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[ "# Working with Assets\n\nBonfire considers any CSS files, javascript files, and many image files to be Assets. ", "While we understand that projects will often contain Flash files or other types of files that would be considered 'assets', Bonfire only accounts for these three types of files but does provide some helper methods to assist with other types of files.", "\n\nAssets files can be stored in an application-wide repository, in your theme, or with each module. ", "Because of the possibility of some of these files not being web-accessible, module-related assets are always combined and cached in a web-accessible folder.", "\n\nAssets can be located in one of several locations:\n\n /bonfire/modules/my_module/assets\n /bonfire/themes/active_theme/assets\n /bonfire/themes/default_theme/assets\n /assets\n\n\nWhenever you use one of the asset rendering methods, like `css()`, `js()`, and `image()`, it will search in each of those folders (as well as a folder named by the asset type under those folders, ie. '", "css') in the order listed above. ", "Note that it only looks within the module if it was added via `add_module_css()` or `add_module_js()`.", "\n\n<a name=\"asset-base\"></a>\n### Customizing Asset Base Folder\n\nIf you need to, you can customize the folders that your assets are located in via settings in the `bonfire/application/config/application.php` configuration file.", "\n\nTo change the primary folder that all of your assets are located in, you can set the `assets.base_folder` setting. ", "Note that this is not recommended as it may cause instability in the application. _", "Testing has not been done to ensure that this is a viable option at the moment._", "\n\n\n $config['assets.base_folder'] = 'assets';\n\n\n<a name=\"asset-folders\"></a>\n### Customizing Asset Folders\n\nWithin the base folder (above), each asset is organized by asset type. ", "By default, the folders are named `js`, `css`, and `images`. ", "This can be changed in the application config file. ", "Again, though this has not been tested to ensure this works. ", "Changing this value might render your site unusable.", "\n\n\n $config['assets.asset_folders'] = array(\n 'css' => 'css',\n 'js' => 'js',\n 'image' => 'images'\n );\n\n<a name=\"css-main\"></a>\n## Working With CSS\n\nStylesheets can be hosted with the application or on other servers. ", "However, when it comes time to tweak your site's front-end performance, only those files that are hosted locally with the site can be combined and minified successfully. ", "It is recommended that you always use the raw stylesheets (not minified) to take full advantage of the minification abilities, as minifying a CSS file twice might corrupt the styles.", "\n\n<a name=\"css\"></a>\n### `css()`\n\nThis method provides a simple way to render all of your CSS links in one method call. ", "It can be used in two different fashions: to output a single link tag, or to output link tags to all stylesheets that it knows about.", "\n\nWhenever a relative path is provided, it is assumed to be relative to either the main folder being searched in (ie. ", "/assets) or the type-specific folder (ie. ", "/assets/css).", "\n\nWhen called with no parameters, the `css()` method will create links for all stylesheets that have been added to it via either the `add_css()` or `add_module_css()` methods, below.", "\n\n\n Assets::css();\n\n // Creates:\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"http://mysite.com/themes/default/screen.css\" media=\"screen\" />\n\n\n**Media Type**\n\nYou can specify the media type for your CSS to render, by passing it as the second parameter. ", "The default value is 'screen'.", "\n\n\n Assets::css(null, 'screen');\n\n\n**Bypassing Inheritance**\n\nBonfire's Assets system is designed with a Parent/Child theme framework in mind. ", "That means that you can quickly build a new theme that inherits all of a default (or parent) theme and only changing the files that need to be changed. ", "This applies to both assets and layout files.", "\n\nIf you're using a theme that you've created called 'darthvader', it will look for files of the same name in both the _darthvader_ theme and the _default_ theme. ", "If you do not want it to look for and include these files, you can pass in TRUE as the third parameter.", "\n\n\n Assets::css(null, 'screen', TRUE);\n\n\n**Global Files**\n\nA couple of different files will automatically appear within your styles, without you needing to do any work.", "\n\nThe Assets library will search for a file within your theme for a file named the same as the media that you're currently rendering. ", "By default, this is the `bonfire/themes/my_theme/screen.css` file.", "\n\nIt will also look for any stylesheets within your theme that match the name of the controller that is active. ", "So, if the **blog** controller is currently running, it will look for a file at `bonfire/themes/my_theme/blog.css`.", "\n\n**Rendering a Single File**\n\nWhen you just want to output a link to a single CSS file, you can use the `css()` method with a single parameter that is the name of the file to link to. ", "The link can be either relative or absolute.", "\n\n\n echo Assets::css('http://mysite.com/path/to/my.css');\n // Output: <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"http://mysite.com/path/to/my.css\" media=\"screen\" />\n\n echo Assets::css('/path/to/my.css');\n // Output: <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"http://mysite.com/path/to/my.css\" media=\"screen\" />\n\n\n**Rendering Multiple Custom Files**\n\nIf you want to render multiple links to CSS files, you can pass an array of stylesheets. ", "These stylesheets will be merged with any styles that have been previously added via either `add_css()` or `add_module_css()`.", "\n\n\n $styles = array(\n 'bootstrap.css',\n 'markitup/sets/minimal/styles'\n );\n\n Assets::css($styles);\n\n\n<a name=\"add-css\"></a>\n### `add_css()`\n\nAdds additional file(s) to the links that are output with the `css()` method. ", "The first parameters is the name of the file to be linked to. ", "It should be relative to one of the paths described above. ", "The second, optional, parameter is the media type. ", "This defaults to 'screen'.", "\n\n\n Assets::add_css('blog.css');\n\n<a name=\"module-css\"></a>\n### `add_module_css()`\n\nAdds a stylesheet that is part of a module to the styles to be output with the `css()` method. ", "The first parameter is the name of the module. ", "The second is the name of the file to be linked to. ", "The third, optional, parameter is the media type this file belongs to. ", "It defaults to 'screen'.", "\n\n\n Assets::add_module_css('blog', 'posts.css');\n\n\nBecause module files are often inaccessible via a web browser, all module files are combined and cached in the `assets/cache` folder. ", "The name of the file is built as follows for the maximum reuse:\n\n {theme name}_{module name}_{controller name}_mod.css\n\nThe above blog/posts.css file would be in a file named `default_blog_blog_mod.css`.", "\n\n<a name=\"js-main\"></a>\n## Working With Javascript\n\nScript files can be hosted with the application or on other servers. ", "However, when it comes time to tweak your site's front-end performance, only those files that are hosted locally with the site can be combined and minified successfully. ", "It is recommended that you always use the raw scripts (not minified) to take full advantage of the minification abilities, as minifying a JS file twice might corrupt the script.", "\n\nFor the sake of the Assets library, javascript files are broken up into 3 types of scripts:\n\n- **External** scripts are javascript files that included with a `<script src=\"\"></script>` tag. ", "These will typically be hosted with your site, but might be hosted on another server.", "\n- **Inline** scripts are scripts that are intended to be written out as part of the page's HTML. ", "You may include a file as inline for performance reasons or simply because it only affects a single page on your site and including it in a larger external file does not make sense.", "\n- **Module** scripts are scripts that are part of a module within Bonfire. ", "Because of security reasons, you often will not be to access the module files from the browser so these scripts are always combined and cached in the main `assets/` folder.", "\n\n\n<a name=\"js-js\"></a>\n### `js()`\n\nThis method provides a single call to render all external, module, or inline script tags.", "\n\nWhenever a relative path is provided, it is assumed to be relative to either the main folder being searched in (ie. ", "/assets) or the type-specific folder (ie. ", "/assets/js).", "\n\nWhen called with no parameters, the `js()` method will create links/inline-code for all scripts that it knows about.", "\n\n\n echo Assets::js();\n\n\nMight produce:\n```\n{% geshi \"Javascript\" use_classes %}\n<script src=\"http://bonfire.dev/assets/js/bootstrap.min.js\" type=\"text/javascript\" ></script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n$(document).ready(function(){\n $(\".dropdown-toggle\").dropdown();$(\".tooltips\").tooltip();$(\".login-btn\").click(function(e){ e.preventDefault(); $(\"#modal-login\").modal(); });\n});\n</script>\n```\n\nNotice that the inline scripts is automatically wrapped with customizable open and close strings. ", "In this case, it produced an appropriate wrapper for use with jQuery. ", "This can be changed in the `application/config/application.php` file.", "\n\n\n $config['assets.js_opener'] = '$(document).ready(function(){'. \"", "\\n\";\n $config['assets.js_closer'] = '});'. \"", "\\n\";\n\n\n**Single Script Tags**\n\nIf you pass the name of a script file as the first parameter, then it will output a link to only that file. ", "Note that if it cannot find the script in any of the standard locations, it will not create a link for it.", "\n\n\n echo Assets::js('some_script.js');\n\n\n**Adding Scripts while Rendering**\n\nYou can pass an array of script files as the first parameter of the script and they will be added to the scripts to be linked to. ", "The function will then proceedd as if you had not passed any parameters in, creating links for all external, inline, and module scripts, including the ones that you did actually pass in. ", "An optional second parameter allows you to specify whether the scripts are 'external' or 'inline';\n\n\n echo Assets::js( array('script1.js', 'script2.js'), 'inline' );\n\n\n\n<a name=\"external-js\"></a>\n### `external_js()`\n\nThis method creates the links for all external scripts that it knows about. ", "This is called automatically by the `js()` method and does not need to be called again if you are using that method.", "\n\nYou can pass either an array of scripts or a single script as the first parameter and only those script files will have links created for them.", "\n\nIf you are using a JS loader, like [head.js](http://headjs.com/), you might need a list of files instead of links created. ", "You can get this by passing `TRUE` as the second parameter.", "\n\n\n echo Assets::external_js( array('script1.js', 'script2.js'), TRUE );\n\n // Produces\n \"http://mysite.com/assets/js/script1.js\", \"http://mysite.com/assets/js/script2.js\"\n\n\nBy default, the Assets library will ensure that all files have a `.js` file extension. ", "If you have some files have a different extension, you can pass FALSE as the third parameter.", "\n\n\n\n<a name=\"inline-js\"></a>\n### `inline_js()`\n\nHandles the inline script creation for the `js()` method. ", "You do not need to call this script by itself when using that method.", "\n\n\n<a name=\"module-js\"></a>\n### `module_js()`\n\nReturns a link to a combined file that includes any scripts added with the `add_module_js()` method, below. ", "When this method is called, all files are combined into a single file that is cached in the primary `assets/cache` folder.", "\n\nYou can affect how the file is named as well as minification of the new file, via options that are discussed in Section 5, below.", "\n\n\n<a name=\"img-main\"></a>\n## Working With Images\n\nWith mobile/desktop development becoming so prevalent, you often need a simple method to get an image that is only as big as you need it to be, smaller for mobile browsers and larger for desktops. ", "With responsive design, you can fine-tune the bandwidth that your site's images are consuming even further based on the width of the browser window.", "\n\nBonfire's image controller provides simple, on-the-fly creation of resized images. ", "This is available at:\n\n http://mysite.com/images\n\n\n### Image Size and Cropping\n\nTo return a square thumbnail of a large photo, you can choose to let the images library automatically crop the photo for you, while creating a thumbnail image. ", "Pass along a `size` parameter that will define how wide and how tall the image should be.", "\n\n\n\n <a href=\"http://mysite.com/images?size=80\">My Thumbnail</a>\n\n\nIf you prefer to set a specific height and width, in pixels, for the image, you can use the `height` and `width` params to the url.", "\n\n\n <a href=\"http://mysite.com/images?height=60&width=100\">My Thumbnail</a>\n\nYou can also simply pass a `width` or `height` params to intelligently resize the image. ", "Whichever param is passed will determine which is the \"master\" param. ", "ex. ", "If `height` is passed, the image will resize to a height of 60 and whatever width maintains aspect-ratio.", "\n\n <a href=\"http://mysite.com/images?height=60\">\n \n\nBy default, Bonfire will scale your image to fit within the new image size. ", "To resize the image and disregard aspect-ratio, pass along a `ratio=no` parameter.", "\n\n\n <a href=\"http://mysite.com/images?size=80&ratio=no\">My Thumbnail</a>\n\n### Image File Path\n\nBonfire will look for the images within the `assets/images` folder in your web root. ", "If you need to pull files from a different folder, you can use the `assets` parameter and pass in a folder relative to the webroot.", "\n\n <a href=\"http://mysite.com/images?size=80&assets=assets/images\">My Thumbnail</a>\n\n### Module Images\n\nIf you have images stored in a specific module you can access those images by passing the module name to the <tt>module</tt> parameter.", "\n\n <a href=\"http://mysite.com/images/image=name.png?module=blog\">Blog Image</a>\n \nThis will load an image in the `assets/images` folder in the blog module: `.../bonfire/modules/blog/assets/images/image-name.png`\n\n<a name=\"performance\"></a>\n## Boosting Performance\n\nLarge strides have been made over the last few years in recognizing techniques to help boost your client-side performance, or apparent performance to make it feel to the user like your site is loading faster. ", "Bonfire provides a couple of different tools to help you with that.", "\n\n<a name=\"combining\"></a>\n### Combining Assets Into Fewer Files\n\nThe first step to take usually involves combining your CSS and javascript files into as few files as possible to reduce the number of HTTP connections needed, since these are relatively slow.", "\n\nYou can turn on combining files in your `application.php` configuration file. ", "It is recommended to turn off combining in your development environment but turn it on in testing and production environments.", "\n\n\n $config['assets.combine'] = TRUE;\n\n\nThis will create 2 files that are cached within the `assets/cache` folder. ", "The first file combines all external files that are hosted within this site into a single file. ", "The second file contains all of your module-specific files. ", "This is the same file that is always generated for module js and css files.", "\n\nCombining works for both CSS and Javascript files.", "\n\n<a name=\"minimizing\"></a>\n### Minimizing Assets\n\nIn addition to just combining the files, you can minimize your CSS and Javascript files, reducing the amount of bandwidth used for every page. ", "You can turn on minizing files in your `application.php` configuration file. ", "It is recommended to turn off minimizing in your development environment but turn it on in testing and production environments.", "\n\n $config['assets.js_minify'] = TRUE;\n $config['assets.css_minify'] = TRUE;\n\n\n\n\n<a name=\"encrypting\"></a>\n### Encrypting File Names\n\nWhile not a performance booster, those more security-conscious developers might dislike the typical naming convention of your cached asset files which display limited amount of information about the controller and module running. ", "To obscure this information you can turn on file name encryption. ", "This creates an md5 hash of the normal file name to cache the file as.", "\n\n\n\n $config['assets.encrypt_name'] = TRUE;\n\n\n\n\n<a name=\"cache\"></a>\n### Clearing the Asset Cache\n\nYou can delete all of your asset's cached files by calling the `clear_cache()` method. ", "ALL cached assets will be deleted.", "\n\n\n Assets::clear_cache();\n\n\n<a name=\"helpers\"></a>\n## Helper Functions\n\nThree helper functions are provided to help create manual links to assets within your view files.", "\n\n<a name=\"assets_path\"></a>\n### `assets_path()`\n\nThis returns a full URI to the main asset folder.", "\n\n echo assets_path();\n\n // Produces\n http://mysite.com/assets/\n\n\n<a name=\"css_path\"></a>\n### `css_path()`\n\nThis returns a full URI to the CSS folder.", "\n\n\n echo css_path();\n\n // Produces\n http://mysite.com/assets/css/\n\n\n<a name=\"js_path\"></a>\n### `js_path()`\n\nThis returns a full URI to the scripts folder.", "\n\n\n echo js_path();\n\n // Produces\n http://mysite.com/assets/js/\n\n\n<a name=\"img_path\"></a>\n### `img_path()`\n\nThis returns a full URI to the images folder.", "\n\n```\n echo img_path();\n\n // Produces\n http://mysite.com/assets/images/\n```\n" ]

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[ "... And he likes having thought of it so well He says again, \"Good fences make good neighbors.\"", "\n\nThanks for the response, Poodle: I am a pushover for a poetry reader, and if I gave the impression that I had only paid attention to the FIRST line, how can *I *in any semblance of fairness, fault YOU u for quoting the last?Can we compromise (in a manner of speaking) on a thought from the middle?", "\n\n\" Before I built a wall I'd ask to knowWhat I was walling in or walling out,And to whom I was like to give offense....Something there is that doesn't love a wall.\"", "\n\nThere is not a similar project in history, including the bars that (removed) were on my own windows in Washington D.C. when I moved into my house, that does''t pose the question of who is being STUNTED by the INCLUSION as well as by the EXCLUSION." ]

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[ "Mixed mesodermal sarcoma of the ovary.", "\nThree cases of mixed mesodermal sarcoma (MMS) are reported and a review of 90 cases from the English literature is presented. ", "All cases were analyzed with regard to clinical features, prognosis, and therapeutic efficacy. ", "The histogenesis of these rare tumors is discussed and a new classification of ovarian sarcomas is proposed. ", "MMS usually afflicts the postmenopausal women and occurs more often in the nulliparous female. ", "The disease is usually advanced (Stage III) when diagnosed and thus provides a difficult challenge to any postoperative therapy." ]

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[ "The Black Power Mixtape: 1967 – 1975 (2011; Producer: Annika Rogell; Director: Göran Olsson) is a collection of largely unseen and unused footage captured by Swedish photojournalists during the Black Power movement. ", "Their aim, as stated in the beginning of the documentary, was “to understand and portray America – through sound and image – as it really is.” ", "Throughout the film, there is a conscious effort to highlight the Swedish journalists’ roles as impartial observers and remind viewers that we are watching this retrospective through the eyes of an outsider. ", "For example, the filmmakers elected to use subtitled Swedish voiceovers (instead of dubbing or employing an English-speaking narrator), and the subjects of the interviews they use in the film are largely willing to speak more freely to an outsider than they would to one of their countrymen.", "\n\nBlack Power intellectual Stokely Carmichael once declared that “nothing is wasted- everything just takes a different form.” ", "The Black Power Mixtape is evidence of that. ", "In contemporary hip-hop culture, the term “mixtape” carries a very specific connotation, and whether intentional or not, it is a nod to Carmichael’s assertion. ", "The term “mixtape” implies impermanence: mixtapes are typically either created by DJs as promotional material, or by artists who want to remind the public of their existence during the gap between studio albums. ", "At the height of his popularity, it was not uncommon for rap artist 50 Cent to release two or three mixtapes between official records. ", "Most of the songs on a mixtape are not finished products, either. ", "Some songs are freestyles, recorded over another artist’s beat, while others are half-finished concepts that artists are unable to round into form but can’t bring themselves to abandon entirely.", "\n\nMixtapes are also scattershot- they tend to lack cohesion, even from one song to the next; by and large, the offerings on mixtapes are of a lower quality than one might find on an official, studio-length album. ", "Yet despite the clear disparity between mixtapes and full-length albums, mixtapes are as vital to hip-hop culture as turntables and a microphone, because they serve an important purpose: to whet the public’s appetite to consume more of the contributors’ offerings on their own.", "\n\nThere are 14 journalists credited with providing the footage The Black Power Mixtape, including Bertil Askelöf, Göran Bengtsson, Ingrid Dahlberg, Lars Helander, and Örjan Öberg. ", "What is also remarkable is that, as non-Americans, that they were allowed to approach interviews from a place of genuine, open curiosity. ", "This curiosity is demonstrated in one scene, when a group of Swedish tourists take a bus tour through Harlem. ", "After talking about the devastation wrought by drugs and income inequality in the community, the tour guide informs the group that Harlem is “only for black people,” further remarking “Not even the better – if I may use that wording – the better Colored people visit this area because of the risk of being mugged.”", "\n\nAlthough the interviews do provide a great picture of life in America during the Black Power movement, the film comes up short in the storytelling department, unless you consider playing recordings of events as they unfold, back-to-back, and with no concept of where one event ends and the other begins “storytelling.” ", "In a way, this adherence to objectivity is refreshing- there is value in removing some of the emotion and hyperbole that can overshadow a traditional documentary, particularly about such a fraught period in American race relations. ", "The flipside of this detached view, however, is that there is no attempt to try to place events in any sort of broader cultural context; turning points in the group’s history,, such as the trial of Huey P. Newton, Minister of Defense of the Black Panther Party, are presented without comment.", "\n\nIn some cases, the filmmakers’ decision not to narrate or editorialize allows the scenes to stand on their own merits. ", "Early in the film, we are shown archived footage of a Swedish journalist interviewing Stokely Carmichael’s mother, while her son sits dutifully by her side. ", "After a few questions, Stokely intervenes and decides to interview his mother himself. ", "I But in endeavoring to cover such a broad range of topics in 91 minutes, a short for a documentary, there are sections that seem to appear out of nowhere and recede just as quickly. ", "I counted at least 15 different topics that could (and should) exist as standalone films: the lives of Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale, Fred Hampton, Eldridge Cleaver, and Stokely Carmichael; the impact of drugs on predominantly-black neighborhoods like Harlem; the importance of black bookstores; the list goes on.", "\n\nFrom a documentary standpoint, The Black Power Mixtape: 1967 – 1975 has a lot of shortcomings. ", "It is, as I mentioned, an extremely truncated retelling of events, and the filmmakers would have done well to cut some sections in order to give others the attention they deserved. ", "The movie also spends about a quarter of its total runtime discussing the trial of Angela Davis, who never actually belonged to the Black Panther Party. ", "By comparison, Malcolm X was discussed for roughly three minutes, and Eldridge Cleaver’s only contribution was footage of a speech he gave in 1970. ", "And though that may be a matter of subjectivity – after all, who’s to say that Angela Davis isn’t as important to the Black Power movement as Eldridge Cleaver? – ", "it is also notable that two of the progenitors of the Black Power movement received even less screen time than a non-sequitur section about TV Guide and Richard Nixon claiming that the Swedish media was painting America in an unfair light.", "\n\nWhich brings us back to the title.", "\n\nIf we look at this film as a documentary – if we compare it to, say, Ava DuVernay’s 13th – it would not be considered among the best in the genre (or even among the best on this topic.) ", "But despite its categorization, this film is not a documentary; as the title indicates, it is a mixtape. ", "And these are two distinctly different forms.", "\n\nThe Black Power movement was a blend of many unique cultural elements. ", "It did not have a leader; instead, it was driven forward by key figures, each of whom contributed in their own specific way. ", "One film, no matter the length, is simply insufficient to properly document the entirety of the movement, with all its moving pieces and its massive cast of characters. ", "In creating The Black Power Mixtape: 1967 – 1975, it seems the filmmakers recognized the enormity of this movement and the nearly insurmountable task of giving equal time to each of its components. ", "Rather than attempt to limit the scope of the film to what they deemed important (thereby marginalizing and diminishing the importance of everything they left out), the filmmakers instead took a different approach.", "\n\nMuch like a hip-hop mixtape, The Black Power Mixtape isn’t complete or cohesive, but that’s not the point. ", "The filmmakers could not possibly have educated their viewers on each and every important event of the Black Power movement, nor was it their responsibility to do so. ", "Like any good DJ, their role was to give us a broad sampling of the moments and individuals that played a role in the movement’s creation. ", "But ultimately, it’s up to the audience to buy their albums.", "\n\nPublications\n\nPodcasts\n\nPublic Seminar is a journal of ideas, politics and culture published by the Public Seminar Publishing Initiative at The New School. ", "We are a non-profit organization, wholly supported by The New School, and by the generosity of our sponsors and readers.", "\n\nSponsors\n\nMichael E. Gellert\n\nNewsletter\n\nSign up for our weekly newsletter to receive selections from each week’s issue of Public Seminar and to dig deeply into the pressing issues of our time." ]

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[ "What A Looker! ", "Kelly Bensimon — Your New Man John Is Hot!", "\n\nKelly, we hope to see A LOT more of your new man in the future!", "\n\nThe Real Housewives of New York City’s Kelly Bensimon showed up with an “unrecognizable” hot date April 6 to the TRIA Beauty Blue Lounge Launch Event in New York City — and boy was he fine!", "\n\nThe pair arrived around 8:30 p.m., and as soon as they walked in, every girl in the room stopped to stare at Kelly’s new guy. ", "He was over 6′ with dark blonde hair and piercing blue eyes!", "\n\nThough no one recognized him as a celebrity, HollywoodLife.com did catch up with the mystery man as the couple was exiting the party. ", "He told us his name (John) but wouldn’t admit that he was Kelly’s date. “", "We’re just friends,” he told us exclusively!", "\n\nDespite John claiming to be “just friends” with Kelly, it looked like much more than that to us! ", "The two were inseparable from the moment they arrived, and though they only stayed for about 15 minutes, John only drifted from Kelly’s side once — when she sat down for a photo op and quick conversation with E! ", "News host Giuliana Rancic, who hosted the event.", "\n\nJohn stayed just two feet away from Kelly during that time, and they both appeared to be keeping an eye each other. ", "It even looked like they were texting back and forth. ", "How cute!", "\n\nKelly — we’re sorry you dashed off so soon, but with a man like that at your side, there’s no time to lose! ", "We bet you two had a romantic date planned for a night out on the town. ", "We hope both of you enjoyed the rest of the evening!" ]

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[ "In another big blow to Israel’s efforts to thwart the growing boycott campaign, the largest student organization in Canada voted on Monday to support Palestinian rights.", "\n\nOn the same day, the Quaker church in the UK announced it would not invest any centrally held funds in companies that profit from Israel’s human rights violations.", "\n\nBoth announcements came as one of the world’s largest home rental websites, Airbnb, said it was dropping hundreds of listings from Israeli settlements in the occupied West Bank following nearly three years of pressure from boycott activists.", "\n\nIn the last 24 hours, three positive #BDS campaign developments:\n\n\n\n1. ", "Airbnb removes Israeli settlement listings.", "\n\n2. ", "Quakers become first British church to state it will not invest in any company profiting from Israeli occupation.", "\n\n3. ", "Canadian Federation of Students endorses BDS. ", "pic.twitter.com/75xKTL60LE — Ben White (@benabyad) November 20, 2018\n\nIn its vote Monday, the Canadian Federation of Students resolved to support the boycott, divestment and sanctions (BDS) movement, to condemn Israel’s ongoing occupation and atrocities in Gaza and to provide financial donations to various Palestine solidarity organizations.", "\n\nThe federation, which represents more than 500,000 students across Canada, also said it would support local chapters to begin weapons divestment campaigns targeted towards their individual university administrations.", "\n\nIt added that it will explore how to “better support locals with individual organizing” on ongoing boycott campaigns while recommending further campaigns at its next general meeting.", "\n\n“This is a crystal clear sign that the BDS movement is gaining momentum both in Canada and around the world, especially amongst students,” said Corey Balsam of Independent Jewish Voices, a Canadian human rights group.", "\n\n“The Canadian Federation of Students supported the boycott of apartheid South Africa in the 1980s and has once again opted to stand on the right side of history,” Balsam added.", "\n\nThe federation follows the lead of several Canadian universities and individual chapters of the federation of students which have adopted BDS measures.", "\n\nRebuke of Trudeau\n\nThe student federation’s support for BDS is a clear rebuke of Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s unabashed vilification of the boycott campaign and his historic and ongoing alignment with Israel’s leadership, policies that clash with the views of his electorate.", "\n\nStudents and activists have admonished Trudeau’s recent comments conflating the boycott movement with anti-Semitism.", "\n\nIn a formal apology earlier this month to European Jews fleeing Nazi persecution who were turned away by Canada in 1939, Trudeau alleged that Jewish students “still feel unwelcomed and uncomfortable on some of our colleges and university campuses because of BDS-related intimidation.”", "\n\nTrudeau echoed claims made by Israeli and American politicians after the 27 October massacre of Jewish worshippers in Pittsburgh that the anti-racist activists for justice in Palestine are to blame for anti-Semitism, not anti-Jewish white supremacists and violent bigots emboldened by the Trump administration.", "\n\nSupport for the BDS campaign is high in Canada, even if Trudeau’s government continues to condemn the boycott movement and smear its supporters.", "\n\nA 2017 poll found a major disconnect between Canadians’ views of Israel and the policies of the Canadian government.", "\n\nAnother poll last year found that 80 percent of Canadians believe that the boycott call is reasonable, while more than half of the population expressing an opinion also opposed their parliament’s condemnation of the BDS campaign.", "\n\nJust in: @CFSFCEE, the Canadian Federation of Students, which has over 500'000 members, passed a motion endorsing the BDS movement, thus asserting local support for Palestinian rights and condemning Israel's war crimes. ", "👏🏻 #cdnpoli #YorkU pic.twitter.com/jV2XpHAcNG — SAIA York (@SaiaYork) November 19, 2018\n\nNow that the Canadian Federation of Students has voted to support BDS, that means that @JustinTrudeau believes that 500,000 Canadian University Students are antisemitic. ", "Huh. — ", "Emmett (@ejc_) November 20, 2018\n\nQuakers in Britain support boycott\n\nSaying it is the first UK church to take such a step, Quakers in Britain, also known as the Britain Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends, voted to formally ban investments in companies that profit from Israel’s occupation.", "\n\nThe church says the move “fits into a long Quaker history of pursuing ethical investments” and follows previous decisions by the church “not to invest funds in, among others, the fossil fuel industry, arms companies, apartheid South Africa and – going even further back – the transatlantic slave trade.”", "\n\nQuakers in Britain have today become the first church in the UK to announce it will not invest any of its centrally-held funds in companies profiting from the occupation of Palestine. ", "https://t.co/TPX7o8mLNY pic.twitter.com/cDSYwFXHzg — Quakers in Britain (@BritishQuakers) November 19, 2018\n\nThe UK Quaker church, which represents more than 22,000 members, stated that it has boycotted Israeli settlement goods since 2011 and doesn’t believe it currently holds investments “in any company profiting from the occupation of Palestine.” ", "But it added that Monday’s decision was a formal amendment of its investment policy “to ensure this remains the case in the future.”", "\n\nWe don't believe we currently hold investments in any company profiting from the occupation of Palestine, this is us now formally amending our investment policy to ensure this remains the case in future. ", "We have boycotted Israeli settlement goods since 2011. — ", "Quakers in Britain (@BritishQuakers) November 20, 2018\n\n“With the occupation now in its 51st year, and with no end in near sight, we believe we have a moral duty to state publicly that we will not invest in any company profiting from the occupation,” said Paul Parker of Quakers in Britain.", "\n\nThe church also urged the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights to release its anticipated database of companies that profit from Israel’s settlement industry and the entrenched occupation of Palestinian land.", "\n\n“We recognize the help this – and others including the Investigate database compiled by the American Friends Service Committee – will give our investment managers in implementing this new policy,” said Ingrid Greenhow of Quakers in Britain.", "\n\nThe president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, an Israel lobby group, condemned the Quakers’ decision and claimed that the church was singling Israel out – a common attempt by Israel’s defenders to deflect criticism of the state’s crimes against Palestinians.", "\n\nThe decision by the Quakers in Britain follows two divestment moves in 2012 by the US-based Quaker Friends Fiduciary Corporation to pull its funds from several companies that profit from Israel’s human rights violations.", "\n\nOther US church denominations have pulled their funds from similar investments over the years, pledging to support Palestinian rights.", "\n\nEarlier this year, Israel blacklisted the American Friends Service Committee, a US-based Quaker organization, along with 19 other groups that work for Palestinian rights and support the BDS campaign.", "\n\nThe AFSC began its work in Palestine in the refugee camps of Gaza in 1949.", "\n\nIts recent grassroots organizing helped bring to Congress a bill that aims to stop Israel from using US aid for the military detention, abuse and torture of Palestinian children.", "\n\nBut the UK Quakers’ open support of the movement for Palestinian rights marks yet another failure by the Israeli government to thwart the boycott movement and attempt to intimidate other groups and faith-based organizations into silence.", "\n\n“This decision shows that Israel’s bullying, its retaliatory measures and its threats do not deter people from taking moral and ethical actions,” said The Electronic Intifada’s Ali Abunimah, speaking to Al Jazeera English on Tuesday.", "\n\n“Bed and Breakfast on Stolen Land”\n\nAirbnb announced on Monday it was dropping hundreds of listings from Israeli settlements in the occupied West Bank, following years of pressure by human rights activists around the world.", "\n\nThe announcement came on the eve of the publication of a report on the ways rental property companies like Airbnb and Booking.com profit from the illegal Israeli settlement industry.", "\n\nThe report, “Bed and Breakfast on Stolen Land: Tourist Rental Listings in West Bank Settlements,” jointly compiled by Human Rights Watch and land research group Kerem Navot traces the settlement economy and reveals how Israeli settlers and these corporations “benefit from the serious rights abuses and entrenched discriminatory practices stemming from the settlements.”", "\n\nSettlers seized land that Israeli army records show belong to Awni Shaaeb, 70. ", "@Airbnb had listing on his land, but Shaaeb, a US citizen, can’t stay there even if he paid bc he holds Palestinian ID. ", "No company should be part of such a discriminatory regime https://t.co/3JO2APIvKy pic.twitter.com/eGmOkbcXsL — Omar Shakir (@OmarSShakir) November 20, 2018\n\nThis was the logic of complicity in Israel's settlements that @Airbnb rightfully decided it should end. ", "Now to stop Israel's discriminatory and illegal settlement project. ", "https://t.co/aFMMPvneq3 pic.twitter.com/54CDT9BpGY — Kenneth Roth (@KenRoth) November 20, 2018\n\nAirbnb announced yesterday that it will remove property listings in illegal Israeli settlements. ", "This map visualizes some of the properties that will be affected, based on original research by @hrw + @KNavot. ", "pic.twitter.com/9JBBINOxF8 — VisualizingPalestine (@visualizingpal) November 20, 2018\n\nThough Airbnb’s move to delist West Bank settlement rentals was welcomed, Palestinian boycott campaigners called it a “partial victory for human rights and accountability” as the company did not appear to include Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem, which under international law is part of the occupied West Bank conquered by Israel in 1967.", "\n\nNor did Airbnb indicate that it would remove listings inside settlements in the Golan Heights, Syrian territory also occupied by Israel since 1967. ", "All Israeli settlements in occupied territory are illegal under international law.", "\n\n“It is a first step in the right direction to end Airbnb’s profiting from Israel’s theft of indigenous Palestinians’ lands and natural resources,” stated the Palestinian BDS National Committee (BNC) on Tuesday.", "\n\n“Socially responsible tourism and pilgrimage should exclude all illegal lodgings. ", "The Israeli tourism industry uses the stolen homes of Palestinian refugees, for instance, as hotels, rooms-for-rent, restaurants and more,” the BNC said, adding that the campaign against Airbnb should continue “until it fully complies with its human rights obligations. ", "There is no tourism as usual with Israeli apartheid.”", "\n\nThe BNC said that it also recognizes Airbnb’s “global role in systematically undermining housing rights and unionized work in the hospitality industry.”", "\n\n“We stand in solidarity with all those organizing to hold it accountable on these grounds.”" ]

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[ "//-*****************************************************************************\n//\n// Copyright (c) 2012-2013,\n// Sony Pictures Imageworks Inc. and\n// Industrial Light & Magic, a division of Lucasfilm Entertainment Company Ltd.\n//\n// All rights reserved.", "\n//\n// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\n// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are\n// met:\n// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright\n// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.", "\n// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above\n// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer\n// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the\n// distribution.", "\n// * Neither the name of Sony Pictures Imageworks, nor\n// Industrial Light & Magic, nor the names of their contributors may be used\n// to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific\n// prior written permission.", "\n//\n// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS\n// \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT\n// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR\n// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT\n// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,\n// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT\n// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,\n// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY\n// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT\n// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE\n// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", "\n//\n//-*****************************************************************************\n\n#include <Foundation.h>\n#include <PyISchemaObject.h>\n#include <PyIGeomBaseSchema.h>\n\nusing namespace boost::python;\n\n//-*****************************************************************************\nvoid register_icurves()\n{\n // ICurves\n //\n register_ISchemaObject<AbcG::ICurves>( \"ICurves\" );\n\n // IGeomBaseSchema\n //\n register_IGeomBaseSchema<AbcG::CurvesSchemaInfo>(\n \"IGeomBaseSchema_Curves\" );\n\n // ICurvesSchema\n //\n class_<AbcG::ICurvesSchema,\n bases<AbcG::IGeomBaseSchema<AbcG::CurvesSchemaInfo> > >(\n \"ICurvesSchema\",\n \"The ICurvesSchema class is a curves schema writer\",\n init<>() )\n .def( init<Abc::ICompoundProperty,\n const std::string&,\n optional<\n const Abc::Argument&,\n const Abc::Argument&> >(\n ( arg( \"parent\" ), arg( \"name\" ),\n arg( \"argument\" ), arg( \"argument\" ) ),\n \"doc\") )\n .def( init<Abc::ICompoundProperty,\n optional<\n const Abc::Argument&,\n const Abc::Argument&> >(\n ( arg( \"parent\" ), arg( \"argument\" ),\n arg( \"argument\" ), arg( \"argument\" ) ),\n \"doc\") )\n .def( \"getNumSamples\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::getNumSamples )\n .def( \"getTopologyVariance\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::getTopologyVariance )\n .def( \"isConstant\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::isConstant )\n .def( \"getTimeSampling\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::getTimeSampling )\n .def( \"get\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::get,\n ( arg( \"sample\" ), arg( \"iSS\" ) = Abc::ISampleSelector() ) )\n .def( \"getValue\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::getValue,\n ( arg( \"iSampSelector\" ) = Abc::ISampleSelector() ) )\n .def( \"getVelocitiesProperty\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::getVelocitiesProperty )\n .def( \"getPositionsProperty\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::getPositionsProperty )\n .def( \"getNumVerticesProperty\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::getNumVerticesProperty )\n .def( \"getPositionWeightsProperty\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::getPositionWeightsProperty )\n .def( \"getUVsParam\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::getUVsParam )\n .def( \"getNormalsParam\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::getNormalsParam )\n .def( \"getWidthsParam\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::getWidthsParam )\n .def( \"getOrdersProperty\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::getOrdersProperty )\n .def( \"getKnotsProperty\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::getKnotsProperty )\n .def( \"reset\", &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::reset )\n .def( \"valid\", &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::valid )\n .def( \"__nonzero__\", &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::valid )\n ;\n\n // ICurvesSchema::Sample\n //\n class_<AbcG::ICurvesSchema::Sample>( \"ICurvesSchemaSample\", init<>() )\n .def( \"getPositions\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::Sample::getPositions,\n with_custodian_and_ward_postcall<0,1>() )\n .def( \"getNumCurves\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::Sample::getNumCurves )\n .def( \"getCurvesNumVertices\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::Sample::getCurvesNumVertices,\n with_custodian_and_ward_postcall<0,1>() )\n .def( \"getType\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::Sample::getType )\n .def( \"getWrap\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::Sample::getWrap )\n .def( \"getBasis\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::Sample::getBasis )\n .def( \"getOrders\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::Sample::getOrders,\n with_custodian_and_ward_postcall<0,1>() )\n .def( \"getKnots\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::Sample::getKnots,\n with_custodian_and_ward_postcall<0,1>() )\n .def( \"getPositionWeights\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::Sample::getPositionWeights,\n with_custodian_and_ward_postcall<0,1>() )\n .def( \"getSelfBounds\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::Sample::getSelfBounds )\n .def( \"getVelocities\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::Sample::getVelocities,\n with_custodian_and_ward_postcall<0,1>() )\n .def( \"valid\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::Sample::valid )\n .def( \"reset\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::Sample::reset )\n .def( \"__nonzero__\",\n &AbcG::ICurvesSchema::Sample::valid )\n ;\n}\n" ]

