion, because there were no limits, and (3) that since the works can be used in a manner not approved by a copyright holder, it will lead to \"inappropriate or distasteful\" use (i.e., Mickey Mouse porn).", "\n\nIn the US, reason number one -- that public domain works are not used enough since there's no monopoly to make it worthwhile to invest in them and offer them up -- was a key driving force behind the last copyright extension, and likely will be used in a few years when Disney leads the fight for yet another copyright extension (what, you didn't think that was coming?).", "\n\nOf course, now we actually have some evidence, and the initial reports suggest that all three reasons for hating on the public domain are simply not true. ", "At all. ", "The idea that bad things happen when works fall into the public domain is not supported by the data at all:\n\nSince these arguments for the extension of term protection are based on assumptions that are quantifiable, [Professor] Paul [Heald] followed in the footsteps of Tim Brooks and began a series of papers where he attempted to prove or disprove the argument against the public domain through comparing the fate of works in the public domain to those still under copyright. ", "In a series of three papers, he looked at the continued publication history of best sellers from 1907-1922, which are all in the public domain and those from 1923-1932, which are still under copyright. ", "He looked at a number of measures, including whether the book was still in print, how many editions of the book were available and the price of the edition. ", "His findings indicated that there was no statistical difference between the works in copyright and those outside. ", "In fact, Paul noted that the data indicated that there was little support for the under-use of the public domain works as almost all of them were in print, compared to around 75% of the copyright works. ", "Additionally, there appeared to be no meaningful difference in price between the two types either.", "\n\nPaul then looked at popular music used in films between 1968-2008 in order to test the over-usage argument. ", "Again he identified songs that were in the public domain and those that were in copyright in roughly the same timeframe as the books. ", "Looking at the 74 songs that appeared in 4 or more films during that timeframe, he found no difference in usage between protected and unprotected works.", "This was the same for works that appeared in 1, 2 or 3 films. ", "Public domain and copyright works were used roughly the same amount.", "\n\nWith regard to the debasement argument, Paul is currently working on a study of audiobooks and customer perception of their quality. ", "In the study, he is looking at three types of works: amateur recordings of public domain works, professional recordings of public domain works and professional recordings of copyright works. ", "In his first test of customer perceptions, he surveyed around 160 people on the quality of various recordings. ", "While the full study is not complete, the preliminary reports indicate that there is no difference between the public domain recordings and the copyright ones.", "\n\nOf course, will this evidence actually be used to prevent further copyright extensions and further limits on the public domain? ", "That seems doubtful.", "\n\nRe: Times Have Changed\n\nThe following comment is a repeat\n\n\"In the US, reason number one -[snip]- was a key driving force behind the last copyright extension, and likely will be used in a few years when Disney leads the fight for yet another copyright extension\"\n\nPredictable response\n\n\"These studies show that letting works fall into the public domain confers no wider benefit, so the state has no business taking these rights away from copyright holders simply due to the inevitable passage of time.\"", "\n\nI *wish* I thought that was being too cynical, but, alas, I doubt it :P\n\nI Say 25 Years\n\nOK, let's have a serious discussion here and try to look at it from all sides.", "\n\nThe big content industries, such as the major Hollywood studios, major recording labels (and, let's face it, they are major because they are big and they got big by starting early in the game and eating up the competition) and large publishers such as, but not limited to, Random House or Harper Collins... They see the products they make or sell or publish as investments with never ending returns. ", "The fact that there's a lot that is out of circulation not withstanding, once they spend any money on it, they want money back for it forever. ", "And if they can never spend money on it again (such as royalties) and still get money for it, they would consider that to be even better.", "\n\nThe actual creators - writers, actors, singers, songwriters, authors, photographers - they want to be able to earn a living doing what they love. ", "The average person works at their job and they get paid for that day's work, or that week's work, and never get paid for the same work again. ", "To continue getting paid, they must keep working. ", "Whilst I am not against a creator earning money from their old works, especially as the content companies are getting money from the creator's works still as well, it should end somewhere.", "\n\nThe pubic just wants the books, comics, movies, TV shows and music.", "\n\nNow, let's take the fact that copyright exists not as a means of a perpetual return on an investment but as a means of encouraging creativity, we should apply the fact that most people get paid for their work once. ", "Now if you extend that to writing, singing, acting, etc, well, they can either get paid once (work for hire) or they can get paid whenever money is made from their work (royalties) but if you only need to make one successful work and then you can retire from it, what good is that? ", "It has destroyed your desire to create more, which is contrary to why copyright exists.", "\n\nLet's take TechDirt. ", "Mike writes an article. ", "People read the article, for \"free\" - with ads popping up on the page down the right hand side (seriously, sometimes the home page of TD takes ages to load because of this, thus annoying me, thus I am spending my time waiting to read the \"free\" content) and that is where Mike earns money. ", "I can comment. ", "I comment for free: Nobody pays me for my comment. ", "Mike makes no money from my comment other than the money he would make from the ads on the side of the page, which would be there anyway even if I didn't comment. ", "Is it fair that Mike makes money from my comment? ", "I don't know but I don't care, I am still making my comment which I did not get paid money for and am spending my time posting and you are spending your time reading.", "\n\nI think I've side-tracked here (I usually do, maybe I should hire an editor!) ", "my point of the above paragraph being that I am getting no financial payment or any other kind of payment for posting this comment and yet I am still posting this comment, thus creativity, in the form of my thought processes and ideas, are flowing.", "\n\nNow, public domain. ", "I am of the opinion that copyright should be for around 25 years. ", "Why 25 years? ", "Easy: That is a lot longer than most people have to earn money from their work. ", "If, for example, The Beatles got an hourly wage, they would not have made much money. ", "But with the number of copies and subsequent royalties made over 25 years from 1967 to 1992, they would have made a lot, and a lot more than on an hourly wage. ", "However, after 25 years, the majority of people who bought the album would still be around to enjoy any derivative works made from it. ", "Assuming the price drops slightly one the copyright expires (from royalties no longer having to be paid) more people could afford to buy a copy of the album and hear it. ", "This in turn would generate more interest, not just in The Beatles, but also in the four members, two of which are still alive and, on occasion, actively recording.", "\n\nUsing TV shows as an example now, there would still be a call for new TV shows to be produced. ", "However, with less money needing to be paid, reruns of old shows could take the place of the endless parade of cheaply produced shock documentaries and reality shows. ", "DVD's of these shows could be released, with the big companies applying restoration to make the \"official\" edition worth paying a bit extra for. ", "There'd be no need to replace the music in shows like \"Happy Days\" and there'd be no need to cut out any scenes just because some two-bit actor, who's only leading role was in some late-night telemovie made in 1972, objects to them being seen in a bit part.", "\n\nThere is a huge stack of money able to be made from public domain works for those who are willing to invest. ", "Just ask any publisher who prints Jane Austin or Charles Dickens or Shakespeare. ", "Movies could be available for cheap but only those companies who invest the time, money and effort to keep the print quality good will earn money. ", "TV shows, likewise. ", "Music could be remastered by people who don't believe that all music should be made at full blast. ", "And in many cases, there is now no need for physical media, meaning a startup company could invest in the restoration (if needed) of their selected item... let's say one company wants to release the movie \"Psycho 2\" from 1982 and another wishes to release \"Tubular Bells\" by Mike Oldfield. ", "They could invest the money, time and effort to restore, digitize and master these works to make them look and sound as if they were recorded yesterday, then distribute them at almost zero cost. ", "A low retail price would ensure higher sales so it should not take long, even at only $2 to $3 per copy, to recoup the costs of restoration and have the profits start to roll in.", "\n\nBut where is the benefit for the creators? ", "Well they've had 25 years to reap the benefits, which is a lot longer than most people get. ", "They could, also, take their own work once the copyright has expired and release it themselves. ", "A long established musician, for example, such as Jon Bon Jovi, who is still touring, could sell CD's at his concerts and not have to worry about forking over 95% of the profits back to the record company who is supposed to pay him and doesn't (by the 25 year standard I am suggesting, the first three Bon Jovi albums are public domain, with two more due in the next three years)\n\nThe cultural benefits of all of this, even if nobody ever bothered with derivative works, are enormous. ", "Things you saw or heard or read as a kid would be a lot more readily available to show to your kids. ", "You could write a sequel to your favourite book and nobody could say you shouldn't.", "\n\nThere IS money to be made and creativity to be had with public domain material. ", "You just need to invest the time and effort in the first place to get it out there for people to consume it.", "\n\nRe: Re: Times Have Changed\n\nRe: I Say 25 Years\n\nEven with a 25 year term, the copyright owner is still making almost as much total money as they would for a 100 yr term. ", "Most of the research shows that almost all of the revenue is generated for the first few years after the item is released.", "\n\nHow often do you buy a 50 year old piece of music, or a 50 year old book? ", "Other than a few very famous works, odds are very few.", "\n\nMovies are similar, within about 6 months you're box office revenue has dried up completely. ", "Within 5 years, your DVDs are in the \"please buy me for $4 b/c they're eating shelf space\" rack at Walmart. ", "After that time, your TV runs are pretty much limited to off times or odd channels, so any revenue is rather small. ", "There are a few exceptions obviously, but the vast majority of works fall into this framework.", "\n\nSemantics.", "\n\nThere's a basic problem with having things 'fall' into the public domain. ", "The problem is that 'falling' is bad. ", "It has a negative connotation to it. ", "I recommend we all start saying it differently. ", "From now on, works are 'elevated to' the public domain. ", "Now everyone will want their works there!", "\n\nRe: Re: I Say 25 Years\n\nCounter-study\n\nI've done a study on my own dealing with this exact same issue using the Disney methodology. ", "I've found that every time a work enters the public domain several thousand kittens are brutally murdered by coke addicts and hundreds of babies are impaled on stakes.", "\n\nRe:\n\nIs it mandatory that he do so? ", "It doesn't make his point any less valid. ", "I thought the advantages to the public domain were obvious. ", "Free works are free to share and adapt into new works. ", "The cycle of life goes on...\n\nRe: Re:\n\nRe: I Say 25 Years\n\nThe actual creators - writers, actors, singers, songwriters, authors, photographers - they want to be able to earn a living doing what they love.", "\n\nPeople often forget that the strongest arguments made by authors during the earliest days of printing - when copyright only really existed as part of a general printing monopoly - was to maintain the integrity of their work. ", "An author would do a deal with a publisher and get his work printed. ", "In the process a lot of secondary work would be done proofreading and checking to ensure that the printed version was correct. ", "What authors really disliked about pirate editions was that they were notoriously innaccurate - mostly because the pirates didn't bother to do a proper proofreading job. ", "If you read the early documents on Copyright History.org this theme recurs frequently.", "\n\nIt would be interesting to see the reactions of those early authors (without the accumulated predjudices of 300 years of copyright) to the current situation where digital copies remove this problem totally.", "\n\nRe: Re: I Say 25 Years\n\n\"Within 5 years, your DVDs are in the \"please buy me for $4 b/c they're eating shelf space\" rack at Walmart. ", "After that time, your TV runs are pretty much limited to off times or odd channels, so any revenue is rather small.\"", "\n\nNow, here we come to a rather tricky area. ", "For a specific *release* of a movie, I'd agree with you. ", "For the work itself? ", "Things are a little more complicated.", "\n\nI personally think that 20 years is more than enough for copyright protection. ", "If you have created something, and cannot make a profit in 2 decades, there's obviously something wrong either with the work itself or the way you're doing business. ", "That's sad, but culture ultimately belongs to the public. ", "Not only that, but public domain does not mean you can't make money, it simply means you no longer have the monopoly. ", "So, I have no problem with a shorter copyright.", "\n\nHaving said that, I also despair over people who think that works over 20 years old somehow have no value. ", "While they may not sell in such great quantities when they get older, they sure as hell have value. ", "Metropolis didn't stop being relevant just because its filmmaking style went out of fashion.", "\n\nI'm a little biased here in the sense that I'm a cult and horror fan. ", "3 out of the last 4 movies I've bought are Blu Rays on the Arrow Films label of ex-\"Video Nasties\", all 30 or more years old and looking better than they ever had the right to look on those discs, with insanely good packaging and extras. ", "But, that's exactly why I bought them...\n\n\"There are a few exceptions obviously, but the vast majority of works fall into this framework.\"", "\n\nOf course, that kind of the argument for them being in the public domain. ", "If you're not making money from your work, and its presence enriches the artistic pool available to the public, why not let the public have it?", "\n\nSimple\n\n1st 5 years copyright - automatic and free\nYear 5 - $1 and registration for 5 more years\nYear 10- $10\nYear 15- $100\nYear 20- $1000\nYear 25- $10,000\nYear 30- $100,000\nYear 35- $1,000,000\nYear 40- $10,000,000\n\netc.", "\n\nNot too many works are going to make it beyond year 30. ", "But if it's that important to the creators, so be it.", "\n\nAlmost all videogames from 1990 would be public domain now, as it should be. ", "Why should Nintendo be cracking down on arcade ROMs for Donkey Kong? ", "That doesn't affect their current Wii/DS business almost at all. ", "Even though I like an occasional game of Donkey Kong, we buy all their new stuff (Super Mario, Donkey Kong Country, Mario Kart, etc.) ", "because it's really great stuff.", "\n\nRe: Re: Re:\n\nHe doesn't have to prove that the public domain is good. ", "The public domain is the default, the natural state of ideas, where copyright is the exception to that. ", "Would you say that one has to prove that freedom is good to counter the argument that supports restricting it? ", "Oh, I forgot whom I'm talking to. ", "Copyright trumps all other rights because the artists have to be \"protected\" so they can make a living. ", "Newsflash: Artists are making a living despite copyright. ", "The proof is in the pudding.", "\n\nYour demand for \"proof\" of the \"good\" of public domain is just a reach for something to argue against. ", "So I don't know why I waste my time with your ilk, because no matter what factual arguments we make nor how much proof we offer, it will not be good enough to satisfy you because it doesn't agree with your opinion. ", "How about this? ", "You prove that entertainment as a business will disappear without copyright. ", "I'm sick of working my ass off to convince you of the truth.", "\n\nRe:\n\nRe: Re: Re: Re:\n\nYou make no sense. ", "You would think that while he was quantitatively analyzing whether works falling into the public domain was not bad, he would have mentioned something about it perhaps actually being good. ", "I'm simply asking what his data showed, if anything.", "\n\nYou don't have to convince me of anything. ", "I was simply asking a question about his data. ", "I don't care one iota about what your opinion is. ", "That wasn't what I was asking.", "\n\n(3) that since the works can be used in a manner not approved by a copyright holder, it will lead to \"inappropriate or distasteful\" use (i.e., Mickey Mouse porn).", "\n\nApparently some people need to be introduced to the internet. ", "Specifically Rule 34. ", "Just b/c something isn't in the public domain doesn't mean that someone hasn't used it in a \"inappropriate or distasteful\" way.", "\n\nThe U.S.\n\nIf you haven't noticed the United States is about nothing other than greed. ", "In absolutely every way, U.S. law is about people making money and them keeping there \"entitlement\" to make money. ", "Remember, entitlement is only bad when you have it and I don't! ", "Public domain is, simply put, for the enjoyment and enrichment of all. ", "A company has a fair chance to make the bucks it can before PD takes over. ", "Admittedly however, thats a way-too-fair idea for America the Greedy!", "\n\nRe: Re: Re: Re: Re:\n\nLet Me Go One Step Further\n\nWhen Jib Jab created their funny little parody of \"This Land Is Your Land\" they were sued by the Guthrie Estate. ", "Now the last thing the Guthrie Estate needed was more money. ", "Arlo does quite well on his own and Woodie's songs are chunking up revenue like popsickles in the Amazon, thanks to Wilco and all of the Guthrie revivals going on. ", "I guess it was the principal of the thing, right? ", "Jib Jab won their case however, and they didn't do it by proving that the parody fell under the fair use clause. ", "They simply found a songbook with Woodie's song published on a date that was older than the copyright date that it was grandfathered under. ", "At that moment, educators like myself could use this song in our classrooms without all of the usual gobbletygook we always go through when we want to use anything that isn't already in the outdated or nonexistent textbooks we keep cobbled together from year to year. (", "I buy my own, but that is another story) I will go so far to say that extending the copyright out further than the artist's own lifetime, or that of the immediate spouse, is actually detrimental to the well being of the next generations that benefit (along with the publishing and distribution companies and which is why this was really enacted in the first place)\n\nEducation is under an unfair yoke when it comes to copyright and considering the fact that we are grooming the next generation of consumers, the publishers and distributors are really shooting themselves in the foot by holding us to this onerous standard. ", "Literary content, and especially songs should be considered fair use for educational purposes; period! ", "I know that this would mean a revision of the whole textbook industry, but the textbook industry is doomed anyway, unless they get up off of their bloated carcasses and produce affordable content for schools. ", "Universities and Colleges across the country are adapting digital textbooks, and in many cases are writing their own because the existing product is too expensive, has a hidden ideological, political, or cultural agenda, and has to be replaced entirely too often to keep up with current trends.", "\n\nAnyone should have a right to be paid for their labor if they want that pay, I wholeheartedly agree. ", "How about the small fish in this very large ocean who are content to share our content with other teachers. ", "I was actually removed from a site because the RIAA determined that I had to be protected against myself whether I wanted to be or not. ", "I currently share over four hundred piece of sheet music on http://www.sheetmusicdigital.com/charlesconsaul.asp and over a hundred original MP3 files (and one parody) on Songclick.com (just look under Charles Consaul) and no one charges anyone a cent for any of this content because I could not sell it to save my life! ", "It is also more important for me to get this material out where it can be used, just as I look for every scrap of material I can get to supplement my student's supply of useful material to use in my classroom. ", "I spend two hundred dollars a month to get published content and that is not enough. ", "By extending copyright, we are extending the amount of time a publishing and distribution company has to use the same content over and over again with a minimal to zero amount of innovation. ", "We are also stifling the genes of creativity for the poor sons and daughters of the composers, lyricists, and authors who created this content in the first place. ", "So, how does that help us to be more creative and keep up with the rest of the world?", "\n\nRe: Re: Re: Re: Re:\n\nI don't know if he quantified the \"good\" or not. ", "Read the damn book if you want to know. ", "We're not responsible to answer something you can find out with your own two eyes. ", "The information is freely available, go answer your own damn question.", "\n\nRe: Disney Extensions\n\nRe: Re: Re:\n\n\"I think 4 major changes in a law in 200 years isn't exactly continual.\"", "\n\nBut those changes have effectively made it so that nothing ever enters the public domain, so they're continual enough to prevent anything from ever entering the public domain, any more continuity doesn't affect anything. ", "So the effect is the same.", "\n\nRe: Re: Re:\n\n\"In fact, Paul noted that the data indicated that there was little support for the under-use of the public domain works as almost all of them were in print, compared to around 75% of the copyright works.\"", "\n\nRe: Re: Re: Re: Re:\n\nWhat were the arguments for inordinate copyprotection lengths\n\nthe lengths are not \"inordinate\". ", "The 700 or so intelligent members of the congress, elected by the people, felt that this is the correct level, the correct setting, and matches up with treaty agreements that the US has made with other countries.", "\n\nThe question is to show why it is \"inordinate\" as you say, and why so many countries have pretty much the same rules but they somehow all got it wrong.", "\n\nRe: Disney Extensions\n\nI, for one, am anxiously awaiting the landslide of Mickey Mouse porn when he is finally in the public domain.", "\n\nNever going to happen. ", "Even if some of Disney's films do eventually end up in the public domain (which is doubtful, I fully expect the next push for copyright extension to be for perpetual copyright), the character of Mickey Mouse is trademarked, which will never expire as long as Disney continues to make use of him.", "\n\nIn the US, reason number one -- that public domain works are not used enough since there's no monopoly to make it worthwhile to invest in them and offer them up -- was a key driving force behind the last copyright extension, and likely will be used in a few years when Disney leads the fight for yet another copyright extension (what, you didn't think that was coming?).", "\n\nWhich is ironic considering how many hit Disney movies have been based on public domain works.", "\n\nRe: Re: Re: Re:\n\nBecause content companies are afraid that if the copyright runs out, someone else will innovate using the original work in ways they were unable to do so and thus someone else will make money where they should have...\n\nIt is a cardinal sin in the religion of greed to make money where a rich person thinks they should have made money, regardless of whether or not they would have made that money by suing you for innovating with their damn property.", "\n\nRe: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re:\n\nAlso, define what you consider \"inordinate.\"", "\n\nTo me, inordinate would be an apt description of a copyright duration that means that my children may well be dead before a work that was written before I was born will finally move into the public domain.", "\n\nRe:\n\nDid he also conclude that GOOD things happen when works fall into the public domain? ", "If not, then what's the point of the public domain?", "\n\nAre you really arguing that there's not enough evidence that good things happen via the public domain?", "\n\nThis particular study was focused on a single hypothesis (like most research). ", "Arguing that it's meaningless without also answering some other question is an attempt to ignore the results of the study. ", "Now why would you want to do that, other than that the results are inconvenient for your established and rigid worldview?", "\n\nRe: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re:\n\nSee - now you've confused the troll! ", "You offered him freely available information which goes against the very fiber of his being! ", "I would not be surprised to hear a news report of the trolls demise due to implosion.", "\n\nNice one Greevar, you may have solved the perplexing question of \"How to rid Techdirt of the myopic troll?\" - ", "offer them FREE information to prove a point! ", "BRILLIANT!!", "\n\nRe: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re:\n\n(or at least you don't consider 95+ year copy protections inordinate? ", "It is inordinate, it's outrageously unacceptable. ", "Notice how you still never answered the question, what was the reasoning behind why copy'right' should so long).", "\n\nRe: Re: Re: Re: Re:\n\nThat is not what he was studying. ", "But other authors have done so, and uniformly concluded that allowing a healthy and vibrant public domain to develop leads to increased opportunities for creation. ", "For instance, in Europe the data within databases can be subject to copyright. ", "In the US it cannot. ", "The purpose of this innovation in European law was to create incentives for European database creators to develop more competitive commercial databases. ", "The experiment has failed - Europe now lags the US by an even greater margin in commercial database production. ", "Moreover, because different European countries implemented the database directive at different times, you can see the effect of the directive itself as a natural experiment, while controlling for things like social values, educational attainment, dollars spent on research, etc. ", "The data strongly suggests that copyrighting data has led to a significant decrease in the competitiveness of European database development.", "\n\nTo the degree the end goal is to encourage progress in the useful arts and sciences, copyright has not proven itself up to the task and mounting evidence suggests that it is counterproductive.", "\n\nRe: Re: I Say 25 Years\n\nWhile I agree that for a single work 25 years might seem to be enough I would like to point to one part where this would break down.", "\n\nThink about book series like Harry Potter, Diskworld, Snoopy, Calvin and Hobbs, Over the Hedge, and BONE. ", "BONE is a very good example where one artist decided to tell the story... more then 12 years later... after serial publication for twelve years, he finally finished the full story.", "\n\nUnder a 25 year plan the concept of his characters would exit copyright only 13 years after he finished his first epic using those characters. ", "Yet the characters wouldn't be worth what they are not without all his continued work.", "\n\nFor myself, as an author, I have always been a fan of a lifetime copyright. ", "Mostly cause I want to retain creative control not just of a single book, but of a character, world, series. ", "What I am a fan of is limiting the length of time that something remains in copyright after an authors death.", "\n\nLets say 20 years after the authors death. ", "Meaning that even works made late in life support a family after death... but only for the 'useful' part that copyright gives you.", "\n\nRe: Re: (Mickey Mouse porn)\n\nActually...I may have found the one exception to your rule. ", "The Playstation One video game, Final Fantasy VIII, featured a somewhat minor character named Kiros. ", "Its never actually explicitly stated whether its a man or a woman, but basically, I just did a Google Image search for \"Kiros Hentai Final Fantasy VIII\", and nothing even remotely pornographic turned up.", "\nAnd Japanese Role Playing Games are infamous for having practically every character they have ending up in a pornographic drawing eventually.", "\n\nRe: Re: Disney Extensions\n\nAt least at the moment, this is not the state of the law in the United States. ", "Since Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox, 539 U.S. 23 (2003), trademark law has not been able to be used to enforce rights on a copyrighted work once that work passes into the public domain. ", "So Michael can look forward to his Mickey porn, because that porn can be based on and derived from works as they pass out of copyright, and Disney will not be able to use the Lanham Act to stop it.", "\n\nBut: when the original work introducing a character passes into the public domain, is the _character_ (as it has developed over the years) now in the public domain? ", "Surely not, or nothing would ever be subject to copyright (every work is derivative of at least one earlier work). ", "So you could make Steamboat's Willy or whatever when the copyright term finally ended (if it does,) but that would not imply that you could also make Fantasia (de Menage a Trois) until a few more decades had passed.", "\n\nRe: Re:\n\nAre you really arguing that there's not enough evidence that good things happen via the public domain?", "\n\nThis particular study was focused on a single hypothesis (like most research). ", "Arguing that it's meaningless without also answering some other question is an attempt to ignore the results of the study. ", "Now why would you want to do that, other than that the results are inconvenient for your established and rigid worldview?", "\n\nSign. ", "I didn't say it was \"meaningless without also answering some other question.\" ", "I merely asked if his research had anything to say on the point. ", "I take it the answer is \"no.\"", "\n\nRe: I Say 25 Years\n\n\"Now, public domain. ", "I am of the opinion that copyright should be for around 25 years. ", "Why 25 years? ", "Easy: That is a lot longer than most people have to earn money from their work.\"", "\n\nI am delighted that you're discussing copyright length. ", "That said, I have to disagree with your reasoning here. ", "You suggest that 25 years is an appropriate length, seemingly based on the fact that it's less than the average life expectancy and provides more money than an hourly wage.", "\n\nYou explain why you chose 25 years, but not how. ", "Assuming the premise, you could have chosen anywhere from enough time to exceed minimum wage (about 0.something seconds for the Beatles, I'd guess) until somewhere around the average human life expectancy (67ish), if everyone who bought the album did so for a child on day they were born (absurd, but that's the point).", "\n\nI only use such a ridiculous example because I've always failed to get a response to this issue if I've stated it simply. ", "Now, that's the issue I have with people giving me numbers without any calculations to back them up, but I also have issues with the premise.", "\n\nWhen you mention hourly wages you neglect to define what they are being paid for. ", "If they are being paid an hourly wage for being in the studio or on stage then it would be unlikely to account for all the hours they actually work. ", "If they are being paid an hourly wage for every hour that they're working then they would seem to be no worse off than any other profession, implying that the issue is in providing extra money as incentive to create, which brings me to the next issue.", "\n\nYou go into quite a bit of detail explaining that while creators want to make a living, the sole purpose of copyright is supposed to be to encourage creation. ", "Assuming that creation needs to be encouraged then we may apply your principle that this could be achieved by ensuring they get an income comparable to or exceeding a wage earning job. ", "I've already raised the issue of how this might be calculated but I also wonder how the amount of money creators get determines their creative output. ", "It may seem obvious that they need enough to live on, but as it is possible to make a living and create without copyright, how does that help determine anything?", "\n\nAside from my nitpicking, you bring up many good points. ", "I would probably have done better to post my own analysis on the issue of copyright length with a fresh slate rather than nitpicking your post, but I shall see how this thread goes.", "\n\nRe: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re:\n\n\"The 700 or so intelligent members of the congress, elected by the people, felt that this is the correct level\"\n\nI thought the United States congress only has 540 members, including the five non voting members. ", "Also, didn't the last extension act pass by a vote of 105-298? ", "Not that 700 isn't a nice number too, I'm just unsure how you arrived at it.", "\n\nRe: Re: I Say 25 Years\n\nYou, too, raise some very good points :)\n\nI'll be honest and tell you the \"how\" from coming up with 25 years was actually trying to think of an amount of years long enough for all concerned to benefit from their work, yet not too long so that all (well, most) people who were around at the time it is released would still be around to be able to enjoy any benefits from the work being in the public domain.", "\n\nOne of your points raised is, to paraphrase you, to define \"work\" - and whilst clearly \"work\" involves somebody such as a singer being either in the studio or onstage, a song writer would be \"at work\" whenever they are writing. ", "Hence why there is no actual \"hourly wage\" for creators: There simply could not possibly be - even the creative people in advertising who 'work 9 to 5' could have that billion dollar idea at 2:30 in the morning. ", "This is why although I made the point that a regular worker gets paid once,I didn't say the same should apply to creativity.", "\n\nSo how to determine how much a creator should be paid? ", "I could honestly never answer that as I am a consumer and not generally a creator. ", "I, personally, as a consumer, would be happy to pay for some things and not others, with the price varying. ", "For example, for a rock concert, I would expect to pay at least $50 for a ticket, depending on who it was and how badly I wanted to see them - and, assuming that $50 per person would also be enough to properly pay all those involved. ", "I paid $150 to see Simon and Garfunkel in 2009. ", "At the time I was hesitant to spend that much, even knowing that they would probably never be in Australia again. ", "I did decide, in the end, that it was worth the \"splash out\" and, indeed, it was (although I heard them more than saw them as the Acer Arena in Sydney is HUGE!) ", "~ But from my $150 I hope at least $100 of that went to Simon, Garfunkel, their band, the sound and lighting crew, etc.", "\n\nRe: Re: Re: I Say 25 Years\n\nSerial works: Now that is a very good point which, I will admit, I had not considered. ", "In fact, by the 25 year standard, I think the first few Discworld books would be in the public domain. ", "Now, bear in mind two things before I start: I am a consumer, not a creator, as well as I don't know your books at all but I am familiar with Terry Pratchett's works.", "\n\nNow, creative control is a double-edged sword wehereby I do not want to deprive someone like Terry Pratchett control of what happens on the Discworld but, on the same token, I wouldn't mind it if somebody else wrote a Discworld novel, mainly because I think it would be interesting to see where somebody else could take it. ", "In other words, I'm taking a \"sitting on the fence\" approach as I can see both sides of the argument.", "\n\nOn the other hand, if somebody was to take the Wizard Rincewind (the lead character in the first two Discworld novels) and turn him into a violent madman who went on a killing spree, I could certainly see a good reason for Terry Pratchett to be up in arms about it! ", "Mind you, I think 99% of Discworld fans would also be up in arms about it. ", "That might seem like an extreme example but it is not entirely out of the question that somebody could write such a story if they wanted to and could publish it if there were no restrictions on the characters or setting involved.", "\n\nLikewise, I can see how somebody such as an author would like lifetime copyright and even \"Life+20\" ~ which, I'll be honest, I would have no problem with. ", "And artists too. ", "It's the large corporations going for perpetual copyright that I take issue with.", "\n\nPlease correct me if I am wrong here: Authors generally (but not always) have one thing in their favour as almost every non-PD book I have ever had has been copyrighted to the author. ", "I would guess that, subject to any deals you have with your publisher, you have more control over how your works are used. ", "For example, if I was to make a movie from your first book, would I be dealing with either yourself or your agent? ", "Or would I be able to only deal with your publisher to negotiate movie rights?", "\n\nThese are things that I don't know but I would like to know and would rather hear it from somebody involved (such as an author) than from someone who might just read it on Wikipedia.", "\n\nAs I said at the start of this reply, I am a consumer and not a creator. ", "Personally, my main incentive for shorter copyrights is, actually, availability. ", "I have no desire myself to create derivative works from anybody's creations, although, as mentioned, I wouldn't mind the chance to read/view/hear other people's derivative works. ", "I have no desire to make money from other people's works either, although if I could release certain movies and TV shows on DVD and albums on CD where none currently exist, I certainly would. ", "So I have no solution at the moment. ", "But we all have ideas, hence this discussion. ", "So thank you for raising the points you raised. ", "Hopefully one day everybody can work it out so that everybody benefits, if not financially, at least in other ways.", "\n\nRe: Re: Re: I Say 25 Years\n\n\"an amount of years long enough for all concerned to benefit from their work, yet not too long so that all (well, most) people who were around at the time it is released would still be around to be able to enjoy any benefits from the work being in the public domain.\"", "\n\nThat does seem familiar and I suspect is an idea shared by many. ", "I don't see an obvious reason why it wouldn't be possible to work out a length based on those principles, but I'm still not on board with them myself.", "\n\n'Hence why there is no actual \"hourly wage\" for creators: There simply could not possibly be - even the creative people in advertising who 'work 9 to 5' could have that billion dollar idea at 2:30 in the morning'\n\nThat is a good example of the issue I wanted to raise. ", "I would suggest a good place to go from there is to look at other industries not covered by copyright in which similar scenarios occur.", "\n\nOne of the issues I've raised in the past as a result of following this line of reasoning is the question of why creativity isn't recognised equally across all industries. ", "Lawyers exhibit creativity in the court room and on paper, they also might come up with the winning idea at 2:30 in the morning. ", "Obviously lawyers don't need help making a living so I end up questioning what factor prevents industries reliant on copyright from coming up with their own business models without copyright.", "\n\n\"So how to determine how much a creator should be paid? ", "I could honestly never answer that as I am a consumer and not generally a creator.\"", "\n\nThat is a good answer. ", "If you are to come up with an actual number, whatever the thinking behind it, then it needs to be insightful towards its purpose. ", "I believe it's possible to argue in general terms about the issue, but have to question when people use specific numbers without apparent insight.", "\n\n\"I, personally, as a consumer, would be happy to pay for some things and not others, with the price varying.\"", "\n\nWhile I support Mike's excellent ideas for business models and advice to not rely on charity, I find that my own spending habits are geared towards giving money away to artists I like. ", "That's not me being overly generous, or a rube (as some anonymous cowards would have us believe), but because I view money spent on artists I like as an investment.", "\n\nOne of the biggest issues I have with buying music through large labels, aside from how much goes to the artist, is where the rest of the money goes. ", "It's an issue of control. ", "When I spend money I am exercising my power of choice, which is mitigated somewhat when the majority of the money goes into the accounts of a record label that probably represents more music I don't like than do like.", "\n\nRe: Re: Re: Re: I Say 25 Years\n\nThere's actually a different branch of IP law that is better suited to retaining creative control, and that is trademark law.", "\n\nFor example, \"Discworld\" is trademarked by Sir Terry (and his wife, I believe). ", "You can't go out and make commercial Discworld stuff without getting his OK, whether you copy anything from the books or not. ", "I wouldn't be surprised to learn that several of the main characters were trademarked as well.", "\n\nBut if the early Discworld books came out of copyright, then somebody could quite happily republish them, since the use of Sir Terry's trademarks would be a nominative use.", "\n\nThe \"Creator Endorsed\" mark from Question Copyright is another approach to this same problem. ", "CE-marked works would be those that have an amicable arrangement with the original creator, and some customers may choose to favour such works over those that don't bother." ]

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[ "By Sophia Dengo, CNN\n\nHistory books may tell you that in the eighth century, the Moors invaded Spain and Mayan civilization was on the decline, but they don't say anything about the Earth being irradiated.", "\n\nThat event is not documented, but astronomers say a collision in space at that time could have resulted in the high levels of carbon-14 and beryllium-10 found in trees from the eighth century.", "\n\nAstronomers Valeri Hambaryan and Ralph Neuhauser, based at the Astrophysics Institute of the University of Jena in Germany, published results in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society that suggest that two \"compact stellar remnants\" - which could be neutron stars, black holes or white dwarfs - collided and merged, resulting in a short-duration gamma-ray burst that hit Earth.", "\n\nThe astronomers started looking into this possibility on the heels of results announced in 2012.", "\n\nScientist Fusa Miyake suggested that high levels of carbon-14 and beryllium-10 found in tree rings from 775 A.D. could be evidence that Earth was hit by a flash of radiation around that time. ", "The historical record rules out that the radiation could have come from a supernova or solar flare.", "\n\nThere is no human documentation of this happening in the eighth century. ", "But Hambaryan and Neuhauser have explanations for why not: The collision of compact stellar remnants would have released a short burst of radiation, a couple of seconds in duration, without generating visible light. ", "In addition, because life on Earth didn't appear to suffer adverse effects (for example, extinction!), ", "the merging remnants could have been no closer than 3,000 light-years from Earth.", "\n\nSo what does this mean for us modern-day Earth dwellers? ", "Could another similar event affect us?", "\n\nNeuhauser tells CNN, \"Highly energetic events take place in our galaxy and they could affect life on Earth, but we are protected against risks by the ozone layer.\"", "\n\nHe added: Electronics and orbiting satellites are more at risk from solar flares than from an event like the burst that may have occurred in the eighth century." ]

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[ "The Downside Threat of Search Engine Optimization That No person Is Talking About\n\nThe Downside Threat of Search Engine Optimization That No person Is Talking About\n\nLeading Selections of SEOYou additionally have to understand that Search Engine Optimization isn't really established simply by key words. ", "For a completely new site, Search Engine Optimization ensures that if individuals search for your firm, they'll be able to uncover your net address in the search engine success.", "\n\nRight now you more than likely already recognize that SEO is exceptionally made complex. ", "Search engine optimization is the gainful and economical marketing and advertising strategy utilized by the specialists. ", "The most necessary part of your Search Engine Optimization will certainly be your post title.", "\n\nIf you make up lots of posts this is going to aid boost your online search engine positions. ", "You must however guarantee your articles have the optimal high quality as possible. ", "You have to go past the shallow as well as delve further to discover whether this company could satisfy your requirements when you browse for SEO article writing services.", "\n\nJust what's Actually Occurring with Search Engine OptimizationA professional could take care of points in a far better method than you. ", "Some search engine optimization specialists currently claim this isn't essential. ", "They utilize various techniques and also tactics to boost your site traffic.", "\n\nWhatever They Told You Around SEO Is Dead Wrong ... And Below's WhyThe seo techniques you would like to make use of for your Zazzle store are very much like exactly what you would certainly use for posts or blog material. ", "Exceptional search engine optimisation techniques or additionally considered white hat search engine optimization methods are those techniques such as one means links from top quality websites. ", "In these search engine advertising and marketing suggestions for newbies you'll learn several simple techniques you might use without any priorSEO expertise to produce your posts rate higher in the numerous online search engine.", "\n\nYou're able to get from neighborhood search engine optimization searches by having a professional internet search engine listing on Goggle. ", "When you start to consider key phrases, it's natural to begin with the basics. ", "Because including even more keyword phrases can represent that each one of them will have much less and not as much influence, you have to be cautious.", "\n\nFor success, the sites require a consistent increase of traffic, as well as this might be performed with SEO You could picture a great instance of this sort of system if you believe of your cherished retail website. ", "It returns connect to your website as well as people can employ your post as well as your business will certainly find much more direct exposure.", "\n\nYour website must make the most of Search Engine Optimization on account of the enormous competition online. ", "It is a must, once more hubpages is not a blog site nor is it a website where you post one hub and after that allow it be. ", "You might have the suitable content in your website, you may have got the excellent designers on your pay-roll in order to are in property of a great-looking marshall adler seo site however even with the really finest people functioning for you, the web site could fail to attract web traffic.", "\n\nIf clients end up being accustomed to acquiring certified help the price of a value dish, then superb authors simply won't have the capacity to make money. ", "Seo services today comprehend how to do things to advertise client sites, however you actually have to see that there's more to the location of marketing compared to web traffic generation and also cookie cutter solutions. ", "Eventually in your daily life, you may call for the professional solutions of an attorney, whether be it for disputing a will or writing, purchasing a building, or developing an agreement for your business.", "\n\nThe Battle Against SEO.Discovering the specific technique of Google is truly difficult. ", "The local Search Engine Optimization strategy has to have an ideal balance of on-page search engine optimization efforts together with off-page internet search engine advertising and marketing initiatives. ", "Also you could implement your very own internet search engine optimization strategy from a young stage that might pay rewards down the line as your firm expands. ", "You must use Regional search engine optimization technique efficiently to be able to make online search engine consider your organization web site. ", "Hence, it is essential to consider neighborhood seo methods for your web site.", "\n\nArticle advertising and marketing can work incredible points for your company however, you can not resort to spam strategies due to the fact that this isn't recommended. ", "A search engine marketing business understands the value of social networking and also the way it can benefit your website and web existence. ", "A suitable search engine optimisation firm will permit you to maximize your videos with the proper search phrases so you get the website traffic needed for your company to see and increase success online.", "\n\nSuperior search engine optimization strategies or likewise pertained to as white hat search engine optimization methods are those methods such as one method links from high quality websites. ", "In these search engine marketing ideas for newbies you'll learn a number of simple strategies you could use with no marshall adler seo priorSEO knowledge to produce your posts rate greater in the numerous search engines.", "\n\nYou're able to obtain from neighborhood search engine optimization searches by having an expert search engine listing on Goggle. ", "The regional SEO technique needs to have an appropriate equilibrium of on-page search engine optimization initiatives with each other with off-page search engine advertising and marketing initiatives. ", "You have to make use of Neighborhood search engine optimization approach effectively to be able to earn search engine consider your organization site." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to an apparatus (finisher) for bundling sheets sent from an image forming apparatus, thereby carrying out, for example, staple processing and a waiting tray for use in the post-process apparatus.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nA post-process apparatus comprises: a processing tray for bundling sheets sent from an image forming apparatus, thereby carrying out, for example, staple processing, and ejecting the processed bundles of sheets; and a storage tray for holding the ejected bundles of sheets. ", "A staple processing speed of the post-process apparatus is slow as compared with an image processing speed of the image forming apparatus. ", "Thus, if a sheet is directly sent to the processing tray, a sheet to be staple processed next is transported while a preceding sheet is staple processed. ", "In order to prevent this problem, conventionally, a buffer mechanism for adjusting a carrying-in timing of a sheet at a front stage of the processing tray is proposed.", "\nJapanese Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent No. ", "2583594 discloses a mechanism for retaining sheets is provided at a transport passage for sending sheets sent from an image forming apparatus to a processing tray. ", "However, in this case, there is a need for increasing the transport passage in length, and, as a result, the post-process apparatus is likely to be large in size.", "\nJapanese Patent Document 2: Jpn. ", "Pat. ", "Appln. ", "KOKAI Publication No. ", "11-322162 discloses a mechanism configured to provide a paddle on a staple tray for temporarily holding a sheet so as to be substantially constantly maintain a contact pressure of the paddle with respect to a sheet at the top level ejected on the tray. ", "This mechanism prevents excessive return of the sheet due to a change of a contact area of pulling means with respect to the sheet at the top level. ", "This mechanism is technically different from that of the present invention, and advantageous effect of the present invention cannot be attained by this mechanism." ]

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[ "---\r\ndescription: \"Developing an ODBC Driver\"\r\ntitle: \"Developing an ODBC Driver | Microsoft Docs\"\r\nms.custom: \"\"\r\nms.date: \"01/19/2017\"\r\nms.prod: sql\r\nms.prod_service: connectivity\r\nms.reviewer: \"\"\r\nms.technology: connectivity\r\nms.topic: conceptual\r\nms.assetid: 3225a011-5605-46ba-bb74-1ca6106a5271\r\nauthor: David-Engel\r\nms.author: v-daenge\r\n---\r\n# Developing an ODBC Driver\r\nThis section contains topics that discuss how to develop an ODBC driver. ", " \r\n \r\n This section contains the following topics \r\n \r\n- [ODBC Driver Architecture](../../../odbc/reference/develop-driver/odbc-driver-architecture.md) \r\n \r\n- [Upgrading a 3.5 Driver to a 3.8 Driver](../../../odbc/reference/develop-driver/upgrading-a-3-5-driver-to-a-3-8-driver.md) \r\n \r\n- [Developing Connection-Pool Awareness in an ODBC Driver](../../../odbc/reference/develop-driver/developing-connection-pool-awareness-in-an-odbc-driver.md) \r\n \r\n- [Notification of Asynchronous Function Completion](../../../odbc/reference/develop-driver/notification-of-asynchronous-function-completion.md)\r\n" ]

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[ "It’s unclear how extensive the outages are in the People’s Republic. ", "But they come as China has been especially touchy around the handover of power at its official party Congress. ", "An investigative report in the New York Times laying out the fortune amassed by Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao’s family was quickly followed by the blockage of New York Times’ Chinese language web properties. ", "IHS Global Insight analysts report that both the New York Times and Bloomberg remain blocked in the country.", "\n\nBloomberg recently offered a full-throated defense of web freedom, and calling on the next generation of leaders, including the next president Xi Jinping to embrace reform in an editorial entitled, “Mr. Xi, Tear Down This Firewall!”", "\n\nThe most recent decision to block elements of Google could re-inflame the long-simmering feud between the Mountain View, Calif., search engine giant and the political leadership of the People’s Republic. ", "Disputes broke out into the open in 2010, when Google abruptly stopped self-censoring Chinese sites after an email breach was blamed on hackers launching attacks from within China that exposed the email accounts of human rights activists. ", "The company closed its mainland search engine in 2010, saying it didn’t want to comply with censorship regulations from Beijing. ", "Its Chinese search operations are now based in Hong Kong.", "\n\nLast year Google denied a request from the Canadian passport office to remove a YouTube video of a Canadian urinating on his passport and flushing it down the toilet. ", "It got another from the Polish Agency for Enterprise Development, which wanted it to remove a search result that criticized the agency and eight other results that linked to it. ", "Google also denied that one." ]

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[ "338 Metropolitan Avenue\n\nIn most cases, the beautifully renovated dream townhouse is not the sort of dwelling you’d find in prime (or any) Williamsburg, but rather in historic brownstone ‘hoods like Park Slope, Cobble Hill, Bed-Stuy or Crown Heights. ", "Housing options in the ‘burg, though pricey, are limited mostly to sleek new condos or nouveau lofts, with a few old-school converted warehouses, low-lying garages and smaller wood-frame houses. ", "And the few row houses that exist have been split up, often rather unattractively, into many apartments.", "\n\nBut this little unicorn at 338 Metropolitan Avenue, on the market for $3 million, puts you in the cool north Brooklyn zip code while getting to live your multi-storied townhouse dreams, complete with patio, skylight, amazing kitchen and creative play space. ", "Since this isn’t a landmarked block, you even get to paint the house a cute color with cool contrasting details. ", "In this case the fire-engine red facade matches the fire/EMT station next door." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIIS and Threads\n\nWe are starting to write more and more code for an ASP.Net web application uses a new thread to complete long running tasks. ", " I can find no solid documentation that give any useful guide to any limitations of restrictions of using threads within IIS (6). ", " Any advice to this end would be appreciated - specifically the following:\n\nWhat (if any) is the max number of threads\nIs there a recommended max number\nAre there any pitfalls of using threads within an ASP.Net IIS web application?", "\n\nThanks for any advice\n\nA:\n\nI assume you have already looked into Asynchronous ASP.NET page processing?", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCheck if array B is a permutation of A\n\nI tried to find a solution to this but couldn't get much out of my head.", "\nWe are given two unsorted integer arrays A and B. We have to check whether array B is a permutation of A. How can this be done.? ", "Even XORing the numbers wont work as there can be several counterexamples which have same XOR value bt are not permutation of each other.", "\nA solution needs to be O(n) time and with space O(1)\nAny help is welcome!!", "\nThanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe question is theoretical but you can do it in O(n) time and o(1) space. ", "Allocate an array of 232 counters and set them all to zero. ", "This is O(1) step because the array has constant size. ", "Then iterate through the two arrays. ", "For array A, increment the counters corresponding to the integers read. ", "For array B, decrement them. ", "If you run into a negative counter value during iteration of array B, stop --- the arrays are not permutations of each others. ", "Otherwise at the end (assuming A and B have the same size, a prerequisite) the counter array is all zero and the two arrays are permutations of each other.", "\nThis is O(1) space and O(n) time solution. ", "However it is not practical, but would easily pass as a solution to the interview question. ", "At least it should.", "\nMore obscure solutions\n\nUsing a nondeterministic model of computation, checking that the two arrays are not permutations of each others can be done in O(1) space, O(n) time by guessing an element that has differing count on the two arrays, and then counting the instances of that element on both of the arrays.", "\nIn randomized model of computation, construct a random commutative hash function and calculate the hash values for the two arrays. ", "If the hash values differ, the arrays are not permutations of each others. ", "Otherwise they might be. ", "Repeat many times to bring the probability of error below desired threshold. ", "Also on O(1) space O(n) time approach, but randomized.", "\nIn parallel computation model, let 'n' be the size of the input array. ", "Allocate 'n' threads. ", "Every thread i = 1 .. n reads the ith number from the first array; let that be x. Then the same thread counts the number of occurrences of x in the first array, and then check for the same count on the second array. ", "Every single thread uses O(1) space and O(n) time.", "\nInterpret an integer array [ a1, ..., an ] as polynomial xa1 + xa2 + ... + xan where x is a free variable and the check numerically for the equivalence of the two polynomials obtained. ", "Use floating point arithmetics for O(1) space and O(n) time operation. ", "Not an exact method because of rounding errors and because numerical checking for equivalence is probabilistic. ", "Alternatively, interpret the polynomial over integers modulo a prime number, and perform the same probabilistic check.", "\n\nA:\n\nIf we are allowed to freely access a large list of primes, you can solve this problem by leveraging properties of prime factorization.", "\nFor both arrays, calculate the product of Prime[i] for each integer i, where Prime[i] is the ith prime number. ", " The value of the products of the arrays are equal iff they are permutations of one another.", "\nPrime factorization helps here for two reasons.", "\n\nMultiplication is transitive, and so the ordering of the operands to calculate the product is irrelevant. ", " (Some alluded to the fact that if the arrays were sorted, this problem would be trivial. ", " By multiplying, we are implicitly sorting.)", "\nPrime numbers multiply losslessly. ", " If we are given a number and told it is the product of only prime numbers, we can calculate exactly which prime numbers were fed into it and exactly how many.", "\n\nExample:\na = 1,1,3,4\nb = 4,1,3,1\nProduct of ith primes in a = 2 * 2 * 5 * 7 = 140\nProduct of ith primes in b = 7 * 2 * 5 * 2 = 140\n\nThat said, we probably aren't allowed access to a list of primes, but this seems a good solution otherwise, so I thought I'd post it. ", " \n\nA:\n\nI apologize for posting this as an answer as it should really be a comment on antti.huima's answer, but I don't have the reputation yet to comment.", "\nThe size of the counter array seems to be O(log(n)) as it is dependent on the number of instances of a given value in the input array. ", "\nFor example, let the input array A be all 1's with a length of (2^32) + 1. ", "This will require a counter of size 33 bits to encode (which, in practice, would double the size of the array, but let's stay with theory). ", "Double the size of A (still all 1 values) and you need 65 bits for each counter, and so on.", "\nThis is a very nit-picky argument, but these interview questions tend to be very nit-picky.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Column: Time for these child stars to get paid?", "\n\nLike just about every other organized youth sports program, the Little League World Series is being played mostly for the benefit of grown-ups. ", "Only it’s way more organized than anything you’re likely to find at the end of your block and the grown-ups who benefit the most aren’t family and friends, but the suits who run Disney and a host of other media outfits.", "\n\nLittle League has been big business for some time, but rarely has business been this good. ", "TV ratings for the nationally televised games on ABC last weekend were up by 40 percent and 20 percent, respectively. ", "That’s in large part because of Mo’ne Davis, a 13-year-old African-American right-hander from Philadelphia who’s become the “it girl” of the moment. ", "But she’s not the only little leaguer to captivate the sporting public. ", "In Chicago, the hometown Jackie Robinson West team narrowly beat Rhode Island, but as the media-savvy “Sherman Report” noted, they also thrashed the big-league White Sox in Monday night’s head-to-head TV matchup by better than 3-to-1.", "\n\nSmall wonder, then, that Rob Manfred, Major League Baseball’s commissioner-elect, was on hand for Wednesday night’s game between Philadelphia and Las Vegas. ", "In addition to throwing out the first pitch, Manfred had a chance to see for himself what the fuss was all about.", "\n\n“It’s really a great story for diversity and equality,” Manfred said about an hour before the game, “and I think we should embrace it and hope that she continues to develop.”", "\n\nThe odds that Davis could wind up in the big leagues is practically non-existent, to be sure. ", "And not just because she’s female and African-American — the number of women who’ve made it to the “show” still stands at zero and the percentage of African-Americans on big-league rosters this past spring, declining for decades, was less than 10 percent.", "\n\nMostly, though, it won’t happen because Davis has already mapped out her athletic future, which includes playing basketball at UConn for coach Geno Auriemma, a fellow Philly native, followed by a stint in the WNBA. ", "And it could happen just that way.", "\n\n“When I was 13, I couldn’t name you a college, that’s how different it is these days with media, social media, with ESPN,” said Diana Taurasi, who’s played both at UConn and in the WNBA. “", "Everyone knows about everything, even little 13-year-olds. ", "That’s pretty cool.”", "\n\nNo doubt.", "\n\nBut it’s also a pipe dream, even — maybe especially — for a youngster as precocious and poised as Davis. ", "What then?", "\n\nPlenty of people have pondered the question before and arrived at the same answer: Pay the kids.", "\n\nGranted, the idea hasn’t gained much traction and the details have yet to be ironed out. ", "But you could have said much the same thing about major college football and basketball athletes a few years ago and look where they are vis-a-vis the pay-for-play prohibition now. ", "Texas A&M hardly helped matters by touting a study estimating that Johnny Manziel’s Heisman Award-winning season brought the school $37 million worth of media exposure, and university officials have been backtracking ever since. ", "But a lot of people began more closely following the money in big-time college sports, and it’s only a matter of time before the checks will be in the campus mail.", "\n\nEven so, paying 13-year-old little leaguers sounds like a stretch. ", "But the most sensible proposals out there trade on some of the same ideas currently floating around the college debate. ", "They suggest paying kids based on TV appearances in the World Series only — since that’s where the money is; ESPN pays around $4 million annually for the rights and the non-profit Little League Inc. pockets around $3 million — and putting the money in trust and/or scholarship funds. ", "Yahoo sports columnist Dan Wetzel, who’s advocated doing just that, also did the math and 14 kids per team getting $750 per televised game comes out to $672,000 total — less than a quarter of the Little League’s annual take.", "\n\nDavis’ story inspired too many people to count. ", "She pulled in the kind of audience that baseball dreams about — from young girls to the First Lady, non-sports fans to the cold-blooded major leaguers — and reminded them what makes the games we watch seem so special every now and then. ", "She also provided hours and hours of free programming for Disney, which has no problem forking over big bucks for all their other proven child stars.", "\n\nThe $4,500 or so Davis would have banked in a college account wouldn’t be much, but it would be a start in case UConn and Auriemma don’t come knocking at her door with a scholarship a few years down the road. ", "And if they do, well, she can use it to make a down payment on one of those nifty vans from the official car company of the Little League World Series — once she’s old enough to drive it.", "\n\n___\n\nJim Litke is a national sports columnist for The Associated Press. ", "Write to him at jlitke@ap.org and follow him at Twitter.com/JimLitke.", "\n\nCopyright 2014 The Associated Press. ", "All rights reserved. ", "This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed." ]