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[ "Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products by ammonia oxidizing bacteria acclimated in a membrane bioreactor: Contributions of cometabolism and endogenous respiration.", "\nWe carried out batch experiments using biomass from a membrane bioreactor (MBR) to study the influence of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) on the removal of 45 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). ", "Kinetic parameters such as biodegradation constants and adsorption coefficients with and without AOB inhibition were estimated. ", "No significant differences in adsorption tendency were found, but the biodegradability of most compounds was enhanced when ammonia was completely oxidized, indicating that AOB present in MBR played a critical role in eliminating the PPCPs. ", "Moreover, target PPCPs were degraded in 2 stages, first by cometabolic degradation related to AOB growth, and then by endogenous respiration by microorganisms in the absence of other growth substrate. ", "The compounds were classified into 3 groups according to removal performance and cometabolic degradation. ", "Our approach provides new insight into the removal of PPCPs via cometabolism and endogenous respiration under AOB enrichment cultures developed in MBR." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'The rapid experimental progress of ultra-cold dipolar fermions opens up a whole new opportunity to investigate novel many-body physics of fermions. ", "In this article, we review theoretical studies of the Fermi liquid theory and Cooper pairing instabilities of both electric and magnetic dipolar fermionic systems from the perspective of unconventional symmetries. ", "When the electric dipole moments are aligned by the external electric field, their interactions exhibit the explicit $d_{r^2-3z^2}$ anisotropy. ", "The Fermi liquid properties, including the single-particle spectra, thermodynamic susceptibilities, and collective excitations, are all affected by this anisotropy. ", "The electric dipolar interaction provides a mechanism for the unconventional spin triplet Cooper pairing, which is different from the usual spin-fluctuation mechanism in solids and the superfluid $^3$He. ", "Furthermore, the competition between pairing instabilities in the singlet and triplet channels gives rise to a novel time-reversal symmetry breaking superfluid state. ", "Unlike electric dipole moments which are induced by electric fields and unquantized, magnetic dipole moments are intrinsic proportional to the hyperfine-spin operators with a Lande factor. ", "Its effects even manifest in unpolarized systems exhibiting an isotropic but spin-orbit coupled nature. ", "The resultant spin-orbit coupled Fermi liquid theory supports a collective sound mode exhibiting a topologically non-trivial spin distribution over the Fermi surface. ", "It also leads to a novel $p$-wave spin triplet Cooper pairing state whose spin and orbital angular momentum are entangled to the total angular momentum $J=1$ dubbed the $J$-triplet pairing. ", "This $J$-triplet pairing phase is different from both the spin-orbit coupled $^3$He-$B$ phase with $J=0$ and the spin-orbit decoupled $^3$He-$A$ phase.'", "\nauthor:\n- Yi Li\n- Congjun Wu\ntitle: Unconventional symmetries of Fermi liquid and Cooper pairing properties with electric and magnetic dipolar fermions\n---\n\nIntroduction {#sect:intro}\n============\n\nDipolar interactions have become a major research focus of ultra-cold atomic and molecular physics. ", "For bosonic atoms with large magnetic dipolar moments (e.g. $^{52}$Cr), their magnetic moments are aligned in the Bose-Einstein condensates in which the anisotropy of the dipolar interaction is manifested. [", "@lahaye2009; @lahaye2008; @menotti2008; @menotti2008a; @griesmaier2005; @trefzger2011; @lian2012]. ", "On the other hand, the synthesis and cooling of both fermions with electric and magnetic dipolar moments give rises to an even more exciting opportunity to explore novel many-body physics [@ni2008; @ospelkaus2010; @ni2010; @chotia2012; @wuch2012; @yan2013; @hazzard2014; @zhuB2014; @syzranov2014; @wall2014; @aikawa2014; @aikawa2014a; @aikawa2014b; @lu2010; @lu2011; @youn2010; @burdick2014; @baumann2014; @lu2012]. ", "The quantum degeneracy of the fermionic dipolar molecules of $^{40}$K$^{87}$Rb has been realized [@ospelkaus2010; @ni2008; @ni2010]. ", "These molecules have been loaded into optical lattices in which the loss rate is significantly suppressed [@zhuB2014; @chotia2012]. ", "The chemically stable dipolar molecules of $^{23}$Na$^{40}$K have been cooled down to nearly quantum degeneracy with a lifetime reported as 100ms near the Feshbach resonance [@wuch2012]. ", "The quantum degeneracy of fermionic atoms with large magnetic dipole moments has also been achieved for the systems of $^{161}$Dy with 10$\\mu_B$ [@lu2010; @lu2010a; @lu2012] and $^{167}$Er with 7 $\\mu_B$ [@aikawa2014; @aikawa2014a; @aikawa2014b], which are characterized by the magnetic dipolar interaction.", "\n\nElectric and magnetic dipolar fermions exhibit novel many-body physics that is not well-studied in usual solids. ", "One of the most prominent features of the electric dipolar interaction is spatial anisotropy, which is markedly different from the isotropic Coulomb interaction in solids. ", "In contrast, the magnetic dipolar interaction remains isotropic in unpolarized systems. ", "More importantly, it exhibits the spin-orbit (SO) coupled feature, [*i.e.*]{}, the magnetic dipolar interaction is invariant only under the simultaneous rotation of both the orientations of magnetic moments and their relative displacement vectors. ", "These features bring interesting consequences to the many-body physics of dipolar fermions.", "\n\nRigorously speaking, so far there are still no permanent electric dipole moments having been discovered yet at the levels of the elementary particle, atom, and molecule. ", "For example, for a hetero-nuclear dipolar molecule, even though at an instantaneous moment, it exhibits a dipole moment, while it averages to zero in the molecular rotational eigenstates. ", "External electric fields are needed to polarize electric dipole moments, which mixes rotational eigenstates with opposite parities. ", "However, the dipole moment of these mixed states is unquantized, and, thus the electric dipole moment is a classic vector. ", "When two dipole moments are aligned, say, along the $z$-axis, the interaction between them is spatially anisotropic, which not only depends on the distance between two dipoles, but also the direction of the relative displacement vector. ", "Nevertheless, this anisotropy exhibits an elegant form of the spherical harmonics of the second Legendre polynomial, [*i.e.*]{}, the $d_{r^2-3z^2}$-type anisotropy [@you1999; @baranov2002; @baranov2012]. ", "This elegant anisotropy greatly simplifies the theoretical study of the novel many-body physics with the electric dipolar interaction.", "\n\nThe electric dipolar interaction results in an anisotropic Fermi liquid state, which exhibits different single-particle and collective properties from those of the standard isotropic Fermi liquid theory [@miyakawa2008; @sogo2009; @fregoso2009a; @chan2010; @sun2010; @ronen2010; @lin2010; @liu2011; @liDasSarma2010; @kestner2010; @baranov2008a; @rodriguez2014]. ", "The shape of the Fermi surface exhibits anisotropic distortions [@miyakawa2008; @sogo2009; @fregoso2009; @chan2010; @kestner2010]. ", "The anisotropic dipolar interaction mixes different partial-wave channels, and thus the usual Landau interaction parameters in the isotropic case should be generalized into the Landau interaction matrix with a tri-diagonal structure, which renormalizes thermodynamic susceptibilities [@fregoso2009a; @chan2010]. ", "The dispersion of the collective zero sound mode is also anisotropic: the zero sound mode can only propagate in a certain range of the solid angle direction, and its sound velocity is maximal if the propagation direction is along the north or south poles [@chan2010; @ronen2010].", "\n\nThe anisotropy of the electric dipolar interaction also results in unconventional Cooper pairing symmetries [@you1999; @baranov2002; @baranov2004; @bruun2008; @levinsen2011; @potter2010; @lutchyn2010; @zhao2010; @wu2010; @shi2009; @qi2013; @shi2013; @liu2014]. ", "The electric dipolar interaction is neither purely attractive nor purely repulsive. ", "The partial-wave analysis shows that the most attractive pairing channel is $p_z$-like, which naturally gives rise to a new mechanism to unconventional pairing symmetry. ", "Consequently, for the single component case, the pairing symmetry is mostly of $p_z$-like slightly hybridized with even higher odd partial wave components [@baranov2002; @baranov2004; @you1999; @bruun2008]. ", "The pairing structure of the two-component dipolar fermions is even more interesting, which allows both the $s+d$-wave channel singlet and the $p_z$-wave triplet pairings [@wu2010; @shi2010; @qi2013; @shi2013]. ", "The dipolar interaction induced triplet pairing is to first order in interaction strength. ", "In comparison, the spin fluctuation mechanism in solid state systems (e.g. $^3$He and Sr$_2$RuO$_4$) is a higher order effect of interactions [@leggett1975; @mackenzie2003]. ", "The singlet and triplet pairing symmetries can coexist in two-component electric dipolar fermion systems. ", "Only when their relative phase angle is $\\pm \\frac{\\pi}{2}$, the resultant pairing is unitary [@wu2010]. ", "This gives rise to a novel and very general mechanism to a spontaneous time-reversal (TR) symmetry breaking pairing state.", "\n\nNext we discuss the novel feature of the magnetic dipolar fermions [@fujita1987; @fregoso2009; @fregoso2010; @li2012; @sogo2012; @li2012a; @bhongale2013; @tohyama2013; @ashrafi2013]. ", "The magnetic dipolar interaction is very complicated to handle in classic systems, which leads to a variety of rich patterns in real space. ", "In comparison, for the quantum degenerate Fermi systems, the existence of Fermi surfaces constraints the low energy degrees of freedom only around the Fermi surface. ", "This feature greatly simplifies the theoretical analysis, and the exotic physics with non-trivial spin texture patterns lies in momentum space instead of real space.", "\n\nTypically speaking, the interaction energy scale of magnetic dipolar fermions is much smaller than that of the electric dipolar case. ", "Nevertheless, conceptually they are still very interesting. ", "Unlike the electric dipolar moment, the magnetic moment is proportional to the hyperfine-spin with the Lande factor, and thus its components are non-commutative quantum-mechanical operators [@li2012; @li2012a]. ", "Magnetic dipole moments are permanent in the sense that they do not need to be induced by external magnetic fields. ", "In the absence of external fields, the unpolarized magnetic dipolar systems are in fact isotropic. ", "Neither spin nor orbital angular momentum is conserved; nevertheless, the total angular momentum remains conserved by the dipolar interaction. ", "Thus the magnetic dipolar interaction exhibits the essential feature of the SO coupling physics. ", "Very recently, using electric dipolar moments to generate effective SO coupled interactions similar to that in the magnetic dipolar systems is also proposed in Ref. \\[\\] ", "by properly coupling microwaves to molecular rotation eigenstates.", "\n\nThe ordinary SO coupling in solids is a single-particle effect originating from the relativistic physics. ", "In contrast, in magnetic dipolar fermion systems [@fregoso2010; @sogo2012; @li2012a], the Fermi surfaces remain spherical without splitting in the absence of the external magnetic fields. ", "Nevertheless, this SO coupling appears at the interaction level, including the SO coupled Fermi surface Pomeranchuk instabilities [@sogo2012; @li2012a; @fregoso2010], and topological zero-sound wave modes exhibiting an oscillating spin distribution of the hedgehog-type configuration over the Fermi surface [@li2012a].", "\n\nThe magnetic dipolar interaction also induces novel Cooper pairing structures exhibiting the SO coupled nature [@li2012; @fishman1987]. ", "Even in the simplest case of $F=\\frac{1}{2}$, the magnetic dipolar interaction provides a novel and robust mechanism for the $p$-wave ($L=1$) spin triplet ($S=1$) Cooper pairing which arises from the attractive channel of the magnetic dipolar interaction. ", "It turns out that its pairing symmetry structure is markedly different from that in the celebrated $p$-wave pairing system of $^3$He: the orbital angular momenta $L$ and spin $S$ of Cooper pairs are entangled into the channel of the total angular momentum $J = 1$, dubbed as the $J$-triplet pairing. ", "In comparison, the $^3$He-$B$ phase is isotropic in which $J=0$, while the $A$-phase is anisotropic in which $J$ is not well-defined [@leggett1975].", "\n\nIn this article, we review the recent progress of the novel many-body physics with dipolar fermions, such as the Fermi liquid properties and Cooper pairing structures, focusing on unconventional symmetries. ", "In Sect. ", "\\[sect:fourier\\], we review the anisotropy of the electric dipolar interaction, and the SO structure of the magnetic dipolar interactions, respectively, from the viewpoint of their Fourier components. ", "In Sect. ", "\\[sect:el\\_dp\\_FL\\], the anisotropic Fermi liquid theory of the electric dipolar fermions is reviewed. ", "And the SO coupled Fermi liquid theory of the magnetic dipolar fermion systems is reviewed in Sect. ", "\\[sect:mg\\_dp\\_FL\\]. ", "The $p_z$-wave Cooper pairing in the single and two-component electric dipolar systems and the TR reversal symmetry breaking effect are reviewed in Sect. ", "\\[sect:el\\_dp\\_pair\\]. ", "The SO coupled Cooper pairing with the $J$-triplet structure in the magnetic dipolar fermion systems is reviewed in Sect. ", "\\[sect:mg\\_dp\\_pair\\]. ", "Conclusions and outlooks are presented in Sect. ", "\\[sect:conclusion\\].", "\n\nDue to limit of space and also the view point from the unconventional symmetry, we are not able to cover many important research directions of dipolar atoms and molecules in this review. ", "For example, the progress on topics of strong correlation physics with dipolar fermions [@wang2010; @bhongale2012; @han2010], the Feshbach resonance with dipolar fermions [@qi2013; @shi2013], the synthetic gauge field with dipolar fermions [@deng2012; @cui2013], and the engineering of exotic and topological many-body states [@yao2012; @yao2013; @kestner2011]. ", "Some of these progresses have been excellently reviewed in Ref. \\[\\]. ", "The properties of dipolar boson condensations are not covered here either, and there are already many important reviews on this topic [@baranov2012; @baranov2008; @lahaye2009; @menotti2008; @menotti2008; @yisu2008].", "\n\nFourier transform of dipolar interactions {#sect:fourier}\n=========================================\n\nIn this section, we review the Fourier transformations of both the electric and magnetic dipolar interactions in Sect. ", "\\[sect:four\\_el\\] and Sect. ", "\\[sect:four\\_mag\\], respectively. ", "The anisotropy of the electric dipolar interaction and the SO coupled feature of the magnetic dipolar interaction also manifest in their momentum space structure. ", "These Fourier transforms are important for later analysis of many-body physics.", "\n\nElectric dipolar interaction {#sect:four_el}\n----------------------------\n\nWithout loss of generality, we assume that all the electric dipoles are aligned by the external electric field $\\vec E$ along the $z$-direction, then the dipolar interaction between two dipole moments is [@you1999; @baranov2002] V\\_d(r\\_[12]{}) &=& -[2 d\\^2 ]{} P\\_2 (\\_[12]{}), \\[eq:interaction\\_3D\\] where $d$ is the magnitude of the electric dipole moment; $\\vec r_{12}=\\vec r_1-\\vec r_2$ is the displacement vector between two dipoles; $\\theta_{12}$ is the polar angle of $\\vec r_{12}$; $P_2(\\cos\\theta_{12})$ is the standard second Legendre polynomial as $$P_2 (\\cos \\theta _{12})=\\frac{1}{2} (3 \\cos^2 \\theta_{12}-1).$$ The zeros of the second Legendre polynomial lie around the latitudes of $\\theta_0$ and $\\pi-\\theta_0$ with \\_0=\\^[-1]{}55\\^. \\[eq:theta0\\] Within $\\theta_0<\\theta_{12}<\\pi-\\theta_0$, the dipolar interaction is repulsive, and otherwise, it is attractive. ", "The spatial average of the dipolar interaction in 3D is zero.", "\n\nFor later convenience, we introduce the Fourier transform of the dipolar interaction Eq. ", "\\[eq:interaction\\_3D\\], V\\_d(q)=d\\^3 r e\\^[-i q r]{} V\\_d(r). ", "\\[eq:fourier\\] A lot of information can be obtained solely based on symmetry and dimensional analysis. ", "First, $e^{i\\vec q \\cdot \\vec r}$ is invariant under spatial rotations, thus $V_d(\\vec q)$ transforms the same as $V_d(\\vec r)$ under spatial rotations. ", "It should exhibit the same symmetry factor of the spherical harmonics. ", "Second, since $V_d(\\vec r)$ decays with a cubic law, $V_d(\\vec q)$ should be dimensionless. ", "If $V_d(\\vec r_{12})$ were isotropic, $V_d(\\vec q)$ would logarithmically depends on $q$. However, a more detailed calculation shows that actually it does not depend on the magnitude of $q$. Let us introduce a short distance cutoff $\\epsilon$ that the dipolar interaction Eq. ", "\\[eq:interaction\\_3D\\] is only valid for $r\\ge \\epsilon$, and a long distance cutoff $R$ as the radius of the system. ", "A detailed calculation shows that [@chan2010] V\\_[d]{}(q)&=&8d\\^2 { -} P\\_2(\\_[q]{}) where $j_1(x)$ is the first order spherical Bessel function with the asymptotic behavior as j\\_1(x)& & {\n\n[c]{} ,                       x0;\\\n( x- ),         x.\n\nAfter taking the limits of $q\\epsilon\\rightarrow 0$ and $q R\\rightarrow +\\infty$, we arrive at V\\_d(q) = P\\_2(\\_[q]{}). ", "\\[eq:interaction\\_3Dk\\] At $\\vec q=0$, $V_d(\\vec q=0)$ is defined as 0 based on the fact that the angular average of the 3D dipolar interaction vanishes, thus $V_d$ is singular as $\\vec q\\rightarrow 0$. Even in the case that $R$ is large but finite, the smallest nonzero value of $qR$ is at the order of $O(1)$. Thus, $V_d (\\vec q)$ remains non-analytic as $\\vec q \\rightarrow 0$.\n\nAn interesting feature of the above Fourier transform Eq. ", "\\[eq:interaction\\_3Dk\\] is that the anisotropy in momentum space is opposite to that in real space: it is most negative when $\\vec q$ lies in the equatorial plane, and most positive when $\\vec q$ points to the north and south poles. ", "An intuitive picture is explained in Fig. ", "\\[fig:dip-fr\\]. ", "Consider a spatial distribution of the dipole density $\\rho(r)$, then the classic interaction energy is dr\\_1 dr\\_2 (r\\_1) (r\\_2) V\\_d(r\\_1-r\\_2) &=&\\_[q]{} |(q)|\\^2\\\n&& V\\_d(q), where $V_0$ is the system volume. ", "If the wave vector $\\vec q$ is along the $z$-axis, then the dipole density oscillates along the dipole orientation, thus the interaction energy is repulsive. ", "On the other hand, if $\\vec q$ lies in the equatorial plane, the dipole density oscillates perpendicular to the dipole orientation, and thus the interaction energy is attractive.", "\n\nMagnetic Dipolar Interaction {#sect:four_mag}\n----------------------------\n\nNow let us consider the magnetic dipolar interaction [@lu2010; @lu2010a; @lu2012; @aikawa2014; @aikawa2014a; @aikawa2014b]. ", "Different from the electric dipole moment, the magnetic one originates from contributions of several different angular momentum operators. ", "The total magnetic moment is not conserved, and thus its component perpendicular to the total spin averages to zero. ", "For the low energy physics below the coupling energy among different angular momenta, the magnetic moment can be approximated as just the component parallel to the spin direction, and thus the effective magnetic moment is proportional to the hyperfine spin operator up to a Lande factor, and thus is a quantum mechanical operator. ", "Due to the large difference of energy scales between the fine and hyperfine structure couplings, the effective atomic magnetic moment below the hyperfine energy scale can be calculated through the following two steps. ", "The first step is the Lande factor for the electron magnetic moment respect to total angular momentum of electron defined as $\\vec \\mu_e= g_J \\mu_B \\vec J$, where $\\mu_B$ is the Bohr magneton; $\\vec J=\\vec L +\\vec S$ is the sum of electron orbital angular momentum $\\vec L$ and spin $\\vec S$; and the value of $g_J$ is determined as g\\_J= + . ", "Further considering the hyperfine coupling, the total magnetic momentum is defined $\\vec \\mu= \\mu_B( g_J\\vec J+ g_I \\vec I)\n=g_F \\vec F$ where $g_I$ is proportional to the nuclear gyromagnetic ratio and is thus tiny, and $\\vec F$ is the hyperfine spin. ", "The Lande factor $g_F$ can be similarly calculated as g\\_F&=&+\\\n&& (1+).", "\n\nThe magnetic dipolar interaction between two spin-$F$ atoms located at $\\vec r_{1}$ and $\\vec r_2$ is V\\_[; \\^\\^ ]{}(r) &=& ,\\\n\\[eq:mgdpr\\_r\\] where $\\vec r=\\vec r_1 - \\vec r_2$ and $\\hat r=\\vec r /r$ is the unit vector along $\\vec r$. Similarly to the case of the electric dipolar interaction, the Fourier transform of Eq. ", "\\[eq:mgdpr\\_r\\] possesses the same symmetry structure as that in real space [@fregoso2009; @fregoso2010] V\\_[; \\^\\^ ]{}(q) &=& . ", "\\[eq:four\\_mgdp\\] Again, it only depends on the direction of the momentum transfer but not on its magnitude, and it is also singular as $\\vec q \\rightarrow 0$. If $\\vec q$ is exactly zero, $V_{\\alpha\\beta;\\beta^\\prime \\alpha^\\prime}(\\vec q=0)=0$.\n\nIn the current experiment systems of magnetic dipolar atoms, the atomic spin is very large. ", "For example, for $^{161}$Dy, its atomic spin reaches $F=\\frac{21}{2}$, and thus an accurate theoretical description of many-body physics of the magnetic dipolar interactions of such a large spin system would be quite challenging [@lu2010; @lu2012]. ", "Nevertheless, as a theoretical starting point, we can use the case of $F=\\frac{1}{2}$ as a prototype model which exhibits nearly all the qualitative features of the magnetic dipolar interactions [@fregoso2009; @li2012].", "\n\nAnisotropic Fermi liquid theory of electric dipolar fermions {#sect:el_dp_FL}\n============================================================\n\nIn this section, we will review the new ingredients of the Fermi liquid theory brought by the anisotropic electric dipolar interaction [@miyakawa2008; @sogo2009; @fregoso2009a; @chan2010; @sun2010; @ronen2010; @lin2010; @liu2011; @liDasSarma2010; @baranov2008a; @rodriguez2014], including the single-particle properties such as Fermi surface distortions, and two-body properties including thermodynamic properties and collective modes.", "\n\nA general overview of the Landau-Fermi liquid theory is presented in Sect. ", "\\[sect:FL\\]. ", "In Sect. ", "\\[sect:fermisurface\\], we review the dipolar interaction induced Fermi surface distortions. ", "The Landau interaction matrix is presented in Sect. ", "\\[sect:landau\\_matrix\\], and its renormalization on thermodynamic properties including Pomeranchuk instabilities are review in Sect. ", "\\[sect:thermo\\]. ", "The anisotropic collective excitations are reviewed in Sect. ", "\\[sect:zero\\_sound\\].", "\n\nA quick overview of the Fermi liquid theory {#sect:FL}\n-------------------------------------------\n\nOne of the most important paradigms of the interacting fermion systems is the Landau Fermi liquid theory [@landau1957; @landau1959; @negele1988]. ", "The Fermi liquid ground state can be viewed as an adiabatic evolution from the non-interacting Fermi gas by gradually turning on interactions. ", "Although the ideal Fermi distribution function could be significantly distorted, its discontinuity remains which still defines a Fermi surface enclosing a volume in momentum space proportional to the total fermion number, as stated by the Luttinger theorem. ", "Nevertheless the shape of the Fermi surface can be modified by interactions. ", "The low energy excitations become the long-lived quasi-particles around the Fermi surface, whose life-time is inversely proportional to the square of its energy due to the limited phase space for low energy scattering processes. ", "The overlap between the quasi-particle state and the bare fermion state defines the wavefunction renormalization factor $Z$, which is suppressed from the non-interacting value of 1 but remains finite. ", "$Z$ is also the quasiparticle weight determining the discontinuity of the fermion occupation number at the Fermi surface.", "\n\nThe interactions among quasi-particles are captured by the phenomenological Landau interaction function, which describes the forward scattering processes of quasi-particles. ", "The Landau interaction function can be decomposed into a set of Landau parameters $F_l$ in which $l$ denotes the partial wave channels. ", "The physical observables, such as compressibility, specific heat, and magnetic susceptibility, compared with their values in free Fermi gases, are renormalized by these Landau parameters.", "\n\nThe Fermi surface can be made analogues to an elastic membrane. ", "The energy cost to deform the Fermi surface can be viewed as the surface tension, which consists of two contributions from the kinetic energy and the interaction energy. ", "The kinetic energy cost is always positive, while the interaction part can be either positive or negative. ", "If the Landau parameter $F_l$ is negative and large, [*i.e.*]{}, $F_l<-(2l+1)$, then the surface tension vanishes in this channel, and then spontaneous distortion will develop on the Fermi surface [@pomeranchuk1959]. ", "This class of Fermi surface instability is denoted as Pomeranchuk instability in the literature. ", "The simplest Pomeranchuk instability is ferromagnetism which is an instability in the $s$-wave spin channel.", "\n\nThe Landau interaction function also gives rise to collective excitations which are absent in free Fermi gases, such as the zero sound mode. ", "The zero sound is a generalization of the sound waves in fluids and solids. ", "In fluids, the sound wave describes the propagation of the density vibration $\\rho(\\vec r, t)$, which is a scalar wave; in solids the sound wave is the vibration of the displacements of atoms from their equilibrium positions $\\vec u(\\vec r, t)$, which is a vector wave. ", "Compared to ordinary fluids which can only support density fluctuations, Fermi liquid possesses a microscopic structure of the Fermi surface which can be viewed as an elastic membrane, whose degree of freedom is infinite described by the spherical tensor variables $\\delta n_{lm}$. Consider a macroscopically small and microscopically large volume around $\\vec r$, around which a local Fermi surface can be defined. ", "The local Fermi surface deformation can vibrate and propagate, and thus generating sound waves $\\delta n_{lm}(\\vec r, t)$, which is the physical picture of the Fermi liquid collective excitations. ", "The restoring force for the zero sound arises from Landau interactions rather than hydrodynamic collisions for the sound modes in ordinary fluids.", "\n\nSingle-particle properties {#sect:fermisurface}\n--------------------------\n\nLet us neglect the influence of the confining trap, and also assume that dipoles polarize along the $z$-axis. ", "The second quantized Hamiltonian of a single component electric dipolar fermion system reads H\\_d&=&\\_[k]{} \\[(k) -\\] c\\^(k) c(k) + \\_[k,k\\^,q]{} V\\_d(q)\\\n&& \\^(k+q) \\^(k\\^) (k\\^+q) (k). ", "In Sect. ", "\\[sect:el\\_dp\\_FL\\], we define the dimensionless parameter as $\\lambda= d^2 m k_f/(3\\pi^2 \\hbar^2)$. It describes the interaction strength, which equals the ratio between the average interaction energy and the Fermi energy up to a factor at the order of one.", "\n\nThe Fermi surface structure of an electric dipolar fermion system is uniform but anisotropic. ", "Intuitively, the inter-particle distance along the $z$-axis is shorter than that along $x$ and $y$-axes because the dipolar interaction is attractive (repulsive) along the $z$-($xy$) direction, respectively. ", "Consequently, the Fermi surface will be approximately a prolate ellipsoid, elongated along the $z$-axis and compressed in the equatorial $xy$-plane, which has been investigated in Refs. \\[\\].", "\n\nThe above picture can be confirmed from the explicit calculation of the fermion self-energy at the Hartree-Fock level. ", "The Hartree term vanishes because it involves the spatial average of the dipolar interaction. ", "The anisotropy of the Fermi surface can be determined from the Fock term, while the latter also depends on the actual shape of the Fermi surface, thus they are coupled together and should be solved self-consistently. ", "Nevertheless, at the leading order, we approximate the Fermi surface as a sphere with the radius in the free space as $k_{f_0}$, and then $\\Sigma^{HF}(\\vec k)$ can be calculated analytically [@chan2010] as $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&\\Sigma^{HF}(\\vec{k})=-\n2\\lambda E_{k_{f_0}} P_2(\\cos \\theta_k)\\\nI_{3D} ({k \\over k_{f_0}^{3D}}),\n\\label{eq:HF_3D}\\end{aligned}$$ where $E_{k_{f_0}}=\\frac{\\hbar^2 k_{f_0}^2}{2m}$, and $\nI_{3D}(x)= \\frac{\\pi}{12}\\Big \\{ 3x^2+ 8\n-{3\\over x^2}\n+\\frac{3(1-x^2)^3}{2x^3}\n\\ln|\\frac{1+x}{1-x}| \\Big \\}$. In the two-component dipolar Fermi gases, the Hartree term still vanishes and the Fock term only exists for the intra-component interaction, thus the Hartree-Fock self-energy remains the same.", "\n\nThe anisotropic Fermi surface distortion is determined by solving the equation of chemical potential $\\mu$ as \\_0(k\\_f)+\\^[HF]{}(k\\_f )=(n,), where $n$ is the particle density. ", "The Fermi wave vector $\\vec k_f$ depends on the polar angle as = 1-\\^2 + P\\_2(\\_k) \\[eq:fermi\\_k\\_3D\\], in which the anisotropic distortion is at the linear order of $\\lambda$, and the $\\lambda^2$ term appears to conserve the particle numbers. ", "Although Eq. ", "\\[eq:fermi\\_k\\_3D\\] is only valid at $\\lambda\\ll 1$, it provides qualitative features. ", "The Fermi surface anisotropy was also calculated by using the numerical variational method in Ref. \\[\\]. ", "The comparison between the analytic perturbative result and the variational one is plotted in Fig. ", "\\[fig:fermi\\_surface\\_3D\\] for $\\lambda=\\frac{1}{2\\pi}$. The Fermi surface based on the first order perturbation result Eq. ", "\\[eq:fermi\\_k\\_3D\\] is less prolate than that based on the variational result.", "\n\nThe anisotropy also exhibits in other single particle quantities. ", "For example, the angular distribution of the density of states on the Fermi surface is calculated as N(\\_k)&=& \\[1+P\\_2(\\_k)\\] d\\_k,    \\[eq:3DDOS\\] where, $N(\\Omega_k)$ is the differential density of states along the direction of $\\Omega_k$. At the linear order of $\\lambda$, $N(\\Omega_k)$ develops the same anisotropy of $P_2(\\cos\\theta)$. Thus the total DOS at the Fermi energy does not change compared with that of the free Fermi gas. ", "Nevertheless, it may be changed due to high order corrections.", "\n\nThe Landau interaction matrix {#sect:landau_matrix}\n-----------------------------\n\nThe anisotropic Fermi liquid theory has been constructed in Ref. \\[\\] ", "for the dipolar fermion systems. ", "The anisotropy of the interaction leads to the mixing among different partial-wave channels, thus we need to generalize the concept of Landau parameters into the Landau matrices.", "\n\nThe variation of the Fermi distribution function at momentum $\\vec k$ is defined as n\\_[k]{}=n\\_[k]{}-n\\_[0, k]{}, where $n_0(k)=1-\\theta(k-k_{f_0}^{3D})$ is the Fermi distribution function in the absence of interaction. ", "The ground state energy variation of the single component dipolar Fermi gas is E=\\_k \\_k n\\_k+ \\_[q0]{} \\_[k, k\\^]{}   f(k, k\\^; q) n\\_[k, q]{} n\\_[k, -q]{},    where, $\\vec k, \\vec k^\\prime$ are momenta close to the Fermi surface; $f(\\vec k, \\vec k^\\prime; \\vec q)$ is the interaction function describing the forward scattering; $\\vec q$ is the small momentum transfer for the forward scattering process, which is explicitly kept because of the non-analyticity of the Fourier component of $V_d(\\vec q)$ as $\\vec q\\rightarrow 0$; $n_{\\vec k, \\vec q}=\\avg{c^\\dagger_{\\vec k+\\vec q} c_{\\vec k}}$, which is reduced to the fermion occupation number as $\\vec q\\rightarrow 0$; $\\epsilon_k$ is the renormalized anisotropic single particle spectra, and at the Hartree-Fock level $\\epsilon_k=\\epsilon_k^0+\\Sigma_{HF}(\\vec k)$. The Landau interaction function is expressed at the Hartree-Fock level as f(k, k\\^;q)=V(q)-V(k-k\\^), \\[eq:landau\\_inter\\] where the first and second terms are the Hartree and Fock contributions, respectively. ", "Due to the explicit anisotropy, $f(\\vec k, \\vec k^\\prime;\\vec q)$ depends on directions of both $\\vec k$ and $\\vec k^\\prime$, not just the relative angle between $\\vec k$ and $\\vec k^\\prime$ as in the isotropic Fermi liquids.", "\n\nThe Landau interaction matrix elements for the dipolar system have been calculated in Ref. \\[\\] ", "by Fregoso [*et. ", "al.*]{} ", "According to the Wigner-Eckart theorem, the $d_{r^2-3z^2}$ anisotropy of the dipolar interaction renders the following spherical harmonics decomposition as f(k, k\\^;q)=\\_[l,l\\^;m]{} Y\\_[lm]{}\\^\\*(\\_k) Y\\_[l\\^m]{} (\\_[k\\^]{}),\\\n\\[eq:landauhmncs\\] where $f_{ll^\\prime;m}$ remains diagonal for the index $m$ but couples partial wave channels with $l^\\prime=l, l\\pm 2$. The even and odd partial wave channels decouple because of the even parity of the dipolar interaction. ", "The $\\vec q$ dependence only appear in the channel of $l=l'=m=0$, in which $f_{00;0}(\\vec q)=V_d({\\vec q})$. Other matrix elements at the Hartree-Fock level are tri-diagonal as [^1] f\\^[3D]{}\\_[ll\\^;m]{} &=& d\\^2 (a\\_[lm]{}\\^[(1)]{}\\_[l,l’]{} +a\\_[lm]{}\\^[(2)]{}\\_[l,l’-2]{}+a\\_[l’m]{}\\^[(2)]{}\\_[l’,l-2]{} ),    \\[eq:parameter\\_3D\\] where a\\_[lm]{}\\^[(1)]{}&=& ,\\\na\\_[lm]{}\\^[(2)]{} &= &-. ", "\\[eq:fradkin\\] For each $l\\neq 0$, $f^{3D}_{ll^\\prime;m}$’s satisfy the sum rule that \\_[m]{} f\\_[l l\\^=l;m]{}\\^[3D]{}=0, which reflects the fact the angular average of the dipolar interaction vanishes.", "\n\nTo make the Landau matrix dimensionless, we multiply the single component density of states (DOS): $F^{3D}_{ll^\\prime;m}=\\frac{\\bar m^*}{m}N_0^{3D} f^{3D}_{ll^\\prime;m}$, where $N_0^{3D}= (mk_{f0}^{3D})\n/(2\\hbar \\pi^2)$ is the DOS of free Fermi gas and $m^*$ is the effective mass. ", "At the linear order of $\\lambda$, $m^*=m$. For concreteness, some low order Landau matrix elements are expressed at the linear order of $\\lambda$ as F\\_[00;0]{}(\\_[q]{})&=& 4P\\_2(\\_q),\\\nF\\_[02;0]{}&=&-;\\\nF\\_[22;0]{}&=&,       F\\_[22;1]{}=,\\\nF\\_[22;2]{}&=&-;\\\nF\\_[11;0]{}&=& ,       F\\_[11; 1 ]{}=- ;\\\nF\\_[13;0]{}&=&-,      F\\_[13;1]{}=-;\\\nF\\_[33;0]{}&=& ,       F\\_[33;1]{}= ;\\\nF\\_[33;2]{}&=& 0,              F\\_[33;3]{}= -.", "\n\nThermodynamic quantities {#sect:thermo}\n------------------------\n\nThe thermodynamic properties, including the anisotropic effective mass and thermodynamic susceptibilities, are renormalized by the Landau interaction matrices. ", "For simplicity, only the single-component dipolar systems are considered here.", "\n\n### Anisotropic effective mass\n\nIt is well-known that the Galilean invariance leads to the relation between the bare mass of fermions and the effective mass of quasiparticles as [@landau1957; @landau1959] = - f(k; k\\^) . ", "\\[eq:effmass2\\] For an isotropic system, the effective mass $m^*$ is defined as $\\partial \\epsilon(\\vec k)/\\partial \\vec k=\\vec k/m^*$ for $\\vec k$ on the Fermi surface. ", "The renormalization of $m^*$, or, the renormalization of the density of states, is $\\frac{m^*}{m}=1+\\frac{1}{3}F^s_1$, which affects the specific heat as $C_{FL}/C_{FG}=m^*/m$, with $C_{FL}$ and $C_{FG}$ specific heats for the Fermi liquid and ideal Fermi gas, respectively.", "\n\nThe dipolar Fermi gas is Galilean invariant so that Eq. ", "\\[eq:effmass2\\] is still valid. ", "However, due to the anisotropy, a self-consistent solution has to be done numerically. ", "To the linear order of $\\lambda$, we approximate $\\epsilon(\\vec k^\\prime)$ in the right-hand-side of Eq. ", "\\[eq:effmass2\\] with the free fermion energy. ", "Defining the radial effective mass as $m^*_{3D,\\pp} (\\theta_k)=\\frac{1}{k_f(\\theta_k)}\n[\\hat k \\cdot \\frac{\\partial \\epsilon(\\vec k)}{\\partial \\vec k}]$, we arrive at &=& +, \\[eq:effmass3\\] where $\\tilde F_{11,\\pp}(\\theta_k)$ and $\\tilde F_{13,\\pp}(\\theta_k)$ are the angular dependent Landau parameters defined as follows \\[eq:f11q\\] F\\_[11,]{}(\\_k)&=& \\_m |Y\\_[lm]{} (\\_k,0)|\\^2\\\nF\\_[13,]{}(\\_k)&=& \\_[m=0,1]{} Y\\^\\*\\_[3m]{}(\\_k,0) Y\\_[1m]{}(\\_k,0). ", "Thus to the linear order of $\\lambda$, the anisotropic radial effective mass is =.", "\n\n### Thermodynamic susceptibilities\n\nViewing the Fermi surface as an elastic membrane, we define the angular variation of the fermion distribution as n (\\_[k]{})= n\\_[k]{}, which can be further expanded in terms of the spherical harmonics as n(\\_[k]{})=\\_[lm]{} Y\\_[lm]{} (\\_[k]{}) n\\_[lm]{}. ", "\\[eq:nlm\\]\n\nFor a Fermi surface distortion characterized by a set of $\\delta n_{lm}$, the energy variation is calculated as &=& 4{ \\_[ll\\^;m]{}n\\_[lm]{}\\^\\* n\\_[l\\^m]{} K\\_[ll\\^;m]{}\\^[3D]{} -h\\_[lm]{} n\\_[lm]{} },       \\[eq:FLenergy\\] where $\\chi_0=\\frac{\\bar m^*}{m}N_0$ is the density of states at the Fermi energy; $\\bar m^*$ is the average value of the effective mass on the Fermi surface which equals $m$ at the linear order of $\\lambda$; $h_{lm}=h_{lm}^{ex}+h_{20}^0$. $h_{lm}^{ex}$ is the external field in the partial wave channel of $lm$, and $h_{20}^0=\\frac{2}{3}\\sqrt{\\frac{\\pi}{5}}\\lambda E_{k_{f0}}^{3D}$ is the explicit symmetry breaking arising from the dipolar interaction. ", "The matrix kernel $K_{ll^\\prime}$ in Eq. ", "\\[eq:FLenergy\\] contains two parts as K\\_[ll\\^;m]{}= M\\_[ll\\^;m]{} +, \\[eq:m\\_matrix\\_3D\\] in which, $M_{ll^\\prime;m}$ is the kinetic energy contribution. ", "At the linear order of $\\lambda$, $M_{ll^\\prime;m}$ is calculated as $$\\begin{aligned}\nM_{ll^\\prime;m}^{3D}= m_{lm}^{(1)} \\delta_{ll^\\prime}+ m_{lm}^{(2)} \\delta_{l, l^\\prime-2}\n+ m_{lm}^{(2)} \\delta_{l,l^\\prime-2},\\end{aligned}$$ where m\\_[lm]{}\\^[(1)]{} &=&1+a\\^[(1)]{}\\_[lm]{},\\\nm\\_[lm]{}\\^[(2)]{} &=& a\\^[(2)]{}\\_[lm]{}.", "\n\nThe expectation value of $\\delta n_{lm}$ in the field of $h_{lm}$ can be straightforwardly calculated as n\\_[lm]{} =\\_0 (K\\^[3D]{}\\_[ll\\^;m]{})\\^[-1]{} h\\_[l\\^m]{}. ", "\\[eq:renormalized\\_suscept\\] Thus $\\chi_0 (K^{3D}_{ll^\\prime;m})^{-1}$ is the renormalized susceptibility matrix for the 3D dipolar Fermi system [@chan2010].", "\n\n### Pomeranchuk stabilities\n\nThe inverse of an eigenvalue of the matrix $K_{ll^\\prime;m}$ can be considered as a thermodynamical susceptibility in the corresponding eigen-channel. ", "If all the eigenvalues of $K_{ll^\\prime;m}$ are positive, [*i.e.*]{}, this matrix is positive-definite, then the system is thermodynamically stable. ", "If any of them becomes negative, the corresponding susceptibility diverges, which signals the onset of the Fermi surface instability of the Pomeranchuk type [@fregoso2009; @chan2010]. ", "For the isotropic system, $K_{ll^\\prime;m}$ is already diagonal and $m$-independent, and the criterion for the Pomeranchuk instability is the well-known one F\\_l&lt;-(2l+1).", "\n\nFor the anisotropic dipolar system, the $K_{ll^\\prime;m}$ matrix needs to be diagonalized to analyze its thermodynamic instabilities. ", "The two strongest instabilities lie in the sectors of of $m=0$ and $m=\\pm 2$, and $l$’s are even. ", "For the case of $m=0$, $F_{00;0}(\\vec q)$ is singular as $\\vec q\\rightarrow 0$, explicitly depending on the direction of $\\vec q$. The most negative eigenvalue occurs when $\\vec q$ lies in the equatorial plane. ", "The corresponding eigenvector mainly lies in the $s$-wave channel with $l=0$, and the eigenvalue $\\mu_s$ reaches zero at $\\lambda_s=0.135$. This instability corresponds to the Fermi surface collapsing with a density modulation wave vector in the equatorial plane. ", "This result nicely agrees with the numerical calculation in Ref. \\[\\], ", "in which the onset of an unstable collective mode implies the Fermi surface collapsing starting from $\\lambda_s\\sim0.14$. It should be noted that, actually, this instability is mostly driven by the Hartree term interaction $V_d(\\vec q)$, which cannot be simply dropped off by setting $\\vec q=0$. Otherwise, the stability of the dipolar Fermi gas would be significantly overestimated.", "\n\nAs for the sector of $m=\\pm 2$, the eigenvectors of the minimal eigenvalues mainly lie in the $d_{x^2-y^2\\pm 2 ixy}$-wave channels. ", "The lowest eigenvalues $\\mu_{d_{\\pm 2}}$ touch zero at $\\lambda_{d_{\\pm2}}=0.35$. This instability corresponds to the biaxial nematic instability of the Fermi surfaces studied in Ref. \\[\\]. ", "With the purely dipolar interaction, the $s$-wave channel instability occurs before the $d$-wave channel one because $\\lambda_{d_\\pm2}>\\lambda_{s}$. Nevertheless, the $s$-wave channel instability can be cured by introducing a positive non-dipolar short-range $s$-wave scattering potential $V_{00;0}$, which adds to the Landau parameter of $F_{00;0}^{3D}$ without affecting other channels.", "\n\nThe collective zero sound mode {#sect:zero_sound}\n------------------------------\n\nIn this part, we review the calculation of the zero-sound-like collective mode in the dipolar Fermi gases [@ronen2010; @chan2010]. ", "The anisotropic dipolar interaction brings a new feature: the zero sound excitation can only propagate within a certain range of directions beyond which the sound mode is damped.", "\n\n### Generalized dynamical response functions {#subsect:generalized_response}\n\nThe Boltzmann equation for the collective excitation of the single-component Fermi liquid is [@negele1988] n(r, k, t) &+&\\_i\\\n&-& \\_i =0, where $n(\\vec r, \\vec k, t)$ and $\\epsilon(\\vec r, \\vec k, t)$ are the density and energy distributions in the phase space.", "\n\nIn order to linearize the Boltzmann equation, the small variations of $n(\\vec r, \\vec k, t)$ and $\\epsilon(\\vec r, \\vec k, t)$ are defined as n(r, k, t)&=&n\\_[0,d]{}(k)+(r, k, t),\\\n(r, k, t)&=&\\_[HF]{}(k) + f(k, k\\^) (r,k\\^, t),    where $\\delta \\nu$ is defined with respect to the deformed equilibrium Fermi surface, and $\\epsilon_{HF}$ is the Hartree-Fock single particle spectrum. ", "Substituting $\\delta \\nu(\\vec r, \\vec k, t)\n=\\sum_q \\delta \\nu_{\\vec k} e^{i (\\vec q \\cdot \\vec r-\\omega t)}$, the linearized Boltzmann equation is arrived at (\\_k)- f\\_[k k\\^]{} (\\_[k\\^]{}) =0,    where $\\vec v_{\\vec k}$ is the Fermi velocity; $N(\\Omega_k)$ is the differential density of states defined in Eq. ", "\\[eq:3DDOS\\]; $\\delta \\nu (\\Omega_k)$ is defined as (\\_k)= (k). ", "The spherical harmonics decomposition can be performed as \\_[l’m’]{} {\\_[ll’]{}\\_[mm’]{}+ \\_[l\\^]{} \\_[ll\\^;mm’]{}(, q) F\\_[l\\^l’;m’]{} }\\_[l’m’]{}=0,   \\[eq:boltzmann\\_3D\\] where $\\delta \\nu_{lm}$ is the component in terms of the spherical harmonics, and, \\_[ll’;mm’]{}(,q) &=& - d \\_p\\\n&& Y\\^\\*\\_[lm]{}(\\_[p]{}) Y\\_[l’m’]{}(\\_[p]{}). ", "\\[eq:response\\_3D\\] Due to the dipolar anisotropy, for a general propagation direction of $\\vec q$, $\\delta \\nu_{lm}$ in different channels are coupled.", "\n\n### The $s$-wave channel approximation\n\nWe first truncate Eq. ", "\\[eq:response\\_3D\\] by only keeping the $s$-wave channel of $l=0$. Even at this level, the anisotropy of the zero sound mode has already appeared. ", "Taking into account the Hartree-Fock single particle spectra and the anisotropic Fermi surface, $\\chi_{00;00}(\\omega, \\vec q)$ is given by \\_[00;00]{}(,q)&=& 1 - ,\\\nwhere $f(\\Omega_k, \\Omega_q)=\n\\frac{\\vec q \\cdot \\nabla_k \\epsilon_{HF}(\\vec k)}{v_{f_0} q}$, and the propagation direction $\\vec q$ is chosen in the $xz$-plane with the polar angle $\\theta_q$. Then the zero sound mode dispersion is determined by 1+F\\_[00;0]{}(\\_[q]{})\\_[00;00]{}(,q)=0.", "\n\nThe quantity $s(\\theta_q)=\\omega(\\theta_q)/(v_{f_0} q)$ is defined to represent the angular dependent zero sound dispersion, which is solved numerically and plotted in Fig. ", "\\[fig:zero\\_3D\\_pwave\\] along with the edge of particle-hole continuum. ", "The zero sound propagation angle is restricted and its dispersion $s(\\theta_q)$ is anisotropic. ", "For large angles of $\\theta_q$, the sound excitation enters the particle-hole continuum and is thus damped.", "\n\n### Correction from the coupling to the $p$-wave longitudinal channel\n\nEven in the isotropic Fermi liquid state, because the propagation direction $\\vec q$ of the zero sound already breaks the 3D rotational symmetry to the uni-axial one, actually the zero sound mode mixes all the longitudinal channels of $\\delta n_{l0}$. If the Landau parameter $F_1$ is not small compared to $F_0$, the mixing between the $s$ and $p$-wave longitudinal channels significantly modifies the sound velocity. ", "In the isotropic Fermi liquid state, the modified sound velocity is determined by the following equation as [@negele1988] = 1- || . ", "\\[eq:zerospectra\\] For example, in the $^3$He system at 0.28 atm, if only considering the $s$-wave channel, the sound velocity is calculated as $s=v_s/v_f=2.0$ based on $F_0^s=10.8$. After including the coupling of the $p$-wave longitudinal channel in which $F_1^s=6.3$, the revised value of $s$ increases to 3.6 in agreement with the experimental measurements [@negele1988].", "\n\nThe case of the dipolar Fermi gas is more complicated. ", "If the propagating direction $\\vec q$ is not along the $z$-axis, no rotational symmetry is left, and thus, in principle, the longitudinal and transverse $p$-wave components are mixed. ", "Here, the spherical harmonic functions ${\\tilde Y}_{l=1,m=0}$ (longitudinal) and ${\\tilde Y}_{l=1,m=\\pm 1}$ (transverse) are defined according to the principle axis along $\\vec q$ instead of the $z$-axis. ", "Nevertheless, usually the transverse $p$-wave channel mode is overdamped unless the $p$-wave channel Landau parameter is positive and large, thus their effect to the zero sound mode is small and will be neglected.", "\n\nBy keeping the mixing between the $s$-wave and the longitudinal $p$-wave modes, Eq. ", "\\[eq:response\\_3D\\] is reduced to a $2\\times 2$ matrix equation, and the collective mode can be solved based on \\[ 1 + N(q, ) \\]=0, where the matrix kernel of $N (\\vec q,\\omega)$ reads N(q, )= (\n\n[cc]{} \\_[00;00]{} (q, ) F\\_[00;0]{} (q) & \\_[10;00]{} (q, )\\\n\\_[10;00]{} (q,) F\\_[00;0]{} (q) & \\_[11;00]{}(q, )\n\n).\\\n$\\tilde F_{11;0}^{3D} (\\vec q)$ is the longitudinal $p$-wave Landau parameter defined as F\\_[11;0]{} (q) &=&\\^2\\_q F\\_[11;m=0]{}+\\^2\\_q F\\_[11;m=1]{}, and the response functions are \\_[10;00]{}(q, ) &=&- ,\\\n\\_[11;00]{}(q, )&=&- 3 , where $\\vec q$ lies in the $xz$-plane with the polar angle $\\theta_q$, and $\\hat q \\cdot \\hat k=\\sin\\theta_q \\sin\\theta_k \\cos\\phi_k\n+\\cos\\theta_q \\cos\\theta_k$.\n\nThe numeric solution taking into account the anisotropic Fermi velocity and Fermi surface is performed, and the zero sound velocity as a function of $\\theta_q$ is plotted in Fig. ", "\\[fig:zero\\_3D\\_pwave\\]. ", "The longitudinal $p$-wave mode modifies the sound velocity dispersion significantly. ", "These results are in a good agreement with a fully numerical calculation based on the same Boltzmann transport theory [@ronen2010]. ", "This indicates that the zero sound mode is well captured by the coupling between the $s$-wave and longitudinal $p$-wave channels.", "\n\nThe SO coupled Fermi liquid theory of the magnetic dipolar fermions {#sect:mg_dp_FL}\n===================================================================\n\nThe magnetic dipolar interaction brings a new ingredient to the Fermi liquid theory, i.e., the SO coupled nature [@fujita1987; @fregoso2009; @fregoso2010; @li2012; @sogo2012; @li2012a; @bhongale2013; @tohyama2013; @ashrafi2013]. ", "Certainly, for the experimental system of the $^{161}$Dy atoms whose hyperfine spin is as large as $F=\\frac{21}{2}$ [@lu2010; @lu2010a; @lu2012], the theoretical analysis on magnetic dipolar interactions will be very challenging. ", "Nevertheless, the spin-$\\frac{1}{2}$ case exhibits nearly all the qualitative features of the magnetic dipolar interaction, and thus will be used as a prototype model below.", "\n\nIf the magnetic dipolar systems are partially polarized, this SO coupling already appears at the single-particle level exhibiting anisotropic Fermi surfaces, which is a result from the ferro-nematic coupling as shown by Fregoso [*et. ", "al.*]{} [", "@fregoso2009; @fregoso2010]. ", "For the unpolarized case, the Fermi surfaces remain spherical without splitting. ", "Nevertheless, the effects of the SO coupling appear at the interaction level [@li2012a; @sogo2012], including Fermi surface Pomeranchuk instabilities, and SO coupled collective modes.", "\n\nThe second quantized Hamiltonian of the spin-$\\frac{1}{2}$ fermions with the magnetic dipolar interaction is expressed as H\\_[md]{}&=&\\_[k,]{} \\[(k) -\\] c\\^\\_(k) c\\_(k) +\\_[k,k\\^,q]{} V\\_[;\\^\\^]{}(q)\\\n&& \\^\\_(k+q) \\^\\_(k\\^) \\_[\\^]{}(k\\^+q) \\_[\\^]{}(k). ", "Similarly, the dimensionless interaction parameter can be defined accordingly as $\\lambda_{m}= \\mu_B^2g_F^2 mk_f/(\\pi^2\\hbar^2)$.\n\nThe SO coupled Landau interaction function is reviewed and the SO coupled partial wave decomposition is performed in Sect. ", "\\[sect:landau\\]; the Pomeranchuk instability is reviewed in Sect. ", "\\[sect:soPomeranchuk\\]; the zero sound-like excitation with the SO coupled feature is reviewed in Sect. ", "\\[sect:socoll\\].", "\n\nThe SO coupled Landau interaction {#sect:landau}\n---------------------------------\n\nIn Ref. \\[\\], ", "the Landau interaction function of the magnetic dipolar fermions with a general hyperfine-spin $F$ was given. ", "For simplicity and concreteness, below we still use the spin-$\\frac{1}{2}$ case for illustration [@li2012a]. ", "Based on the Fourier transform of the magnetic dipolar interaction Eq. ", "\\[eq:four\\_mgdp\\], the Landau function of the spin-$\\frac{1}{2}$ magnetic dipolar system is expressed at the Hartree-Fock level as f\\_[\\^,\\^]{}(k, k\\^;q) &=&f\\^[H]{}\\_[\\^,\\^]{}(q) +f\\^[F]{}\\_[\\^,\\^]{}(k,k\\^)\\\n&=& (M\\_[\\^,\\^]{} (q) - M\\_[\\^,\\^]{} (p)), \\[eq:landau\\_mag\\] where $\\vec k$ and $\\vec k^\\prime$ are at the Fermi surface; the small momentum transfer $\\vec q$ in the Hartree term is explicitly kept due to the singularity at $\\vec q\\rightarrow 0$ in Eq. ", "\\[eq:four\\_mgdp\\]; $\\hat p$ is the unit vector defined as $\\hat p= \\frac{\\vec k -\\vec k^\\prime}{|\\vec k -\\vec k^\\prime|}$; the matrix kernel $M_{\\alpha\\alpha^\\prime,\\beta\\beta^\\prime}(\\hat m)$ only depends on the direction of $\\hat m$ as M\\_[\\^,\\^]{} (m) =3(\\_[\\^]{} m)(\\_[\\^]{} m) -\\_[\\^]{} \\_[\\^]{},    for $\\hat m=\\hat p$ and $\\hat q$. In order to arrive at $f^F_{\\alpha\\alpha^\\prime,\\beta\\beta^\\prime}(\\vec k,\n\\vec k^\\prime)$ in Eq. ", "\\[eq:landau\\_mag\\], the following identity is used &&3(\\_[\\^]{} p) (\\_[\\^]{} p) -\\_[\\^]{}\\_[\\^]{}\\\n&=&3(\\_[\\^]{} p) (\\_[\\^]{} p) -\\_[\\^]{} \\_[\\^]{}.", "\n\n### The SO partial-wave decomposition\n\nIt is convenient to work in the SO coupled bases for the magnetic dipolar Fermi liquid theory. ", "The variation of the single particle density matrix in momentum space is defined as $\\delta n_{\\alpha\\alpha^\\prime}(\\vec k)= n_{\\alpha\\alpha^\\prime}(\\vec k)\n-\\delta_{\\alpha\\alpha^\\prime}n_0(\\vec k)$, where $n_{\\alpha\\alpha^\\prime}(\\vec k)=\\avg{\\psi^\\dagger_{\\alpha} (\\vec k)\n\\psi_{\\alpha^\\prime}(\\vec k)}$ and $n_0(\\vec k)$ refers to the ground state distribution of the free Fermi system. ", "As for spin indices, $\\delta n_{\\alpha\\alpha^\\prime}(\\vec k)$ can be expanded as n\\_[\\^]{}(k)=\\_[Ss\\_z]{} n\\_[Ss\\_z]{}(k) \\_[Ss\\_z,\\^]{}, where $\\chi_{Ss_z,\\alpha\\alpha^\\prime}$ are the bases for the particle-hole singlet (density) channel with $S=0$ and triplet (spin) channel with $S=1$, respectively, defined as \\_[10,\\^]{}&=& \\_[z,\\^]{},     \\_[11,\\^]{}= (\\_[x,\\^]{} i\\_[y,\\^]{}),\\\n\\_[00,\\^]{}&=&\\_[\\^]{}.", "\n\nSimilarly as before, we integrate $\\delta n_{\\alpha\\alpha^\\prime}(\\vec k)$ along the radial direction, and arrive the angular distribution $\\delta n_{\\alpha\\alpha^\\prime}(\\hat k)$. In the SO decoupled bases, it is expanded as n\\_[\\^]{}(k) =\\_[LmSs\\_z]{} n\\_[LmSs\\_z]{} Y\\_[Lm]{}(k) \\_[Ss\\_z,\\^]{}. ", "More conveniently, it can be reorganized in the SO coupled bases as n\\_[\\^]{}(k) &=&\\_[JJ\\_z;LS]{} n\\_[JJ\\_z;LS]{}   [Y]{}\\_[JJ\\_z;LS]{}(k, \\^), where $\\delta n_{JJz;LS}=\\sum_{ms_z} \\avg{LmSs_z|JJ_z}\n\\delta n_{LmSs_z}$; ${\\cal Y}_{JJz;LS}(\\hat k, \\alpha\\alpha^\\prime)$ is the SO coupled spherical harmonic functions \\_[JJz;LS]{}(k, \\^) &=&\\_[ms\\_z]{} Y\\_[Lm]{}(k) \\_[Ss\\_z,\\^]{}. ", "\\[eq:socouple\\]\n\nUsing the SO coupled bases, the Landau matrix is diagonal with respect to the total angular momentum $J$ and its $z$-component $J_z$ as f\\_[\\^;\\^]{}(k, k\\^)&=& \\_[JJ\\_z L L\\^]{} [Y]{}\\_[JJz;L1]{}(k,\\^) F\\_[JJ\\_z L1;JJ\\_z L\\^1]{}\\\n&& [Y]{}\\^\\_[JJz;L\\^1]{}(k,\\^). ", "The matrix kernel $F_{JJ_zL1;JJ_zL^\\prime1}$ reads\n\nF\\_[JJ\\_zL1;JJ\\_zL\\^1]{}&=&\\_[J,1]{}\\_[L,0]{} \\_[L\\^,0]{} (2 \\_[J\\_z,0]{}-\\_[J\\_z, 1]{}) + \\_[ms\\_z; m\\^s\\_z\\^]{} T\\^[F]{}\\_[Lm1s\\_z;L\\^m\\^1s\\^\\_z]{}, \\[eq:LL\\_para\\] in which the first term is the Hartree contribution with $\\hat q$ set as the $z$-axis; the second term is the Fock contribution with $T^{F}_{Lm1s_z;L^\\prime m^\\prime 1s^\\prime_z}$ defined in the SO decoupled bases as [@sogo2012; @li2012a] T\\^[F]{}\\_[Lm1s\\_z;L\\^m\\^1s\\^\\_z]{}&=& - ( - -) d \\_r ( \\_[s\\_zs\\_z\\^]{} -4Y\\_[1s\\_z]{}(\\_r) Y\\^\\*\\_[1s\\_z\\^]{}(\\_r))\\\n&& Y\\_[Lm]{}(\\_r) Y\\_[L\\^m\\^]{}\\^\\* (\\_r). ", "\\[eq:mgdr\\_landau\\]\n\nThe same value of $J$ may arise from $L$ with different parities. ", "Below we use $(J^{\\pm} J_zLS)$ to represent different angular momentum channels, where $\\pm$ is the parity eigenvalue. ", "The Hartree term of Eq. ", "\\[eq:LL\\_para\\] only contributes to the $(1^+J_z01)$ sector, which explicitly depends on $J_z$ because $\\vec q$ (chosen as the $\\hat z$-axis) breaks the 3D rotation symmetry down to the uniaxial rotation symmetry. ", "For other sectors, $F_{J^\\pm J_zL1;J^\\pm J_zL^\\prime1}$ does not depend on $J_z$ as required by the Wigner-Eckart theorem. ", "The matrix $F_{JJ_zL1;JJ_zL^\\prime1}$ is nearly diagonalized except for the case with $L\\neq L^\\prime$. For $J^+=0^+,2^+,..$ and $J^-=1^-,3^-,...$, there is only one possibility that $L=J$, and thus $F_{J^\\pm J_zL1;J^\\pm J_zL^\\prime1}$ is already diagonalized. ", "In comparison, for $J^+=1^+,3^+,...$ and $J^-=0^-, 2^-,...$ $L$ can take two different values of $L=J\\pm 1$, and thus the matrix is reduced to $2\\times 2$ (For $J^-=0^-$ the only possibility is $L=1$.). ", "The concrete forms of $F_{J^\\pm J_zL1;J^\\pm J_zL^\\prime1}$ for a few low orders of $J^\\pm$ are given in Ref. \\[\\].", "\n\n### Thermodynamics susceptibilities\n\nThe variation of the ground state energy in the SO coupled bases is expressed as &=&16{ \\_[JJ\\_z L L\\^S]{} n\\^\\*\\_[JJ\\_z;LS]{} M\\_[JJ\\_zlS; JJ\\_z L\\^S]{} n\\_[JJ\\_z;L\\^S]{}\\\n&-& \\_[JJ\\_z L S]{} h\\_[JJ\\_zLS]{} n\\_[JJ\\_z;L S]{} }, where the matrix kernel is M\\_[JJ\\_zLS; JJ\\_z L\\^S]{} =\\_[LL\\^]{} + F\\_[JJ\\_zLS;JJ\\_z L\\^S]{}; \\[eq:matrix\\] $\\chi_0=N_0$ is the Fermi liquid density of states; $h_{JJ_zLS}$ is the external field. ", "At the Hartree-Fock level, $N_0$ receives no renormalization from the magnetic dipolar interaction. ", "The expectation value of $\\delta n_{JJ_zLS}$ is calculated as n\\_[JJ\\_zLS]{}=\\_0 \\_[L\\^]{}(M)\\^[-1]{}\\_[JJ\\_zLS;JJ\\_z L\\^S]{} h\\_[JJ\\_zL\\^S]{}. ", "\\[eq:nh\\] The thermodynamic stability condition is equivalent to that all the eigenvalues of the matrix $M_{JJ_zLS;JJ_zL^\\prime S}$ are positive.", "\n\nFregoso [*et al.*]{} [", "@fregoso2009; @fregoso2010] found that a uniform magnetic field $\\vec h$ along the $z$-axis not only induces spin polarization, but also a spin-nematic order in the channel of $(J^+J_zLS)=(1^+021)$. As a result, the external magnetic field induces an effective SO coupling H\\_[hso]{}&=& h \\_[k]{} \\^\\_(k) { } \\_(k). ", "\\[eq:so\\_1\\] Apparently, Eq. ", "\\[eq:so\\_1\\] breaks TR symmetry, which is markedly different from the relativistic SO coupling in solids.", "\n\nSO coupled Pomeranchuk instabilities {#sect:soPomeranchuk}\n------------------------------------\n\nIf one of the eigenvalue of the Landau matrix becomes negative, Pomeranchuk instability occurs in the corresponding channel. ", "The SO coupled nature in the magnetic dipolar system manifests as follows.", "\n\nLet us first consider the channel of $J=1^+$ [@li2012a]. ", "In the absence of external fields, a density wave with a long wave length $q\\rightarrow 0$ can take the advantage of the Hartree channel interaction. ", "The leading instability lies in the sector with $J_z=\\pm 1$. Without loss of generality, we use the $J_z=1$ sector as an example: (\n\n[cc]{} F\\_[1101;1101]{}& F\\_[1101;1121]{}\\\nF\\_[1121;1101]{}& F\\_[1121;1121]{}\n\n) = (\n\n[cc]{} -4 &\\\n& 1\n\n), \\[eq:landau\\_2\\] whose negative eigenvalue and the associated eigenvector are w\\^[1\\^+1]{}\\_1 &=& -0.37 \\_m,    \\^[1\\^+ 1]{}\\_1=(0.97,-0.25)\\^T. \\[eq:eigen\\_2\\] The instability occurs at $w_1^{1^+1}<-1$, or, equivalently, $\\lambda_m>\\lambda_{1^+1}^c=0.86$, and the eigenvector shows that it is nearly a ferromagnetic instability hybridized with a small component of the ferro-nematic channel. ", "The spin polarizations lie in the $xy$-plane and the spiral wave vector is along the $z$-axis. ", "The spiral wave vector $\\vec q$ should be at the order of the inverse of the system size in order to minimize the energy cost of spin twisting, which may further depend on concrete boundary conditions.", "\n\nAn interesting point is that because of the coupling between the ferromagnetic and ferro-nematic orders, the Fermi surfaces are distorted [@fregoso2010]. ", "The oscillations of the distorted Fermi surfaces couple to spin waves and bring Landau damping to spin waves. ", "This may result in non-Fermi liquid behavior to fermion excitations. ", "Similar effects in the nematic Fermi liquid state have been extensively studied before in the literature [@oganesyan2001; @garst2010; @metlitski2010].", "\n\nThe next sub-leading instability is in the $J=1^-$ channel with $L=1$ and $S=1$, which has been studied in Ref. \\[\\]. ", "For $J_z=0$, the generated SO coupling at the single particle level exhibits the 3D Rashba-type as H\\_[so,1\\^-]{}= |n\\_z| \\_k \\^\\_(k ) (k\\_x \\_y -k\\_y \\_x)\\_ \\_(k), \\[eq:so\\] where $|n_z|$ is the magnitude of the SO order parameter. ", "The magnetic dipolar interaction already possesses the SO nature. ", "The Pomeranchuk instability brings it to the single particle level by breaking rotational symmetry and parity.", "\n\nThe instability of the $J=1^-$ sector is similar to but fundamentally different from the Pomeranchuk instability in the $L=S=1$ channel studied in Refs. \\[\\]. ", "Different from the magnetic dipolar systems, the starting Hamiltonian in the latter case has no SO coupling at all. ", "After instability occurs, an effective SO coupling appears at the single particle level. ", "In particular, a $\\vec k \\cdot \\vec \\sigma$ type SO coupling can be generated with total angular momentum $J=0$. It is generated from the SO decoupled interactions through a phase transition, and thus was denoted as spontaneous generation of SO coupling [@wu2004; @wu2007]. ", "They are a particle-hole channel analogy of the $p$-wave triplet Cooper pairings of the isotropic $^3$He-$B$ phase [@balian1963] and the anisotropic $^3$He-$A$-phase [@anderson1961; @brinkman1974], respectively.", "\n\nThe SO coupled collective modes – the topological zero sound {#sect:socoll}\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe review the study of the collective modes in the SO coupled Fermi liquid theory [@sogo2012; @li2012a]. ", "The generalized Boltzmann equation including the spin degree of freedom can be written as [@negele1988] && n(r, k, t) - \\[(r, k, t), n(r, k, t)\\]\\\n&+&\\_i { , }\\\n&-& \\_i { , } \\[eq:boltzmann\\] =0, where $n_{\\alpha\\alpha^\\prime}(\\vec r, \\vec k, t)$ and $\\epsilon_{\\alpha\\alpha^\\prime}\n(\\vec r, \\vec k, t)$ are the density and energy matrices for the coordinate $(\\vec r, \\vec k)$ in the phase space; $[, ]$ and $\\{, \\}$ mean the commutator and anti-commutator, respectively. ", "After linearizing Eq. ", "\\[eq:boltzmann\\] and expanding it in the plane-wave bases n\\_[\\^]{}(r, k) =\\_q n\\_[\\^]{}(k) e\\^[iq r- i t]{}, we arrive at n\\_[\\^]{} (k)&-& \\_[\\^]{} d\\_[k\\^]{} f\\_[\\^, \\^]{}(k, k\\^)\\\n&& n\\_[\\^]{}(k\\^)=0, \\[eq:so-zero\\] where $s$ is the dimensionless parameter $\\omega/(v_f q)$. Without loss of generality, the propagation direction of the wave vector $\\vec q$ is defined as the $z$-direction.", "\n\nBy using the SO coupled bases $\\delta n_{JJ_z;LS}$, Eq. ", "\\[eq:so-zero\\] is rewritten as n\\_[JJ\\_z;LS]{}&+&\\_[J\\^;LL\\^]{} K\\_[JJ\\_zLS;J\\^J\\_z L\\^S]{}(s) F\\_[J\\^J\\_zL\\^S; J\\^J\\_z L\\^ S]{}\\\n&& n\\_[J\\^J\\_z L\\^ S]{}=0, \\[eq:sound\\_eign1\\] The matrix kernel $K_{JJ_zLS;J^\\prime J_z L^\\prime S}$ reads K\\_[JJ\\_zLS;J\\^J\\_z L\\^S]{} (s) &=&\\_[m s\\_z]{}\\\n&& \\_[LL\\^;m]{}(s), where $\\Omega_{LL^\\prime}(s)$ is equivalent to the particle-hole channel Fermi bubble in the diagrammatic method defined as \\_[LL\\^;m]{}(s)=-d\\_[k]{} Y\\^\\*\\_[Lm]{}(k) Y\\_[L\\^m ]{}(k) .", "\n\nThe largest positive Landau parameter lies in the $(1^+001)$ channel, which can support propagating modes. ", "Since $\\vec q$ breaks parity and the 3D rotation symmetries, the $(1^+001)$ channel couples to other channels with $J_z=0$. The Landau parameters of orbital partial wave channels with $L\\ge 2$ are small, which will be neglected henceforth. ", "There are three spin channel modes with $L=S=1$ and $J_z=0$ denoted as $(0^-011)$, $(1^-011)$, and $(2^-011)$. Even in the presence of $\\vec q$, the system still possesses the reflection symmetry with respect to any plane including $\\vec q$. By writing down their bilinear fermion expressions, we can check that among the above modes, $(1^+001)$, $(0^-011)$, $(2^-011)$ are odd, and $(1^-011)$ is even under this reflection operation. ", "Furthermore, the $(2^-011)$ channel can be neglected because the Landau parameter in this channel is about one order smaller than those in $(1^+001)$ and $(0^-011)$.\n\nNow, we only keep two coupled modes $(1^+001)$ and $(0^-011)$. Using the following relations K\\_[1001;1001]{}(s)&=& \\_[00;0]{}(s),\\\nK\\_[1001;0011]{}(s)&=& K\\_[0011;1001]{}(s)= s \\_[00;0]{}(s),\\\nK\\_[0011,0011]{}(s)&=&\\_m ||\\^2 \\_[11;m]{}(s)\\\n&=& \\_[00;0]{}(s), we reduce the coupled $2\\times 2$ matrix equation based on Eq. ", "\\[eq:sound\\_eign1\\] into \\_[00;0]{}(s)&=& 1- ||+ i s (s&lt;1)\\\n&=& , \\[eq:sound\\_velocity\\] where F\\_+=F\\_[1001:1001]{}+F\\_[0011;0011]{}, F\\_=F\\_[1001:1001]{} F\\_[0011;0011]{}.", "\n\nFor the two branches of Eq. ", "\\[eq:sound\\_velocity\\], only the one with the minus sign possesses the solution with $s>1$, as required by the condition of the undamped collective mode of the Fermi liquid. ", "Since $n_{1^+001}(\\vec q)=\\sum_{\\vec k} \\psi^\\dagger(\\vec k+\\vec q)\n\\sigma_z \\psi_\\beta(\\vec k)$, and $n_{0^-011}(\\vec q)=\\sum_{\\vec k} \\psi^\\dagger(\\vec k+\\vec q)\n(\\vec k\\cdot \\vec \\sigma )\\psi_\\beta(\\vec k)$, the former mode describes spin oscillation along the direction of $\\vec q$, and the latter exhibits a hedgehog configuration of spin distribution on the Fermi surface. ", "The eigen-mode is a hybridization between them, which can be represented as s(r, k, t) = (\n\n[c]{} u\\_2 \\_[k]{} \\_[k]{}\\\nu\\_2 \\_[k]{} \\_[k]{}\\\nu\\_2 \\_[k]{} +u\\_1\n\n) e\\^[i(q r -s q v\\_f t)]{}, \\[eq:spinconfig\\] where $(u_1, u_2)^T$ is the eigenvector for the collective mode. ", "For all the values of $\\lambda_m$, $|u_2|>|u_1|$ is satisfied. ", "Thus, the spin configuration, as shown in Fig. ", "\\[fig:spinconfig\\], is topologically non-trivial with the Pontryagin index $\\pm 1$. The sign of the Pontryagin index periodically flips at the nodes of the sound wave as the time and spatial coordinates varies. ", "This collective mode can be considered as the topological zero sound.", "\n\nUnconventional triplet Cooper pairing with multi-component dipolar Fermi gases {#sect:el_dp_pair}\n==============================================================================\n\nThe $p$-wave ($L=1$) triplet ($S=1$) Cooper pairing is a celebrated unconventional pairing superfluid state which has been a research focus of condensed matter physics for decades (see Ref. \\[\\] ", "for reviews). ", "The typical system is the superfluid $^3$He which exhibits both the isotropic $B$ phase [@balian1963] and the anisotropic $A$-phase [@anderson1961; @brinkman1974]. ", "So far, the most accepted pairing mechanism is spin fluctuations arising from the prominent ferromagnetic tendency because there exists a hard core part in the interaction between two $^3$He atoms.", "\n\nAs explained in Sect. ", "\\[sect:intro\\], the anisotropic dipolar interaction provides a novel and robust mechanism for the $p$-wave spin triplet Cooper pairing and the competition between the singlet and triplet channel pairing instabilities [@you1999; @baranov2002; @baranov2004; @bruun2008; @levinsen2011; @potter2010; @lutchyn2010; @zhao2010; @wu2010; @shi2009; @qi2013; @shi2013; @han2010; @liu2014]. ", "Furthermore, the coexistence of the singlet and triplet pairing symmetries in the electric dipolar systems naturally leads to a novel TR symmetry breaking mechanism first pointed out in Ref. \\[\\]. ", "Recently, this mechanism is also studied in a wide context of superconducting systems [@goswami2014; @hinojosa2014]. ", "For example, it has been later proposed in the iron-based superconductors [@hinojosa2014], and its topological electro-magnetic responses have been also studied [@goswami2014]. ", "In fact, the TR symmetry breaking pairing is also a research focus in condensed matter physics, such as in the study of high T$_c$ cuprates (e.g. YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{6+x}$) [@xia2008] and ruthenates (e.g. Sr$_2$RuO$_4$) [@xia2006].", "\n\nIn this section, we will first present a brief overview of the $p$-wave pairing in the superfluid $^3$He system in Sect. ", "\\[sect:He3\\]. ", "The pairing symmetries in the single-component and two-component electric dipolar fermion systems are reviewed in Sect. ", "\\[sect:single\\] and Sect. ", "\\[sect:two\\_comp\\_pair\\], respectively. ", "The effect of the TR reversal symmetry breaking is reviewed in Sect. ", "\\[sect:TR\\].", "\n\nA quick overview of the $p$-wave triplet pairing in the superfluid $^3$He system {#sect:He3}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe general structure of the $p$-wave spin triplet pairing takes the form of a $2\\times 2$ symmetric matrix $\\Delta_{\\alpha\\beta}(\\vec k)$ in momentum space, which can be conveniently represented by the $d$-vector as [@leggett1975] \\_(k)= (k) d\\_(k) (i\\^\\^y)\\_, \\[eq:pair\\] where $\\Delta(\\vec k)$ is a complex number; $\\hat d$ describes the spin degree of freedom, which is a complex unit 3-vector satisfying $\\hat d^* \\cdot \\hat d=1$; $i\\sigma^\\mu \\sigma^y (\\mu=x,y,z)$ form the bases of the $2\\times 2$ symmetric matrices for the triplet pairing. ", "The so-called unitary pairing means that $\\Delta^\\dagger(\\vec k) \\Delta(\\vec k)$ equals the identity matrix up to a constant, i.e., $\\Delta(\\vec k)$ is proportional to a unitary matrix. ", "In terms of the $d$-vector language, the unitary pairing corresponds to $\\hat d^* \\times \\hat d=0$, i.e., $\\hat d$ is equivalent to a unit real vector up to an overall complex phase.", "\n\nThe two most prominent superfluid phases of $^3$He are $B$ and $A$ phases, both of which belong to the class of unitary pairing. ", "In the $B$ phase [@balian1963], a typical pairing matrix structure is \\^B\\_(k)= k (i\\^y)\\_, where $\\Delta$ is a complex constant. ", "In this configuration, $L$ and $S$ are combined into $J=0$, and thus, the $B$ phase is rotationally invariant and also a fully gapped phase. ", "In other words, the $B$ phase spontaneously breaks the relative SO symmetry, exhibiting the SO coupled paired structure. ", "It maintains TR and parity symmetries. ", "Furthermore, it has also been recently found that the $B$ phase is actually a 3D topological superfluid phase. ", "In comparison, the $^3$He-$A$ phase is anisotropic, in which $L$ and $S$ are decoupled and $J$ is not well-defined [@brinkman1974; @anderson1961]. ", "A typical pairing matrix for the $A$ phase is \\^A\\_(k)= (k\\_x+ik\\_y) (d i\\^y)\\_, in which $\\hat d$ is an arbitrary unit 3-vector. ", "It breaks TR symmetry and exhibits nodal points on the north and south poles on the Fermi surface.", "\n\nWe will see in this section and in Sect. ", "\\[sect:mg\\_dp\\_pair\\] that both the electric and magnetic dipolar fermion systems support novel $p$-wave triplet structures which are different from the $^3$He-$B$ and $A$ phases.", "\n\nThe $p_z$-wave pairing with the single-component dipolar fermions {#sect:single}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe pairing symmetry structure of the single-component dipolar system was studied in early works of Refs. \\[\\]. ", "In this case, the gap function is simplified as a complex number, and thus, the $d$-vector notation is not needed.", "\n\nIn real space, this $p_z$-pairing symmetry is also clear since the electric dipolar interaction is the most attractive if the displacement vector between two fermions is along the $z$-axis. ", "Below, we present the partial wave analysis in momentum space. ", "The pairing interaction can be expressed at the mean-field level as [@you1999; @baranov2002] H\\_[pair]{}&=& \\_[k,k\\^]{} V\\_d(k- k\\^) \\^(k) \\^(-k) (-k\\^) (k\\^),\\\n&=&\\_[k,k\\^]{} V\\_t(k; k\\^) \\^(k) \\^(-k) (-k\\^) (k\\^),          where V\\_t(k;k\\^)=V\\_d(k-k\\^) -V\\_d(k +k\\^) satisfying $V_t(\\vec k;\\vec k^\\prime)\n=V_t(-\\vec k;\\vec k^\\prime)=-V_t(\\vec k, \\vec k^\\prime)$ as shown in Fig. ", "\\[fig:pair\\_int\\]. ", "The symbol $V_t$ is used because the pairing analysis here is the same as that for the triplet pairing of the two-component dipolar fermions in Sect. ", "\\[sect:two\\_comp\\_pair\\].", "\n\nThe BCS mean-field gap equation is (k)&=&- V\\_[t]{}(k;k\\^) \\[K(k\\^)-\\] (k\\^),    \\[eq:gap\\_sing\\] where $E(\\vec k)=\\sqrt{(\\epsilon_k-\\mu)^2+\\Delta^2 (\\vec k)}$ and $K(\\vec k)=\\tanh[\\frac{\\beta}{2}E(\\vec k)]/[2E(\\vec k)]$. The integral of Eq. ", "\\[eq:gap\\_sing\\] has been regularized following the $t$-matrix method at the level of the Born approximation. ", "This regularization is equivalent to truncate the energy away from the Fermi energy $\\pm\\bar\\omega$, and $\\bar\\omega$ is at the order of the Fermi energy [@baranov2002].", "\n\nAlthough the $p_z$-pairing is very intuitive in the real space, it is not so obvious in momentum space. ", "Before performing the partial-wave analysis, a qualitative momentum space picture can reveal why the $p_z$-pairing is natural as shown in Fig. ", "\\[fig:partial\\_wave\\] (a). ", "Let us set $\\vec k\\parallel \\hat z$ and $\\vec k^\\prime\n\\rightarrow \\vec k$, then $(\\vec k -\\vec k^\\prime) \\perp \\hat z$ and $(\\vec k +\\vec k^\\prime) \\parallel \\hat z$, thus V\\_t(k; k\\^)=-4d\\^2&lt;0,    V\\_t(k;-k\\^)= 4d\\^2&gt;0, which favors the pairing in polar regions with an odd parity. ", "On the other hand, if we set $\\vec k$ in the equatorial plane, say, $\\vec k \\parallel \\hat x$, and also $\\vec k^\\prime\n\\rightarrow \\vec k$, then $\\vec k-\\vec k^\\prime$ lies in the $yz$-plane. ", "The value of $V_d(\\vec k -\\vec k ^\\prime)$ depends on the polar angle of the vector of $\\vec k-\\vec k^\\prime$. Its average is $\\frac{2\\pi}{3} d^2$ and that of $V_d(\\vec k +\\vec k^\\prime)=-\\frac{4\\pi}{3}d^2$, thus the average of $V_t(\\vec k;\\vec k^\\prime)$ as $\\vec k^\\prime \\rightarrow \\vec k$ for $\\vec k$ in the equatorial plane is positive. ", "This means that the pairing amplitude is suppressed in the equatorial plane. ", "Combining the pairing structures both in the polar region and the equatorial plane, it is clear that the pairing symmetry is mostly of the $p_z$-wave, which is also consistent with the real space picture of pairing.", "\n\nAround $T_c$, the gap equation can be linearized. ", "The standard pairing eigenvalue analysis is performed by defining the eigenvectors $\\phi_{t,s}^i (\\hat k)$ satisfying the eigen-equation N\\_0 d\\_[k\\^]{} V\\_[t]{} (k; k\\^) \\^i\\_[t]{} (k\\^)=w\\_[t]{}\\^i \\_[t,s]{}\\^i(k), \\[eq:pair\\_part\\_wv\\] where $w_{t}^i$ are eigenvalues; $N_0$ is the density of states on the Fermi surface; $i$ is the index of eigenvectors. ", "The actual pairing occurs in the channel with the lowest negative eigenvalue. ", "The spherical harmonics decomposition of $V_{t,s} (\\vec k;\\vec k^\\prime)$ reads V\\_[t]{}(k;k\\^)=\\_[l,l\\^;m]{} V\\_[ll\\^;m]{} Y\\_[lm]{}\\^\\*(\\_k) Y\\_[l\\^m]{} (\\_[k\\^]{}), \\[eq:pair\\_decomp\\] where $l$ and $l^\\prime$ only take odd values. ", "Compared with Eq.\\[eq:landau\\_inter\\] and Eq. ", "\\[eq:landauhmncs\\], we arrive at V\\_[ll\\^;m]{}=-. ", "\\[eq:pair\\_matrix\\]\n\nThe diagonalization shows that the most negative eigenvalue lies in the sector with $m=0$, whose eigenvalue and eigenvector are w\\^[i=0]{}\\_[t,m=0]{}=-3.82,    \\^z(\\_k)0.99 Y\\_[10]{}-0.12 Y\\_[30]{}. ", "\\[eq:pz\\_pair\\] The above pairing eigenvector shows that the pairing symmetry is mainly of the $p_z$-type, in agreement with the intuitive real space analysis. ", "The pairing eigen-values in the sector of $m=0$ can even been solved analytically as shown in Ref. ", "as $w_{t,m=0}^i=-12\\lambda/[\\pi(2i+1)^2]$. The gap function of Eq. ", "\\[eq:pz\\_pair\\] vanishes for quasi-particle momenta lying in the equatorial plane, and thus exhibits a nodal plane in the Bogoliubov excitation spectra.", "\n\nAs shown in Ref. \\[\\], ", "the standard mean-field value of $T_c$ is related to the eigenvalue solved above as T\\_c= e\\^, \\[eq:Tc\\] where $\\gamma=0.5772$ is the Euler constant. ", "In Ref. \\[\\], ", "a further analysis based on Gor’kov, Melik-Barkhudarov (GM) approach [@gorkov1961] is performed, which takes into account the media polarization effect due to the virtual process of creating particle-hole excitations. ", "This GM approach shows that the energy cutoff effect can be approximated by $\\bar\\omega\\approx 0.42 \\epsilon_f$.\n\nCompetition between the triplet and singlet pairings in the two-component dipolar Fermi gases {#sect:two_comp_pair}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe new ingredient of the two-component dipolar fermions is that both the spin singlet and triplet pairings are allowed [@wu2010; @shi2009; @qi2013; @shi2013]. ", "We define the pairing operators in these two sectors as P\\_[s]{}(k)&=& ,\\\nP\\_[t]{}\\^(k)&=& , with $\\mu=x,y,z$, respectively, where $P_{\\alpha\\beta}(\\vec k)=\\psi_\\alpha(\\vec k) \\psi_\\beta(-\\vec k)$. Then the pairing Hamiltonian is expressed as H\\_[pair]{} &=& \\_[k,k\\^,]{} {  V\\_t(k;k\\^)  \\[ \\_[=x,y,z]{} P\\^[,]{}\\_t(k) P\\_t\\^(k\\^) \\]\\\n&+& V\\_s(k;k\\^) P\\^\\_s(k) P\\_s(k\\^) }, \\[Eq:polarpair\\] where $V_{t,s}(\\vec k;\\vec k^\\prime)=V_d(\\vec k-\\vec k^\\prime) \\mp\nV_d(\\vec k +\\vec k^\\prime)$ are pairing interactions in the singlet and triplet channels, respectively. ", "The Bogoliubov quasiparticle spectra become $E_i(\\vec k)=\\sqrt{(\\epsilon_k-\\mu)^2+\\lambda^2_i(\\vec k) }$, and $\\lambda^2_{1,2}(\\vec k)$ are the eigenvalues of the positive-definite Hermitian matrix $\\Delta^\\dagger(\\vec k)\n\\Delta(\\vec k)$.\n\nThe gap equation takes the matrix form as \\_(k)=- V\\_d(k-k\\^) , where $\\avg{||}$ means the thermal ensemble average. ", "$\\Delta_{\\alpha\\beta}(\\vec k)$ can be decomposed into the singlet and triplet channel pairings as \\_(k)=\\_[s]{} (k) i\\^y\\_ +\\_[t,]{} (k) (i\\^\\^y)\\_, in which $\\Delta_s$ and $\\Delta_{t,\\mu}$ satisfy \\_[t(s),]{}(k)&=& -\\_[i]{} V\\_[t(s)]{}(k;k\\^) \\[K\\_i(k\\^)\\\n&-&\\] \\_[t(s),]{} (k\\^), \\[eq:gap\\] where $K_i(\\vec k)=\\tanh[\\frac{\\beta}{2}E_i(\\vec k)]/[2E_i(\\vec k)]$. After linearizing the gap equation around $T_c$, we perform the eigenvalue analysis for the pairing problem. ", "The eigen-equation of the triplet sector is the same as Eq. ", "\\[eq:pair\\_part\\_wv\\], while that of the singlet sector can be obtained by replacing $V_t(\\vec k;\\vec k^\\prime)$ with $V_s(\\vec k; \\vec k^\\prime)$. The spherical harmonics decomposition of $V_s(\\vec k; \\vec k^\\prime)$ can be done in a similar way to Eq. ", "\\[eq:pair\\_decomp\\], and the resultant $V_{ll^\\prime;m}$ takes the same form as Eq. ", "\\[eq:pair\\_matrix\\] but with $l, l^\\prime$ only taking even integer values. ", "However, the Hartree interaction does not exist in the pairing channel, and thus, for $l=l^\\prime=m=0$, $V_{00;0}=0$ for the case of the purely dipolar interaction.", "\n\nThe analysis of pairing eigenvalues in the triplet sector is the same as that in the single component case. ", "Thus, the leading pairing symmetry still lies in the $p_z$-channel. ", "The pairing eigenvalue and eigenvector are the same as Eq. ", "\\[eq:pz\\_pair\\], and $T_c$ is still approximately determined by Eq. ", "\\[eq:Tc\\]. ", "We can express the triplet pairing in terms of the $d$-vector as \\_[t,]{}(k)=\\_[t]{} e\\^[i]{} \\^z(\\_k) d\\_, where $\\gamma$ is the U(1) phase and $\\Delta_t$ is the pairing amplitude. ", "This spin-triplet pairing breaks the U(1) gauge symmetry in the charge channel and the SU(2) symmetry in the spin channel, and thus, there are two different low energy excitations: phonon and spin-wave modes. ", "This pairing is still invariant under a combined $Z_2$-symmetry of $\\hat d_\\mu\\rightarrow -\\hat d_\\mu$ and $\\gamma\\rightarrow \\gamma+\\pi$ [@zhou2003; @salomaa1987], and thus, it supports two different classes of vortices: the usual integer vortex of superfluidity, and the half-integer quantum vortex of superfluidity combined with a $\\pi$-disclination of the $d$-vector.", "\n\nIn the singlet channel, the lowest eigenvalue and the corresponding eigenvector are w\\_[s]{}\\^0=-1.93,    \\^[s+d]{}(\\_k)0.6 Y\\_[00]{}-0.8 Y\\_[20]{}, respectively. ", "The eigenvector mixes the $s$ and $d_{k^2-3k_z^2}$-channels. ", "All other negative eigenvalues are small and negligible. ", "Although for the purely dipolar interaction, the singlet channel pairing instability is significantly weaker than that of the triplet channel. ", "Nevertheless, the matrix element $V_{00;0}$ may receive additional contributions from the short-range $s$-wave scattering interaction, which in principle is tunable through Feshbach resonances. ", "At $V_{00;0}/\\lambda\\approx -3.15$, the singlet and triplet channel instabilities become degenerate.", "\n\nConsidering the competition between the spin triplet and singlet channel pairings, we generally expect two pairing superfluid transitions. ", "The first transition is triggered by the stronger pairing channel, say, the triplet $p_z$-channel, which determines $T_{c1}$. In the case that the singlet channel pairing is weaker but nearly degenerate with the triplet one, a second transition may occur at $T_{c2}$ as further lowering temperature. ", "The mixing between the single and triplet pairings breaks parity, and thus, the second transition is also a genuine phase transition. ", "The coupling between these two pairing channels can be captured by the following Ginzburg-Landau (GL) free energy as [@wu2010] F&=& \\_1 (\\_[t]{}\\^\\*\\_t) |\\_s|\\^2 + \\_2 {\\_[t]{}\\^\\* \\_[t]{}\\^\\* \\_s \\_s +cc}\\\n&+&\\_3 |\\_[t]{}\\^\\* \\_[t]{}|\\^2, where $\\vec \\Delta_t$ is a compact notation for $\\Delta_{t,\\mu} (\\mu=x,y,z)$; other non-gradient terms in the GL free energy only depend on the magnitudes of order parameters. ", "$\\gamma_3$ should be positive, such that $\\vec \\Delta_t$ can be described by a real $d$-vector multiplied by a $U(1)$ phase. ", "The sign of $\\gamma_2$ determines the relative phase between $\\Delta_s$ and $\\vec \\Delta_t$: if $\\gamma_2<0$, the phase difference between $\\Delta_s$ and $\\vec \\Delta_t$ is 0 or $\\pi$; if $\\gamma_2>0$, the phase difference is $\\pm\\frac{\\pi}{2}$. The latter case gives rise to a novel pairing with TR symmetry breaking as explained in Sect. ", "\\[sect:TR\\].", "\n\nIn SO coupled systems, the coupling between the singlet and triplet pairings through a spatial gradient is considered in Ref. \\[\\], ", "which leads to a spatially non-uniform state. ", "Nevertheless, because of the spin conservation, such a term is not allowed in electric dipolar systems.", "\n\nTR symmetry breaking mixing between the singlet and triplet pairings {#sect:TR}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWhen the singlet and triplet channel pairings coexist, a natural question is: what is the relative phase between these two pairing channels? ", "It was found in Ref. \\[\\] ", "that, at the mean-field level, the phase difference of $\\pm\\frac{\\pi}{2}$ between $\\Delta^s$ and $\\Delta^{t,\\mu}$ is favored, so that TR symmetry is spontaneously broken. ", "This is a general mechanism leading to the TR symmetry breaking pairing, which applies for the mixing problem between singlet and triplet pairings in the absence of SO coupling in the weak coupling limit. ", "It has also been found later in Ref. \\[\\] ", "that the TR symmetry breaking also exists in the resonance interaction regime of the dipolar Fermi gases.", "\n\nThe reason for the above TR symmetry breaking effect is that the weak coupling theory favors the unitary pairing, [*i.e.*]{}, $\\Delta^\\dagger (\\vec k) \\Delta(\\vec k)$ is an identity matrix up to a factor. ", "A simple calculation shows that $\\Delta^\\dagger(\\vec k)\\Delta (\\vec k)=\n|\\Delta^s|^2+|\\Delta^{t,\\mu}|^2 +\\Re (\\Delta^{s,*} \\Delta^{t,\\mu})\n(\\sigma^\\mu)^T$. The unitary pairing is achieved if and only if a phase difference $e^{i\\phi}=\\pm i$ exists between $\\Delta^s$ and $\\Delta^{t,\\mu}$. More precisely, it can be proved following the method presented in Ref. \\[\\]. ", "The quasi-particle spectra read $E_i=\\sqrt{\\xi^2+\\lambda_i^2}\n(i=1,2)$ with \\_[1,2]{}\\^2&=&|\\_s \\^[s+d]{}(\\_k)|\\^2 +|\\_t \\^z(\\_k)|\\^2\\\n&& 2(\\^[\\*]{}\\_s \\_t) \\^[s+d]{}(\\_k) \\^z(\\_k). ", "The quasiparticle contribution to the free energy is $f(x)=-\\frac{2}{\\beta}\\ln [2 \\cosh \\frac{\\beta}{2}\n\\sqrt{\\xi^2_k +x }]$, which satisfies $\\frac{d^2}{dx^2} f(x) >0$ [@cheng2010]. ", "Thus, f(\\_1\\^2)+f(\\_2\\^2) 2 f() and the minimum is reached at $\\lambda_1^2=\\lambda_2^2$. This is precisely the condition of the unitary pairing.", "\n\nHere is another intuitive view to see why the phase difference $e^{i\\phi}=\\pm i$ is favored. ", "Without loss of generality, let us set $\\hat d\\parallel \\hat z$, and assume a relative phase difference $\\phi$. The ratio between the pairing amplitudes is = . ", "Only when $e^{i\\phi}=\\pm i$, the magnitude of this ratio is 1, such that the pairing strengths are the same. ", "Otherwise, say, if $e^{i\\phi}=\\pm 1$, the pairing amplitudes of $\\avg{\\psi_\\uparrow(\\vec k )\\psi_\\downarrow(-\\vec k)}$ and $\\avg{\\psi_\\downarrow(\\vec k )\\psi_\\uparrow(-\\vec k)}$ are not equal. ", "Again, the pairing structure, whose gap magnitudes distribute over the Fermi surface in a more uniform way, is usually favored.", "\n\nThe $J$-triplet Cooper pairing with the magnetic dipolar interaction {#sect:mg_dp_pair}\n====================================================================\n\nThe magnetic dipolar interaction also gives rise to novel Cooper pairing structures possessing the SO coupled nature [@li2012]. ", "Again, below, we use the simplest case of $F=\\frac{1}{2}$ as a prototype model to explore the exotic pairing structure of the magnetic dipolar interaction, which provides a novel and robust mechanism for the $p$-wave ($L=1$) spin triplet ($S=1$) Cooper pairing. ", "It turns out that its pairing symmetry structure is markedly different from those in the celebrated $p$-wave $^3$He $A$ and $B$ phases: the orbital angular momentum $L$ and spin $S$ of a Cooper pair are coupled into the total angular momentum $J = 1$, and thus dubbed as the $J$-triplet pairing. ", "In comparison, the $^3$He $B$ phase is isotropic in which $J=0$; while, the $A$ phase is anisotropic in which $J$ is not well-defined [@leggett1975].", "\n\nEven within the $J$-triplet sector, there are still competing instabilities regarding to different possibilities of $J_z$’s: the helical polar state ($J_z=0$) which maintains TR symmetry, and the axial state ($J_z=\\pm 1$) which breaks TR symmetry. ", "The helical polar state exhibits a pair of nodes around which the quasi-particle wavefunction exhibits winding numbers $\\pm 1$, thus it is a gapless Dirac pairing. ", "It is a TR invariant generalization of the $^3$He-$A$ phase with coupled spin and orbital degrees of freedom. ", "This state was also proposed before, in the context of superfluid $^3$He as an intermediate phase between the $^3$He-$B$ phase and the normal state [@fishman1987]. ", "In contrast, the axial pairing state exhibits a Weyl type node around which the winding number is $2$, and its low energy spectrum is quadratic.", "\n\nIn this section, we review the SO coupled pairing structure of the magnetic dipolar fermions. ", "An intuitive real space picture for the $J$-triplet pairing is presented in Sect. ", "\\[sect:real\\]. ", "The partial-wave analysis for the pairing eigenvalues is performed in Sect. ", "\\[sect:mgdp\\_partial\\]. ", "The structure of the nodal Bogoliubov quasi-particles is given in Sect. ", "\\[sect:mgdp\\_topo\\].", "\n\nThe real space picture for the $J$-triplet pairing {#sect:real}\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nWe perform an intuitive real space analysis based on a simple two-body problem. ", "It can be shown that the magnetic dipolar interaction between two spin-$\\frac{1}{2}$ fermions vanishes in the total spin singlet channel, and it only exists in the total spin triplet channel. ", "Naturally, the magnetic dipolar interaction leads to the triplet pairing. ", "Let us introduce a characteristic length scale at which the kinetic energy equals the interaction energy at $a_{dp}=m g^2_F\\mu_B^2/\\hbar^2$ where $m$ is the fermion mass. ", "Since our purpose is to seek the most attractive angular partial-wave channel, without loss of generality, we can fix the inter-particle distance at $a_{dp}$. In the spin triplet channel, the lowest value of orbital angular momentum is $p$-wave, and thus there are $3\\times 3=9$ states with $L=S=1$. According to the total angular momentum $J$, they can be classified into $J=0,1$ and $2$. The interaction energies can be easily diagonalized in each sector as E\\_0=E\\_[dp]{},    E\\_1=- E\\_[dp]{},    E\\_2= E\\_[dp]{}, respectively, where $E_{dp}=g_F^2\\mu_B^2/a^3_{dp}$. Only the channel with $J=1$ can support bound states, which is also confirmed from the momentum space analysis below in Sect. ", "\\[sect:mgdp\\_partial\\].", "\n\nThe reason why the $J$-triplet channel is the most attractive one is because of its particular pairing spin configuration, which shows a dominant “head-to-tail” configuration and thus the interaction is attractive. ", "More precisely, let us denote the spin wavefunctions and the relative orbital wavefunctions as $\\chi_\\mu$ and $p_\\mu(\\hat\\Omega)$, which satisfy { e\\_(S\\_1 +S\\_2)} \\_=0,    (e\\_L) p\\_()=0, for $\\mu=x,y$, and $z$. In other words, $\\chi_\\mu$ and $p_\\mu(\\hat\\Omega)$ are polar eigenstates of total spin and the relative orbital angular momentum, respectively. ", "In the sector of $J=1$, we define the SO coupled polar state satisfying (e\\_J) \\_=0, which can be expressed as $\\phi_\\mu(\\Omega)=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}\n\\epsilon_{\\mu\\nu\\lambda} \\chi_\\nu p_\\lambda(\\Omega)$. In particular, for the state with $J_z=0$, it can be further expressed as \\_z() &=&{|\\_[e\\_]{} \\_1 |\\_[e\\_]{} \\_2+|\\_[e\\_]{} \\_1 |\\_[e\\_]{}\\_2 },    where, $\\hat e_\\rho=\\hat x \\cos\\phi+\\hat y \\sin \\phi $; $|\\alpha_{e_\\rho}\\rangle$ and $|\\beta_{e_\\rho}\\rangle$ are eigenstates of $\\hat e_\\rho \\cdot \\vec \\sigma $ with eigenvalues of $\\pm 1$, respectively. ", "This shows the “head-to-tail” configuration in Fig. ", "\\[fig:twbdy\\] (a), and thus, the corresponding interaction is attractive.", "\n\nIn contrast, the eigenstate of $J=0$ shows the “head-to-head” configuration as shown in Fig. ", "\\[fig:twbdy\\] ($b$), and thus the interaction in such a state is repulsive. ", "It is expressed as $\\phi_0(\\Omega)\n=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt 2} \\big\\{|\\alpha_\\Omega \\rangle_1 |\\beta_\\Omega\\rangle_2+\n|\\beta_\\Omega \\rangle_1 |\\alpha_\\Omega\\rangle_2 \\big\\},$ where $|\\alpha_\\Omega\\rangle$ and $|\\beta_\\Omega\\rangle$ are eigenstates of $\\hat \\Omega \\cdot \\vec \\sigma$ with the eigenvalues $\\pm 1$, respectively.", "\n\nThe momentum space partial-wave analysis {#sect:mgdp_partial}\n----------------------------------------\n\nIn this part, we review the partial-wave analysis in momentum space, which arrives at the same pairing symmetry as that obtained through the real space analysis.", "\n\nAfter the mean-field decomposition, the pairing Hamiltonian of the magnetic dipolar system becomes H\\_[mf]{}&=& \\^(k) (\n\n[cc]{} (k) I & \\_ (k)\\\n\\^\\*\\_(k) &-(k) I\n\n) (k),\\\n\\[eq:mf\\] where $\\Psi(\\vec k)=(\\psi_\\uparrow (\\vec k), \\psi_\\downarrow(\\vec k),\n\\psi_\\uparrow^\\dagger(-\\vec k), \\psi_\\downarrow^\\dagger(-\\vec k) )^T$; $\\xi (\\vec k)=\\epsilon (\\vec k) -\\mu$. The Bogoliubov quasiparticle spectra become $E_i(\\vec k)=\\sqrt{\\xi_k^2+\\lambda^2_i(\\vec k) }$ where $i=1,2$ and $\\lambda^2_i(\\vec k)$ are the eigenvalues of the positive-definite Hermitian matrix defined as $\\Delta^\\dagger(\\vec k) \\Delta(\\vec k)$.\n\nThe pairing matrix $\\Delta_{\\alpha\\beta}$ is defined as \\_=\\_[S\\_z]{}1S\\_z |\\^\\*\\_[S\\_z]{}, where $\\langle 1S_z|\\frac{1}{2}\\alpha\\frac{1}{2} \\beta\\rangle$ is the Clebsch-Gordan coefficient for two spin-$\\frac{1}{2}$ states to form the spin triplet. ", "$\\Delta_{S_z}$ satisfies the mean-field gap function as \\_[S\\_z]{}(k) &=&-\\_i V\\_[S\\_zS\\_z\\^]{}(k;k\\^) \\[K\\_i(k\\^)-\\]\\\n&& \\_[S\\^\\_z]{} (k\\^), \\[eq:gap\\_2\\] where $K_i(\\vec k^\\prime)=\\tanh[\\frac{\\beta}{2}\nE_{i}(\\vec k^\\prime)]/[2E_i (\\vec k^\\prime)]$, and the integral in Eq. ", "\\[eq:gap\\_2\\] is already normalized following the standard procedure [@baranov2002].", "\n\nThe interaction matrix element in Eq. ", "\\[eq:gap\\_2\\] is defined as V\\_[S\\_zS\\_z\\^]{}(k;k\\^)&=& \\_[\\^\\^]{} 1S\\_z| 1S\\_z\\^| \\^\\^\\^\\*\\\n&& { V\\_[,\\^\\^]{}(k-k\\^) -V\\_[,\\^\\^]{}(k+k\\^)}. ", "The spherical harmonics decomposition of $V_{S_zS_z^\\prime}\n(\\vec k;\\vec k^\\prime)$ can be formulated as V\\_[S\\_zS\\_z\\^]{}(k;k\\^) &=&\\_[LM,L\\^M\\^]{} V\\_[LMS\\_z;L\\^M\\^S\\_z\\^]{} Y\\_[LM]{}\\^\\*(\\_k)\\\n&& Y\\_[L\\^M\\^]{} (\\_[k\\^]{}), \\[eq:partialwave\\] where $L=L^\\prime$, or, $L=L^\\prime\\pm2$, and $L,L^\\prime$ are odd integers. ", "The expressions of the dimensionless matrix elements $V_{LMS_z;L^\\prime M^\\prime S_z^\\prime}$ are the same as those in Eq. ", "\\[eq:mgdr\\_landau\\] except an overall minus sign and a numeric factor.", "\n\nThe free energy can be calculated as F&=&-\\_[i=1,2]{}\\\n&-& \\_[S\\_z,S\\_z\\^]{} { \\^\\*\\_[S\\_z]{}(k) V\\^[-1]{}\\_[S\\_z S\\_z\\^]{}(k; k\\^)\\\n&& \\_[S\\_z\\^]{}(k) }, \\[eq:free\\] where $V^{-1}_{S_z S_z^\\prime}(\\vec k; \\vec k^\\prime)$ is the inverse of the interaction matrix defined as \\_[S\\_z\\^]{} V\\_[S\\_z,S\\_z\\^]{}(k; k\\^) V\\^[-1]{}\\_[S\\_z\\^,S\\_z\\^]{}(k\\^; k\\^) =\\_[k, k\\^]{} \\_[S\\_z,S\\_z\\^]{}.", "\n\nIn order to analyze the pairing eigenvalues, the gap equation is linearized around $T_c$ for states around the Fermi surface. ", "The total angular momentum quantum number $J$ is employed to classify the eigen-gap functions denoted as $\\phi^{a,JJ_z}_{S_z} (\\vec k)$, in which the index $a$ is used to distinguish different channels with the same value of $J$. The eigen-equation for $\\phi^{a,JJ_z}_{S_z} (\\vec k)$ is N\\_0 V\\_[S\\_z S\\_z\\^]{} (k; k\\^) \\^[a;JJ\\_z]{}\\_[S\\_z\\^]{} (k\\^) =w\\^a\\_[J]{} \\^[a;JJ\\_z]{}\\_[S\\_z]{}(k), where $w^a_J$ are dimensionless eigenvalues; $\\vec k,\\vec k^\\prime$ are at the Fermi surface. ", "Employing the spherical harmonics decomposition of Eq. ", "\\[eq:partialwave\\], the most negative eigenvalue is calculated lying the channel of $J=L=1$ as $w^{J=1}=-2\\pi\\lambda_m$. All other negative eigenvalues are significantly smaller. ", "Thus, the dominant pairing channel remains in the $J$-triplet channel in the weak coupling theory in agreement with the real space analysis.", "\n\nFor later convenience, the pairing matrix in the $J=1$ sector is represented as \\_\\^(k)= \\_(k\\_\\_- k\\_\\_)\\_, for $\\mu=x,y$ and $z$. It represents a pairing symmetry whose angular momentum projection along the direction of $\\hat e_\\mu$ is zero, [*i.e.*]{}, it is an eigenstate of $\\hat e_\\mu \\cdot \\vec J$ with the zero eigenvalue.", "\n\nHelical polar pairing and chiral axial pairing {#sect:mgdp_topo}\n----------------------------------------------\n\nIn the sector of $J=1$, there are still two non-equivalent pairing possibilities: $J_z=0$, or $J_z=\\pm 1$, whose pairing matrices are $\\Delta^z_{\\alpha\\beta}(\\vec k)$ and $\\frac{1}{\\sqrt 2}\n\\{\\Delta^x_{\\alpha\\beta}(\\vec k) \\pm i \\Delta^y_{\\alpha\\beta}(\\vec k)\\}$, respectively. ", "Based on the GL analysis up to the quartic order of the pairing order parameter, it can be proved that these two are the only non-equivalent pairing symmetries under 3D rotations. ", "Right at $T_c$, the Ginzburg-Landau free energy can be linearized, and these two instabilities are degenerate, while this degeneracy is lifted below $T_c$ due to the non-linearity of the Ginzburg-Landau free energy.", "\n\nIn quantum mechanics, if a system possesses rotation symmetry, of course, the eigenstates of its energy in the $J=1$ sector and all of their superpositions are degenerate because of the linearity of quantum mechanics. ", "However, the index $J$ labeling the pairing order parameter is not the angular momentum of the many-body eigenstate. ", "The description of a many-body system in terms of order parameters is a great simplification by only keeping a very limit but essential amount of degrees of freedom. ", "A price to pay is that the description in terms of order parameters, say, the Landau-Ginzburg free energy, is non-linear even though quantum mechanics remains linear. ", "This is the reason why the $J_z=0$ and $J_z=\\pm 1$ in principle are non-equivalent and the superposition law does not hold for Cooper pairing symmetries. ", "The two pairing patterns with $J_z=1$ and $J_z=-1$ are equivalent to each other which can be connected either by a rotation or by the TR transformation.", "\n\n### Helical polar pairing\n\nThe pairing symmetry with $J_z=0$ is also called the $J$-polar pairing, characterized by the following pairing matrix $\\Delta^{pl}_{\\alpha\\beta}=\\frac{1}{2}|\\Delta|[ k_y \\sigma_1 -\nk_x \\sigma_2) i\\sigma_2 ]_{\\alpha\\beta}$ as \\_\\^[pl]{}&=& , which is a unitary pairing and preserves TR symmetry. ", "The spin-up fermions are paired in the $p_x-ip_y$ symmetry, while, the spin-down fermions are paired with the $p_x+ip_y$ symmetry. ", "Thus, it is equivalent to a helical version of the $^3$He-$A$ phase. ", "In the $^3$He-$A$ phase, the pairing symmetry defines an orbital angular momentum direction represented by the $l$-vector. ", "Here, the $z$-axis plays a similar role, but due to the TR symmetry, it represents the bi-direction of the polar axis, and thus it is no long a vector but a director. ", "Thus if we rotation the polar pairing around any axis in the $xy$-plane for 180$^\\circ$, then the system returns to itself up to a global phase difference.", "\n\nThe Bogoliubov quasiparticle spectra are degenerate for two different spin configurations as $E^{pl}_{k,\\alpha}=\\sqrt{\\xi^2_k+|\\Delta^{pl}(\\vec k)|^2}$ with the anisotropic gap function $|\\Delta^{pl}(\\vec k)|^2=\n\\frac{1}{4}|\\Delta|^2 \\sin^2\\theta_k$ depicted in Fig. ", "\\[fig:gap\\]. ", "The effective linearized Hamiltonian around the north and south poles can be combined as H\\_ = \\^(k) (\n\n[cc]{} v\\_f(k\\_z-k\\_f)& k\\_x-i k\\_y\\\nk\\_x+i k\\_y &-v\\_f(k\\_z-k\\_f)\n\n) (k),    \\[eq:weyl-pl\\] where $\\psi^T(\\vec k)=(\\psi_\\uparrow(\\vec k), \\psi_\\uparrow^\\dagger(-\\vec k))$. Eq. ", "\\[eq:weyl-pl\\] describes a Weyl fermion with a unit winding number. ", "Combining the effective Hamiltonian for the spin down sector which is also a Weyl fermion but with an opposite chirality, the low energy Bogoliubov spectrum is 3D gapless Dirac like. ", "If the quantization axis for the polar pairing is rotated away from the $z$-axis, then the spin quantization axis for the Bogoliubov quasiparticles should also be transformed accordingly.", "\n\n### The chiral axial pairing\n\nWithout loss of generality, we pick up the $J_z=1$ pairing, and the result of the state of $J_z=-1$ can be obtained by performing TR transformation. ", "The pairing matrix, $\\Delta^{ax}_{\\alpha\\beta}=\\frac{1}{2\\sqrt 2}|\\Delta|\n\\{ \\hat k_z (\\sigma_1 + i\\sigma_2) i\\sigma_2\n+ i \\sigma_3 \\sigma_2 (\\hat k_x+i \\hat k_y) \\}_{\\alpha\\beta}$, takes the form of \\_\\^[ax]{}(k) &=&|| ,       thus, this is a non-unitary pairing state. ", "The Bogoliubov quasiparticle spectra have two non-degenerate branches with anisotropic dispersion relations as $E^{ax}_{i}(\\vec k)=\\sqrt{\\xi^2_k+|\\Delta^{ax}_i(\\vec k)|^2}$, with |\\^[ax]{}\\_i (k)|\\^2= ||\\^2 (1\\_k)\\^2 for $i=1$ and $2$, respectively, as depicted in Fig. ", "\\[fig:gap\\].", "\n\nConsidering the coupling between $\\vec k$ and $-\\vec k$, we can combine the north and south poles together into a four component spinor. ", "The above energy spectra show that two of them are gapped, while, another two of them are gapless forming a two-component Weyl spinor. ", "Different from the usual linear dispersion of Weyl fermions, the dispersions are quadratic with respect to the the transverse momentum $k_\\pp=\\sqrt{k^2_x+k^2_y}$.\n\nA natural question is: which pairing is energetically more stable? ", "For the case of $^3$He, at the mean-field level, the $B$-phase is always more stable than the $A$-phase [@balian1963] because the gap function of the $B$ phase is uniform over the Fermi surface. ", "This can be intuitively understood as follows: the BCS mean-field free energy density in momentum space ${\\cal F}[|\\Delta(\\vec k)|^2]$ can be viewed as a functional of the gap function $|\\Delta(\\vec k)|^2$. Let us consider the pairing on the Fermi surface with the constraint of $\\int d\\Omega_k |\\Delta(\\vec k)|^2$ fixed as a constant, and then to minimize the free energy. ", "Usually, the non-linearity of the free energy favors a distribution of $|\\Delta_k|^2$ as uniform as possible. ", "Here, the situation is quite subtle. ", "As shown in Fig. ", "\\[fig:gap\\], for both cases, the pairing gap function distributions on the Fermi surface are non-uniform. ", "Nevertheless, the distribution of the unitary polar pairing is more uniform than that of the axial pairing. ", "Naturally, we expect that, at the mean-field level, the polar pairing wins. ", "This has been numerically confirmed by comparing the BCS mean-field free energies of both pairings in Ref. \\[\\]. ", "However, we need to bear in mind that this conclusion is only valid at the mean-field level. ", "We cannot rule out the possibility that certain strong coupling effects can stabilize the axial state. ", "In fact, even in the $^3$He case, the $A$ phase wins in certain parameter regime in which the strong correlation spin feedback effect dominates [@leggett1975; @brinkman1974].", "\n\n### More discussions\n\nThe above study of the spin-$\\frac{1}{2}$ magnetic dipolar system is just a toy model to start with. ", "Of course, the energy scale is too small to be observed in current cold atom systems. ", "Even for large moment atoms $^{161}$Dy ($\\mu=10\\mu_B$) with the current available density $10^{13}$ cm$^{-3}$, the dipolar energy scale is only around 6$nK$ [@fregoso2010]. ", "One possible way to enhance the interaction energy scale is to impose the optical lattice structure. ", "For particles in the same lattice site, the inter-particle distance is at the order of $100nm$, which can enhance the interaction energy scale to $0.6\\mu K$. Even the $s$-orbital band can hold up to $2F+1$ fermions per site. ", "We expect that this system can exhibit a variety of even more exotic many-body physics to be explored.", "\n\nConclusions {#sect:conclusion}\n===========\n\nWe have briefly reviewed the novel many-body physics of both electric and magnetic dipolar fermion systems focusing on the aspect of unconventional symmetries. ", "The electric dipolar interaction is characterized by its $d_{r^2-3z^2}$-anisotropy, which leads to anisotropic Fermi liquid properties in the particle-hole channel and a robust mechanism of spin-triplet $p_z$-wave Cooper pairing in the particle-particle channel. ", "The competition and coexistence between the singlet and triplet Cooper pairing leads to a novel mechanism of TR symmetry breaking pairing. ", "The magnetic dipolar interaction manifests its SO coupled nature in unpolarized fermion systems. ", "Its Fermi liquid theory is SO coupled whose collective zero sound mode exhibits an oscillation of a topological non-trivial spin structure over the Fermi surface. ", "The magnetic dipolar interaction also lead to a SO coupled $p$-wave spin triplet Cooper pairing state with the total spin of a Cooper pair $J=1$. This is a novel pairing symmetry different from that in both $^3$He-$B$ and $A$ phases, whose Bogoliubov quasiparticles exhibit nodal helical Dirac or chiral Weyl spectra.", "\n\nWe thank C. K. Chan, S. Das Sarma, J. Hirsch, W. C. Lee, and K. Sun for collaborations. ", "In particular, C. W. is grateful to S. Das Sarma for introducing the field of dipolar fermions to him. ", "We also thank E. Fradkin, A. J. Leggett, S. Kivelson, S. C. 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B [**81**]{}, 024504 (2010).", "\n\n[^1]: The expressions in Eq. ", "\\[eq:parameter\\_3D\\] we use the standard normalization convention in Ref. \\[\\] ", "which is different from that in Ref. \\[\\], ", "thus the parameters in Eq. ", "\\[eq:fradkin\\] are modified accordingly.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Scott Hall Removed from GFW Roster\n\nAs noted, TMZ reported yesterday that Scott Hall was escorted out of an indy event over the weekend by security due to intoxication.", "\n\nAs of this morning, Scott Hall’s profile has been pulled from the Global Force Wrestling roster page. ", "GFW has yet to release an official statement on Hall’s status, however.", "\n\nROH Re-Signs Talent\n\nROH has issued the following:\n\n(Baltimore, MD – May 19th, 2015) Ring of Honor would like to announce the signing of Quinn “Moose” Ojinnaka to a new contract. ", "The talented offensive lineman who was drafted by the NFL’s Atlanta Falcons played seven seasons in the league but has made incredible strides in just his first year in Ring of Honor. ", "The 6’5″, 295-pounder is in high demand and negotiations wrapped up this weekend in Toronto as Ojinnaka signed his new contract. ", "The Syracuse University graduate made his first Ring of Honor appearance last June at the 2014 edition of “Best in the World”, the first live PPV in company history. ", "Moose will be a big part of Best in the World, as Ring of Honor returns to Pay Per View on Friday June 19th from NYC, when he faces MICHAEL ELGIN and RODERICK STRONG in a match to determine the new #1 Contender for the ROH World Championship.", "\n\nRusev & Others Declare Their Elimination Chamber Intentions\n\nWWE has released the following video, featuring Rusev and other WWE stars declaring their Elimination Chamber intentions:" ]