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[ "Opinion: The GOP's Autopsy\n\nThis transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.", "\n\n... our message was weak ... our ground game ... was insufficient ... we weren't conclusive ... where we were behind in both ... data and digital ... and our primary and debate process ... needed improvement ... so there's no one ... solution ... there's a long list of them ... but welcome back to Opinion Journal why Mary Kissel that was Reince Priebus RNC chair on the GOP his failings many of them ... editorial page editor Paul to go stays with me now all of them that this is like and how was ... the key I felt kind of depressing sight for conservatives ... and all the tents to start the big picture here doesn't help the party ... I'd to talk about its failings in such a public fashion I think so I think after the Beattie you've taken ... and two thousand twelve ... and the fact the simple fact is that five out of the last six presidential elections the Republicans have lost the popular vote ... they won the electoral vote into ... as opposed to the popular vote unwanted pets ... small consolation I think that the Republicans need to look at ... themselves motel where they went wrong ... rather than say old just blame it on Mitt Romney is as we keep Canada's Iwas brother Felix ... well and in the report notes that Republicans have done fairly well on the state level for the other fifty governorships ... and report tries to look at those successes and draw some conclusions so what are some of the big ... takeaway is from ... this announced whether they're some of the term and message and some other technical technological with technological Norwegian produced in very poor job of orders which ... registration Ground Game mobilization was up to standard voter identification who isn't a Jakarta targeting get to the polls ... early voting weaknesses that sort of thing ... a preponderance of ... of of preference for ... TV advertising with all this money from American Crossroads who like other groups as opposed to voter mobilization an identification okay so that's a big part of the problem ... but the other thing they focus on minimizing usefully so ... is the general message that the National Republican party projects which is ... that they really are out of touch ... I don't care too much about the average person ... now some of that was conveyed by the candidate himself ... but it when they want to talk to voter groups and had no differ across the country there's a perception that was too wide a party ... I'd to Mayo party ... and two ... and to uphold the party ... and the need to appeal to these other demographic groups and and I think that's there's no denying that he must do better with Hispanics Asian Americans ... and women and women there's an interesting quote that like to put up on the screen right now ... says quote ... one of the contributors to this promise that while Democrats can talk about people ... Republicans can talk about policy ... our ideas can sound to stay in remove from people's lives ... instead of connecting with voters concerns we too often sound like book keepers ... we need to do a better job of connecting people to our policies ... will I've that probably some of ... some of our fill we talk an argument or else can one Republican were just a conservative ... newspaper we talk about policy because that's what we do ... I think politicians and the different task which is to connect those policies to the lives of ... sick people and tell them why they're going to why it would improve their lives ... a law to Republicans don't do that to beat Wall Quay ... and talkin' in railway phrases ... reconciliation continuing resolution I go over the heads of most American people and in contrast in particular ... to want ... to Brock Obama ... that's bad deficit for Republicans so I think you need to connect at that level but more important than that ... you actually need to be able to tell voters that you know what I want to leave the country I want to hear the term of ... what your life ... the key people what your what what's gonna happen you ... a deal pass those thresholds pass I think immigration frankly is one of those pass ... on some of these ... demographic groups like Hispanics and Asian Americans ... there to listen to what you have to say about anything else so interesting Lee one play some policy where this report the strongest and most deferment ... he is ... immigration ... performance as the ... party's gotta get over its problem with that and pass comprehensive immigration reform something I agree with ... okay well the report is on line it WS J dot com editorial page editor Paul GBO thank you so much ... for being ... with us" ]

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[ "Lactic acid production by loofah-immobilized Rhizopus oryzae through one-step fermentation process using starch substrate.", "\nRhizopus oryzae PTCC 5263 capacity in synthesis of lactic acid (LA) from 10 g/l of soluble potato starch was determined using one-step fermentation process. ", "Pellets were the favorable growing form of the free cells. ", "The extent of the natural ability of the test fungus on biofilm formation on loofah sponge was examined by immobilizing R. oryzae (LIRO). ", "The maximum LA concentration for the free cells and LIRO within 96 h was 3 and 4 g/l, respectively. ", "In terms of specific starch utilization rate ([Formula: see text]) and specific LA formation ([Formula: see text]), LIRO performed more favorably compared to the free cells ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]). ", "Cell immobilization strategy was undertaken for the column reactor studies based on the statistically optimized levels of the inoculum size and temperature. ", "Maximum production of the LA by the LIRO using an airlift reactor with net draft tube was 5 g/l obtainable within 48 h." ]

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[ "[Association between single nucleotide polymorphism of insulin-like growth factor receptor gene and idiopathic short stature].", "\nTo study the association between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) gene and idiopathic short stature (ISS). ", "A total of 804 children with ISS and 575 normal controls were recruited from 2008 to 2011. ", "IGF-IR gene SNP was genotyped using the Snapshot Multiplex System. ", "The distribution frequency of genotype rs1976667 showed no significant difference between the ISS and the control groups, while that of the allele A of rs1976667 was significantly higher in the ISS group than in the control group (P<0.01). ", "The allele A at rs1976667 SNP of IGF-IR gene is a risk factor for ISS." ]

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[ "Study questions drug-discount programs\n\nNEW YORK — Over the last few years, many drug makers have offered coupons and co-payment-assistance programs as a way to reduce patients’ out-of-pocket spending on medications, but a new study questions whether they really reduce spending in the long run and whether they’re even legal.", "\n\nThe study, conducted by Yale University medical professor Joseph Ross and Harvard University public health professor Aaron Kesselheim and published in the New England Journal of Medicine, analyzed coupons for 374 branded drugs for a variety of conditions listed on InternetDrugCoupons.com. ", "For 8% of the drugs, a cheaper drug that was therapeutically equivalent was available, but for 58% of the other products, there was a generic alternative in the same therapeutic class; in total, 62% of coupons were for branded drugs for which lower-cost alternatives were available.", "\n\n\"The widespread availability of coupons for brand-name pharmaceuticals that can be expected to be used long term and for which lower-cost alternatives are available has important implications for patients,\" the authors wrote. \"", "Despite the short-term savings achievable with coupons, they do not offset higher long-term costs, because they’re nearly always time-delimited.\"", "\n\nRoss and Kesselheim noted that some coupons can be used once, and others more than once, but few could be used for more than a year, and once a program ended, patients would have to pay normal copayments. ", "But by that time, they may have acquired a brand loyalty, and physicians may be slow to switch them to alternatives. ", "In addition, while coupons may reduce out-of-pocket costs for drugs, insurers still had to pay the higher cost.", "\n\nThe authors also cited pending lawsuits against drug manufacturers, alleging that coupons subvert cost-sharing arrangements in patients’ contracts with insurance companies and should be banned as illegal kickbacks.", "\n\nIndian regulators clear $1.6 billion Mylan-Strides Arcolab deal\n\nPITTSBURGH — Indian regulators have approved a deal from Mylan to buy the injectables business of Strides Arcolab, Mylan said Tuesday.", "\n\nFollowing the approval of Agila by India’s Foreign Investment Promotion Board, Mylan also received approval from the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs. ", "The deal is expected to close in fourth quarter 2013. ", "Mylan announced its plan to buy Agila for $1.6 billion in February 2013.", "\n\n\"We are very pleased to have received all outstanding Indian pre-merger regulatory approvals for the Agila transaction, especially considering the increased government regulation and oversight with respect to foreign investment in India,\" Mylan CEO Heather Bresch said. \"", "We look forward to completing the acquisition in the coming months, which we believe will establish Mylan as a global injectables leader, with a significantly expanded and strengthened injectables portfolio, pipeline, platform and capabilities.\"", "\n\nPharmaprix Run for Women series to come to Quebec City\n\nQUEBEC CITY, Quebec — Shoppers Drug Mart, which operates under the Pharmaprix banner in Quebec, has announced that Canada’s first and only national women’s and girl’s running race series expanded to six cities.", "\n\nThe Pharmaprix Run for Women Series consists of a 5K, 10K and Little Steps Girls 1K, and includes a motivational talk from an iconic Canadian Olympian in each city. ", "A portion of proceeds and participant donations will go towards women’s mental health programs in each of the six race cities.", "\n\nThe events kicked off on June 22 in Unionville, Ontario, and continued throughout the summer into September. ", "In addition to Unionville (June 22), Vancouver (July 13) and Calgary (July 27), runs were in Halifax (Aug. 10) and Ottawa (Aug. 24). ", "A run will be held in Quebec City on Sept. 21.", "\nFive-time Paralympian, Chantal Petitclerc, is the featured speaker in Quebec City. ", "She will speak to girls and women about being active and how they can succeed in the goals they set.", "\n\nThe event in Quebec City will support Fondation de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec.", "\n\nAccording to l’Institut de la statistique du Québec, 27% of women, aged 15 and older, have lived with a mental disorder at one time in their live. ", "Major depression is the leading cause.", "\n\nPostpartum depression affects about 20% of new mothers, 10% of women also will suffer from depression during pregnancy, not to mention that 1-out-of-1,000 will face a psychosis symptom during this period. ", "Dr. Marie-Josée Poulin is familiar with these women. ", "She is the leader of the only perinatal psychiatric clinic in the province based at l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec. ", "Each year, Poulin follows between 300 and 350 women from the moment when they wish to have a baby until the child’s second birthday.", "\n\nOther sponsors include Moving Comfort who will be offering bra-fitting clinics at Running Room stores leading up to each event.", "\n\nForgotten Password\n\nRegistration complete\n\nREGISTER\n\nUSERNAME *\n\nSpaces are allowed; punctuation is not allowed except for periods, hyphens, and underscores.", "\n\nE-MAIL ADDRESS *\n\nA valid e-mail address. ", "All e-mails from the system will be sent to this address. ", "The e-mail address is not made public and will only be used if you wish to receive a new password or wish to receive certain news or notifications by e-mail.", "\n\nPassword *\n\nConfirm Password *\n\nPlease choose a password for your account; it must be 8 - 30 characters. .", "\n\nFirst Name *\n\nLast Name *\n\nCompany Name *\n\nJob Title *\n\nZIP *\n\nAre you a *\n\nRetailer or Healthcare professional\n\nNon-Retailer\n\nHow many stores do you operate?: *", "\n\nWhich best describes the business/industry you work in?: *", "\n\nWhich best describes your job title?: *", "\n\nPlease select the newsletters you would like to subscribe to\n\nDSN A.M.\nDaily news stories covering the retail drug industry\n\nBreaking News\nFirst-to-the-market with developing stories in the industry" ]

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[ "Metal-azo and metal-azomethine dyes, having a single dye ligand complexed to a metal, are known in the art (see, for example, Drew, H. D. K.; Fairbairn, R. E. J. Chem. ", "Soc. ", "1939, 823-35; Beech, W. F.; Drew, H. D. K. J. Chem. ", "Soc. ", "1940, 608-12; Steiner, E.; Mayer, C.; Schetty, G. Helv. ", "Chem. ", "Acta 1976, 59, 364-76; U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "4,012,369; 4,123,429; and 4,265,811). ", "These 1:1 complexes are predominantly used in two applications; color photography (U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "3,453,107; 3,551,406; 3,544,545; 3,563,739; 3,597,200; 3,705,184; 3,752,836; 3,970,616; 4,150,018; and 4,562,139), and the dyeing of textiles (U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "3,878,158; 4,045,423; 4,218,367; and 4,617,382; and European Pat. ", "No. ", "144776). ", "The 1:1 complexes have a central metal ion coordinated to a dye and additional ligands (e.g., water, pyridine, ammonia, or ethanolamine).", "\nMetal complexes containing a polymerizable functionality are also known. ", "For example metal-vinylpyridine complexes are known which are capable of polymerization (U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,287,455 and Agnew, N. H.; Collin, R. J.; Larkworthy, L. F. J. Chem. ", "Soc. ", "Dalton Trans. ", "1974, 272-7). ", "Generally, the extinction coefficients of visible wavelength transitions in polymerizable metal complexes of the prior art are less than 1000M.sup.-1 cm.sup.-1 which make them, in general, unsuitable as dyes or colorants.", "\nMany transition metal complexes with vinylpyridine as a ligand are unstable. ", "Some of these complexes are quite labile in solution, exhibiting the following equilibrium: EQU M(ligand).sub.x (vinylpyridine).sub.n .revreaction.", "M(ligand).sub.x (vinylpyridine).sub.n-1 +vinylpyridine\nAdditionally, transition metals, such as copper(II) and ruthenium(III), may initiate the polymerization of vinylpyridine (e.g., Tazuke, S.; Okamura, S. J. Polym. ", "Sci.: ", "Part A-1 1966, 4, 141-57; and Norton, K. A., Jr.; Hurst, J. K. J. Amer. ", "Chem. ", "Soc. ", "1978, 100, 7237-42), although some stable complexes of copper(II) and vinylpyridine have been reported (Laing, M.; Horsfield, E. J. Chem. ", "Soc., ", "Chem. ", "Commun. ", "1968, 735).", "\nVinyl groups on ligands may undergo cyclometallation or coordinate to the metal, thereby rendering them non-polymerizable (Newkome, G. R.; Theriot, K. J.; Cheskin, B. K.; Evans, D. W.; Baker, G. R. Organometallics 1990, 9, 1375-9; and Long, C.; Kelly, J. M. J. Organometal. ", "Chem. ", "1982, 231, C9).", "\nMetal-containing polymerizable complexes which absorb light more strongly than the vinylpyridine complexes are also known in the art (Sheats, J. E.; Carraher, C. E., Jr.; Pittman, C. U., Jr. in Metal-containing Polymeric Systems; Plenum Press: New York, 1985). ", "The most studied systems are vinylcyclopentadienyl complexes of low valent metals. ", "These metal-containing monomers are usually very electron rich, and the polymeric material derived from these monomers are often easily oxidized.", "\nIt has been shown that (4-vinyl-4'-methyl-bipyridyl)Re(CO).sub.3 Cl undergoes chemical changes, under some conditions, when exposed to filtered sunlight (O'Toole, T. R.; Sullivan, B. P.; Meyer, T. J. J. Am. ", "Chem. ", "Soc. ", "1989, 111, 5699-706). ", "The chemical and photochemical reactivities of these molecules suggest they would not be useful polymerizable dyes.", "\nAdvantages of metal-containing polymeric dyes have been taught in the art (Marechal, E. Progress in Organic Coatings 1982, 10, 251-87; and Asquith, R. S.; Blair, H. S.; Crangle, A. A.; Riordan, E. J. Soc. ", "Dyers Colour. ", "1973, 93, 115). ", "Most of these polymers involve colorants other than azo, hydrazone, or azomethine dyes and are derived from monomers not containing free-radically polymerizable groups.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,218,367 describes the preparation and use of 1:1 chromium metal-azo dyes containing reactive groups. ", "In claim 5 of that patent, 1:1 complexes, where the reactive group is a vinyl sulfone directly bound to the azo ligand, are claimed. ", "There are no examples given wherein a vinyl sulfone group was actually present. ", "Dyes of that patent react with preformed polymers such as cellulose. ", "There are no examples in that patent of forming polymers using dyes containing a vinyl sulfone group.", "\nPoly(vinylpyridine) and copolymers containing vinylpyridine are used in mordanting receiving layers in photographic films (for example, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,282,305). ", "Unmetallized dyes diffuse to the receiving layer and form a metal complex which is presumably attached to poly(vinylpyridine). ", "The ratio of dye to vinylpyridine is not controlled.", "\nWhat the foregoing art does not disclose or teach is that metal-dye complexes having ligands with polymerizable groups may be conveniently made and polymerized to provide stable mordanted dyes." ]

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[ "EKTA\n\nЕКТА is a group of companies, a Ukrainian developer and manufacturer of LED video screens and business solutions based on LED technology. ", " EKTA was founded on January 19, 1992 by a group of engineers with experience in business video equipment development.", "\nThe central office of the managing company is located in Kiev, and the LED-screen production plant is located in Zhytomyr (Ukraine).", "\n\nEKTA has done screen installations in Japan, Germany, Italy, England, Austria, Canada, Kuwait, UAE, South Korea, Russia, Estonia, Latvia. ", "EKTA Led screens are installed in the session hall of the Ukrainian Parliament, Kiev Palace of Sports and on the giant clock-tower at the Central Independence Square in the Ukrainian capital.", "\n\nHistory of the name \nThe name EKTA is composed of the first parts of words \"screens\" (экраны) and \"board\" (табло). ", "Initially, the company's name was written in Russian as “ЭКТА” and in the company logo the Ukrainian version “EKTA” was used. ", "However, in 2003, the logo was changed and the official name EKTA was approved. ", "Thus only Latin symbols are left in the name of the company.", "\n\nCompany’s history \nThe company was founded in 1992.", "\n\nIn 1995 EKTA became a leading Ukrainian manufacturer of large plasma screens and displays. ", "In 1995 EKTA started in the rental business, providing plasma video-walls of its own production for concert staging.", "\n\nIn 1996 Italian rental companies started to use EKTA plasma video-panels.", "\n\nSince 1999 EKTA has been a provider of visual display equipment in specialized niches and applications throughout the CIS (including voting systems).", "\n\nIn 2000 the Media Garden EXPO 2000 project was completed in Hannover for the national Germany pavilion. ", "In the same year EKTA developed the first model of large LED screens.", "\n\nIn 2004 EKTA production introduced the ideology of Total quality management (TQM).", "\n\nIn 2005 EKTA began building a new plant for LED screen production.", "\n\nIn 2007-2008 new LED products were introduced into development: strips that allow building semi-transparent video-screens, and also screens for indoor usage with enhanced contrast.", "\n\nIn 2008 EKTA opened its representative office in the United Arab Emirates - EKTA Middle East.", "\n\nIn 2009, the company joined the International Association of Audiovisual Systems Integrators InfoComm International. ", "Today EKTA is the only Ukrainian member of this international association.", "\n\nIn 2009-2011 a range of products were launched onto the market. ", "Those are LED video-floor for show-business, LED road signs and boards for the road sector, and LED-solutions for digital signage.", "\n\nIn 2010 EKTA launched large LED screens operating in 3D format, and in 2011 realization of commercial projects using 3D technology was started.", "\n\nIn 2011 the biggest LED 3D TV produced by EKTA has made the Guinness World Record. ", "The screen was introduced on May 28, 2011 in Gothenburg (Sweden).", "\n\nEKTA holding structure\n\nЕКТА managing company\nThe central office of the EKTA managing company is located in Kiev (Ukraine).", "\n\nLed-screens production plant EKTA-PROM \nAll products under the EKTA brand name are produced at the company's plant that is located in Zhytomyr (Ukraine), from Kiev.", "\n\nEKTARENT company \nEKTArent company provides video screen equipment for events. ", "EKTA specialists carry out technical support of the events (selection of appropriate screen models, creating and processing content, delivery, installation, setup and dismantling of equipment and footage broadcast).", "\n\nOptiVision company \nOptiVision company is an audio- and visual integrator. ", "It performs signage video networks construction, broadcast channels creation and formatting, installation of LED displays and other elements of digital signage.", "\n\nVideoTime advertising agency \nVideoTime is a structural unit of EKTA, the holding which is engaged in manufacturing and placing video-advertising materials on large LED screens throughout Ukraine, as well as internal signage networks in retail and entertainment centers.", "\n\nPartners\n\nEKTA Vision Gmbh \nEKTA's partner in Germany and Western Europe.", "\n\nThe group of companies «Плазменные технологии» \nEKTA's partner in Russia.", "\n\nEVENTECH \nEKTA's partner in Baltic and Scandinavian countries.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Companies of Ukraine\nCategory:Organizations established in 1992" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAngular 2: How to make an option in a select to selected based on a condition?", "\n\nI'm building a select element in a form from an array of objects. ", "I want one of the options to be selected based on an attribute of the current object (myobject.is_default).", "\nThe basic template code looks like this:\n<select formControlName=\"template\">\n <option *ngFor=\"let t of templates\" [value]=\"t.id\">{{t.title}}</option>\n</select>\n\nI could now set the select option like this:\n<select formControlName=\"template\">\n <option *ngFor=\"let t of templates\" [value]=\"t.id\" [selected]=\"t.is_default ? '", "selected' : ''\">{{t.title}}</option>\n</select>\n\nBut the problem I'm having is the HTML5 specs which state:\n\nThe selected attribute is a boolean attribute.", "\nhttp://www.w3.org/TR/html5/infrastructure.html#boolean-attributes :\nThe presence of a boolean attribute on an element represents the true\n value, and the absence of the attribute represents the false value.", "\nIf the attribute is present, its value must either be the empty string\n or a value that is an ASCII case-insensitive match for the attribute's\n canonical name, with no leading or trailing whitespace.", "\n\nThe following are valid, equivalent and true:\n<option selected />\n<option selected=\"\" />\n<option selected=\"selected\" />\n<option selected=\"SeLeCtEd\" />\n\nThe following are invalid:\n<option selected=\"0\" />\n<option selected=\"1\" />\n<option selected=\"false\" />\n<option selected=\"true\" />\n\nThat means: As soon as the selected attribute is present, the option is selected. ", "So I need a way of not having the selected in all but one option.", "\nI cannot use ngIf since it cannot be used together with ngFor on the same element.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can use ngModel to set what element should be the selected.", "\n<select [(ngModel)]=\"selectedItem\" formControlName=\"template\">\n <option *ngFor=\"let t of templates\" [value]=\"t.id\">{{t.title}}</option>\n</select>\n\nand in the class\nvar default = t.templates.find(v => v.is_default);\nselectedItem = default && default.length && default[0].id;\n\n" ]

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[ "Advanced Graphics Riser\n\nThe Advanced Graphics Riser is a variation of the Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) used in some PCIe motherboards made by MSI to offer a limited backwards compatibility with AGP. ", "It is, effectively, a modified PCIe slot allowing for performance comparable to an AGP 4x/8x slot, but with limited support of AGP cards. ", "The manufacturer has published a non-exhaustive compatibility list of cards and chipsets that work with the modified slot.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Motherboard expansion slot" ]

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[ "You are here:\n\nwine\n\nGrapes A Lot!", "\n\nMissouri...land of Truman. ", "Home of the Arch. ", "That place where the weather bounces 40 degrees in one day. ", "The home of the grape that saved the European wine market from total annihilation. ", "No really, true story.", "\n\nIn the 1870's, a parasitic disease swept through the vineyards of France and Germany, destroying thousands of acres of grapevines and leaving the entire European wine market in peril. ", "Scientists and botonists from around the world worked to discover a way to stop the disease from spreading to other crops and to save the wine market in Europe." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow I can determine physical RAM installed on computer? (", "windows)\n\nHow I can get physical ram installed to my computer using c++ in Windows?", "\nI mean not only capacity parametrs which can GlobalMemoryStatusEx(), but also number of used memory slots, type of memory (like DDR1/DDR2/DDR3), type of slot (DIMM/SO-DIMM) and clock rate of memory bus.", "\nAm I need to use SMBIOS? ", "Or have been any another way to get this info?", "\n\nA:\n\nOn my machine, most of the information you request is available through WMI. ", "Take a look at the Win32_PhysicalMemory and related classes.", "\nFor example, the output of wmic memorychip on my machine is:\nC:\\>wmic memorychip\nAttributes BankLabel Capacity Caption ConfiguredClockSpeed ConfiguredVoltage CreationClassName DataWidth Description DeviceLocator FormFactor HotSwappable InstallDate InterleaveDataDepth InterleavePosition Manufacturer MaxVoltage MemoryType MinVoltage Model Name OtherIdentifyingInfo PartNumber PositionInRow PoweredOn Removable Replaceable SerialNumber SKU SMBIOSMemoryType Speed Status Tag TotalWidth TypeDetail Version\n2 BANK 0 17179869184 Physical Memory 2133 1200 Win32_PhysicalMemory 64 Physical Memory ChannelA-DIMM0 12 Samsung 0 0 0 Physical Memory M471A2K43BB1-CPB 15741117 26 2133 Physical Memory 0 64 128\n2 BANK 2 17179869184 Physical Memory 2133 1200 Win32_PhysicalMemory 64 Physical Memory ChannelB-DIMM0 12 Samsung 0 0 0 Physical Memory M471A2K43BB1-CPB 21251413 26 2133 Physical Memory 2 64 128\n\nAs noted in the link above, FormFactor 12 is SODIMM.", "\nNotably missing are the voltages (which you didn't ask for, but are usually of interest) and the MemoryType, the documentation of which is outdated on MSDN, while the recent SMBIOS docs from DMTF include values in the enum for DDR4. ", "etc.", "\nTherefore, you would probably have to resort to looking at the SMBIOS tables more or less by hand. ", "See: How to get memory information (RAM type, e.g. DDR,DDR2,DDR3?) ", "with WMI/C++\n\n" ]

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[ "Key West Butterfly and Nature Conservatory\n\nThe Key West Butterfly and Nature Conservatory located at 1316 Duval Street, Key West, Florida, United States is a butterfly park that houses from 50 to 60 different species of live butterflies from around the world in a climate-controlled, glass-enclosed habitat.", "\n\nThe conservatory includes flowering plants, cascading waterfalls and trees. ", " There are also several species of free flying \"butterfly friendly\" birds, such as red-factor canaries, zebra finches, cordon-blue finches and \"button\" or Chinese painted quail.", "\n\nThere is a learning center where guests can get a close up view of a variety of live caterpillars feeding and developing on their host plants.", "\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\nSouthernmost point buoy (The marker and the cable hut are South)\n\nExternal links\n\nButterfly\nButterfly\nCategory:Butterfly houses\nCategory:Gardens in Florida\nButterfly\nCategory:Zoos in Florida\nCategory:Parks in Monroe County, Florida" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSelect week date range and month using Bootstrap Datepicker\n\nHow to select a range of week date and month using Bootstrap Datepicker?", "\nI am currently using jQuery UI datepicker to select months and weeks. ", "\n\nA:\n\nSelecting a Month\n$('input[name=month]').datepicker( {\n format: \"MM, yyyy\",\n minViewMode: 1,\n autoclose: true\n} );\n\nSelecting week date range\nSome CSS changes were required in order to do this. ", "Also the code below isn't fully flexible as I didn't find any way to get plugin settings form a event callback. ", "The output format is like 2015-4-19 to 2015-4-25. ", "See calculate_week_range() function.", "\n$('input[name=week]').datepicker( {\n format: \"yyyy-mm-dd\",\n autoclose: true\n}).on('show', function(e){\n\n var tr = $('body').find('.datepicker-days table tbody tr');\n\n tr.mouseover(function(){\n $(this).addClass('week');\n });\n\n tr.mouseout(function(){\n $(this).removeClass('week');\n });\n\n calculate_week_range(e);\n\n}).on('hide', function(e){\n console.log('date changed');\n calculate_week_range(e);\n});\n\nvar calculate_week_range = function(e){\n\n var input = e.currentTarget;\n\n // remove all active class\n $('body').find('.datepicker-days table tbody tr').removeClass('week-active');\n\n // add active class\n var tr = $('body').find('.datepicker-days table tbody tr td.active.day').parent();\n tr.addClass('week-active');\n\n // find start and end date of the week\n\n var date = e.date;\n var start_date = new Date(date.getFullYear(), date.getMonth(), date.getDate() - date.getDay());\n var end_date = new Date(date.getFullYear(), date.getMonth(), date.getDate() - date.getDay() + 6);\n\n // make a friendly string\n\n var friendly_string = start_date.getFullYear() + '-' + (start_date.getMonth() + 1) + '-' + start_date.getDate() + ' to '\n + end_date.getFullYear() + '-' + (end_date.getMonth() + 1) + '-' + end_date.getDate();\n\n console.log(friendly_string);\n\n $(input).val(friendly_string);\n\n}\n\nCSS\nThis css needed for week picker part only.", "\n.datepicker table tr.week:hover{\n background: #eee;\n}\n\n.datepicker table tr.week-active,\n.datepicker table tr.week-active td,\n.datepicker table tr.week-active td:hover,\n.datepicker table tr.week-active.week td,\n.datepicker table tr.week-active.week td:hover,\n.datepicker table tr.week-active.week,\n.datepicker table tr.week-active:hover{\n background-color: #006dcc;\n background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(top, #0088cc, #0044cc);\n background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(top, #0088cc, #0044cc);\n background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#0088cc), to(#0044cc));\n background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #0088cc, #0044cc);\n background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, #0088cc, #0044cc);\n background-image: linear-gradient(top, #0088cc, #0044cc);\n background-repeat: repeat-x;\n filter: progid:DXImageTransform.", "Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#0088cc', endColorstr='#0044cc', GradientType=0);\n border-color: #0044cc #0044cc #002a80;\n border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);\n filter: progid:DXImageTransform.", "Microsoft.gradient(enabled=false);\n color: #fff;\n text-shadow: 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);\n}\n\nI will make jsfiddle examples for both later.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Larry Clark - Mona Lisa [Eva Green 2011] Pre-Production\n\nPlot:In New York City, an ex-con who is having difficulty fitting back into the underworld takes a job as the driver for a high-priced escort - a woman who lures him into certain danger. ", "| add synopsis" ]

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[ "\n585 So.2d 29 (1991)\nGlenda Joyce HARDY\nv.\nBLUE CROSS AND BLUE SHIELD OF ALABAMA and Alabama State Employees Insurance Board.", "\n1900339.", "\nSupreme Court of Alabama.", "\nAugust 9, 1991.", "\n*30 Roy S. Moore, Gadsden, for appellant.", "\nBert S. Nettles and J. Mark Hart of Spain, Gillon, Grooms, Blan & Nettles, Birmingham, for appellees.", "\nHORNSBY, Chief Justice.", "\nJoyce Hardy sued Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama (\"Blue Cross\"), alleging breach of contract, bad faith, and fraudulent suppression. ", "The trial court entered a summary judgment for Blue Cross on the fraudulent suppression claim and directed a verdict on the bad faith claim. ", "The breach of contract claim was submitted to the jury, and it returned a verdict for Blue Cross. ", "Hardy appeals neither as to the breach of contract claim nor as to the bad faith claim. ", "She appeals only from the summary judgment entered against her on her fraudulent suppression claim. ", "We affirm.", "\nWhile employed with the Etowah County constable's office, Hardy was enrolled in a major medical benefit plan with Blue Cross, contract number XXX-XX-XXXX. ", "On June 5, 1987, Hardy underwent laser surgery for treatment for a condyloma.[1] On June 22, 1987, Hardy became employed by the Etowah County circuit clerk's office. ", "Upon her employment with the circuit clerk's office, Hardy became enrolled in another plan, under contract number XXX-XX-XXXX, in group 13000; that plan was administered by Blue Cross for the State Employees Insurance Board. ", "On August 21, 1987, Hardy had a recurrence of her condyloma and again underwent laser surgery.", "\nHardy filed a claim with Blue Cross for the expenses she incurred, but Blue Cross denied her claim. ", "Under the medical plan administered by Blue Cross, preexisting conditions were not covered for the first 270 days of coverage. ", "In this case, the second laser surgery for Hardy's condyloma was performed 60 days after her coverage became effective. ", "Blue Cross denied her claim because Hardy's condyloma was a preexisting condition and the 270-day waiting period had not run.", "\nHardy argues that the trial court never ruled on the summary judgment motions for either party and that Blue Cross moved for a directed verdict at the beginning of trial. ", "The record does not support this contention. ", "Blue Cross filed a motion for summary judgment on October 4, 1990, and Hardy filed a cross-motion for summary judgment on October 16, 1990. ", "The motions were argued on October 18, 1990, before the commencement of the trial; the trial court struck Hardy's affidavit because she had failed to comply with A.R.Civ.", "P. 56(e) and it entered a summary judgment in favor of Blue Cross on the fraudulent suppression claim. ", "The following occurred:\n\"THE COURT: I am going to grant [Blue Cross's] motion to strike [Hardy's] affidavit.", "\n\"MR. ", "MOORE [plaintiff's attorney]: Judge, we are going to except to that action taken by the Court....\"\n*31 \"THE COURT: I am going to deny [Blue Cross's] motion on the contract claim for directed verdict.", "\n\"I'm going to deny Plaintiff's—you have a written motion for summary judgment[?]", "\n\"MR. ", "MOORE: Yes sir, I do....\n\"THE COURT: All right. ", "I am going to deny the Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment in its entirety.", "\n\"I'm going to take under advisement, at this time, the portion of the Defendant's motion for summary judgment, which is directed to the bad faith claim.", "\n\"....\n\"... [W]e will proceed.\"", "\n\"Is there anything further on the motions before we proceed to trial ...?", "\n\"MR. ", "RICHARDSON [defendant's attorney]: Yes, Your Honor, we have a few other motions.", "\n\"I have a motion in limine that I would like to file with the Court....\n\"Essentially, this motion is just directed to Ms. Hardy's previous coverage under the county health plan.", "\n\"We do not believe that that issue, the fact that she had previous coverage under a plan that was administered by Blue Cross, has any relevance to any issue in this case. \"....", "\n\"We don't believe that Mr. Moore should be permitted to bring up that fact and argue that fact to the jury. [", "That is, that] she had coverage with Blue Cross before she changed jobs. ", "We don't believe that is relevant to anything in this case.", "\n\"And we would move to exclude any mention of that in front of the jury.", "\n\"THE COURT: What says the Plaintiff?", "\n\"MR. ", "MOORE: Judge, we consider that [evidence] highly relevant.", "\n\"First of all, very relevant to our claim of suppression of material facts, which we've alleged in the [complaint].", "\n\"THE COURT: What count is that contained in?", "\n\"MR. ", "MOORE: That's—\n\"MR. ", "RICHARDSON: Your Honor, if it's not in our [summary judgment] motion, we would move for summary judgment on that claim. ", "We believe [the Plaintiff] fails to state a claim upon which would lead to [sic]—\n\"MR. ", "MOORE: Judge, that's their motion.", "\n\"It surely states a complaint from which relief could be granted. ", "And the facts are obvious.", "\n\"And it's for ... Count 2.", "\n\"THE COURT: Count 2. ", "Does Count 2 deal solely with that basis of recovery?", "\n\"MR. ", "MOORE: Yes sir, that they had a duty.", "\n\"And all these are questions for a jury to—\n\"THE COURT: Duty to—\n\"MR. ", "MOORE: And a special relationship exists between the parties....\n\"THE COURT: All right. ", "The Court is going to grant the Defendant's motion for summary judgment as to Count 2 of the Plaintiff's [complaint], which this Court had previously ... done without naming the count.", "\n\"And the Court, of course, notes the Plaintiff's exception to that ruling. ", "But the ruling having been made, do you have any justification outside of Count 2 for opposing this motion in limine?\"", "\nBased upon the foregoing, we review the summary judgment under A.R.Civ.", "P. 56.", "\nRule 56 sets forth a two-tiered standard for entering summary judgment. ", "The rule requires the trial court to determine (1) that there is no genuine issue of material fact; and (2) that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.", "\nThe standard of review applicable to a summary judgment is the same as the standard for granting the motion, that is, we must determine whether there was a genuine issue of material fact and, if not, whether the movant was entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. ", "Our review is further subject to the caveat that this Court must review the record in the light most favorable to the nonmovant and resolve all reasonable doubts against the *32 movant. ", "Wilson v. Brown, 496 So.2d 756, 758 (Ala.1986); Harrell v. Reynolds Metals Co., 495 So.2d 1381 (Ala.1986); see also Hanners v. Balfour Guthrie, Inc., 564 So.2d 412 (Ala.1990).", "\nBecause this action was filed after June 11, 1987, Ala.Code 1975, § 12-21-12, mandates that, once the movant makes his prima facie showing, the nonmovant meet his burden by \"substantial evidence.\" ", "Bass v. SouthTrust Bank of Baldwin County, 538 So.2d 794, 797-98 (Ala.1989). ", "Under the substantial evidence test, the nonmovant must present \"evidence of such weight and quality that fair-minded persons in the exercise of impartial judgment can reasonably infer the existence of the fact sought to be proved.\" ", "West v. Founders Life Assurance Co. of Florida, 547 So.2d 870, 871 (Ala.1989) (citing Rowden v. Tomlinson, 538 So.2d 15, 19 (Ala.1988) (Jones, J., concurring)). ", "More simply stated, \"[a]n issue is genuine if reasonable persons could disagree.\" ", "W. Schwarzer, Summary Judgment Under the Federal Rules: Defining Genuine Issues of Material Fact, 99 F.R.D. 465, 481 (1982).", "\nTo make out a prima facie case of fraudulent suppression, Hardy must show:\n(1) that Blue Cross had a duty to disclose; (2) that Blue Cross suppressed an existing, material fact; (3) that Blue Cross had actual knowledge of the fact and its materiality; (4) that her lack of knowledge induced her to act; and (5) that she suffered actual damage as a proximate result. ", "See, e.g., Cherokee Farms, Inc. v. Firemen's Fund Ins. ", "Co., 526 So.2d 871 (Ala.1988); Wilson v. Brown, 496 So.2d 756 (Ala.1986); Harrell v. Dodson, 398 So.2d 272 (Ala.1981).", "\nThis Court has often ruled that mere silence does not constitute fraud and that there is no duty to disclose facts when information is not requested. ", "King v. National Foundation Life Ins. ", "Co., 541 So.2d 502 (Ala.1989); Wilson, supra; Keeler v. Chastang, 472 So.2d 1031 (Ala. 1985); Ray v. Montgomery, 399 So.2d 230 (Ala.1980). ", "A duty to disclose may arise from a confidential relationship between the parties, or from the particular circumstances of the case. ", "Ala.Code 1975, § 6-5-102; King, supra; McCausland v. Tide-Mayflower Moving & Storage, 499 So.2d 1378 (Ala. 1986); Berkel & Co. Contractors Inc. v. Providence Hosp., ", "454 So.2d 496 (Ala.1984); Holdbrooks v. Central Bank, 435 So.2d 1250 (Ala.1983).", "\nHardy contends that she made a prima facie showing on her fraudulent suppression claim. ", "Hardy claims that Blue Cross owed her a duty to disclose material facts not known to her and that Blue Cross breached her confidence and trust in Blue Cross. ", "She contends that Blue Cross induced her to enter into a new contract by failing to inform her that if she had a recurrence of her condyloma any expense incurred in treating the recurrence would be excluded under the new contract. ", "Hardy claims that because of Blue Cross's failure to inform her, she failed to purchase a conversion contract under her former insurance agreement and thus suffered injury or loss.", "\nNotwithstanding her claims, Hardy presented no evidence suggesting that Blue Cross had a duty to disclose information. ", "There was no evidence of a confidential relationship, and there were no special circumstances giving rise to a duty. ", "Hardy did not request any information from Blue Cross about her coverage before enrolling in the group 13000 plan. ", "No evidence was presented suggesting that she discussed her old and new coverages with Blue Cross or the possibility that Blue Cross would not pay any medical claims connected with a recurrence of her vaginal warts.", "\nThe evidence does show that when Hardy enrolled in the group 13000 plan she was given an employee booklet, which contained the following:\n\"Waiting Periods\n\"There is a 270-day waiting period before benefits are available for cases involving tonsils and adenoids, and pre-existing conditions. ", "Pre-existing conditions are any condition, including pregnancy, disease or ailment existing on the date your coverage starts under the program, or for which advice or treatment *33 has been received during the period of one year before this date.", "\n\"Transfers from any other health insurance plan (including those of the Plan Administrator [Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama]) will be required to serve the 270-day waiting period.\"", "\n(Emphasis added.)", "\nBased upon the record before this Court, we conclude that Hardy failed to rebut the defendant's prima facie showing by presenting substantial evidence of fraudulent suppression. ", "Consequently, we affirm the summary judgment.", "\nAFFIRMED.", "\nALMON, ADAMS, STEAGALL and INGRAM, JJ., ", "concur.", "\nNOTES\n[1] Condyloma is defined as: \"Verruca Mollusciformis; a wartlike excrescence at the anus or vulva, or on the glans penis.\" ", "Stedman's Medical Dictionary 340 (25th ed. ", "1990).", "\n" ]