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[ "Deane House\n\nDeane House may refer to:\n\nin Canada\n Deane House (Fort Calgary), Fort Calgary, Alberta\n\nin the United States\n(by state)\n Deane House (Little Rock, Arkansas), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)\n Silas Deane House, Wethersfield, Connecticut, NRHP-listed\n Francis Deane Cottage, Uxbridge, Massachusetts, NRHP-listed\n Deane-Williams House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, NRHP-listed\n Deane House (Cofield, North Carolina), NRHP-listed\n\nSee also\nDean House (disambiguation)" ]

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[ "Climbed up from the tram with Gene Merewether. ", "The last part of the cat walk was a little sketchy so we opted out of doing that. ", "We also tagged Yale and Harvard Peaks along the way. ", "Very warm day and post holed the whole way.", "\n\nAfter reading that Jacinto was just a hike I decided to scramble up Cornell. ", "Came up first 50 ft on the SE, swung around and then went up the westside. ", "Had trouble with that so I went around to the north and went up that way. ", "The summit block was just scary-- had to jump to grab the first handhold. ", "A lot of fun\n\nGreat class 3 scramble to the summit block coupled with a spicy move or two on the actual summit.", "\n\nLooked under every stray rock for the register, but no luck.", "\n\nHeaded back up the old trail with intentions of bagging San J and Folly, but lost the desire once I realized it'd be a 20-mile outing. ", "Should have stuck to the Miller-Cornell ridge proper to keep it shorter. ", "Another lesson learned...\n\nFor whatever reason (the threat of rain) we decided to hike up Devil's Slide, over to Hidden Lake, up to Round Valley, climb up San Jacinto, and hike back to Humber Park instead of some rock route on Tahquitz. ", "Whem Tom, an old rock climbing buddy of mine, saw Cornell as we headed toward Tamarack Valley said \"Let's do that to\".", "\nI've since been up a dozen or so times,usually in the winter or spring.", "\n\nDidn't have great info on this one, so we just cut across from Tamarak valley hoping to find a good way up. ", "Came up the south east side and stopped about 30-40 feet from the top. ", "Couldn't find a way up I thought my boys could come back down. ", "Nice view, but I don't think I need to go back here.", "\n\nSet up camp by 5:15 pm in Round Valley for a walk up San Jac the next day. ", "Nothing to do until Cornell started calling. ", "Very fun scramble up the West face, but thwarted at the top. ", "Dicey, airy moves to get onto the summit block. ", "Dropped down and swung around to the East side and easily made the summit. ", "More enjoyable than San Jac.", "\n\nIt was a sunny cool Spring morning. ", "We agreed to arrive to the tram sation by 7:30 am and take the first tram up. ", "Oh, well we took the third one. ", "The hike was pleasant and was accompanied by some fresh snow that was falling from the clouds lighted up by the sun. ", "After leaving the snowshoes near the rocky face we started scramble up the slope. ", "The first move was to traver one \"aukward\" bolder and with a quick lead by Rinat It was a sunny cool spring morning. ", "We agreed to arrive to the tram station by 7:30 am and take the first tram up. ", "Oh, well we took the third one. ", "The hike was pleasant and was accompanied by some fresh snow that was falling from the clouds lighted up by the sun. ", "After leaving the snowshoes near the rocky face we started scramble up the slope. ", "The first move was to travel one \"awkward\" bolder and with a quick lead by Rinat Shagisultanov each of s took a turn to climb (top rope) to the summit. ", "Later in the day it was moderately windy, so the summit time was quite short to satisfy everybody's will to climb. ", "The way back was again a pleasant hike through the woods covered with spring snow. ", "It was really enjoyable day trip.", "\n\nLots of snow and ice up towards the summit on the south west route. ", "After I slipped and had to self arrest I decided this was not a good place to climb alone and retreated. ", "Had to make the tough choice to turn back 50 feet below the summit. ", "What was a fun 4th class in summer is pretty treacherous in winter.", "\n\nI saw no other foot prints the whole way up, with the snow coming this week, this climb should get more interesting.", "\n\nBlustery day on the summit! ", "Deb, my son Christian, and I scrambled the SW face. ", "Fun. ", "We actually found some fun 5th class stuff to solo on down at the base of the western shoulder. ", "Maybe Deb will post those photo some day....\n\nWe had a beautiful day, approx 42 degrees and a some sunshine (albeit windier than hell, 35 mph) to explore this peak. ", "Loads of 3rd class fun on the way to the base and some terrific 4th class exposure heading up the most western side and descended the same. ", "No gear required, just a good grip and a little nerve. ", "On our exit of Tamarack we continued with more exciting scrambling on many adjacent rock croppings. ", "Great stuff!" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to a high bay light or shop light and more particularly to a high bay light including one to four LED modules mounted on a mounting plate which is supported on a vertically disposed support surface or a horizontally disposed support surface. ", "Even more particularly, this invention relates to a high bay light wherein the LED modules may be pivotally moved with respect to one another to achieve different lighting effects.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nMany types light fixtures have been previously provided for supporting one or more mercury vapor, incandescent or florescent lights above a bay area. ", "Recently, LED light fixtures have replaced the lights identified above for several reasons. ", "First, mercury vapor lights consume considerable power and require some time to fully gain power once they have been turned on. ", "Incandescent lights give off considerable heat. ", "Florescent lights like the other enumerated lights require frequent replacement.", "\nLED lights are useful as bay lights due to lower power consumption and longevity. ", "A problem exists with LED lights is that the fixtures thereof are not readily adjustable to illuminate different areas of the bay. ", "Further, the further prior art LED fixtures are difficult to fabricate and require a large number of component parts." ]