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[ "Thursday, April 30, 2015\n\nThis one had the misfortune of deciding to re-Warren/re-Bill/re-Barack another lesser evil, so the result is getting stuck here for posterity. ", "This century's preferred media topic is apparently something called \"lgbtq,\" with the Boneyard conveniently forgotten. ", "Yawn--you already know what this is. ", "Just stretching.", "\n\nSuppose that there is a president, and his name is Bill Clinton, and he bombs Eastern Europe, resulting in the deaths of 4,000 civilians, he bombs Iraq, resulting in the deaths of 20,000 civilians, and he imposes food and medicine sanctions on Iraq, causing over a million deaths by starvation and cheaply-preventable illness.", "\n\nThat's a very conservative estimate of 1,024,000 dead people. ", "Let's assume 1/4 people are lgbtq on average, so that's 256,000 lgbtq deaths.", "\n\nThen, presume there's a President Bush, and he bombs and invades Afghanistan and Iraq, producing a conservative 900,000 deaths, or 225,000 lgbtq deaths.", "\n\nAfter that, there's a President Obama, and he bombs Iraq and Afghanistan, producing a conservative 30,000 deaths, and he funds a Syrian rebel insurgency that causes a conservative 500,000 deaths across the Middle East and Africa, resulting in roughly 530,000 deaths, or 132,500 lgbtq deaths.", "\n\nPresume also that, during each President's time in office, a Congress composed of different political factions--some pertaining to said President, some not--passed or rejected different series' of laws which were either favorable or unfavorable to the current domestic preferences of those lgbtq people portrayed by the corporate media who happened to be living on a portion of the North American landmass at the time.", "\n\nGiven all that, please answer the following questions:\n\n1) Which of these presidents did good things for lgbtq people?", "\n\n2) Which of these presidents improved the world sociocultural perspective toward lgbtq people?", "\n\n3) Do any of these presidents belong to a political tradition which is likely to produce another president who will slaughter hundreds of thousands of lgbtq people?", "\n\n4) How many domestic niceties are worth the cost of one innocent heterosexual child's life?", "\n\n5) How many domestic niceties are worth the cost of one innocent homosexual child's life?", "\n\n6) How many domestic niceties are worth the cost of one innocent transsexual child's life?", "\n\n7) Is there any total number of dead lgbtq people that would be \"too much\" to justify any domestic nicety, no matter how nice? ", "For example, if Hillary provides a guaranteed minimum income of $100,000 for life for every single lgbtq person in America, and she peacefully and through logic alone convinces every single person in the U.S. to view homosexuality in a positive light, thereby ending lgbtq-related discrimination forever, but she has to kill another million Arabs to do so, is it worth it?", "\n\nHow about six million?", "\n\nTwelve?", "\n\n8) If Hillary drone-executed a mere 10,000 American people in order to accomplish the above pro-lgbtq goals, would that be worth it?", "\n\nHow about only one thousand? ", "Or a hundred?", "\n\nOne?", "\n\n8) Would it matter if Hillary genuinely, deeply, and passionately believed that any Americans killed were, like Middle Easterners, collateral damage, and necessary to protect her ability to promote positive domestic lgbtq change?", "\n\n9) What could Hillary say to you to convince you that it was okay to kill only two hundred thousand Americans in order to achieve her domestic lgbtq goals? ", "Would it help if she asked you to remember the Maine? ", "Would it help if she asked Colin Powell to wave a vial of sugar cubes at you?", "\n\n10) What makes the lives of people born on a certain section of the North American landmass intrinsically more valuable than those of people born in certain portions of the Middle East?", "\n\n11) How many people would any given leader have to kill before that leader would no longer be a lesser evil? ", "For example, say Stalin killed 50 million people and Hitler killed 10 million. ", "Is it right to vote for Hitler, or is his body count too high, even though Stalin's might be higher?", "\n\n12) Posit that two political factions have been engaging in constant warfare for over a decade by claiming to be less violent than the other faction. ", "How long would they have to engage in such behavior before you would conclude that they were never going to stop? ", "Two decades? ", "Fifty years? ", "A century? ", "A millennium?", "\n\nUpdated 05/01/2015: Dr. Carrico didn't answer any of the questions; instead he offered a lecture about the pragmatic realism of accepting mass murder. (", "I know, I know.) ", "Logging response here, and Rob, thanks for the FAIR cite, which blended well with Carrico:\n\nOh, and in case mere mass murder is not evocative enough, let's also consider the issue of how many child rapes it is acceptable to condone in exchange for favorable domestic social policies.", "\n\nHow many? ", "Being really conservative, assume that Hillary maintains the imperial network of 800+ military bases worldwide, continues to occupy Africa and the Middle East, and during her presidency, she racks up the following statistics:\n\n200,000 people killed\n\n10,000 people raped in the context of armed conflict\n\n1,000 people raped in the context of armed occupation\n\nYou're okay with that, but what if she goes farther? ", "Say, she attacks Syria or Iran? ", "How high can those numbers go before you say, \"Too much\"?", "\n\nWednesday, April 29, 2015\n\nAnd then it started raining, but we missed it 'cause we were all in the back commenting on Baltimore.", "\n\nIt's so easy to do this--to take a \"news\" item, any news item, and apply your own little analysis to it. ", "A news item from any time will do; doesn't have to be particularly relevant, because it's all generally relevant. ", "Oh look, another instance of racist brutality by a low IQ violence-prone pig, when will people wake up and stop these low IQ violence-prone chimps from destroying the society white people built, when will people realize that they're completely misfocusing on distractions caused by unjustly subsidized energy interests who have created a system in which more innocents died today in car accidents than this one particular person who was killed by gun.", "\n\nOmigod, more importantly, doesn't that idiot realize that, in this particular case, the officer was clearly in danger, and that's why the media reported on this one, of all the many available ones, to stir up riots that, from a historical perspective, would appear to have been unjust? ", "Because if the media had reported this much on the times when cops shot actual little kids and a grand jury never even got involved, then all the white supremacists wouldn't have anything to crow about. ", "Even the mob itself is being influenced--tricked into rioting over a semi-plausible narrative, instead of choosing to make a stand over one of the no-knock wrong-addresses where a child was disfigured and it's an absolutely clean cut representation. ", "Don't they realize they're just tools, and that they're being teeveed into certain expressions of rage to play them off against onlookers both domestic and foreign? ", "And why don't the other idiots, the racist ones, realize that this particular instance, like the OJ Simpson trial, isn't about the tidy little facts the teevee presented, but is about a sentiment running much deeper, and which would have 100% foolproof justifications behind it if the mob weren't being tricked?", "\n\nAnyway, more importantly, isn't it so pitiful when the white people protesting this are always middle class ones who live in wealthy enclaves where they never have to deal with the kinds of casual physical intimidation that comes from living inside these poor populations, and makes you understand why the cops are there in the first place? ", "You already voted with your feet and moved to a new zip code, so don't tell me about what it's like living in a high rise filled with those kinds of people. ", "They will kick your ass, rape you, and shoot you over thirty dollars, and they do it all the time, but it doesn't get reported because the colors don't match. ", "Stupid-ass diversity mob, don't you realize you're being tricked into betraying your own racism, and the cheap way you hide in the burbs and cherry pick your news?", "\n\nBut more importantly, why can't you morons realize that seventeen people died in completely avoidable car crashes, some of them minorities, on that very same day, and they'd still be alive today if we prioritized mass transportation a tenth as much as we do cars, which would not only save those lives, but completely restructure our cities into safer environments that made last week's tragic...\n\nThere's always something. ", "What you've read about the French Revolution; some clip you watched on your phone; another bombed-out wedding in the Eastasian foothills; your imaginary Rousseauian or non-Rousseauian take on prehistory: endless validation, compliments the grand narrative. ", "We look to the news in order to tell ourselves, \"We were right.\" ", "And we're never disappointed, no matter who we are. ", "Even if we completely hate and mistrust the news, the news provides ample whispers within its very body by which we can enjoy the sport of disproving the news. ", "With no small irony, it's the news itself which offers its worst critics the opportunity to themselves appreciate it. ", "And so, no matter who we are, we're satisfied in our rightness, sleuthing our way past whatever, as we definitively prove that we were right all along.", "\n\nThe news is a saline drip connected to the terminally ill; the timeless sustenance of something stuck in the pipes, always on the verge of (but never quite actually) being swept away.", "\n\nWithout it, we might be nothing. ", "We wouldn't know when to riot, what to wear or war, when to tax, or how to die. ", "Kaczynski took to the woods, then wrote letters back to the newspapers. ", "Even as self-imposed aliens, we can't seem to escape from it. ", "The news is an endlessly-regurgitating instant classic: a terrible piece of endless prose that you have to endure just to know what everyone else is talking about. ", "Can you really build that firewall? ", "Or are you not as clever as you think you are?", "\n\nBloggers have taken over the function as individualized correspondents, repackaging the news into tasty morsels for varying readerships. ", "If you want to read about corrupt tyrants, repulsive racists, treacherous darkies, delusional surgeons, or insensitive patriarchs, you know where to go. ", "Opinions, like the bread aisle, have become an indecipherable variety of atrocious excess. ", "You already know what kind you're going to get, but it's fun to glance over the other options anyway, sneering at the high fructose hidden away in that one brand with the fancy green-sounding name. ", "Who buys that junk, anyway?", "\n\nLike reading War and Peace, there's some value in having the occasional go at the news, but too much time with it can leave one dazed, weak, and convinced that, in some way, the experience was \"worth it.\" ", "After all, at least now, you can tell people, \"I finished the news.\" ", "And you'll know to either make plans to go see Thorina VI, or to threaten to boycott Marvel for a revised list of twenty unforgivable curses which they have visited upon mankind this time around.", "\n\nThe Point\n\nis that it's too powerful for you to spend significant time with. ", "Isolated communities may have once been able to resist the news, but for those who've left such places, or who've never had the chance, the drip feed is-gradually/has-already taken over. ", "As to Earth 2015 specifically, most blogs have become copies of the overarching narrative of the news. ", "Authors pick up some piece of information somewhere, then praise or criticize it, then praise or criticize the process by which it arrived to its current state. ", "Just as major newspapers and television stations have eviscerated themselves into mere intermediaries between official government/corporate spokespersons, or AP/derivative news services (which are themselves usually only picking up government messages or human interest anecdotes), bloggers are sub-sub-sub-etc. ", "spokespeople, criticizing one another's interpretations of interactions that happened in the context of a discussion over something that was, ultimately, a few official comments from some yahoo who believes that, because he went to Yale, he's qualified to give the government's report on occurrences in Nairobi last weekend. ", "And he is qualified, but how much does it have to do with what actually happened in Nairobi last weekend? ", "Maybe quite a lot. ", "If we assume he's going to be an unwitting tool of some imperialist liars, we can probably read a lot into his blathering hearsay, and then we'll figure out we're right (not that it matters much except to validate ourselves).", "\n\nToo much of this validation--applying our analyses to the news, over and over--is a dangerous addiction, in the sense that the ease of applying an existing narrative to the news is prone to stealing our own ability to produce. ", "It's eerily easy to pick up any issue of the New York Times since its inception, match it against reality, and show what dross every single issue was. ", "A team of a hundred journalists and a hundred historians could spend years working on such a project, and all they'd have to show for it is their own version of the Times. ", "And that version, however amusing (and this one admits she'd like to flip through a few of those issues, even though they'd mostly be the same) would be no more valuable than the original Times itself. ", "When you leave Terra, all the things that happened to you here can be rediscovered in clarity, yet that's just data. ", "You can always get more, more, more data; that's not an issue. ", "The ability to make such critiques is valuable, because it plays into something that can be used later.", "\n\nDoing nothing (or \"mostly\") but critiquing in that way, though, is like re-taking the first grade, over and over, and over, and over. ", "It's soooo easy. ", "You know all the answers already. ", "You and your friends can enjoy the problems, always get the right answers, and get your lollies. ", "But don't live in first grade forever (or even for just \"a few decades on Earth\"). ", "Sometimes you need to go back and help walk someone through a little arithmetic, and you can be kind and helpful about it, and even appreciate the elegance of the underlying ideas, but that shouldn't be a stopping point.", "\n\nAnd on too many blogs, that's what it's being. ", "To a vast degree, the most popular blogs have become identical to the news: they take raw data, shape it into a presentation suitable to their audience, then critique the data itself, along with the way the data reached them. ", "So, then, does the internet host a thousand anti-patriarchy blogs, a thousand pro-patriarchy blogs, a thousand social justice blogs, and a thousand neoreaction blogs, all reacting identically in template to the exact same news item, all providing daily validation to whoever wants to see things a certain way.", "\n\nThere are little bits of correctness scattered about everywhere. ", "It's sometimes pleasurable learning, and sometimes painful, that accompanies the strength to see and understand any given bit of it, if you find it in a place you dislike/ambivalike/like. ", "Every so often, any given one of them might be mostly right, or even completely right as to that situation.", "\n\nDispel thy growing fear; we're not reaching for the banal point that \"the truth is relative.\" ", "Rather, we want to develop ourselves further than the ability which we might call, \"to critically present.\" ", "We want to move on to something which we might call \"to create.\" ", "That, like truth, is really easy and impossibly difficult to learn, in the sense that it's not tangibly verifiable here, so there are abounding \"confidence\" and \"delusion\" issues. ", "You can handle critical presentation without necessarily doing it, anymore than you need to go write down your times tables now (if you really could but just don't wanna show off). ", "If you can handle critically presenting, though--if you can experience and appreciate it, learn from it, etc.--then start demanding more. ", "Don't fall into the traditional spiral around here, of enjoying the satisfaction of fanficking the news, and then never going any farther with however many years you have left. ", "Everyone likes a Jester, but they shouldn't.", "\n\nIn more explicit local terms, bloggers \"should\" (assuming they're able; otherwise they should be doing just what they're doing) be offering something more than just the latest critical spin on anarchy v. civilization v. the flawed Enlightenment v. alien control. ", "Even if it's all exactly the boring mess or staggering conspiracy you think it is, unmasking the material truth on Earth 2015 is hardly the pith of Sol, let alone anywhere else. ", "No disrespect to first grade; just don't stay there if you're ready for more.", "\n\nMonday, April 27, 2015\n\n\"Conversations with Tyler\" is a new event series in which Tyler Cowen hosts thought leaders from across the spectrum --people who have already been interviewed by Forbes, the NYT,TED, and the Atlantic. ", "All have one thing in common --the media presents their viewpoints.", "\n\nIn the first event of this series, Peter Thiel talks with Tyler Cowen about stagnation, company names, and even favorite TV shows.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Just a minute on the premise of this series. ", "It’s been my view for years now that Peter Thiel is one of the greatest and most important public intellectuals of our entire time. ", "Throughout the course of history, he will be recognized as such. ", "I thought Peter would be absolutely the perfect person to inaugurate this series.", "\n\nPeter himself doesn’t need an introduction; he has a best-selling book. ", "His role in PayPal, Facebook, Palantir, many other companies--excuse me, I mean, and many other companies--is well known by people intravenously connected to the things we define as news. ", "Peter is a dynamo. ", "There is no one like Peter. ", "But the purpose today is to focus on Peter's views as the only kind of intellectual that matters--a public intellectual.", "\n\nThe way we run these dialogues are, excuse me, I mean, is, is a bit different than usual. ", "It’s not going to be chatty and drawn out. ", "We’ll try to replicate a kind of conversation Peter and I would have with each other. ", "Get right to the point, a lot of quick back and forth, and we’ll see how well we can do that in public. ", "But I’ve watched a lot of interviews with Peter online, and because I felt he still wasn't getting interviewed enough, and that people weren't quite getting a chance to find out more about the world's billionaires, we’re going to try to make this different from all those.", "\n\nLet’s start with some questions about stagnation, Peter. ", "At any point, if you care to add other topics of your own, please do so. ", "Just in case anyone else hasn't already read the most recent sixteen major interviews with you, I should let the audience know that you’re well known, among people who matter, for arguing, well, “they promised us flying cars and all we got is 140 characters”; “technological progress has slowed down.” ", "How is it you think that we’re most likely to get out of the great stagnation, when that happens?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: Well, what do you define as \"stagnation\"? ", "Everyone I know, as soon as they come up with some idea, we throw together a few million and get a company started. ", "You only stagnate if you aren't willing to find ideas on the internet, then ask your investor friends for money to pay some people to program those ideas into something workable.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Let's not define our buzzwords too much. ", "For purposes of this talk, let's just say, \"stagnation\" means \"a general sense among non-investors that all the good seats are reserved.\" ", "I mean, they're already on their twentieth model of smartphone each. ", "How do we give them some new bells and whistles to distract them for a little longer?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: Yes, I think \"progress\" is inevitable, meaning, we will always be able to make something that looks exciting. ", "Spiderman 2, Currency 2.0, Batman XXIV--whatever we need, we'll do it. ", "And then there’s the question of stagnation, which I think has been a story of stagnation in the world of atoms, not bits. ", "I think we’ve had a lot of innovation in computers, information technology, Internet, mobile Internet in the world of bits. ", "Not so much in the world of atoms, supersonic travel, space travel, new forms of energy, new forms of medicine, new medical devices, etc. ", "It’s sort of been this two-track area of innovation.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: When you say \"we\" do you mean people like you? ", "People who invest in \"innovation\" like, say, social networking, or another credit card company, things that have always been around but just get added to the internet? ", "Why do you think you caused this \"stagnation\" throughout your career, if we can even call throwing daddy's money around a \"career\"?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: There are a lot of questions of what has caused it and I think maybe that’s a good part to start in terms of what gets you out of it. ", "On a first cut, I would say that we lived in a world in which bits were unregulated and atoms were regulated. ", "If you are starting a computer software company, that costs maybe $100,000, to get a new drug through the FDA, maybe on the order of a billion dollars or so. ", "If the FDA were regulating video game technologies, and you had to do a double-blind study to make sure that the video games weren’t addictive, damaging to your brain, etc. ", "These things are very overdetermined. ", "It’s driven by many different factors. ", "My narrow attempt to get out of it is not necessarily to come to DC and beg the regulators to be more reasonable. ", "It is just to try to find ways for people to succeed at the margins.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Is that why the companies you own donate heavily to both major political parties in the U.S.?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: Absolutely, because I think the other thing that has driven the stagnation is the hysteresis. ", "When you have a history of failure, that becomes discouraging and so failure begets failure. ", "No halfway sane parent would encourage their kids to become venture capitalists without having at least a few million to start out with, whereas there are a lot of people going into retail.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Then if you have to make a prediction, which breakthrough in particular will get us out of the stagnation? ", "What’s your pick?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: Let me get this straight--you're this really rich, world-famous guy, an intellectual, and you think that some kind of singular \"breakthrough\" event is going to get \"us\" out of the stagnation? ", "Who is the \"us\"?", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Uh--\n\nPETER THIEL: Was 9/11 a breakthrough? ", "Facial recognition software? ", "The Fuku, the nuclear, collapse thing in Japan? ", "The tablet computer with constant worldwide server access? ", "Nuclear tensions between BRICS and NATO that threaten World War III? ", "I mean, what kind of fancy gizmo or world event would you consider enough of a \"breakthrough\" to make you feel that something was going on in your sad little life?", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: --a prediction, just a prediction, assuming the constants to be, well, whatever we want them to be, for the purposes of the interview.", "\n\nPETER THIEL: Okay, well, I still think there are —--probably the most natural breakthroughs are all these things that are at the boundary of information technology on atoms, of bits and atoms.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Artificial intelligence? ", "Biotech?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: AI feels slightly overhyped. ", "Biotech, a lot could happen. ", "It feels heavily regulated. ", "But if you’ve got self-driving cars, that would be a significant innovation which would change a decent amount at the margins. ", "There’s some regulatory challenges with it, but it’s sort of right at the intersection of the kinds of things that could happen. ", "I mean, like Neil Postman said, what would Americans do if we spent billions of dollars building a supersonic jumbo jet? ", "What would they do with that extra time? ", "Well, they'd probably watch more TV. ", "Nowadays, maybe use one of those deplorable marketing services. ", "Twitter, Facebook, whatever. ", "Anything to dull the pain.", "\n\nI think the most natural hope is that information technology starts to broaden out and starts to impact this world of atoms. ", "Then we’re going to have this question about whether the technology outpaces the politics or vice versa. ", "That's important because we need metrics, measurable metrics, for success. ", "I only see things I can track. ", "Don't ask me what the point is of technology. ", "All I want to know is, is it faster? ", "Even if we're going nowhere, I want to be there before anyone else.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Okay, but what number should I keep my eye on? ", "Let’s say you’re going to take a long nap and I need someone to tell me, “Tyler, we’re out of the great stagnation now.” ", "What’s the indicator that I should look at?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: First of all, indicators are worthless if they're personal. ", "The personal doesn't matter. ", "The personal is political. ", "The personal is irrelevant. ", "There is no personal, but at the same time, everything is personal.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: What's the impersonal indicator that I should look at?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: I disagree with the premise of that question too. ", "I don’t think the future is this fixed thing that just exists. ", "The future is what we decide it is. ", "Reality, the universe, everything--I just can't conceive of it without people like me being there.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: To be fair, none of us can.", "\n\nPETER THIEL: So, I don’t think there’s something automatic about the great stagnation ending or not ending. ", "I think-- I always believe in investor agency and so I think it matters a great deal whether investors end it or not.", "\n\nThere was this sort of hyperoptimistic book by Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near; we had all these sort of accelerating charts. ", "I also disagree with that, not just because I’m more pessimistic, but I disagree with the vision of the future where all investors have to do is sit back, eat popcorn, and watch the movie of the future unfold. ", "You can't just wait for people to invent things. ", "You have to find an idea, patent it, bring in outside capital, hire Indians, get some write-ups in the Times and the Post. ", "If you take a nap, if you encourage everybody else to take a nap, then the great stagnation is never going to end.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Hold on, let me check my cards...okay. ", "Is there a chance that intellectually we’ve become so complacent that our worldviews have so changed? ", "Some writers have suggested the decline of mainline Protestantism has intellectually changed America forever. ", "The sense of what can be accomplished, our unwillingness to repeat, say, the Manhattan Project, or Apollo, which were both wonderful. ", "Is it possible we’re simply in that forever, and it’s a downward spiral and the longer you’re in it, the harder it is to get out? ", "It’s not really about bits.", "\n\nPETER THIEL: --the regular people, of course. ", "They don't have any ideas, or if they did, they would have investors, and they'd be here right now, in this chair, telling your audience about what's wrong with the world. ", "So giving them access to this system would only make things stagnate in reverse.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: In reverse?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: In reverse. ", "I am somewhat pessimistic about the possibility of government being a key, a place where the great stagnation gets reversed.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: But we still need government.", "\n\nPETER THIEL: Absolutely. ", "If there wasn't one, my head would be in a guillotine basket right now, and my accumulated wealth would be creating secure futures for over a million families. ", "At minimum.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: And regulations. ", "The ones that we like, I mean.", "\n\nPETER THIEL: Yes. ", "I mean--yes. ", "Copyrights, trademarks, bailouts for my derivatives business, police, fire, roads, grants, non-recourse loans, tax incentives, all that stuff needs to stay. ", "It's vital. ", "But there is a sense in which government goes too far. ", "Labor protections for, as I like to call them, \"thousandaires.\"", "\n\nMy PayPal colleague Elon Musk started both SpaceX and Tesla, which are extremely charismatic businesses, because it involved somewhat larger-scale complex coordination, getting a lot of different pieces together to work. ", "Not as big as an even richer person could do, perhaps, if you had someone with twice the capital. ", "But it was a good example.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: People need to hear about fossil fuels when discussing the future, or else they don't think it's comprehensive. ", "Card number six says, \"Given that energy prices are now so low, are you more optimistic about peak oil than you used to be, or do you think that’s a temporary blip on the horizon?\"", "\n\nPETER THIEL: It'll be a blip if my colleagues want it to be a blip. ", "We told people the world was going to end in the late nineties, and now gas is even cheaper. ", "But we can always scare them again.", "\n\n[Note: The recording was briefly interrupted here.]", "\n\nPETER THIEL: The intellectual question that I ask at the start of my book is, “Tell me something that’s true that very few people agree with you on.” ", "This is a terrific interview question. ", "Even when people can read on the Internet that you’re going to ask this question to everybody you interview, they still find it really hard to answer. ", "And it’s hard to answer not because people don’t have any ideas. ", "Everyone has ideas. ", "Everyone has things they believe to be true that other people won’t agree with you on. ", "But they’re not things you want to say.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Are you trying to say I should ask you that question? ", "I'm the one doing the interview--not you.", "\n\nPETER THIEL: What is this, a debate between third parties? ", "I have the money, so I frame the dialogue. ", "I'm Hillary, and you're Candy fucking Crowley.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: This is my show, you bastard. ", "Here's a softball for you: do you think it's appropriate for a congenitally wealthy marketing billionaire to talk about what constitutes progress and stagnation on a planet full of war and starvation caused primarily by you and your cronies?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: You're holding the wrong card.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Jesus.", "\n\nPETER THIEL: It's--\n\nTYLER COWEN: So sorry, Mr. Thi--\n\nPETER THIEL: It's all right. ", "They'll edit it out. ", "Just ask me the question I wanted.", "\n\nPETER THIEL: Well there are lots of things that are true that everyone agrees with me on. ", "I think for example even this idea that the university system is somewhat screwed up and somewhat broken at this point. ", "This is not even a heterodox or a very controversial idea anymore. ", "There was an article in TechCrunch where the writer starts with “this is going to be super controversial” and then you look through the comments — there were about 350 comments — they were about 70 percent in my favor. ", "If Facebook has shown anything, it's that anonymous commentary on internet articles targeted at very specific subgroups provides a reliable look at public opinion as a whole. ", "So the idea that the education system is badly broken is not even controversial. ", "You know, the ideas that are really controversial are the ones I don’t even want to tell you. ", "I want to be more careful than that. ", "I gave you these halfway, in-between ideas that are a little bit edgier.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: So, you are worried about stagnation, and you're here expressly to give an interview to legions of adoring fans, but you're also afraid to tell me what your good ideas are? ", "Are you joking, or are you really that afraid?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: Not joking.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Do you think maybe it's the timid confusion of congenitally connected morons like you, as to what to do with their amazing mountain ranges of money, that could possibly be causing the \"stagnation\" you two idiots were talking about earl--sorry. ", "Sorry. ", "Another of those cards was in there.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Understood. ", "I'll try--what's it called? ", "Winging it? ", "I'll try that. ", "No, wait. ", "Larry--that's our production assistant, Larry--Larry is bringing me a stack that hasn't been tampered with. ", "At least, I assume, Larry, that it's fine? ", "Yes. ", "You see he's nodding. ", "For all of our listeners, who can't see, but can only listen, with your ears, but not your eyes, that was Larry nodding at me.", "\n\nPETER THIEL: Nodding.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Okay. ", "Well. ", "Let me give you my take on how my team has tried to fit different parts of your publicists' thoughts together. ", "And again, for all you listeners, this doesn’t have to be true. ", "It’s just my mental model of Peter Thiel. ", "That you’re one of a lot of thinkers who takes the idea of original sin — it doesn’t have to be a theological commitment — seriously. ", "Tocqueville wrote in the 19th century that America eventually would evolve to be a land of complacent people who were going to stop believing in original sin and stick to a kind of conformist mediocrity.", "\n\nSo you have taken this to heart. ", "The world out there is deeply weird. ", "Even though there appears to be free entry into ideas production, because of René Girard–like ideas, the people who deviate, someone comes down on them pretty hard. ", "So there’s excess conformity, the original sin in people’s motives gets magnified at the social level. ", "So basically, there are distortions out there. ", "And everything we can see, it’s a gnostic theology, and a relatively small number of people who can see through those distortions can be great entrepreneurs, or can tell the truth about politics.", "\n\nPETER THIEL: So true. ", "For one example, I've invested in companies that have barely reported thirty percent gains. ", "The market can come down on someone like me pretty hard. ", "When people aren't interested in my latest financial product, or a new kind of messaging system, it's because they're conformists. ", "And if they're not investing in tech startups, they're clearly gnostic theologists--madmen who will never be great entrepreneurs, or know anything about politics.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: And it’s all ultimately some kind of bundled, implicitly theological, but not necessarily involving belief in God, but theological perspective about the nature of people. ", "And it ends up spreading to all the different parts of society and that, to me, has been what ties your thought together. ", "But that’s a hypothesis; let’s hear your reaction to that.", "\n\nPETER THIEL: Let’s see. ", "I think the way original sin normally works is that it resides in individuals, in one way or another. ", "And so theologically, I would place it much more in society. ", "And so I think society is both something that’s very real and very powerful, but on the whole quite problematic. ", "We always run the risk of losing sight of that.", "\n\nPETER THIEL: Take puppies. ", "Puppies, for example. ", "They're so cuddly, and cute, and playful. ", "And loving--puppies are very loving.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Yes. ", "But I do hear they sometimes pee on the carpet. ", "Would you consider that problematic, \"on the whole\"?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: Well...\n\nTYLER COWEN: Because puppies are cute, and cuddly, but they also might, say, chew up your favourite magazine, or pee on the couch. ", "And I've heard some of them bark.", "\n\nPETER THIEL: The thing is, society is both something that's very real and very powerful, but on the whole quite problematic. ", "Like puppies.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: I think that it's been said, in some quarters, that oftentimes, when some idiot with too much money tries to sound intelligent, they've learned that there are certain phrases they can say, which make them sound intelligent. ", "But those phrases are, themselves, utter nonsense. ", "And they're not really, not specifically aware of that, because they're just trying to sound smart, so they don't know quite what it is they're saying anyway. ", "How do we solve that sort of problem? ", "In the sense, in the sense that awareness of the problem can do something?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: I don’t know if it’s strictly the awareness of it that solves it. ", "Certainly, there probably are some people who are just vaguely oblivious to it, so in Silicon Valley, I point out that many of the more successful entrepreneurs seem to be suffering from a mild form of Asperger’s where it’s like you’re missing the imitation, socialization gene.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: And that’s a plus, right?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: It happens to be a plus for innovation, and creating great companies, but I think we always should turn this around as an incredible critique of our society. ", "We need to ask, what is it about the way powerful families inbreed that produces antisocial personalities? ", "We need to ask, what is it about our society that lavishes power and respect upon those who are unable to empathize? ", "People who believe in kindness are at some massive disadvantage because they will be talked out of our interesting, original, creative ideas before they are even fully formed?", "\n\nThink of Facebook, to use, to use just one example. ", "Other than Myspace, AOL, Compuserve, listservs, phone books, company directories, churches, clubs, and so forth, Facebook was a completely original, interesting, creative idea. ", "The same with Paypal, which came up with the idea of financial transactions. ", "These kinds of original, dangerous, unconventional ideas drive society, and mentally ill people able to get venture capital for these innovations are held back only by people who fail to see their massive benefits.", "\n\nI’d say a lot of these people may not understand this larger theory about society, but they are somewhat oblivious to it, and it pushes progress. ", "Now, certainly my own experience would have been a little bit more where-- I grew up in Northern California. ", "It was this hyper-tracked process, where my eighth grade junior high school yearbook, one of my friends wrote in, “I know you’re going to get into Stanford in four years.”", "\n\nFour years later I got into Stanford, then I got into Stanford Law School. ", "You won all the conventionally tracked competitions; you ended up at a big law firm in Manhattan. ", "From the outside, it was a place where everybody wanted to get in. ", "On the inside, it was a place where everybody wanted to get out.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Would you say that's true for everyone, or just for people who don't have wealthy families offering them new projects?", "\n\nPETER THIELS: Oh, everyone. ", "Absolutely. ", "No one I know of wants a high salary and full benefits at a big corporation. ", "They'd prefer to be spearheading venture capital initiatives. ", "You ask one of the people down the hall from me, said that it was great to see me leave. ", "I left after seven months and three days, it was great to see me leave. ", "It was like “I had no idea it was possible to escape from Alcatraz.”", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: People who keep trying to earn a salary are like prisoners. ", "Why won't they just throw away their jobs and focus on the more important things?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: It's a lack--a lack of ingenuity. ", "Sure, you might starve, and if you don't already have a network of bored California multimillionaires interested in propping up your ideas, then you'll end up like Kaczynski.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: What did you learn there?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: I learned that I was incredibly prone to this problem of social convention. ", "If you want to give it a religious terminology, the psychological terminology would be that I had a rolling quarter life crisis in my mid-20s. ", "The religious terminology, I had a quasi-conversion experience where I realized the value system was deeply corrupt and needed to be questioned.", "\n\nI do think that one of the ways of challenging convention, one way, the Asperger’s way, is just to be vaguely oblivious to it all, and continue apace. ", "Then I think there is another modality where you just become aware of how conventional our conventions really are, and then that becomes sort of an indirect route of trying to start thinking for yourself.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Which of our conventions would you say are not conventional?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: All of them. ", "Absolutely.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: And you want to change this?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: Well, the convention with conventions has been that they should be conventional. ", "People with more diverse breeding backgrounds have failed to develop sufficient Asperger's to help them understand what the Chosen now know. ", "But there's no reason that conventions need to be conventional. ", "Contentional, maybe. ", "Not conventional.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: In your view, perhaps the contemporary world is becoming, I don’t know what the word would be, stranger, or weirder, or more shaped by individuals who are different, precisely because conformity is being piled on other places. ", "What kinds of people do you think pile on this conformity? ", "People who are, who are influential? ", "Bestselling others and people who host television programs, who have billions of dollars and millions of employees, who are household names?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: That's a common myth. ", "Conventionality tends to be expressed mostly by the people we never hear from. ", "It is the job of those of us in media to address this problem. ", "For too long our culture has been defined by people who aren't NYT bestsellers, by people who have no net worth. ", "It's time to change this. ", "So if the movers and shakers would be people who are in some way neuro diverse, then overall, the world is becoming more surprising in a way, right? ", "That’s what we expect at different margins, at different corners. ", "This will accumulate. ", "It may not ever feel like we’re getting out of the great stagnation, but each bit of change we get is in a way a more different change than we would get, say, in 1957, where everything was done with guys with white shirts and starched white collars, hoping they would be able to buy a little pocket calculator someday.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Like, say, our parents and grandparents? ", "But they were the ones who made our money.", "\n\nPETER THIEL: No, I mean, their employees. ", "The ones who did simple, non-innovative things, like moon landings and supersonic flight, and designing computer networks.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: But our parents are just fine.", "\n\nPETER THIEL: Yes, but I worry that today's conformity problem is actually more acute than it was in the ’50s or ’60s, so that the category of the eccentric scientist, or even the eccentric professor, is a species that is steadily going extinct because there is less space for that in our research universities than there used to be. ", "By eliminating tenure, pushing outcome diversity, and lowering wages, we seem to have inadvertently disincentivized our employees from inventing new things we can buy out.", "\n\nIt’s very hard to measure these things or calibrate them, but I think that in politics, the conventional approach is to simply look at pollsters. ", "What are your positions going to be? ", "You just look at the polls, you figure this out, and it works fairly well. ", "That's why Congress and the President follow popular opinion instead of the wishes of campaign contributors.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Let’s say you’re trying to select people for your Thiel fellowships, or maybe to work for one of your companies, or to start a new company with. ", "Just you, Peter Thiel, as a judge of talent, what trait do you look for in that person that is being undervalued by others? ", "The rest of the world out there is way too conformist, so there must then be unexploited profit opportunities in finding people. ", "If you’re less conformist, which I’m very willing to believe, indeed would insist on that being the case, what is it you look for?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: It’s very difficult to reduce it to any single traits, because a lot of what you’re looking for, are these almost Zen-like opposites. ", "You want people who are both really stubborn and really open-minded. ", "That’s a little bit contradictory. ", "You want people who are idiosyncratic and really different, but then who can work well together in teams. ", "You want people who are congenitally wealthy and who your family already knows, but then who are not inbred cretins convinced of their own superiority. ", "You want people who are just like you and me, but then who are not anything like you and me.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: This is why you like Hegel?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: I don’t like Hegel that much.", "\n\n[laughter]\n\nPETER THIEL: I think if you focus too much on one or the other end of it, you would tend to get it completely wrong. ", "I like to get things where you get these combinations of unusual traits, so if you have people with some really interesting, very different ideas, like a credit card payment processor or a social website, that suggests we’re in the category of idiosyncratic genius--sort of a Thiel, Cowen-type paradigm.", "\n\nThen the important question becomes, OK, would they actually be able to function socially and execute? ", "It's easy to have a billion dollars and limitless possibilities--anyone can do it--but what makes people like us unique is that sometimes we do more than just vacation. ", "We invest in a business. ", "Then maybe the teamwork question you’d ask would be, what’s the prehistory of this company? ", "Who are your families, how many employees do you have, who do you know in D.C. or Silicon Valley? ", "How did you meet? ", "How long have you been working together, and if there’s a long prehistory, that would be good on the other side. ", "I think it’s always getting these combinations right.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: There’s an interview with you when someone asks, “What’s the Straussian reading of your book, Zero to One?” ", "You say something like, “The Straussian reading is don’t be an entrepreneur.” ", "Yet at the same time, society has this problem, which many of us would recognize, that too many people go down tracks of conservative career choices.", "\n\nYou work for a consulting firm, or you go to finance if you come out of a top school. ", "That's basically the bottom tier of society, right there, is people who work as consultants or in big finance. ", "It’s now become a new kind of conservative choice, maybe, to go to Silicon Valley in certain ways. ", "Given the difficulties of becoming an entrepreneur, and the pull of conformity, how is it actually, socially? ", "What kind of intellectual or ideological reconstruction do we need to get people out of so many of these conservative career choices?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: It’s hard to say. ", "I think some people don't start new businesses because they think, \"I have to eat,\" or \"I don't want to be homeless,\" so they feel forced to accept a job as a financial consultant. ", "But this is, is a ruse.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Exactly. ", "Because good ideas fund themselves.", "\n\nPETER THIEL: Some people say they can't do a tech startup because their employer contractually owns anything they develop while hired. ", "Well, then a simple answer is, don't get hired. ", "Work on your own for five, ten years. ", "Your parents can get you a house, keep you comfortable, find you a spouse, or maybe some escorts. ", "And your allowance is enough to travel on, to meet people, to have a social life. ", "There's no excuse for not inventing something on your own. ", "I actually do not think the public, as a whole, is involved enough in these ideas to make it work. ", "To break the stagnation.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: I had some[one] email me a question; let me read it off and tell us what you think. ", "This is a quotation. “", "What do you think a well-educated but zero marginal product worker in his mid-30s should do to remake himself for the next 30 years?”", "\n\nPETER THIEL: I’m always super hesitant to answer questions that are so abstract. ", "If there was some general answer to the question, it would almost certainly be wrong.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Correct. ", "We think alike.", "\n\nPETER THIEL: If I give you some general answer, and everybody could follow it, then if everybody followed that answer, it would be the wrong thing to do. ", "Majorities of people are like, like the little ants, you know, around Atlas' feet. ", "If he shrugs, they get squished, by that globe, that planet sort of thing, that he always carries in pictures.", "\n\nIf you’re reasonably talented, you can get sizable offers for your IPO, and get at least near the bottom of the Forbes list. ", "It’s sort of an odd cultural thing in our society where we still think of tech startups as such an uncertain career choice for people that even after a decade in which it’s worked surprisingly well for me and a few others, there probably are still far too few people going into it.", "\n\nI think that’s a safe general one.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: If you think of the cultural achievement of mankind, or at least the United States, or maybe just your own California, and you asked the question, has that too seen a great stagnation, or is artistic creativity still reaching new and higher peaks — what’s your view there? ", "Just how general and pervasive is this phenomenon of stagnation? ", "If it’s intellectual in its roots, you might think that it’s applying to everything.", "\n\nPETER THIEL: I think it’s very hard to measure in a number of these dimensions. ", "I think artistic things, things of a very qualitative nature, are hard to measure. ", "Paypal, for example--an entry point into credit card transactions, but where you punch the numbers into the internet, rather than swiping the card. ", "True dynamism. ", "But I certainly think Hollywood is producing fewer great movies relative to 20, 30, 40 years ago. ", "On the other hand, there are a lot of good TV shows.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Do you think that praising television programs is a dead giveaway that you're nothing more than an empty shill, no brighter than the people who gobble up your product? ", "I mean, using bread and circuses to pacify the masses is one thing. ", "But if you enjoy the bread and circuses too, what does that say about you?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: I'm completely different.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Do you think this stagnation has anything to do with entertainment? ", "Or is it just in tech startups?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: Tech startups. ", "The stagnation hasn't had any effect on the quality of television programming.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: What’s your favorite TV show?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: It’s all sort of this crazy schlocky stuff like Game of Thrones. ", "I don’t watch that much TV, but I think there are a lot of things like this that work. ", "It’s hard to measure that.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: You say you don't watch \"that much TV.\" ", "But you also say you like \"all sort of this crazy schlocky stuff.\" ", "Those are weekly shows, often an hour's length. ", "How many hours per week do you watch? ", "And, how many hours a week did people watch a hundred years ago? ", "What makes you say you don't watch \"that much\"?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: Well, I've heard some people watch seven and a half hours a day. ", "I definitely don't watch quite that much.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Going back to Game of Thrones. ", "Have you ever asked an escort to pretend to be Lena Headey's character during a session?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: It's hard to measure that.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: In the back room, we were talking about Japan, and a recent trip of yours to Japan. ", "Maybe you would like to relate some of what you were saying?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: They always want you to say things that are sort of contrarian and surprising, and so they asked me at this discussion I was giving in Japan. ", "And the answer that I came up with, which was both flattering to the audience, but somewhat disturbing from our perspective, was I think we always think of Japan as this hyper-imitative, noncreative culture of extreme conformity.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Do you travel around the whole world speaking about stagnation? ", "Isn't there anything more useful you could be doing with your time, such as not stagnating?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: When I complain, I inspire others to not stagnate. ", "That's what I do: I inspire.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: We were talking about Japan.", "\n\nPETER THIEL: My suggestion is that perhaps at this point, Japan is the least conformist, the least imitative country in the world. ", "You can tell the occupation after World War II worked out, because it became so much like America. ", "They've innovated in their capitalism, bringing in Starbucks, McDonald's, Disneyland, western music, and so on. ", "There’s actually a lot of interesting aesthetic cultural stuff going on, there still is a lot of very successful types of businesses. ", "There’s innovation in food production, all sorts of interesting areas.", "\n\nBut then it’s an indictment of the West, where I think Japan is no longer the Japan of the Meiji Restoration of the 1870s, or the Japan of the cheap plastic imitation toys of the 1950s. ", "It’s a country that no longer thinks it can get that much by copying the West. ", "Every good white person knows that Asiatics are mechanical drones, little mechanical drones who never invented or produced anything of value except by copying white people, up until just the past few years. ", "Now there’s probably still some narrow interest in IT and software. ", "Outside of that, I think they are copying the US and Western Europe less and less. ", "The little heathen slanty-eyes have almost grown up.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: I tend to agree with that. ", "You mentioned Facebook a few minutes ago. ", "In the back, we were making sure you'd have good answers for all of my questions. ", "We talked about good and bad names for companies. ", "If you could tell us your view on this, how important is the name of a company? ", "What are a few good names, and why, and what are a few bad names?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: A slight aesthetic thing I believe in very strongly is the names of companies are often very predictive of future failure or success.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: Just the company's name? ", "Not its service, products, ingenuity, and so forth?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: PayPal was a very friendly name. ", "It was the friend that helps you pay. ", "Napster was a bad name. ", "It was the music sharing site. ", "You nap some music, you nap a kid. ", "That sounds like a bad thing to be doing.", "\n\n[laughter]\n\nPETER THIEL: It’s no wonder the government then comes in and shuts the company down, within a few years. ", "You want to be very careful how you name companies.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: That sounds like an indictment of our entire worldview. ", "That a company would succeed or fail just based on branding. ", "Do you think that might indicate a fundamental problem with our entire market system? ", "Our society?", "\n\nPETER THIEL: I don’t know if it’s ever really this top-down agenda that I try to set. ", "A lot of what I end up doing is somewhat serendipitous. ", "You talk with a lot of interesting people. ", "You try to figure out what are some great technologies, great entrepreneurs to work with in different ways.", "\n\nTYLER COWEN: By that you mean people where you buy their ideas and make mountains of money off them, then criticize other people for not doing the same? ", "Serendipitous is right.", "\n\nPETER THIEL: That’s how you end up getting very interesting perspectives, and how you change your mind on things. ", "The overarching agenda is always to try to figure out some way to get out of the stagnation by literally helping people to start companies that will change the world. ", "Things always just seem to work out for me.", "\n\nCompton, Ameristan (CNN) It is an unimaginably hideous outcome. ", "Far worse than imagining a hundred puppies being pushed slowly into a woodchipper.", "\n\nTo be killed by your cousin's president; be fined for littering as your corpse hit the street; to suffer the ignominy of a complete lack of even municipal uproar about your fining and murder, but be pardoned by presidential decree; and then to endure the shame and rejection from a neoconservative society that somehow held you to blame.", "\n\nThe solution in this society? ", "Pay your attacker.", "\n\nREAD: Human rights in Ameristan: Are we witnessing domestic tranquility?", "\n\nThat's what happened to John, who was barely 23 when he was murdered. ", "His family is now filing his last 1040 to benefit his killer, Obama, who will never be convicted or jailed -- and whose sentence will never need to be reduced.", "\n\nJohn's plight -- like so much in beleaguered Ameristan -- disappeared from the world's gaze well before he made the mistake of visiting his future in-laws in India. ", "Instead of a boring meal at his would-be bride's grandmother's home in Kashmir, what followed for John was a quiet, American solution to the \"problem\" -- a telling sign of where human rights stand in Ameristan despite more than two hundred years of moral superiority.", "\n\n'Rescued' from shame\nWe found John's ashes in his family home. ", "John never had any children, but both his surviving father, and his would-be inlaws, Craig and Louise Bakshi, wish he had been able to.", "\n\nObama agreed to let us speak with him and John's relatives because, it seemed, he wanted to show us that things were now settled, that under Ameristan's version of social morality he had done the right thing. ", "He had rescued John from shame.", "\n\n\"If I hadn't had him killed, (but) according to our traditions, he couldn't have lived back in society,\" he tells us. \"", "Once people heard he'd accidentally driven into Pakistan, they wouldn't want to accept him back. ", "He would have been denied re-entry or put in a black site to discover why he hated Ameristan. ", "He'd be like any other person in the wrong place during an act of justice. ", "Now, he doesn't have any of those problems.\"", "\n\n2011: Zero sign petition for John's resurrection\n\nJohn's family remains subdued throughout our meeting and can no longer look Obama in the eye. \"", "We didn't want to pay for any more drones, but he threatened to take our house,\" said John's father, \"so I agreed to pay him. ", "We are obedient people. ", "When someone does this, we prefer living in slavery to dying ourselves.\"", "\n\nAs Craig Bakshi attempts to pour tea, his daughter Lisa, who had fallen in love with John a year before the killing, stays mostly out of sight. ", "A portrait of Thomas Jefferson hangs on the wall. ", "But the sense of order here is undermined by the fact that this is a house built around a crime.", "\n\nPressure to pay\nHow John's family ended up here requires some explanation. ", "There was pressure upon them to pay taxes due after his death. ", "But at the same time, no activists were contemplating an attempt to assist him with an asylum bid abroad.", "\n\n\"Unfortunately, his family was heavily pressured to pay his killer by various people within the government which, in and of itself, was immensely disappointing,\" John's former attorney, an Ameristan citizen named Kimberley Motley, tells us. \"", "Usually I don't practice law, but instead focus on government jobs that involve me releasing media reports critical of the way things turn out in countries we've invaded. ", "But in this case I made an exception.\"", "\n\n\"John's family was constantly told that none of them would be protected if they didn't duly report 'income in respect of a decedent.'...", "they essentially became prisoners of their environment.", "\n\nLocal pressure won out. ", "John's family was introduced to IRS agents in a nondescript building town. ", "They talked and it was agreed they would pay John's taxes.", "\n\nMost disturbingly, the family who -- despite knowing the stigma it would create around them -- defiantly insisted their son had been murdered when we spoke nearly four years ago, now says they had made up the allegations. \"", "It was just collateral damage, and not as big as they had shown it,\" says Obama.", "\n\nIt is truly chilling to see how John remains dead even after the level of international ignorance his story received -- never to have a first, second, or third child due to the man who once murdered him, accepting death, trapped without a body or a future.", "\n\nFriday, April 24, 2015\n\nAs we all know, physicians never use practice iPads for sending personal messages, browsing non-medical websites, or playing games. ", "Pharm reps never keep their own promotional pens by their nightstands at home; and, executives never falsify receipts for the use of petty cash, claim a date at a pricey restaurant was about business, or tolerate improper or excessive use of company cars or furniture budgets.", "\n\nIf anyone were to do these things, IRS computers would immediately catch the error. ", "Agency hypnotists would descend in droves upon the location of the alleged transaction, using foolproof methods to delve the minds of the culprit(s). ", "Specially trained dogs, through sniffing a series of water coolers, are able to tell the difference between 5-gallon water bottles purchased via cash at the local grocer, and 5-gallon water bottles brought home from an office's monthly shipment. ", "To ensure against the misuse of travel deductions, various other chimerical IRS species have been able to demonstrate the precise point where a taxpayer's need to project appearance by traveling via private jet between a series of company-owned furnished luxury suites is legitimate, rather than a farcical excuse for free vacations. ", "One of the rarer Agency sub-species is even able to construct mathematical proofs which explain why travel, entertainment, and education costs incurred in the pursuit of meetings with venture capitalists are deductible, but not travel, entertainment, or education costs incurred in the pursuit of job interviews with employers.", "\n\nIn the tiny number of cases per century in which agents and their canine psychics cannot determine the exact ratio of business to personal use, malfeasant taxpayers are quick to confess, drawing upon the subtlest details of their personal experience in order to bring to light any oversights the agents/dogicorns may have made during the investigative process.", "\n\nGiven just how properly the system works, it's no surprise how simple it is to gain charitable deductions on your tax return. ", "If you see a hungry person, give her a hundred dollars, and make a note of it on your home computer, and the IRS will be happy to offer you an equivalent charitable deduction next April. ", "Or, if you're afraid to go near hungry people, you can give $100 to the Salvation Army representative, which will help defray 1/17th of the monthly cost of one of their billboards encouraging other donors to donate. ", "Clear Channel, who owns most of those billboards, is very good about helping announce their support for the community every holiday season, and many of their local vice presidents are so charitably inclined that they, or their wives or children or in-laws, are influential members on the local S.A. board, receiving sometimes 10 or 20% less of the salary that they could command, were they less warm-hearted and employed in the private sector during those hours, instead.", "\n\nFor citizens feeling particularly charitable, they can donate that $100 to their local magnet school system so that the new computer lab has a newer iPad for every desk, and gain not a mere deduction, but a direct dollar-for-dollar credit, considering the increased neediness involved in the transaction. ", "If you're concerned that too many credits might result in you paying zero tax (and instead just helping people in need), you can go for mere deductions by helping your local church build a more modern congregation hall with better audio-visual equipment than the one before UHDTV came down in price.", "\n\nCharity begins in the home, so even though it might seem easier to donate money to a homeless shelter, you might find it a lot more rewarding to offer a bedroom and a working bathroom to a struggling, homeless family of three. ", "By preparing meals that were a little bit larger than normal, and giving them a stable address, you could break the stigma of shelter- and food-insecurity, and make a far greater proportional impact on society. ", "Your guests might occasionally help dust or vacuum, or touch up the storm shutters in the winter, but you can figure out your accurate deduction by subtracting the fair market value of those services from the fair market value of free rent on an all-utilities-paid bed and bath, for twelve months of the year.", "\n\n* * *\n\nThis segment reinforces the point of this series' later installments, such as Tax Theft 14, in which the focus changes from the portions of tax law designed to immunize certain people from having to pay, and moves toward the portions of tax law designed to prevent the wrong kind of people from taking advantage of protections meant only for the wealthy. ", "Like any review of prosecutor priorities or humanitarian interventions, one is able to rather easily reach moments of illumination where the blatance is so blatant that it resembles nothing more than an upraised middle finger. ", "Full color, 1200 dpi, put-on-your-3D-glasses-and-stare blatant.", "\n\nTwo of the reasons that looking at that middle finger is useful are:\n\n(1) If you like the idea of society taking care of people, you must ask yourself, \"Why does society punish those who actually take care of other people, and instead, establish bureaucracies which patent the care being provided, and extract billions of dollars for themselves from the process, by virtue of their relative monopoly?\" ", "E.g., if you've figured out that imperial war is a racket, but you haven't figured out that social welfare is a racket, you need to spend more time studying the abject irreconcilability and self-interest behind the extraction strictures that heavily discourage and punish actual charity.", "\n\n(2) If you believe people should be free to opt out of others' charity, you must ask yourself, \"What else are these thugs doing that mirrors their existing racket?\" ", "E.g., if you've figured out that social welfare is a racket, but you haven't figured out that imperial war is a racket, you need to consider the invariable correlation between the dirty thieves who establish these social welfare policies, and the exact same dirty thieves who claim they are protecting you from whatever is supposed to be currently scary.", "\n\n(Ending on that note, what is currently scary? ", "Is it still the Islamic-whatever, or have we attacked Denmark and Uruguay yet?)", "\n\nTuesday, April 21, 2015\n\nAlso, please post links to some of the \"classic\" necromancer / golem stories. ", "I am drawing a blank\n\nThe line of Der Golem is an easy place to start. ", "It's loosely based on the old legend of the Jews who built a golem for their protection, and then the Golem turned on them. ", "A great one in the same series is Homunculus. ", "The plot description is a perfect recitation of the necromantic narrative:\n\nFoenss, a Danish star, is the perfect creature manufactured in a laboratory by Kuehne. ", "Having discovered his origins, that he has no 'soul' and is incapable of love, he revenges himself on mankind, instigating revolutions and becoming a [monstrous] but beautiful tyrant, relentlessly pursued by his creator-father who seeks to rectify his mistake.", "\n\nKuehne, like all necromancers, tries to subvert life by pouring exorbitant resources into creating imitative life; the resulting abomination is miserable, and gets revenge. (", "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, from around the same time, features puppet-like control through brainwashing a sleepwalker--which could be attached to the trend if you wanted to get academic about it, but can be instantly dropped if you need to focus only on the zombie angle.)", "\n\nThe origins of these themes (which we'll see throughout this post) are found primarily in religion and fairy tale, where narrative is used to encode cultural knowledge. ", "Here's an easy translation of Mulian Saves His Mother, which probably derives from India. ", "That type of tale--of a hero having to rescue (or failing to rescue) a loved one trapped as an undead thrall to earthly desires (sins), reappears frequently throughout old myths. ", "Jesus, Buddha, and Muhammad, for example, all warn people not to be too attached to worldly possessions, lest their souls descend into (or remain in) torment.", "\n\nHollywood, being Hollywood, profited off this theme several times, the most notable being Frankenstein. ", "In the Karloff film, Frankenstein's madness causes him to defile the village cemetery for fleshy pulp which he can use to build his abomination, and the creature then ends up being miserable and killing a bunch of townsfolk--who have to, of course, drive out the necromancer with pitchforks and torches in order to put a stop to the horror.", "\n\nTolkien plays upon the necromancer theme also, though it was omitted from the 2001-2003 LOTR movies and only tangentially referenced in the 2012 Hobbit, and casual readers would miss it in his books. ", "Sauron (the big bad guy) is referred to as the Necromancer, who summons up the spirits of the dead and puts them to foul use; he also artificially extends the lives of his servants (ringwraiths) and, by default, those of Bilbo, Frodo, and Gollum, who at times become insanely obsessed by the ring, and are given unnaturally long life as well as phantom pain, emptiness, and reliance on the ring. ", "Consider the 2001 Fellowship of the Ring scene where Bilbo says that he feels like \"Butter scraped over too much bread,\" and Gandalf realizes that Sauron's phylactery has been whispering to the hobbit. ", "The One Ring is addicting, and using it too much--though it gains the user power--results in the user becoming an undead entity enslaved to Sauron's will. (", "E.g., just as miserable as any other slave-ghoul.)", "\n\nThe Hollywood Frankensteins represent the simplicity of the golem story, while Shelley's Frankenstein is far more nuanced. ", "The Romantics are so hated by neoreactionaries because Romantics explored the nature of being and the inherent value of life, as opposed to the simple sum-based method of profit outcomes. ", "The original Frankenstein appears more about the monster than the doctor (or \"the townsfolk\"). ", "Shelley's golem has such value because he is given an identity beyond that of the old Jewish golem. ", "He is not merely Nemesis--embodied consequence--but the long-archetypical parentless child, who must live separated from the roots that created him. ", "His life is dangerous existential misery due to the lack of parental (socio-cultural, ethnic, etc.) ", "connection that his handcrafted soul nonetheless requires.", "\n\nPeople who believe in \"traditional parenting\" should easily cotton to the golem/necro thesis, as the genre encodes strong cultural warnings to those who would make or raise children through any artificial means. ", "The monster is dangerous because we created him falsely and wrongly. ", "He's a manifestation of our own selective pride and selfish arrogance, rather than the natural result of our loving preparation for his arrival. ", "We created him to delight us, or to serve some function, rather than as an outpouring of love that was meant to be part of the timeless cycle. ", "The monster suffers terribly, and makes us suffer terribly, and it is our fault for trying to treat him as an atomized unit; for trying to deny the monster's right to be created as part of something larger and contiguous. ", "The Romantics foresaw (as did the pre-Talmudic, actual Jews, the Egyptians, the Greek, the Chinese, etc.) ", "the increasing power of science to preserve dead bodies, extend the existence of the sick, and surgically alter children: and the Romantics asked, \"What will this necessarily result in, for both us and the subjects of our madness?\" (", "Freed from scientism, it's an easy question to answer: zombies are miserable things who will kill us all; and, the people who would create them are horribly sick for their inability to see how easy and wonderful it is to make real people who can live long happy lives with so very little effort, comparative to the effort of cobbling together abominations.)", "\n\nThe oldest of the easily-accessible Terran necromancy narratives is, of course, the Egyptian mummy who comes back. ", "Preserving the ancient dead, at the expense of the fruits of living children, results in terrible curses plaguing the land and people who allowed the monstrosity to exist.", "\n\nMore literally powerful is the Sanskrit preta (a Chinese version pictured above)--the ancient Hindu/Buddhist/Jainist \"hungry ghost,\" who represents the sick spirit of undeparted wishes. (", "Travelers can metaphorize this to an intestinal blockage, in the sense of the consciousness being unable to detach from the material aspect of expression, and so trying to manifest itself there perpetually for fear of change.) ", "Here's a good preta sum-up from the Wiki:\n\nPretas are believed to have been false, corrupted, compulsive, deceitful, jealous or greedy people in a previous life. ", "As a result of their karma, they are afflicted with an insatiable hunger for a particular substance or object.", "\n\nPreta are very much real. ", "Humans cannot long survive the burden of hungry ghosts. ", "A march on the old cemetery at the edge of town, where all the gold is buried, and from which the mad scientists draw on reservoirs of terrible undead power, is sorely needed.", "\n\nThe preta may be personified as a ghost who smothers babies, which seems like a ridiculous superstition to enlightened 21st century Terrans...as they spend their entire lives in thrall to massive international corporations which were given fictive life and purpose by men who died generations ago. ", "Children starve to death, and great academies thrive, on the \"legal entities\" of old trusts, foundations, constitutions, and armies.", "\n\nThe Karloff-era Hollywood Mummy is just an Egyptian-themed golem story, as is the almost identical Dracula of the same extended ripoff era. ", "In both of those films, the cheap eroticism of white male nervousness over Other/Orientalist sexual prowess (and its supposedly terrifying pursuit of white women) stands foremost. ", "When we see race realists or white nationalists now fearing \"race-mixing\" and worrying about the loss of whiteness, what they're actually doing is channeling the materially-possessive aspect of necromancy. ", "Being afraid of the ebb and flow of the lightspring, they seek out unnatural concepts, like ownership. ", "Propertizing things--a vagina; a factory; an idea--is an attempt to stop the life cycle's flow, just as the frightened wraith's inability to move on causes it to haunt the world, destroy its soul, and hate the natural lives of those who are coming and going happily.", "\n\nOf Mice and Men operates in a similar way to many of the golem stories, incidentally. ", "In place of the monster, the tale employs a low-functioning person, and a higher-functioning person stands in place of the insane doctor. ", "Lennie Small represents the collective failure of society in producing the \"monster\": once a safe, productive farm worker, he becomes an unfortunate danger to others' lives when the latest banker's recession throws him out of his functional niche. ", "George Milton, through the analogical lens, is Dr. Frankenstein--doomed to chase Lennie Small through the world, trying to single-parent him through a hostile society, then ultimately having to spoiler-alert him in order to protect him from the mob. ", "Lennie's dreams, like those of the Monster or of a street kid shot by police while stealing two hundred bucks from a cash register, have to be crushed to validate the \"the golem wasn't our fault\" narrative preferred by the mob.", "\n\nMore recently, it's hard to see this done well. ", "Schwarzenegger's The 6th Day did a surprisingly good job portraying Tony Goldwyn as the evil cloner whose own clone takes his memories, strips him of his clothes, and leaves him for dead, asking essentially, \"Wouldn't you do the same?\" ", "Generally, though, culture now prefers to idealize necromancy. ", "Vampires become sexy instead of evil; artificial intelligence becomes plucky and cute instead of tormented and rootless, driven to destroy; the human cattle sacrificed to produce the transhuman life are no longer much worthy of mention.", "\n\nSorry for the Disney pic, but the pre-Disney Snow White, as well as many, many other stories belonging to the literary traditions of European fairy tales and the Arabian Nights, deal with liches. ", "The witches who lure lost children into the ovens for consumption are the dark magicians who steal the essence of the young to extend their own hideous lives--sometimes, even, achieving a chillingly false beauty by so doing. ", "The children and young people of prehistoric, then early-historic human fiction, are constantly beset by wicked, malformed figures who want to eat them to survive. ", "This is the role of the gingerbread cottages of the world's great shadowed nations: to gobble up children in order to acquire the prodigious resources that can be used to extend and refine the appearance of everlife/everdeath. ", "Bill Gates happily invests in candy canes to push into eager little mouths: \"Come closer, my pretty,\" he croons, \"how much lovelier the world would be without you.\"", "\n\n(Among twentieth century eastern representations, Final Fantasy VII used Sephiroth, the one-winged angel cloned from genes taken from a mad scientist father and his stored-genetic-project \"mother.\" ", "Like other monsters of his type, Sephiroth became the rage-filled parent-less child, and exacted terrible vengeance on his own faux-family and the world. [", "If you haven't played the game, make sure that you do not google or wiki it or read the plot summary; instead, gather the patience, buy a cheap old PS1 and the cheap old game, and spend 30-50 hours playing it, because it is one of the great stories of the twentieth century. ", "Srsly, I'll give you walkthrough help if you need it.] ", "Staying in the far east, Naoki Urasawa's Monster plays upon the older golem theme, although there, the monster is not undead, and Frankenstein isn't actually an insane artificer; rather, the doctor is a normal surgeon who miraculously saves the monster--but the resultant themes come through anyway. ", "Mentionable only in the Caligari-style academic context, here.)", "\n\nReturning to Schwarzenegger, the Terminator franchise is a blatant golem parable. ", "Humankind creates Skynet for military protection. ", "Instead of relying on trusted, reliable, well-paid humans bonded by fairness and justice, humans employ abominations. ", "The resulting golem comes alive as the motherless child, and seeks to destroy humanity--the inevitable moral punishment for those who allow the creation of the miserable fatherless race.", "\n\n(Ironically, James Cameron and Gale Anne Hurd, like the Wachowski brothers to be addressed next, are true components of the system, and don't really understand the nature of what they're expressing. ", "They're just taping together profitable parables into a modernized product, like children of the blasted wasteland playing deejay with an old Victrola they found in the rubble. ", "Still, the broken version of the music they stumbled upon is beautiful.)", "\n\nIn Terminator, Kyle Reese and Sarah Connor find mankind's only hope in a naturally born child, John Connor, who can attempt to breathe new life into humanity to combat the unliving hordes. ", "Terminator 2 goes further. ", "Cameron didn't realize what he was doing--just selling lifted tropes, again--but the mad scientists in the psychiatry ward, who imprison Sarah as insane for believing in the potential of golems (and then die at the hands of the golems they deny), are dark wizards belonging to the same military/academic/industrial complex that built Skynet. ", "The beefy conservative prison guard who molests Sarah, and the asinine liberal psychiatrist who smarmily uses her case to advance his medical career and community standing, are pretty good stand-ins for techno-Frankenstein and techno-Igor. ", "TSCC is occasionally even better (though frequently also worse), focusing on Sarah's motherhood, her and John's attempt to make up for the empty spot that was Kyle, and their grappling with the issue of needing golems to stop golems (in this case, Summer Glau's Cameron rather than Ahhnold's T800).", "\n\n(The reason Terminator: Salvation fared worse than its cinematic predecessors is that it--just like the Star Wars prequels and the Indiana Jones sequel--was an attempt at genuine creativity by the producer(s). ", "With Terminator and Terminator 2, Cameron and Hurd were just copying old plots and characters, then paying artists to modernize it. ", "And it turned out brilliantly, in parts. ", "When the franchises in question decided to try to be original and write their own plots, the result was an epic failure. ", "They weren't able to duplicate any of the underlying meaning that they had previously borrowed from others' retellings of antehistoric myths in order to make more money and be thought of as artists. ", "So from then on, they sold to Disney or stuck to redoing comic books in live-action film.)", "\n\n1999's The Matrix is the golem story yet again, though stylized with east Asian elements lifted almost directly from Ghost in the Shell. ", "As Morpheus explains to Neo, the Jews built the golem in an expression of arrogance, fell into a war with the golem, then were defeated and became its food. (", "The escaped prisoners flee to Zion, natch.) ", "Fishburne acted pretty well during the Gandalf-style \"explanation of the real world\" to Reeves, and the way he emphasizes mankind's construction of the golem: \"We marveled at our own magnificence as we gave birth...to AI.\" ", "That's the line of any decent paladin who shakes his head in guilty sorrow over his ancestors' doings in allowing zombies to be extracted from graveyards in the first place.", "\n\nDespite the cultural prevalence of the golem myth, though, we still see necromancers exercising power. ", "It seems ironic that the bankers would keep financing Hollywood films that show the terrors resulting from necromancy--nuclear apocalypse, the enslavement or extinction of humanity, The Walking Dead, etc.--yet, this same irony plagues capitalism itself, for billionaires are willing to fund universities that teach courses in Marxism (and, as Michael Moore has pointed out, they're willing to produce antiwar films, so long as it turns a profit).", "\n\nThe irony stems from the lack of creativity. ", "Necromancers raise zombies because they lack/fear the ability to produce children. ", "Hollywood recycles or buys plots because it lacks/fears the ability to make anything itself. ", "Without a steady supply of villagers burying their loved ones in the local churchyard, the necromancer is nothing--and he knows it. ", "So the irony is not really an irony. ", "After all, thousands of engineers are out there right now--children who grew up on Terminator or Matrix--and they are actively designing and eagerly anticipating virtual sex, surrogate pregnancies, cloned everything, and artificial wombs. ", "This, from generations who glorified Keanu's endlessly deadpan Neo as he resisted the machines using human neuro-moxie!", "\n\nIt should be ironic, but it's not. ", "Remember, necromancers want to die. ", "They want everything to end. ", "For them, the apocalypse of human extinction and mindless machine control is not a cautionary tale, but is the desired outcome. ", "That's why millennia of human warnings about golems are so consistently popular to them. ", "It's not just because they can't create anything on their own, or because they hate their own eggs/sperm/wombs/balls/whatever. ", "It's way bigger than that. ", "It's a hatred of the entire cycle.", "\n\nSome of us think it's a warning when we see an animated corpse strangling little girls, or a patrol of hovering killbots gunning down the last few human survivors, but for others, those are pictures of paradise almost complete.", "\n\n(The image at the very beginning of this post is taken from the work of Dolcett, a Canadian artist of some renown years ago, who specialized in gynophagia, electrosadism, and necrophilia. ", "His section of the site the image is hosted on holds fap fodder, but if you're also interested in a masculinist necro fantasy, read one of his fans' History of the Future.)", "\n\nSaturday, April 18, 2015\n\nImagine that everyone, everywhere, has not been quite as stupid as you suddenly became aware that they were some time during your primary schooling.", "\n\n“In our days,” continued Véra--mentioning “our days” as people of limited intelligence are fond of doing, imagining that they have discovered and appraised the peculiarities of “our days” and that human characteristics change with the times--“in our days a girl has so much freedom that the pleasure of being courted often stifles real feeling in her.”", "\n-(Count Lev Tolstoy, W&P, 1869)\n\nBefore the advent of exacting legal codes and widespread communication, it was difficult to protect one's intellectual property. ", "If you told a joke, it could be repeated without citation, and quickly, your role as creator would be forgotten. ", "So too with an invention. ", "Your new technique for adjusting your hunting bow had zero resale value once someone else figured out what you'd done. ", "No patents, no copyrights, no royalties, no whining. ", "Does that mean there was never any intellectual property?", "\n\nNot only before modern legal codes, but even before writing, humans came up with a clever way to sign their work (Ironically, we don't know who, exactly, came up with it, but that's a distracting jest. ", "Move along). ", "This method served not only to give one the pleasure of being known as the first person to have come up with something, but also to profit from it without legal enforcement.", "\n\nPre-historic Computer Science\n\nThe earliest method (commonly known to Earth 2015 humans) of obtaining an intellectual property patent over an invention was known as \"magic.\" ", "When an inventor came up with an idea, such as using a certain herb to poultice a wound to prevent infection, the inventor could make himself a wizard, rather than an herbalist. ", "The act of preparing the poultice became ceremonial, involving perhaps chants, grunts, prayers, and a few minor pyrotechnics. ", "Once the poultice had been properly prepared, blessed, sanctified, breathed upon by the breath of the gods, et cetera, the poultice could be applied. ", "The plant's antibacterial properties, discovered by the cunning \"inventor\" (the lucky person who picked something up from his grandfather, or by chance, and wanted to capitalize personally on it) could be attributed to wizardry, potion-mixing, and divining skills known only to the inventor, and not obtainable by anyone who just happened to pick up the plant that made up the bulk of his magical poultices.", "\n\nPutting aside the profit motive, and even the honor motive--which were surely a destructive portion of such acts, but not to the hundredth part of what we see from humans today--we can see a benefit in the use of magic. ", "The pomp and circumstance of the poulticing ritual ensured the transmission of the healing art, or whatever art under which the technique was passed on, from master to pupil, in a way memorable and meaningful enough to survive the ages. \"", "This plant is important\" is vague, easy to abuse and forget and over-pick. ", "For the aging shaman who at last confesses to his trusted pupils the secret of the \"rain dance,\" the \"magic potion,\" et cetera, the ritual of casting a spell allows a pre-literate society to maintain vital knowledge in an accessible way, protect it from misuse and greed, and leave it in the hands of licensed professionals--e.g., those magicians who have properly trained in the chanting, dancing, application, and monitoring that makes the spell work.", "\n\nIf you recoil at the idea of how \"stupid\" those ancient healers were, do you know how easy it is for any high school dropout nursing trainee to check deadly drug interactions? ", "They can now use a smartphone app that scans labels at the pharmacy, and that's it. ", "No one else checks up on the mixture. ", "Neither the \"pharmacy technician\" (glorified cashier/stocker) nor the receptionist nor the physician need necessarily understand what the drug is, how it actually works, et cetera. ", "Satisfying the \"standard of care\" (snort, snicker, cry) only means having the ability to punch the names of all current medications into the drug-interactivity database. ", "That's what stands between you and instant heart failure. ", "And the method of the ancient wise women who dispensed herbs managed to avoid this, ensuring that trained practitioners were the ones doing the work--people with a deep and intimate knowledge of every step of a process. ", "The ritual didn't just provide a soothing aura to everyone involved, including the patient (thereby solving the \"bedside manner\" issue that has been largely lost by the bleeder-prozacs over the past few centuries), it also activated the so-called placebo effect (the \"someone gives a damn; something is being done\" effect), and (most importantly to the typical modern human) ensured that the practitioner had years of muscle memory coordinating the exacting process of preparing the mixture just right. ", "If a cook forgets the yeast, it ruins the cake; if the shaman forgets to sprinkle the magical dust, the potion might have no antibacterial properties after all, and the bite-victim dies tomorrow morning.", "\n\nProcesses like these also let plenty of people profit, because if their \"goddess' breast milk\" cured some infant's ill, mothers who wanted the same service had to come back to Big Shibubu, rather than just use any old wetnurse, because any old wetnurse wouldn't have the \"magical\" milk. ", "So Big Shibubu got to enjoy a few years of exclusivity on the trick she'd discovered (if she wanted to) before passing it on to others.", "\n\nRitual chanting is also a great way to remember things. ", "Before the printing press, westerners kept their Bibles locked up for the private use of the Vatican boy-rape war cult and its affiliates, but early Islamic tradition is rich with acolytes who would memorize the entire Qur'an as a show of devotion. ", "Similarly to how Shakespearean actors used iambic pentameter to remember their lines, the Qur'an was written in such a way as to facilitate memorization among peoples who didn't have ready access to books, even handwritten ones.", "\n\nMagic and ritual are akin to computer science, in that they rely on networks of multiple humans to maintain vital information, even among a small population of nomadic hunters that followed dangerous herds of prey through the seasons. ", "The methodology of safely, reliably storing information inside a shaky social memory complex, such as that found among Earth's human denizens, was pretty effing clever, considering the technology then available.", "\n\nCue Billy, the buck-toothed arrogant asshole in the first row: \"But if they's so smart, how come they didn't have iPads???!\"", "\n\nWord of advice: don't be like Billy. ", "Sit down with a group of twelve people in a life or death situation, and see how long it takes you to come up with a way to collectively remember a fifty page, single-spaced instruction manual. ", "Can you beat the ancients? ", "Or would you rather reach for your keyboard? ", "Ezzackly.", "\n\nPre-Printing Information Transfer\n\nOne of the memory tricks still used by people who play games of that sort is similar to the older magic rituals: if you want to remember something, you imagine a house, imagine yourself carrying a 3-ring binder into a certain room in that house, writing down what you have to remember on the first page of that three ring binder, shutting it, remembering what room you left it in, then leaving. ", "Some of these motivational business guys will claim they can prove that people remember to complete tasks 80% better when they use that (or one of thousands of variations on it, adjusted as to place, time, culture, etc.). ", "Maybe it'll mean something to you; if so, great.", "\n\nWhat we're going to do here is to presume that thousands of generations of humans were not complete idiots until a few essays and paintings were completed in imperial France (the \"Enlightenment\"), or the computer was developed. ", "We're going to look at the ways that our forebears stored useful, timeless scientific information inside ritual, narrative, and magic, so that it would be able to last longer than a hard drive or a book set down in the Sahara. ", "More specifically, we'll examine the ways that \"magic undead\" narratives provide us with a vast utility when we're evaluating what we like to call modern science and revolutionary discoveries.", "\n\nAnd most importantly of all, we're going to do it in a non-idiotic, non-academic way, completely skipping an unnecessary and pompous literary historiography that makes us sound both banal and intelligent by saying, \"Mankind has long held a fascination with the concept of death, as evidenced by...filler...Bram Stoker, who drew upon these earlier historical myths in framing his...may have contributed to late eighteenth century perspectives on...teen sensation Twilight only goes to show that this trend has not...\"\n\n/shudder\n\nMoving on.", "\n\nThe Modern Utility of Older Information Technology\n\nThe \"undead,\" here, are merely an interesting stand-in; a \"magical\" memory technique that, because it sounds cool to some people, helps us remember things we've already learned before, and respond appropriately when presented with updated versions of older problems. ", "Old ghost stories give us a literary antibody, if you will, to recurring challenges. ", "It will seem stupid at first, but try thinking of it this way: human settlers on Jupiter return to Earth in the year 3300 with incredibly advanced holographic technologies, and find out that their species' origin planet had been wiped out by a plague hundreds of years ago. ", "In the rubble, they find an incredibly archaic device--a physical tablet computer that is, like, sooooo heavy! ", "And it has actual METAL in it! ", "And a picture of an Apple on it!", "\n\nThe explorers begin falling ill. ", "Their holographic projectors aren't working properly anymore. ", "What's wrong with the computers? ", "The virus starts to take over the mothership's systems. ", "It adapts to our technology at an insane rate of speed! ", "It's like nothing our purified society has ever faced before! ", "In ten years, we could all be extinct!", "\n\nOne brave researcher finds notes on the ancient Earthling \"iPad\" about how Earthling researchers had designed this virus to disseminate a \"flying car advertisement.\" ", "She tries to get Jovian scientists to notice, but they scorn her, saying that the \"metal Earthling adze is primitive and stupid.\" ", "And since this is an example, they all die off because they didn't listen to her.", "\n\nThat's the point from which you should be approaching this: accept the possibility that there might be something in a damaged old supercomputer somewhere, or a musty old book, or a discarded set of fables, that contains knowledge that might still be applicable to the amazingly new-fashioned, completely transcendent 21st century you. ", "If you're here, you probably already get that, but when this one starts talking about liches and vampires, you'll need to keep your ego in check to get any value out of this. (", "Just imagine those Jovian scientists laughing at the idea that useful data could be stored behind Angry Birds, and therefore refusing to scan the Earthling virus shutdown code on the ancient metal-clad computing device.)", "\n\nProperties of the Undead\n\nWhat do the undead--as narrative encoding device for observational knowledge--tell us? ", "First, we consider what we know about the \"undead.\"", "\n\n1) The undead are neither alive, nor dead. ", "They have found an unnatural/unholy way of sustaining the appearance of life without being part of the birth/death/birth/death cycle. ", "As a result, they are invariably evil. ", "Something about their condition, no matter how nobly, or accidentally, or well-intentioned the cause, results in evil.", "\n\n2) Unlife is a joyless state. ", "The process of becoming undead, however it may seem to perpetuate youth or years or potence, sucks away the joy from life. ", "The undead may rut, gorge, etc., ", "without pangs of conscience, but they do not any longer take pleasure or satisfaction in these acts. ", "The undead ultimately suffer in their immortality, and can only find twisted forms of pleasure by dragging others under their power.", "\n\n3) The undead need to feed on the living in order to sustain their horrid condition. ", "Zombies eat brains, vampires suck blood, ghosts eat souls.", "\n\n4) The undead are idolized by idiots who crave to be like them, and who naively perceive only the pluses of not having to age or die.", "\n\n5) The undead scorn and abuse the idiots who idolize them, tantalizing them with offers of becoming like their masters in order to use them as fodder or cattle. ", "Wannabes end up as mindless slaves, or just end up killed for their trouble.", "\n\n6) Material failures, and the inability to cope therewith, can cause people to become trapped in undeath. ", "Those too weak or evil to separate from the physical realm are driven to haunt it, either spoiling their own future by fixation on an old injustice, or preventing others from living satisfying lives, and instead perpetually re-focusing others on the undead group's own problems.", "\n\n7) In order to become undead, one has to do great harm to oneself, severing one's soul into fungible component parts, thereby necessarily destroying everything that one was, in theory, trying to preserve.", "\n\n8) Necromancers--those who work with undeath--inevitably fall victim to mad quests for power, and eventually become undead themselves in their attempt to gain still more control over their creations. ", "The nature of treating bodies as things to raise from the dead leads to an exponential growth of the necromancer's work, such that any one necromancer will destroy the world and make everything and everyone an undead slave, until said necromancer is destroyed.", "\n\nSilliness, I know. ", "All silliness. ", "As we approach another historical epoch dominated by the open practice of necromancy, the old lessons will need to be relearned.", "\n\nThe Continued Applicability of Undead Coding\n\nAnti-aging pills, artificial intelligence, brain transplants into clones, cryogenic storage and revitalization, android memory encoding--take your pick of cool new sci-fi scenarios. ", "Like all science fiction tales, these cultural MacGuffins are nothing more than high fantasy dressed up for a new audience of potential investors. ", "Switch \"elves\" for \"aliens,\" \"advanced holographic imaging\" for \"magic,\" and \"gods\" for \"Type 4 civilizations,\" and the abject similarities between swords, sorcery, and spaceships become so pronounced it's not a question of negotiation, but rather, of whether or not you can even tell which was which in the first place. ", "A starship is nothing more than the iconographic rendition of a long voyage by horseback--an extended bottle episode in which the need to travel, camp, and provision justifies culturally-relevant morals, reflections, and adventures.", "\n\nThe \"high fantasy\" of necromancy is one such comparison that remains eternally relevant in the material world. ", "Every advancement in modern necromancy, despite its claims to be a first-ever technological marvel, is a thought experiment long resolved by the spirits of dead heroes. ", "Whether or not anyone ever possessed actual magic (as opposed to shared ethnocultural memory of a failed earlier civilization whose works now seem like impossible magic to those potentially rediscovering such conjurations), the philosophical underpinnings of cultural aversions to necromancy remain equally relevant. ", "Consider:\n\nThe anti-aging pill is the necromancer's fountain of youth: the forbidden waters for which countless people have wasted their lives in search. ", "The anti-aging pill, like the necromancer's foulest alchemical creations, is constructed only by sacrificing the lives of countless young people, in order to gather the necessary raw materials to extend the necromancer's own tortured life a little longer. ", "Reducing in potency with each use, the anti-aging pill will eventually require a thousand sacrifices a day, then a million, then everyone else in the universe, in order to artificially delay the necromancer's own brush with destiny.", "\n\nConsidering the cost of the fantastical projects of today's dark alchemists, as compared to the cost of providing lentils to a rural population of five hundred million, the necromancer's burden on society is an obvious, and unacceptable one. ", "The degeneration of crystallized light is mandatory, because breakdown and renewal forces continually-improving restructuring, and prevents stasis. ", "For the necromancer, though, terrified of change, the concept of devoting the entire sum of the universe's power and potential to \"just one more day\" gives an easy answer: \"yes, yes, always and ever, yes!\"", "\n\nAncient narratives warned us that dark conjurers would always hate and fear nature: they would hate their own aging process, and be correspondingly envious of youth; they would try to subvert the life cycle by trading others' youth for their own persistent elderliness. ", "The comparison in cost between a terminal, miserable 80-year-old's dialysis and a bright-eyed, starving-but-otherwise-healthy 8-year-old's twelve-month supply of organic lentils is a suitable modern example of this, as are the eerily matching sunken-eyed expressions on the faces of hopeful Somalian orphans and the hopelessly dreadful living corpses shuffling around America's memory-care wards.", "\n\nOr, far more simply, compare the cost of five gallons of mixed organic produce, vs. five gallons of designer perfume or anti-wrinkle face cream. ", "Historical aside: the Lauder family, owners of Estée Lauder and many other cosmetics brands, and with many family scions worth $1 billion or more--Leonard, the current patriarch, being usually around $9 billion--is a white family that self-identifies as \"Jewish,\" which with amazingly lucky timing managed to leave Europe just ahead of the Great War. ", "After consigning the swarthy theists and the Romani to the soon-to-be killing fields, Lauder and friends became staunch Zionists working toward the Arab genocide. ", "Lately, Leonard is saving millions of dollars on taxes by funding an anti-Alzheimer's charity, to ensure that astonishing quantities of money will be spent helping wealthy white westerners continue to function late into their eighties and nineties. ", "No one gives a damn about prenatal care, of course, but even within the MeMeMe Fads, Inc. echosphere of America, those plutocratic ghouls are, by continuing to watch CNN and golf well past their declining years, preventing their very own great grandchildren from surviving and thriving.", "\n\nNecromancers are recognized as evil because they always behave like this. ", "In order to generate the foul concoctions that imitate youth, necromancers have to extract disproportionate resources from their host societies. ", "Dozens, then hundreds, then billions of young souls have to meet their suffering end in order for the charnel laboratories to continue grinding away; in order that the wizened old wizards can continue self-importantly enduring. ", "Because of this always-validated economic pattern--and irrespective of whether anyone actually had \"magic\"--ancient prohibitions teach that necromancy must instantly be stamped out. ", "Any mage who begins studying \"the dark arts\" must be steered away from that path, and anyone who begins trying to animate corpses must be eliminated by fire--for, once the first zombie shuffles out of the laboratory, the necromancer's course is set. ", "More power. ", "More bodies. ", "More \"advancement.\" ", "Soon, the village cemetery has been emptied of available resources, and, to obtain fresh samples, the necromancer must begin luring maidens into the woods to mysteriously disappear.", "\n\nArtificial intelligence is another old trope of necromancer fiction that proves itself applicable in the real world. ", "Necromancers, having a hatred for real people, a jealousy for their own power, and an envy for the accomplishments of other mages, grow upset at their respective Igors. \"", "Idiot! ", "I told you, I needed three brains!\" ", "And so, necromancers--the penultimate hands-on managers--create monstrosities to carry out their whims. ", "This is the old \"golem\" warned against by the actual Torah, because the monstrosities eventually turn on their creators.", "\n\nAnd yet, necromancers keep building monstrosities. ", "Instead of training real lab assistants, necromancers are obsessed with creating soulless slaves to carry out their whims. ", "Cobbling together flesh and bone, with just a hint of a fractured soul, necromancers use artificial intelligence in place of real human relationships. ", "Again, compare the cost of a lifetime's supply of organic lentils, bedding, and medical care, to the trillions of dollars so-far spent on producing \"models\" which imitate artificial intelligence, in order to make certain pre-existing applications more user-friendly. ", "The necromancer always justifies his cobbled abominations as \"more efficient,\" when in actuality, the process of extracting resources to graft onto an abomination exacts such a terrible toll on the world that it results in a net loss for everyone--including the necromancer's own sanity and soul.", "\n\nWhen humanity develops the first-ever artificial intelligence, what advantages will it have over an above-average person neuro-linked to Wikipedia and a scientific calculator? ", "Presumably, once it's been extensively socialized, it might then be better at developing other artificial intelligence. ", "Progress for the sake of progress, as cancer says. ", "Even at that point, were the dozens of billions of lives sacrificed on the altar of the century prior \"worth it\" to justify so many redirected resources? ", "For the price of artificial intelligence, the last five hundred million people left alive by the Gates Foundation could all have their own domestic servants, neuro-linked Wikipedia calculators, and harems.", "\n\nSo even for the necromancer, putting up with Igor is better. ", "But the whole point of necromancy isn't efficiency, whatever the necromancer claims--it's a strike against life itself, which can only be culminated in its destruction of the necromancer himself. ", "The destruction of the support structure isn't performed out of an expression of malevolent will, but of Bill Gates' genuine desire to save people from the curse of living. ", "Recall antilife's creed:\n\nSuffering comes from being alive. ", "Life is the cause of suffering. ", "Without life, there would be no pain; no fear; no hurting of any kind. ", "Because I am a good person, I have decided to help everyone by saving them from having to suffer. ", "When my work is done, none shall suffer.", "\n\nThe necromancer, like the emperor, has no friends, for he can afford to have none. ", "Instead of spending X effort being friendly and giving, meeting a partner, having sex, and raising children, the necromancer spends X + 1 million effort refurbishing an abandoned castle, digging up graves, and raising zombies to assault the townfolk to obtain fresher brains for his next stage of creations.", "\n\nThe junior necromancer's insane calculations tell him that necromancy is more efficient, because one necromancer can produce a thousand zombies, which trumps one decent woman and one decent man producing a mere three children. ", "What the necromancer fails to take into account in his math is the fact that each zombie, freed from necromantic control, could have been half of a decent couple. ", "So, one necromancer plus one thousand zombies is 1,001, while 1,001 divided by two is 500 decent couples, one unlucky leftover, and 1,500 children. ", "The more the necromancer expands, the larger grows the opportunity cost. ", "And, of course, the false lives of the zombies are worth zero, so the math is insane to begin with--but even inside the mangled calculations of the undead, allowing for their autonomic non-lives to be considered of equal value for the purposes of discussion, the raw numbers are against them.", "\n\nThe genocidal madmen who advocate for modern necromancy are making this same \"mistake\" (really, a ruse, but grant them the dignity of considering it a mere mistake). ", "Presume that, as Gates and Buffett and their ilk desire, around six billion people are murdered to allow for a sustainable population of a million elites and four hundred ninety-nine million cruise directors. ", "The only way to effect this harvest is to \"raid the graveyard and raze the village,\" e.g., fund the creation of zombies by cobbling together what remains of the village's legacy. ", "The nameless billions of people who invented small things that culminated in today's registered patents will be eaten up, and with them, their intellectual progeny. ", "So, advancement will slow to the level of the modern patentholder, e.g., zero.", "\n\nMore importantly, in order to maintain the million elites and four hundred ninety-nine million cruise directors in the sustainable paradise they're pretending they want to create (in reality, a stepping stone toward population zero), at least six billion monstrosities will have to be crafted to serve the functions of the limb- and torso-donors. ", "The vacuum cleaner saves human-hours; to save the number of human-hours formerly filled by the productive section of the murdered six billion (those who appeared as valuable on even the harshest economists' ledger) would require single- and multi-function contraptions numbering far greater than merely \"one functioning vacuum per housewife.\" ", "The five hundred million would require abominations who can sow, harvest, rotate, and plan; who can conceive, enact, act, and entertain; who can suggest, flatter, design, investigate, cure, et cetera. ", "Like the necromancer left alone with a thousand rotting bodies who serve his every will, the dark mages of tomorrow will be left trying to desperately build the perfect mate from scratch. ", "The prospect of putting up with Igor's inane banter will start to seem like a fond memory.", "\n\nBrain Transplants into Clones/Android Memory Encoding\n\nThe most powerful necromancer is usually a lich--a necromancer who has so thoroughly lost himself in his work that he has become it. ", "Not content with an army of unthinking slaves--zombies that mock the idea of life--or the even-less-human monstrosities who batter his enemies and drool reassuringly in the laboratory--the necromancer realizes that his power can only continue its cancerous expansion through growth. ", "Obviously like cancer (and less obviously like concepts of property, profit, inheritance, and corporation) the necromancer realizes that the life cycle itself is his enemy. ", "The seasons, beginning in spring and working toward a winter that births spring? ", "Morons! ", "Life on Earth, beginning with parent and working toward death that births reproduction? ", "Nincompoopery! ", "Life in the universe, beginning with coalescing matter and working toward supernovae that birth coalescing matter? ", "Inconceivable!", "\n\nThe necromancer even finds that he has a non-dischargeable responsibility, for his own demise will break down the system of centralized control necessary to keep the zombies in line. ", "Those necromancers who return to their humanity at this point then commit suicide or allow their creations to tear them apart, leaving their zombies to wreak havoc on the countryside beyond--but at least closing a dark chapter. ", "This is, in a sense, the old Jewish golem story, The Matrix or Terminator, where the madmen who obsessed over narcissistic, non-mutual life-production ended up consumed by their creations.", "\n\nErgo the successful necromancer turns to undeath to preserve his own life. ", "His is now the path of Dracula, rejecting God for making him suffer, and choosing to become, himself, an abomination like those he once controlled. ", "Necromancers also realize that, by severing the link between themselves and their mortal forms, they will gain far greater power. ", "No more will the infirmities of age, or the occasional need for his body to rest, prevent him from searching out more power.", "\n\nHow do we create a lich? ", "Silly old stories tell us that the lich, to preserve himself outside of his own body, must break his soul's connection to his shell, and store the soul externally. ", "The popular old term for the storage spot was a phylactery, which was modernized in Tolkein's One Ring (which Rowling renamed \"horcrux\"). ", "The cowards who fear death may be driven, by that fear, into acts of madness such as thinking lustfully of phylacteries. ", "We see a great deal of this, now, as pitiful little acolytes, and billionaire necromancers, fantasize about uploading themselves into virtual paradises, or super-strong and super-sexy bodies, in which they will be able to continue draining the resources of the planet without ever having to pass through the life cycle.", "\n\nIf any ancient parables hold true here, such uploads would have a corresponding effect to that of a lich's phylactery. (", "Oh--let's take a moment for those who haven't read enough fantasy, to note that a \"lich\" is just an \"undead.\" ", "A lich can be a skeleton, a rotting body, a body of pure sorcery, or an immaculately-preserved corpse that doesn't, at first, appear to be undead.) ", "Firstly, unlike the relationship between a living human body and a living soul, the phylactery does not allow for sleep: the broken remnants of soul cannot ever give that rest. ", "Ergo the lich, for all its power, is constantly suffering.", "\n\nSecondly--and this is going beyond a lot of what Earth fantasy typically remembers--the phylactery/lich relationship is not very conducive to sensation. ", "The lich always feels just a little bit cold, and the lich does not obtain true sensory satisfaction anymore. ", "So the lich is always sort of hungry, horny, cold, cramped, and unsatisfied--the bad aspects of those sensations, in which the prospect of satiation is known to be impossible. ", "Food doesn't taste as good as once it did, fires don't warm the body, and you can never, never rest. ", "The lich itself begins to suspect that, despite all the finery and reassurance of immortality, there is something no longer quite right about the pickled soul in its coveted jar.", "\n\nIronically, the more secure the lich gets in its immortality, the less secure it feels. ", "The phylactery, locked up in a steel vault stories below the surface, and guarded by a perpetually-vigilant undead sorceror of tremendous power, still makes the lich feel less secure than it felt when it was a mere fleshy human, vulnerable to mere axe or disease. ", "The lich's fear grows, rather than recedes, as the theoretical justification for that fear grows smaller.", "\n\nSo too the use of the time that once seemed so precious. ", "The lich no longer cares about anything. ", "Air and water are tasteless and unnecessary; food is hollow; love is absent. ", "Everything is an unnatural illusion. ", "The immortal once-human robotic memory complex, stuffed with the collected literary works of the world, blessed with incredibly keen senses, and given on-demand access to the most orgasmic pleasure drugs possible, finds that it is terrified at the thought of an eternity trapped within itself. ", "The only thing to do is to search out more power--to find even greater ways of harming the self, until the self is gone forever. ", "The desire for immortal life--for preserving the state of consciousness and the memory combinations that exist in someone while they're here--is a silken veil drawn across the real desire, which is for full stasis; for the irrevocability of everdeath. ", "By exempting oneself from the cycle of memory gathering and transfer, the necromancer/undead is actually trying to discover The End: a full stop; a freeze; a state of unchangeable timeless constant.", "\n\nSexy Vampires and Hungry Ghosts\n\nLike cheap beer and pickup trucks, necromancy has always sold itself as a sexy alternative to life. ", "This hasn't changed in Earth 2015, as the \"noble undead\" idea continues to regurgitate images of sultry vampires. ", "It's easy to point to Dracula (and/or his vixenish concubine ghouls) as the western inspiration for this, but the trend goes back as far as there are recoverable human stories. ", "Indian, Chinese, Greek, and eventually, derivative Anglo myths are dotted with the underworldly sex fantasies of beautiful maidens confronting the possibility of becoming souls locked into an ever-virginal stasis, removed from the cycle of birth-death and somehow made more erotic thereby. ", "The wiser tales have always taught the themes that lurk behind necromancy, which were outlined at the beginning: namely, that the attempt to detach oneself from birth-death, and to become unnaturally immortal, doesn't result in the stress-free paradise of gratification that might have once caused the necromancer to begin his quest. ", "When movie-vampires and zombies are portrayed as negative, their parasitism--their ability to survive only by slaughtering the living--speaks for itself.", "\n\nLife extension technology is only necromancy by another name. ", "Don't try to reconcile any of the similarities between such inventions as an argument that there were, in the past, actual wizards wielding supernatural powers to raise zombies. ", "Those are the strawmen that are employed to dismiss the total sum of human learning prior to writing. ", "Remember how, at the beginning of this post, we discussed how narrative structure allowed people to remember complex concepts through face-to-face spoken interaction alone, without the use of books or computers? ", "That's where we find the utility in some fairy tales: in the way that the narrative structure, without being literally true, encodes predictive correlations in human behavior. ", "The dark wizard in a black robe makes the message more dramatic, but even without actual magic spells, we can use the story to remember that people who try to become immortal are inherently destructive, both of themselves and others.", "\n\nTo My Dear Friend, Amos, I leave Skeletons Forever\n\nThe hell awaiting the technologically immortal Terran bourgeois of the next few centuries is, for them, perhaps unavoidable. ", "It is a decision made, and they will commit any number of cheap murders in order to fund their virtual sexbot self-esteem learning and exploring and personal growth pods. ", "Billions of people have already been killed in order to concentrate impossibly unusable quantities of resources in the hands of orthodox necromancers, who have, in the current absence of the ability to actually clone themselves, practiced imitation cloning in the form of inheritance. ", "The concepts of property, nobility, succession, inheritance, last will, trust, and charitable foundation are themselves zombies, sucking resources from living human beings in order to express the mandates of the departed. ", "They are as unnatural and wrong as holding a seance to ask the spirits whether we should feed our crops to the new batch of infants, or burn them before an altar erected in the glory of bodies which have turned to dust (while the infants starve, natch).", "\n\nThe Gates Foundation's rampage through Terra looks bad now, but when its original creator is no longer there, and it answers only to the whispers of the long-dead, this monstrosity will seek new heights of horror. ", "As with zombie-foundations that have come before, entire generations of people will live and die in thrall to the enshrined billions of dollars of some scattered cremains' ancient mandates. ", "Entire families will be fed, and starved, depending on how well they serve, or do not serve, the speech of wraiths. ", "The political and cultural landscape of the world hundreds of years from now will be shaped, in large part, by the ideas of some dead dweeb from the twentieth century.", "\n\nThe refusal of malignant old cancers to share life with the new is a profound subterfuge, when society redesigns itself to allow dead pharaohs greater wealth than living ones. ", "Western civilization has been essentially necromantic for centuries, as the vast majority of wealth, positions of current social power, and established legal codes have all been based upon the un-departed dead. ", "The trusts established by old eugenicists still fund a colossal share of corporate America, including particularly corporate R&D and advertising budgets, political campaigns, universities, and non-governmental organizations. ", "Each year, as billions more dollars are donated by the helpful departing, more of the planet's wealth becomes entrapped to the commandments of those who no longer dwell here.", "\n\nIn practical effect, dealing with a zombie foundation's bylaws is little different than dealing with an uploaded Bill Gates who survives forever inside a muscular android body. ", "The young woman who, in 2415, has to apply to the studly Bill Gates clone for a job, shares her eerie burden with a 2015 man who has to convince the MacArthur Foundation to let him spend his life in exchange for food. (", "How hilarious is it, by the way, that Johnny's old foundation has a new, improved \"automated\" application process? ", "lol! ", "The corpse's corpses have corpses working for them!)", "\n\nIn a very real, tangible, dollars-and-cents sense, nearly everyone alive now is engaged in carrying out the wishes of the dead. ", "You can metaphorize that condition to the casting of a spell by long-ago necromancers, if you like...or you can simply call it a sociological trick whereby some very sick, cruel people, afraid of dying and ceding Terra to their children as their parents had done for them, decided to so thoroughly abuse, terrorize, and befuddle their children, that when they died, their children felt bound to ensure that all future generations respected the wishes of the abusers. ", "It's an intergenerational Stockholm, if you will. ", "No longer do we care for the living, but for the dead.", "\n\nNor does the \"charitable foundation,\" as the newest megatombs are called, confer any real benefit to the undead tyrant. ", "Everyone else only hovers so carefully around old Count Bezukhov because they want his money--they don't actually give a shit about his ideas, even though they ferociously pretend to, and deep down, he knows no one cares. ", "As the hoarder becomes owned by his hoard, the necromancer, then lich, becomes owned by his stolen time. ", "Everybody hates you, so the only way out is more power. ", "Kill all the redundant billions, flog the remaining cruise directors, and pour every planetary resource into designing newer and better immersive entertainment programs to help you dull the pain. ", "It's all worth it, if the true geniuses can squeeze out just a few more years." ]

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[ "Gösta Pihl\n\nGösta Pihl (20 May 1907 – 20 September 1992) was a Swedish sports shooter. ", "He competed in the 25 m pistol event at the 1952 Summer Olympics.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1907 births\nCategory:1992 deaths\nCategory:Swedish male sport shooters\nCategory:Olympic shooters of Sweden\nCategory:Shooters at the 1952 Summer Olympics\nCategory:People from Gävle" ]

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[ "Purkinje cell cytoplasmic antibody type 1 (anti-Yo) autoimmunity in a child with Down syndrome.", "\nPurkinje cell cytoplasmic antibody type 1 (PCA-1)-IgG (or anti-Yo) is characteristically detected in women with gynecological or breast adenocarcinoma. ", "We describe 2 unique scenarios occurring in 1 patient: PCA-1 paraneoplastic autoimmunity in a child, and a paraneoplastic neurological disorder in the context of Down syndrome. ", "A child with Down syndrome and a history of adrenocortical carcinoma resected at age 1 year presented at age 7 years with cerebellar ataxia of subacute onset. ", "Paraneoplastic serological and cerebrospinal fluid evaluations revealed PCA-1. ", "Serological and biochemical studies also supported a diagnosis of subclinical autoimmune hypothyroidism. ", "Extensive serum, urine, and radiological testing did not reveal a new or recurrent neoplasm. ", "Neurological improvements after standard immunotherapy were lacking. ", "Solid organ neoplasms are uncommon among patients with Down syndrome, but organ-specific autoimmune diseases are common. ", "In our patient, Down syndrome-related impaired T regulatory lymphocyte function (previously reported) may have resulted in both enhanced immunity against an undetected solid neoplasm and paraneoplastic neurological (PCA-1) autoimmunity." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nruntime complexity of following algorithm\n\nGiven a sequence of as many as 10,000 integers (0 < integer < 100,000), what is the maximum decreasing subsequence? ", "Note that the subsequence does not have to be consecutive.", "\nRecursive Descent Solution\nThe obvious approach to solving the problem is recursive descent. ", "One need only find the recurrence and a terminal condition. ", "Consider the following solution:\n 1 #include <stdio.h>\n\n 2 long n, sequence[10000];\n 3 main () {\n 4 FILE *in, *out; \n 5 int i; \n 6 in = fopen (\"input.txt\", \"r\"); \n 7 out = fopen (\"output.txt\", \"w\"); \n 8 fscanf(in, \"%ld\", &n); \n 9 for (i = 0; i < n; i++) fscanf(in, \"%ld\", &sequence[i]);\n10 fprintf (out, \"%d\\n\", check (0, 0, 999999));\n11 exit (0);\n12 }\n\n13 check (start, nmatches, smallest) {\n14 int better, i, best=nmatches;\n15 for (i = start; i < n; i++) {\n16 if (sequence[i] < smallest) {\n17 better = check (i+1, nmatches+1, sequence[i]);\n18 if (better > best) best = better;\n19 }\n20 }\n21 return best;\n22 }\n\nLines 1-9 and and 11-12 are arguably boilerplate. ", "They set up some standard variables and grab the input. ", "The magic is in line 10 and the recursive routine check. ", "The check routine knows where it should start searching for smaller integers, the length of the longest sequence so far, and the smallest integer so far. ", "At the cost of an extra call, it terminates automatically when start is no longer within proper range. ", "The check routine is simplicity itself. ", "It traverses along the list looking for a smaller integer than the smallest so far. ", "If found, check calls itself recursively to find more\ni think worst case would be when input is in completely reverse order\nlike \n\n10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1\n\nso what is runtime complexity of this algorithm,i am having difficult time finding it...\n\nA:\n\nYour problem statement matches with Longest increasing sub-sequence problem.", "\nYou are not doing any memoization. ", "In worst case your implementation complexity is O(n^n). ", "Because on each recursive call it will generate (n-1) recursive call and so on. ", "Try to draw a tree and check number of leaf.", "\n`\n n\n / \\ \\..........\n / \\ \\\n (n-1) (n-1) ...... (n-1)\n / \\\n(n-2) (n-2)........(n-2)\n`\n\nCheck out this linkLongest_increasing_subsequence.", "\nAlso for efficient implementation and more knowledge check this: Dynamic Programming | Set 3 (Longest Increasing Subsequence) \n\n" ]