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[ "The Old Fishery, La mm’S Little Lambs, you help free the orphans' from the life of thievery. ", "Gaedren’s right-hand man and his longest lived accomplice is Yargin Balkro, gnome named Hookshanks Gruller, a taskmaster, Giggles, an unforgiving taskmaster named Giggles, a half-orc brute, Drain Spider, Gaedren Lamm, hunchbacked thieving snake, plague on Korvosa’s forgotten children, and all-around despicable wretch, can be found here. ", "Gobblegut the alligator.", "So passes Eodred II, second of his honorable name, and with his last gasp the Crimson Throne becomes the seat of Queen Ileosa, his lady wife. ", "Yet many would see it otherwise. ", "Korvosa is a fickle mount, and bucks even the canniest and most ruthless from its seat of power.", "Eodred II’s sudden death took the aristocracy by surprise—his health had been declining (due to the secret regimen of poison in his diet), but the sudden turn catches most of the castle off guard. ", "Rumors quickly spread on the street—that he suffered from some diseasebeyond even the priesthoods of Sarenrae and Abadar’s skill to cure, and that even Asmodeus’s disciples were summoned from their pentacle temple in the deep of night to try their dark hand at restoring the king. ", "With the king’s death, Queen Ileosa ascends the Crimson Throne, much to the displeasure of most Korvosans, who view her as a petulant gold-digger at best. ", "Worse, the castle seneschal has vanished, supposedly slain in one of the initial riots that broke out at the base of Castle Korvosa when the grim news of Eodred’s death was proclaimed. ", "Desperate citizens, salty dock workers, soot-covered.", "\n\nQuest completed:\n\nGrau Soldado human. ", "Born in Sandpoint, the well-liked Watch Sergeant he was before the king’s death.", "\n\nImps and Dragons - where attacked by the Imps and helped by the little dragons.", "\n\nMad Prophet: The death of King Eodred II also brings the doomsayers and end-of-the-world lunatics out of the woodwork. ", "The majority of them are relatively harmless prophets content to lurk on their street corners and preach about the end of the world. ", "A few are more sinister, preaching that “the Eye of Groetus has turned from the Boneyard to look upon Korvosa!” ", "and similar strange, obscure threats.", "In this encounter, one wild-haired and sick-looking old man fixates on one of the PCs, convinced that character appeared to him in a dream, and that his nearing death during a time of great sickness and peril during\n\nThe mob, Bands of rioting laborers run in mobs, battering anyone dressed in finery with snarling yowls of, “Die, dandy!” ", "and, “Death to the Whore-Queen!” . ", "the mob attacks young Amin Jalento noble.", "\n\nOtyugh Uprising: the guards fought.", "\n\nThe return of the brooch.", "Aid the guard: 1st task. ", "Quest completed.", "\n\nCitadel Volshyenek is located in Midland, overlooking Jeggare Harbor, where it serves as the base of operations for the Korvosan Guard. ", "The Citadel currently operates on a skeleton crew, as almost all available guards are hard at work in the city, desperately trying to keep order. ", "Two nervous guards stand at the entrance to the Yard, but as the queen promised, the PCs are expected. ", "They quickly wave the party through, and one guard escorts the PCs into the central keep, where a harried and tired-looking woman rises from her desk to greet the PCs—this is Field Marshal Cressida Kroft, an attractive, dark-haired human woman dressed in red armor. ", "She introduces herself and asks for the PCs’ names as she bids them to sit. ", "Since Eodred II’s death, Cressida hasn’t slept, yet she bears her exhaustion well.", "\n\n“Vancaskerkin and his men have holed up in an abandoned butcher’s shop up in Northgate—the place was called All the World’s Meat. ", "I need you to check out the place. ", "Try to avoid killing any of the deserters if you can, but if you must, they brought it upon themselves when they threw in their lot with Vancaskerkin. ", "For him, I’d really prefer it if you could capture him alive and return him to me for interrogation, but if he makes that impossible, I’ll accept his body as well. ", "Finally, see if you can find out why Verik deserted—if there’s more to it than simple personal politics, I need to know immediately. ", "Bring me Verik alive, and there’s another thousand gold in it for you. ", "Dead, he’s only worth half that.”", "\n\nShould the PCs ask around on the street about Verik and his boys, a DC 10 Gather Information check is enough to learn that the group’s taken to calling themselves the Cow Hammer Boys, and that their program of free meat during the time of unrest is keeping many families from going hungry.", "\n\nTwo guards stand at attention here—Baldrago (killed), (a tall man with bushy eyebrows that merge into one just above his large flat nose) and Malder (escaped) (a wheezy man whose chainmail doesn’t quite fit his ample frame). ", "The Cow Hammer Boys hire themselves out for petty thuggery—they ask no questions of those who hire them, only demanding a payment of 50 gp per person to be beaten. ", "Meat butchered in the early evening is salted and then stored overnight in this room—by noon, the meat here is all gone. ", "If the PCs enter this room while meat is stored, the majority of it consists of pork and beef, but at least a half-dozen cuts are harder to identify. ", "A closer examination and reveals that these cuts don’t come from animals at all, but from humanoids. ", "If Parns and Karralo aren’t here during the day, heir mercenary work arrive, these unfortunates smuggled into this room already unconscious or dead and wrapped in sacks. ", "Parns (captured) particularly enjoys butchering humans, but Karralo (escaped) has increasingly begged off this duty. ", "The creatures are having a tough time keeping up with the grisly offerings. ", "Well-fed, the creatures attack only if they think intruders are attempting to steal their food—by searching through the remains, for example.", "\n\nAid the guard: 1st task. ", "Quest completed.", "\n\nVerik’s (captured) initial attitude is hostile—he refuses to surrender unless his attitude. ", "If confronted with hard evidence that his men have been murdering locals on the side for pay his spirit breaks. ", "Realizing how much harm he’s actually been doing, he drops his weapons and allows the PCs to arrest him in which case he finally admits that it was her idea to leave the guard and form a gang to help feed the locals. ", "He’s quick to point out that her plan isn’t bad—people need to eat, after all—but can’t give a good reason why one of the Arkonas.", "\n\nAid the guard: 2nd task. ", "Quest completed.", "\n\nYou were asked to check out a warehouse to that was under attack. ", "IT appears two Imps were summoned and by wizard graduates. ", "The imps killed the wizard escaped and you killed the 2 crocodiles. ", "You destroyed the magic circle to keep things for being summoned from it.", "\n\nThe Ambassador's Secret:\n\nYou successfully spoke with Devargo Barvasi and through a bribery and an amazing round of Knives Game performed Mae convinced him to provide you with the letters.", "\n\nVencarlo has often come to me with news of important changes on the streets, and this is no different—indeed, what he’s learned could degrade into sanctions, embargos, or even war against Cheliax if we don’t act now. ", "This problem is a man named Darvayne Gios Amprei. ", "You might have heard of him—he’s an ambassador from Cheliax whose disdain for Korvosa is well documented, and yet he’s taken great pleasure in what our city has to offer. ", "Even before this recent unrest, this man was ready to recommend to his government a sanction on trade, or perhaps even an embargo. ", "Vencarlo has learned through his own considerable sources that Ambassador Amprei’s actual goals are to undermine Korvosa’s economy to the point where he can buy up large portions of the city from desperate landholders and establish himself in a position of power here. ", "Whatever the ambassador’s reasons, we can’t let his bias or personal plans hurt Korvosa. ", "Yet neither can we take drastic action—not only would killing him be wrong, but it’d simply martyr him in Cheliax’s eyes. ", "Fortunately, Darvayne has his foibles. ", "Again, Vencarlo has learned that Ambassador Amprei has been making fairly regular visits to a place in Old Korvosa called Eel’s End. ", "This den of vice is run by a dangerous man named Devargo Barvasi, better known in Korvosa’s alleys as the King of Spiders.", "\n\nI’d love to put Barvasi out of business, but he pays his vice taxes regularly and never causes any problems—in fact, since he keeps his business constrained entirely within the five ships moored at Eel’s End, he’s actually one of the least of my worries. ", "Truth be told, I can’t decide whether Devargo is a stirge or a kraken. ", "He seems like a bloodsucking pest most days, but sometimes I fear just how far his tentacles have wormed their way into our great city. ", "In this case though, his insidious web stretching across Korvosa’s underworld might prove to our advantage. ", "Devargo would never let someone he recognizes as an ally of the Guard into Eel’s End, but your group’s a different case. ", "I’d like you to pay a visit to Eel’s End and secure an audience with Devargo.", "\n\nThe Ambassador's Secret:\n\nFind out what he knows about Amprei, get proof of any illicit goings-on the ambassador might be involved with, and bring that proof to me to use to undermine any forthcoming attempts by him to get Cheliax to cut us off. ", "Devargo might not be willing to part with his information easily. ", "the man is dangerous, but so are you—if things get violent, I wouldn’t mourn his passing.", "\n\nFind the king's killer Quest:\n\nAfter an incredible case across the Shingles you managed to successfully captured Trinia and according to her she is not guilty.", "\n\nA pretty young artist named Trinia Sabor Female human bard who painted a portrait of the king not half a month before his death. ", "You’ve doubtless heard the stories that the king’s killer has been named. ", "Yet there’s something more going on here, I’m afraid. ", "Queen Ileosa could have quietly had this Trinia Sabor arrested at any time. ", "absolutely sure she did this thing. ", "And that means we need to catch her before the mob. ", "We know where she lives—a flat in Midland at 42 Moon Street—but soon, so will the mob. ", "The Hellknights don’t seem to care as much about catching her as they do about containing the mob—something about the “order of law” makes it a greater priority for them to contain than a possible assassin. ", "I can’t say I disagree completely, but the problem is, the Hellknights are only making it worse. ", "The mob’s covering most of Midland now, and Trinia’s flat is near the middle of the mess. ", "I’ve got all available guards at work keeping things from getting any worse—and if I were to send them into Midland, they’d trigger a riot. “", "I’m sure you can see where this is going. ", "I need you to get into Midland, find Trinia, and bring her back to me so we can deliver her, safe and sound, to somewhere where she can be interrogated—preferably with magic, so we can be absolutely sure about her role in Eodred’s death. ", "Get in there, catch her, and get out without letting the mob get its hands on her. ", "I’ll have agents and officers nearby. ", "If you can get her to one of them, we’ll be in the clear.", "\n\nA Missing Body -\n\nSo for you found a body and were attacked by derros and killed the stirge and Otyugh.", "\n\nCressida Kroft isn’t alone when the PCs arrive at her office— with her is a tall, rail-thin Shoanti man of 60 winters. ", "He leans heavily on a walking stick, the polished femur of some giant beast crowned with a fire pelt cougar’s skull. ", "He wears a shirt decorated with countless jangling animal bones, many painstakingly scrawled with dozens of tiny symbols and glyphs. ", "A bearskin cloak is draped about his bony shoulders, and warpaint in the shape of a skull decorates his face. ", "The Shoanti’s eyes are milky as if he were blind, though he sees better than most men half his age. ", "He is never without his familiar, a regal red-feathered razor crow named Eats-Eyes. ", "He regards the PCs impassively while Cressida introduces him as Thousand Bones, a Way-Keeper for the Skoan-Quah, the Clan of the Skull. ", "Cressida bids the PCs sit, tells them about the situation with the mob violence and the dead Shoanti, then turns the floor over to Thousand Bones. ", "The old shaman speaks with a deep voice, his words carefully chosen but delivered with a barely restrained anger.", "A Missing Body -\n\nThousand Bones then rises, nods curtly to Cressida, and leaves the room to return to his people to await the delivery of his grandson’s body. ", "Field Marshal Kroft apologizes for the man’s behavior, but to a great extent she agrees with his assessment. ", "Someone tied to Korvosa needs to find the dead Shoanti’s body and return it to his people as a gesture of good will, or things will quickly go from bad to worse. ", "Normally, Kroft would contact the Church of Pharasma to organize an expedition into one of the warrens under the city graveyard, but the PCs have proven capable, and they were Kroft’s first nomination for the problem.", "\n\nWho is Rolth? “", "He’s long been a thorn in my side. ", "A failed Academae student, Rolth’s a monster of a man who was expelled after the true nature of his experiments were revealed. ", "He was butchering vagrants, stray animals, and anything else he could get his hands on to try to build some sort of golem from their collected parts. ", "The Academae didn’t press charges because it didn’t want to cause a scene—it just quietly expelled him and the man’s been trouble ever since. ", "We suspect he’s responsible for nearly a dozen slayings, each involving mutilation to the body, but to date we haven’t been able to find him or locate his lair. ", "He might or might not be in the Dead Warrens, but anything you can find there that could lead to his arrest would be greatly appreciated.”", "\n\nWhat are the Dead Warrens? “", "Korvosa’s Gray District is riddled with underground chambers, some of them burrowed by ghouls or other monsters, others remnants of ancient Shoanti burial grounds. ", "Some of these warrens are patrolled and kept clear of monsters by the church of Pharasma, yet the Gray District is a large place and the tunnels below are vast and tangled. ", "The Pharasmen focus on containing the problems with undead and necromancers, but as soon as they wipe out one, it seems as if two are ready to spring up in its place. ", "The problem’s particularly vexing in Potter’s Ward, where the bodies of the poor and homeless are buried. ", "According to Thousand Bones, the Dead Warrens were one of his people’s burial vaults, chambers that lie under Potter’s Ward.”", "\n\nWhere are the Dead Warrens? “", "We have the man who sold Gaekhen’s body to Rolth in custody: a simpleton named Elkaris. ", "Hespilled everything when we told him what was going on and how much trouble he was in—in any event, Elkaris says he delivered the body via wheelbarrow to a partially collapsed mausoleum deep in Potter’s Ward, near the southern edge. ", "A toppled and headless statueof a sword-wielding gargoyle lay in the dirt near the mausoleum’s entrance—he was told to leave the body behind the gargoyle.", "This location matches where Thousand Bones believes the Shoanti burial grounds called the Dead Warrens used to be located, so that’s the best place to start the search.", "\n\nHow will we recognize Gaekhen’s body? “", "Thousand Bones described Gaekhen as about 18 years old with short brown hair and a distinctive scar from a firepelt’s claw on his left cheek. ", "Furthermore, Gaekhen had several large and distinctive Shoanti tribaltattoos on his arms and torso—it’s unlikely that any other freshly-killed Shoanti are in the Dead Warrens today, so that should be a dead giveaway.”" ]

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[ "The present disclosure relates to an electronic apparatus and is suitably applied to, for example, a folding-type electronic apparatus formed by connecting a first casing and a second casing so as to be able to be opened and closed.", "\nIn a folding-type electronic apparatus in the related art, a first member provided with operation keys and a second member provided with a display are connected to each other through a hinge device. ", "A first turning shaft section and a second turning shaft section are provided in parallel with each other in the hinge device, the first member is pivotally mounted on the first turning shaft section so as to be able to turn, and also the second member is pivotally mounted on the second turning shaft section so as to be able to turn.", "\nFurther, in the hinge device, a first turning section and a second turning section which turn relative to each other are respectively provided at the first turning shaft section and the second turning shaft section. ", "Further, in the hinge device, the first turning section and the second turning section are connected to each other by an interlocking link.", "\nAccordingly, in the hinge device, turning of the first turning section is transmitted to the second turning section by the interlocking link, whereby the first turning section and the second turning section are turned in conjunction with each other. ", "In this way, the electronic apparatus is made such that the first member and the second member can turn through 360 degrees relative to each other through the hinge device (refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication 2008-75747 (Pages 8 to 10 and FIGS. ", "7 to 13), for example)." ]

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[ "The present study examined whether IQ relates systematically to denomination and income within the framework of the g nexus, using representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY97). ", "Atheists score 1.95 IQ points higher than Agnostics, 3.82 points higher than Liberal persuasions, and 5.89 IQ points higher than Dogmatic persuasions. ", "Denominations differ significantly in IQ and income. ", "Religiosity declines between ages 12 to 17. ", "It is suggested that IQ makes an individual likely to gravitate toward a denomination and level of achievement that best fit his or hers particular level of cognitive complexity. ", "Ontogenetically speaking this means that contemporary denominations are rank ordered by largely hereditary variations in brain efficiency (i.e. IQ). ", "In terms of evolution, modern Atheists are reacting rationally to cognitive and emotional challenges, whereas Liberals and, in particular Dogmatics, still rely on ancient, pre-rational, supernatural and wishful thinking." ]

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[ "-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----\nHash: SHA1\nFrugalware Security Advisory FSA-87\nDate: 2007-01-11\nPackage: phpbb\nVulnerable versions: <= 2.0.21-1\nUnaffected versions: >= 2.0.22-1siwenna1\nRelated bugreport: http://bugs.frugalware.org/task/1515\nCVE: http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2006-6421http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2006-6508http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2006-6841\nDescription\n===========\nSome vulnerabilities have been discovered in phpBB, which can be exploited by malicious people to conduct cross-site request forgery attacks and cross-site scripting attacks.", "\n1) The application allows users to send messages via HTTP requests without performing any validity checks to verify the request. ", "This can be exploited to send messages to arbitrary users by e.g. tricking a target user into visiting a malicious website.", "\n2) Input passed to the form field &quot;Message body&quot; in privmsg.php is not properly sanitised before it is returned to the user when sending messages to a non-existent user. ", "This can be exploited to execute arbitrary HTML and script code in a user's browser session in context of an affected site.", "\nSuccessful exploitation of the vulnerabilities requires that the target user is logged in.", "\nUpdated Packages\n================\nCheck if you have phpbb installed:\n# pacman -Q phpbb\nIf found, then you should upgrade to the latest version:\n# pacman -Sy phpbb\n-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----\nVersion: GnuPG v1.4.5 (GNU/Linux)\nComment: See http://ftp.frugalware.org/pub/README.GPG for info\niD8DBQFFpnC0Z7NElSD1VhkRAjgGAJ9twg7bufs/+GW/er5VrjTVkKBxwwCdH8o2\nh9x9XpIIl5Jb6qqdtXpdu0M=\n=4QpJ\n-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----" ]

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{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Effect of antigen priming on T-cell suppression. ", "I. Activity of Ly 1+2+ feedback suppressor T-cell precursors after isolation from competing Ly 2-T cells.", "\nPrevious experiments have demonstrated that feedback suppression of murine antibody responses occurs in vitro after exposure of unprimed T-cell subsets to suppression-inducing signals from primed cells, resulting in suppression of primary and secondary IgM as well as IgG anti-SRBC responses. ", "However, following priming with antigen when cells appear which are capable of inducing feedback suppression, the ability of unfractionated splenic T-cell populations to mediate detectable feedback suppression in vitro rapidly disappears, suggesting that priming alters the expression of feedback suppression at the same time as providing for its induction. ", "In the present study, we have succeeded in isolating active feedback suppressor T-cell precursors (preTs) in the Ly 1+2+ and L3T4- T-cell populations from SRBC-primed as well as from unprimed mice, demonstrating that preTs are not lost after priming. ", "The preTs isolated from primed mice resemble those isolated from unprimed mice in Ly and L3T4 phenotype, cell dose requirements, kinetics, level of suppression, and requirement for in vitro activation by primed cells. ", "These results imply that antigen priming neither significantly depresses nor enhances the ability of Ly 1+2+ preTs to participate in feedback suppression and that activated suppressor effector cells are not detectable in the Ly 1+2+ splenic T-cell subset. ", "Priming does, however, induce an enhancing activity in Ly 2-, L3T4+ T cells which appears to compete with feedback suppression and thus may account for the absence of detectable feedback suppression when unfractionated T cells from primed mice are the only source of preTs." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "BOSTON (AP) — A proposed law in Massachusetts would bar employers from firing workers for using marijuana legally on their own time.", "\n\nWhile recreational marijuana use is legal for adults in the state, workers can still be fired for using the drug, even if it’s outside of work and its effects have worn off by the time they return to their jobs.", "\n\nThe Boston Globe reports the measure filed by Democratic state Sen. Jason Lewis would treat marijuana much like alcohol. ", "Employees could be fired for showing up to work impaired, but employers could not police the private use of pot.", "\n\n\nFederal contractors would be exempted as marijuana remains illegal under U.S. law.", "\n\nThere is currently no reliable test for marijuana impairment and drug tests can detect traces of cannabis days or weeks after use." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSymfony admin generator: To be or not to be?", "\n\non the last projects i've started, I wondered if I should use the admin generator or not. ", "My usual choice is to not use it, as some developers suggested to me, \"unless it's for quick backend prototyping and submission to client\", they said. ", "Currently i'm starting a project and i'm in the situation that the client need the backend very fast to start loading lots of data, and i'm doubting about using the admin generator or not. ", "I would use it if needed simple form fields. ", "But one of my models must have multiple images, and maybe I need a more complex view that allow the client to load N images, so the admin generator maybe it's not the best choice, but it seems fast, it seems to save time and that's what I need now, time saving!", "\nThe project is very simple, it's just a Product model with multiple images and multiple sizes and belongs to a simple category.", "\nWhat do you think? ", "What would be the best option for this? ", "And where do you think that makes sense to use the admin generator or the regular module generator?", "\nThanks in advance!", "\nRegards.", "\n\nA:\n\nI use the admin generator as much as possible. ", " It is really designed to be great for the \"backend\" of your website-- the administrative screens which authors and editors will use to maintain the app. ", " Any module that needs to be user-editable and is simple cries out for the admin generator.", "\nRecently I have been starting everything with the admin generator so that there's a working prototype to build data with. ", " Then I select certain modules or views that need more magic sauce, and build them out with more customization. ", " \nRemember, you can add views and forms to an admin generator module. ", " On my last project I used the admin generator for the \"edit\" action of my main object but added \"show\" methods similar to a non-admin-generator form-- adding an executeShow() action and showSuccess template.", "\nThe other thing to keep in mind is that the admin generator is only a generator. ", " It writes a bunch of code for you in cache/frontend/env/modules, but you can override any of it by building the equivalent code in apps/frontend/modules/. If you find one part of it that you can't configure with generator.yml, you can copy the file out of the cache into your module dir and hack away. ", " I prefer to take the \"out of the box\" admin generator as far as possible before customizing it, though.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "#!", "/usr/bin/env perl\n# Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style\n# license that can be found in the LICENSE file.", "\n#\n# Generate system call table for OpenBSD from master list\n# (for example, /usr/src/sys/kern/syscalls.master).", "\n\nuse strict;\n\nif($ENV{'GOARCH'} eq \"\" || $ENV{'GOOS'} eq \"\") {\n\tprint STDERR \"GOARCH or GOOS not defined in environment\\n\";\n\texit 1;\n}\n\nmy $command = \"mksysnum_openbsd.pl \" . ", "join(' ', @ARGV);\n\nprint <<EOF;\n// $command\n// Code generated by the command above; see README.md. ", "DO NOT EDIT.", "\n\n// +build $ENV{'GOARCH'},$ENV{'GOOS'}\n\npackage unix\n\nconst (\nEOF\n\nwhile(<>){\n\tif(/^([0-9]+)\\s+STD\\s+(NOLOCK\\s+)?({ ", "\\S+\\s+\\*?(\\w+).*)$/){\n\t\tmy $num = $1;\n\t\tmy $proto = $3;\n\t\tmy $name = $4;\n\t\t$name =~ y/a-z/A-Z/;\n\n\t\t# There are multiple entries for enosys and nosys, so comment them out.", "\n\t\tif($name =~ /^SYS_E?NOSYS$/){\n\t\t\t$name = \"// $name\";\n\t\t}\n\t\tif($name eq 'SYS_SYS_EXIT'){\n\t\t\t$name = 'SYS_EXIT';\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tprint \"\t$name = $num; // $proto\\n\";\n\t}\n}\n\nprint <<EOF;\n)\nEOF\n" ]

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[ "Parenteral premedication with lorazepam--a dose/response study.", "\nThe dose/response characteristics of lorazepam when administered parenterally as a premedicant drug were studied. ", "The parameters studied included its' sedative and amnesic effects as well as effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. ", "Intramuscular and intravenous routes using doses 2 mg, 3 mg and 4 mg were compared. ", "The findings suggest that lorazepam's sedative and amnesic effects were more pronounced with the intravenous route, and that in both routes the incidence and degree of sedation and of amnesia were dose dependant. ", "There were minimal changes in arterial blood pressure, pulse rate or quality of respiration. ", "We recommend that due to local logistic factors, the intravenous route might be more suitable, affording a more rapid onset of sedation before induction of anaesthesia, provided that close nursing observation is available. ", "Furthermore, lorazepam 2 mg intravenously is just as effective as the larger doses with less incidence of nausea and vomiting associated with the larger doses." ]

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[ "“The number of minority firefighters has nearly doubled over the past 12 years,” said Bloomberg. “", "The members of this graduating class come from a wide range of backgrounds and represent the very best of our city – and our country.”", "\n\n“This new class of ‘probies’ is the most diverse in FDNY history and moves us closer to our long-stated goal of a department that better reflects the city we serve,” said Cassano. “", "Through their hard work and many weeks of training at the Fire Academy, this class has earned the right to be called New York City Firefighters.”" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nException EZSQLExeption in module VDB1.exe at 002A7A5C. SQL Error: Host'Gareth-PC' is not allowed to connect to this MySQL server\n\nI am using Delphi xe2 and I would like to know qhat this error is and by what means I need to get around this, I am attempting to connect my database application to a wamp server through a LAN connection and I seem to have the Hostname username password and port correct but when I attempt to log into the MySQL database I get this error:\n\n(Exception EZSQLExeption in module VDB1.exe at 002A7A5C. SQL Error:\n Host'My-PC' is not allowed to connect to this MySQL server)\n\nCould you please give me a way to get around this? ", "Thanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe error message states:\n\nHost 'My-PC' is not allowed to connect to this MySQL server\n\nAnd this would indicate that the SQL server is blocking your client based on its host name, 'My-PC'. ", "So, you need to configure your MySQL server to allow connections from that host.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Relentless rains submerged at least a third to one half of the sprawling Philippine capital of Manila, triggering a landslide that killed nine people and sent emergency crews scrambling to rescue tens of thousands of residents. ", "The deluge, the worst to hit Manila since 2009 (when hundreds died in rampaging flash floods), was set off by the seasonal monsoon that overflowed major dams and rivers in the city and surrounding provinces. ", "Residents were under waist- or neck-deep waters at one point. ", "Clean up has begun, but remains a huge task for the area. ", "At least 60 have died, most from drowning. -- ", "Paula Nelson ( 23 photos total" ]

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[ "The Autograph Expert: Autograph Analysis and Signing Habits of Hall of Fame Third Baseman James Joseph ''Jimmy'' Collins\n\nNovember 11, 2003\n\nBefore there was Mike Schmidt, Brooks Robinson or even Pie Traynor, the man universally considered the best ever to play the hot corner was Jimmy Collins. ", "He virtually defined the third base position to what is considered its routine today, with barehanded pickups, charging the plate for bunts and throwing underhand on the run or even airborne. ", "His defensive innovations also included the subtle change of not standing with one foot touching the bag, thus lessening the gap between him and the shortstop. ", "The short game of base stealing, bunting and the hit-and-run style of the nineteenth century differed greatly from the long-ball emphasis of today's power hitting lineups.", "\n\nJames Joseph Collins was born in Niagara Falls, NY on January 16, 1870. ", "He studied at St. Joseph's College in Buffalo, NY but, foregoing his degree, he signed a contract in 1893 with the city's Eastern League Bison team. ", "Although originally a shortstop, Collins's future was in question after committing 65 errors in just 76 games during his first season. ", "The following season, the five-foot-nine, 178-pound ball hawk moved to the outfield, reducing his error count to 21 and led the league, hitting .352 with 198 hits. ", "Providence coach Billy Murray was so impressed that he convinced manager Frank Sellee of the National League Boston Red Stockings to purchase him in 1895.", "\n\nA month later on May 17th, after playing just eleven games into the season, Collins was loaned to the cellar-dwelling Louisville Colonels (player lending was a common practice of the day). ", "He was shifted to third base via Fred Clarke's suggestion after Walter Preston committed four errors in one game against the bunting Baltimore Orioles. ", "Instantly, he gained a reputation with his brilliant performance and was permanently repositioned on June 13th.", "\n\nBoston retrieved their promising prospect in 1896 but an ankle injury limited his playing time to 84 games; nevertheless, he hit .296. ", "Collins joined what was regarded as the finest infield of the nineteenth century, playing alongside acrobatic shortstop Herman Long, reliable second baseman Bobby Lowe and slick-fielding Fred Tenney at first. ", "They developed new ways of covering each other's bases and concocted unusual pickoff plays. ", "The Beaneaters also boasted future Hall of Famers with pitcher Kid Nichols and outfielders Hugh Duffy, Tommy McCarthy and Sliding Billy Hamilton.", "\n\nIn 1897, Collins enjoyed his finest season average of .346, leading his team to the Temple Cup series, losing in five games to Baltimore of the American Association. ", "The next year, also a championship season, was an equally impressive year for Collins, clutch hitting at .328 and walloping a 15 home runs, an unusually high number for the era.", "\n\nTwo decent years (1899 and 1900) followed, producing respectable statistics before the popular yet underpaid Collins made a surprising move to the cross-town Invaders (which eventual became the Red Sox) team of the newly formed American League. ", "Owner Charlie Somers lured him with a lucrative contract and a percentage of the gate then assigned him to the post of player/manager to guide his club. ", "Somers's higher salaries also attracted the formidable battery of Cy Young and Lou Criger from their National League roots to play for the newly-formed club. ", "He finished second to Clark Griffith's White Sox, batting .329 in 1901 and .325 the next year.", "\n\nJimmy's .296 batting average led the Boston \"Pilgrims\" to the American League pennant in 1903, winning five games to three in the first World Series match up against Fred Clarke's intimidating Pittsburg Pirate squad. ", "Though winning the pennant again in 1904, New York Giant manager John McGraw refused to participate with what he considered an inferior league.", "\n\nThe Red Sox team dipped to fourth place in 1905 and Collins's hitting also showed signs of regression. ", "For five straight seasons until his retirement in 1908, he never batted better than .279. ", "A knee injury limited his playing time to 37 games and the pressure of piloting the team triggered his demotion as manager late in the 1906 season.", "\n\nThe new outfielder/manager and Collins's old teammate Chick Stahl reported to spring training for the 1907 campaign. ", "Collins returned to his Indiana hotel after practice to find his roommate dead by way of suicide. ", "Although the papers reported that he had a poor day in the field, with little hope of his team fairing well for the upcoming season, Stahl's despondency actually came about after being served with a paternity suit. ", "Collins started the season well at the plate but was traded to Connie Mack's Philadelphia Athletic team on June 7. ", "Boston fans ranked the well-liked Collins second only to heavyweight boxing champion John L. Sullivan and gave him a rousing farewell at Huntington Avenue Baseball Grounds. ", "The 1907 season went well for Collins with a .279 batting average but the 1908 campaign slid considerably. ", "Collins batted only .217, prompting his retirement from a fourteen year major league career.", "\n\nLike many of his peers, the declining star turned to the minor leagues and managed Minneapolis of the American Association in 1909. ", "Providence of the Eastern League became his next appointment for 1910 and 1911. ", "Collins stopped playing third base on a regular basis in 1910, realizing he was clearly past his prime.", "\n\nCollins, with his wife and two daughters, returned to their hometown of Buffalo after the 1911 season and resided at 257 Richmond Avenue. ", "By 1935, they had moved to 300 Crestwood Avenue and then by 1941, 75 Wilbury Place -- both in the same city. ", "They lived well until the Depression exhausted their life savings, most of which was invested in real estate. ", "He then sought employment with the Buffalo City Parks Department. ", "The sport remained ingrained in his persona, causing Jimmy to serve the final 22 years of his life as president of the Buffalo Municipal League. ", "He died of pneumonia on the morning of March 6, 1943, at the age of 73, at Millard Fillmore Hospital in his hometown. ", "He had been a patient there since February 24.", "\n\nCollins was buried at Holy Cross Cemetery in nearby Lackawanna, NY. ", "He left behind his widow, the former Sarah Murphy of Boston; a daughter, Mrs. George McCall of Williamsville, MA; and a brother, Anthony, also of Buffalo. ", "Another surviving daughter, Mrs. Frank N. Walsh, said, \"He was game to the last and never complained.\" ", "Two years later, on April 25, 1945, James Joseph Collins was selected (#32) the first third baseman by The Permanent (Old Timer's) Committee to the National Baseball Hall of Fame. ", "With the country still embroiled in World War II, no induction ceremonies were held for the ten inductees in Cooperstown. ", "Collins had often expressed his desire to be named to the Hall of Fame, noting that he fell three ballots shy in a 1935 (pre-HOF) voting. ", "A campaign to have him elected had been spearheaded by his admirers. ", "As the years passed and a new generation of stars became popular, Collins's contribution to the game remained appreciated by baseball historians. ", "As late as 1961, he was polled by The Sporting News as the greatest third baseman of all-time.", "\n\nCommonly signing with the salutations \"Sincerely Yours\" or \"Very Truly yours,\" Jimmy Collins signed in different fashions. ", "He may employ \"Jimmy,\" \"Jim\" or \"James\" and use his entire middle name or just the initial \"J\" followed by his surname. ", "The first \"J\" was a pretzel-like concoction, somewhat reminiscent of the capital letter \"J\" Honus Wagner used in earlier days. ", "His initial stroke curled downward into an open loop before creating the larger top loop and then completing the letter with the largest acutely-slanted descender-loop. ", "This letter stands alone and is the largest character by 20%.", "\n\nWhen using his nicknames, Jimmy or Jim, the conventional \"i\" usually connected followed by arcade style humps of two successive \"m\"s and a diminutive descender \"y\" that barely hooked upward and inward. ", "When using his birth name, the \"a\" came after the letter-break followed by his conforming \"m\" but the \"e\" often was a printed \"e\" version that gave way to a cursive style towards the end of his life. ", "The lower-case \"s\" would finish with a terminal stroke inward, but when utilizing his middle initial, he would use it to lead into the intersect of the capital \"J\" that resembled the larger previously written capitalization.", "\n\nA period was placed to the right of the crisscross for punctuation. ", "His capital \"C\" would rotate between an enlarged lower case version with an oval loop at the top or a similar size double loop formation that was identical to \"C\"onnie Mack's. ", "A letter break may or may not occur before the \"o\" with a dipping connector stroke preceding two downsized similar \"l\"s. ", "The nondescript \"i-n-s\" completed his script with the terminal stroke, once again turning inward. ", "The slant of his last name tended to tail downward, thus violating the plane created by the prior.", "\n\nIn searching for a valid signature of Jimmy Collins, one should heed the warning that forgeries are prolific. ", "Keep in mind that despite his popularity and willingness to sign, Collins was not sought out for his autograph by many. ", "He was never able to enjoy Hall of Fame status and was generally forgotten as new generations of fans followed the players of their eras. ", "An occasional index card or album page ($2500) may be found with a premium imposed for a desirable postmarked U.S. Government postcard ($3000). ", "One should scrutinize if not stay clear altogether of one that has not been cancelled, especially if it is one of those gem mint 3\" x 5\" library versions that pollute our hobby. ", "Better items include handwritten letters ($4000 and up depending on the content) on Buffalo Municipal letterhead bearing his printed name as an officer.", "\n\nIt was common for him to date these items within his well-written compositions. ", "Signatures from his playing days are scarce. ", "Likewise, Hall of Fame black and white plaque postcards are impossible to have been signed by Collins. ", "No personal canceled checks have ever made their way into the hobby although they truly would be well received. ", "A copy of his will dated April 5, 1917 has been a treasure sunk deep into an established collection." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAutoCompleteEditText selector, how it will be?", "\n\nI am using an AutoCompleteEditText and I want to make it appearance as \nBut I don't know how it will be. ", "\n\nA:\n\nThe general way to do this is by using 9-patch more info here http://developer.android.com/guide/developing/tools/draw9patch.html. ", "But in this case you can use simpler solution.", "\nin your main layout\n<RelativeLayout android:layout_width=\"fill_parent\"\n android:id=\"@+id/searchfieldlayout\" android:layout_height=\"46dp\"\n android:background=\"#0000ff\">\n <RelativeLayout android:layout_width=\"fill_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"32dp\" android:layout_centerInParent=\"true\"\n android:layout_marginLeft=\"7dp\" android:layout_marginRight=\"7dp\"\n android:background=\"@drawable/search_gradient\">\n <ImageView android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\" android:id=\"@+id/search_icon\"\n android:layout_alignParentLeft=\"true\" android:layout_centerVertical=\"true\"\n android:layout_marginLeft=\"10dp\" android:background=\"@drawable/search_icon\">\n </ImageView>\n <EditText android:layout_width=\"fill_parent\" android:id=\"@+id/searchfield\"\n android:paddingTop=\"5dp\" android:textSize=\"13dp\" android:textColor=\"#ffffffff\"\n android:selectAllOnFocus=\"true\" android:paddingRight=\"10dp\"\n android:paddingBottom=\"5dp\" android:paddingLeft=\"10dp\"\n android:layout_height=\"fill_parent\" android:layout_toRightOf=\"@+id/search_icon\"\n android:background=\"@drawable/transparent_background\"\n android:layout_marginLeft=\"7dp\" android:inputType=\"text\" android:imeOptions=\"actionGo\">\n </EditText>\n </RelativeLayout>\n</RelativeLayout>\n\nsearch_gradien.xml\n<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?", ">\n<shape xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"\n android:shape=\"rectangle\">\n <gradient android:startColor=\"#2b0139\" android:endColor=\"#3e1550\" android:angle=\"270\" />\n <corners android:radius=\"6dp\" />\n</shape>\n\ntransparent_background.xml\n<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?", ">\n<shape xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"\n android:shape=\"rectangle\">\n <gradient android:startColor=\"#00000000\" android:endColor=\"#00000000\"\n android:angle=\"270\" />\n</shape>\n\nfix your colors or dimensions if needed.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to an electrode structure for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell and a method for manufacturing the same.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nPetroleum resources are going to be exhausted, and at the same time environmental issues such as global warming due to the consumption of fossil fuels are becoming more critical. ", "Thus, as a clean power source for an electric motor that is not associated with the generation of carbon dioxide, a fuel cell has attracted attention, has been developed extensively, and has become commercially practical in some applications. ", "When the fuel cell is mounted on a vehicle and the like, a polymer electrolyte fuel cell using a polymer electrolyte membrane is suitably used because high voltage and a large current are readily obtained.", "\nThere is known an electrode structure for use in the polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising a pair of electrode catalyst layers which is formed by supporting a catalyst such as platinum on a catalyst carrier such as carbon black and being integrated by an ion conducting polymer binder, wherein an ion-conducting polymer electrolyte membrane is sandwiched between the both electrode catalyst layers and a diffusion layer is laminated on each of the electrode catalyst layers (Refer to, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. ", "2000-223136). ", "The electrode structure can compose a polymer electrolyte fuel cell by further laminating a separator, which also serves as a gas channel, on each diffusion layer.", "\nIn the polymer electrolyte fuel cell, one of the electrode catalyst layers is used as a fuel electrode, into which a reducing gas such as hydrogen or methanol is introduced through the diffusion layer, and the other electrode catalyst layer is used as an oxygen electrode, into which an oxidizing gas such as air or oxygen is introduced through the diffusion layer. ", "In this way, at the fuel electrode side, the catalyst contained in the electrode catalyst layer acts to produce protons from the reducing gas, and the protons move through the polymer electrolyte membrane to the electrode catalyst layer at the oxygen electrode side. ", "Further, the protons react with the oxidizing gas introduced into the oxygen electrode side to produce water in the electrode catalyst layer at the oxygen electrode by the action of the catalyst contained in the electrode catalyst layer. ", "Consequently, the polymer electrolyte fuel cell can provide current by connecting the fuel electrode to the oxygen electrode with a lead wire.", "\nConventionally, in the electrode structure, perfluoroalkylenesulfonic acid polymer compound (e.g., Nafion (trade name) made by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company) has been widely utilized as the polymer electrolyte membrane. ", "The perfluoroalkylenesulfonic acid polymer compound has excellent proton conducting properties as it is sulfonated and also has chemical resistance as a fluoropolymer, but has a problem that it is very expensive.", "\nTherefore, it has been studied to compose an electrode structure for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell using a less expensive ion-conducting material as an alternative to perfluoroalkylenesulfonic acid polymer compound. ", "For example, a sulfonated polyarylene-based polymer is known as the less expensive ion-conducting material.", "\nHowever, the electrode structure using the polymer electrolyte membrane made of the sulfonated polyarylene-based polymer has the problem of degradation of the polymer electrolyte membrane by the heat during operation, when composing a fuel cell, causing to mix the gases introduced into the fuel electrode and oxygen electrode sides and to develop cross-leak in which the poles are short-circuited.", "\nConventionally, the electrode structure has been produced, for example, as described below. ", "First, a polymer electrolyte membrane is formed by a casting method from a solution prepared by dissolving the sulfonated polyarylene-based polymer in a solvent such as N-methylpyrrolidone.", "\nCatalyst particles in which platinum particles are supported on carbon particles are dispersed in the polymer electrolyte solution to prepare a catalyst paste containing the catalyst particles and the polymer electrolyte. ", "The catalyst paste is coated on a sheet-like support such as a polyethylene terephthalate film and dried to form an electrode catalyst layer.", "\nThen, the both sides of the polymer electrolyte membrane are sandwiched between the electrode catalyst layers and maintained at the temperature ranging from 80 to 160° C. After the polymer electrolyte membrane and the polymer electrolyte contained in the electrode catalyst layers are softened, they are maintained under a pressure in the range of 1 to 10 MPa for 1 to 60 minutes. ", "As a result, the electrode catalyst layers are transferred to the polymer electrolyte membrane from the polyethylene terephthalate film to be joined to the polymer electrolyte membrane by thermocompression bonding.", "\nThen, the electrode catalyst layers at the both sides are sandwiched between diffusion layers and subjected to hot press. ", "Thereby, the diffusion layers are joined to each of the electrode catalyst layers to form an electrode structure.", "\nHowever, the electrode structure produced by the conventional production method has a problem that it has large change in dimensions." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004878048780487805, 0.0037593984962406013, 0, 0, 0, 0.003745318352059925, 0, 0, 0.013215859030837005, 0, 0, 0, 0.005012531328320802, 0, 0.005291005291005291, 0, 0, 0.005235602094240838, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "<!", "DOCTYPE qhelp PUBLIC\n \"-//Semmle//qhelp//EN\"\n \"qhelp.dtd\">\n<qhelp>\n<overview>\n<p>In a loop condition, comparison of a value of a narrow type with a value of a wide type may\nresult in unexpected behavior if the wider value is sufficiently large (or small). ", "This is because\nthe narrower value may overflow. ", "This can lead to an infinite loop.</p>\n\n</overview>\n<recommendation>\n\n<p>Change the types of the compared values so that the value on the narrower side of the\ncomparison is at least as wide as the value it is being compared with.</p>\n\n</recommendation>\n<example>\n\n<p>In this example, <code>bytes_received</code> is compared against <code>max_get</code> in a \n<code>while</code> loop. ", "However, <code>bytes_received</code> is an <code>int16_t</code>, and \n<code>max_get</code> is an <code>int32_t</code>. ", "Because <code>max_get</code> is larger than \n<code>INT16_MAX</code>, the loop condition is always <code>true</code>, so the loop never \nterminates.</p>\n\n<p>This problem is avoided in the 'GOOD' case because <code>bytes_received2</code> is an \n<code>int32_t</code>, which is as wide as the type of <code>max_get</code>.</p>\n\n<sample src=\"ComparisonWithWiderType.c\" />\n\n</example>\n\n<references>\n<li>\n <a href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/cpp/data-type-ranges\">Data type ranges</a>\n</li>\n\n<li>\n <a href=\"https://wiki.sei.cmu.edu/confluence/display/c/INT18-C.+Evaluate+integer+expressions+in+a+larger+size+before+comparing+or+assigning+to+that+size\">INT18-C. Evaluate integer expressions in a larger size before comparing or assigning to that size </a>\n</li>\n</references>\n</qhelp>" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0025380710659898475 ]

[ "// mkerrors.sh -Wall -Werror -static -I/tmp/include\n// Code generated by the command above; see README.md. ", "DO NOT EDIT.", "\n\n// +build mips,linux\n\n// Code generated by cmd/cgo -godefs; DO NOT EDIT.", "\n// cgo -godefs -- -Wall -Werror -static -I/tmp/include _const.go\n\npackage unix\n\nimport \"syscall\"\n\nconst (\n\tB1000000 = 0x1008\n\tB115200 = 0x1002\n\tB1152000 = 0x1009\n\tB1500000 = 0x100a\n\tB2000000 = 0x100b\n\tB230400 = 0x1003\n\tB2500000 = 0x100c\n\tB3000000 = 0x100d\n\tB3500000 = 0x100e\n\tB4000000 = 0x100f\n\tB460800 = 0x1004\n\tB500000 = 0x1005\n\tB57600 = 0x1001\n\tB576000 = 0x1006\n\tB921600 = 0x1007\n\tBLKBSZGET = 0x40041270\n\tBLKBSZSET = 0x80041271\n\tBLKFLSBUF = 0x20001261\n\tBLKFRAGET = 0x20001265\n\tBLKFRASET = 0x20001264\n\tBLKGETSIZE = 0x20001260\n\tBLKGETSIZE64 = 0x40041272\n\tBLKPBSZGET = 0x2000127b\n\tBLKRAGET = 0x20001263\n\tBLKRASET = 0x20001262\n\tBLKROGET = 0x2000125e\n\tBLKROSET = 0x2000125d\n\tBLKRRPART = 0x2000125f\n\tBLKSECTGET = 0x20001267\n\tBLKSECTSET = 0x20001266\n\tBLKSSZGET = 0x20001268\n\tBOTHER = 0x1000\n\tBS1 = 0x2000\n\tBSDLY = 0x2000\n\tCBAUD = 0x100f\n\tCBAUDEX = 0x1000\n\tCIBAUD = 0x100f0000\n\tCLOCAL = 0x800\n\tCR1 = 0x200\n\tCR2 = 0x400\n\tCR3 = 0x600\n\tCRDLY = 0x600\n\tCREAD = 0x80\n\tCS6 = 0x10\n\tCS7 = 0x20\n\tCS8 = 0x30\n\tCSIZE = 0x30\n\tCSTOPB = 0x40\n\tECHOCTL = 0x200\n\tECHOE = 0x10\n\tECHOK = 0x20\n\tECHOKE = 0x800\n\tECHONL = 0x40\n\tECHOPRT = 0x400\n\tEFD_CLOEXEC = 0x80000\n\tEFD_NONBLOCK = 0x80\n\tEPOLL_CLOEXEC = 0x80000\n\tEXTPROC = 0x10000\n\tFF1 = 0x8000\n\tFFDLY = 0x8000\n\tFLUSHO = 0x2000\n\tFS_IOC_ENABLE_VERITY = 0x80806685\n\tFS_IOC_GETFLAGS = 0x40046601\n\tFS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_NONCE = 0x4010661b\n\tFS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY = 0x800c6615\n\tFS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_PWSALT = 0x80106614\n\tFS_IOC_SETFLAGS = 0x80046602\n\tFS_IOC_SET_ENCRYPTION_POLICY = 0x400c6613\n\tF_GETLK = 0x21\n\tF_GETLK64 = 0x21\n\tF_GETOWN = 0x17\n\tF_RDLCK = 0x0\n\tF_SETLK = 0x22\n\tF_SETLK64 = 0x22\n\tF_SETLKW = 0x23\n\tF_SETLKW64 = 0x23\n\tF_SETOWN = 0x18\n\tF_UNLCK = 0x2\n\tF_WRLCK = 0x1\n\tHUPCL = 0x400\n\tICANON = 0x2\n\tIEXTEN = 0x100\n\tIN_CLOEXEC = 0x80000\n\tIN_NONBLOCK = 0x80\n\tIOCTL_VM_SOCKETS_GET_LOCAL_CID = 0x200007b9\n\tISIG = 0x1\n\tIUCLC = 0x200\n\tIXOFF = 0x1000\n\tIXON = 0x400\n\tMAP_ANON = 0x800\n\tMAP_ANONYMOUS = 0x800\n\tMAP_DENYWRITE = 0x2000\n\tMAP_EXECUTABLE = 0x4000\n\tMAP_GROWSDOWN = 0x1000\n\tMAP_HUGETLB = 0x80000\n\tMAP_LOCKED = 0x8000\n\tMAP_NONBLOCK = 0x20000\n\tMAP_NORESERVE = 0x400\n\tMAP_POPULATE = 0x10000\n\tMAP_RENAME = 0x800\n\tMAP_STACK = 0x40000\n\tMCL_CURRENT = 0x1\n\tMCL_FUTURE = 0x2\n\tMCL_ONFAULT = 0x4\n\tNFDBITS = 0x20\n\tNLDLY = 0x100\n\tNOFLSH = 0x80\n\tNS_GET_NSTYPE = 0x2000b703\n\tNS_GET_OWNER_UID = 0x2000b704\n\tNS_GET_PARENT = 0x2000b702\n\tNS_GET_USERNS = 0x2000b701\n\tOLCUC = 0x2\n\tONLCR = 0x4\n\tO_APPEND = 0x8\n\tO_ASYNC = 0x1000\n\tO_CLOEXEC = 0x80000\n\tO_CREAT = 0x100\n\tO_DIRECT = 0x8000\n\tO_DIRECTORY = 0x10000\n\tO_DSYNC = 0x10\n\tO_EXCL = 0x400\n\tO_FSYNC = 0x4010\n\tO_LARGEFILE = 0x2000\n\tO_NDELAY = 0x80\n\tO_NOATIME = 0x40000\n\tO_NOCTTY = 0x800\n\tO_NOFOLLOW = 0x20000\n\tO_NONBLOCK = 0x80\n\tO_PATH = 0x200000\n\tO_RSYNC = 0x4010\n\tO_SYNC = 0x4010\n\tO_TMPFILE = 0x410000\n\tO_TRUNC = 0x200\n\tPARENB = 0x100\n\tPARODD = 0x200\n\tPENDIN = 0x4000\n\tPERF_EVENT_IOC_DISABLE = 0x20002401\n\tPERF_EVENT_IOC_ENABLE = 0x20002400\n\tPERF_EVENT_IOC_ID = 0x40042407\n\tPERF_EVENT_IOC_MODIFY_ATTRIBUTES = 0x8004240b\n\tPERF_EVENT_IOC_PAUSE_OUTPUT = 0x80042409\n\tPERF_EVENT_IOC_PERIOD = 0x80082404\n\tPERF_EVENT_IOC_QUERY_BPF = 0xc004240a\n\tPERF_EVENT_IOC_REFRESH = 0x20002402\n\tPERF_EVENT_IOC_RESET = 0x20002403\n\tPERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_BPF = 0x80042408\n\tPERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_FILTER = 0x80042406\n\tPERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_OUTPUT = 0x20002405\n\tPPPIOCATTACH = 0x8004743d\n\tPPPIOCATTCHAN = 0x80047438\n\tPPPIOCCONNECT = 0x8004743a\n\tPPPIOCDETACH = 0x8004743c\n\tPPPIOCDISCONN = 0x20007439\n\tPPPIOCGASYNCMAP = 0x40047458\n\tPPPIOCGCHAN = 0x40047437\n\tPPPIOCGDEBUG = 0x40047441\n\tPPPIOCGFLAGS = 0x4004745a\n\tPPPIOCGIDLE = 0x4008743f\n\tPPPIOCGIDLE32 = 0x4008743f\n\tPPPIOCGIDLE64 = 0x4010743f\n\tPPPIOCGL2TPSTATS = 0x40487436\n\tPPPIOCGMRU = 0x40047453\n\tPPPIOCGRASYNCMAP = 0x40047455\n\tPPPIOCGUNIT = 0x40047456\n\tPPPIOCGXASYNCMAP = 0x40207450\n\tPPPIOCSACTIVE = 0x80087446\n\tPPPIOCSASYNCMAP = 0x80047457\n\tPPPIOCSCOMPRESS = 0x800c744d\n\tPPPIOCSDEBUG = 0x80047440\n\tPPPIOCSFLAGS = 0x80047459\n\tPPPIOCSMAXCID = 0x80047451\n\tPPPIOCSMRRU = 0x8004743b\n\tPPPIOCSMRU = 0x80047452\n\tPPPIOCSNPMODE = 0x8008744b\n\tPPPIOCSPASS = 0x80087447\n\tPPPIOCSRASYNCMAP = 0x80047454\n\tPPPIOCSXASYNCMAP = 0x8020744f\n\tPPPIOCXFERUNIT = 0x2000744e\n\tPR_SET_PTRACER_ANY = 0xffffffff\n\tPTRACE_GETFPREGS = 0xe\n\tPTRACE_GET_THREAD_AREA = 0x19\n\tPTRACE_GET_THREAD_AREA_3264 = 0xc4\n\tPTRACE_GET_WATCH_REGS = 0xd0\n\tPTRACE_OLDSETOPTIONS = 0x15\n\tPTRACE_PEEKDATA_3264 = 0xc1\n\tPTRACE_PEEKTEXT_3264 = 0xc0\n\tPTRACE_POKEDATA_3264 = 0xc3\n\tPTRACE_POKETEXT_3264 = 0xc2\n\tPTRACE_SETFPREGS = 0xf\n\tPTRACE_SET_THREAD_AREA = 0x1a\n\tPTRACE_SET_WATCH_REGS = 0xd1\n\tRLIMIT_AS = 0x6\n\tRLIMIT_MEMLOCK = 0x9\n\tRLIMIT_NOFILE = 0x5\n\tRLIMIT_NPROC = 0x8\n\tRLIMIT_RSS = 0x7\n\tRNDADDENTROPY = 0x80085203\n\tRNDADDTOENTCNT = 0x80045201\n\tRNDCLEARPOOL = 0x20005206\n\tRNDGETENTCNT = 0x40045200\n\tRNDGETPOOL = 0x40085202\n\tRNDRESEEDCRNG = 0x20005207\n\tRNDZAPENTCNT = 0x20005204\n\tRTC_AIE_OFF = 0x20007002\n\tRTC_AIE_ON = 0x20007001\n\tRTC_ALM_READ = 0x40247008\n\tRTC_ALM_SET = 0x80247007\n\tRTC_EPOCH_READ = 0x4004700d\n\tRTC_EPOCH_SET = 0x8004700e\n\tRTC_IRQP_READ = 0x4004700b\n\tRTC_IRQP_SET = 0x8004700c\n\tRTC_PIE_OFF = 0x20007006\n\tRTC_PIE_ON = 0x20007005\n\tRTC_PLL_GET = 0x401c7011\n\tRTC_PLL_SET = 0x801c7012\n\tRTC_RD_TIME = 0x40247009\n\tRTC_SET_TIME = 0x8024700a\n\tRTC_UIE_OFF = 0x20007004\n\tRTC_UIE_ON = 0x20007003\n\tRTC_VL_CLR = 0x20007014\n\tRTC_VL_READ = 0x40047013\n\tRTC_WIE_OFF = 0x20007010\n\tRTC_WIE_ON = 0x2000700f\n\tRTC_WKALM_RD = 0x40287010\n\tRTC_WKALM_SET = 0x8028700f\n\tSCM_TIMESTAMPING = 0x25\n\tSCM_TIMESTAMPING_OPT_STATS = 0x36\n\tSCM_TIMESTAMPING_PKTINFO = 0x3a\n\tSCM_TIMESTAMPNS = 0x23\n\tSCM_TXTIME = 0x3d\n\tSCM_WIFI_STATUS = 0x29\n\tSFD_CLOEXEC = 0x80000\n\tSFD_NONBLOCK = 0x80\n\tSIOCATMARK = 0x40047307\n\tSIOCGPGRP = 0x40047309\n\tSIOCGSTAMPNS_NEW = 0x40108907\n\tSIOCGSTAMP_NEW = 0x40108906\n\tSIOCINQ = 0x467f\n\tSIOCOUTQ = 0x7472\n\tSIOCSPGRP = 0x80047308\n\tSOCK_CLOEXEC = 0x80000\n\tSOCK_DGRAM = 0x1\n\tSOCK_NONBLOCK = 0x80\n\tSOCK_STREAM = 0x2\n\tSOL_SOCKET = 0xffff\n\tSO_ACCEPTCONN = 0x1009\n\tSO_ATTACH_BPF = 0x32\n\tSO_ATTACH_REUSEPORT_CBPF = 0x33\n\tSO_ATTACH_REUSEPORT_EBPF = 0x34\n\tSO_BINDTODEVICE = 0x19\n\tSO_BINDTOIFINDEX = 0x3e\n\tSO_BPF_EXTENSIONS = 0x30\n\tSO_BROADCAST = 0x20\n\tSO_BSDCOMPAT = 0xe\n\tSO_BUSY_POLL = 0x2e\n\tSO_CNX_ADVICE = 0x35\n\tSO_COOKIE = 0x39\n\tSO_DETACH_REUSEPORT_BPF = 0x44\n\tSO_DOMAIN = 0x1029\n\tSO_DONTROUTE = 0x10\n\tSO_ERROR = 0x1007\n\tSO_INCOMING_CPU = 0x31\n\tSO_INCOMING_NAPI_ID = 0x38\n\tSO_KEEPALIVE = 0x8\n\tSO_LINGER = 0x80\n\tSO_LOCK_FILTER = 0x2c\n\tSO_MARK = 0x24\n\tSO_MAX_PACING_RATE = 0x2f\n\tSO_MEMINFO = 0x37\n\tSO_NOFCS = 0x2b\n\tSO_OOBINLINE = 0x100\n\tSO_PASSCRED = 0x11\n\tSO_PASSSEC = 0x22\n\tSO_PEEK_OFF = 0x2a\n\tSO_PEERCRED = 0x12\n\tSO_PEERGROUPS = 0x3b\n\tSO_PEERSEC = 0x1e\n\tSO_PROTOCOL = 0x1028\n\tSO_RCVBUF = 0x1002\n\tSO_RCVBUFFORCE = 0x21\n\tSO_RCVLOWAT = 0x1004\n\tSO_RCVTIMEO = 0x1006\n\tSO_RCVTIMEO_NEW = 0x42\n\tSO_RCVTIMEO_OLD = 0x1006\n\tSO_REUSEADDR = 0x4\n\tSO_REUSEPORT = 0x200\n\tSO_RXQ_OVFL = 0x28\n\tSO_SECURITY_AUTHENTICATION = 0x16\n\tSO_SECURITY_ENCRYPTION_NETWORK = 0x18\n\tSO_SECURITY_ENCRYPTION_TRANSPORT = 0x17\n\tSO_SELECT_ERR_QUEUE = 0x2d\n\tSO_SNDBUF = 0x1001\n\tSO_SNDBUFFORCE = 0x1f\n\tSO_SNDLOWAT = 0x1003\n\tSO_SNDTIMEO = 0x1005\n\tSO_SNDTIMEO_NEW = 0x43\n\tSO_SNDTIMEO_OLD = 0x1005\n\tSO_STYLE = 0x1008\n\tSO_TIMESTAMPING = 0x25\n\tSO_TIMESTAMPING_NEW = 0x41\n\tSO_TIMESTAMPING_OLD = 0x25\n\tSO_TIMESTAMPNS = 0x23\n\tSO_TIMESTAMPNS_NEW = 0x40\n\tSO_TIMESTAMPNS_OLD = 0x23\n\tSO_TIMESTAMP_NEW = 0x3f\n\tSO_TXTIME = 0x3d\n\tSO_TYPE = 0x1008\n\tSO_WIFI_STATUS = 0x29\n\tSO_ZEROCOPY = 0x3c\n\tTAB1 = 0x800\n\tTAB2 = 0x1000\n\tTAB3 = 0x1800\n\tTABDLY = 0x1800\n\tTCFLSH = 0x5407\n\tTCGETA = 0x5401\n\tTCGETS = 0x540d\n\tTCGETS2 = 0x4030542a\n\tTCSAFLUSH = 0x5410\n\tTCSBRK = 0x5405\n\tTCSBRKP = 0x5486\n\tTCSETA = 0x5402\n\tTCSETAF = 0x5404\n\tTCSETAW = 0x5403\n\tTCSETS = 0x540e\n\tTCSETS2 = 0x8030542b\n\tTCSETSF = 0x5410\n\tTCSETSF2 = 0x8030542d\n\tTCSETSW = 0x540f\n\tTCSETSW2 = 0x8030542c\n\tTCXONC = 0x5406\n\tTFD_CLOEXEC = 0x80000\n\tTFD_NONBLOCK = 0x80\n\tTIOCCBRK = 0x5428\n\tTIOCCONS = 0x80047478\n\tTIOCEXCL = 0x740d\n\tTIOCGDEV = 0x40045432\n\tTIOCGETD = 0x7400\n\tTIOCGETP = 0x7408\n\tTIOCGEXCL = 0x40045440\n\tTIOCGICOUNT = 0x5492\n\tTIOCGISO7816 = 0x40285442\n\tTIOCGLCKTRMIOS = 0x548b\n\tTIOCGLTC = 0x7474\n\tTIOCGPGRP = 0x40047477\n\tTIOCGPKT = 0x40045438\n\tTIOCGPTLCK = 0x40045439\n\tTIOCGPTN = 0x40045430\n\tTIOCGPTPEER = 0x20005441\n\tTIOCGRS485 = 0x4020542e\n\tTIOCGSERIAL = 0x5484\n\tTIOCGSID = 0x7416\n\tTIOCGSOFTCAR = 0x5481\n\tTIOCGWINSZ = 0x40087468\n\tTIOCINQ = 0x467f\n\tTIOCLINUX = 0x5483\n\tTIOCMBIC = 0x741c\n\tTIOCMBIS = 0x741b\n\tTIOCMGET = 0x741d\n\tTIOCMIWAIT = 0x5491\n\tTIOCMSET = 0x741a\n\tTIOCM_CAR = 0x100\n\tTIOCM_CD = 0x100\n\tTIOCM_CTS = 0x40\n\tTIOCM_DSR = 0x400\n\tTIOCM_RI = 0x200\n\tTIOCM_RNG = 0x200\n\tTIOCM_SR = 0x20\n\tTIOCM_ST = 0x10\n\tTIOCNOTTY = 0x5471\n\tTIOCNXCL = 0x740e\n\tTIOCOUTQ = 0x7472\n\tTIOCPKT = 0x5470\n\tTIOCSBRK = 0x5427\n\tTIOCSCTTY = 0x5480\n\tTIOCSERCONFIG = 0x5488\n\tTIOCSERGETLSR = 0x548e\n\tTIOCSERGETMULTI = 0x548f\n\tTIOCSERGSTRUCT = 0x548d\n\tTIOCSERGWILD = 0x5489\n\tTIOCSERSETMULTI = 0x5490\n\tTIOCSERSWILD = 0x548a\n\tTIOCSER_TEMT = 0x1\n\tTIOCSETD = 0x7401\n\tTIOCSETN = 0x740a\n\tTIOCSETP = 0x7409\n\tTIOCSIG = 0x80045436\n\tTIOCSISO7816 = 0xc0285443\n\tTIOCSLCKTRMIOS = 0x548c\n\tTIOCSLTC = 0x7475\n\tTIOCSPGRP = 0x80047476\n\tTIOCSPTLCK = 0x80045431\n\tTIOCSRS485 = 0xc020542f\n\tTIOCSSERIAL = 0x5485\n\tTIOCSSOFTCAR = 0x5482\n\tTIOCSTI = 0x5472\n\tTIOCSWINSZ = 0x80087467\n\tTIOCVHANGUP = 0x5437\n\tTOSTOP = 0x8000\n\tTUNATTACHFILTER = 0x800854d5\n\tTUNDETACHFILTER = 0x800854d6\n\tTUNGETDEVNETNS = 0x200054e3\n\tTUNGETFEATURES = 0x400454cf\n\tTUNGETFILTER = 0x400854db\n\tTUNGETIFF = 0x400454d2\n\tTUNGETSNDBUF = 0x400454d3\n\tTUNGETVNETBE = 0x400454df\n\tTUNGETVNETHDRSZ = 0x400454d7\n\tTUNGETVNETLE = 0x400454dd\n\tTUNSETCARRIER = 0x800454e2\n\tTUNSETDEBUG = 0x800454c9\n\tTUNSETFILTEREBPF = 0x400454e1\n\tTUNSETGROUP = 0x800454ce\n\tTUNSETIFF = 0x800454ca\n\tTUNSETIFINDEX = 0x800454da\n\tTUNSETLINK = 0x800454cd\n\tTUNSETNOCSUM = 0x800454c8\n\tTUNSETOFFLOAD = 0x800454d0\n\tTUNSETOWNER = 0x800454cc\n\tTUNSETPERSIST = 0x800454cb\n\tTUNSETQUEUE = 0x800454d9\n\tTUNSETSNDBUF = 0x800454d4\n\tTUNSETSTEERINGEBPF = 0x400454e0\n\tTUNSETTXFILTER = 0x800454d1\n\tTUNSETVNETBE = 0x800454de\n\tTUNSETVNETHDRSZ = 0x800454d8\n\tTUNSETVNETLE = 0x800454dc\n\tUBI_IOCATT = 0x80186f40\n\tUBI_IOCDET = 0x80046f41\n\tUBI_IOCEBCH = 0x80044f02\n\tUBI_IOCEBER = 0x80044f01\n\tUBI_IOCEBISMAP = 0x40044f05\n\tUBI_IOCEBMAP = 0x80084f03\n\tUBI_IOCEBUNMAP = 0x80044f04\n\tUBI_IOCMKVOL = 0x80986f00\n\tUBI_IOCRMVOL = 0x80046f01\n\tUBI_IOCRNVOL = 0x91106f03\n\tUBI_IOCRPEB = 0x80046f04\n\tUBI_IOCRSVOL = 0x800c6f02\n\tUBI_IOCSETVOLPROP = 0x80104f06\n\tUBI_IOCSPEB = 0x80046f05\n\tUBI_IOCVOLCRBLK = 0x80804f07\n\tUBI_IOCVOLRMBLK = 0x20004f08\n\tUBI_IOCVOLUP = 0x80084f00\n\tVDISCARD = 0xd\n\tVEOF = 0x10\n\tVEOL = 0x11\n\tVEOL2 = 0x6\n\tVMIN = 0x4\n\tVREPRINT = 0xc\n\tVSTART = 0x8\n\tVSTOP = 0x9\n\tVSUSP = 0xa\n\tVSWTC = 0x7\n\tVSWTCH = 0x7\n\tVT1 = 0x4000\n\tVTDLY = 0x4000\n\tVTIME = 0x5\n\tVWERASE = 0xe\n\tWDIOC_GETBOOTSTATUS = 0x40045702\n\tWDIOC_GETPRETIMEOUT = 0x40045709\n\tWDIOC_GETSTATUS = 0x40045701\n\tWDIOC_GETSUPPORT = 0x40285700\n\tWDIOC_GETTEMP = 0x40045703\n\tWDIOC_GETTIMELEFT = 0x4004570a\n\tWDIOC_GETTIMEOUT = 0x40045707\n\tWDIOC_KEEPALIVE = 0x40045705\n\tWDIOC_SETOPTIONS = 0x40045704\n\tWORDSIZE = 0x20\n\tXCASE = 0x4\n\tXTABS = 0x1800\n)\n\n// Errors\nconst (\n\tEADDRINUSE = syscall.", "Errno(0x7d)\n\tEADDRNOTAVAIL = syscall.", "Errno(0x7e)\n\tEADV = syscall.", "Errno(0x44)\n\tEAFNOSUPPORT = syscall.", "Errno(0x7c)\n\tEALREADY = syscall.", "Errno(0x95)\n\tEBADE = syscall.", "Errno(0x32)\n\tEBADFD = syscall.", "Errno(0x51)\n\tEBADMSG = syscall.", "Errno(0x4d)\n\tEBADR = syscall.", "Errno(0x33)\n\tEBADRQC = syscall.", "Errno(0x36)\n\tEBADSLT = syscall.", "Errno(0x37)\n\tEBFONT = syscall.", "Errno(0x3b)\n\tECANCELED = syscall.", "Errno(0x9e)\n\tECHRNG = syscall.", "Errno(0x25)\n\tECOMM = syscall.", "Errno(0x46)\n\tECONNABORTED = syscall.", "Errno(0x82)\n\tECONNREFUSED = syscall.", "Errno(0x92)\n\tECONNRESET = syscall.", "Errno(0x83)\n\tEDEADLK = syscall.", "Errno(0x2d)\n\tEDEADLOCK = syscall.", "Errno(0x38)\n\tEDESTADDRREQ = syscall.", "Errno(0x60)\n\tEDOTDOT = syscall.", "Errno(0x49)\n\tEDQUOT = syscall.", "Errno(0x46d)\n\tEHOSTDOWN = syscall.", "Errno(0x93)\n\tEHOSTUNREACH = syscall.", "Errno(0x94)\n\tEHWPOISON = syscall.", "Errno(0xa8)\n\tEIDRM = syscall.", "Errno(0x24)\n\tEILSEQ = syscall.", "Errno(0x58)\n\tEINIT = syscall.", "Errno(0x8d)\n\tEINPROGRESS = syscall.", "Errno(0x96)\n\tEISCONN = syscall.", "Errno(0x85)\n\tEISNAM = syscall.", "Errno(0x8b)\n\tEKEYEXPIRED = syscall.", "Errno(0xa2)\n\tEKEYREJECTED = syscall.", "Errno(0xa4)\n\tEKEYREVOKED = syscall.", "Errno(0xa3)\n\tEL2HLT = syscall.", "Errno(0x2c)\n\tEL2NSYNC = syscall.", "Errno(0x26)\n\tEL3HLT = syscall.", "Errno(0x27)\n\tEL3RST = syscall.", "Errno(0x28)\n\tELIBACC = syscall.", "Errno(0x53)\n\tELIBBAD = syscall.", "Errno(0x54)\n\tELIBEXEC = syscall.", "Errno(0x57)\n\tELIBMAX = syscall.", "Errno(0x56)\n\tELIBSCN = syscall.", "Errno(0x55)\n\tELNRNG = syscall.", "Errno(0x29)\n\tELOOP = syscall.", "Errno(0x5a)\n\tEMEDIUMTYPE = syscall.", "Errno(0xa0)\n\tEMSGSIZE = syscall.", "Errno(0x61)\n\tEMULTIHOP = syscall.", "Errno(0x4a)\n\tENAMETOOLONG = syscall.", "Errno(0x4e)\n\tENAVAIL = syscall.", "Errno(0x8a)\n\tENETDOWN = syscall.", "Errno(0x7f)\n\tENETRESET = syscall.", "Errno(0x81)\n\tENETUNREACH = syscall.", "Errno(0x80)\n\tENOANO = syscall.", "Errno(0x35)\n\tENOBUFS = syscall.", "Errno(0x84)\n\tENOCSI = syscall.", "Errno(0x2b)\n\tENODATA = syscall.", "Errno(0x3d)\n\tENOKEY = syscall.", "Errno(0xa1)\n\tENOLCK = syscall.", "Errno(0x2e)\n\tENOLINK = syscall.", "Errno(0x43)\n\tENOMEDIUM = syscall.", "Errno(0x9f)\n\tENOMSG = syscall.", "Errno(0x23)\n\tENONET = syscall.", "Errno(0x40)\n\tENOPKG = syscall.", "Errno(0x41)\n\tENOPROTOOPT = syscall.", "Errno(0x63)\n\tENOSR = syscall.", "Errno(0x3f)\n\tENOSTR = syscall.", "Errno(0x3c)\n\tENOSYS = syscall.", "Errno(0x59)\n\tENOTCONN = syscall.", "Errno(0x86)\n\tENOTEMPTY = syscall.", "Errno(0x5d)\n\tENOTNAM = syscall.", "Errno(0x89)\n\tENOTRECOVERABLE = syscall.", "Errno(0xa6)\n\tENOTSOCK = syscall.", "Errno(0x5f)\n\tENOTSUP = syscall.", "Errno(0x7a)\n\tENOTUNIQ = syscall.", "Errno(0x50)\n\tEOPNOTSUPP = syscall.", "Errno(0x7a)\n\tEOVERFLOW = syscall.", "Errno(0x4f)\n\tEOWNERDEAD = syscall.", "Errno(0xa5)\n\tEPFNOSUPPORT = syscall.", "Errno(0x7b)\n\tEPROTO = syscall.", "Errno(0x47)\n\tEPROTONOSUPPORT = syscall.", "Errno(0x78)\n\tEPROTOTYPE = syscall.", "Errno(0x62)\n\tEREMCHG = syscall.", "Errno(0x52)\n\tEREMDEV = syscall.", "Errno(0x8e)\n\tEREMOTE = syscall.", "Errno(0x42)\n\tEREMOTEIO = syscall.", "Errno(0x8c)\n\tERESTART = syscall.", "Errno(0x5b)\n\tERFKILL = syscall.", "Errno(0xa7)\n\tESHUTDOWN = syscall.", "Errno(0x8f)\n\tESOCKTNOSUPPORT = syscall.", "Errno(0x79)\n\tESRMNT = syscall.", "Errno(0x45)\n\tESTALE = syscall.", "Errno(0x97)\n\tESTRPIPE = syscall.", "Errno(0x5c)\n\tETIME = syscall.", "Errno(0x3e)\n\tETIMEDOUT = syscall.", "Errno(0x91)\n\tETOOMANYREFS = syscall.", "Errno(0x90)\n\tEUCLEAN = syscall.", "Errno(0x87)\n\tEUNATCH = syscall.", "Errno(0x2a)\n\tEUSERS = syscall.", "Errno(0x5e)\n\tEXFULL = syscall.", "Errno(0x34)\n)\n\n// Signals\nconst (\n\tSIGBUS = syscall.", "Signal(0xa)\n\tSIGCHLD = syscall.", "Signal(0x12)\n\tSIGCLD = syscall.", "Signal(0x12)\n\tSIGCONT = syscall.", "Signal(0x19)\n\tSIGEMT = syscall.", "Signal(0x7)\n\tSIGIO = syscall.", "Signal(0x16)\n\tSIGPOLL = syscall.", "Signal(0x16)\n\tSIGPROF = syscall.", "Signal(0x1d)\n\tSIGPWR = syscall.", "Signal(0x13)\n\tSIGSTOP = syscall.", "Signal(0x17)\n\tSIGSYS = syscall.", "Signal(0xc)\n\tSIGTSTP = syscall.", "Signal(0x18)\n\tSIGTTIN = syscall.", "Signal(0x1a)\n\tSIGTTOU = syscall.", "Signal(0x1b)\n\tSIGURG = syscall.", "Signal(0x15)\n\tSIGUSR1 = syscall.", "Signal(0x10)\n\tSIGUSR2 = syscall.", "Signal(0x11)\n\tSIGVTALRM = syscall.", "Signal(0x1c)\n\tSIGWINCH = syscall.", "Signal(0x14)\n\tSIGXCPU = syscall.", "Signal(0x1e)\n\tSIGXFSZ = syscall.", "Signal(0x1f)\n)\n\n// Error table\nvar errorList = [...]struct {\n\tnum syscall.", "Errno\n\tname string\n\tdesc string\n}{\n\t{1, \"EPERM\", \"operation not permitted\"},\n\t{2, \"ENOENT\", \"no such file or directory\"},\n\t{3, \"ESRCH\", \"no such process\"},\n\t{4, \"EINTR\", \"interrupted system call\"},\n\t{5, \"EIO\", \"input/output error\"},\n\t{6, \"ENXIO\", \"no such device or address\"},\n\t{7, \"E2BIG\", \"argument list too long\"},\n\t{8, \"ENOEXEC\", \"exec format error\"},\n\t{9, \"EBADF\", \"bad file descriptor\"},\n\t{10, \"ECHILD\", \"no child processes\"},\n\t{11, \"EAGAIN\", \"resource temporarily unavailable\"},\n\t{12, \"ENOMEM\", \"cannot allocate memory\"},\n\t{13, \"EACCES\", \"permission denied\"},\n\t{14, \"EFAULT\", \"bad address\"},\n\t{15, \"ENOTBLK\", \"block device required\"},\n\t{16, \"EBUSY\", \"device or resource busy\"},\n\t{17, \"EEXIST\", \"file exists\"},\n\t{18, \"EXDEV\", \"invalid cross-device link\"},\n\t{19, \"ENODEV\", \"no such device\"},\n\t{20, \"ENOTDIR\", \"not a directory\"},\n\t{21, \"EISDIR\", \"is a directory\"},\n\t{22, \"EINVAL\", \"invalid argument\"},\n\t{23, \"ENFILE\", \"too many open files in system\"},\n\t{24, \"EMFILE\", \"too many open files\"},\n\t{25, \"ENOTTY\", \"inappropriate ioctl for device\"},\n\t{26, \"ETXTBSY\", \"text file busy\"},\n\t{27, \"EFBIG\", \"file too large\"},\n\t{28, \"ENOSPC\", \"no space left on device\"},\n\t{29, \"ESPIPE\", \"illegal seek\"},\n\t{30, \"EROFS\", \"read-only file system\"},\n\t{31, \"EMLINK\", \"too many links\"},\n\t{32, \"EPIPE\", \"broken pipe\"},\n\t{33, \"EDOM\", \"numerical argument out of domain\"},\n\t{34, \"ERANGE\", \"numerical result out of range\"},\n\t{35, \"ENOMSG\", \"no message of desired type\"},\n\t{36, \"EIDRM\", \"identifier removed\"},\n\t{37, \"ECHRNG\", \"channel number out of range\"},\n\t{38, \"EL2NSYNC\", \"level 2 not synchronized\"},\n\t{39, \"EL3HLT\", \"level 3 halted\"},\n\t{40, \"EL3RST\", \"level 3 reset\"},\n\t{41, \"ELNRNG\", \"link number out of range\"},\n\t{42, \"EUNATCH\", \"protocol driver not attached\"},\n\t{43, \"ENOCSI\", \"no CSI structure available\"},\n\t{44, \"EL2HLT\", \"level 2 halted\"},\n\t{45, \"EDEADLK\", \"resource deadlock avoided\"},\n\t{46, \"ENOLCK\", \"no locks available\"},\n\t{50, \"EBADE\", \"invalid exchange\"},\n\t{51, \"EBADR\", \"invalid request descriptor\"},\n\t{52, \"EXFULL\", \"exchange full\"},\n\t{53, \"ENOANO\", \"no anode\"},\n\t{54, \"EBADRQC\", \"invalid request code\"},\n\t{55, \"EBADSLT\", \"invalid slot\"},\n\t{56, \"EDEADLOCK\", \"file locking deadlock error\"},\n\t{59, \"EBFONT\", \"bad font file format\"},\n\t{60, \"ENOSTR\", \"device not a stream\"},\n\t{61, \"ENODATA\", \"no data available\"},\n\t{62, \"ETIME\", \"timer expired\"},\n\t{63, \"ENOSR\", \"out of streams resources\"},\n\t{64, \"ENONET\", \"machine is not on the network\"},\n\t{65, \"ENOPKG\", \"package not installed\"},\n\t{66, \"EREMOTE\", \"object is remote\"},\n\t{67, \"ENOLINK\", \"link has been severed\"},\n\t{68, \"EADV\", \"advertise error\"},\n\t{69, \"ESRMNT\", \"srmount error\"},\n\t{70, \"ECOMM\", \"communication error on send\"},\n\t{71, \"EPROTO\", \"protocol error\"},\n\t{73, \"EDOTDOT\", \"RFS specific error\"},\n\t{74, \"EMULTIHOP\", \"multihop attempted\"},\n\t{77, \"EBADMSG\", \"bad message\"},\n\t{78, \"ENAMETOOLONG\", \"file name too long\"},\n\t{79, \"EOVERFLOW\", \"value too large for defined data type\"},\n\t{80, \"ENOTUNIQ\", \"name not unique on network\"},\n\t{81, \"EBADFD\", \"file descriptor in bad state\"},\n\t{82, \"EREMCHG\", \"remote address changed\"},\n\t{83, \"ELIBACC\", \"can not access a needed shared library\"},\n\t{84, \"ELIBBAD\", \"accessing a corrupted shared library\"},\n\t{85, \"ELIBSCN\", \".lib section in a.out corrupted\"},\n\t{86, \"ELIBMAX\", \"attempting to link in too many shared libraries\"},\n\t{87, \"ELIBEXEC\", \"cannot exec a shared library directly\"},\n\t{88, \"EILSEQ\", \"invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character\"},\n\t{89, \"ENOSYS\", \"function not implemented\"},\n\t{90, \"ELOOP\", \"too many levels of symbolic links\"},\n\t{91, \"ERESTART\", \"interrupted system call should be restarted\"},\n\t{92, \"ESTRPIPE\", \"streams pipe error\"},\n\t{93, \"ENOTEMPTY\", \"directory not empty\"},\n\t{94, \"EUSERS\", \"too many users\"},\n\t{95, \"ENOTSOCK\", \"socket operation on non-socket\"},\n\t{96, \"EDESTADDRREQ\", \"destination address required\"},\n\t{97, \"EMSGSIZE\", \"message too long\"},\n\t{98, \"EPROTOTYPE\", \"protocol wrong type for socket\"},\n\t{99, \"ENOPROTOOPT\", \"protocol not available\"},\n\t{120, \"EPROTONOSUPPORT\", \"protocol not supported\"},\n\t{121, \"ESOCKTNOSUPPORT\", \"socket type not supported\"},\n\t{122, \"ENOTSUP\", \"operation not supported\"},\n\t{123, \"EPFNOSUPPORT\", \"protocol family not supported\"},\n\t{124, \"EAFNOSUPPORT\", \"address family not supported by protocol\"},\n\t{125, \"EADDRINUSE\", \"address already in use\"},\n\t{126, \"EADDRNOTAVAIL\", \"cannot assign requested address\"},\n\t{127, \"ENETDOWN\", \"network is down\"},\n\t{128, \"ENETUNREACH\", \"network is unreachable\"},\n\t{129, \"ENETRESET\", \"network dropped connection on reset\"},\n\t{130, \"ECONNABORTED\", \"software caused connection abort\"},\n\t{131, \"ECONNRESET\", \"connection reset by peer\"},\n\t{132, \"ENOBUFS\", \"no buffer space available\"},\n\t{133, \"EISCONN\", \"transport endpoint is already connected\"},\n\t{134, \"ENOTCONN\", \"transport endpoint is not connected\"},\n\t{135, \"EUCLEAN\", \"structure needs cleaning\"},\n\t{137, \"ENOTNAM\", \"not a XENIX named type file\"},\n\t{138, \"ENAVAIL\", \"no XENIX semaphores available\"},\n\t{139, \"EISNAM\", \"is a named type file\"},\n\t{140, \"EREMOTEIO\", \"remote I/O error\"},\n\t{141, \"EINIT\", \"unknown error 141\"},\n\t{142, \"EREMDEV\", \"unknown error 142\"},\n\t{143, \"ESHUTDOWN\", \"cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown\"},\n\t{144, \"ETOOMANYREFS\", \"too many references: cannot splice\"},\n\t{145, \"ETIMEDOUT\", \"connection timed out\"},\n\t{146, \"ECONNREFUSED\", \"connection refused\"},\n\t{147, \"EHOSTDOWN\", \"host is down\"},\n\t{148, \"EHOSTUNREACH\", \"no route to host\"},\n\t{149, \"EALREADY\", \"operation already in progress\"},\n\t{150, \"EINPROGRESS\", \"operation now in progress\"},\n\t{151, \"ESTALE\", \"stale file handle\"},\n\t{158, \"ECANCELED\", \"operation canceled\"},\n\t{159, \"ENOMEDIUM\", \"no medium found\"},\n\t{160, \"EMEDIUMTYPE\", \"wrong medium type\"},\n\t{161, \"ENOKEY\", \"required key not available\"},\n\t{162, \"EKEYEXPIRED\", \"key has expired\"},\n\t{163, \"EKEYREVOKED\", \"key has been revoked\"},\n\t{164, \"EKEYREJECTED\", \"key was rejected by service\"},\n\t{165, \"EOWNERDEAD\", \"owner died\"},\n\t{166, \"ENOTRECOVERABLE\", \"state not recoverable\"},\n\t{167, \"ERFKILL\", \"operation not possible due to RF-kill\"},\n\t{168, \"EHWPOISON\", \"memory page has hardware error\"},\n\t{1133, \"EDQUOT\", \"disk quota exceeded\"},\n}\n\n// Signal table\nvar signalList = [...]struct {\n\tnum syscall.", "Signal\n\tname string\n\tdesc string\n}{\n\t{1, \"SIGHUP\", \"hangup\"},\n\t{2, \"SIGINT\", \"interrupt\"},\n\t{3, \"SIGQUIT\", \"quit\"},\n\t{4, \"SIGILL\", \"illegal instruction\"},\n\t{5, \"SIGTRAP\", \"trace/breakpoint trap\"},\n\t{6, \"SIGABRT\", \"aborted\"},\n\t{7, \"SIGEMT\", \"EMT trap\"},\n\t{8, \"SIGFPE\", \"floating point exception\"},\n\t{9, \"SIGKILL\", \"killed\"},\n\t{10, \"SIGBUS\", \"bus error\"},\n\t{11, \"SIGSEGV\", \"segmentation fault\"},\n\t{12, \"SIGSYS\", \"bad system call\"},\n\t{13, \"SIGPIPE\", \"broken pipe\"},\n\t{14, \"SIGALRM\", \"alarm clock\"},\n\t{15, \"SIGTERM\", \"terminated\"},\n\t{16, \"SIGUSR1\", \"user defined signal 1\"},\n\t{17, \"SIGUSR2\", \"user defined signal 2\"},\n\t{18, \"SIGCHLD\", \"child exited\"},\n\t{19, \"SIGPWR\", \"power failure\"},\n\t{20, \"SIGWINCH\", \"window changed\"},\n\t{21, \"SIGURG\", \"urgent I/O condition\"},\n\t{22, \"SIGIO\", \"I/O possible\"},\n\t{23, \"SIGSTOP\", \"stopped (signal)\"},\n\t{24, \"SIGTSTP\", \"stopped\"},\n\t{25, \"SIGCONT\", \"continued\"},\n\t{26, \"SIGTTIN\", \"stopped (tty input)\"},\n\t{27, \"SIGTTOU\", \"stopped (tty output)\"},\n\t{28, \"SIGVTALRM\", \"virtual timer expired\"},\n\t{29, \"SIGPROF\", \"profiling timer expired\"},\n\t{30, \"SIGXCPU\", \"CPU time limit exceeded\"},\n\t{31, \"SIGXFSZ\", \"file size limit exceeded\"},\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Innate and adaptive immunity during epileptogenesis and spontaneous seizures: evidence from experimental models and human temporal lobe epilepsy.", "\nWe investigated the activation of the IL-1 beta system and markers of adaptive immunity in rat brain during epileptogenesis using models of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). ", "The same inflammatory markers were studied in rat chronic epileptic tissue and in human TLE with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). ", "IL-1 beta was expressed by both activated microglia and astrocytes within 4 h from the onset of status epilepticus (SE) in forebrain areas recruited in epileptic activity; however, only astrocytes sustained inflammation during epileptogenesis. ", "Activation of the IL-1 beta system during epileptogenesis was associated with neurodegeneration and blood-brain barrier breakdown. ", "In rat and human chronic epileptic tissue, IL-1 beta and IL-1 receptor type 1 were broadly expressed by astrocytes, microglia and neurons. ", "Granulocytes appeared transiently in rat brain during epileptogenesis while monocytes/macrophages were present in the hippocampus from 18 h after SE onset until chronic seizures develop, and they were found also in human TLE hippocampi. ", "In rat and human epileptic tissue, only scarce B- and T-lymphocytes and NK cells were found mainly associated with microvessels. ", "These data show that specific inflammatory pathways are chronically activated during epileptogenesis and they persist in chronic epileptic tissue, suggesting they may contribute to the etiopathogenesis of TLE." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "IBM 6400\n\nThe IBM 6400 family of line matrix printers were modern highspeed business computer printers introduced by IBM in 1995. ", "These printers were designed for use on a variety IBM systems including mainframes, servers, and PCs.", "\n\nAs of 2019, refurbished IBM 6400 printers (and refurbished replacement parts) are still being sold, not just on eBay.", "\n\nConfiguration\nThe 6400 was available in a choice of open pedestal (to minimize floor size requirements) or an enclosed cabinet (for quiet operation). ", "Three models existed, with print speeds of 500, 1000 or 1500 lines/minute.", "\n\nWhen configured with the appropriate graphics option, it could print mailing bar codes \"certified by the U.S. Postal service. ", "Twelve configurations were commonly sold by IBM.", "\n\nRebadged\nThese printers were manufactured by Printronix Corp and rebranded for IBM. ", "All internal parts had the Printronix Logo and/or artwork. ", "Although they once did, IBM no longer manufactures printers. ", "One of their old printer divisions became Lexmark The other became the IBM Printing Systems Division, which was subsequently spun off to Ricoh. ", "IBM now uses several different manufacturers to fill their printer\nrequirements under the IBM brand.", "\n\nReferences\n\n6400\nCategory:Line printers\nCategory:Computer-related introductions in 1995\nCategory:History of computing hardware" ]