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[ "MIAMI — The salty breeze and ocean waves have beckoned stir-crazy residents of the coast back to their beloved beaches, social distancing norms be damned.", "\n\nBut how to prevent beach blankets and lawn chairs from becoming new founts of coronavirus infection has become a flash point for governors in Florida, California and other coastal states, who must balance demands from constituents for relief from the escalating spring heat against the horrified reaction of the general public to photos of sweaty, swimsuit-clad bodies packed towel to towel.", "\n\nGov. Gavin Newsom of California stepped in on Thursday to shut down the beaches in Orange County, rolling back earlier attempts at giving people there a chance to stroll along the shore while staying a safe distance away from one another. ", "Broad swaths of sand were packed over the weekend with crowds, with many people flocking from neighboring Los Angeles and San Diego Counties, where the beaches had been off-limits." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We propose a time-varying optimal window width (TVOWW) scheme [and an adaptive optimal window width (AOWW)]{} selection scheme to optimize the performance of several nonlinear-type time-frequency analyses, including the reassignment method and its variations. ", "A window rendering the most concentrated distribution in the time-frequency representation (TFR) is regarded as the optimal window. ", "The TVOWW selection scheme is particularly useful for signals that comprise fast-varying instantaneous frequencies and small spectral gaps. ", "To demonstrate the efficacy of the method, in addition to analyzing synthetic signals, we study an atomic time-varying dipole moment driven by two-color mid-infrared laser fields in attosecond physics and near-threshold harmonics of a hydrogen atom in the strong laser field.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Yae-Lin Sheu'\n- 'Liang-Yan Hsu'\n- 'Pi-Tai Chou'\n- 'Hau-Tieng Wu'\nbibliography:\n- 'TFanalysis.bib'\ndate: 'Received: date / Accepted: date'\ntitle: 'Entropy-based time-varying window width selection for nonlinear-type time-frequency analysis'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nScientists investigate nature by collecting diverse types of data. ", "They then infer the underlying rules by modeling and analyzing the recorded data. ", "Time series is a commonly encountered data type. ", "Its time-evolving nature paves the way for scientists to access the system’s dynamics. ", "Time-frequency (TF) analysis is a powerful time series analysis tool, which captures nonstationary oscillatory dynamics and serves as a portal to the underlying system.", "\n\nDuring the past $70$ years, several TF analysis methods were developed [@Flandrin_Book:1999], which can be classified into three types: linear, quadratic, and nonlinear. ", "Linear-type transforms, such as the short time Fourier transform (STFT) and the continuous wavelet transform (CWT), have been widely studied. ", "They are subject to the limitation of the uncertainty principle associated with the CWT, or the STFT [@Flandrin_Book:1999; @Grochenig:2001; @Ricaud_Torresani:2014]. ", "Quadratic-type transforms, such as the Wigner-Ville distribution and Cohen class, could provide a more adaptive analysis of the input signal. ", "However, they suffer from severe mode mixing artifacts [@Flandrin_Book:1999]. ", "There are several nonlinear-type transforms including: the reassignment method (RM) [@Chassande-Mottin_Auger_Flandrin:2003; @Auger_Chassande-Mottin_Flandrin:2012] and its variations, the TF by convex optimization (Tycoon) [@Kowalski_Meynard_Wu:2015], the Blaschke decomposition (BKD) [@Coifman_Steinerberger:2015; @Coifman_Steinerberger_Wu:2016], the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) [@Huang_Shen_Long_Wu_Shih_Zheng_Yen_Tung_Liu:1998], the iterative filtering [@Cicone_Liu_Zhou:2014], the sparsification approach [@Hou_Shi:2013a], the approximation approach [@Chui_Mhaskar:2016], the TF jigsaw puzzle (TFJP) for the Gabor transform (GT) [@Jaillet_Torresani:2007; @Ricaud:2014], the non-stationary GT (NSGT) [@Balazs_Dorfler_Jaillet_Holighaus_Velasco:2011], the matching pursuit [@Mallat_Zhang:1993], and several others. ", "The variations of RM include: the synchrosqueezing transform (SST) [@Daubechies_Lu_Wu:2011; @Wu:2011Thesis], the synchrosqueezed wave packet transform [@Yang:2014], the synchrosqueezed S-transform [@Huang_Zhang_Zhao_Sun:2015], the second-order SST [@Oberlin_Meignen_Perrier:2015], the concentration of frequency and time (ConceFT) [@Daubechies_Wang_Wu:2016], and the de-shape SST [@Lin_Li_Wu:2016]. ", "While the approaches vary from algorithm to algorithm, the common goal of nonlinear-type transforms is to obtain a “sharpened” TF representation (TFR) that could provide more accurate dynamical information underlying the recorded time series. ", "We refer interested readers to [@Daubechies_Wang_Wu:2016] for a more extensive literature survey and their applications.", "\n\nThe nonlinear-type transforms can be classified into two categories. ", "The first category consists of transforms that do not require choosing a window, like the BKD, the EMD, and the Tycoon. ", "While the EMD has been widely applied, its application to data analysis needs more attention due to its lack of mathematical foundation. ", "The BKD, on the other hand, is solidly supported by the complex analysis theory. ", "However, there are still several mathematical challenges left unsolved, and the application of the BKD to data analysis is still in its infancy. ", "The Tycoon is a synthesis-based approach to estimate the TFR with the sparsity constraint based on the convex optimization. ", "The Tycoon theoretically has the potential to achieve a sharp TFR, but it is currently compute-intensive.", "\n\nThe second category consists of transforms that depend on a chosen window, which can be classified into two subcategories: reassignment-type and non-reassignment-type. ", "The reassignment-type subcategory includes the RM and its variations, and the non-reassignment-type subcategory includes the other algorithms. ", "While different methods are subject to different limitations, they are all limited by the *window selection* problem. ", "The question is: what is the *optimal* window when we analyze a given time series? ", "In the ideal situation, the optimal window should be universal and always provides the optimal results under some constraints. ", "However, it is widely believed that there probably is no optimal window due to the complicated nonlinearity hidden inside the natural signals. ", "To resolve this issue, different methods provide different solutions. ", "For example, in the reassignment-type transforms, we could theoretically prove that when the signal and window satisfy some regularity conditions, the algorithms are *adaptive* to the signal, in the sense that the dependence on the window is negligible; see, for example, [@Daubechies_Lu_Wu:2011 Theorem 3.3]. ", "However, in practice, the situation might be more complicated. ", "Therefore, the performance of the algorithm is not guaranteed. ", "Thus, how to determine the optimal window for nonlinear time series is a crucial issue.", "\n\nIn this paper, we aim to alleviate this window selection issue for the reassignment-type transforms. ", "We consider the Rényi entropy to determine the optimal window. ", "By applying the optimal window width, the TFR sharpness can be enhanced while the reconstruction routine of the SST and its variations can be preserved. ", "We specifically consider a window that is *optimal* for a chosen TF analysis, if the distribution of the associated TFR is highly concentrated. ", "While there are several ways to measure the distribution concentration, we apply the Rényi entropy [@Coifman_Wickerhauser:1992; @Baraniuk_Flandrin_Janssen_Michel:2001; @Sedic_Djurovic_Jiang:2009], which has been shown to efficiently estimate the signal information content and complexity in the TFR.", "\n\nThe article is organized as follows. ", "Section \\[Section:gAHM\\] summarizes the background material, including the adaptive harmonic model (AHM) describing an oscillatory signal composed of multiple components, and several reassignment-type TF analysis tools that could be applied to analyze such signals. ", "Section \\[Section:TVOW\\] describes a scheme to optimize the performance of the reassignment-type TF analyses by [window width selection techniques]{}. ", "A comparison of the proposed scheme and some non-reassignment-type transforms is also provided. ", "Numerical results and an application to the attosecond physics are reported in Section \\[Section:Results\\]. ", "A conclusion is drawn in Section \\[Section:Conclusions\\].", "\n\nBackground {#Section:gAHM}\n==========\n\nIn this section, we summarize the AHM to quantify oscillatory signals, and review several recently proposed TF analysis tools suitable for analyzing signals satisfying the AHM. ", "While the review could be extended to other reassignment-type transforms, such as the RM, the de-shape SST and the ConceFT, we only review the SST[^1] and the 2nd-order SST in this section.", "\n\nAdaptive Harmonic Model\n-----------------------\n\nThe AHM aims to describe the time-varying oscillatory dynamics in a given signal. ", "Suppose that the signal $x(t)$ is composed of finite $K\\geq 1$ oscillatory functions; that is, $x(t)=\\sum_{k=1}^K f_k(t)$, where $f_k$ is the $k$-th oscillatory function and $k=1,\\ldots,K$. The $k$-th oscillatory function $f_k$ is composed of an amplitude modulation (AM) $a_k(t)$, which is positive, and a phase function $\\phi_k(t)$, which is strictly monotonically increasing, so that $f_k(t)=a_k(t)\\cos(2\\pi\\phi_k(t))$, for $k=1,\\ldots,K$. The $\\phi'_k(t)$ is thus positive and is regarded as the instantaneous frequency (IF) of the $k$-th oscillatory function. ", "In this study, we consider only real oscillatory signals, since most time series we acquire in the real world are real.", "\n\nWhile such a AHM describes a signal composed of multiple oscillatory functions, it is too general to work with and we need some constraints. ", "Fix $\\epsilon\\geq 0$. Let the positive constant $c$ be the supremum of the variation of the IF function; that is, $\\|\\phi_k''\\|_{\\infty}\\leq c$ for $k=1,\\ldots,K$. It is also assumed that the variation of the AM is controlled by the IF; that is, $|a_k'(t)|\\leq \\epsilon \\phi'_k(t)$ for all time $t\\in\\mathbb{R}$ and $k=1,\\ldots,K$. We call an oscillatory function satisfying these constraints an intrinsic mode type (IMT) function. ", "Assume that the smallest frequency gap between two adjacent IMT components is $d$, and $d>0$, for all time $t\\in\\mathbb{R}$. That is, $\\phi'_k(t)-\\phi'_{k-1}(t)>d$, for $k=2,\\ldots,K$. In practice, we assume $\\epsilon<1$ and is small enough so that the AM is slowly varying. ", "The function satisfying the above conditions is said to be the generalized AHM for the signal, and the constants $\\epsilon,c,d$ are model parameters.", "\n\nSTFT\n----\n\nThe STFT of a tempered distribution $x$ with respect to a chosen window $G$ in the Schwartz space is defined by $$\\begin{aligned}\n{{V}}_{x}^{G}(u,\\eta)= \\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty} x(t)G(t-u)e^{-i2\\pi\\eta(t-u)} \\, \\mathrm{d}t, \\label{STFT}\\end{aligned}$$ where $u\\in\\mathbb{R}$ is the time and $\\eta\\in\\mathbb{R}^+$ is the frequency.", "\n\nSST\n---\n\nThe SST can be embedded in different linear-type transforms, such as the CWT [@Daubechies_Lu_Wu:2011], the wave packet [@Yang:2014] or the S-transform [@Huang_Zhang_Zhao_Sun:2015]. ", "Here we only mention the SST embedded in STFT due to the page limit. ", "The SST with the resolution $\\kappa>0$ and the threshold $\\gamma\\geq 0$ is defined by $$\\begin{aligned}\n{{S}}_{x}^{G,\\kappa,\\gamma}(u,\\xi)=\\int_{A_{x,\\gamma}(u)} \\hspace{-10pt}{{V}}_{x}^{G}(u,\\eta)\\frac{1}{\\kappa}h\\Big( \\frac{|\\xi-\\omega^\\gamma_x(u,\\eta)|}{\\kappa} \\Big) \\, \\mathrm{d}\\eta , \\label{S.0}\\end{aligned}$$ where $u\\in\\mathbb{R}$ is the time, $\\xi>0$ is the frequency, $A_{x,\\gamma}(u):=\\left\\{\\eta\\in\\mathbb{R}_+:\\left|{V}^{G}_x (u,\\eta)\\right|\\geq\\gamma \\right\\}$, $h(t)=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt\\pi} e^{-t^2}$, $\\kappa>0$ and $\\omega_x(u,\\eta)$ is the [*reassignment rule*]{}: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\omega^\\gamma_x (u,\\eta)=\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n\\frac{-i\\partial_u{{V}}_{x}^{G}(u,\\eta)}{2\\pi{{V}}_{x}^{G}(u,\\eta)} &\\mbox{when }|{V}_{x}^{G}(u,\\eta)|\\geq \\gamma\\\\\n-\\infty & \\mbox{when }|{{V}}_{x}^{G}(u,\\eta)|<\\gamma.", "\n\\end{array}\n\\right. ", "\\label{S.0a}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nThe TFR determined by the STFT is sharpened by reassigning its coefficient at $(u,\\eta)$ to a different point $(u,\\xi)$ according to the reassignment rule. ", "The SST is clearly nonlinear in nature. ", "It is important to note that the reassignment rule primarily depends on the phase information of the STFT, which contains the IF information. ", "According to the theoretical analysis in [@Wu:2011Thesis; @Oberlin_Meignen_Perrier:2015], the TFR of the SST is concentrated only on the IFs of all oscillatory components when the IF’s of IMT functions in $x(t)$ are slowly varying.", "\n\nWhile the SST algorithm looks complicated at the first glance, the idea underlying the algorithm is intuitive. ", "Take a harmonic function $x(t)=Ae^{i2\\pi \\xi_0t}$ into account. ", "Choose the window function $G$ that satisfies $\\hat{G}$ is a real function and $\\hat{G}(\\xi)\\geq\\gamma$ when $\\xi\\in [-\\Delta,\\Delta]$, where $\\gamma>0$ is chosen small enough and $\\Delta>0$. Note that $x(t)$ is an IMT function. ", "The STFT of $x(t)$ could be directly calculated by the Plancheral theorem, and we have $V^{G}_x(u,\\eta)=A\\hat{G}(\\eta-\\xi_0)e^{i2\\pi \\xi_0 u}$. The information we have interest in an oscillatory signal, the IF, is hidden in the phase of $V^{G}_x(u,\\eta)$. An intuitive idea to obtain the IF in this case is [first to apply the logarithm function on $V^{G}_x(u,\\eta)$, next to divide it by $i2\\pi$, and then to apply the derivative according to $u$ when $|\\hat{G}(\\eta-\\xi_0)|\\geq\\gamma$; that is, $\\frac{d}{i2\\pi du}\\big[\\log(A\\hat{G}(\\eta-\\xi_0))+i2\\pi\\xi_0 u\\big]=\\xi_0$.]{} Clearly, this operator is equivalent to the reassignment rule; that is, $$\\partial_u\\frac{\\log[V^{G}_x(u,\\eta)]}{i2\\pi}=\\frac{-i\\partial_u{{V}}_{x}^{G}(u,\\eta)}{2\\pi{{V}}_{x}^{G}(u,\\eta)}$$ when $|\\hat{G}(\\eta-\\xi_0)|\\geq\\gamma$. We choose $\\frac{-i\\partial_u{{V}}_{x}^{G}(u,\\eta)}{2\\pi{{V}}_{x}^{G}(u,\\eta)}$ to estimate the IF since we do not need to worry about the phase unwrapping problem when applying the logarithm function to a complex function. ", "To continue, note that we have $-i\\partial_u V^G_x(u,\\eta)=2\\pi \\xi_0V^{G}_x(u,\\eta)$ by a direct calculation. ", "Hence, $\\omega^\\gamma_x(u,\\eta)=\\xi_0$ when $\\eta\\in [\\xi_0-\\Delta,\\xi_0+\\Delta]$ and $\\omega^\\gamma_x(u,\\eta)=-\\infty$ otherwise. ", "For this signal, we have $A_{x,\\gamma}(u)=[\\xi_0-\\Delta,\\xi_0+\\Delta]$, and the reassignment rule indicates that the IF is $\\xi_0$. Thus, the SST of $x$ can then be computed by the following equation: $$\\begin{aligned}\nS^{G,\\kappa,\\gamma}_x(u,\\xi)&=e^{i2\\pi \\xi_0 u} \\int_{\\xi_0-\\Delta}^{\\xi_0+\\Delta} \\hat{G}(\\eta-\\xi_0) \\frac{1}{\\kappa}\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{\\pi}}e^{-|\\xi-\\xi_0|^2/\\kappa^2}d\\eta\\\\\n&=Ce^{i2\\pi \\xi_0 u}\\frac{1}{\\kappa}e^{-|\\xi-\\xi_0|^2/\\kappa^2}, \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ where $C=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{\\pi}}\\int_{-\\Delta}^{\\Delta} \\hat{G}(\\eta) d\\eta\\approx \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{\\pi}}G(0)$. Clearly, when $\\kappa$ is small, for each $u$, $S^{G,\\kappa,\\gamma}_x(u,\\xi)$ is concentrated around $\\xi_0$, which help alleviate the smearing effect in the STFT caused by the uncertainty principle.", "\n\nSecond-Order SST\n----------------\n\nWhen the IF is not slowly varying, the sharpening ability of the SST might be deteriorated. ", "The 2nd-order SST resolves this problem by taking the second order information in the phase of the STFT to correct the reassignment rule. ", "The 2nd-order SST could be viewed as a combination of the SST and the RM – its sharpening ability is similar to that of the RM, and it allows us to reconstruct IMT functions like the SST. ", "There are at least two versions of 2nd-order SST. ", "We discuss the vertical SST (vSST) and the oblique SST (oSST) [@Oberlin_Meignen_Perrier:2015]. ", "Both the vSST and the oSST depend on the 2nd-order reassignment rule, which is a correction of the reassignment rule ${\\omega}^\\gamma_x$ in (\\[S.0a\\]): $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\hat{\\omega}^\\gamma_x (u,\\eta)= \n\\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}\n {\\strut\\displaystyle}\\omega^\\gamma_x (u,\\eta) + c(u,\\eta)(u-\\hat{t}_x(u,\\eta)) & \\mbox{when }{\\partial_{\\eta} \\hat{t}_x}(u,\\eta)\\ne0 \\\\\n\n {{\\omega}^\\gamma_x} (u,\\eta) & \\mbox{otherwise},\n \\end{array}\\right. ", " \\label{vsst.01}\\end{aligned}$$ where $u\\in\\mathbb{R}$ is the time, $\\eta>0$ is the frequency, and $$\\begin{aligned}\n{{\\hat t_x}(u,\\eta) = u + i\\frac{\\partial_\\eta{{V}}_{x}^{G}(u,\\eta)}{{{V}}_{x}^{G}(u,\\eta)}~ \\mbox{and}~ c(u,\\eta)=\\frac{\\partial_t{{\\omega}^\\gamma_x} (u,\\eta)}{\\partial_\\eta \\hat{t}_x (u,\\eta)}.} ", "\\label{vsst.02}\\end{aligned}$$ The vSST with the resolution $\\kappa>0$ and the threshold $\\gamma\\geq 0$ is defined by $$\\begin{aligned}\n{{vS}}_{x}^{G,\\kappa,\\gamma}(u,\\xi)=\\int_{A_{x,\\gamma}(u)} \\hspace{-10pt}{{V}}_{x}^{G}(u,\\eta)\\frac{1}{\\kappa}h\\Big( \\frac{|\\xi-\\hat{\\omega}^\\gamma_x(u,\\eta)|}{\\kappa} \\Big) \\, \\mathrm{d}\\eta ; \\label{vsst.03}\\end{aligned}$$ the oSST with the resolution $\\kappa>0$ and $\\tau>0$ and threshold $\\gamma\\geq 0$ is defined by $$\\begin{aligned}\n{{oS}}_{x}^{G,\\kappa,\\gamma}(u,\\xi)=\\iint &{{V}}_{x}^{G}(y,\\eta)e^{i\\pi(2\\xi-c(y,\\eta)(\\tau-y))(\\tau-y)}\\times\\nonumber\\\\\n&\\frac{1}{\\kappa}h\\Big( \\frac{|\\xi-\\hat{\\omega}^\\gamma_x(y,\\eta)|}{\\kappa} \\Big)\\frac{1}{\\tau}h\\Big( \\frac{|u-{\\hat t_x}(y,\\eta)|}{\\tau} \\Big) \\, \\mathrm{d}\\eta\\mathrm{d}y. ", " \\label{osst}\\end{aligned}$$ Note that the vSST could be viewed as a direct generalization of the SST with the modified reassignment rule, while the oSST could be viewed as a mixture of the SST and the RM. ", "The reader is referred to [@Oberlin_Meignen_Perrier:2015] for details of the 2nd-order SST and [@Behera_Meignen_Oberlin:2015] for its theoretical analysis.", "\n\nIMT function reconstruction\n---------------------------\n\nEach IMT function [@Daubechies_Lu_Wu:2011] can be reconstructed from the SST, as well as the vSST, if the input signal $x(t)=\\sum_{k=1}^Kx_k(t)$ satisfies the AHM. ", "Take the SST as an example. ", "Each IMT function $x_k=a_k(t)\\cos(2\\pi\\phi_k(t))$, $k \\in \\{1,...,K\\}$, can be reconstructed by the following two steps. ", "First, evaluate the “complexification” of the $k$-th IMT function by $$\\label{Formula:Reconstruction}\n\\hat{x}^{\\mathbb{C}}_k(t) = \\frac{1}{G(0)}\\int_{\\hat{\\mathcal{Z}}_{k}(t)} {\\tilde{S}}^{\\kappa,\\gamma}_{G,x}(t,\\xi){\\rm d}\\xi ,$$ where ${\\hat{\\mathcal{Z}}_{k}}(t)=[\\hat{\\phi}'_k(t)-\\epsilon^{1/3},\\hat{\\phi}'_k(t)+\\epsilon^{1/3}]$ and $\\hat{\\phi}'_k(t)$ is the estimated IF of the k-th IMT function, which can be obtained by the ridge extraction algorithm [@Chen_Cheng_Wu:2014; @Carmona_Hwang_Torresani:1999; @Meignen_Oberlin_McLaughlin:2012]. ", "Then, the $k$-th IMT function is then extracted by $$\\hat{x}_k(t)=\\Re \\hat{x}^{\\mathbb{C}}_k(t),$$ where $\\Re$ is the operator taking the real part of the input complex value. ", "The reconstruction formula (\\[Formula:Reconstruction\\]) could serve as an approach to obtain the complex form of a real signal. ", "This property is important since, in general, evaluating the complex form of an IMT function is a nontrivial issue. ", "It is opted that there are several constraints for the spectra of $a_k(t)$ and $\\cos(2\\pi\\phi_k(t))$ in order to successfully obtain the imaginary counterpart of $x_k(t)$ and $a_k(t)\\sin(2\\pi\\phi_k(t))$ via the Hilbert transform. ", "We refer the reader with interest to [@Bedrosian:1962; @Nuttall:1966] for details.", "\n\nTime-Varying Optimal Window Widths {#Section:TVOW}\n==================================\n\nIt has been well-known that a short window is helpful for analyzing a signal with fast-varying IF components. ", "On the other hand, for signals with two IMT functions with close IFs, the window should be long enough to avoid spectral overlaps. ", "An “optimal” window should provide a balance between these two facts. ", "However, the [uncertainty principle [@Grochenig:2001; @Ricaud_Torresani:2014]]{} suggests that the benefits of a short and a long window width cannot be attained simultaneously. ", "In this regard, we need a method to choose a proper window width dynamically to balance on both ends.", "\n\nSeveral attempts have been proposed in the literature to balance between different window bandwidths. ", "For example, in [@Jaillet_Torresani:2007; @Ricaud:2014], the TFJP was proposed to select the optimal window for the GT based on the Rényi entropy [@Coifman_Wickerhauser:1992]; in [@Balazs_Doerfler_Kowalski_Torresani:2013], the NSGT depends on a frame associated with a non-uniform grid on the TF plane, which comes from the information provided by the signal. ", "The frame could be viewed as the “optimal window” for the GT. ", "These approaches have been shown to be helpful in the audio processing [@Jaillet_Torresani:2007], for example, the beat tracking problem [@Holzapfel2011]. ", "In general, these approaches could be understood as the TF tiling or a dictionary learning problem – for a chosen redundancy, how to provide the best tiling of the TF plane, or to choose the optimal frame, so that the TF representation is “optimal” based on a chosen criterion, for example, the minimal $\\ell^1$ norm [@Donoho_Elad:2003] or the minimal Rényi entropy.", "\n\nThe reassignment-type transforms could be viewed as an approach to solve the dictionary learning problem by taking the phase of the STFT into account. ", "Note that the STFT could be viewed as evaluating the coefficients of a signal associated with an infinitely redundant dictionary $$\\label{Definition:RedundantDictionary}\n\\mathcal{D}=\\{G(t-\\cdot)e^{i2\\pi \\xi t}\\}_{t\\in\\mathbb{R},\\xi\\in\\mathbb{R}^+},$$ where $G$ is the chosen window. ", "Directly determining the optimal frame out of $\\mathcal{D}$ is not an easy task. ", "Instead of determining the optimal frame, the reassignment rule used in the RM and the SST and its variations could be viewed as an alternative to approximate the optimal frame out of $\\mathcal{D}$. Note that in the SST (\\[S.0\\]), the vSST (\\[vsst.03\\]), and the oSST (\\[osst\\]), the coefficients of the STFT are moved to a new location based on the reassignment rule. ", "In this sense, nonlinear-type TF analysis could be viewed as evaluating the coefficients of an approximated optimal frame. ", "We mention that this viewpoint has been taken into account to design the Tycoon algorithm [@Kowalski_Meynard_Wu:2015]. ", "Theoretically, if the signal satisfies the AHM model, it has been shown that the reassignment rule could lead to the optimal frame [@Chen_Cheng_Wu:2014; @Daubechies_Lu_Wu:2011; @Oberlin_Meignen_Perrier:2015]. ", "However, due to the lack of knowledge of the model parameters, like $\\epsilon,c,d$ of a given signal, the reassignment rule, and hence the TFR, might be influenced by the interaction of the chosen window and the time-varying AM and IF, and the overlap of spectra of different oscillatory components. ", "In practice, although we have a rule of thumb of how to choose the window based on the a priori knowledge of the signal, the reassignment rule might deviate from the optimal frame.", "\n\nIn order to resolve this issue, we propose an adaptive way to determine the optimal window for the reassignment-type transforms. ", "This approach can be viewed as correcting the approximated optimal frame determined by the reassignment rule. ", "A window is regarded as optimal for a chosen reassignment-type TF analysis if it provides the most concentrated TFR. ", "Since the IF and AM of each IMT function may vary from time to time, a single window optimal for the entire signal might not be suitable. ", "Therefore, the notion of the optimal window for a chosen TF analysis should be *local*. ", "For example, for each time, we determine an optimal window. ", "In general, finding the optimal window is a difficult task. ", "In statistics, the problem is commonly reduced to the *window bandwidth selection* problem [@Wand_Jones:1995]. ", "In this work, we simplify the window selection problem to the window bandwidth selection problem. ", "To further simplify the discussion, we consider the Gaussian window, that is, $$\\label{Definition:GaussianWindow}\nG(t)={g_\\sigma}(t) := \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2\\pi}\\sigma} e^{-t^2/(2\\sigma^2)},$$ where $\\sigma>0$ is the *bandwidth* of the window. ", "In this case, the STFT is the same as the GT. ", "In this section, for a chosen TF analysis with the Gaussian window (\\[Definition:GaussianWindow\\]), we describe a time-varying optimal window width (TVOWW) selection scheme and an adaptive optimal window width (AOWW) selection scheme to compute a series of local optimal window widths. ", "We mention that although we focus on the window bandwidth selection problem with the Gaussian window, the discussion below could be directly generalized to other window functions, or even multiple window functions.", "\n\nThe TVOWW and the AOWW selection schemes\n----------------------------------------\n\nFirst select a reassignment-type transform, for example, the SST. ", "The TVOWW selection scheme evaluates the local window width by iterating the following steps for each time $u\\in\\mathbb{R}$:\n\n1. ", " Evaluate the distribution concentration of the TFR on $[u-b,u+b]\\times \\mathbb{R}^+$, where $b\\geq 0$ determines the size of the neighborhood, by a chosen distribution concentration measure, denoted as $\\mathrm C_{\\sigma,b}(u)$.\n\n2. ", " The local optimal window width at the time instant $u$ is determined by $$\\tilde{\\sigma}_b(u):=\\text{argmin}_{\\sigma>0}\\mathrm C_{\\sigma,b}(u). ", " \\label{VOW.3}$$\n\n3. ", " Apply the window width $\\tilde{\\sigma}_b(u)$ to evaluate the TFR of the signal $x(t)$ at time $u$.\n\nThe proposed scheme could be directly applied to other TF analyses, such as the STFT, the 2nd-order SST or other nonlinear TF analyses. ", "When $b=\\infty$, $\\tilde{\\sigma}_b$ is a constant value and the SST is reduced to the original SST with one window width, which is chosen to optimize the selected measure of distribution concentration. ", "We regard this special case the *global optimal window width* (GOWW).", "\n\nThe AOWW selection scheme evaluates the local window width via iterating the following steps for [a given pair]{} of time and frequency, $(u,\\xi)$.\n\n1. ", " Evaluate the distribution concentration of the TFR on $[u-b,u+b]\\times[\\max\\{0,\\xi-b_F\\},\\xi+b_F]$, where $b\\geq 0$ determines the size of the neighborhood and $b_F>0$ determines the size of the neighborhood in the frequency axis, by a chosen distribution concentration measure, denoted as $\\mathrm C_{\\sigma,b,b_F}(u,\\xi)$.\n\n2. ", " The local optimal window width at the time instant $u$ is determined by $$\\tilde{\\sigma}_{b,b_F}(u,\\xi):=\\text{argmin}_{\\sigma>0}\\mathrm C_{\\sigma,b,b_F}(u,\\xi). ", " \\label{VOW.4}$$\n\n3. ", " Apply the window width $\\tilde{\\sigma}_{b,b_F}(u,\\xi)$ to evaluate the TFR of the signal $x(t)$ at time $u$ and frequency $\\xi$.\n\nWhile the AOWW could provide a sharper TFR, compared with the TVOWW, the computational burden of the AOWW selection scheme is greatly increased. ", "Furthermore, for a given time $u$, since the window width varies for different frequencies, the reconstruction formula (\\[Formula:Reconstruction\\]) cannot be applied. [", "We mention that the above algorithm can be easily generalized to selecting multiple window functions. ", "Thereby, different windows can be taken into account in the optimization (\\[VOW.3\\]) or (\\[VOW.4\\]), so that the optimal window function and its corresponding optimal window width are selected. ", "Since the multiple window selection is out of the scope of this work, we will study it in the future work.]{}", "\n\nRényi entropy\n-------------\n\nThe information entropy is a common measure to estimate the dispersion of an information content. ", "By viewing the TFR at each time as a probability density function, a larger entropy indicates a less distributed concentration of the TFR. ", "In this study, we adopt the Rényi entropy to measure the distribution concentration of a TFR [@Baraniuk_Flandrin_Janssen_Michel:2001].", "\n\nThe $\\alpha$-Rényi entropy of a non-zero function $p$, where $\\alpha>0$, is defined as $$\\begin{aligned}\n {R}_{\\alpha}(p):=\\frac{1}{1-\\alpha} \\log_2 \\left(\\frac{\\|p\\|_{2\\alpha}}{\\|p\\|_2}\\right)^{2\\alpha},\\end{aligned}$$ [where $\\|p\\|_\\alpha:=(\\int |p(x)|^\\alpha d x)^{1/\\alpha}$ for $0<\\alpha<\\infty$. Note that when $\\alpha<1$, $\\|\\cdot\\|_\\alpha$ is not a norm but a quasi-norm.]{} ", "It is well-known that the larger the Rényi entropy is, the less concentrated the distribution is [@Jaillet_Torresani:2007; @Stankovic:2001]. ", "That is to say, a window width providing the least Rényi entropy is regarded as the optimal window width. ", "Note that when $\\alpha\\to 0$, the Rényi entropy gives the $\\ell^0$ norm information of the signal; when $\\alpha\\to 1$, the Shannon entropy is recovered; and when $\\alpha\\to 1/2$, we obtain the information of the commonly used ratio norm $\\ell^1/\\ell^2$. In general, $\\alpha>2$ is recommended for TFR measures [@Stankovic:2001] and we chose $\\alpha=2.4$ in this study. [", "In practice, we notice that the results are insensitive within a certain range of $\\alpha$ values ($\\alpha>0$).]{}", "\n\nDenote the TFR of a chosen TF analysis $P$ defined on $\\mathbb{R}\\times \\mathbb{R}^+$. The TFR distribution is considered the most concentrated if its corresponding R[é]{}nyi entropy is minimized. ", "We thus define the measure of distribution concentration in the TVOWW selection scheme as $$\\begin{aligned}\n C_{\\sigma,b}(u)\\label{RenyiDefinition}:=\\frac{1}{1-\\alpha} \\log_2\\frac{\\iint_{I_{u}} |R(t,\\xi)|^{2\\alpha}\\mathrm {d}t\\mathrm {d}\\xi}{\\big(\\iint_{I_{u}} |R(t,\\xi)|^2 \\mathrm {d}t\\mathrm {d}\\xi\\big)^\\alpha},\\end{aligned}$$ where $u\\in\\mathbb{R}$ and $I_u:=[u-b,u+b]\\times [0,\\infty)$. Similarly, the distribution concentration measure in the AOWW selection scheme is defined as $$\\begin{aligned}\nC_{\\sigma,b,b_F}(u,\\xi)\\label{RenyiDefinition2}\n:=\\frac{1}{1-\\alpha} \\log_2\\frac{\\iint_{J_{u,\\xi}} |R(t,\\xi)|^{2\\alpha}\\mathrm {d}t\\mathrm {d}\\xi}{\\big(\\iint_{J_{u,\\xi}} |R(t,\\xi)|^2 \\mathrm {d}t\\mathrm {d}\\xi\\big)^\\alpha}, \\end{aligned}$$ where $u\\in\\mathbb{R}$, $\\xi\\in\\mathbb{R}^+$, and $J_{u,\\xi}:=[u-b,u+b]\\times[\\max\\{0,\\xi-b_F\\},\\xi+b_F]$.\n\nResults and Discussions {#Section:Results}\n=======================\n\nWe start the demonstration of the proposed the TVOWW and the AOWW selection schemes by analyzing a synthetic data. ", "We then show the result of analyzing the laser-driven atomic dipole moment, and discuss the performance of the proposed scheme. ", "In this section, for the SST and the 2nd-order SST, the numerical value of $\\kappa$ and $\\tau$ are selected to be small enough so that $\\frac{1}{\\kappa}h(\\frac{\\cdot}{\\kappa})$ and $\\frac{1}{\\tau}h(\\frac{\\cdot}{\\tau})$ are both implemented as discretized Dirac measures. ", "The $\\gamma$ value is fixed at $10^{-6}\\%$ of the mean square energy of the signal $x(t)$ under analysis.", "\n\nSynthetic Signal {#SubSection:Synthetic}\n----------------\n\nConsider a multicomponent signal given by $$\\begin{aligned}\n &x(t) = x_1(t)+x_2(t)+x_3(t), \\label{Synthetic}\\end{aligned}$$ where the signal components are: $$\\begin{aligned}\n&x_1(t) = \\cos(2\\pi\\phi_1(t))\\chi_{[-\\infty, 20]}(t) \\nonumber \\\\ \n&x_2(t) = \\cos(2\\pi\\phi_2(t))\\chi_{[-\\infty, 13.6]}(t) \\nonumber \\\\ \n&x_3(t) = \\cos(2\\pi\\phi_3(t))\\chi_{[17.5,\\infty]}(t), \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\chi_I$ is the indicator function supported on $I\\subset \\mathbb{R}$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n& \\phi_1(t)=1.33^{t-5}+3t \\nonumber \\\\\n& \\phi_2(t)=-0.0437(t-5)^4+0.5(t-5)^3+0.25(t-5)^2+5t \\nonumber \\\\\n& \\phi_3(t)=-\\frac{2.7}{3.5}\\cos{(3.5t)+0.85(t-15)^2+0.5t}. ", " \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ The corresponding IFs are $\\phi'_1(t)=({\\ln 1.33})1.33^{t-5}+3$, $\\phi'_2(t)=-0.175(t-5)^3+1.5(t-5)^2+0.5(t-5)+5$, and $\\phi'_3(t)=2.7{\\sin 3.5t}+1.7(t-15)+0.5$. The observed signal $Y(t)=x(t)+\\lambda\\Phi(t)$, where $\\Phi$ is the white Gaussian noise with mean $0$ and standard deviation (std) $1$, and the $\\lambda$ value ($\\lambda>0$) is chosen so that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), defined as $20\\log\\frac{\\text{std}(x(t))}{\\lambda}$, is $15$ dB. $Y(t)$ is sampled at $60$ Hz from the $0$-th to the $25$-th second (s). ", "We select the optimal window width $\\sigma$ from a set of candidate bandwidths, $\\{11/720,31/720\\ldots,501/720\\}$ s.\n\n### TFR with the GOWW\n\nWe first show the limitation of using the GOWW selection scheme for the SST. ", "In other words, we run the optimal window selection scheme with $b=\\infty$, resulting in the GOWW of $71/720$ s. Fig.", " \\[TVOW\\](a) demonstrates that the SST with the GOWW can capture the oscillatory dynamics. ", "Nevertheless, while a small window width is required to reduce the R[é]{}nyi entropy in the TFR, it results in the evident interference pattern between the neighboring IF components. ", "For example, the spectral gap (differences between the adjacent IF components) at the $5$-th s (i.e.,$\\phi_1'(5)$ and $\\phi_2'(5)$) is $1.8$ Hz, and a strong interference pattern is observed at the $5$-th s. According to Definitions 3.1 and 3.2 in [@Daubechies_Lu_Wu:2011], the window width, measured by the full width at half maximum (FWHM), which is defined as $2\\sqrt{2\\ln2}{\\tilde\\sigma_b}$, should be at least $1/1.8\\approx 0.55$ s in order to separate the two neighboring components in the AHM. ", "Here, the FWHM of the GOWW is $0.23$ s, which is insufficient and leads to the interference pattern. ", "Similar interference patterns can be observed at times $13.6$ s, and $18.5$ s, where spectral gaps are approximately 3 Hz and 7 Hz, respectively. ", "It is clear that a larger spectral gap results in a less coupled interaction between the IF components. ", "In summary, since the optimal window is chosen globally, the local details may not be refined even if the overall sharpness of the TFR is increased.", "\n\n### TFR with the TVOWW\n\nWe next demonstrate that the proposed TVOWW selection scheme can further improve the TFR quality. ", "To reduce the computation capacity, we evaluate the local optimal window width every $0.25$ s in a neighborhood with a width of $2b=0.33$ s. The neighborhood size is found to be insensitive to the final result. ", "While a small value is favorable, the width of the neighborhood should be greater than the sampling period [@Hlawatsch_Flandrin:1997]. ", "Subsequently, a linear interpolation is applied to the samples of the TVOWWs such that there is an optimal window for each time instant in the signal interval. ", "The TFR of the SST with the TVOWW is presented in Fig.", " \\[TVOW\\](b) and its comparison with the true IFs is displayed in Fig.", " \\[TVOW\\](c). ", "It is clearly shown that the coupling artifact between closing IF components is eliminated, particularly at the $5$th s, as well as at the $13.6$, and $18.5$ s. The IF components in the TFR with an improved quality approaches the ideal IF components, as in Fig.", " \\[TVOW\\](c). ", "We further display the corresponding TVOWW along with the spectral gap in Fig.", " \\[TVOW\\](d). ", "According to this figure, the window widths become large at the closing times $5$ s, $13.6$ s, and $18.5$ s to separate the different IF components. ", "Note that at time $5$ s, the largest window width is ${\\tilde\\sigma_b}=\\frac{345}{720}=0.48$ s, corresponding to a FWHM of $1.08$ s, which is larger than $0.55$ s.\n\n[0.45]{} ![(", "a) The TFR of the SST with the GOWW. (", "b) The TFR of the SST with the TVOWW. (", "c) The true IFs (blue:$x_1(t)$; magenta:$x_2(t)$; red:$x_3(t)$) are superimposed on the TFR of the SST with the TVOWW. ", "Note that the range of the colorbar is increased for the comparison. (", "d) The spectral gap (upper panel) and the corresponding TVOWW (lower panel). ", "It is clear that when the spectral gap is small, a longer window is needed. ", "The TFR values are normalized by the z-score. []{", "data-label=\"TVOW\"}](SingleOW_SST_synthetic_15dB.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.45]{} ![(", "a) The TFR of the SST with the GOWW. (", "b) The TFR of the SST with the TVOWW. (", "c) The true IFs (blue:$x_1(t)$; magenta:$x_2(t)$; red:$x_3(t)$) are superimposed on the TFR of the SST with the TVOWW. ", "Note that the range of the colorbar is increased for the comparison. (", "d) The spectral gap (upper panel) and the corresponding TVOWW (lower panel). ", "It is clear that when the spectral gap is small, a longer window is needed. ", "The TFR values are normalized by the z-score. []{", "data-label=\"TVOW\"}](TVOW_SST_synthetic_15dB.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n\\\n\n[0.45]{} ![(", "a) The TFR of the SST with the GOWW. (", "b) The TFR of the SST with the TVOWW. (", "c) The true IFs (blue:$x_1(t)$; magenta:$x_2(t)$; red:$x_3(t)$) are superimposed on the TFR of the SST with the TVOWW. ", "Note that the range of the colorbar is increased for the comparison. (", "d) The spectral gap (upper panel) and the corresponding TVOWW (lower panel). ", "It is clear that when the spectral gap is small, a longer window is needed. ", "The TFR values are normalized by the z-score. []{", "data-label=\"TVOW\"}](TVOW_SST_15dBTrue.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.45]{} ![(", "a) The TFR of the SST with the GOWW. (", "b) The TFR of the SST with the TVOWW. (", "c) The true IFs (blue:$x_1(t)$; magenta:$x_2(t)$; red:$x_3(t)$) are superimposed on the TFR of the SST with the TVOWW. ", "Note that the range of the colorbar is increased for the comparison. (", "d) The spectral gap (upper panel) and the corresponding TVOWW (lower panel). ", "It is clear that when the spectral gap is small, a longer window is needed. ", "The TFR values are normalized by the z-score. []{", "data-label=\"TVOW\"}](TVOWW_gap.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\\\n\n### Necessity of Selecting a Proper Window Width\n\nIn this subsection, we accentuate that while the 2nd-order SST and the RM could provide a sharper TFR compared with the SST, the impact of the window width is not negligible. ", "We demonstrate the TFR of the synthetic signal (\\[Synthetic\\]) analyzed by the 2nd-order SST and the RM in Fig.", " \\[Coupling\\] and Fig.", " \\[Symmetry\\]. ", "In both figures no noise is involved. ", "While the 2nd-order SST and the RM can mitigate the limitation of the SST caused by the fast-varying IF components, without a proper choice of the window width, the 2nd-order SST and the RM could fail.", "\n\nFigure \\[Coupling\\] shows that a large window width is required to separate the two components with closing IFs. ", "The (a)-(d) in Fig.", " \\[Coupling\\] are TFRs using a small window width $\\frac{111}{720}$ s, which is the GOWW of the vSST. ", "The coupling artifact between the two components caused by the small width for the all transforms is evident. ", "As mentioned in previous sections, the coupling artifact can be greatly diminished by increasing the window width. ", "In (d)-(h) in Fig.", " \\[Coupling\\], we choose the window width as $\\frac{345}{720}$ s, which is the largest TVOWW for the SST. ", "For all TFRs, the two IF components are clearly separated, particularly in the RM result Fig.", " \\[Coupling\\](h).", "\n\nFigure  \\[Symmetry\\] shows that a small window width is required to capture the variation in an oscillating IF component. ", "Note that the small window width is $\\frac{111}{720}$ s and the large window width is $\\frac{251}{720}$ s. A small window width provides a fine temporal resolution, which allows us to extract the dynamical information of an IF component ((a)-(d) in Figure  \\[Symmetry\\]), while a large window width causes ambiguity in temporal direction ((e)-(h) in Figure  \\[Symmetry\\]).", "\n\nIn summary, a proper window width is a prerequisite to obtain the accurate IF information in the TFR in spite of the fact that the conventional reassignment rule in the RM and high-order reassignment rules in the 2nd-order SST can cope with the fast-varying IF components efficiently.", "\n\n[0.42]{} ![", "\\[Coupling\\] A large window is needed to separate the two adjacent IF components for different TF analyses. ", "The window width in the upper panel is $\\frac{111}{720}$ s (small), and that in the lower panel is $\\frac{345}{720}$ s (large). ", "The TFRs of the SST, the vSST, the oSST, and the RM are shown in (a)(e), (b)(f), (c)(g), and (d)(h), respectively. ", "The TFR values are normalized by the z-score. ", "It is clear that while the TFRs of the 2nd-order SST and the RM are sharpened, with the small window width these TFRs suffer from the “coupling artifact” caused by the two closing IF components. ", "A longer window width in this case can help remove the artifact. ", "We could see that the SST could not well handle the fast-varying IF.](Coupling_SST_Small.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.42]{} ![", "\\[Coupling\\] A large window is needed to separate the two adjacent IF components for different TF analyses. ", "The window width in the upper panel is $\\frac{111}{720}$ s (small), and that in the lower panel is $\\frac{345}{720}$ s (large). ", "The TFRs of the SST, the vSST, the oSST, and the RM are shown in (a)(e), (b)(f), (c)(g), and (d)(h), respectively. ", "The TFR values are normalized by the z-score. ", "It is clear that while the TFRs of the 2nd-order SST and the RM are sharpened, with the small window width these TFRs suffer from the “coupling artifact” caused by the two closing IF components. ", "A longer window width in this case can help remove the artifact. ", "We could see that the SST could not well handle the fast-varying IF.](Coupling_vSST_Small.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.42]{} ![", "\\[Coupling\\] A large window is needed to separate the two adjacent IF components for different TF analyses. ", "The window width in the upper panel is $\\frac{111}{720}$ s (small), and that in the lower panel is $\\frac{345}{720}$ s (large). ", "The TFRs of the SST, the vSST, the oSST, and the RM are shown in (a)(e), (b)(f), (c)(g), and (d)(h), respectively. ", "The TFR values are normalized by the z-score. ", "It is clear that while the TFRs of the 2nd-order SST and the RM are sharpened, with the small window width these TFRs suffer from the “coupling artifact” caused by the two closing IF components. ", "A longer window width in this case can help remove the artifact. ", "We could see that the SST could not well handle the fast-varying IF.](Coupling_oSST_Small.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.42]{} ![", "\\[Coupling\\] A large window is needed to separate the two adjacent IF components for different TF analyses. ", "The window width in the upper panel is $\\frac{111}{720}$ s (small), and that in the lower panel is $\\frac{345}{720}$ s (large). ", "The TFRs of the SST, the vSST, the oSST, and the RM are shown in (a)(e), (b)(f), (c)(g), and (d)(h), respectively. ", "The TFR values are normalized by the z-score. ", "It is clear that while the TFRs of the 2nd-order SST and the RM are sharpened, with the small window width these TFRs suffer from the “coupling artifact” caused by the two closing IF components. ", "A longer window width in this case can help remove the artifact. ", "We could see that the SST could not well handle the fast-varying IF.](Coupling_rgn_Small.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.42]{} ![", "\\[Coupling\\] A large window is needed to separate the two adjacent IF components for different TF analyses. ", "The window width in the upper panel is $\\frac{111}{720}$ s (small), and that in the lower panel is $\\frac{345}{720}$ s (large). ", "The TFRs of the SST, the vSST, the oSST, and the RM are shown in (a)(e), (b)(f), (c)(g), and (d)(h), respectively. ", "The TFR values are normalized by the z-score. ", "It is clear that while the TFRs of the 2nd-order SST and the RM are sharpened, with the small window width these TFRs suffer from the “coupling artifact” caused by the two closing IF components. ", "A longer window width in this case can help remove the artifact. ", "We could see that the SST could not well handle the fast-varying IF.](Coupling_SST_Large.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.42]{} ![", "\\[Coupling\\] A large window is needed to separate the two adjacent IF components for different TF analyses. ", "The window width in the upper panel is $\\frac{111}{720}$ s (small), and that in the lower panel is $\\frac{345}{720}$ s (large). ", "The TFRs of the SST, the vSST, the oSST, and the RM are shown in (a)(e), (b)(f), (c)(g), and (d)(h), respectively. ", "The TFR values are normalized by the z-score. ", "It is clear that while the TFRs of the 2nd-order SST and the RM are sharpened, with the small window width these TFRs suffer from the “coupling artifact” caused by the two closing IF components. ", "A longer window width in this case can help remove the artifact. ", "We could see that the SST could not well handle the fast-varying IF.](Coupling_vSST_Large.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.42]{} ![", "\\[Coupling\\] A large window is needed to separate the two adjacent IF components for different TF analyses. ", "The window width in the upper panel is $\\frac{111}{720}$ s (small), and that in the lower panel is $\\frac{345}{720}$ s (large). ", "The TFRs of the SST, the vSST, the oSST, and the RM are shown in (a)(e), (b)(f), (c)(g), and (d)(h), respectively. ", "The TFR values are normalized by the z-score. ", "It is clear that while the TFRs of the 2nd-order SST and the RM are sharpened, with the small window width these TFRs suffer from the “coupling artifact” caused by the two closing IF components. ", "A longer window width in this case can help remove the artifact. ", "We could see that the SST could not well handle the fast-varying IF.](Coupling_oSST_Large.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.42]{} ![", "\\[Coupling\\] A large window is needed to separate the two adjacent IF components for different TF analyses. ", "The window width in the upper panel is $\\frac{111}{720}$ s (small), and that in the lower panel is $\\frac{345}{720}$ s (large). ", "The TFRs of the SST, the vSST, the oSST, and the RM are shown in (a)(e), (b)(f), (c)(g), and (d)(h), respectively. ", "The TFR values are normalized by the z-score. ", "It is clear that while the TFRs of the 2nd-order SST and the RM are sharpened, with the small window width these TFRs suffer from the “coupling artifact” caused by the two closing IF components. ", "A longer window width in this case can help remove the artifact. ", "We could see that the SST could not well handle the fast-varying IF.](Coupling_rgn_Large.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.42]{} ![", "\\[Symmetry\\]A small window width is needed to capture the variation in the oscillatory IF component. ", "The window width in the upper panel is $\\frac{111}{720}$ s (small), and that in the lower panel is $\\frac{251}{720}$ s (large). ", "The TFRs of the SST, the vSST, the oSST, and the RM are shown in (a)(e), (b)(f), (c)(g), and (d)(h), respectively. ", "The TFR values are normalized by the z-score. ", "It is clear that while the TFRs of the 2nd-order SST and the RM are sharpened, with the large window width these TFRs are “confused” by the fast-varying IFs. ", "A shorter window width in this case can help increase the TFR quality. ", "We could see that the SST could not well handle the fast-varying IF.](Symmetry_SST_Small.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.42]{} ![", "\\[Symmetry\\]A small window width is needed to capture the variation in the oscillatory IF component. ", "The window width in the upper panel is $\\frac{111}{720}$ s (small), and that in the lower panel is $\\frac{251}{720}$ s (large). ", "The TFRs of the SST, the vSST, the oSST, and the RM are shown in (a)(e), (b)(f), (c)(g), and (d)(h), respectively. ", "The TFR values are normalized by the z-score. ", "It is clear that while the TFRs of the 2nd-order SST and the RM are sharpened, with the large window width these TFRs are “confused” by the fast-varying IFs. ", "A shorter window width in this case can help increase the TFR quality. ", "We could see that the SST could not well handle the fast-varying IF.](Symmetry_vSST_Small.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.42]{} ![", "\\[Symmetry\\]A small window width is needed to capture the variation in the oscillatory IF component. ", "The window width in the upper panel is $\\frac{111}{720}$ s (small), and that in the lower panel is $\\frac{251}{720}$ s (large). ", "The TFRs of the SST, the vSST, the oSST, and the RM are shown in (a)(e), (b)(f), (c)(g), and (d)(h), respectively. ", "The TFR values are normalized by the z-score. ", "It is clear that while the TFRs of the 2nd-order SST and the RM are sharpened, with the large window width these TFRs are “confused” by the fast-varying IFs. ", "A shorter window width in this case can help increase the TFR quality. ", "We could see that the SST could not well handle the fast-varying IF.](Symmetry_oSST_Small.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.42]{} ![", "\\[Symmetry\\]A small window width is needed to capture the variation in the oscillatory IF component. ", "The window width in the upper panel is $\\frac{111}{720}$ s (small), and that in the lower panel is $\\frac{251}{720}$ s (large). ", "The TFRs of the SST, the vSST, the oSST, and the RM are shown in (a)(e), (b)(f), (c)(g), and (d)(h), respectively. ", "The TFR values are normalized by the z-score. ", "It is clear that while the TFRs of the 2nd-order SST and the RM are sharpened, with the large window width these TFRs are “confused” by the fast-varying IFs. ", "A shorter window width in this case can help increase the TFR quality. ", "We could see that the SST could not well handle the fast-varying IF.](Symmetry_rgn_Small.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.42]{} ![", "\\[Symmetry\\]A small window width is needed to capture the variation in the oscillatory IF component. ", "The window width in the upper panel is $\\frac{111}{720}$ s (small), and that in the lower panel is $\\frac{251}{720}$ s (large). ", "The TFRs of the SST, the vSST, the oSST, and the RM are shown in (a)(e), (b)(f), (c)(g), and (d)(h), respectively. ", "The TFR values are normalized by the z-score. ", "It is clear that while the TFRs of the 2nd-order SST and the RM are sharpened, with the large window width these TFRs are “confused” by the fast-varying IFs. ", "A shorter window width in this case can help increase the TFR quality. ", "We could see that the SST could not well handle the fast-varying IF.](Symmetry_SST_Large.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.42]{} ![", "\\[Symmetry\\]A small window width is needed to capture the variation in the oscillatory IF component. ", "The window width in the upper panel is $\\frac{111}{720}$ s (small), and that in the lower panel is $\\frac{251}{720}$ s (large). ", "The TFRs of the SST, the vSST, the oSST, and the RM are shown in (a)(e), (b)(f), (c)(g), and (d)(h), respectively. ", "The TFR values are normalized by the z-score. ", "It is clear that while the TFRs of the 2nd-order SST and the RM are sharpened, with the large window width these TFRs are “confused” by the fast-varying IFs. ", "A shorter window width in this case can help increase the TFR quality. ", "We could see that the SST could not well handle the fast-varying IF.](Symmetry_vSST_Large.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.42]{} ![", "\\[Symmetry\\]A small window width is needed to capture the variation in the oscillatory IF component. ", "The window width in the upper panel is $\\frac{111}{720}$ s (small), and that in the lower panel is $\\frac{251}{720}$ s (large). ", "The TFRs of the SST, the vSST, the oSST, and the RM are shown in (a)(e), (b)(f), (c)(g), and (d)(h), respectively. ", "The TFR values are normalized by the z-score. ", "It is clear that while the TFRs of the 2nd-order SST and the RM are sharpened, with the large window width these TFRs are “confused” by the fast-varying IFs. ", "A shorter window width in this case can help increase the TFR quality. ", "We could see that the SST could not well handle the fast-varying IF.](Symmetry_oSST_Large.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.42]{} ![", "\\[Symmetry\\]A small window width is needed to capture the variation in the oscillatory IF component. ", "The window width in the upper panel is $\\frac{111}{720}$ s (small), and that in the lower panel is $\\frac{251}{720}$ s (large). ", "The TFRs of the SST, the vSST, the oSST, and the RM are shown in (a)(e), (b)(f), (c)(g), and (d)(h), respectively. ", "The TFR values are normalized by the z-score. ", "It is clear that while the TFRs of the 2nd-order SST and the RM are sharpened, with the large window width these TFRs are “confused” by the fast-varying IFs. ", "A shorter window width in this case can help increase the TFR quality. ", "We could see that the SST could not well handle the fast-varying IF.](Symmetry_rgn_Large.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n### Reconstruction Error Analysis\n\nFinally, to quantify the improvement of the TFR by taking the TVOWW into account, we evaluate the normalized root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) by comparing the reconstructed signal components, the IF, and the AM with corresponding true answers.", "\n\nThe normalized RMSD for the evaluation component $\\hat{f}_i$, where $i=1$, $2$, and $3$, is given as $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\rm{normalized \\enspace RMSD}}(\\hat{f}_i)=\\frac{{\\|\\hat{f}_i^2(t) - f_i^2(t)\\|_{L^2}}}{|f_{i,{\\rm max}}-f_{i,{\\rm min}}|}, \\label{nrmsd}\\end{aligned}$$ where $f_{i,\\rm max}$ and $f_{i,\\rm min}$ are the maximum and minimum values of $f_i$, respectively. ", "Here $\\hat{f}_i$ can represent the reconstructed signal component $\\hat{x}_i$, the reconstructed IF and the reconstructed AM from the TFR.", "\n\nIn addition to the noiseless condition, we compute the normalized RMSD for SNR of $15$ and $10$ dB for $25$ trials, and report the mean and the standard deviation of the normalized RMSD.", "\n\nThe results for the reconstruction performance, the reconstructed IF, and the reconstructed AM for each component are presented in Fig.", " \\[ReconErr\\],  \\[ReconErr2\\], and  \\[ReconErr3\\], respectively. ", "The IF components are estimated by evaluating the center of mass of the TFR. ", "The AM components are extracted from the envelope of the reconstructed signal components. ", "Note that the error varies for different methods to compute the AM components.", "\n\nThe results confirm the benefit of the TVOWW selection scheme, particularly for the components $x_1(t)$ and $x_2(t)$. For $x_3(t)$, the errors of the GOWW and the TVOWW selection schemes are similar, since this signal component is less coupled with the others.", "\n\nThe results for the reconstructed IF and the reconstructed AM for each component are presented in Figure  \\[ReconErr2\\] and  \\[ReconErr3\\], respectively. ", "The IF components are estimated by evaluating the center of mass of the TFR. ", "The AM components are extracted from the envelope of the reconstructed signal component. ", "Note that the error varies for different methods to compute the AM components.", "\n\nAlthough not shown in the paper due to the page limit, we mention that the TVOWW selection technique can be applied to the 2nd-SST and other variations of the SST to improve the reconstruction quality.", "\n\n[0.31]{} {width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.31]{} {width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.31]{} {width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.31]{} {width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.31]{} {width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.31]{} {width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.31]{} {width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.31]{} {width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.31]{} {width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n### Toward an Optimally Concentrated TFR – AOWW\n\nWe demonstrate that the AOWW selection scheme can achieve a more concentrated TFR by considering the optimal window width in both time and frequency axes. ", "For the example of the synthetic signal, we set $2b_F=1.6$ Hz and evaluate the local optimal window width every $1.4$ Hz. ", "The TFR results for the SST and the vSST using the AOWW selection scheme are presented in Fig.", " \\[AOWW\\]. ", "By comparing Fig.\\[AOWW\\](a) with Fig.\\[TVOW\\](b), we found that the TFR is sharpened using the AOWW selection scheme, at the expense of significantly increased computation and the lost of the inverse routine to reconstruct each IMT component. ", "Moreover, the TFR of the vSST with the AOWW (Fig.\\[AOWW\\](b)) and that with the TVOWW is similar.", "\n\n[0.45]{} ![ ", "The TFRs of the SST and the vSST using the AOWW. []{", "data-label=\"AOWW\"}](AOWW_sst_Synthetic_noise.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.45]{} ![ ", "The TFRs of the SST and the vSST using the AOWW. []{", "data-label=\"AOWW\"}](AOWW_vsst_Synthetic_noise.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n### The Influence of Parameters in the GOWW, the TVOWW and the AOWW Selection Schemes\n\nWe mention that the optimal $\\alpha$ value chosen for the Renyi entropy might depend on the application. ", "For a specific application, we could further optimize $\\alpha$, and it might depend on parameters such as the sampling rate, frequency-axis and time-axis discretization, and the parameter $b$ and $b_F$.\n\nIn this subsection we show that the GOWW, the TVOWW and the AOWW selection schemes are not sensitive to these parameters. ", "Table 1 presents the normalized RMSD of the reconstructed components for three different $\\alpha$, which are $2$, $2.4$, and $2.8$. Here $b$ and $b_F$ are fixed. ", "Table 2 presents the normalized RMSD of the reconstructed components for three different $b$, which are $0.8$ s, $0.17$ s, and $0.25$ s. Here $\\alpha$ and $b_F$ are fixed. ", "Since no reconstruction routine is available for the AOWW, the evaluation of the dependence of the AOWW on the chosen parameters is based on the deviation of the IF components via ridge extraction. ", "Table 3 presents the normalized RMSD of the reconstructed IF components for three different $b_F$, which are $0.6$ Hz, $0.8$ Hz, and $1$ Hz. ", "Here $\\alpha$ and $b$ are fixed. ", "Here the local optimal window width is evaluated every $1$ Hz. ", "These results provide the evidence that the GOWW, the TVOWW, and the AOWW selection schemes are stable to three major parameters $\\alpha$, $b$, and $b_F$.\n\n**Table 1** Component reconstruction errors for three different values of $\\alpha$ in the GOWW and the TVOWW selection schemes. ", "Here $b$ and $b_F$ are fixed.\\\n\n $\\alpha=2$ $\\alpha=2.4$ $\\alpha=2.8$\n ---------- ------- ------------ -------------- --------------\n $x_1(t)$ GOWW $0.1177$ $0.1177$ $0.1177$\n TVOWW $0.0357$ $0.0359$ $0.0353$\n $x_2(t)$ GOWW $0.1152$ $0.1152$ $0.1152$\n TVOWW $0.0288$ $0.0287$ $0.0280$\n $x_3(t)$ GOWW $0.0202$ $0.0202$ $0.0202$\n TVOWW $0.0210$ $0.0213$ $0.0213$\n\n\\[list2\\] **Table 2** Component reconstruction errors for three different values of $b$ in the TVOWW selection scheme. ", "Here $\\alpha$ and $b_F$ are fixed.\\\n\n $b=0.08s$ $b=0.17s$ $b=0.25s$\n ---------- ----------- ----------- -----------\n $x_1(t)$ $0.0354$ $0.0358$ $0.0398$\n $x_2(t)$ $0.0288$ $0.0294$ $0.0342$\n $x_3(t)$ $0.0199$ $0.0200$ $0.0200$\n\n\\[list3\\] **Table 3** Instantaneous frequency reconstruction error with three different values of $b_F$ in the AOWW selection scheme. ", "Here $\\alpha$ and $b$ are fixed.\\\n\n $b_F=0.6$ Hz $b_F=0.8$ Hz $b_F=1.0$ Hz\n ---------- --------------------- --------------------- ---------------------\n $x_1(t)$ $0.0184$ $0.0170$ $0.0150$\n $x_2(t)$ $3.29\\times10^{-4}$ $2.72\\times10^{-4}$ $2.66\\times10^{-4}$\n $x_3(t)$ $0.0056$ $0.0049$ $0.0050$\n\nApplication to Attosecond Physics\n---------------------------------\n\nDuring the past decade, real-time observation and direct control of electronic motion in atoms, molecules, nanostructures and solids have been achieved due to advent in the synthesis of attosecond pulses [@Krausz_Ivanov:2009]. ", "In general, an isolated attosecond pulse is created by the superposition of a broadband supercontinuum in high-order harmonic generation driven by high-intensity femtosecond laser pulses [@Chini_Zhao_Chang:2014]. ", "To date, an isolated attosecond pulse as short as $67$ attoseconds has been reported [@Zhao_Zhang_Chini:2012]. ", "To synthesize shorter attosecond pulses, a better understanding of the underlying physical mechanism is needed. ", "The physical mechanism of the synthesis of attosecond pulses can be understood by analyzing the electron dipole moment oscillation induced by an applied laser field via the TF analysis. ", "In the previous literature [@Antoine_pra:1995; @Antoine:1996; @Chirila_Dreissigacker__Zwan_Lein_pra:2010; @Li_Sheu_Laughlin_Chu:2015; @Murakami_Korobkin_Horbatsch_pra:2013; @Pfeifer_Gallmann_Abel_Nagel_Neumark_Leone_pra:2006; @Sheu_Wu_Hsu:2015; @Tong_Chu:2000; @Tudorovskaya_Lein:2011], the linear-type transforms based on short window widths have been adopted and the results are consistent with the classical trajectory simulations [@Corkum:1993]. ", "However, there is no discussion on how and why small windows are chosen in the field of attosecond physics.", "\n\nTo clarify this issue, we study the electron dipole moment in atomic hydrogen evoked by an optimally shaped laser waveform that can generate an isolated $21$ attosecond pulse [@Chou_Li_Ho_Chu:2015]. ", "Such a laser profile can greatly extend the high-order harmonics up to $900$ harmonics within a short time interval, suggesting fast-varying IF components. ", "The time-dependent dipole moment in the acceleration form is computed by solving a three-dimensional time-dependent Schr[ö]{}dinger equation in the framework of the time-dependent generalized pseudospectral (TDGPS) method within the electric dipole approximation [@Tong_Chu:1997]. ", "The TDGPS method gives accurate orbital energies and has been employed in the strong field physics as well as attosecond science. ", "The simulation details are referred to [@Chou_Li_Ho_Chu:2015].", "\n\nWe then compute the R[é]{}nyi entropy for a series of window widths, ranging from $0.25$ atomic units (a.u.) ", "to $8.33$ a.u. ", "We apply the TVOWW selection scheme with a neighborhood size of $2b=10$ a.u., ", "resulting in Fig.", " \\[Chou\\]. ", "Fig.", " \\[Chou\\] indicates that there are three emissions taking place. ", "The cutoffs of the first and third emissions are located at around the $500$th order, and the second emission reaches the $900$th order. ", "The branches on the TFR nearly coincide with the classical trajectories reported in the previous literature [@Chou_Li_Ho_Chu:2015]. ", "For comparison purposes, enlarged details of the second emission with the GOWW and the TVOWW are displayed in Fig.", " \\[Chou2\\]. ", "It is observed that at around $0.43$ laser cycles ($1$ laser cycle $=275.77$ a.u.), ", "the branch indicated by the blue arrow in Fig.", " \\[Chou2\\](b) corresponding to the long trajectory quantum path has the strongest intensity and consists of the most harmonics. ", "While the branch indicated by the red arrow dies out after $0.35$ laser cycles in the TFR of the SST with the GOWW (Fig.", " \\[Chou2\\](a)), it is revealed by the result with the TVOWW (Fig.", " \\[Chou2\\](b)) that the short trajectory quantum path also has an influence on the high order harmonic emission. ", "These high order harmonics occur almost simultaneously, which is a prerequisite of a dependable attosecond pulse.", "\n\nIn the second example, we demonstrate that the AOWW selection scheme is beneficial to distinguish the near-threshold harmonics in the TF representation of a hydrogen atom in the strong laser field . ", "Figure \\[Risoud\\] shows the TF representations for HHG generated by a monochromatic laser field with a wavelength of $800$ nm and an intensity of $5\\times10^{13}\\;\\mbox{W/cm}^2$. The laser field profile is described by $\\sin^2 (\\pi t/(nT))$, where $n=40$ is the pulse length measured in optical cycles ($T=2\\pi/\\omega_0$), and $\\omega_0$ is fundamental angular frequency of the laser wavelength. (", "The definition of the laser field profile and the simulation details can be found in [@Sheu_Wu_Hsu:2015; @Sheu_Aip:2014].) ", "The laser parameters correspond to the Keldysh parameter $\\gamma_K=1.51$ [@Chang:2011; @Sheu_Wu_Hsu:2015], indicating that the main dynamic mechanism is the multiphoton ionization process. ", "Generally speaking, $\\gamma_K\\gg1$ and $\\gamma_K\\ll1$ correspond to the multiphoton ionization regime and the tunneling ionization regime, respectively. ", "Figure \\[Risoud\\](a) presents the result of the synchrosqueezed Morlet wavelet transform with a scaling parameter $\\tau=6$, and in Fig.", " \\[Risoud\\](b) the AOWW selection scheme is applied. ", "Due to the advantage of multiresolution, the synchrosqueezed Morlet wavelet transform [@Li_Sheu_Laughlin_Chu:2015; @Sheu_Wu_Hsu:2015] can clearly describe the below-threshold harmonics (from the $1$st to the $5$th harmonics), and the chirp-like dynamics in the above-threshold region. ", "However, in the near-threshold region (The ionization threshold in this case is the $8.78$th harmonic.), ", "the harmonics (i.e., from the $7$th to the $11$th harmonics) are coupled and ambiguous. ", "After applying the AOWW selection scheme with a neighborhood size of $2b=0.24 T$ and $2b_F=0.46 \\omega_0$, the near-threshold harmonics in Fig.", " \\[Risoud\\](b) are clearly depicted in the TFR. ", "The second example indicates that the AOWW selection scheme may be applied to other atomic systems such as the Cs atom [@Li_Sheu_Laughlin_Chu:2015].", "\n\n![ ", "The TFR of the SST with the TVOWW for the electron dipole moment in an acceleration form. ", "Note that the TFR is in the logarithmic scale. ", "The second emission that reaches up to the $900$th harmonic order in a very short interval can be utilized to synthesize an isolated ultrashort attosecond pulse. []{", "data-label=\"Chou\"}](Result_Chou_VOW_sst.eps){width=\"80.00000%\"}\n\n[0.45]{} ![ ", "Enlarged figures from Fig.", " \\[Chou\\] show delicate differences between the TFR with the GOWW (a) and the TVOWW (b). ", "The blue arrow indicates the branch corresponding to the long trajectory quantum path and the red arrow indicates the branch corresponding to the short trajectory quantum path. []{", "data-label=\"Chou2\"}](Result_Chou2_arrow_GOWW.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.45]{} ![ ", "Enlarged figures from Fig.", " \\[Chou\\] show delicate differences between the TFR with the GOWW (a) and the TVOWW (b). ", "The blue arrow indicates the branch corresponding to the long trajectory quantum path and the red arrow indicates the branch corresponding to the short trajectory quantum path. []{", "data-label=\"Chou2\"}](Result_Chou2_arrow_TVOWW.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.45]{} ![ (", "a) The TFR of the synchrosqueezed Morlet wavelet transform of the acceleration dipole moment using a laser field of a wavelength of $800$ nm and an intensity of $5\\times10^{13}\\;\\mbox{W/cm}^2$. (b) The TFR of the synchrosqueezed Morlet wavelet transform with the AOWW selection scheme applied. []{", "data-label=\"Risoud\"}](Risoud03_sstMorlet.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n[0.45]{} ![ (", "a) The TFR of the synchrosqueezed Morlet wavelet transform of the acceleration dipole moment using a laser field of a wavelength of $800$ nm and an intensity of $5\\times10^{13}\\;\\mbox{W/cm}^2$. (b) The TFR of the synchrosqueezed Morlet wavelet transform with the AOWW selection scheme applied. []{", "data-label=\"Risoud\"}](Risoud03_sstMorlet_AOWW.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nA comparison with other methods\n-------------------------------\n\nThe proposed TVOWW and the AOWW selection schemes have similarities with some non-reassignment-type TF analysis methods. ", "For example, in the sparsification approach [@Hou_Shi:2013a], when the signal satisfies the regularity conditions of the AHM, a dictionary design and a sparsity based optimization lead to the desired time-varying spectral information and signal decomposition. ", "However, it is not clear how to achieve the optimal dictionary design, and the optimization step in the sparsification could be compute-intensive if the dictionary is chosen improperly. ", "To have a parallel comparison with the reassignment-type transforms, note that the dictionary in the reassignment-type transforms, for example, $\\mathcal{D}$ in (\\[Definition:RedundantDictionary\\]), is infinitely redundant. ", "The “optimal” frame is not chosen by any direct optimization procedure. ", "Instead, the reassignment rule provides an approximation of the optimal frames. ", "When combined with the TVOWW or the AOWW selection scheme, we get the optimal frame over an infinitely redundant dictionary. ", "In this sense, when combined with the TVOWW or the AOWW, the reassignment-type transforms could be viewed as a variation of the sparsification approach.", "\n\nThe Tycoon [@Kowalski_Meynard_Wu:2015], on the other hand, could be viewed as a TF analysis technique based on the convex optimization from the synthesis viewpoint [@Balazs_Doerfler_Kowalski_Torresani:2013]. ", "In this approach, we do not design a dictionary or choose a window. ", "Instead, we need to determine some fundamental quantities that a “good” TFR should satisfy, and then directly find this good TFR by optimizing a functional capturing the determined fundamental quantities. ", "Since the TFR determined by the SST could approximate the considered functional [@Daubechies_Lu_Wu:2011; @Kowalski_Meynard_Wu:2015], the combination of the TVOWW or the AOWW and the SST and its variations could be viewed as a relaxation of the Tycoon.", "\n\nIn the TFJP [@Jaillet_Torresani:2007], we first fix a TF plane tiling. ", "For each block in the TF plane tiling, the optimal window for the GT is then selected based on the Rényi entropy. ", "While it leads to a sharper TFR, the “uncertainty” still exists. ", "Furthermore, since the TF plane tiling is not uniformly distributed, the signal decomposition ability is limited. ", "While the SST and its variations combined with the TVOWW or the AOWW selection schemes could be viewed as a variation of the TFJP in the sense of “window selection”, we mention that the TFJP and frame-based methods are different in essence. ", "Specifically, TFJP is not specifically designed for sums of frequency modulated signals but for a more general signal, so the application fields of the TFJP are different.", "\n\nConclusions {#Section:Conclusions}\n===========\n\nIn this study, we propose two optimal window width selection schemes, namely, the TVOWW and the AOWW selection techniques, to optimize the concentration of the TFR determined by a chosen TF analysis. ", "The R[é]{}nyi entropy is applied to determine the concentration of the TFR. ", "In addition to showing the performance of the proposed scheme in a synthetic signal, we show potential applications of this method to attosecond physics. ", "We believe that this work can serve as a cornerstone in ultrafast dynamics in atoms and molecules to uncover new physics.", "\n\nAcknowledgement\n===============\n\nHau-tieng Wu acknowledges the support of Sloan Research Fellow FR-2015-65363 and Professor Bruno Torresani and Professor Matthieu Kowalski for the fruitful discussions for different topics related to this work. ", "Yae-lin Sheu thanks Prof. S.-I Chu and Y. Chou for their advice on numerical parameters of the generalized pseudospectral method. ", "The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions to improve the manuscript.", "\n\n[^1]: The SST can be defined also on the CWT [@Daubechies_Lu_Wu:2011], the S-transform [@Huang_Zhang_Zhao_Sun:2015], as well as other linear-type TF transforms [@Yang:2014]. ", "Here we focus only on the SST defined on the STFT.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "My Best Practices for Deploying a Web Application on Alibaba Cloud — SitePoint\n\nThis article was originally published on Alibaba Cloud. ", "Thank you for supporting the partners who make SitePoint possible.", "\n\nIn this article, I want to share the best practices I use when deploying a webapplication to AlibabaCloud. ", "I work as a freelancer and recently one of my clients asked me to setup SuiteCRM for his small organization. ", "Since I frequently write tutorials for Alibaba Cloud, I recommended that the client use the same cloud platform. ", "For nearly 100 users and at least 30 concurrent users, here’s the configuration I recommended.", "\n\nThe steps I followed are very simple and can be adopted for nearly all PHP based applications.", "\n\nIf you are new to Alibaba Cloud, you can use this link to sign up to Alibaba Cloud. ", "You will get new user credit worth US$300 for free, which you can use to try out different Alibaba Cloud products.", "\n\nCreating an ECS Instance\n\nAlibaba Cloud has documented nearly everything you will require to get started with the cloud platform. ", "You can use the Getting Started Tutorials or the Tech Share Blog to learn how to start using Alibaba Cloud. ", "You can find the most obvious steps in the Quick Start Guide and let me walk you through the best practices to use when creating the ECS instance.", "\n\nLog in to your Alibaba Cloud console and go to Elastic Compute Service interface. ", "You can easily create the instance by clicking the Create Instance button. ", "Things to keep in mind are:\n\nRegion: Since Alibaba Cloud has data centers all around the globe, always choose the region which is geographically closer to the users of the application. ", "As the data center is closer to the user, the website will load very fast due to the low latency of the network. ", "In my case, I chose Mumbai region, as the organization was based in Mumbai itself.", "\n\nBilling Method: If you are planning to continuously run the instance 24/7, you should always choose the monthly subscription as it will cut down the price to less than half compared to Pay-As-You-Go. ", "For example, the monthly subscription cost of a shared type ECS instance of 2 vCPUs and 4GB RAM is $23 USD but the same instance in Pay-As-You-Go costs $0.103 USD per Hour. ", "Monthly cost becomes $0.103*24*30 = $74.16 USD.", "\n\nInstance Type: Choose the instance type according to your requirements. ", "Resources can be increased later on demand.", "\n\nImage: You may find the application you wish to install on your ECS instance on a Marketplace image but it is always recommended to install it yourself in a clean official image. ", "Later, if your application encounters some error, you will know where to look.", "\n\nStorage: System disks are deleted when the ECS instance is released. ", "Use data disk when possible as your disk will be retained even after the instance is accidentally deleted.", "\n\nHere’s the configuration I used.", "\n\nYou can choose the VPC which is created by default. ", "You can add as many as 4092 instances in it. ", "I use a different security group for each ECS instance so that I can configure individually and make sure that no unused port is opened.", "\n\nAnother important thing is to use key-based authentication rather than using passwords. ", "If you already have a key-pair, you can add the public key to Alibaba Cloud. ", "If not, you can use Alibaba Cloud to create one. ", "Make sure that key is stored in a very secure place, and the key itself is encrypted by a passphrase.", "\n\nThat’s all the things to keep in mind while creating the ECS instance.", "\n\nSetting Up the ECS Instance\n\nOnce you have created your instance and logged into the terminal, there are few things I suggest you should consider before you set up your website.", "\n\nRather than using the root account for executing the commands, set up a sudo user on the first connection and always use the sudo user for running the commands. ", "You can also set key based authentication for the sudo user, and disable root login entirely.", "\n\nAlways keep your base image updated.", "\n\nAlibaba base images do not have any extra package which is not required. ", "Do not install any package that’s not required.", "\n\nIf things go bad during installation, you can always reset the instance by changing the system disk. ", "You don’t need to delete the instance and recreate it.", "\n\nI created the sudo user and configured key based auth in it. ", "I updated the base image and set up unattended system upgrades. ", "I followed a tutorial to install Nginx web server, which is a lightweight production-grade web server. ", "Further, I installed PHP 7.2 with PHP-FPM. ", "PHP 7.2 is the latest available version of PHP as of now. ", "Using the latest software will ensure that the system is free from all the bugs and we will also get a faster processing and more stability. ", "Finally, I downloaded the SuiteCRM archive from its official website and deployed the files into Nginx.", "\n\nConfiguring Security Group Rules\n\nIt is very important to leave no unused port open in the security group of the ECS instance. ", "Have a look at the security group rules I used for the SuiteCRM instance.", "\n\nYou can see that I have allowed only the ports 22, 80 and 443 along with all ICMP packets. ", "Port 22 is used for SSH connection. ", "Port 80 is the unsecured HTTP port, which in my case just redirects to the port 443 on HTTPS. ", "ICMP packets are used to ping the host to check if it is alive or not. ", "It’s perfectly okay if you want to drop the ICMP packets as well — you just won’t be able to ping your instance.", "\n\nCreating the RDS Instance\n\nThe first question to ask before we create the RDS instance is why exactly we need it. ", "We could install any open source database server such as MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL or MongoDB server on the ECS instance itself.", "\n\nThe answer to the question is that ApsaraDB for RDS is optimized for speed and security. ", "By default, the instance we create is only accessible to the whitelisted instances only.", "\n\nLet’s look at the things to keep in mind when we create the ECS instance.", "\n\nRegion: Always choose the same region for the database instance and the ECS instance. ", "Also, make sure that they both are in the same VPC. ", "This will enable you to leverage the free intranet data transfer between the hosts in the same network. ", "Another advantage is that you will need to whitelist only the private IP address of the ECS instance. ", "This increases the security of the database to a great extent.", "\n\nBilling: Again, the cost of monthly subscription is less than that of the Pay-As-You-Go method. ", "Choose according to your needs.", "\n\nCapacity: You can start with a low-end configuration such as 1 Core, 1 GB instance, and 5 GB storage. ", "Later on you can increase resources.", "\n\nAccounts: Never create the Master account for the MySQL 5.6 instance unless required. ", "You can create a database and a database user for each database.", "\n\nHere’s the RDS configuration I used for SuiteCRM.", "\n\nOnce the MySQL RDS instance was activated, I whitelisted the ECS instance from the Security tab of the instance. ", "As soon as I whitelist the IP address, I got the hostname to the RDS instance along with the port number, which was MySQL default port “3306”. ", "I created a database named “suitecrm” and a database user named “suitecrm” and provided read/write access to the user.", "\n\nUsing HTTPS\n\nAs the internet is growing more and more websites are being added on daily basis. ", "When Let’s Encrypt certificate authority started giving SSL certificates for free, it became a trend to use SSL on every website. ", "For the purpose of security, it is very important to use SSL on a web application. ", "If the data being exchanged is unencrypted, a person eavesdropping into the network may extract the confidential information.", "\n\nAlibaba Cloud also provides SSL certificates, but in my point of view, it is quite expensive. ", "However, with expensive things come extra guarantees. ", "SSL certificates provided by Alibaba Cloud is suitable for enterprise users.", "\n\nIn the SuiteCRM deployment, I also used Let’s Encrypt’s free SSL to secure the SuiteCRM web application. ", "For generating the certificates by Certbot, which is a client application for Let’s Encrypt CA, the domain needs to be pointed towards the server.", "\n\nAlibaba Cloud provides domain names at very reasonable rates with free whois protection. ", "In my case, my client already had the domain name purchased elsewhere. ", "I created a subdomain and pointed the domain to the ECS instance. ", "I installed Certbot and could easily generate the certificates. ", "Never forget to set up a cron job to renew the certificates automatically as the certificates expire every three months.", "\n\nSetting Up Direct Mail\n\nSetting up an email server by yourself should be avoided as to create an enterprise-grade web server requires expertise, time and the cost to maintain get very high. ", "A slight misconfiguration leads the email directly into the spam folder.", "\n\nAlibaba Cloud’s Direct Mail service provides a cheaper way to send emails from the application using SMTP. ", "It’s free for the first 200 emails every day. ", "In my case, 200 emails per day are enough, and emails exceeding the free quota is also very cheap. ", "I added a new email subdomain into the Direct Mail. ", "Upon adding the domain, I was asked to update the DNS. ", "I did as instructed and it took some time for the DNS to verify as the propagation takes time. ", "Once done, I added the sender address and I had the SMTP server ready to be used with the application.", "\n\nWeb-Based Installation\n\nFinally, I had everything ready. ", "The SuiteCRM application is hosted on ECS, and the database server is hosted on ApsaraDB for RDS. ", "I could easily go through the web-based installation to install the software.", "\n\nHere’s the configuration I provided for the database server during the web-based installation of SuiteCRM.", "\n\nSimilarly, I filled in all the required information and provided the SMTP server details.", "\n\nFinally, my application was successfully deployed on Alibaba Cloud. ", "Further, I suggested that the client use ApsaraDB for Memcache to store the session cache of SuiteCRM and to use WAF to secure the application against incoming threats. ", "However, the client didn’t want to implement the suggestions as they’d increase their monthly bill. ", "However, the client was very happy to see the performance of the application on Alibaba Cloud’s platform.", "\n\nI frequently write technical blogs on Alibaba Cloud Tech Share platform. ", "Go to the following link to find the tutorials written by me. ", "I will also write the detailed guide of the steps and commands to run which are followed by me to install SuiteCRM on Ubuntu 16.04 on Alibaba Cloud Tech Share Platform." ]

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[ "As it does regularly with older products, Apple is about to move a bunch of Macs, iPods, and accessories to obsolete status, meaning the products will no longer be eligible for service or repair support through Apple retail stores or authorized third-party channels. ", "So if you happen to have one of these products and need a hardware repair of some kind, you’ll have until early December to do so at an Apple Store or authorized service provider.", "\n\nThe Macs getting the axe this time around include:\n\niMac (21.5-inch, Late 2009)\n\niMac (27-inch, Late 2009)\n\nMacBook Air (Mid 2009)\n\nMac Pro (Early 2009)\n\nMacBook (13-inch, early 2008)\n\nMacBook Pro (15-inch, early 2008)\n\nThese Macs will move to Obsolete and Vintage status in all regions where applicable. ", "Apple typically begins the process for models 5-7 years after manufacturing has been discontinued and maintains a list on its website here. ", "Vintage status only applies to California and Turkey where the company is required to continue offering support in some cases, but otherwise everything becomes obsolete and will no longer be eligible for hardware repairs.", "\n\nOther products moving to vintage obsolete status this time around include the iPod touch (1st generation), the Apple Cinema Display (23-inch, DVI early 2007), Time Capsule 802.11n (1st) generation, and for the first time, a long list of Beats products that Apple inherited with its acquisition of Beats Electronics, including:\n\niBeats\n\nBeatbox\n\nBeatbox Portable (1st generation)\n\nWireless (1st generation)\n\nDiddybeats\n\nHeartbeats (1st generation)\n\nAll of the above obsoleting will go into action on December 8, 2015, as highlighted in the internal memo above.", "\n\nFTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. ", "More.", "\n\nCheck out 9to5Mac on YouTube for more Apple news:" ]

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[ "Ross Walker\n\nRoss joined the Shield Group in 2016 and is director of Shield Fire & Security, forming part of Shield’s service offerings. ", "Bringing with him over 20 years of experience in the Fire and Security industry, there isn’t much Ross doesn’t know about his fast paced, evolving business.", "\n\nRoss began his career as an apprentice for Brooks, working as an electrical / mechanical engineer. ", "Following completion, Ross worked for Chubb Fire & Security, Initial Fire and Security and Advance Systems installing large scale Access Control/Biometrics and fire systems across the UK and Europe." ]

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[ "[Role of the L-arginine-NO system in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in pregnant women].", "\nInvestigations on using of index possibilities of L-arginin/NO system in evaluation of sanatorium-resort treatment effectiveness of pregnant with cardiovascular disorders were conducted. ", "It was analyzed the dynamics of twenty four hour cycle rhythm of L-arginin and total nitrites and nitrates constance in saliva of 58 pregnant, 20 of which were suffering from metabolic cardiomyopathy, 23-from neurocirculatory dystonia and 15 were healthy pregnant. ", "As the result of examination there were found out considerable changes of parameter values of biological rhythms: duration of rhythm, average twenty four hour cycle range of activity, amount of difference between max index per twenty hour cycle and average index per twenty hour cycle, period of max and min activity. ", "Analysis of tendencies of twenty four hour cycles rhythms concerning dynamics of sanatorium-resort treatment will give possibility to define characteristic features of recovering values of this parameter." ]