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[ "CNI:BLOG // latest news from across the network\n\nNo doubt all of us will have seen the media around the flooding in Cumbria. ", "Now the headlines have stopped the clear-up has begun. ", "Jonny Gios (who designed the Street Angels book cover) is based at Sandylands Methodist Church in Kendal and has become an integral part of the clean up and restoration process for Kendal. ", "Without the work and support from the church in Kendal the council say they would have gone under.", "\n\nAs CNI Network we are donating £100 towards the clean-up work and to help employ a flood recovery manager who will work on the ground for 6 months. ", "2500 homes were affected in Kendal alone.", "\n\nWe are emailing out to see if others (individuals or projects) would like to donate to this so we can send a gift greater than £100 (maybe even leave a collecting bucket out in your base this weekend?) ", "Please pay any money direct to the CNI Network bank account and we will send the donation after Christmas. ", "Please reference the payment KENDALFLOOD." ]

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[ "719 F.2d 927\n33 Fair Empl.", "Prac.", "Cas. ", " 58, 32 Empl. ", "Prac.", "Dec. P 33,888Sharon M. IVANOV-McPHEE, Plaintiff-Appellant,v.WASHINGTON NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY, and Herbert Geist,Defendants-Appellees.", "\nNo. ", "82-2809.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Seventh Circuit.", "\nArgued May 9, 1983.Decided Oct. 26, 1983.", "\n\nCharles R. Watkins, Sachnoff, Weaver & Rubenstein, Ltd., Chicago, Ill., for plaintiff-appellant.", "\nDanae K. Prousis, Winston & Strawn, Chicago, Ill., for defendants-appellees.", "\nBefore PELL and CUDAHY, Circuit Judges, and GIBSON, Senior Circuit Judge.*", "\nCUDAHY, Circuit Judge.", "\n\n\n1\nAppellant, Sharon M. Ivanov-McPhee, brought a total of ten lawsuits alleging employment discrimination; four of these suits named the appellee, Washington National Insurance Company (\"Washington National\") as a defendant. ", " The ten cases were consolidated on motion of the plaintiff for purposes of discovery and trial, and a multiple-count complaint was filed. ", " The district court dismissed Washington National from the case, and Ms. Ivanov-McPhee appealed. ", " We dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.", "\n\n\n2\n* In 1978 Sharon M. Ivanov-McPhee brought an action pro se (docketed as No. ", "78 C 2948) alleging that Washington National had discharged her in violation of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. Secs. ", "2000e et seq. ", " Between 1978 and 1980, Ms. Ivanov-McPhee filed nine additional pro se lawsuits against a number of other defendants, alleging discrimination and retaliation. ", " Three of these additional lawsuits named Washington National as a defendant. ", " In No. ", "79 C 4697, Ms. Ivanov-McPhee sued Washington National and the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, alleging that Metropolitan had discriminatorily refused to hire her and that Washington National had retaliated against her for having filed discrimination charges, by giving out false adverse information about her to potential employers; if proven, such retaliation may constitute a violation of Title VII, see 42 U.S.C. Sec. ", "2000e-3. ", " In No. ", "79 C 4933, Washington National was sued as a co-defendant with Victor Mascula and Sun Life Insurance Company for acts of retaliation involving the circulation of bad references; in No. ", "79 C 4936, Washington National was sued, along with Equifax Services, Inc., on similar grounds. ", " The six other pro se actions filed in 1978 and 1979 did not name Washington National but focused primarily upon allegations of discrimination by various potential employers against Ms. Ivanov-McPhee resulting from her filed charges under Title VII.", "\n\n\n3\nAfter the district court appointed counsel for the plaintiff, Ms. Ivanov-McPhee moved in 1980 to consolidate all ten actions for discovery and trial and to file one amended complaint with respect to them all. ", " The court granted this motion; and ultimately a thirteen-count Second Amended Complaint was filed, setting forth the plaintiff's claims against all of the defendants in the ten consolidated cases. ", " In an order dated October 12, 1982, the district court dismissed several of the counts alleged in the amended complaint, including the three counts which involved Washington National; however, other counts and other defendants named in the counts against Washington National remain below.", "\n\n\n4\nOn November 4, 1982, the plaintiff filed a notice of appeal \"from the judgment and order entered against her dismissing her Second Amended Complaint as against defendant Washington National Insurance Co.....\" The appellant's brief limited itself to discussion of the issues raised by dismissal of Case No. ", "78 C 2948, the original discriminatory discharge suit against Washington National; and appellant continues to insist that it is only that action which is before us on appeal.", "\n\n\n5\nOn May 9, 1983, oral argument was held in this case. ", " At that time this court raised sua sponte the question of jurisdiction, since the discharge claim against Washington National was only one segment of the multi-party action below, and no certification under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b) had been obtained from the district court. ", " Upon order of the court, supplemental briefs on this question were subsequently filed by both parties. ", " In them, Ms. Ivanov-McPhee argues that her original action against Washington National, although part of a consolidated case, has retained its separate identity. ", " Since the October 12th order disposed of that case in its entirety, she contends that the judgment is a final order as to No. ", "78 C 2948 and appealable without Rule 54(b) certification. ", " Washington National, on the other hand, maintains that the ten separate actions were merged into one lawsuit by the consolidation and filing of the amended complaint and that, absent Rule 54(b) certification, this court does not have jurisdiction over what is an appeal from an order dismissing some but not all of the parties from a multi-party action.", "\n\nII\n\n6\nWe are faced with an apparent collision between two rules of law. ", " This court, of course, has jurisdiction only over appeals as to which a final judgment has been entered by the district court. ", " 28 U.S.C. Sec. ", "1291. ", " In a case involving multiple claims or multiple parties, the district court may direct the entry of a final judgment as to fewer than all of the claims or parties only upon an express determination that there is no just reason for delay and upon an express direction for the entry of judgment. ", " FED.R.CIV.P. 54(b). ", " The policy underlying both the finality rule and the requirement of Rule 54(b) certification is to prohibit \"piecemeal\" appeals except under certain limited circumstances. ", " See FED.R.CIV.P. 54(b) advisory committee note.", "\n\n\n7\nOn the other hand, another rule as generally articulated indicates that actions which have been consolidated do not lose their separate identity. ", " See, e.g., 9 C. WRIGHT & A. MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Sec. ", "2382, at 255 (1971); Johnson v. Manhattan Railway Co., 289 U.S. 479, 496-97, 53 S.Ct. ", "721, 727-28, 77 L.Ed. ", "1331 (1933).1 This supposed separate existence has led some courts to conclude that Rule 54(b) certification is not a prerequisite to appeal when the district court enters an order finally determining an individual action which has been consolidated with others. ", " See, e.g., In re Massachusetts Helicopter Airlines, Inc., 469 F.2d 439, 441 (1st Cir.1972). ", " We note, however, that the cases which have so held have primarily involved multiple plaintiffs, see id.; Jones v. Den Norske Amerikalinje A/S, 451 F.2d 985 (3d Cir.1971), and have therefore implicated the concern that individual litigants retain control over the conduct of their own litigation. ", " See Massachusetts Helicopter, 469 F.2d at 441; 15 C. WRIGHT, A. MILLER, & E. COOPER, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Sec. ", "3914, at 544 (1976). ", " The case before us, on the other hand, involves a single plaintiff who has obtained consolidation of a number of lawsuits upon her own motion.", "\n\n\n8\nThis difference illustrates that there are many different types of consolidation--of plaintiffs, of multiple defendants, of both plaintiffs and defendants, of claims--and the consolidation may be for more or less limited purposes. ", " Wright and Miller speak of three different types of consolidation, including ones:\n\n\n9\n(2) Where several actions are combined into one, lose their separate identity, and become a single action in which a single judgment is rendered. ", " An illustration of this is the situation in which several actions are pending between the same parties stating claims that might have been originally set out as separate counts in one complaint.", "\n\n\n10\n(3) Where several actions are ordered to be tried together but each retains its separate character and requires the entry of a separate judgment. ", " This type of consolidation does not merge the suits into a single action, or cause the parties to one action to be parties to another.", "\n\n\n11\n9 C. WRIGHT & A. MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Sec. ", "2382, at 254 (1971).", "\n\n\n12\nIt is not immediately clear which type of consolidation has occurred in the case at hand. ", " Appellant argues that the consolidation was only for limited purposes and thus that the consolidated suits each retain their separate identity. ", " Appellee responds that the ten suits have been superseded by the amended complaint and thus are merged, retaining no separate identity of substance. ", " The record is not straightforwardly conclusive on this question. ", " Judge Moran never explicitly said that the cases were consolidated for all purposes, although he did state in his order that \"the actions were consolidated into one suit, which has gradually evolved into the current form--a thirteen-count second amended complaint.\" ", " The plaintiff's motion which resulted in consolidation of the cases requested that the cases be \"consolidated for trial\"; and, in her response to the defendant Orkin's motion for severance or separate trial, the plaintiff argued that the cases were and should remain consolidated for both trial and discovery purposes. ", " Appellee's Supp.", "App. ", "at 63-64. ", " On the other hand, separate docket sheets continued (and continue) to be maintained in the district court for each of the ten cases. ", " Apart from the maintenance of these separate docket entries, however, we can perceive no purpose for which these actions have not been treated as one. ", " From the evidence before us, thus, the case here appears to be more like Wright and Miller's \"style 2\" consolidation than like \"style 3.\" ", " The actions could have been brought originally in a single action, see 6 C. WRIGHT & A. MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Sec. ", "1582 (1971)--and likely would have been, had plaintiff not been proceeding pro se.", "\n\n\n13\nIn any event, the policy concerns involved in the appealability of a consolidated case may lead us in differing directions with respect to the different kinds of consolidation. ", " In a recent case, the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit seems to have been guided by the impact of these considerations of policy. ", " In Ringwald v. Harris, 675 F.2d 768 (5th Cir.1982), the court confronted an appeal from a consolidated action against two defendants; the district court, which had entered an order reciting that the two cases were consolidated for all purposes, including trial, subsequently entered an order granting summary judgment as to one of the consolidated suits and as to one of the claims against one defendant. ", " An appeal was taken, although no Rule 54(b) certification had been obtained. ", " After discussing the case law, the court reasoned that:\n\n\n14\nWhile a consolidation may not in every respect merge separate actions into a single suit, we see no reason why a proper consolidation may not cause otherwise separate actions to thenceforth be treated as a single judicial unit for purposes of Rule 54(b) when the consolidation is clearly unlimited and the actions could originally have been brought as a single unit.", "\n\n\n15\n675 F.2d at 771. ", " The appeal was then dismissed for failure to comply with Rule 54(b). ", " Id.\n\n\n16\nWe think that the standard outlined by the Fifth Circuit in Ringwald is an appropriate one to apply here, particularly since we can perceive no interest of the plaintiff which would be seriously undermined by prohibiting her from appealing the dismissal of Washington National until all of her consolidated claims have been adjudicated. ", " Although there is no express statement by the district judge, as there was in Ringwald, that the cases were consolidated \"for all purposes,\"2 we cannot, as we have discussed above, discern any purposes of substance for which they retain separate identities. ", " Their separate existences, if any, are confined to the formalities of the docket sheets. ", " Second, the actions could have been brought as one suit and were in fact consolidated into one complaint when counsel was appointed for the plaintiff. ", " Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, we can see no interest of Ms. Ivanov-McPhee's which is harmed by our refusal to hear her appeal at this time. ", " It was she who moved to consolidate in the first place. ", " No objection to the propriety of that consolidation has been made, either to us or to the court below. ", " In fact, the plaintiff objected that severance of defendant Orkin Exterminating Company would work to her disadvantage, and she argued on behalf of treating all of the cases together for discovery and trial. ", " In what the Massachusetts Helicopter case referred to as \"the delicate balance between the public interest in judicial economy and the private interest of every litigant in the conduct of his own litigation,\" 469 F.2d at 441, we can see no interest here to outweigh that of the public in the efficiency of the judicial process. ", " We hold, therefore, that where consolidated cases could, without undue burden, have been brought as one action, where there is no clear evidence that they have in substance been consolidated only for limited purposes, and where there is no showing that the appellant's interests will be seriously undermined by dismissal of the appeal, the provisions of Rule 54(b) must be complied with, notwithstanding that the judgment in question disposes of all the claims and parties in one of the original actions. ", " Since no Rule 54(b) certification was obtained in the case before us, the appeal is hereby dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.", "\n\n\n\n*\n The Honorable Floyd R. Gibson, Senior Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, is sitting by designation\n\n\n1\n Johnson v. Manhattan Railway Co., 289 U.S. 479, 53 S.Ct. ", "721, 77 L.Ed. ", "1331 (1933), predated the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and did not involve any issue relating to the finality of a judgment as a predicate for appeal\n\n\n2\n Our task would be made considerably easier in these matters if the district court could regularly state on the record whether consolidated cases have been consolidated \"for all purposes.\" ", " Such a statement would provide a \"bright line\" in accordance with the decided cases in this area\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhich byte(Alpha, Red, Green, Blue) is wrong when converting byte array with color space of 8BitARGB to BufferedImage.", "TYPE_4BYTE_ABGR\n\nI have got the image byte array in the color space of 8BitARGB and need to convert this byte array to java.awt.", "BufferedImage.", "\nThe code is like:\npublic void getImage(byte byteArray[]){\n int height = 1920;\n int width = 1080;\n ARGB_to_ABGR(byteArray);\n BufferedImage image1 = new BufferedImage(height, width, \n BufferedImage.", "TYPE_4BYTE_ABGR);\n image1.getWritableTile(0, 0).setDataElements(0, 0, height, width, byteArray);\n java.io.", "File file = new java.io.", "File(\"amazing.png\");\n try {\n ImageIO.write(image1, \"jpg\", file);\n } catch (IOException e1) {\n // TODO Auto-generated catch block\n e1.printStackTrace();\n }\n }\n \n /*\n * Swap the Red byte and Blue byte\n */\n public void ARGB_to_ABGR(byte byteArray[]){\n int length = byteArray.length;\n byte r = 0;\n byte b = 0;\n for(int i = 0; i < byteArray.length; i++){\n if(length % 4 == 0){\n //do nothing\n }else if(length % 4 == 1){\n r = byteArray[i];\n }else if(length % 4 == 2){\n //do nothing\n }else if(length % 4 == 3){\n b = byteArray[i];\n byteArray[i] = r;\n byteArray[i - 2] = b;\n }\n }\n }\n\nThe original image looks like:\n\nThe amazing.png looks like:\n\nI don't think the original byte array has any problem. ", "For quick debug, just based on the image effect,can anyone tell which byte(Alpha, Red, Green, Blue) is wrong? ", "Thanks for your help in advance.", "\n\nA:\n\nIn the code for ARGB_to_ABGR you probably wanted to write i % 4 where you now have length % 4. ", "As it is currently, I guess it is doing nothing at all.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Pseudo Chiari type I malformation secondary to cerebrospinal fluid leakage.", "\nCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage may occur spontaneously, iatrogenically or from spinal trauma. ", "Postural headache is the cardinal symptom; dizziness, diminished hearing, nausea and vomiting are additional symptoms. ", "In neurological examinations cranial nerve palsies may be found. ", "Due to low CSF pressure neuroimaging studies may reveal dural enhancement and vertical displacement of the brain. ", "We describe a patient with the history of an uncomplicated lumbar discectomy at the level L4-5 and the typical clinical symptoms of intracranial hypotension. ", "MRI of the craniocervical junction showed typical features of a Chiari type-I malformation. ", "After neurosurgical ligation of a CSF leak at L4-5 caused by lumbar disc surgery, the patient was free of orthostatic headache. ", "A repeated MRI showed a striking reduction of the previous downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils and pons." ]

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[ "[Esophageal operations with thoracoscopy].", "\nBetween 01.07.1992 and 30.06.1997 we performed thoracoscopic esophagomyotomies in seven patients suffering from achalasia cardiae, and 6 thoracoscopic mobilization of the esophagus because of esophageal cancer. ", "The necessary background for thoracoscopic operations are: practice in minimally invasive surgery, isolated intubation, appropriate instrumentation and readiness for immediate thoracotomy. ", "Following the myotomy, oral feeding started on the 2nd postoperative day. ", "The mean discharge of the patients was on the 6th postoperative day. ", "We compared the pre- and post-operative conditions 6 weeks following the operation x-ray, esophago-gastroscopy, manometry, pH-measurements were performed. ", "Good result of the operations were: all examinations showed marked improvement and all patients had better swallowing and 3 to 9 kg increase of body weight. ", "Thoracoscopic mobilization has been attempted on nine occasions. ", "Thoracotomy was necessary in 3 patients because of a perforation of the left main bronchus, bleeding and tumor infiltration to surrounding areas. ", "The mean mobilization time was 4 hours, but the time original 6 hours with practice was reduced to less than 3 hours. ", "One patient died because of pulmonary complication, recovery of other patients was uneventful." ]