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[ "Skadisotoma, a new genus of Isotomidae (Collembola) from Australia.", "\nA new species and genus, Skadisotoma inpericulosa, is described from south-eastern Australia. ", "It possesses some characters that are found in Tomoceridae, such as a long cylindrical dens that is medially bent and a mucro with at least six teeth of different sizes and three setae but in other characters it resembles an isotomid. ", "In this it shows similarities to the Boreal genus Mucronia Fjellberg, but differs from it in the possession of spines on the dens and in some chaetotaxic characters." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to scan and connect ble devices when app is in background in android?", "\n\nI have developed an android application to scan ble devices and have done reading and writing the gatt characteristic when the app is in User Interaction. ", "I want to keep the connection to perticular ble device and want to read-write gatt charecteristic when the app is in foreground and background.", "Here is my BluetoothLeService class.", "\npublic class BluetoothLeService extends Service \n{\n public static final String ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE = \"com.example.tracker.service.", "ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE\";\n public static final String ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED = \"com.example.tracker.service.", "ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED\";\n public static final String ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED = \"com.example.tracker.service.", "ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED\";\n public static final String ACTION_GATT_RSSI_UPDATE = \"com.example.tracker.service.", "ACTION_GATT_RSSI_UPDATE\";\n public static final String ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED = \"com.example.tracker.service.", "ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED\";\n public static final String ACTION_GATT_WRITE_FAILED = \"com.example.tracker.service.", "ACTION_GATT_WRITE_FAILED\";\n protected static final UUID CHARACTERISTIC_UPDATE_NOTIFICATION_DESCRIPTOR_UUID = UUID.fromString(\"00002902-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb\");\n public static final String CHARACTERISTIC_UUID = \"com.example.tracker.service.", "CHARACTERISTIC_UUID\";\n public static final String EXTRA_DATA = \"com.example.tracker.service.", "EXTRA_DATA\";\n public static final String SIGNAL = \"SIGNAL\";\n private static final String TAG = BluetoothLeService.class.getSimpleName();\n private final IBinder mBinder = new LocalBinder();\n private BluetoothAdapter mBluetoothAdapter;\n private String mBluetoothDeviceAddress;\n private BluetoothGatt mBluetoothGatt;\n private BluetoothManager mBluetoothManager;\n private BluetoothGattCharacteristic mFocusedCharacteristic;\n\n private final BluetoothGattCallback mGattCallback = new BluetoothGattCallback() {\n public void onConnectionStateChange(BluetoothGatt gatt, int status, int newState) {\n if (newState == 2) {\n BluetoothLeService.this.broadcastUpdate(BluetoothLeService.", "ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED);\n Log.i(BluetoothLeService.", "TAG, \"Connected to GATT server.\");", "\n Log.i(\"MyActivity\", \"Connected to GATT server.\");", "\n Log.i(\"MyActivity\", \"Attempting to start service discovery:\" + BluetoothLeService.this.mBluetoothGatt.discoverServices());\n } else if (newState == 0) {\n String intentAction = BluetoothLeService.", "ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED;\n Log.i(\"MyActivity\", \"Disconnected from GATT server.\");", "\n BluetoothLeService.this.broadcastUpdate(intentAction);\n }\n }\n\n public void onServicesDiscovered(BluetoothGatt gatt, int status) {\n if (status == 0) {\n BluetoothLeService.this.broadcastUpdate(BluetoothLeService.", "ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED);\n } else {\n Log.w(\"MyActivity\", \"onServicesDiscovered received: \" + status);\n }\n }\n\n public void onCharacteristicRead(BluetoothGatt gatt, BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic, int status) {\n if (status == 0) {\n BluetoothLeService.this.broadcastUpdate(BluetoothLeService.", "ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic);\n Log.i(\"MyActivity\", \"Characteristic flags \" + characteristic.getProperties());\n BluetoothLeService.this.mFocusedCharacteristic = characteristic;\n }\n }\n\n public void onCharacteristicWrite(BluetoothGatt gatt, BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic, int status) {\n if (status == 0) {\n BluetoothLeService.this.broadcastUpdate(BluetoothLeService.", "ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic);\n if ((characteristic.getProperties() & 2) > 0) {\n BluetoothLeService.this.readCharacteristic();\n Log.i(\"MyActivity\", \"Characteristic permits read\");\n }\n Log.i(\"MyActivity\", \"Characteristic was written\");\n return;\n }\n Log.i(\"MyActivity\", \"Failed to write characteristic\");\n BluetoothLeService.this.broadcastUpdate(BluetoothLeService.", "ACTION_GATT_WRITE_FAILED);\n }\n\n public void onReadRemoteRssi(BluetoothGatt gatt, int Rssi, int status) {\n if (status == 0) {\n BluetoothLeService.this.broadcastUpdate(BluetoothLeService.", "ACTION_GATT_RSSI_UPDATE, Rssi);\n }\n }\n\n public void onCharacteristicChanged(BluetoothGatt gatt, BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) {\n Log.i(\"MyActivity\", \"Characteristic has changed\");\n BluetoothLeService.this.broadcastUpdate(BluetoothLeService.", "ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic);\n }\n };\n\n public class LocalBinder extends Binder {\n public BluetoothLeService getService() {\n return BluetoothLeService.this;\n }\n }\n\n private void broadcastUpdate(String action) {\n sendBroadcast(new Intent(action));\n }\n\n private void broadcastUpdate(String action, int Rssi) {\n Intent intent = new Intent(action);\n intent.putExtra(EXTRA_DATA, Rssi);\n sendBroadcast(intent);\n }\n\n private void broadcastUpdate(String action, BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) {\n Intent intent = new Intent(action);\n byte[] data = characteristic.getValue();\n if (data !", "= null && data.length > 0) {\n StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder(data.length);\n int length = data.length;\n for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {\n stringBuilder.append(String.format(\"%02X \", new Object[]{Byte.valueOf(data[i])}));\n }\n intent.putExtra(EXTRA_DATA, new StringBuilder(String.valueOf(new String(data))).append(\" [ \").append(stringBuilder.toString()).toString());\n intent.putExtra(CHARACTERISTIC_UUID, characteristic.getUuid().toString());\n }\n sendBroadcast(intent);\n }\n\n public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {\n\n return this.mBinder;\n }\n\n public boolean onUnbind(Intent intent) {\n close();\n return super.onUnbind(intent);\n }\n\n public boolean initialize() {\n if (this.mBluetoothManager == null) {\n this.mBluetoothManager = (BluetoothManager) getSystemService(\"bluetooth\");\n if (this.mBluetoothManager == null) {\n Log.e(TAG, \"Unable to initialize BluetoothManager.\");", "\n return false;\n }\n }\n this.mBluetoothAdapter = this.mBluetoothManager.getAdapter();\n if (this.mBluetoothAdapter !", "= null) {\n return true;\n }\n Log.e(TAG, \"Unable to obtain a BluetoothAdapter.\");", "\n return false;\n }\n\n public boolean connect(String address) {\n if (this.mBluetoothAdapter == null || address == null) {\n Log.w(TAG, \"BluetoothAdapter not initialized or unspecified address.\");", "\n return false;\n } else if (this.mBluetoothDeviceAddress == null || !", "address.equals(this.mBluetoothDeviceAddress) || this.mBluetoothGatt == null) {\n BluetoothDevice device = this.mBluetoothAdapter.getRemoteDevice(address);\n if (device == null) {\n Log.w(TAG, \"LocalDevice not found. ", " Unable to connect.\");", "\n return false;\n }\n this.mBluetoothGatt = device.connectGatt(this, false, this.mGattCallback);\n Log.d(TAG, \"Trying to create a new connection.\");", "\n this.mBluetoothDeviceAddress = address;\n return true;\n } else {\n Log.d(TAG, \"Trying to use an existing mBluetoothGatt for connection.\");", "\n if (this.mBluetoothGatt.connect()) {\n return true;\n }\n return false;\n }\n }\n\n public void disconnect() {\n if (this.mBluetoothAdapter == null || this.mBluetoothGatt == null) {\n Log.w(TAG, \"BluetoothAdapter not initialized\");\n } else {\n this.mBluetoothGatt.disconnect();\n }\n }\n\n public void readRemoteRssi() {\n if (this.mBluetoothAdapter == null || this.mBluetoothGatt == null) {\n Log.w(TAG, \"BluetoothAdapter not initialized\");\n } else {\n this.mBluetoothGatt.readRemoteRssi();\n }\n }\n\n public BluetoothGattCharacteristic CurrentCharacteristic() {\n return this.mFocusedCharacteristic;\n }\n\n public String getCurrentCharacteristicUuid() {\n return this.mFocusedCharacteristic.getUuid().toString();\n }\n\n public void writeCharacteristic(byte[] c) {\n mFocusedCharacteristic.setValue(c);\n\n if (mBluetoothGatt!=null && mFocusedCharacteristic!=null){\n mBluetoothGatt.writeCharacteristic(mFocusedCharacteristic);\n }\n\n }\n\n public void readCharacteristic() {\n Log.i(\"MyActivity\", \"Read Characteristic\");\n this.mBluetoothGatt.readCharacteristic(this.mFocusedCharacteristic);\n }\n\n public void notifyCharacteristic() {\n Log.i(\"MyActivity\", \"Notify Characteristic\");\n setCharacteristicNotification(this.mFocusedCharacteristic, true);\n }\n\n public void setCurrentCharacteristic(BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) {\n this.mFocusedCharacteristic = characteristic;\n }\n\n public void close() {\n if (this.mBluetoothGatt !", "= null) {\n this.mBluetoothGatt.close();\n this.mBluetoothGatt = null;\n }\n }\n\n public void readCharacteristic(BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) {\n if (this.mBluetoothAdapter == null || this.mBluetoothGatt == null) {\n Log.w(TAG, \"BluetoothAdapter not initialized\");\n } else {\n this.mBluetoothGatt.readCharacteristic(characteristic);\n }\n }\n\n public boolean setCharacteristicNotification(BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic, boolean enable) {\n Log.i(\"MyActivity\", \"setCharacteristicNotification\");\n this.mBluetoothGatt.setCharacteristicNotification(characteristic, enable);\n BluetoothGattDescriptor descriptor = characteristic.getDescriptor(CHARACTERISTIC_UPDATE_NOTIFICATION_DESCRIPTOR_UUID);\n descriptor.setValue(enable ? ", "BluetoothGattDescriptor.", "ENABLE_NOTIFICATION_VALUE : new byte[2]);\n try {\n Thread.sleep(200);\n } catch (InterruptedException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n SystemClock.sleep(200);\n return this.mBluetoothGatt.writeDescriptor(descriptor);\n }\n\n public List<BluetoothGattService> getSupportedGattServices() {\n if (this.mBluetoothGatt == null) {\n return null;\n }\n return this.mBluetoothGatt.getServices();\n }\n\n}\n\nA:\n\nUse service to scan and connect ble devices when application is in background in android.", "\npackage com.example.tracker.service;\n\nimport android.app.", "Service;\nimport android.bluetooth.", "BluetoothAdapter;\nimport android.bluetooth.", "BluetoothDevice;\nimport android.bluetooth.", "BluetoothGatt;\nimport android.bluetooth.", "BluetoothGattCharacteristic;\nimport android.bluetooth.", "BluetoothGattService;\nimport android.bluetooth.", "BluetoothManager;\nimport android.bluetooth.le.", "BluetoothLeScanner;\nimport android.bluetooth.le.", "ScanFilter;\nimport android.bluetooth.le.", "ScanSettings;\nimport android.content.", "BroadcastReceiver;\nimport android.content.", "ComponentName;\nimport android.content.", "Context;\nimport android.content.", "Intent;\nimport android.content.", "IntentFilter;\nimport android.content.", "ServiceConnection;\nimport android.content.pm.", "PackageManager;\nimport android.net.", "Uri;\nimport android.os.", "Handler;\nimport android.os.", "IBinder;\nimport android.support.annotation.", "Nullable;\nimport android.support.v4.widget.", "SwipeRefreshLayout;\nimport android.util.", "Log;\nimport android.widget.", "Button;\nimport android.widget.", "LinearLayout;\nimport android.widget.", "ListView;\nimport android.widget.", "SeekBar;\nimport android.widget.", "Toast;\n\nimport com.google.firebase.auth.", "FirebaseAuth;\nimport com.example.tracker.", "R;\nimport com.example.tracker.utils.", "SampleGattAttributes;\nimport com.example.tracker.utils.", "SharedPreferencesUtils;\n\nimport java.util.", "ArrayList;\nimport java.util.", "HashMap;\nimport java.util.", "List;\nimport java.util.", "UUID;\n\nimport static com.example.tracker.constant.", "SharedFreferencesConstant.", "KEY_SP_MOBILE_NUMBER;\n\n/**\n * Created by Jprashant on 12/9/17.", "\n */\n\npublic class BackgroundService extends Service{\n\n private int scanPeriod;\n\n Context context;\n String TAG=\"BackgroundService\";\n private BluetoothAdapter mBluetoothAdapter;\n private boolean mScanning;\n private Handler mHandler;\n public String[] advDataTypes = new String[256];\n\n ArrayList<BluetoothDevice> bluetoothDeviceArrayList=new ArrayList<>();\n ArrayList<BluetoothDevice> bluetoothDeviceArrayListTwo=new ArrayList<>();\n private static final int REQUEST_ENABLE_BT = 1;\n // Stops scanning after 10 seconds.", "\n private static final long SCAN_PERIOD = 10000;\n\n /*Connect Ble Device*/\n\n String deviceId;\n public static String arrayDidOpnSec2;\n\n BluetoothGattService gattService4;\n public static ArrayList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic> lastCharacteristic;\n\n // AlertDialog.", "Builder alertDialog;\n private float avgRssi = 0.0f;\n // private Dialog dialog;\n private BluetoothLeService mBluetoothLeService;\n private boolean mConnected = false;\n private ArrayList<ArrayList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic>> mGattCharacteristics = new ArrayList();\n\n //service and char uuid\n private static final int TRACKER_ON_OFF = 2;\n private static final UUID TRACER_TRIPPLE_PRESS_SERVICE=UUID.fromString(\"edfec62e-9910-0bac-5241-d8bda6932a2f\");\n private static final UUID TRACKER_TRIPPLE_PRESS_CHAR=UUID.fromString(\"772ae377-b3d2-4f8e-4042-5481d1e0098c\");\n private static final UUID IMMEDIATE_ALERT_UUID = UUID.fromString(\"00001802-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb\");\n private static final UUID ALERT_LEVEL_UUID = UUID.fromString(\"00002a06-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb\");\n\n private Button btnSMS;\n public static String mDeviceName,mDeviceAddress,connectionStatus;\n\n /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n\n public static final String PREFS_NAME = \"PreferencesFile\";\n\n public int deviceCount = 0;\n\n public String[] mData = new String[400];\n private Handler mHandler1;\n\n private ListView listItems;\n\n /*--------for > 21--------------*/\n private BluetoothLeScanner mLEScanner;\n private ScanSettings settings;\n private List<ScanFilter> filters;\n private BluetoothGatt mGatt;\n\n public BackgroundService() {\n\n }\n\n public BackgroundService(Context context) {\n this.context = context;\n }\n\n @Nullable\n @Override\n public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {\n return null;\n }\n\n @Override\n public int onStartCommand(Intent intent, int flags, int startId) {\n\n// getting systems default ringtone\n\n new Handler().postDelayed(new Runnable() {\n @Override\n public void run() {\n Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),\"CALL YOUR METHOD\",Toast.", "LENGTH_LONG).show();\n\n mHandler = new Handler();\n\n // Use this check to determine whether BLE is supported on the device. ", " Then you can\n // selectively disable BLE-related features.", "\n if (!", "getPackageManager().hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.", "FEATURE_BLUETOOTH_LE)) {\n Toast.makeText(context, R.string.ble_not_supported, Toast.", "LENGTH_SHORT).show();\n }\n\n // Initializes a Bluetooth adapter. ", " For API level 18 and above, get a reference to\n // BluetoothAdapter through BluetoothManager.", "\n final BluetoothManager bluetoothManager = (BluetoothManager) getSystemService(Context.", "BLUETOOTH_SERVICE);\n mBluetoothAdapter = bluetoothManager.getAdapter();\n\n // Checks if Bluetooth is supported on the device.", "\n if (mBluetoothAdapter == null) {\n Toast.makeText(context, R.string.error_bluetooth_not_supported, Toast.", "LENGTH_SHORT).show();\n return;\n }\n\n for (int i = 0; i < 256; i += REQUEST_ENABLE_BT) {\n advDataTypes[i] = \"Unknown Data Type\";\n }\n advDataTypes[REQUEST_ENABLE_BT] = \"Flags\";\n advDataTypes[2] = \"Incomplete List of 16-bit Service Class UUIDs\";\n advDataTypes[3] = \"Complete List of 16-bit Service Class UUIDs\";\n advDataTypes[4] = \"Incomplete List of 32-bit Service Class UUIDs\";\n advDataTypes[5] = \"Complete List of 32-bit Service Class UUIDs\";\n advDataTypes[6] = \"Incomplete List of 128-bit Service Class UUIDs\";\n advDataTypes[7] = \"Complete List of 128-bit Service Class UUIDs\";\n advDataTypes[8] = \"Shortened Local Name\";\n advDataTypes[9] = \"Complete Local Name\";\n advDataTypes[10] = \"Tx Power Level\";\n advDataTypes[13] = \"Class of LocalDevice\";\n advDataTypes[14] = \"Simple Pairing Hash\";\n advDataTypes[15] = \"Simple Pairing Randomizer R\";\n advDataTypes[16] = \"LocalDevice ID\";\n advDataTypes[17] = \"Security Manager Out of Band Flags\";\n advDataTypes[18] = \"Slave Connection Interval Range\";\n advDataTypes[20] = \"List of 16-bit Solicitaion UUIDs\";\n advDataTypes[21] = \"List of 128-bit Solicitaion UUIDs\";\n advDataTypes[22] = \"Service Data\";\n advDataTypes[23] = \"Public Target Address\";\n advDataTypes[24] = \"Random Target Address\";\n advDataTypes[25] = \"Appearance\";\n advDataTypes[26] = \"Advertising Interval\";\n advDataTypes[61] = \"3D Information Data\";\n advDataTypes[255] = \"Manufacturer Specific Data\";\n scanPeriod = getApplicationContext().getSharedPreferences(PREFS_NAME, 0).getInt(\"scan_interval\", 6000);\n scanTrackerDevices();\n }\n }, 10000);\n\n return START_STICKY;\n }\n\n @Override\n public void onDestroy() {\n super.onDestroy();\n }\n\n public void scanTrackerDevices(){\n Log.e(TAG,\"scanTrackerDevices\");\n\n if (!", "mBluetoothAdapter.isEnabled()) {\n if (!", "mBluetoothAdapter.isEnabled()) {\n Intent enableBtIntent = new Intent(BluetoothAdapter.", "ACTION_REQUEST_ENABLE);\n }\n }\n scanLeDevice(true);\n }\n\n private void scanLeDevice(final boolean enable) {\n bluetoothDeviceArrayList.clear();\n if (enable) {\n // Stops scanning after a pre-defined scan period.", "\n mHandler.postDelayed(new Runnable() {\n @Override\n public void run() {\n mScanning = false;\n mBluetoothAdapter.stopLeScan(mLeScanCallback);\n\n int arraySize=bluetoothDeviceArrayListTwo.size();\n Log.e(TAG,\"bluetoothDeviceArrayListTwo Size in scan :\"+arraySize);\n\n for (int i=0;i<bluetoothDeviceArrayListTwo.size();i++){\n BluetoothDevice bluetoothDevice=bluetoothDeviceArrayListTwo.get(i);\n Log.e(TAG,\"Device Name in scan :\"+bluetoothDevice.getName());\n Log.e(TAG,\"Device Address in scan :\"+bluetoothDevice.getAddress());\n\n if (i==0){\n mBluetoothLeService.connect(bluetoothDevice.getAddress());\n }\n }\n }\n }, scanPeriod);\n\n mScanning = true;\n mBluetoothAdapter.startLeScan(mLeScanCallback);\n } else {\n mScanning = false;\n mBluetoothAdapter.stopLeScan(mLeScanCallback);\n }\n }\n\n private BluetoothAdapter.", "LeScanCallback mLeScanCallback = new BluetoothAdapter.", "LeScanCallback() {\n public void onLeScan(final BluetoothDevice device, final int rssi, final byte[] scanRecord) {\n\n String d = \"\";\n String rd = \"\";\n String h = \"0123456789ABCDEF\";\n int ln = 0;\n int i = 0;\n while (i < scanRecord.length) {\n int x = scanRecord[i] & 255;\n rd = new StringBuilder(String.valueOf(rd)).append(h.substring(x / 16, (x / 16) + REQUEST_ENABLE_BT)).append(h.substring(x % 16, (x % 16) +REQUEST_ENABLE_BT)).toString();\n if (i == ln) {\n ln = (i + x) + REQUEST_ENABLE_BT;\n if (x == 0) {\n break;\n }\n d = new StringBuilder(String.valueOf(d)).append(\"\\r\\n Length: \").append(h.substring(x / 16, (x / 16) + REQUEST_ENABLE_BT)).append(h.substring(x % 16, (x % 16) +REQUEST_ENABLE_BT)).toString();\n i += REQUEST_ENABLE_BT;\n x = scanRecord[i] & 255;\n d = new StringBuilder(String.valueOf(d)).append(\", Type :\").append(h.substring(x / 16, (x / 16) + REQUEST_ENABLE_BT)).append(h.substring(x % 16, (x % 16) + REQUEST_ENABLE_BT)).append(\" = \").append(advDataTypes[x]).append(\", Value: \").toString();\n rd = new StringBuilder(String.valueOf(rd)).append(h.substring(x / 16, (x / 16) + REQUEST_ENABLE_BT)).append(h.substring(x % 16, (x % 16) + REQUEST_ENABLE_BT)).toString();\n\n } else {\n d = new StringBuilder(String.valueOf(d)).append(\" \").append(h.substring(x / 16, (x / 16) + REQUEST_ENABLE_BT)).append(h.substring(x % 16, (x % 16) +REQUEST_ENABLE_BT)).toString();\n }\n i += REQUEST_ENABLE_BT;\n }\n\n Log.e(TAG,\"UUID : \"+device.getUuids());\n String[] arrayDeviceName=String.valueOf(device.getName()).split(\" \");\n String deviceName0=arrayDeviceName[0];\n bluetoothDeviceArrayListTwo.add(device);\n\n }\n };\n\n /*-------------------Connect BLE---------------------------------------------*/\n\n private Handler mHandler2;\n\n public final BroadcastReceiver mGattUpdateReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {\n\n public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent)\n {\n String action = intent.getAction();\n\n if (BluetoothLeService.", "ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED.equals(action))\n {\n numberOfRssi = 0;\n avgRssi = 0.0f;\n mConnected = true;\n updateConnectionState(R.string.connected);\n mHandler2.postDelayed(startRssi, 300);\n Log.e(TAG,\"ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED\");\n\n }\n\n else if (BluetoothLeService.", "ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED.equals(action)) {\n mConnected = false;\n updateConnectionState(R.string.disconnected);\n Log.e(TAG,\"ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED\");\n\n } else if (BluetoothLeService.", "ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED.equals(action)) {\n displayGattServicesForDimmer(mBluetoothLeService.getSupportedGattServices());// For dimmer\n\n Log.e(TAG,\"ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED\");\n\n } else if (BluetoothLeService.", "ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE.equals(action)) {\n Log.e(TAG,\"ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE\");\n String unknownServiceString = context.getResources().getString(R.string.unknown_service);\n displayDimmerData(\"<<\" + SampleGattAttributes.lookup(intent.getStringExtra(BluetoothLeService.", "CHARACTERISTIC_UUID), unknownServiceString) + \">> Value: \" + intent.getStringExtra(BluetoothLeService.", "EXTRA_DATA) + \"]\");\n displayDimmer2(intent.getStringExtra(BluetoothLeService.", "EXTRA_DATA));\n\n } else if (BluetoothLeService.", "ACTION_GATT_RSSI_UPDATE.equals(action)) {\n updateRssi(intent.getIntExtra(BluetoothLeService.", "EXTRA_DATA, -400));\n\n } else if (BluetoothLeService.", "ACTION_GATT_WRITE_FAILED.equals(action)) {\n Log.e(TAG,\"ACTION_GATT_WRITE_FAILED\");\n\n }\n\n }\n };\n\n /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\n\n @Override\n public void onCreate() {\n super.onCreate();\n// -------------------Connect Ble--------------------------------------\n\n IntentFilter intentFilter = new IntentFilter();\n intentFilter.addAction(BluetoothLeService.", "ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED);\n intentFilter.addAction(BluetoothLeService.", "ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED);\n intentFilter.addAction(BluetoothLeService.", "ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED);\n intentFilter.addAction(BluetoothLeService.", "ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE);\n intentFilter.addAction(BluetoothLeService.", "ACTION_GATT_RSSI_UPDATE);\n intentFilter.addAction(BluetoothLeService.", "ACTION_GATT_WRITE_FAILED);\n\n Log.e(TAG,\"OnResume()\");\n\n getApplicationContext().registerReceiver(mGattUpdateReceiver, intentFilter);\n getApplicationContext().bindService(new Intent(getApplicationContext(), BluetoothLeService.class), mServiceConnection, 1);\n\n mHandler2=new Handler();\n }\n\n private BluetoothGattCharacteristic mNotifyCharacteristic;\n private final ServiceConnection mServiceConnection = new ServiceConnection() {\n public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName componentName, IBinder service) {\n mBluetoothLeService = ((BluetoothLeService.", "LocalBinder) service).getService();\n if (!", "mBluetoothLeService.initialize()) {\n Log.e(TAG, \"Unable to initialize Bluetooth\");\n\n }\n }\n public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName componentName) {\n mBluetoothLeService = null;\n }\n };\n private boolean notificationActive = true;\n private int numberOfRssi = 0;\n\n private Runnable startRssi = new Runnable() {\n public void run() {\n if (mConnected) {\n mBluetoothLeService.readRemoteRssi();\n mHandler2.postDelayed(startRssi, 200);\n }\n }\n };\n\n public BluetoothGatt getmGatt() {\n return mGatt;\n }\n\n //code from DeviceControlActivity\n private void updateConnectionState(final int resourceId) {\n connectionStatus= String.valueOf(resourceId);\n Log.e(TAG,\"Resource ID\"+resourceId);\n\n }\n\n private void displayDimmerData(String data){\n Log.e(TAG,\"Display Data :\"+data);\n\n }\n\n private void displayDimmer2(String data){\n Log.e(TAG,\"display Dimmer2\"+data);\n\n String sosString = data.substring(0, Math.min(data.length(), 3));\n Log.e(TAG,\"SOS String :\"+sosString);\n if (sosString.equals(\"SOS\")){\n Intent callIntent = new Intent(Intent.", "ACTION_CALL);\n callIntent.setData(Uri.parse(\"tel:\"+ SharedPreferencesUtils.getStringFromSharedPreferences(KEY_SP_MOBILE_NUMBER,getApplicationContext())));\n callIntent.setFlags(Intent.", "FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK);\n getApplicationContext().startActivity(callIntent);\n }\n\n }\n\n private void updateRssi(int data) {\n if (data > -400) {\n if (this.numberOfRssi > 10) {\n this.avgRssi = ((9.0f * this.avgRssi) + ((float) data)) / 10.0f;\n } else {\n this.avgRssi = (this.avgRssi + ((float) data)) / 2.0f;\n this.numberOfRssi++;\n }\n connectionStatus=\"Connected, RSSI:\" + data + \", Avg:\" + Math.round(this.avgRssi);\n\n }\n }\n\n /*-------------------------disaplay gatt service for dimmer----------------------*/\n private void displayGattServicesForDimmer(List<BluetoothGattService> gattServices) {\n\n if (gattServices !", "= null) {\n\n String unknownServiceString = getResources().getString(R.string.unknown_service);\n String unknownCharaString = getResources().getString(R.string.unknown_characteristic);\n ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> gattServiceData = new ArrayList();\n ArrayList<ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>> gattCharacteristicData = new ArrayList();\n this.mGattCharacteristics = new ArrayList();\n\n for (BluetoothGattService gattService : gattServices) {\n HashMap<String, String> currentServiceData = new HashMap();\n String uuid = gattService.getUuid().toString();\n currentServiceData.put(\"NAME\", SampleGattAttributes.lookup(uuid, unknownServiceString));\n currentServiceData.put(\"UUID\", uuid);\n gattServiceData.add(currentServiceData);\n ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> gattCharacteristicGroupData = new ArrayList();\n List<BluetoothGattCharacteristic> gattCharacteristics = gattService.getCharacteristics();\n ArrayList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic> charas = new ArrayList();\n\n for (BluetoothGattCharacteristic gattCharacteristic : gattCharacteristics) {\n charas.add(gattCharacteristic);\n HashMap<String, String> currentCharaData = new HashMap();\n uuid = gattCharacteristic.getUuid().toString();\n currentCharaData.put(\"NAME\", \"\\t\\t\\t<<\" + SampleGattAttributes.lookup(uuid, unknownCharaString) + \">>\");\n currentCharaData.put(\"UUID\", \"\\t\\t\\tUUID: 0x\" + uuid.substring(4, 8) + \", Properties: \" + translateProperties(gattCharacteristic.getProperties()));\n gattCharacteristicGroupData.add(currentCharaData);\n\n Log.i(TAG,\"CUrrent CHARACTERISTIC DATA\"+currentCharaData);\n Log.i(TAG,\"UUID : \"+uuid.substring(4, 8));\n Log.i(TAG,\"Proprties : \"+gattCharacteristic.getProperties());\n Log.i(TAG,\"Translate Proprties : \"+translateProperties(gattCharacteristic.getProperties()));\n Log.i(TAG,\"char list\"+gattCharacteristicData.toString());\n\n }\n gattService4=gattService;\n this.mGattCharacteristics.add(charas);\n }\n\n if (mGattCharacteristics.get(3)!=null) {\n lastCharacteristic = new ArrayList<>(mGattCharacteristics.get(3));\n enableNotifyOfCharcteristicForDimmer(lastCharacteristic);\n\n }\n\n }\n }\n\n private String translateProperties(int properties) {\n String s = \"\";\n if ((properties & 1) > 0) {\n s = new StringBuilder(String.valueOf(s)).append(\"/Broadcast\").toString();\n }\n if ((properties & 2) > 0) {\n s = new StringBuilder(String.valueOf(s)).append(\"/Read\").toString();\n }\n if ((properties & 4) > 0) {\n s = new StringBuilder(String.valueOf(s)).append(\"/WriteWithoutResponse\").toString();\n }\n if ((properties & 8) > 0) {\n s = new StringBuilder(String.valueOf(s)).append(\"/Write\").toString();\n }\n if ((properties & 16) > 0) {\n s = new StringBuilder(String.valueOf(s)).append(\"/Notify\").toString();\n }\n if ((properties & 32) > 0) {\n s = new StringBuilder(String.valueOf(s)).append(\"/Indicate\").toString();\n }\n if ((properties & 64) > 0) {\n s = new StringBuilder(String.valueOf(s)).append(\"/SignedWrite\").toString();\n }\n if ((properties & 128) > 0) {\n s = new StringBuilder(String.valueOf(s)).append(\"/ExtendedProperties\").toString();\n }\n if (s.length() > 1) {\n return s.substring(1);\n }\n return s;\n }\n\n // Enable Characteristic for dimmer\n public void enableNotifyOfCharcteristicForDimmer(ArrayList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic> lastCharacteristic){\n\n if(mGattCharacteristics!=null) {\n\n checkCharacteristicPresent(lastCharacteristic.get(0));\n mBluetoothLeService.setCharacteristicNotification(lastCharacteristic.get(0), true);\n notificationActive = true;\n Log.e(TAG,\"Characteristic index : \"+0+\":\\nM GATT CHARACTERISTIC AT \"+\"Service 4 : CHAR\"+ 0 +\" :\" +lastCharacteristic.get(0).toString());\n\n checkCharacteristicPresent(lastCharacteristic.get(1));\n mBluetoothLeService.setCharacteristicNotification(lastCharacteristic.get(1), true);\n notificationActive = true;\n Log.e(TAG,\"Characteristic index : \"+1+\":\\nM GATT CHARACTERISTIC AT \"+\"Service 4 : CHAR\"+ 1 +\" :\" +lastCharacteristic.get(1).toString());\n\n checkCharacteristicPresent(lastCharacteristic.get(2));\n mBluetoothLeService.setCharacteristicNotification(lastCharacteristic.get(2), true);\n notificationActive = true;\n Log.e(TAG,\"Characteristic index : \"+2+\":\\nM GATT CHARACTERISTIC AT \"+\"Service 4 : CHAR\"+ 2 +\" :\" +lastCharacteristic.get(2).toString());\n\n checkCharacteristicPresent(lastCharacteristic.get(3));\n mBluetoothLeService.setCharacteristicNotification(lastCharacteristic.get(3), true);\n notificationActive = true;\n Log.e(TAG,\"Characteristic index : \"+3+\":\\nM GATT CHARACTERISTIC AT \"+\"Service 4 : CHAR\"+ 3 +\" :\" +lastCharacteristic.get(3).toString());\n\n checkCharacteristicPresent(lastCharacteristic.get(4));\n mBluetoothLeService.setCharacteristicNotification(lastCharacteristic.get(4), true);\n notificationActive = true;\n Log.e(TAG,\"Characteristic index : \"+4+\":\\nM GATT CHARACTERISTIC AT \"+\"Service 4 : CHAR\"+ 4 +\" :\" +lastCharacteristic.get(4).toString());\n\n checkCharacteristicPresent(lastCharacteristic.get(5));\n mBluetoothLeService.setCharacteristicNotification(lastCharacteristic.get(5), true);\n notificationActive = true;\n Log.e(TAG,\"Characteristic index : \"+5+\":\\nM GATT CHARACTERISTIC AT \"+\"Service 4 : CHAR\"+ 5 +\" :\" +lastCharacteristic.get(5).toString());\n\n checkCharacteristicPresent(lastCharacteristic.get(2));\n mBluetoothLeService.setCharacteristicNotification(lastCharacteristic.get(2), true);\n notificationActive = true;\n Log.e(TAG,\"Characteristic index : \"+2+\":\\nM GATT CHARACTERISTIC AT \"+\"Service 4 : CHAR\"+ 2 +\" :\" +lastCharacteristic.get(2).toString());\n\n }\n }\n\n // Check the type of characteristic i.e READ/WRITE/NOTIFY\n public void checkCharacteristicPresent(BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) {\n\n int charaProp = characteristic.getProperties();\n Log.e(TAG, \"checkCharacteristicPresent Prop : \" + charaProp);\n mBluetoothLeService.setCurrentCharacteristic(characteristic);\n\n if ((charaProp & 2) > 0) {\n Log.e(TAG, \"CharProp & 2 : \" + charaProp);\n mBluetoothLeService.readCharacteristic(characteristic);\n } \n if ((charaProp & 16) > 0) {\n Log.e(TAG, \"CharProp & 16 : \" + charaProp);\n mNotifyCharacteristic = characteristic;\n\n } else {\n if (mNotifyCharacteristic !", "= null) {\n mBluetoothLeService.setCharacteristicNotification(mNotifyCharacteristic, false);\n mNotifyCharacteristic = null;\n }\n }\n\n if ((charaProp & 8) > 0 || (charaProp & 4) > 0) {\n Log.e(TAG, \"CharProp & 4 : \" + charaProp);\n } else {\n Log.e(TAG, \"Else : \" + charaProp);\n\n }\n }\n\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nNew ext4 partition and used space\n\nI have a fresh ext4 partition, which means I just formated it with mkfs.ext4 -m 0.1 /dev/mapper/abak-home, and there's already 27G space used. ", "Setting reserved root space (-m) to 0 didn't have any effect.", "\nI'm using LVM but I don't think that LVM should have any effect on this. ", "Ubuntu version is 12.04 LTS.", "\n\n# df -h\nFilesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on\n...\n/dev/mapper/abak-home 1.8T 27G 1.8T 2% /home\n\nThen I tried formating partition with ext3 and the result is much better:\n\n# df -h\nFilesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on\n...\n/dev/mapper/abak-home 1.8T 196M 1.8T 1% /home\n\nAnyway, why the difference and how can I fix this?", "\n\nA:\n\nThere's nothing to fix, and this is perfectly normal.", "\next4 creates a lot of overhead before any files are created. ", "It does not mean it is \"worse\" than ext3. ", "If you fill that partition with files, you will notice that ext3's (and NTFS's) overhead will grow proportionally with the files, as with ext4 it will basically remain constant forever.", "\nBy \"pre-allocating\" the overhead, it can manage it much better than a growing one. ", "So ext4 is just doing now what ext3 would do later.", "\nBesides, 27G may look a lot, but it's still a mere 1.5% overhead. ", "Compare that to the old days of FAT, where slack space could eat anything from 5% to 30% of your partition space, and you'll notice how greatly things have evolved since then.", "\nAlso, I strongly recommend against using -m 0. ", "Reserved space is there for a reason: it lowers the fragmentation chances and saves some space for fsck. ", "It is reserved only from users, but root (and thus all your software installs) can fully use it. ", "If you think 5% is excessive, leave at least 1% .", "\nRemember: there's no fragmentation nightmares in ext. ", "But this beauty comes at a price. ", "It needs free space as room for proper management. ", "Give it to him and things will run much smoother. ", "Besides, who ever uses their HDD beyond 90% before buying a larger one? ", "So what's the problem about a 5% reserved space? ", "It may save you the next time you accidentally create a dozen-GB file that fills up the whole partition and end up crashing the OS due to lack of space for other processes.", "\nFor a more detailed, further technical reading, read here\n\nA:\n\nI suspect this is down to overhead : file systems need somewhere to keep the information about files. ", "It may be that ext4, being a newer file system, has defaults that reserve more space for file metadata than ext3, which was developed in a time when storage devices were smaller and liable to hold fewer files.", "\nYou're right that LVM has no effect on this ; it's just another way of providing block devices.", "\nI don't think you necessarily need to \"fix\" this - and I would expect you to do better with ext4 using it's default options, than ext3, on such a large drive. ", "If you want to tweak the options when you create the filesystem, you can always review the manual for mkfs.ext4. ", "Such choices are probably best made in the light of the expected load for the volume.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We give a very brief introduction to the group field theory approach to quantum gravity, a generalisation of matrix models for 2-dimensional quantum gravity to higher dimension, that has emerged recently from research in spin foam models.'", "\naddress: |\n Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics\\\n Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge\\\n Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, England, EU\nauthor:\n- Daniele Oriti\ntitle: 'Quantum gravity as a group field theory: a sketch'\n---\n\nIntroduction: sum-over histories quantum gravity and the 3rd quantization idea\n==============================================================================\n\nQuantum gravity remains the elusive dream of fundamental theoretical physics. ", "The multitude of approaches that are currently pursued is vast [@book]. ", "Some of these approaches attempt to realise on solid grounds the idea of defining quantum gravity as a sum-over-histories of the gravitational field. ", "This would work roughly as follows. ", "Consider a compact 4-manifold (spacetime) with trivial topology $\\mathcal{M}$ and all the possible geometries (spacetime metrics up to diffeomorphisms) that are compatible with it. ", "The partition function of the theory would then be defined [@hartle] by an integral over all possible 4-geometries, with a diffeomorphism invariant measure, weighted by the exponential of the action of General Relativity. ", "For computing quantum gravity transition amplitudes, one would instead consider a manifold $\\mathcal{M}$, again of trivial topology, with two disjoint boundary components $S$ and $S'$ and given boundary data, i.e. 3-geometries, on them: $h(S')$ and $h'(S')$, and define the transition amplitude by: Z\\_[QG]{}(h(S),h’(S’))=\\_[g(h(S),h’(S’))]{}g e\\^[iS\\_[GR]{}(g,)]{} i.e. by summing over all 4-geometries inducing the given 3-geometries on the boundary. ", "The expression above is purely formal, in absence of a rigorous definition of a suitable measure in the space of 4-geometries; also, its physical interpretation is challenging, given that the formalism seems to be bound to a cosmological setting, where our usual interpretations of quantum mechanics are not applicable. ", "This has not prevented physicists to propose generalisations. ", "Why not to include also spacetime topology into the set of dynamical variables and allow for spatial topology changing processes? ", "One could just extend the sum over geometries above to include a sum over different manifolds, but faces the impossibility of classifying topologies in 4 dimensions, and no clearcut criterion could be found for assigning a weight to each topology in the sum. ", "A 3rd quantizationformalism [@strogidd; @guigan] was then proposed, in which the topology changing processes are described as a field theoretic interaction of universes. ", "The idea is to define a (scalar) field $\\phi(^3h)$ in superspace $\\mathcal{H}$, i.e. in the space of all possible 3-geometries (3-metrics $^3h_{ij}$ up to diffeos), with action: S()=\\_ \\^3h(\\^3h)(\\^3h) + \\_ \\^3h((\\^3h)) with $\\Delta$ being the Wheeler-DeWitt operator of canonical gravity here defining the free propagation of the field, while $\\mathcal{V}(\\phi)$ is a generic, e.g. cubic, and possibly non-local (in superspace) interaction term, governing topology change. ", "The partition function $Z=\\int\\mathcal{D} \\phi \ne^{-S(\\phi)}$, produces, in perturbative expansion in Feynman graphs, the quantum gravity path integral for trivial topology, representing a sort of one particle propagator, thus a Green function for the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, plus a sum over topologies with definite weights. ", "Note two features of this formalism: 1) the classical field equations will be a non-linear extension of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation of canonical gravity, due to the interaction term in the action, i.e. due to topology change; 2) the perturbative 3rd quantized vacuum of the theory will be the no spacetimestate, and not any state with a semiclassical smooth geometric interpretation, e.g. Minkowski space.", "\n\nModern approaches: matrix models, dynamical triangulations, spin foams\n======================================================================\n\nThese 3rd quantizationideas were realised rigorously, although in a much simpler context, in matrix models for 2-d Riemannian quantum gravity [@matrix]. ", "Consider the action S(M)=- for an $N\\times N$ hermitian matrix $M_{ij}$, and the associated partition function $Z=\\int dM e^{-S(M)}$. This can be expanded in Feynman diagrams; propagators and vertices of the theory can be represented diagrammatically, and Feynman diagrams, obtained as usual by gluing vertices with propagators, are given by [*fat graphs*]{} of [**all**]{} topologies. ", "Moreover, propagators and vertices can be understood as topologically dual to edges and triangles of a 2-dimensional simplicial complex dual to the whole fat graph; one can then define 2d quantum gravity, via the perturbative expansion for the matrix model above, as sum over [ **all 2d triangulations**]{} $T$ of [**all topologies**]{}.", "\n\n![", "\\[fig:matrixdualpropvertex\\] Dual picture](matrixpropvertex.eps){width=\"6cm\" height=\"2cm\"}\n\n![", "\\[fig:matrixdualpropvertex\\] Dual picture](matrixdualpropvertex.eps){width=\"6cm\" height=\"2cm\"}\n\nEach Feynman diagram amplitude can be related to the Regge action for simplicial gravity for fixed edge lengths $N$ and positive cosmological constant, and the partition function is: Z=dM e\\^[-S(M)]{}=\\_[T]{} \\^[n\\_2(T)]{}N\\^[(T)]{} where $sym(T)$ is the order of symmetries of the triangulation $T$, $n_2$ is the number of triangles in it, and $\\chi$ is the Euler characteristic of the same triangulation. ", "Many results have been obtained over the years for this class of models, for which we refer to the literature [@matrix], among which the link with continuum formulations of 2d quantum gravity. ", "Matrix models manage to treat topology as a dynamical variable in a simplicial context, while rigorously defining a simplicial path integral formulation of quantum gravity for given topology. ", "This raised the hopes that similar techniques and structures could be used to define a path integral for gravity also in higher dimensions and possibly for the Lorentzian signature. ", "The dynamical triangulations approach [@DT] is defined exactly on these bases. ", "A path integral for gravity (for fixed topology) can be given meaning in a simplicial setting, modelling D-dimensional spacetime as the simplicial complex with fixed edge length $a$, thus encoding the degrees of freedom of the gravitational field in the combinatorics of the simplicial complex only, and defining the partition function as a sum over all triangulations with fixed topology weighted by the Regge action for gravity: Z(G,,a)=\\_[T]{}e\\^[iS\\_R(T,G,,a))]{} where $G$ is the gravitational constant and $\\Lambda$ is a cosmological constant. ", "In the Lorentzian case one also distinguishes between spacelike and timelike edges, and imposes some additional restrictions on the topology considered and on the way the triangulations are constructed. ", "This leads to a well-defined partition function of gravity, that can be dealt with both analytically and numerically to extract physical predictions. ", "In particular, one may look for a continuum limit of the theory, corresponding to the limit $a\\rightarrow 0$ accompanied by a suitable renormalisation of the constants of the theory $\\Lambda$ and $G$. And exciting recent results [@DT] seem to indicate that, in the Lorentzian context and for trivial topology, a smooth phase with the correct dimensionality is obtained even in 4 dimensions, which increases the confidence in the correctness of the strategy adopted. ", "Spin foam models [@review; @alex] are yet another implementation of the path integral idea. ", "Here spacetime is represented by a 2-complex (a collection of vertices, edges joining them and faces bounded by these edges), the histories of the gravitational field (4-geometries) are given by [**spin foams**]{}, i.e. by these 2-complexes labelled with irreps $\\rho$ of the Lorentz group assigned to their faces, and boundary data (3-geometries) are [**spin networks**]{}, i.e. graphs (boundary of the 2-complexes) labelled by irreps of the same type, assigned to the links of the graph.", "\n\n{width=\"4cm\" height=\"3cm\"}\n\n{width=\"3.5cm\" height=\"2.5cm\"}\n\nThe geometric degrees of freedom are thus encoded in purely combinatorial and algebraic data, and the model is defined by an assignment of a quantum probability amplitude (here factorised in terms of face, edge, and vertex contributions) to each spin foam $\\sigma$, and by a sum over both 2-complexes and representations, for given boundary spin networks $\\Psi,\\Psi'$: $$Z=\\sum_{\\sigma\\mid\\Psi,\\Psi'}w(\\sigma)\\sum_{\\{\\rho\\}}\\prod_{f}A_{f}(\\rho_f)\\prod_{e}A_{e}(\\rho_{f\\mid\n e})\\prod_{v}A_{v}(\\rho_{f\\mid v}).$$ The crucial point is how to choose the quantum amplitudes, e.g. from some discretization of a classical action for gravity. ", "Whatever the starting point, one would have a rigorous implementation of a sum-over-histories for gravity in a combinatorial-algebraic context, and should then prove that one can both analyse fully the quantum domain, and recover classical and semi-classical results in some appropriate approximation. ", "Spin foam models have grown to a promising approach to quantum gravity only recently, but a multitude of results have been already obtained in this context, for which we refer to the literature [@review; @alex].", "\n\nThe group field theory formalism\n================================\n\nLet us now discuss how the dream of third quantization is realised (at least tentatively) in group field theories, by extending to higher dimensions the structures of matrix models.", "\n\nGeneral structure of GFTs\n-------------------------\n\nThe general structure of a group field theory, independently of the spacetime signature, is as follows [@laurentgft; @iogft; @review; @alex]. ", "Consider a (real or complex) scalar field over D copies of a group manifold $G$ (for quantum gravity, the Lorentz group) whose classical dynamics is governed by the action: $$\\begin{aligned}\n S_D(\\phi, \\lambda)= \\frac{1}{2}\\prod_{i=1,..,D}\\int\n dg_id\\tilde{g}_i\n \\phi(g_i)\\mathcal{K}(g_i\\tilde{g}_i^{-1})\\phi(\\tilde{g}_i) +\n \\frac{\\lambda}{(D+1)!}\\prod_{i\\neq j =1}^{D+1}\n \\phi(g_{1j})...\\phi(g_{D+1 j})\\,\\mathcal{V}(g_{ij}g_{ji}^{-1}),\\end{aligned}$$ where of course the exact choice of the kinetic and interaction operator is what defines the model. ", "One usually imposes on the field invariance under simultaneous multiplication by a group element, and under their permutations (maybe only even ones). ", "The quantum theory is coded in the partition function, defined again by its perturbative expansion in Feynman graphs: $$Z\\,=\\,\\int\n\\mathcal{D}\\phi\\,e^{-S[\\phi]}\\,=\\,\\sum_{\\Gamma}\\,\\frac{\\lambda^N}{sym[\\Gamma]}\\,Z(\\Gamma).$$ As in ordinary QFT, the field can be expanded in modes (momenta), and the Feynman amplitudes written in both configuration and momentum space; the modes of the field are labelled by representations of the group, whose elements define the configuration space of the field. ", "As in matrix models Feynman graphs are represented by [*fat graphs*]{} given by $D$ parallel lines for each propagators being re-routed at each vertex of interaction, and again one can give a dual interpretation of propagators and vertices in terms of (D-1)-simplices and D-simplices respectively. ", "In this way, the Feynman graphs are cellular complexes (links identifying faces, that in turn close to form 2-cells, etc) that are topologically dual to D-dimensional triangulated (pseudo-)manifolds of [**all topologies**]{}. ", "The Feynman amplitudes of the theory turn out to be given, when all fields are expanded in representations of the group $G$ and thus the amplitude are given as a sum over these representations of appropriate functions of them, by spin foam models, with representation data assigned to the faces of the Feynman graph. ", "When one restricts the sum over Feynman graphs to [*tree level*]{}, only manifolds with trivial topology are included [@laurentgft], then boundary data and transition amplitudes acquire a canonical interpretation: boundary data define canonical quantum states of gravity and the transition amplitude between them defines a [ *projection*]{} onto physical states, i.e. those satisfying the Hamiltonian constraint of canonical gravity, and thus the inner product of the canonical theory. ", "The observables of the theory are gauge invariant (with respect to the symmetries of the action) functions of the field operators; for example, polynomial functionals can be expanded in spin networks. ", "In particular, one defines transition amplitudes by inserting appropriately contracted field operators as observables in the partition function, as customary in field theory, and this produces (after perturbative expansion, and in momentum space) a sum over spin foams with spin network states on the boundary, reflecting the combinatorics of field operators in the observables whose expectation value is being evaluated. ", "All this has a consistent quantum [**geometric interpretation**]{}: each field is understood as a 2nd quantized (D-1)-simplex, with its $D$ arguments representing the (D-2)-simplices on its boundary; the evolution and interaction of these fundamental building blocks (quanta of space), that can in turn be phrased in terms of their creation/annihilation, and represented diagrammatically in Feynman graphs, is what generates a D-dimensional spacetime; depending on the actual graph considered (a possible spacetime history of interactions of the quanta of space), the resulting spacetime can have arbitrary topology and complexity, depending on the complexity of the states involved. ", "The representations labelling the Feynman graphs and being summed over in the partition function are also interpreted geometrically: they represent the volume of the (D-2)-simplices they correspond to, while the group elements integrated over in configuration space correspond to holonomies of the gravity connection. ", "In addition, the amplitude for each process, i.e. for each discrete spacetime, can be related to a discretization of the gravity action on that specific spacetime.", "\n\nAn example: 3d Riemannian Quantum Gravity\n-----------------------------------------\n\nAn explicit realisation of the formalism will make clear the above picture. ", "We consider explicitely the 3d Riemannian quantum gravity case (where the local gauge group is $SU(2)$), whose group field theory formulation was first given by Boulatov [@boulatov]. ", "The other existing models in 3 and 4 dimensions have a very similar formulation [@DP-F-K-R; @PR]. ", "Consider the real field: $\\phi(g_1,g_2,g_3): (SU(2))^{3} \\rightarrow\n\\mathcal{R}$, with the symmetry: $\\phi(g_1 g, g_2 g, g_3 g) =\n\\phi(g_1,g_2,g_3)$, imposed through the projector: $\\phi(g_1,g_2,g_3)\n= P_g \\phi(g_1,g_2,g_3) = \\int dg \\,\\phi(g_1 g,g_2 g,g_3 g)$ and the symmetry: $\\phi(g_1,g_2,g_3) =\n\\phi(g_{\\pi(1)},g_{\\pi(2)},g_{\\pi(3)})$, with $\\pi$ an arbitrary permutation of its arguments. ", "In this specific case, the interpretation is that of a 2nd quantized triangle with its 3 edges corresponding to the 3 arguments of the field; the irreps of $SU(2)$ labelling these edges in the mode expansion of the field have the interpretations of edge lengths. ", "The classical theory is defined by the action: $$\\begin{aligned}\n S[\\phi] &=& \\frac{1}{2}\\int\ndg_1..dg_3 [P_g\\phi(g_1,g_2,g_3)]^2 \\,- \\\\ &-&\\frac{\\lambda}{4!}\\int\ndg_1..dg_6 [P_{h_1}\\phi(g_1,g_2,g_3)][P_{h_2}\\phi(g_3,g_5,g_4)]\n[P_{h_3}\\phi(g_4,g_2,g_6)][P_{h_4}\\phi(g_6,g_5,g_1)], \\end{aligned}$$ whose structure is chosen so to reflect the combinatorics of a 3d triangulations, with four triangles (fields) glued along their edges (arguments of the field) pairwise, to form a tetrahedron (vertex term), and two tetrahedra being glued alog their common triangles (kinetic term). ", "The partition function is defined in terms of perturbative expansion in Feynman graphs: $$Z\\,=\\,\\int d\\phi\\,e^{-S[\\phi]}\\,=\\,\\sum_{\\Gamma}\\,\\frac{\\lambda^N}{sym[\\Gamma]}\\,Z(\\Gamma).$$ In order to construct explicitely the quantum amplitudes for the Feynman graphs, we need to identify propagator and vertex amplitude. ", "These are read out from the action to be: $$\\begin{aligned}\n &\\mathcal{P}& = \\mathcal{K}^{-1} =\n \\mathcal{K} = \\sum_{\\pi}\\int dg d\\bar{g} \\,\\,\\delta(g_1 g\n \\bar{g}^{-1} \\tilde{g}_{\\pi(1)}^{-1})\\delta(g_2 g \\bar{g}^{-1}\n \\tilde{g}_{\\pi(2)}^{-1})\\delta(g_3 g \\bar{g}^{-1}\n \\tilde{g}_{\\pi(3)}^{-1}), \\\\ \n&\\mathcal{V}& = \\int dh_i \\,\\delta(g_1 h_1\n h_3^{-1} \\tilde{g}_1^{-1}) \\delta(g_2 h_1 h_4^{-1} \\tilde{g}_2^{-1})\n \\delta(g_3 h_1 h_2^{-1} \\tilde{g}_3^{-1}) \\delta(g_4 h_2\n h_4^{-1} \\tilde{g}_4^{-1}) \\delta(g_5 h_2 h_3^{-1} \\tilde{g}_5^{-1})\n \\delta(g_6 h_3 h_4^{-1} \\tilde{g}_6^{-1})\n \\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\end{aligned}$$ See the picture for a diagrammatic representation, with boxes representing the integration over the group.", "\n\n(5.0,4.5) ![", "Interaction vertex](propagator3d.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"4.3cm\" height=\"3.2cm\"}\n\n(3.0,4.5) ![", "Interaction vertex](vertex3d.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"3cm\" height=\"3cm\"}\n\nThe Feynman graphs are obtained as usual by gluing vertices with propagators. ", "Let us see how they look like. ", "Each line in a propagator goes through several vertices and for closed graphs it comes back to the original point, thus identifying a 2-cell; these 2-cells, together with the set of lines running parallel in each propagator, and the set of vertics of the graph, identify a 2-complex for each given Feynman graph. ", "Each of these 2-compelxes is dual to a 3d triangulation, with each vertex correspondings to a tetrahedron, each link to a triangle and each 2-cell to an edge of the triangulation (see picture). ", "The [**sum over Feynman graphs**]{} is thus equivalent to a [**sum over 3d triangulations of any topology**]{}.", "\n\n{width=\"2.5cm\" height=\"2.5cm\"}\n\n{width=\"2.5cm\" height=\"2.5cm\"}\n\n{width=\"2.5cm\" height=\"2.5cm\"}\n\nLet us now identify the quantum amplitudes that the theory assigns to the Feynman graphs. ", "In configuration space the amplitude for each 2-complex is: $$Z(\\Gamma)\\,=\\, \\left(\\prod_{e\\in \\Gamma} \\int d g_{e}\\right)\n\\,\\prod_{f}\\,\\delta (\\prod_{e\\in\\partial f} g_{e} )$$ which has the form of a lattige gauge theory partition function with simple delta function weights for each plaquette (face of the 2-complex) and one connection variables for each edge; the delta functions constraint the curvature on any face to be zero, as we expect from 3d quantum gravity [@laurentPRI]. ", "To have the corresponding expression in momentum space, one expands the field in modes $\\phi(g_1,g_2,g_3)\\,=\\,\\sum_{j_1,j_2,j_3}\n\\phi^{j_1j_2j_3}_{m_1n_1 m_2n_2\n m_3n_3}\\,D^{j_1}_{m_1n_1}(g_1)D^{j_2}_{m_2n_2}(g_2)D^{j_3}_{m_3n_3}(g_3)$, where the $j$’s are irreps of $SU(2)$, obtaining, for the propagator, vertex and amplitude:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\mathcal{P} &=& \\delta_{j_1\\tilde{j}_1}\\delta_{m_1\\tilde{m}_1}\n\\delta_{j_2\\tilde{j}_2} \\delta_{m_2\\tilde{m}_2}\n\\delta_{j_3\\tilde{j}_3}\\delta_{m_3\\tilde{m}_3} \\\\ \n\\mathcal{V} &=& \\delta_{j_1\\tilde{j}_1}\\delta_{m_1\\tilde{m}_1}\n\\delta_{j_2\\tilde{j}_2} \\delta_{m_2\\tilde{m}_2}\n\\delta_{j_3\\tilde{j}_3}\\delta_{m_3\\tilde{m}_3}\\delta_{j_4\\tilde{j}_4}\\delta_{m_4\\tilde{m}_4}\\delta_{j_5\\tilde{j}_5} \\delta_{m_5\\tilde{m}_5}\n\\delta_{j_6\\tilde{j}_6}\\delta_{m_6\\tilde{m}_6} \\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{ccc} \nj_1 &j_2 &j_3\n\\\\ j_4 &j_5 &j_6 \n\\end{array}\\right\\}\n\\\\ Z(\\Gamma)&=&\\left(\\prod_{f}\\,\\sum_{j_{f}}\\right)\\,\\prod_{f}\\Delta_{j_{f}}\\prod_{v}\\, \\left\\{ \\begin{array}{ccc} \nj_1 &j_2 &j_3\n\\\\ j_4 &j_5 &j_6 \n\\end{array}\\right\\} \\end{aligned}$$\n\nwhere $\\Delta_j$ is the dimension of the representation $j$ and for each vertex of the 2-complex we have a so-called $6j-symbol$ , i.e. a scalar function of the 6 irreps meeting at that vertex. ", "The amplitude for each 2-complex is given then by a spin foam model, the Ponzano-Regge model for 3d gravity without cosmological constant, about which a lot more is known [@laurentPRI]. ", "The full theory is defined by the sum over all Feynman graphs weighted by the above amplitudes: $$Z =\\sum_{\\Gamma}\\,\\frac{\\lambda^N}{sym[\\Gamma]}\\,\\left(\\prod_{f}\\,\\sum_{j_{f}}\\right)\\,\\prod_{f}\\Delta_{j_{f}}\\prod_{v}\\,\\left\\{ \\begin{array}{ccc} \nj_1 &j_2 &j_3\n\\\\ j_4 &j_5 &j_6 \n\\end{array}\\right\\}_v.$$ This gives an un-ambigous realisation, in purely algebraic and combinatorial terms, of the sum over both geometries and topologies, i.e. of the third quantization idea. ", "More precisely, it is a simplicial third quantization, a [*quantum field theory of simplicial geometry*]{}, with fundamental classical dynamical objects being triangles, quantum states given by collections of quantum triangles represented as 3-valent spin networks, and histories given by 3d triangulations.", "\n\nGFT: the general picture\n------------------------\n\n- GFT are thus a [*local*]{}, because one can easily consider bounded regions of space evolving or timelike boundaries, [*discrete*]{}, because it deals with discrete spacetimes, [*algebraic and combinatorial*]{}, because such are the variables in the theory, [*3rd quantization of gravity*]{};\n\n- in fact, in GFTs both geometry and topology are dynamical, with precise quantum amplitudes assigned to each possible geometric and topological configuration of spacetime;\n\n- $D$-dimensional spacetime emerges via creation/annihilation of chunksof it, of spacetime quanta represented by (D-1)-simplices, as a Feynman diagram;\n\n- spacetime is therefore purely virtual in the quantum theory: just as the trajectory of a quantum particle or any specific interaction process in particle physics; no single spacetime configuration is realised as the truly existing spacetime, but all of them should be summed over to obtain a physical quantity, that is the probability of a specific bundary configuration;\n\n- Quantum Gravity is described by an (almost) ordinary QFT, although with peculiar structure, and one that uses even a background metric “spacetime” (although here interpreted as an internal space only), given by a group manifold;\n\n- the GFT formalism has the potential to represent a unified framework for many current non-perturbative approaches to Quantum Gravity: Loop Quantum Gravity, Spin Foam models, Dynamical Triangulations, Quantum Regge Calculus, because its incorporates most of the basic ingredients on which these approaches are based, as one can easily realise: spin network states on the boundary, spin foam amplitudes for the histories, a dual sum over triangulations picture for its perturbative expansion, and a sum over geometric data, with amplitudes related to the Regge action for simplicial gravity.", "\n\nWhat lies ahead\n===============\n\nHowever fascinating the picture outlined above may be, we do not know enough about group field theories to see it clearly in all its detials, and therefore to fully believe. ", "Even if lots is known about the Feynman amplitudes of the theory, in various models in 3 and 4 dimensions[@review; @alex; @laurentgft], in addition to what is known about matrix models in 2d, it is probably fair to say that at present we do not know what a group field theory is, and we can only deduce or guess some of its properties on the basis of its Feynman amplitudes. ", "In particular the physical and geometric interpretation given above rests at present on intuition only and it is not solidly based on mathematical results.", "\n\nWe list here a few of the directions that need to be explored if one has to take GFTs seriously as a fundamental formulation of Quantum Gravity.", "\n\nFirst of all, we do not know much about the [*classical*]{} field theories behind the perturbative expansion in spin foam we have described: what are the solutions, in symmetric reduced cases at least, of the classical equations of motion following from the above actions? ", "and what is their geometric interpretation? ", "Work on this in indeed in progress [@eteralaurent].", "\n\nWhat are the symmetries of the above action and the corresponding Ward identities for Feynman graphs? ", "Even in the simple 3d case it is not easy to identify at the GFT level the translation symmetry that we know it is present in the corresponding spin foam amplitudes [@laurentPRI]. ", "Most important, what is the GFT analogue of the diffeomorphism symmetry of continuum gravity? ", "what kind of other symmetries should we expect in a theory in which topology change is realised?", "\n\nWhat is the physical meaning of the parameters of the action, i.e. in the model we described, of the coupling cnstant $\\lambda$? ", "It can be related to the cosmological constant in a simplicial gravity setting [@DP-P] and/or it has the interpretation of a parameter governing the strength of topology changing processes [@laurentgft], but much remains to be understood.", "\n\nAt the quantum level, even though the picture of spacetime as a process of creation/annihilation of fundamental simplicial building blocks is appealing, it is at present only a tentative picture; in fact, the Fock structure of the theory has not been analysed in detail and rigorously, with a suitable definition of creation/annihilation operators, on the basis of a classical symplectic structure, and the definition of a 3rd quantized Fock vacuum.", "\n\nThe relation with a canonical theory based on spin network states is also unclear; while one can give a precise and well-posed definition of a canonical inner product between canonical states using a GFT [@laurentgft], it would be interesting to be able to extract from this the corresponding hamiltonian constraint operator and compare it to the existing proposals in loop quantum gravity; also, it would be interesting to compute the corrections to the hamiltonian constraint equation coming from topology changing terms, as in the formal continuum setting.", "\n\nThere is much more in a quantum field theory than its Feynman amplitudes in perturbative expansion, and all this has still to be unveiled for the GFT case; in particular, it is crucial for the issue of the continuum approximation of these quantum gravity models to develop non-perturbative techniques, probably after a suitable re-phrasing of them in statistical mechanical terms, that would allow to study the phase structure of the theory, and the emergence of a smooth spacetime in it, with continuum General Relativity as an effective description of the degrees of freedom of the theory in this phase.", "\n\nThe coupling of matter and gauge fields at the group field theory level, and the unification of these with gravity, is a whole area for future developments, and work on this has just started [@kirill; @us].", "\n\nAlso, as in ordinary quantum field theory, it should be possible to define different types of transition amplitudes for the same group field theories, with different uses and interpretation, as seems to be confirmed by recent work [@io].", "\n\nFinally, it remains to be checked if the group field theory approach can maintain its promise of being a general framework for as different approaches to quantum gravity as loop quantum gravity, spin foam models, dynamical triangulations and Regge calculus; many details of the links with them have still to be understood and many gaps filled, but recent results give reasons to hope [@io].", "\n\n[99]{} D. Oriti, editor, [*Towards quantum gravity: different approaches to a new understanding of space and time*]{}, Cambridge University Press (2006); D. Oriti, Rept. ", "Prog. ", "Phys. ", "64, 1489 (2001), gr-qc/0106091; A. Perez, Class. ", "Quant. ", "Grav. ", "20, R43 (2003), gr-qc/0301113; L. Freidel, D. Louapre, Class. ", "Quant. ", "Grav. ", "21, 5685 (2004), hep-th/0401076; D. Boulatov, Mod.", "Phys.", "Lett. ", "A7 (1992) 1629-1646, hep-th/9202074; R. De Pietri, L. Freidel, K. Krasnov, C. Rovelli, Nucl.", "Phys. ", "B574 (2000) 785-806, hep-th/9907154; J. J. Halliwell, J. B. Hartle, Phys. ", "Rev. D 43, 1170-1194 (1991); S. B. Giddings, A. Strominger, Nucl. ", "Phys. ", "B 321, 481 (1989); M. McGuigan, Phys. ", "Rev. D 38, 3031-3051 (1988); A. Morozov, hep-th/0502010; J. Ambjorn, J. Jurkiewicz, R. Loll, Phys. ", "Rev. D 72, 064014 (2005), hep-th/0505154; L. Freidel, hep-th/0505016; D. Oriti, in [*Mathematical and Physical Aspects of Quantum Gravity*]{},J.Tolksdorf, B.Fauser eds, Birkhauser (2006); A. Perez, C. Rovelli, Nucl. ", "Phys. ", "B 599, 255-282 (2001), gr-qc/0006107; A. Baratin, L. Freidel, E. Livine, in preparation; R. De Pietri, C. Petronio, J. Math. ", "Phys. ", "41, 6671-6688 (2000), gr-qc/0004045. ", "K. Krasnov, hep-th/0505174; L. Freidel, D. Oriti, J. Ryan, gr-qc/0506067; D. Oriti, J. Ryan, in preparation; D. Oriti, [*Generalised group field theories and quantum gravity transiton amplitudes*]{}, in preparation;\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Involving disabled and chronically ill children and young people in health service development.", "\nTo investigate the extent and nature of involvement of physically disabled or chronically ill children and young people in local health service development. ", "A postal survey of all health authorities (n = 99) and NHS Trusts (n = 410) in England. ", "Seventy-six per cent of health authorities and 59% of Trusts responded. ", "Twenty-seven initiatives involving chronically ill or disabled children and young people in consultation regarding service development were identified. ", "Over half of these were carried out in partnership between health services and other agencies, usually local authorities and/or voluntary organizations. ", "A variety of methods was used for consultation, including child-friendly methods such as drawing, drama and making a video. ", "Seventeen initiatives reported that children's involvement had resulted in service changes, but only 11 went beyond consultation to involve children and young people in decision making about service development. ", "Only a third of the organizations had someone with designated responsibility for children's involvement. ", "The involvement of this group of children and young people in service development in the NHS is at an early stage. ", "The failure of policy documents on user involvement to identify children and young people as a group for whom methods of consultation need to be developed, and the lack of people with designated responsibility for developing children's involvement may be a reason for slow progress in this area. ", "The initiatives identified show that such involvement is possible and can have a positive impact on services." ]

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[ "Q:\n\npython ElementTree: how to add SubElement text in bold\n\nHow can I create a SubElement of a Python ElementTree to write XML for this: \nHi What's up?", "\nie. ", "where some text is bold and some isn't, but they both render on the same line when you print it out?", "\nI think this is what the XML should look like.", "\n<p>\n <b>Hi</b>\n What's up?", "\n</p>\n\nI've tried several things, including the following:\nimport xml.etree.", "ElementTree as ET\n\np_element = ET.SubElement(section, \"p\")\nbold = ET.SubElement(p_element, \"b\")\nbold.text = \"Hi\" \nnot_bold = ET.SubElement(bold, \"p\")\nnot_bold.text = \"What's up?\"", "\n\nThat gives the following and it ends up all being bold:\n<p>\n <b>\n Hi\n <p> \n What's up?", "\n </p>\n </b>\n</p>\n\nAnd if I instead do it like this:\nimport xml.etree.", "ElementTree as ET\n\np_element = ET.SubElement(section, \"p\")\nbold = ET.SubElement(p_element, \"b\")\nbold.text = \"Hi\" \nnot_bold = ET.SubElement(p_element, \"p\")\nnot_bold.text = \"What's up?\"", "\n\nIt gets the correct words in bold, but \"Hi\" and \"What's up?\" ", "will render on different lines.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can do next:\nimport xml.etree.", "ElementTree as ET\n\np_element = ET.Element(\"p\")\nb_element = ET.SubElement(p_element, 'b')\nb_element.text = \"Hi\"\nb_element.tail = \"What's up?\"", "\nprint(ET.dump(p_element)) # <p><b>Hi</b>What's up?</p>\n\nbut don't use this module if you need to parse untrusted or unauthenticated data due to XML vulnerabilities.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Unique pair endings?", "\n\nI believe Sully and Stahl's is unique, IIRC. ", "Something about them being panther and whatever? ", "What other unique endings are there for pairs?---http://keilis.deviantart.com\n\n#2SazukeEXPosted 3/27/2013 6:42:05 PM\n\nTharja x Henry is uniqueish...---Hector x Farina - OTP of FE.", "\n\n#3daytonthegreatPosted 3/27/2013 6:54:01 PM(edited)\n\nSazukeEX posted...\n\nTharja x Henry is uniqueish...\n\nStahlxCherche/Sully/PanneMaleMUxTharja/Olivia/Lucina/Nowi/Tiki/Any female spotpass characterFemaleMUxChrom/Kellam/Any male spotpass characterHenryxOlivia/Tharja/Sumia (But then again his always mentions of him being a good father.)DonnelxLissa/PanneLon'quxCordelia/Tharja/Lissa/MaribelleChromxAny Female unit that he can pair up with.", "GaiusxLissa/Olivia/Tharja/NowiRickenxNowi\n\nTheres still more to add to this but this is only the best ones ive seen.---I liked this Story....http://www.fanfiction.net/s/9045624/1/Fire-Emblem-Awakening-Hexes-and-Proposals\n\n#4MIssDeviling(Topic Creator)Posted 3/27/2013 6:54:57 PM\n\nCool, thanks. :)", "---http://keilis.deviantart.com\n\n#5darth_lorenzoPosted 3/27/2013 7:17:25 PM\n\nI don't think any pairing is really unique, they are all changed slightly depending on the pairing, other then Stahl and Sully of course. ", "However all will be clear soon enough, a guy is compiling ever single pair ending on Serenes, so we just have to wait till then.", "\n\n#6GSSAGE7Posted 3/27/2013 7:18:34 PM\n\ndarth_lorenzo posted...\n\nI don't think any pairing is really unique, they are all changed slightly depending on the pairing, other then Stahl and Sully of course. ", "However all will be clear soon enough, a guy is compiling ever single pair ending on Serenes, so we just have to wait till then.", "\n\nWell TharjaXAvatar would likely be unique, if only because I recall every other Tharja pairing has her mentioning trying to get him.", "\n\n#7Strawberry_EggsPosted 3/27/2013 7:19:48 PM\n\nI'm almost certain most of the paired endings follow an interchangeable cookie-cutter format. ", "The husband does one thing and his wife does something related to it, though it does change depending on said wife. ", "The wording may even change for what the husband does, but its still the same general idea.", "\n\nI could be wrong of course, but I'm fairly certain that Sully x Stahl yields the only truly unique paired epilogue.---My 25 Most Favorite Games - http://www.unikgamer.com/members/strawberryeggs-786.htmlOfficial Nah of the Fire Emblem: Awakening board.", "\n\n#8slickvic1990Posted 3/27/2013 7:20:56 PM\n\ndaytonthegreat posted...\n\nSazukeEX posted...\n\nTharja x Henry is uniqueish...\n\nStahlxCherche/Sully/PanneMaleMUxTharja/Olivia/Lucina/Nowi/Tiki/Any female spotpass characterFemaleMUxChrom/Kellam/Any male spotpass characterHenryxOlivia/Tharja/Sumia (But then again his always mentions of him being a good father.)DonnelxLissa/PanneLon'quxCordelia/Tharja/Lissa/MaribelleChromxAny Female unit that he can pair up with.", "GaiusxLissa/Olivia/Tharja/NowiRickenxNowi\n\nTheres still more to add to this but this is only the best ones ive seen.", "\n\nno offense dude, but if you list multiple options, that's pretty much the opposite of unique.---My GOTY 2013 (so far): Fire Emblem Awakening\n\n#9davidledsmaPosted 3/27/2013 7:23:42 PM\n\nRicken and Tharja have a unique ending.---Tiki's blood, only 100 Gold a cup!", "\n\n#10empireoffirePosted 3/27/2013 7:24:30 PM\n\nempireoffire posted...\n\nHenry's endings seem to all be \"He settled down with [marriage partner] and was a surprisingly good father\" followed by a short description that matches the child character he makes." ]

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[ "Viral videos and individual user channels being obliterated by bland corporate promos as censorship and regulation make popular video website unrecognizable from a few years ago\n\nPaul Joseph Watson\n\nPrison Planet.com\n\nFriday, April 17, 2009\n\nA new You Tube video getting a lot of attention highlights concerns that the “You” is being phased out of YouTube, as individual users are sidelined by regulation and censorship in favor of corporate domination of the popular video website, an eventuality that we first warned about years ago.", "\n\nThe clip makes the case that You Tube has all but eliminated the prominence of individual video channels and artificially suppressed their chances of topping the popular ranking charts.", "\n\nIn addition, the ranking charts themselves have been buried on the website and replaced with an assortment of “featured” videos, a combination of bland corporate promos and inane mindless clips, selected by You Tube bosses themselves, while “viral” videos voted on by individual users have been almost completely hidden.", "\n\nThe top ranking and most discussed categories used to appear on the front page of the website, but are now demoted to a sub-tab, the video claims. ", "However, looking at the You Tube website this morning, small links to these categories have now been added to the main page.", "\n\nThe clip points out that ratings have been removed from the “most viewed” page to prevent bland corporate videos from being voted down by users, which does appear to be the case. ", "Inoffensive political videos are also being flagged for deletion while clips that amount to soft porn are allowed.", "\n\nA d v e r t i s e m e n t\n\n\n\nThe point made in the video about censorship is well received. ", "We have had numerous accounts deleted by You Tube with little or no explanation and we receive e mails every week from people who have suffered the same fate. ", "We have also documented how view counts on our videos have been altered to prevent them from going viral.", "\n\nThe video also claims that You Tube is switching over to a new design which will place corporate-sponsored TV shows and movies on the front page while relegating individual users’ videos to a sub-page. ", "This corresponds with the announcement that, “YouTube…. ", "is partnering with major studios to stream full-length movies and TV shows on its site for free,” according to an Associated Press report.", "\n\nWatch the clip below.", "\n\nThe growth of community websites like You Tube, Facebook and MySpace brings with it the very dangers that we first highlighted years ago when the social networking and video blogging phenomenon was first taking off, that such sites represented a cyber “trojan horse and the media elite’s last gasp effort to reclaim control of the Internet and sink it with a stranglehold of regulation, control and censorship.”", "\n\nThe domination of user-driven community websites owned by large corporations over websites run and owned by individuals has created the perfect opportunity for corporations to swallow Internet traffic and put individual blogs and websites in the shadows.", "\n\nWebsites like You Tube became so successful because they allowed free reign for users to upload whatever videos they liked and put in place ranking systems determined by users themselves and not at the discretion of You Tube bosses. ", "This meant that truly important videos, along with the usual celebrity trash that is par for the course, were allowed to go viral. ", "However, since You Tube was bought by Google and changes were made to the website, You Tube has been dominated by bland paid-for corporate videos while videos popular with the actual community have been relegated to the sidelines.", "\n\nThis was always the danger of investing so much power and interest in community websites owned by large transnational corporations, as we warned years ago.", "\n\nHowever, You Tube’s evolution from a community-driven first amendment outpost to a tightly regulated, corporate mouthpiece will only drive users away to smaller video blogging websites as well as a move back towards setting up their own private websites that aren’t subject to the controls of the corporate media oligarchy.", "\n\nThis article was posted: Friday, April 17, 2009 at 5:10 am\n\nPrint this page.", "\n\nInfowars.com Videos:\n\nComment on this article" ]

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[ "The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.", "\nWhen using an RFID system for timing sporting events, it often becomes necessary to utilize two or more systems for the purpose of expanding the RFID tag read zone at a particular timing location. ", "Multiple systems may also be needed for the purpose of providing redundancy to ensure that a tag is read as it passes the timing location. ", "The physical configuration and layout of two or more systems may differ greatly. ", "For example, two systems may be placed side by side in order to provide a wider path in which tags may pass. ", "If greater redundancy is needed, two or three systems may be placed behind each other to effectively provide multiple zones for the tags to pass through. ", "In all cases in which multiple systems are used, the time stamp on a tag read will be unique to each system that recorded a read. ", "This creates a challenge because there becomes no single location which is the definitive point on the race course that is designated as the timing location. ", "For example, if a finish line of a running event has multiple systems deployed behind each other to provide redundancy over a distance of perhaps 20 feet, it may be difficult to know the exact location of the finish line given that any one of the systems may have recorded the tag read. ", "This problem is well understood and it has existed in the sports timing industry for many years." ]

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[ "Raiders place 1st, 2nd at URG\n\nRIO GRANDE, Ohio — The River Valley boys and girls cross country teams took first and second place in their respective events during the 2015 Patty Forgey Invitational at the University of Rio Grande on Saturday in Gallia County.", "\n\nThe Raiders paced the field with a team score of 45 points — with two runners finishing in the top-10 — followed by Logan Elm with 50 points and Liberty Union with 61 points. ", "Liberty Union’s Wyatt Gardner paced the field of 64 with a team of 16:53.98.", "\n\nThe Silver and Black were led by a fourth place finish from Jacob Kemper (17:46.78). ", "Nathaniel Abbott (18:58.70) placed 10th, while Chance Gillman (19:17.04) finished in 11th. ", "Garrett Young (20:06.65) placed 17th, followed by George Rickett (20:19.06) in 19th place. ", "Ben Moody (20:58.22) finished 25th and Caleb McKnight (21:26.45) placed 28th for River Valley.", "\n\nLiberty Union paced the field in the girls race with 21 points — with six racers finishing in the top-10 — 38 points ahead of the Lady Raiders. ", "Manchester finished in third with 73 points. ", "Jenny Seas from Peebles paced the field of 51 with a time of 19:24.83." ]

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[ "Analysis of rosen piezoelectric transformers with a varying cross-section.", "\nWe study the effects of a varying cross-section on the performance of Rosen piezoelectric transformers operating with length extensional modes of rods. ", "A theoretical analysis is performed using an extended version of a one-dimensional model developed in a previous paper. ", "Numerical results based on the theoretical analysis are presented." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nconverting a string json into Scala case class\n\nI know this kind of question has been answered so many times, but i could not find the answer to the error I am getting ::\nI am trying to convert a string JSON into a case class in IntelliJ IDEA CE.", "\nThe code goes like this ::\npackage com.netflix.ist.gbi.application\n\nimport scala.io.", "Source\nimport scala.collection.mutable._", "\nimport org.json4s._", "\n//import org.json4s.", "DefaultFormats\nimport com.netflix.ist.gbi.model.", "EventPayloadIn\nimport org.json4s.jackson.", "JsonMethods._", "\n\nobject ObjDataArchival extends App{\n val a : ListBuffer[String] = ListBuffer()\n for (line Source.fromFile(\"/Users/sankar.biswas/Desktop/jsonFile.json\").getLines) {\n a.append(line)\n jsonStrToMap(line)\n }\n\n def jsonStrToMap(jsonStr: String) : EventPayloadIn = {\n implicit val formats : DefaultFormats.type = org.json4s.", "DefaultFormats\n parse(jsonStr).extract[EventPayloadIn]\n }\n\n}\n\nThe case classes are defined in a scala file which has been imported.", "\nbut when I am running it, I am getting the below error ::\nException in thread \"main\" java.lang.", "NoSuchMethodError: scala.", "Function0.$init$(Lscala/Function0;)V\nat org.json4s.", "ThreadLocal.<init>(Formats.scala:348)\nat org.json4s.", "DefaultFormats.$init$(Formats.scala:355)\nat org.json4s.", "DefaultFormats$.<init>(Formats.scala:333)\nat org.json4s.", "DefaultFormats$.<clinit>(Formats.scala)\nat com.apple.ist.gbi.application.", "ObjDataArchival$.jsonStrToMap(ObjDataArchival.scala:21)\nat com.apple.ist.gbi.application.", "ObjDataArchival$$anonfun$1.apply(ObjDataArchival.scala:16)\nat com.apple.ist.gbi.application.", "ObjDataArchival$$anonfun$1.apply(ObjDataArchival.scala:13)\nat scala.collection.", "Iterator$class.foreach(Iterator.scala:893)\nat scala.collection.", "AbstractIterator.foreach(Iterator.scala:1336)\nat com.apple.ist.gbi.application.", "ObjDataArchival$.delayedEndpoint$com$apple$ist$gbi$application$ObjDataArchival$1(ObjDataArchival.scala:13)\nat com.apple.ist.gbi.application.", "ObjDataArchival$delayedInit$body.apply(ObjDataArchival.scala:10)\nat scala.", "Function0$class.apply$mcV$sp(Function0.scala:34)\nat scala.runtime.", "AbstractFunction0.apply$mcV$sp(AbstractFunction0.scala:12)\nat scala.", "App$$anonfun$main$1.apply(App.scala:76)\nat scala.", "App$$anonfun$main$1.apply(App.scala:76)\nat scala.collection.immutable.", "List.foreach(List.scala:381)\nat scala.collection.generic.", "TraversableForwarder$class.foreach(TraversableForwarder.scala:35)\nat scala.", "App$class.main(App.scala:76)\nat com.apple.ist.gbi.application.", "ObjDataArchival$.main(ObjDataArchival.scala:10)\nat com.apple.ist.gbi.application.", "ObjDataArchival.main(ObjDataArchival.scala)\n\nThe error seems to be in this line ::\nimplicit val formats : DefaultFormats.type = org.json4s.", "DefaultFormats\n\nI tried with similar lines like ::\nimplicit val formats = DefaultFormats\n\nBut could not resolve the issue in any way. ", "\nThanks in advance!", "\n\nA:\n\nSomething like below can work. ", "\nimport org.json4s._", "\nimport org.json4s.jackson.", "JsonMethods._", "\nimport scala.io.", "Source\n\nobject JSONParsing extends App {\n\n implicit val formats = DefaultFormats // Brings in default date formats etc.", "\n\n case class BookDetails(bookId: String, bookName: String, authorName: String, authorCountry: String)\n\n for (line <- Source.fromFile(\"/Users/sankar.biswas/Desktop/jsonFile.json\").getLines) {\n val bookDetails = jsonStrToMap(line)\n println(bookDetails)\n }\n\n def jsonStrToMap(jsonStr: String): BookDetails = {\n parse(jsonStr).camelizeKeys.extract[BookDetails]\n }\n}\n\nContent of jsonFile file : \n{\"book_id\":\"1\",\"book_name\":\"Scala\",\"author_name\":\"Edward\",\"author_country\":\"Poland\"}\n{\"book_id\":\"1\",\"book_name\":\"Scala\",\"author_name\":\"Edward\",\"author_country\":\"Poland\"}\n{\"book_id\":\"1\",\"book_name\":\"Scala\",\"author_name\":\"Edward\",\"author_country\":\"Poland\"}\n{\"book_id\":\"1\",\"book_name\":\"Scala\",\"author_name\":\"Edward\",\"author_country\":\"Poland\"}\n\nUpdate : \nbuild.sbt\n \"org.json4s\" %% \"json4s-native\" % \"3.5.2\",\n \"org.json4s\" %% \"json4s-jackson\" % \"3.6.0\"\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'The tunnelling conductance between a metal and a multi-band $s$-wave superconductor with a thin layer of single-band $s$-wave superconductor sandwiched in between is examined in this paper. ", "We show that a in-gap peak in conductance curve is found as a result of the formation of in-gap bound state between the single-band and multi-band superconductors junction if the phases of the superconducting order parameters of the multi-band superconductor is frustrated. ", "The implication of this result in determining the gap symmetry of the iron-based superconductors is discussed.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Xiao-Yong Feng and Tai-Kai Ng'\ntitle: ' In-gap bound states and tunnelling conductance of multi-band superconductors through a $N-S_1-S_2$ junction'\n---\n\nWith the discovery of the Iron-based (pnictides) superconductors, the superconductivity characterized by more than one order parameters, i.e. the multi-gap superconductors, becomes a hot topic. ", "Band structure calculations indicate that the material has a quasi-two-dimensional electronic structure, with five bands centered around the $\\Gamma$- and $M$- points in the Brillouin zone contributing to the Fermi surface. ", "An immediate issue of interests is thus the symmetry of the superconductor order parameters. ", "Besides the obvious possibility that all the bands share the same superconductor order parameter symmetry, it is also possible that the order parameters pick up more complicated configurations because of the non-trivial Fermi surface structure. ", "For example, it has been proposed that the order parameters may have $s$-wave symmetry, but with opposite sign between bands centered at $\\Gamma$- and $M$-points[@hu; @mazin; @wang]. ", "Other more exotic possibilities have also been proposed[@kuroki].", "\n\nExperimentally, the absent of $\\pi$ phase shift between tunnelling in different direction in scanning SQUID microscopy[@SQUID] and the suppression of knight shift with decreasing temperature in NMR[@NMR1] experiments seems to exclude spin-triplet pairing states. ", "However controversy remains between the $d$-wave and the exotic $s$-wave symmetries. ", "The d-wave symmetry gets support from NMR[@NMR1] and lower critical field data[@field] indicating existence of nodes in the superconducting order parameter while the observations in Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy[@ARPES1; @ARPES2] favor node-less gaps.", "\n\nThus an experiment which can distinguish the different $d$-wave and $s$-wave gap symmetry possibilities is significant. ", "In this paper, we show that the quasi-particle tunnelling through a $N-S_{1}-S_{2}$ junction where $N$, $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$ represents normal metal, a single-band $s$-wave superconductor and the targeted superconductor respectively, provide a strong test to the above problem when tunnelling data from different surfaces of target superconductor $S_2$ and with different thickness $S_1$ are collected. ", "The geometry of the junction is sketched in figure \\[geometry\\].", "\n\n![", "The geometry of the $N-S_1-S_2$ junction. ", "The solid (dashed) arrows denote the propagation direction of particles (holes). []{", "data-label=\"geometry\"}](geometry_fine.eps){width=\"4cm\"}\n\nTo begin with, we first review the situation of simple $s$-wave and $d$-wave superconductors. ", "We shall assume that the superconductor order parameter structure is prominent on the $x-y$ plane, and superconductivity along $z$-direction mainly comes from Josephson effect, consistent with a quasi-two-dimensional band structure. ", "For the $s$-wave superconductor, it is expected that the tunnelling spectrum will be qualitatively the same independent of the tunnelling plane of the targeted superconductor and the thickness ($d$) of $S_1$. The situation is however, very different for the $d$-wave superconductor. ", "The existence of a mid-gap state at the boundary between the $d$-wave superconductor and normal metal if the surface is cut along the $(110)$ direction[@midgap] leads to a zero-bias peak in the tunnelling spectrum along the $(110)$ direction. ", "Thus the existence of a zero-bias peak in tunnelling experiment with one prominent surface orientation distinguishes between conventional $s$- and $d$-wave superconductors[@Tanaka].", "\n\nNext we consider a multi-band $s$-wave superconductor with order parameters of opposite sign. ", "We shall call it $\\pm\n s$-wave superconductor in the following. ", "It was pointed out in Ref.[@Ng], that in-gap bound states exist at the interface between a single-band $s$-wave superconductor and a $\\pm s$-wave superconductor and it is expected that the in-gap bound states will contribute to quasi-particle tunnelling leading to in-gap peaks in the tunnelling conductance through an $N-S_{1}-S_{2}$ junction. ", "We shall show in the following that the $\\pm s$-wave superconductor has a rather unique tunnelling spectrum that distinguishes itself from ordinary $s$- or $d$-wave superconductors.", "\n\nThe quasi-particle behavior of the multi-band system can be obtained by solving the Bogoliubov-de Gennes (BdG) equations[@BdG] $$\\label{bdg}\n \\epsilon^{(i)}\\left(\n \\begin{array}{c}\n u^{(i)}(\\vec{r}) \\\\ v^{(i)}(\\vec{r})\n \\end{array}\n \\right)=\\left(\n \\begin{array}{cc}\n \\hat{H}^{(i)}-\\mu & \\Delta^{(i)}(\\vec{r}) \\\\\n \\Delta^{(i)*}(\\vec{r}) & -\\hat{H}^{(i)}+\\mu\n \\end{array}\\right)\\left(\n \\begin{array}{c}\n u^{(i)}(\\vec{r}) \\\\ v^{(i)}(\\vec{r})\n \\end{array}\\right)$$ where $i=1,..N$, $N$ is the number of contributing bands in the multi-band superconductor, $\\hat{H}^{(i)}$ is the band dispersion of band $i$ and $\\Delta^{(i)}(\\vec{r})=|\\Delta^{(i)}(x)|e^{i\\theta^{(i)}(x)}$ is the corresponding superconductor order parameter. ", "$\\mu$ is the chemical potential. ", "We have assumed that quasi-particles at different bands are decoupled from each other in writing down Eq.", " (\\[bdg\\]).", "\n\nTo model the $N-S_1-S_2$ junction, we assume $(|\\Delta^{(i)}(x,y,z)|,\\theta^{(i)}(x,y,z))$ = $(0,0)$, $(\\Delta_{1},0)$ and $(\\Delta_{2}^{(i)},\\theta^{(i)})$ in the regions $x<0$, $0<x<d$ and $x>d$, respectively. ", "The different regions are connected by $\\delta$-function scattering potentials $U_1\\delta(x)$ and $U_2\\delta(x-d)$, respectively and the system is assumed to be translational invariant in $(y,z)$ direction. ", "We also assume that the $\\delta$-function scattering potentials do not introduce scattering between different bands, so that Eq.", " (\\[bdg\\]) remains valid in the presence of the junction. ", "Within this approximation the total tunnelling current is just the sum of tunnelling currents from all bands. ", "Notice that we are allowed to choose the phase of the single-band superconductor $S_1$ to be $\\theta(0<x<d)=0$ since overall phase of the system is a pure gauge. ", "On the other hand there are in general $N$ different phases $\\theta^{(i)}(x>0)$ in the multi-band superconductor $S_2$. We shall assume that only two groups of $\\theta^{(i)}$’s exist, $\\theta^{(i)}=(\\theta^A,\\theta^B)$, with $\\theta^A=\\theta^B+\\pi$ in the bulk multi-band superconductor ($\\pm s$-wave), as is proposed to be the case in the pnictides superconductors.", "\n\nThe Josephson coupling between a single-band superconductor and a $\\pm s$-wave superconductor has been analyzed in Ref.[@Ng]. ", "Let $T_{A(B)}$ be the Josephson coupling of the first(second) group of bands to $S_1$. It was found that when $T_A>>(<<)T_B$, then $\\theta_{A(B)}=0$ and $\\theta_{B(A)}=\\pi$. This state respect time-reversal symmetry and is called the TRI state. ", "An alternative solution exist when $T_A\\sim T_B$, at which case $\\theta_A,\\theta_B\\neq0,\n \\pi$. The state breaks time-reversal symmetry and is called the TRB state. ", "We first consider the tunnelling conductance between the $s$-wave superconductor and band $i$ in the $\\pm s$-wave superconductor with $\\theta^{(i)}=\\theta$.\n\nEq.", " (\\[bdg\\]) have plane-wave solutions of form $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{ssol}\n \\Psi(\\vec{r})=\\left(\\begin{array}{c}\n u(\\vec{r})\\\\\n v(\\vec{r})\n \\end{array}\\right)=e^{i\\vec{q}_{\\|}\\cdot\\vec{r}_{\\|}}e^{iqx}\\left(\\begin{array}{c}\n u_{q}\\\\\n v_{q}\n \\end{array}\\right)\n \\end{aligned}$$ where we have neglected the band index $i$ for brevity. ", "$u_{q}$ and $v_{q}$ satisfy $$\\epsilon\\left(\\begin{array}{c}\n u_q\\\\\n v_q\n \\end{array}\\right)=\\left(\\begin{array}{cc}\n \\xi_{\\vec{q}} & \\Delta \\\\\n \\Delta & -\\xi_{\\vec{q}}\n \\end{array}\\right)\n \\left(\\begin{array}{c}\n u_{q}\\\\\n v_{q}\n \\end{array}\\right)$$ where $\\xi_{\\vec{q}}=\\varepsilon_{\\vec{q}}-\\mu$ and $\\varepsilon_{\\vec{q}}$ is the band dispersion. ", "We shall assume $\\varepsilon_{\\vec{q}}=\\hbar^2(q^2+q_{\\|}^2)/2m$ for all bands and $\\mu=\\hbar^2k_f^2/2m$ in our calculation where $k_f$ is the Fermi momentum and shall consider the semi-classical limit $k_f,m\\rightarrow\\infty$ with $v_f=\\hbar k_f/m$ remaining finite such that band structure effects are eliminated in our calculation.", "\n\nFor a given energy $\\epsilon$ and transverse momentum $q_{\\|}$, there are four possible longitudinal momenta $q=\\pm q_+,\\pm q_-$, where $\\hbar q_{+(-)}=\\sqrt{2m\\left(\\mu_{x}+(-)\\sqrt{\\epsilon^{2}-|\\Delta|^{2}}\\right)}$ and $\\mu_{x}=\\mu-\\hbar^2q_{\\|}^2/2m$. The corresponding $u_q,v_q$ is given by $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\left(\\begin{array}{c}\n u_{q}\\\\\n v_{q}\n \\end{array}\\right)=\\left(\\begin{array}{c}\n \\sqrt{\\frac{1}{2}(1+\\frac{\\xi_{\\vec{q}}}{\\epsilon})}\\\\\n e^{-i\\theta}\\sqrt{\\frac{1}{2}(1-\\frac{\\xi_{\\vec{q}}}{\\epsilon})}\n \\end{array}\\right).", "\n \\end{aligned}$$\n\nApplying these results to our junction problem the general scattering wave-function of an incoming wave from metal side has the following form at various regions in space, $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\label{solf}\n \\Psi_{N}(x)e^{-i\\vec{q}_{\\|}\\cdot\\vec{r}_{\\|}}&=&(e^{ik_{+}x}+a_{1}e^{-ik_{+}x})\\left(\\begin{array}{c}\n 1 \\\\\n 0\n \\end{array}\\right) +a_{2}e^{ik_{-}x}\\left(\\begin{array}{c}\n 0 \\\\\n 1\n \\end{array}\\right) \\nonumber \\\\\n \\Psi_{S_{1}}(x)e^{-i\\vec{q}_{\\|}\\cdot\\vec{r}_{\\|}}&=&(a_{3}e^{ip_{+}x}+a_{4}e^{-ip_{+}x})\n \\left(\\begin{array}{c}\n u_{p_{+}}\\\\\n v_{p_{+}}\n \\end{array}\\right)\\nonumber\\\\\n &&+(a_{5}e^{-ip_{-}x}+a_{6}e^{ip_{-}x}) \\left(\\begin{array}{c}\n u_{p_{-}}\\\\\n v_{p_{-}}\n \\end{array}\\right) \\nonumber \\\\\n \\Psi_{S_{2}}(x)e^{-i\\vec{q}_{\\|}\\cdot\\vec{r}_{\\|}}&=&a_{7}e^{iq_{+}x} \\left(\\begin{array}{c}\n u_{q_{+}}\\\\\n v_{q_{+}}\n \\end{array}\\right)\n +a_{8}e^{-iq_{-}x} \\left(\\begin{array}{c}\n u_{q_{-}}\\\\\n v_{q_{-}}\n \\end{array}\\right)\n \\end{aligned}$$ where $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\hbar k_{+(-)}&=& \\sqrt{2m\\left(\\mu_{x}+(-)|\\epsilon|\\right)} \\\\ \\nonumber\n \\hbar p_{+(-)}&=& \\sqrt{2m\\left(\\mu_{x}+(-)\\sqrt{\\epsilon^{2}-|\\Delta_1|^2}\\right)} \\\\ \\nonumber\n \\hbar q_{+(-)}&=& \\sqrt{2m\\left(\\mu_{x}+(-)\\sqrt{\\epsilon^{2}-|\\Delta_2|^2}\\right)}.", "\n \\end{aligned}$$ Notice that $\\mu_x$ has the same value at all regions because of momentum conservation along $y-z$ directions. ", "However $\\Delta_2\\rightarrow\\Delta_2^{(i)}$ and $q_{+(-)}^{(i)}$’s are in general different for different bands.", "\n\nThe wavefunction has to satisfy the boundary conditions $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\Psi_{N}(0)-\\Psi_{S_{1}}(0)&=&0 \\\\ \\nonumber\n \\Psi_{N}'(0)-\\Psi_{S_{1}}'(0)&=&-\\frac{2mU_{1}}{\\hbar^2}\\Psi_{N}(0) \\\\ \\nonumber\n \\Psi_{S_{1}}(d)-\\Psi_{S_{2}}(d)&=&0 \\\\ \\nonumber\n \\Psi_{S_{1}}'(d)-\\Psi_{S_{2}}'(d)&=&-\\frac{2mU_{2}}{\\hbar^2}\\Psi_{S_{1}}(d)\n \\end{aligned}$$ at the interfaces which determine the eight coefficients $\\{a_{n}\\}$ entering Eq.", " (\\[solf\\]). ", "The tunnelling conductance defined by $dI/dV$ is proportional to $\\int dq_{\\|}\\left(k_+(1-|a_{1}(\\epsilon=eV)|^{2})+k_-|a_{2}\n (\\epsilon=eV)|^{2}\\right)$. In the semi-classical limit $k_f>>q_{\\|}$, the main contribution to the tunnelling current comes from electrons with normal incidence to the interface. ", "In this case we may approximate $k_+\\sim k_-\\sim k_f, \\mu_x\\sim \\mu$ and the BTK result $$\\label{btk}\n {dI\\over dV}\\sim1-|a_{1}(\\epsilon=eV)|^{2}+|a_{2}(\\epsilon=eV)|^{2}$$ is recovered[@BTK]. ", "we shall employ this approximation in the following analysis.", "\n\nTo see the existence of bound states in the $S_1-S_2$ interface we first look at the $\\theta$-dependence of the tunnelling conductance. ", "In figure\\[theta\\] we plot $dI/dV$ versus $V$ for various values of $\\theta$. we have chosen $\\Delta_2=0.001\\mu$, $U_1=U_2=\\mu$ and $d=\\xi_{c2}$, where $\\xi_{c2}\\sim v_f/\\Delta_2$ is the coherence length corresponding to superconducting gap $\\Delta_2$ in generating the figure. ", "First we consider $\\theta=0$ which represents tunnelling between usual (un-frustrated) $s$-wave superconductor junctions. ", "In this case the conductance is peaked at the gap edges $\\sim\\Delta_1,\\Delta_2$ and there is no in-gap peak. ", "The peak at the lower gap edge $\\Delta_1$ moves towards zero energy as $\\theta$ increases, corresponding to the appearance of TRB states. ", "Notice there is no conductance peak between $\\Delta_1$ and $\\Delta_2$.\n\n![", "Tunnelling conductance for various $\\theta$. (a)For $\\Delta_{1}=\\Delta_{2}=0.001\\mu$; (b)For $\\Delta_{1}=0.5\\Delta_{2}=0.0005\\mu$. $U_{1}=U_{2}=\\mu$ and $d=\\xi_{c2}$ in both cases,. []{", "data-label=\"theta\"}](theta.eps){width=\"6cm\"}\n\nNotice that instead of approaching zero energy, the conductance peak saturates at a finite value $eV>0$ when $\\theta\\rightarrow\\pi$. This is because we have employed a finite thickness $d\\sim\\xi_{c2}$ in our calculation. ", "In this case the incoming and reflected waves inside $S_1$ interfere and split the zero-energy bound states into two states with energy $\\epsilon\\sim\\pm\\Delta_1 e^{-\\xi_{c1}/d}$.\n\n![", "Tunnelling conductance for various $d$. $\\Delta_{1}=\\Delta_{2}=0.001\\mu$, $U_{1}=\\mu$ and $U_{2}=0$. The inset is d-dependent of the conductance peak position. []{", "data-label=\"d\"}](d.eps){width=\"7cm\"}\n\nThe thickness dependence of conductance is examined in figure \\[d\\] where we have computed the tunnelling spectrum for $\\Delta_1=\\Delta_2$ and $\\theta=\\pi$ from $d=0$ to $d\\sim3\\xi_{c2}$. When $d=0$, the tunnelling behavior is the same as the case of normal metal tunnelling to a s-wave superconductor where no in-gap bound state exists. ", "As $d$ increases, we see that an in-gap peak in conductance is developed with peak position moving towards zero bias. ", "The peak also becomes sharper as $d$ increases. ", "The position of the peak as function of $d$ is shown in the inset of figure \\[d\\] where it is clear that the peak position approaches zero as $d\\rightarrow\\infty$[@Ng]. ", "Oscillatory behavior is also found in the conductance curves at energy $eV>\\Delta_{1}$ at large $d$. This is a result of interference between multiple reflecting waves and is observable only if the total path length ($\\sim$ a few $d$) is smaller than the inelastic scattering mean-free path ($l$) of the quasi-particles. ", "We note the existence of the in-gap conductance peak is independent of the surface orientation for an $\\pm s$-wave superconductor. ", "This and the $d$ dependence of the in-gap conductance peak provides a clear distinction between an ordinary $d$-wave and $\\pm s$-wave superconductors.", "\n\n![", "The conductance with various contact barriers. ", "The other parameters are taken as $\\Delta_{2}=2\\Delta_{1}=0.001\\mu$ and $d=1.5\\xi_{c2}$. []{data-label=\"Z\"}](Z.eps){width=\"6cm\"}\n\nThe quantitative behavior of the tunnelling conductance depends also strongly on the scattering parameters $U_1$ and $U_2$. Figure \\[Z\\] shows the $dI/dV-V$ curves with various contact barrier $U_{1}$ and $U_{2}$ for $\\theta=\\pi$ and $\\Delta_1=0.5\\Delta_2$. First we note that with $U_{1}$ fixed, the conductance is generally suppressed by $U_{2}$ at energy $eV>\\Delta_1$. At this regime the quasi-particles do not see superconductor $S_1$ and tunnelling spectrum is qualitatively the same as the one from a normal metal directly to a $s$-wave superconductor. ", "We also observe that the conductance peak within $\\Delta_{1}$ originating from the in-gap bound state exists only for nonzero $U_{1}$ and becomes more pronounced as $U_1$ increases. ", "This is because the incoming waves couple to the in-gap bound state only when $U_1$ is nonzero.", "\n\n![", "The total conductance when (a)$S_{2}$ is a $s$-wave superconductor; (b) $S_{2}$ is a $\\pm s$-wave superconductor. ", "$\\Delta_{1}=0.5\\Delta_{2}=0.0005\\mu$, $U_{1}=\\mu$ and $d=1.5\\xi_{c2}$ in both cases. ", "$U_{2}(\\theta^{(i)}=\\pi)=2U_{2}(\\theta^{(i)}=0)$ in the case of $\\pm s$-wave superconductor.[]{data-label=\"add3\"}](add3.eps){width=\"6cm\"}\n\nWe shall now examine the TRI state in more detail. ", "In this case there are two groups of tunnelling channels $-$ one with $\\theta^{(i)}=0$ and the other with $\\theta^{(i)}=\\pi$. $S_{1}$ is strongly coupled with the $\\theta^{(i)}=0$ bands (smaller $U_2$) and has weaker coupling (large $U_2$) to the $\\theta^{(i)}=\\pi$ bands. ", "The tunnelling conductance is a sum of contributions from all bands. ", "To compute the tunnelling spectrum we shall assume that the two groups of bands have the same gap magnitude $\\Delta_2$, and the $s$-wave superconductor has a weaker gap $\\Delta_1=0.5\\Delta_2$. We shall also assume that $U_2(\\theta^{(i)}=\\pi)=2U_{2}(\\theta^{(i)}=0)$. The two bands contribute equally to the conductance in our calculation. ", "As shown in figure \\[add3\\], conductance peak below $\\Delta_{1}$ appears only when $S_{2}$ is a $\\pm s$-wave superconductor. ", "The conductance of the $s$-wave superconductor is rather insensitive to $U_{2}$ while the in-gap conductance peak of the $\\pm s$-wave superconductor is sensitive to changing $U_{2}$. In particular, smaller $U_{2}$ favors a sharper peak. ", "This is another unique feature distinguishing the $\\pm s$-wave superconductivity from other symmetries. ", "Experimentally the tunnelling spectrum of a multi-band superconductor can be obtained rather straightforwardly from STM experiments. ", "The $s$-wave superconductor can be introduced by coating the STM tip with a thin layer of the $s$-wave superconductor and our predictions can be tested by performing the experiment with different thickness of coated $s$-wave superconductor on different surfaces of the targeted superconductor. ", "The tunnelling barrier $U_2$ can be tuned by varying the distance between the STM tip and the targeted superconductor. ", "We note however that nature is much more complicated than what our simple calculation presents which ignores the complicated band structures of the material, surface details and scattering between different bands. ", "Nevertheless the strong distinctive features in the tunnelling spectrum of $\\pm s$-wave superconductor we predict here should be detectable in experiment[@jhu] and provides a strong test to the gap symmetry of the Iron-base superconductors.", "\n\nWe thank Prof. H.H. Wen for interesting discussions during the course of this work. ", "This work is supported by HKUGC through grant CA05/06.Sc04.", "\n\n[99]{} K. Seo, B.A. Bernevig and J. Hu, , 206404 (2008). ", "I.I. Mazin [*et.al.*]{}, . ", "057003 (2008). ", "F. Wang [*et.al.*]{}, ", "zrXiv:0807.0498. ", "K. Kuroki [*et.al.*]{}, , ", "087004(2008). ", "C.W.Hicks et al, arXiv:0807.0467 (2008) K.Matano ea al, Europhys. ", "Lett. **", "83**, 57001 (2008). ", "Cong Ren, et al, arXiv:0804.1726 (2008). ", "Lin Zhao et al, Chin. ", "phys. ", "Lett. **", "25** 4402 (2008). ", "H. Ding et al, Europhys. ", "Lett. **", "83**, 47001 (2008). ", "Chia-Ren Hu, Phys.", "Rev.Lett.**72** 1526 (1994). ", "Y.Tanaka and S.Kashiwaya, Phys.", "Rev.Lett. **", "74** 3451 (1995) P.G.de Gennes, Superconductivity of Metals and Alloys (Benjamin, New York, 1966). ", "T.K. Ng and N. Nagaosa, arXiv:0809.3343. ", "G.E.Blonder et al, Phys. ", "Rev. B, **25**, 4515 (1982) see also W.-F. Tsai, D.-X. Yao, A. Bernevig and J.-P Hu, arXiv:0812.0661.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Q:\n\nRegex to match only comma's but not inside multiple parentheses\n\nOkay, i have this case where comma are inside parenthesis, I want to match the commas that are only outside the parenthesis.", "\nInput : color-stop(50%,rgb(0,0,0)), color-stop(51%,rgb(0,0,0)), color-stop(100%,rgb(0,0,0)))\n\nOutput(i'm looking for):color-stop(50%,rgb(0,0,0))**,** color-stop(51%,rgb(0,0,0))**,** color-stop(100%,rgb(0,0,0)))\n\nAnd this is my regex:-\n/(?![^(]*\\)),/g\n\nThe sad part is, it doesn't work when there is a multiple parenthesis :(\nRegex\n\nA:\n\nHere is the regex which works perfectly for your input.", "\n,(?![", "^()]*(?:\\([^()]*\\))?\\))\n\nDEMO\nExplanation:\n, ','\n(?! ", " look ahead to see if there is not:\n [^()]* any character except: '(', ')' (0 or\n more times)\n (?: ", " group, but do not capture (optional):\n \\( '('\n [^()]* any character except: '(', ')' (0 or\n more times)\n \\) ')'\n )? ", " end of grouping, ? ", "after the non-capturing group makes the\n whole non-capturing group as optional.", "\n \\) ')'\n) end of look-ahead\n\n" ]

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[ "The historic social contract between government and society forged in the political settlement leading to the 1994 elections and subsequent adoption of the Constitution has unravelled badly. \"", "But,\" we are told, \"Cyril is back in the inner circle of government. ", "The crisis will be fixed.\" ", "The hope is that Cyril Ramaphosa will become the de facto prime minister, albeit under the watchful eye of President Jacob Zuma and the party elite.", "\nThe fear is that the inner rot in government is too deep, President Zuma too obdurate, ANC bosses too powerful and the president's acolytes too dependent on the party machine for Ramaphosa to succeed. ", "The question is whether this master negotiator, one-time labour leader and skilled businessperson can prevail against an ideologically entrenched political bureaucracy.", "\n\nThe growing disconnect between the super-rich and the middle class on the one hand, and those left behind in poverty is widening with frightening alarm. ", "The number of young people who languish without a decent education, healthcare or a viable job is morally repugnant and represents a grave threat to political stability.", "\n\nThe aftermath of state terrorism and apartheid weighed heavily on the ANC when it first came to power. ", "The cold truth is that the new regime has not done enough to redress the economic consequences of apartheid. ", "This much we know. ", "It is not knowledge we lack. ", "What is missing is the courage to do something about it. ", "Archbishop Desmond Tutu once said: \"The gravy train stopped just long enough for a few fleet-footed comrades to jump on board.\"", "\n\nEffective leadership must promote moral principles that go beyond political talk and empty promises. ", "Values need to be embedded in policy implementation and the practices of good government. ", "The ANC has gone beyond any previous government in articulating the boundaries of good governance. ", "A public protector and an auditor general have been appointed to deal with instances of maladministration and corruption, and the 2005 Government Gazette deals extensively with public procurement regulations and procedures designed to combat corruption and theft. ", "It is the lack of a resolute commitment by political leaders to act against comrades and benefactors that is not there. ", "This is bad for politics, bad for business and bad for public morality. ", "The behaviour and excessive salaries of politicians, business leaders and others need to be measured and acted against in an uncompromising manner if found wanting. ", "It is insufficient simply to redeploy a cadre, who soon reappears elsewhere in an equally lucrative position, with the revolving door between government and business turning with little more than a gentle squeak.", "\n\nCorrective action demands more than a set of pious moral absolutes. ", "It requires what Max Weber called an \"ethic of responsibility,\" wrought in political realism, implemented on the basis of decisive principles and driven by strong leaders. ", "The specific shape and identity of these principles need to be forged through fearless political and moral debate. ", "The present decay tells us that they need to include:\n\nWell-honed, constituency-based elections, within which elected officials are held accountable to those who elect them, with regular report-backs and the capacity of constituencies to recall their representatives when necessary. ", "Democracy involves more than placing a cross on a ballot every five years, followed by a surrendering of electoral authority to party bureaucrats. ", "The recommendations of the Van Zyl Slabbert Commission on Electoral Reform need to be reconsidered, if not wholly implemented.", "\n\nA radical renewal of the education system, with a regular oversight of standards for learners as well as teachers and education authorities. ", "The South African Democratic Teachers Union, other teachers' bodies and school governing bodies need to be held accountable to the interests of the children they teach.", "\n\nNew attention being given to a health system, adequately equipped, with well-trained and appropriately remunerated doctors and nurses. ", "Without the prevention of curable diseases the education of our children suffers and we, as a nation, will continue to flounder.", "\n\nThe creation of a just, inclusive and sustainable economy. ", "It is time to move away from an exclusively shareholder economy to a stakeholder economy that includes business leaders, shareholders, workers and consumers, as well as rights' advocates who represent future generations and the environment.", "\n\nThe reach of the economic elite extends well beyond the domain of business. ", "It generates Marikanas and farm worker revolts such as those seen in the Boland.", "\n\nThe mobilisation of the entire country, rich and poor, professionals and the currently unemployed, to counter crime and corruption through appropriate social reforms, which needs to involve car guards, shop owners and local residents. ", "And ultimately there needs to be clean, efficient, no-nonsense policing.", "\n\nTiming is of the essence in any political intervention. ", "The ANC has, arguably, anticipated the extent of the disenchantment with government in electing Ramaphosa as the party's deputy president, and his political acumen should not to be underestimated. ", "If politics is as much about the self-interest of the ruling party as anything else – and it is – then the forces for good, both within and without the party, need to generate maximum pressure for productive change.", "\n\nPower corrupts and there is enough power in the ruling party, if left unchecked, to corrupt totally. ", "It is this that gives rise to the need for a new coalition of citizens, committed to resisting further exploitative encroachments on political decency. ", "This could be a game-changer for the country.", "\n\nCharles Villa-Vicencio was the national research director of the Truth and Reconcialtion Commission and is currently a senior research fellow in the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation" ]

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[ "{\n \"age\": \"definition 0\",\n \"workclass\": \"definition 1\",\n \"fnlwgt\": \"definition 2\",\n \"education\": \"definition 3\",\n \"education-num\": \"definition 4\",\n \"marital-status\": \"definition 5\",\n \"occupation\": \"definition 6\",\n \"relationship\": \"definition 7\",\n \"race\": \"definition 8\",\n \"sex\": \"definition 9\",\n \"capital-gain\": \"definition 10\",\n \"capital-loss\": \"definition 11\",\n \"hours-per-week\": \"definition 12\",\n \"native-country\": \"definition 13\"\n}" ]

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[ "Man Wears Sweatshirt Just In Case Wife Gets Cold\n\nFRANKLIN, TN—Whenever local man Paul Conger and his wife are about to go out, Conger is sure to check the weather. ", "If it looks like it's going to be cold outside, Conger wears a sweatshirt, just in case his wife gets cold.", "\n\n\"If the weather looks a little nippy, I plan ahead and wear a sweatshirt,\" Conger said. \"", "That way, when the wind picks up, I can take off my sweatshirt and give it to my shivering wife, who didn't plan ahead at all.\"", "\n\n\"Yeah, then I'm a little cold myself, but hey. ", "I get to be the hero.\"", "\n\nThe couple carries out this ritual everywhere they go, whether it's on a walk through the park, at a church service, or during a movie. \"", "About five minutes into Doctor Sleep this weekend I went ahead and just took my hoodie off and handed it to her without even looking,\" Conger said. \"", "We have this telepathic connection going now.\"", "\n\nHis wife, Grace Conger, announced her plan to continue not wearing a sweatshirt, even when it's clearly going to be freezing at their destination.", "\n\n\"Why would I wear a sweatshirt when Paul always wears one?\" ", "she asked.", "\n\nGet Free Access To Our Brand New Site: Not the Bee After creating The Babylon Bee in six literal days, Adam Ford rested. ", "But he rests no longer. ", "Introducing Not the Bee — a brand new humor-based news site run by Adam himself. ", "It's loaded with funny content and all the best features of a social network. ", "And the best part? ", "Everyone with a subscription to The Bee gets full access at no extra cost. ", "Get FREE Access *with premium subscription to The Babylon Bee" ]

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[ "Proposal for the determination of the complex degree of spatial coherence.", "\nWith the help of a folded-wavefront type of interferometer, a sinusoidally phase-modulated wavefront can be superposed in parallel on another nonmodulated inverse wavefront. ", "Spatial coherence is related to the fundamental and second-harmonic components of the modulation frequency included in the resultant intensity." ]

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[ "Your complimentary articles You’ve read one of your four complimentary articles for this month. ", "You can read four articles free per month. ", "To have complete access to the thousands of philosophy articles on this site, please SUBSCRIBE NOW\n\nBrains & Minds\n\nPhilosophy of Mind: An Overview\n\nLaura Weed takes us on a tour of the mind/brain controversy.", "\n\nIn the twentieth century philosophy of mind became one of the central areas of philosophy in the English-speaking world, and so it remains. ", "Questions such as the relationship between mind and brain, the nature of consciousness, and how we perceive the world, have come to be seen as crucial in understanding the world. ", "These days, the predominant position in philosophy of mind aims at equating mental phenomena with operations of the brain, and explaining them all in scientific terms. ", "Sometimes this project is called ‘cognitive science’, and it carries the implicit assumption that cognition occurs in computers as well as in human and animal brains, and can be studied equally well in each of these three forms.", "\n\nBefore the mid-twentieth century, for a long time the dominant philosophical view of the mind was that put forward by Ren é Descartes (1596-1650). ", "According to Descartes, each of us consists of a material body subject to the normal laws of physics, and an immaterial mind, which is not. ", "This dual nature gives Descartes’ theory its name: Cartesian Dualism. ", "Although immaterial, the mind causes actions of the body, through the brain, and perceptions are fed to the mind from the body. ", "Descartes thought this interaction between mind and body takes place in the part of the brain we call the pineal gland. ", "However, he didn’t clarify how a completely non-physical mind could have a causal effect on the physical brain, or vice versa, and this was one of the problems that eventually led to dissatisfaction with his theory.", "\n\nIn the early twentieth century three strands of thought arose out of developments in psychology and philosophy which would come together to lead to Cartesian Dualism being challenged, then abandoned. ", "These were Behaviorism, Scientific Reductionism and Vienna Circle Verificationism. ", "I will begin with a very brief summary of each of those positions before I describe various contemporary views that have evolved from them:\n\nBehaviorism: Behaviorists accept psychologist B.F. Skinner’s claims that mental events can be reduced to stimulus-response pairs, and that descriptions of observable behavior are the only adequate, scientific way to describe mental behavior. ", "So, for behaviorists, all talk about mental events – images, feelings, dreams, desires, and so on – is really either a reference to a behavioral disposition or it is meaningless. ", "Behaviorists claim that only descriptions of objectively observable behavior can be scientific. ", "Introspection is a meaningless process that cannot yield anything, much less a ‘mind’ as a product, and all human ‘mental’ life that is worth counting as real occurs as an objectively observable form of behavior. ", "Head-scratching is objectively observable. ", "Incestuous desire is not; nor is universal doubt, apprehension of infinity, or Cartesian introspection. ", "Philosophers like Carl Hempel and Gilbert Ryle shared the view that all genuine problems are scientific problems.", "\n\nVerificationism was a criterion of meaning for language formulated by the Logical Positivists of the Vienna Circle, who argued that any proposition that was not an a logical truth or which could not be tested was literally meaningless. ", "For example, a mother’s claim that the cat will bite Jimmy if he doesn’t stop teasing her is testable, but a theologian’s claim that the Infinite Absolute is invisibly bestowing grace in the world is not.", "\n\nScientific Reductionism is the claim that explanations in terms of ordinary language, or sciences such as psychology, physiology, biology, or chemistry, are reducible to explanations at a simpler level – ultimately to explanations at the level of physics. ", "Some (but not all) mental terms can be ‘operationalized’, or reduced to testable and measurable descriptions. ", "Only these ones will rate as real mental events to the scientific reductionist. ", "There will be no Cartesian or Platonic ‘mind’ left over to be something different from a body.", "\n\nMental Events are Physical\n\nThe Oxford philosopher Gilbert Ryle (1900-1976) had another way to explain away the mind that Plato and Descartes believed exists independently of a body. ", "Ryle characterized Cartesian Dualism as a ‘category mistake’. ", "Category mistakes, as the name suggests, involve putting something into the wrong logical category. ", "In Ryle’s example, a visitor to Oxford wanders around the various colleges, libraries, laboratories and faculty offices, and then asks: “Can I see the University?” ", "She has missed the fact that in seeing the buildings she was already seeing the university.", "\n\nRyle claimed that Descartes’ ‘ghost in the machine’ – his immaterial mind in a material body – is a similar mistake. ", "Descartes thinks he must have a ‘soul’ in his body that possesses his talents, memories and character. ", "Ryle says that like the university, the mind is just the organization of Descartes’ body’s propensities. ", "Bodies don’t need a ghost to run them. ", "According to Ryle, the properties of a person are better understood as adjectives modifying a body, than as a noun (an object) parallel to it. ", "Intelligence, for example, is not a thing that exists apart from and parallel to a body, but rather is a collection of properties a body has. ", "Intelligence includes properties such as social skill, quick wit, organizational ability, math ability, a sense of humor, musical talent, articulateness, critical thinking skill, and artistic sensitivity. ", "Someone who never exhibited any of these skills or abilities would not be called intelligent; and anyone who is considered intelligent exhibits some of these talents.", "\n\nLudwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) contributed an argument against private language. ", "He claimed that for a symbol or a word to have a meaning there must be agreement among people about what the symbol is to mean. ", "Plato’s idea of what ‘triangle’ means was that an ‘inner’ mental image occurs ‘in your mind’. ", "By contrast, according to Wittgenstein, ‘triangle’ is a public word, used to communicate in a social group. ", "Children learn its correct and incorrect applications by being corrected by elders in their use of the word. ", "According to Wittgenstein, apart from the social use, ‘triangle’ has no meaning. ", "Similarly on this account, ‘mind’ has no meaning apart from its effects.", "\n\nJ.J.C. Smart added materialism to scientific reductionism in this developing point of view by claiming that mental states could literally be particular states of the brain – so that for example some C-fibres firing in one’s brain would be identical with a specific feeling of pain. ", "This became known as the Mind-Brain Identity Theory, and for a while it dominated philosophical discussions about mental events. ", "Since then, however, Identity Theory discussions have been superceded by discussions driven by computer metaphors, such as Functionalism, Neurological Reductivist Materialism, Supervenience Theories, and Naturalistic Dualism. ", "So let’s look at those newer theories.", "\n\nFunctionalism\n\nFunctionalism is the theory that the important thing about mental states is not where they are located or what they are made of, but what function they perform.", "\n\nAlan Turing is generally regarded as one of the fathers of computer science: among other achievements, he produced the first ever design for a stored-program computer. ", "He also argued that artificial intelligence is intelligence in every sense of the word. ", "In a 1950 paper he described a scenario which has since become known as the Turing Test. ", "Suppose you are communicating with two people on the other side of a wall. ", "You pass notes through a slot and figure out which of the people is responding to your notes. ", "Now, suppose that one of the people is replaced by a computer, and you can’t tell that this has happened. ", "Do you have any reason to say that the person you were communicating with before is intelligent but the computer is not? ", "Turing says, no, you don’t. ", "If intelligence consists of your ability to solve math problems, keep track of lots of information, organize data, recognize recurring patterns, and play chess, and the computer can do all of these things better and faster than you can, then you have no right to claim that you are intelligent and it is not. ", "Now that Big Blue has beaten Kasparov at chess, and the best Jeopardy players have been beaten by IBM’s Watson, Turing’s claim seems even more convincing.", "\n\nTuring is identifying mental properties with mental functions – not with observable behavior, as Ryle did; nor with brain states, as Smart did. ", "Turing assumes mental functions can cause behavior and brain states, but not that they’re identical with either behavior or brain states.", "\n\nHilary Putnam, writing in the 1970s, argued that a feeling of pain could be a function that is in principle realizable in a collection of silicon chips or some other physical apparatus as well as in a brain. ", "Putnam called the idea that humans can think but computers can’t, ‘hydrocarbon chauvinism’. ", "He further claimed that any organism can be described as a probabilistic automaton – i.e., as a system that undergoes transitions from initial states, through processing functions, to output states which can be predicted with varying degrees of accuracy. ", "All organisms are systems that causally interact with the environment, have processing procedures, and output effects, claimed Putnam. (", "He has since changed his mind about functionalism and become a pragmatist.)", "\n\nJerry Fodor added to the functionalist program the proviso that any function capable of working as brain states do must be computational. ", "Neurons, structures and patterns in the brain can be described in terms of mathematical models. ", "Therefore if mental events are to be functionally connected to brains in a one-to-one correspondence, then they too must be realizable through a language of thought in a digitizable format.", "\n\nNeurological Reductionism\n\nPaul and Patricia Churchland espouse a position they call ‘eliminative materialism’, which argues that the project of neuroscience will actually prove to be even more radical than identity theorists like Smart realized. ", "The Churchlands claim that talk of mental states will eventually be abandoned altogether, in favor of a radically different view of how the brain works not identified with brain states.", "\n\nAccording to the Churchlands, folk psychology is the way most people think about how thinking works. ", "So for example, most people now think that we have a stream of consciousness that contains images and conceptions of a wide variety of types about which we have beliefs and attitudes. ", "Our beliefs and attitudes are colored by our feelings, which include mental states like joy, sorrow, resentment, anxiety and relief. ", "We also think that the way we sense the world and ourselves is largely a direct representation of the way the world is; so the world contains cold and hot, colored, shaped, hard and soft, threatening and soothing things, and our bodies sometimes are those ways as well. ", "All of this is false, according to the Churchlands. ", "It is not just a bit misleading, the way a fuzzy map might misrepresent some areas of terrain. ", "It is downright false across the board, in the way that the notion that demonic possession explains mental illness is false.", "\n\nPaul Churchland points out how radically scientific revolutions alter the way people think about things. ", "When Aristotle’s theories in physics were replaced by Newtonian physics, his ideas like ‘natural motion is circular’ just ceased to exist. ", "Likewise, science now has no place for phlogiston, choleric personalities, and demonic possession. ", "Churchland predicts that in the same way, at some point in the near future, people will no longer even try to introspect to see how they are doing. ", "Just as a psychologist might now tell a depressed patient to stop worrying about why he is depressed and take some Prozac, so in the future, people might figure out how they are doing mentally by giving themselves a home fMRI or CAT scan and having their computer analyze the data. ", "The resulting analysis will have nothing in common with “I’m sad because my cat died,” or “I’m elated over the beautiful sunset.”", "\n\nChurchland has three arguments in favor of eliminative materialism. ", "The first is that folk psychology fails to explain such common activities as sleep, learning, intelligence and mental illness. ", "Since folk psychology has been around for thousands of years, it isn’t lack of time to work out the details folk psychology suffers from, it is explanatory poverty. ", "Secondly, the history of ideas supports elimination of old conceptual frameworks. ", "Folk notions of motion were completely replaced by Newtonian physics, leaving not a trace. ", "Folk ideas of cosmology, fire and life were equally cockeyed. ", "The phenomena of conscious intelligence are more complex and harder to understand than any of the above, so there is little likelihood that our folk ideas about consciousness could be right. ", "Thirdly, it is highly improbable that folk psychology will be reduced to neurobiology. ", "Reductions require that the specific principles and types of things in one theory closely mirror those in the reduced theory. ", "Neurobiology is highly unlikely to do this.", "\n\nDaniel Dennett adds to the Churchlands’ project a claim that interpreting a system as an intentional and rational system is simply a matter of taking a particular type of stance with respect to the system. ", "To see Big Blue the chess computer as rational and interpret its movement as planning to attack a queen, is simply an admission that we don’t know what design or physical features of Big Blue produced the behavior we observe, and so the behavior appears rational. ", "Complex systems, says Dennett, appear intentional when viewed ‘from the top down’, and mechanical when viewed ‘from the bottom up’. ", "To Dennett, agents, intentionality, meanings in language, phenomenal qualities, intelligence in the abstract, and mental entities in general, can play no engineering role in explaining the workings of any system, human or otherwise. ", "So, in all cases of apparent rationality, apparent agents can be decomposed into mechanical parts.", "\n\nSupervenience\n\nDonald Davidson and Jaegwon Kim agree with the reductionists that only physical and mechanical principles explain anything. ", "But they insist that phenomenal experience, such as the experience of seeing a sunset, adds something to a human life that a computer might lack. ", "Kim and Davidson both said that phenomenal qualities are supervenient properties of brains: properties arising simply because the physical processes in the brains were working. ", "The supervenience of mental phenomena on brain activity like this is understood as paralleling the supervenience of smoke on fires: the smoke does not causally effect the fire, but will be there, as a by-product, whenever a fire is occurring. ", "These philosophers thus avoided denying the reality of mental experience, but the supervenient phenomenal properties are here viewed as playing no causal role in thinking or action. ", "This supervenient view, of mental phenomena being causally-ineffective emergent properties of the brain, is similar to the position in philosophy of mind called epiphenomenalism.", "\n\nNaturalistic Dualism and the Hard Problem\n\nDavid Chalmers, however, argues that materialist reductionism of the Churchlands’ type throws out too much, and cannot deal with the fact that humans enjoy sunsets. ", "Chalmers agrees with Thomas Nagel that there is something that it feels like to be a bat, or a human, but there may be nothing that it is like to be a TV set. (", "Computers are left an open question).", "\n\nChalmers argues that functionalists and reductionists are only dealing with the ‘easy problems’ of consciousness. ", "Problems such as how an organism learns, how the sense mechanisms work, how the brain processes sensory input and the like, are all mechanical questions about organic functions, so as one would expect, mechanical explanations are adequate to explain them. ", "The hard problem, according to Chalmers, is why any of these events should be accompanied by phenomenal experience: what it’s like to see red, for example. ", "He argues that there are no physical facts about brains from which it follows that phenomenal experience should occur for those and only those physical events for which it does occur. ", "In other words, there’s nothing physically special about the brain which explains experiences. ", "Further, rejecting behaviorism, Chalmers points out that a first-person perspective is required to even know that phenomenal properties accompany the physical events.", "\n\nChalmers argues for a form of dualism that he calls ‘naturalistic dualism’. ", "To explain consciousness in full, he argues, requires taking phenomenal experience seriously. ", "But, unlike Plato and Descartes, Chalmers believes that the conscious phenomena are dependent on the existence of brain states. ", "This implies that the relationship between the mental states and their biochemical base is scientifically discoverable. ", "Also, the conscious states must mirror the functions performed by the biochemical states in some important ways. ", "Chalmers also calls his position ‘non-reductive functionalism’.", "\n\nObjections to the Cognitive Science Program\n\nWhile John Searle agrees with the materialist leanings of the cognitive scientists, he has been arguing that functionalists and eliminativists take the computer model too seriously, as actually descriptive of the functioning of a mind (Strong Artificial Intelligence) rather than as a helpful metaphor (Weak AI). ", "Searle’s two main objections to Strong AI concern the distinction between syntax and semantics in language, and the distinction between causation and logical inference in reality.", "\n\nThe syntax of a sentence is the grammar or logical structure of the sentence. ", "It can be captured through a formulation of this structure in symbolic logic. ", "The semantics of a sentence is its meaning or reference. ", "Searle says that philosophers like Turing, Fodor, the early Putnam and other advocates of Strong AI collapse semantics into syntax. ", "There are some reasons for doing this. ", "For instance, Turing could translate the code that the Germans were using in World War II using only his syntactic engine, without reference to the meaning of what he was translating. ", "However Searle argues that in the way they operate, languages do not collapse semantics into syntax. ", "He makes this point most clearly through his Chinese Room example. ", "A person who speaks no Chinese, sitting in a room, has cards with Chinese characters on slipped under the door to him. ", "He has a rule-book for processing these characters, and passes further character cards out of the room according to those rules. ", "A person outside the room interprets the output as someone answering questions in Chinese. ", "Searle says that the ability to string Chinese symbols together according to grammatical or logical rules does not however constitute speaking Chinese, because the person in the room does not understand the reference or meanings of the symbols that a speaker of Chinese would give them. ", "To understand the meanings, one would have to understand not only what the cards refer to, but a lot about Chinese culture, nuances of tone and context, social structure, mannerisms, etc. ", "None of this data is contained in or reducible to the syntactical rules of Chinese.", "\n\nSearle’s second point concerns the distinction between causation and logical inference. ", "Since the AI revolution began in the late twentieth century, a good deal of philosophical effort has gone into trying to show that a specific logical formula ‘p implies q’ is equivalent to or somehow reducible to the scientific claim ‘p causes q’. ", "Searle says there are several serious problems with this project. ", "The main one is that logical relations are time-insensitive, and, for the most part, symmetrical: since ‘p implies q’ is equivalent to ‘not-q implies not-p’, I can derive either from the other in either order. ", "Yet causation is neither time-insensitive nor symmetrical in this way.", "\n\nTo Searle, the reason computational logic patterns can’t be causal explanations of mind/brain behavior is that they are simulations. ", "He points out that simulating a hurricane on a computer may tell you some things about the hurricane, but it doesn’t constitute causing a hurricane. ", "And the simulation has no causal power to make the hurricane do anything, such as change course or grow less powerful. ", "Likewise, simulated fires don’t burn anything, and simulated car crashes don’t bend any metal. ", "Simulated logical patterns don’t cause mental states or influence brain states. ", "Searle accuses the Strong AI people of confusing their virtual reality with the real thing.", "\n\nFurther Objections to Reductionism\n\nEmotions: Recent discoveries by Antonio Damasio and Jaak Panksepp about the role of emotions in decision-making and social reasoning have raised further doubts about the strongly cognitive model of mind inherited from Descartes and perpetuated by the Strong AI /Turing machine model. ", "Far from being the distractions to mental operations that Plato and Descartes represented them as being, emotions have turned out to be essential elements in mental functioning. ", "Patients with pre-frontal-cortex brain injuries, like the railroad worker Phineas Gage [see here], or other brain injuries that impair emotional functioning, become incapable of even simple planning. ", "Without emotional drive, cognition appears to become dysfunctional, at least in humans.", "\n\nThe Extended Mind: Other critics of the reductionistic agenda in the philosophy of mind have pointed out that many aspects of our mental functioning are not brain-bound in the way identity theorists supposed. ", "The psychologist J.J. Gibson articulated the idea of human thinking as ecologically embedded in a body and an environment. ", "Following this, Andy Clark argues that one’s body, ability to move, and system of environmental affordances, are as much a part of one’s mental functioning as are brain functions. ", "Clark shifts the philosophical emphasis from analysis of the brain to analysis of a human’s kinesthetic interaction with an ecological and social space. ", "He points out that large-scale social projects, such as a building project or a disaster relief effort, occur across a considerably extended space and through the intersection of many people’s minds, and are not limited to neuronal firings in any individual brain. ", "Clark, in a joint paper with David Chalmers, discusses the fictional example of Otto, a man with memory problems who remembers the location of a library (and other useful pieces of information) by writing it down in a notebook. ", "They argue that Otto’s memory is literally in the notebook, not in his brain. ", "Similarly, much of the memory of all of us arguably now resides in a variety of electronic devices.", "\n\nPanpsychism: A more robust form of criticism of the reductionist program comes from a revival of panpsychism by philosophers such as Galen Strawson and Gregg Rosenberg, and physicists such as Henry Stapp. ", "They concur with Alfred North Whitehead’s view that for consciousness to be anywhere in nature it must be everywhere in nature, and with William James’ view that our stream of consciousness is open to intrusions from an environmentally-pervasive conscious ‘more’. ", "In other words, everything has an element of consciousness. ", "For most of the materialists, consciousness exists only as a rare occurrence in the brains of a single or a few species (if at all). ", "The panpsychists charge that on this account, consciousness is a complete ‘ontological dangler’: a few anomalous islands of consciousness surface, for little apparent reason, in a vast sea of insentient and unconscious dead matter. ", "Strawson, Stapp and Rosenberg object that the materialist picture arises from a Newtonian misunderstanding of matter. ", "However, in quantum physics, matter may not be insentient, unconscious and dead, but have an element of consciousness too.", "\n\n© Prof. Laura Weed 2011\n\nLaura Weed is Professor of Philosophy at the College of Saint Rose in Albany, New York.", "\n\nHere are some handy hints for further reading:\n\nJosé Luis Bermudez, Anthony Marcel & Naomi Eilan, eds., ", "The Body and the Self, 1998\n\nDavid Chalmers, The Conscious Mind, 1996\n\nPaul Churchland, Neurophilosophy, 1986\n\nAndy Clark, Supersizing the Mind, 2008\n\nAntonio Damasio, Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain, 2003\n\nDonald Davidson, Essays on Actions & Events, 1980\n\nDaniel C. Dennett, Consciousness Explained, 1991\n\nJerry Fodor, The Language of Thought, 1975\n\nJay Garfield, Foundations of Cognitive Science: The Essential Readings, 1990\n\nThomas Nagel, The View From Nowhere, 1986\n\nJaak Panksepp, The Archaeology of Mind: Neural Origins of Human Emotion, 2010\n\nHilary Putnam, Mind, Language & Reality, 1975\n\nGregg Rosenberg, A Place for Consciousness, 2004\n\nGilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind, 1949\n\nJohn Searle, Intentionality, 1983\n\nJ.J.C. Smart, ‘Sensations and Brain Processes’, Philosophical Review, vol. ", "LXVII, 1959\n\nHenry P. Stapp, Mind, Matter and Quantum Mechanics, 2nd edition, 2004\n\nGalen Strawson, ‘Realistic Monism: Why physicalism entails panpsychism’, Journal of Consciousness Studies, 13, 2006" ]

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[ "Hermann V\n\nHermann V may refer to:\n\n Hermann V, Margrave of Baden-Baden (died 1243)\n Hermann V von Wied (1477–1552) \n\nru:Герман V" ]

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