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[ "The effects of halothane and isoflurane on cardiovascular function in laterally recumbent horses.", "\nExperimental studies in adult horses have shown that general anaesthesia maintained with isoflurane is associated with less depression of cardiovascular function compared with halothane anaesthesia. ", "Adverse effects of intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV) have also been demonstrated. ", "Nevertheless, the haemodynamic effects of these agents and the effects of differing modes of ventilation have not been assessed during clinical anaesthesia in horses undergoing surgery. ", "The haemodynamic effects of isoflurane or halothane anaesthesia during spontaneous or IPPV were studied non-invasively in 32 laterally recumbent horses undergoing elective surgery. ", "Indices of cardiac function and measurements of femoral arterial blood flow and resistance were recorded using transoesophageal and transcutaneous Doppler echocardiography, respectively. ", "Arterial pressure was measured directly using a facial artery catheter. ", "Cardiac index (CI) was significantly higher during isoflurane anaesthesia than during halothane anaesthesia and was also higher during spontaneous ventilation with isoflurane. ", "CI decreased significantly over time and an inverse relationship was observed between CI and mean arterial pressure (MAP). ", "Horses with higher MAP had a significantly lower CI. ", "During isoflurane anaesthesia, femoral arterial blood flow was significantly higher in both pelvic limbs compared with halothane anaesthesia, and flow in the lower limb was significantly higher during spontaneous ventilation than during IPPV. ", "No significant change in femoral blood flow was observed over time. ", "The effects of anaesthetics and mode of ventilation on cardiovascular function recorded under surgical conditions in horses are similar to those reported under experimental conditions. ", "However, in contrast with previous experimental studies, CI progressively decreased over time regardless of agent used or mode of ventilation employed." ]

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[ "Treating anxiety in primary care.", "\nAnxiety disorders are a group of highly treatable problems seen in primary care. ", "Physicians wishing to treat panic and generalized anxiety must know differential diagnoses, medications, and patient education strategies." ]

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[ "Several state and local officials wasted no time Wednesday night announcing they would keep enforcing bans against transgender discrimination in schools and make sure students can use bathrooms that match their gender identity.", "\n\nTheir announcement was a swift rebuttal to the Trump administration's decision to rescind a federal policy created under former President Barack Obama that said school districts must protect transgender students.", "\n\n\"I will ensure ... protections for transgender and gender non-conforming students are enforced fairly and vigorously,\" Washington State Attorney General Bob Ferguson said.", "\n\nFerguson was one of three state attorneys general who told BuzzFeed News that while the federal government is stepping back, they will step up. “", "The civil rights of transgender individuals will continue to be protected under Washington state law,” Ferguson said, calling Trump’s decision “a disappointing step backward.”", "\n\n“Transgender students ... will remain protected regardless of the new directive.\"", "\n\nLikewise, Superintendent Michelle King of the Los Angeles School District said the California Education Code and district policies will still “permit pupils to use facilities consistent with one’s identity.”", "\n\n“Transgender students,” she said in a statement, “will remain protected regardless of the new directive by the Trump administration pertaining to access to restrooms and locker rooms.”", "\n\nIn 2016, the Obama administration released guidance interpreting Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 to say that public schools must treat transgender students consistent with their gender identity. ", "As such, transgender students needed access to gender-appropriate restrooms and locker rooms.", "\n\nBut the Trump administration on Wednesday withdrew that policy, saying it was considering the underlying legal issues while recognizing the “primary role of the States and local school districts.”", "\n\nSome state and local governments jumped, pointing out they could enforce federal, local, and school district civil rights laws on their own. ", "The administration's guidance did not block individuals or advocacy groups from raising their own complaints in federal court that a transgender student’s rights have been violated.", "\n\n“Transgender students will still be protected by Title IX and its implementing regulations, which prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex,” said Amy Spitalnick, a spokesperson for New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman.", "\n\n“Additionally, our state law protections are independent of federal law — for example, the Dignity for All Students Act,” Spitalnick continued. \"", "The Attorney General will continue to ensure that Title IX and New York’s own civil rights protections are enforced, because we know that policies that ensure equality for transgender New Yorkers promote safe and inclusive schools, workplaces, and communities — benefiting everyone.”", "\n\nNew Mexico Attorney General Hector Balderas said in a statement that his office “will aggressively enforce the rule of law to protect the health, safety, and welfare of New Mexicans; and no government entities, including schools, should discriminate against any individual.”", "\n\nA Seattle Public Schools spokesperson said the district would continue to enforce its nondiscrimination policy. ", "And in Philadelphia, the school district told local media it was sticking with its transgender student policy.", "\n\nColleen Melody, head of the civil rights unit for the attorney general in Washington State, explained her office's position: “This rollback at the federal level won’t stop transgender protections in Washington.”", "\n\nHer office led a 12-state effort in federal court to support the transgender guidance issued under Obama.", "\n\n“There are a lot of state-level officials who are committed to this, and their commitment is not going to change, even though the federal government is apparently going backward,\" she said.", "\n\nBut some school districts saw the new Trump policy as a sign of progress.", "\n\nThe Gloucester County School Board, which is heading to the Supreme Court next month to defend its policy that bans a transgender boy from the boys restroom, said it \"is pleased.\"", "\n\n\"This action shows 'due regard for the primary role of the States and local school districts in establishing educational policy,'\" a statement said. \"", "We look forward to explaining to the Supreme Court why this development underscores that the Board’s commonsense restroom and locker room policy is legal under federal law.”", "\n\nDominic Holden is a political reporter for BuzzFeed News and is based in New York." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nActivating two jQuery functions with one link\n\nI'm trying to do the following:\n\nOpen a div with slideToggle\nMove the users window to the top of the div with scrollTop\nThen basically reverse the process when the user closes the div.", "\n\nI have the whole process almost finished, but I am having one problem. ", "When I open the div my window doesn't move to the top of the div. ", "But when I close the div my window does move to where I want it.", "\nHere is my jQuery code:\n// Find the location of a div (x, y)\nfunction divLoc(object) {\nvar topCord = 0;\n\n// If browser supports offsetParent\nif(object.offsetParent) {\n do {\n topCord += object.offsetHeight;\n } \n while (object === object.offsetParent);\n\n return topCord;\n}\n}\n\n$(\"#open\").click(function () {\n var newInfo = document.getElementById(\"newInfo\");\n var location = divLoc(newInfo);\n $(\"#newInfo\").slideToggle('slow', function() {\n $('html,body').animate({ scrollTop: location }, 2000);\n });\n});\n\nAnd I uploaded an example of the problem on jsFiddle: Here\n\nA:\n\nYou need change slide function:\n$(\"#newInfo\").slideToggle('slow', function() {\n var self = $(this) \n $('html,body').animate({ scrollTop: self.offset().top }, 2000);\n});\n\nhttp://jsfiddle.net/hSHz5/\n\n" ]

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[ "Workshop Details\n\nMon., ", "Nov. 12, 1:30 PM - 2:15 PM PST\n\nMonday\n\nWomen in Trading: Perseverance and Trading and Investing in a Way That Is Malleable as Life Circumstances Change*\n\nLife is crazy, unexpected, and always changing. ", "Nobody knows this better than Toni Hansen. ", "Over her 20 year career she's moved across the country 4 times, lived overseas, fostered children, had a child of her own and fought to overcome a devastating medical condition. ", "No matter what you face, you need a system of trading and investing that lets you rapidly adapt to changing circumstances. ", "Do you have one? ", "As we round out our special Women in Trading event, join Toni as she shares with you how she developed a system of market analysis that has allowed her to smoothly navigate the markets through the chaos that is life and how you too can persevere and succeed." ]

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[ "Recent advances in recording, storage and form factor technology have resulted in proliferation of personal data and media recording devices, such as personal video cameras, photo cameras, audio recorders, etc. ", "However, incident to such proliferation is tracking problem inherent to cross-referencing recordings with the environment in which the recording was taken. ", "This problem is especially applicable to storage media having large storage capacity, e.g., capacity to store thousands of images, many hours of video recordings, tens of thousands of music recordings, etc., ", "it becomes a near insurmountable problem to accurately and consistently annotate recorded data with information to identify the context for the recorded data.", "\nIt is increasingly difficult to simply label storage devices with all of the data content therein, as historically has been done, e.g., labeling a tape cassette or a video cassette recorder cartridge. ", "And, with the ability to easily replace some or all of a storage device's content, even with an ability to label the storage device, such labeling may quickly become stale." ]

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[ "This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. ", "The subproject and investigator (PI) may have received primary funding from another NIH source, and thus could be represented in other CRISP entries. ", "The institution listed is for the Center, which is not necessarily the institution for the investigator. ", "During embryonic development, capillary networks develop and remodel in an orderly pattern to ensure adequate blood supply to growing tissues. ", "The architecture of developing capillary beds is tissue-specific, reflecting differences in the structure and function of the surrounding cells. ", "This orderly process is disrupted in pathological conditions such as cancer and diabetic retinopathy. ", "In tissue engineering, controlling vascularization of engineered constructs in a way which recapitulates developmental processes remains a desirable but elusive goal. ", "In vivo, gradients of growth factors bound to the extracellular matrix have been implicated in directing capillary patterning in the developing mouse embryo. ", "We are developing heparin-modified hydrogels which can present growth factors such as VEGF or FGF to endothelial cells in a well-controlled fashion, to investigate the role of matrix-bound and free cytokine gradients in controlling vascular patterning. ", "The project involves materials synthesis and characterization as well as in vitro experiments with endothelial cells. ", "These studies may lead to a better understanding of tissue-specific vascular patterning during embryonic development as well as to improved methods to promote functional blood vessel growth in tissue-engineered constructs." ]

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[ "Marijuana laws may go up in smoke\n\nEarly in the 20th century, each state had its own laws controlling habit-forming drugs, unaffected by federal statutes. ", "In 1914, for example, it was legal in New York to be maintained on morphine, while in Massachusetts it was illegal for a physician to supply morphine to a habitual user.", "\n\nAfter lengthy attempts to control morphine, heroin and cocaine, Congress in 1914 passed the Harrison Act, which imposed one rule on these drugs throughout the nation. ", "The law was typical of Progressive Era legislation: A national problem that was being dealt with variously by the states was harmonized by one overriding federal law.", "\n\nA similar patchwork pattern applied to marijuana in the 1920s when it first became a serious worry. ", "Then in 1937, national control also was applied to marijuana. ", "The Marihuana Tax Act made it illegal to buy, sell, barter, etc., ", "marijuana anywhere in the United States unless you had purchased a marijuana tax stamp, and there were, for all practical purposes, no stamps to be bought. ", "This held true until 1970, when the basis for the anti-marijuana law was shifted from the tax power of the federal government to interstate commerce powers, but the overriding control of marijuana continues to reside with the federal government.", "\n\nUsually when a problem has been formulated into a national law, the several states accept this resolution; any alterations are argued in Congress.", "\n\nBut there are exceptions. ", "Passing welfare from the federal government to the states is a major shift in the locus of control. ", "A similar trend toward unraveling what long ago had been knitted into national law may be occurring with control of dangerous drugs. ", "Even the U.S. Supreme Court's recent decision to prohibit sale of \"medicinal marijuana\" in Oakland, Calif., at least for the time being, may be just a skirmish in the devolution of drug control from Washington to the states. ", "For example, the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals has taken the position that the \"medical necessity\" of marijuana outweighs the federal statute that makes marijuana illicit, an issue that may come before the Supreme Court this fall.", "\n\nIf enough of the judiciary were to follow suit, we would have in effect the repeal of the anti-marijuana statute. ", "We would be moving toward an earlier era of variegated state regulations.", "\n\nThe marijuana question raises two issues: the value of marijuana as a medicine, and the right to use marijuana for simple recreation. ", "Some of us may believe that those who want to exercise their right to smoke for any reason use the medical marijuana issue to achieve adoption of laws that loosen controls at the state level. ", "Still, an important question remains: Does cannabis have some characteristics that give it unique healing or comforting properties? ", "We do not have a good answer to this. ", "The claims for marijuana are often anecdotal, not scientifically established.", "\n\nCoincidentally, the day the Supreme Court made its latest pronouncement regarding Oakland, the University of California announced that it was opening centers in San Francisco and San Diego to study the health value of cannabis. ", "Gen. Barry R. McCaffrey, director of the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, has said -- and reasonably so -- that if cannabis were proved to have medical benefits he would favor its use in a medically approved delivery system. ", "Several years ago, the FDA approved a liquid form of cannabis' active ingredient, tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, for physicians to prescribe, although it does not seem to have become a popular remedy.", "\n\nInterestingly, the late Harry J. Anslinger, the legendary head of the federal Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs from 1930 to 1962, wanted to avoid a federal marijuana law: He urged the states to individually enact a uniform state narcotic act that included marijuana. ", "He told me in the early 1970s that he felt this way because the task of eradicating marijuana was beyond his ability and also because he realized that he would be given neither more money nor more agents when he was given the task in 1937 of controlling marijuana.", "\n\nIf each state had a law, then each state could decide for itself how much of its resources it wanted to devote to the control of pot, and federal authorities could concern themselves with just opiates and cocaine.", "\n\nCalifornia was one of the Western states that clamored for a federal anti-marijuana law in the 1930s. ", "The perceived connection between Mexican immigrants and marijuana use lay behind some of the most insistent demands for action, but there were also more reasoned concerns about marijuana use, especially among youth.", "\n\nSixty-some years after pushing for the Marihuana Tax Act, California is pulling the nation toward a dismantling of a national consensus against marijuana.", "\n\nMusto is a professor at the Yale School of Medicine and author of \"The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control.\" ", "He wrote this column for the Los Angeles Times." ]

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[ "Such semiconductor devices as ICs, transistors and light-emitting diodes are generally manufactured in the following process.", "\nFirst, a semiconductor chip is bonded to a frame for manufacture (hereinafter referred to as frame), which is prepared by stamping a thin metal sheet to a predetermined shape. ", "Then, wire bonding between leads formed to be integral with the frame at positions near the semiconductor chip and a bonding pad thereon is carried out by using a gold wire or the like. ", "The eventual product thus obtained is then provided with a resin molding to enclose the semiconductor chip and the wire bonded region. ", "Then, one removes the unnecessary portions of the frame and forms the leads. ", "Then, after a mark formation step or an inspection step, each unit semiconductor device with leads projecting from a resin molding package portion is cut apart from the frame.", "\nThe frame is obtained from a thin sheet of iron plated with copper or a thin sheet of copper plated with nickel or silver. ", "Further, since the wire bonding is made by using a gold wire, the lead portions for carrying out the wire bonding thereon are usually provided with gold plating in addition to the above plating. ", "Such multiple layer plating on the base metal is done in order to prevent oxidization of the lead frame base layer. ", "The silver plating as the outermost layer or further gold plating thereon is done to ensure the reliability of connection of the bonding wire to the leads.", "\nAs shown, in the prior art process of manufacture of semiconductor devices, it a prerequisite that the wire bonding to the leads is effected on gold plating (or sometimes on silver plating). ", "Therefore, the entire frame has to be plated with nickel or silver and further with gold, if necessary. ", "The process for such plating has been extremely complicated and increases the cost of the product.", "\nIn a further aspect, the wire bonding using a gold wire has to be done on a lead having a smooth surface. ", "This means that the frame must be prepared with a minimum degree of smoothness. ", "This has been a further cause of the increased cost of the product.", "\nA primary object of the invention is to provide a semiconductor device, which has a novel wire bonding structure free from the conventional plating process that has been necessary for the gold wire bonding to leads on a frame.", "\nAnother object is to provide a method permitting efficient manufacture of such semiconductor device." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to methods for orienting an article without the use of a fluid to support it and, more paricularly, to orienting an article by intermittently engaging the article with the inwardly tapered walls of an orienting cavity while lowering the article therein.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nBeam-lead semiconductor devices are usually bonded individually to their respective thin-film circuits on a substrate. ", "In most cases, this individual bonding will suffice. ", "However, in some cases it is necessary to bond several hundred like devices to as many sites on a substrate. ", "It is desirable to bond the semiconductor devices en masse for economic reasons in such cases.", "\nMass bonding of the devices to thin-film circuit sites on a substrate requires orienting and locating the devices in an exact array, i.e., positioning them precisely, to match the sites on the substrate. ", "Further, it requires aligning the substrate with the precisely positioned array of devices and mounting the devices on their sites on the substrate in condition for bonding.", "\nMass bonding of crossovers is disclosed in the prior art by J. A. Burns, \"Bonded Crossovers for Thin Film Circuits,\" Proceedings 1971 21st Electronics Components Conference, IEEE, N. Y. In this method the crossovers are manufactured in an array on a polymide film in the same position they will have in the thin-film circuit. ", "The crossovers are manufactured on the film in the location and orientation needed by the circuit so that no individual positioning of the crossovers is required. ", "After\nBeam-lead semiconductor devices are usually bonded individually to their respective thin-film circuits on a substrate. ", "In most cases, this individual bonding will suffice. ", "However, in some cases it is necessary to bond several hundred like devices to as many sites on a substrate. ", "It is desirable to bond the semiconductor devices en masse for economic reasons in such cases.", "\nMass bonding of the devices to thin-film circuit sites on a substrate requires orienting and locating the devices in an exact array i.e., positioning them precisely, to match the sites on the substrate. ", "Further, it requires aligning the substrate with the precisely positioned array of devices and mounting the devices on their sites on the substrate in condition for bonding.", "\nMass bonding of crossovers is disclosed in the prior art by J. A. Burns, \"Bonded Crossovers for Thin Film Circuits,\" Proceedings 1971 21st Electronics Components Conference, IEEE, N. Y. In this method the crossovers are manufactured in an array on a polymide film in the same position they will have in the thin-film circuit. ", "The crossovers are manufactured on the film in the location and orientation needed by the circuit so that no individual positioning of the crossovers is requires. ", "After bonding, the polymide film is easily removed by dissolving its adhesive.", "\nThis technique cannot be used for beam-lead semiconductor devices because they cannot be made in place on a polymide film. ", "It is necessary, therefore, to manufacture the beam-lead devices separately and subsequently place them in the precise position on the substrate for bonding.", "\nThe devices are square and approximately one-sixteenth of an inch from tip to tip of the leads which project cantilever fashion from each side of square semiconductor bodies. ", "The leads are approximately 0.7 mil thick, 4 mils wide and 8 mils long. ", "The devices are, therefore, minute, and fragile and weigh very little. ", "This makes them very difficult to position, especially without damaging them. ", "For example, a method of centering a semiconductor slice by lowering it into a shallow dish or saucer on a cushion of air is not suitable for the tiny devices because they would blow air away.", "\nThis has been overcome by lowering the devices into a cavity and introducing a fluid to \"float\" the devices to a central position by virtue of the surface tension and meniscus of the fluid.", "\nAlso, prior art methods terminate the cavity in a pocket which is large enough to accommodate the largest part. ", "Thus, the smallest device is not oriented or located as precisely as the largest one.", "\nOnce the devices are positioned in the cavities, the substrate to which the devices are to be bonded, must be aligned precisely with the cavities so that the devices may be mounted on, i.e., adhered to the sites on the substrate. ", "The sites to which the devices are adhered are first coated with a hydrocarbon material such as eicosane. ", "However, the substrate must be heated and then cooled rapidly, for economical reasons, to secure the devices. ", "Once the devices are adhered to the substrate they may be compliant bonded by methods known in the art." ]

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[ "Pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass: a review of current practice.", "\nDevices and techniques used for pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass are ever changing. ", "There are frequently reports in the literature about new techniques and new devices. ", "Periodic surveys are helpful because they reveal the actual extent to which these techniques and devices are applied to clinical practice. ", "Advances in research are bringing about a better understanding of the intricate aspects of CPB and the effects of CPB on pediatric patients. ", "There appears to be a trend from widely divergent approaches to CPB for pediatric patients to more uniformity in practice. ", "For example, the use of membrane oxygenation and arterial line filtration has become universal, and there is an increase in the use of all types of safety devices. ", "Techniques reported in the medical literature at the beginning of the decade, such as, the use of modified ultrafiltration, the use of centrifugal cell washers to process packed red blood cells before adding them to the prime, and the use of the antifibrinolytic drug, aprotinin, have become part of practice at a large number of pediatric heart centers. ", "Periodic surveys are useful, as they provide a measurement of current practice. ", "They also provide a historical record of the advances in the field." ]

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[ "Characterization of bacterial symbionts in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), Western flower thrips.", "\nMany insects have associations with bacteria, although it is often difficult to determine the intricacies of the relationships. ", "In one such case, facultative bacteria have been discovered in a major crop pest and virus vector, the Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). ", "Several bacterial isolates have been studied in Netherlands greenhouse thrips populations, with molecular data indicating that these bacteria were similar to Escherichia coli, although biochemical properties suggested these microbes might actually be most similar to plant pathogenic bacteria in the genus Erwinia. ", "We focused on the bacterial flora of the Hawaiian Islands thrips population where these gut bacteria were first reported in 1989. ", "We also analyzed a German population and a 1965 California population preserved in ethanol. ", "Culture and culture-independent techniques revealed a consistent microflora that was similar to the Netherlands isolates studied. ", "The similarity among thrips microbes from multiple populations and environments suggested these bacteria and their hosts share a widespread association. ", "Molecular phylogeny based on the 16S rRNA gene and biochemical analysis of thrips bacteria suggested two distinctive groups of microbes are present in thrips. ", "Phylogenetic analysis also revealed support for one thrips bacterial group having a shared ancestry with Erwinia, whereas the second group of thrips bacteria fell out with E. coli, but without support. ", "Although species-specific relationships were indeterminable due to the conservative nature of 16S, there is strong indication that thrips symbionts belong to two different genera and originated from environmental microbes." ]

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[ "From 1992 to 1999, Dark Horse Comics was virtually the only source of newStar Wars visual art. ", "Even after the release of the new films, the talentedartists at Dark Horse have continued to expand the depth and breadth of theStar Wars galaxy. ", "From ancient Jedi to alien worlds, from fantasticcreatures to faster-than-light spaceships, no other publisher has produced somany dazzling images from our generation's greatest mythology.", "\n\nThis book presents an amazing selection of covers and interior images fromover a decade of Dark Horse's comics and graphic novels, by some of the bestartists the world over. ", "A visual feast for anyone who enjoyed the films, atrue treasure for the dedicated Star Wars fan!", "\n\nTHIS BUNDLE CONTAINS BOTH VOLUMES OF STAR WARS: PANEL TO PANEL" ]

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[ "Welcome to Interviews for Resistance. ", "Since election night 2016, the streets of the United States have rung with resistance. ", "People all over the country have woken up with the conviction that they must do something to fight inequality in all its forms. ", "But many are wondering what it is they can do. ", "In this series, we’ll be talking with experienced organizers, troublemakers, and thinkers who have been doing the hard work of fighting for a long time. ", "They’ll be sharing their insights on what works, what doesn’t, what has changed, and what is still the same.", "\n\nSarah Jaffe with Becky Bond:\n\nBecky Bond: I am Becky Bond. ", "I was senior adviser on the Bernie Sanders presidential campaign and since the election of Trump been in a lot of parts of the resistance, including co-founding a group called KnockEveryDoor.", "\n\nSarah Jaffe: I want to talk about KnockEveryDoor. ", "Tell us how that got started. ", "Where did the idea come from and how did you end up putting it together?", "\n\nBB: Like a lot of people that have been involved in organizing after the election of Trump, everyone I knew and people that I didn’t know, would come up to me and say, “What do we do now? ", "What should I do?”", "\n\nIt was kind of an amazing moment in part because everybody wanted to do something and not only did they want to do something, it wasn’t just that they wanted to know where to give a donation or how to make a phone call, but they wanted to do things that were in person where they lived. ", "They wanted to be with other people and they wanted to be active together in person, which was an amazing impulse. ", "I, personally, felt that, too. ", "I wanted to be with other people and I wanted to be engaged in work that was going to be part of the solution.", "\n\nOne of the things I would tell people was that surely one of the next things that was going to happen was that we were going to start talking to the voters who had supported President Obama in 2008 and 2012 and who flipped to support Trump in 2016, as well as with the people who voted for President Obama in 2008 and 2012, but didn’t vote in 2016. ", "Understanding what happened with those voters is going to be key in how were going to make things be different next time. ", "We have got to get out there and knock on doors and talk to people and we have got to phone bank these people and start the conversation.", "\n\nI actually just really thought that most organizations that were involved in elections were going to basically start the work for the next cycle then because so many people were ready. ", "They were like, “Let’s go! ", "Let’s go canvas.” ", "And then nobody asked them to do that. ", "Nobody asked me to do that. ", "So, even at the same time as all these new stories were coming out about the presidential campaign which had really failed to talk to voters, at scale, in person with volunteers. ", "There had been this idea on the campaign that that wasn’t a valuable or cost effective thing to do.", "\n\nOne of the things that became clear, I think that the people who were asking me what to do next felt it very viscerally, was that somehow we lost this feedback loop between voters and the people who were running campaigns. ", "If you had actually gone out and talked to people, like we did on the Bernie Sanders campaign across the country, you knew that people were really angry and hurting and that the solutions that the Democrats were talking about and were bragging about, “We fixed the economy. ", "The economy is growing. ", "It is awesome.” ", "They were talking about the amazing advances of Obamacare, which did solve problems for a lot of people, but I would talk to people again and again across the country who said, “I am forced to pay expensive premiums that I can’t afford and my deductible is so high that I can’t go to the doctor when I am sick.”", "\n\nThere was a dissonance between the voters and the messages that were coming out of the Democrats. ", "There was this disconnect. ", "There were a lot of people that were ready to go out and start having the conversations and to listen and try and forge the connections that we need and the civil dialogue that we need to get out of this hole. ", "When that opportunity wasn’t offered, there were some other organizers that were feeling the same as I was and we all got together kind of as volunteers and we said, “Well, what if we could just help people go out and go canvassing? ", "Why do we need a professional organization to run these canvasses and to invite people to do it?” ", "We learned a lot on the Bernie Sanders campaign about how to use very cheap or free consumer software to help volunteers actually run their own voter contact operations.", "\n\nSo that is when we decided that we would set an all-volunteer run, pretty much, campaign up that we called KnockEveryDoor. ", "That was a series of conference calls and Google Docs and data entry teams and text message turnout teams and sort of bringing people together where they lived to go out and talk to voters.", "\n\nSJ: It has been a few months now that this has been going on. ", "How is it going? ", "How many doors have been knocked? ", "Where are people doing the door-knocking?", "\n\nBB: It is amazing. ", "Volunteers are running canvases in 37 states right now and they’ve knocked on tens of thousands of doors and they have had thousands of amazing conversations. ", "And a lot of it is listening.", "\n\nWhat is so amazing about this moment that we are in and the really sort of humble and generous attitude of the volunteers who believe that we need to break out of filter bubbles and go talk to people that may not agree with us to try and understand, “What are the problems that they are facing? ", "What are their hopes and fears for the future?” ", "Then, how do we engage with them about our hopes and fears, especially if they are different?", "\n\nWe have debriefing calls every week where the volunteers who hosted a conference get on one of these free conference calls with other people who have hosted and some of the organizers that were involved in the Bernie Sanders campaign, some of them were involved with the Clinton campaign and what they say is that people who show up and go out to canvass who have never done it before, not only are they having conversations that they think will make progress for the next election, but it is transforming them and how they feel about things. ", "It is a really amazing personal experience for them to actually go out and relearn talking to people that are different than we are and sharing experiences. ", "It has opened their eyes to the world in a certain way and it is creating a sense of connection that they is missing.", "\n\nSJ: What kinds of things are people learning on the doors?", "\n\nThere was a dissonance between the voters and the messages that were coming out of the Democrats.", "\n\nBB: I think the thing that we are learning at the doors is that people actually want to talk. ", "We worked with some political scientists to try and write scripts that would be most effective at the door that would also tap into a new kind of research about canvassing that suggests that a certain kind of, they call it deep canvassing, is actually the most impactful in terms of persuading people and having that persuasion be durable over time. ", "We ask people at the end of the survey, “Would you like to have someone come back and talk to you about this again?” ", "Overwhelmingly, people say “Yes,” they would.", "\n\nThere is this myth that people don’t like to be bothered, that the voters don’t like to be bothered, that we are bothering them by going in and having conversations. ", "One of the most amazing things that we are learning is that actually people do want to have these conversations with their fellow citizens about what is at stake and people really want to feel like they are listened to not just delivering a script and trying to tell somebody what they should think.", "\n\nSJ: All of these conversation are happening, where does this go? ", "Where does the information go? ", "Where do the conversations lead?", "\n\nBB: Right now what we are doing is if you are a volunteer and you want to start canvassing, when you go to the doors with your fellow volunteers, you pre-print out these forms where you can record the answers and what people say at the door. ", "It is a combinations of verbatims and picking on a scale of one to ten “How do you feel about X or Y?” ", "What they do after a canvass is there are these free apps you can put on your phone, and they turn the forms that they fill out into PDFs right there with their phone. ", "Then, they email those forms in. ", "Then, we have a team of a volunteers who actually enter the data into the database.", "\n\nRight now the data I think just goes into an air table just like on Google Sheets where we are tracking these responses. ", "Then, we also send the Google spreadsheet back to the canvass organizer to give them that data back, because a lot of people when they are doing this have a small local group that is actually running a campaign that they look for candidates at times and they want the data back about the people that you talked to. ", "So we are giving it back to the people that did it, but we are also keeping account of it.", "\n\nRight now, you think about how many people are doing this wherever they are, it is not concentrated in one area, so right now relative to the number of voters, it’s a small database, but we are going to keep compiling it. ", "And if enough people get involved, it will get large enough to be useful, at which point, what we say is that we are open to sharing the information with campaigns that are fighting for racial and economic justice. ", "But, for now, we are just keeping information and putting it back in the hands of the people that are organizing on the ground.", "\n\nSJ: It has been really interesting to me to see all of these new organizations or formations like KnockEveryDoor. ", "There are a whole bunch of other things where it seems like you are doing basically what political parties in countries that have functional political parties would be doing. ", "Especially in this vacuum of the Democratic Party not wanting to do some of these things, how do you feel about how all these different formations come together and what they’re building towards?", "\n\nBB: I think, in some ways, what we are seeing are that people are just way out in front of the politicians and party leaders. ", "With KnockEveryDoor one of the things that we wanted to do was make a bold statement saying that this was really important and we need to show that volunteers actually really wanted to do it and to show that the voters at the doors actually want to be a part of the conversation. ", "When we started this, there was no chair of the DNC and now we have people at the DNC talking very passionately about the need to go out, especially in an off year, and knock on every door.", "\n\nWe have created a demand to knock every door and we are seeing the party start to talk about it. ", "I think that is progress. ", "Where we are actually seeing the party really get involved and really get involved with these volunteers is several state parties have come to us, where you have someone who works at the state party who went, “This is what I have been wanting to do is knock every door because our lists aren’t great” or “I know we could persuade people.” ", "There are a lot of people that work at state parties who, especially in red states where there are counties where they don’t have staff on the ground in those counties because they just don’t have enough Democratic voters there. ", "For them, this has been this great tool, this great platform where they can say, “I am going to run. ", "I want help to run a KnockEveryDoor canvass in these counties in my state where we don’t have party staff.” ", "We have been working with state parties about they could get volunteers to start doing this work in places where they are not funded to do it.", "\n\nAnd really wanting to put this together as a platform and not as a campaign behind a specific idea. ", "We already have ActBlue which really revolutionized how people can raise small dollar donations to candidates without ever having to talk to staff or not having to rely on a group like the DNC or the DCCC to promote a candidate. ", "We thought, in the same way, what if people could contribute small amounts of doors knocked to a larger strategy and create a platform that would let anybody plug into it and get started and with the hopes that like ActBlue which started slowly but has eventually become this really important part of the infrastructure of the Democratic Party and progressive movements, that setting up a platform where volunteers could be canvassing could really change things.", "\n\nThen finally, this is important too, is that we are turning people on to canvassing and once people start going door to door and talking to people, it is pretty addictive. ", "What you find is that people that do it, some of them really get into and do it a lot. ", "It is the kind of the thing where you get better at it the more you do it. ", "We are completely certain that what is going to happen here is that by the time candidate campaigns and maybe some issue campaigns get to the maturity that they are ready to go out and knock on doors for some of the candidate campaigns for 2018, it might not be until the summer of 2018, but when they do, they are going to find these volunteers who have been doing KnockEveryDoor canvasses, they are going to be ready to come and be their top volunteers and start canvassing for that candidate for that campaign.", "\n\nWe think that when the party catches up to the people and they open up their own canvasses for these important races to come that we are going to have a bunch of people that are ready to go, they have been doing this all along, and that can be huge contributors to climbing that hill that we have to climb, which is midterm elections.", "\n\nSJ: This obviously comes out of your work on the Sanders campaign and the willingness to trust people to go run their own canvass, to do things largely without asking for permission. ", "The tough question will be: How do you decide who is part of the movement and who isn’t?", "\n\nBB: The folks behind KnockEveryDoor are working on a lot of things as part of the resistance. ", "This is a certain platform that we thought could be important to all sorts of things that are going on. ", "For example, a lot of the Swing Left chapters and Indivisible chapters are running KnockEveryDoor canvasses. ", "They have a program, we have a platform to help people with resources to get trained and tools to use and data entry ability and the conference calls where people can debrief together and support each other.", "\n\nIn this work we have really said this platform is going to be used by anyone who supports racial and economic justice. ", "But in our other work we are more specifically ideological. ", "There is a real divide in the party right now and all these calls for unity within the Democratic Party, I think they kind of get it wrong, the calls for unity and healing. ", "I think what we actually have groups of people that believe different things. ", "I think we have factions or formations, and the people we generally refer to as the neoliberals, they want to have a few more winners and a few less losers, but they want to keep the current economic system basically the way it is.", "\n\nThen, there are other people that think that financialized capitalism is a huge contributor to gross economic and racial injustice and that we have to take on capitalism and structural racism at the same time. ", "That is incompatible with a party which represents big money and elites in this country. ", "In our other work, we are working on racial justice campaigns. ", "We are working to elect district attorneys who are going to end mass incarceration. ", "We are looking at other municipal and county campaigns where we can stop pipelines and protect voting rights, supervise elections and that kind of stuff. ", "I think that it is important to be clear about what you believe in and to be working for specific solutions, but also I think it is sort of the tax on all of us, or maybe a tithe, that we all need to contribute to creating practices and infrastructure for everyone that is going to lift all boats.", "\n\nAnd I think that when we have a system or when we are pushing tactics that involve getting more people involved, getting volunteers involved, and talking to more voters that is good for strengthening little-d democracy, this is how we make people more important than money and it is something that we need to work on even as we are pursuing other specific policies. ", "This is why we are really open to this being something we hope is adopted by the parties, no matter where we stand on some of the issues and some of the ideological battles which we are engaged in and that I think are really important, but I think this is important, too.", "\n\nSJ: I suppose is part of the goal of this is to bring some feedback back to candidates and campaigners about what people actually care about and what people are actually feeling and that should shape what those policy decisions end up being, right?", "\n\nBB: Yes, I think that is right. ", "I think if campaigns actually heard word for word from voters, and if they tried to talk all the voters. ", "Not just a small number of voters they cherry-picked to swing an election. ", "There are a lot of things to take away from the 2016 presidential election. ", "One of the things to take away was how absolutely dangerous it was, that strategy which was going for 50 percent of the vote plus one because there should have been a wide margin between the Clinton campaign and the Trump campaign going into election day. ", "Had there been that wide margin, then the Comey revelations and the other things, they could have gotten it down some, but it wouldn’t have been so catastrophic.", "\n\nThis is an explicit gathering of the left activists who are fighting both fascism and neoliberalism.", "\n\nThe big data strategy is where essentially you hire a bunch of data consultants to run a bunch of models to find out “What is the smallest number of people you can talk to and win? ", "Who are those people and what do they care about?” ", "We need to talk to everybody. ", "When you talk to a small group of people, they may not reflect back what the campaign needs to hear and about what is really going on with most of the constituents in that race. ", "I think that campaigns need to hear from the majority of the people how policies are affecting their lives. ", "Then, that could really change what politicians decide to talk about and fight for.", "\n\nOne of the things that I really learned from talking to people across the country is that the people that are not participating in elections, the so-called “low information voters,” it is not that they are ignorant people at all. ", "In fact, time and time again, when I talk to them I come away feeling like they have a very sophisticated political analysis and they are choosing not to participate in politics. ", "Not because they don’t know, but because their liberation is not on the ballot or they don’t see how voting is actually going to materially change anything in their lives. ", "I think that reestablishing the feedback loop of talking voters is doing an important thing. ", "That the concerns from the people that are not participating can also be something that politicians take into account, not just the narrow slice of voters who they think will put them over the top.", "\n\nSJ: We are having this conversation shortly before the People’s Summit which is going to be the second year in a row of this post-Bernie campaign gathering. ", "You are going to be talking. ", "What are you looking forward to about it?", "\n\nBB: I am really excited about the People’s Summit in Chicago. ", "I feel like it could really be a turning point for the resistance in 2017. ", "I am talking about a couple of things there. ", "One, there is going to be a panel about big organizing after Bernie. ", "Big organizing is this idea of campaigning behind big ideas that are really going to change things and getting as many people involved as possible in making change.", "\n\nAnd then also, I am really excited to be there because this is an explicit gathering of the left activists who are fighting both fascism and neoliberalism and are involved in a project of political education so that we know not just which races we need to win and not just who we are supporting, but, “What is it that we are actually for and why?” ", "and “How is what’s going on right now and is that caused by the deeper issues that are going on in politics?” ", "I am very excited to be part of a movement that cares about this kind of analysis and putting it into action and that cares about bringing movement values into electoral politics. ", "I think we will look back on the People’s Summit in 2017 possibly as a real turning point for the Democratic Party and for the American left at a really dire moment when big change is needed and the country could go in two very different directions.", "\n\nSJ: How can people keep up with you and sign up to knock every door?", "\n\nBB: Go to KnockEveryDoor.org. ", "If you sign up at KnockEveryDoor.org, you will get a text message from a volunteer inviting you to be on a conference call where you can talk to people about how you can get started going door to door in your community. ", "It is not just about getting some information, it is not just a software site, it is really a community of volunteers that are supporting each other to do this work and we would love to have as many people come and join us as available.", "\n\nYou can follow me on Twitter. ", "I am @BBond. ", "Then, you can also find me on the web at RulesForRevolutionaries.org." ]

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[ "[The prospective of using plant polyphenols as functional food ingredients].", "\nIn this review we briefly discuss the publications dedicated to experimental evaluation of hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties of different plant polyphenols. ", "The stages of preclinical studies of their efficacy are presented: in silico studies with molecular docking methods and in vivo studies with the use of genetic and medicamental models of type 2 diabetes. ", "The results of own studies present the substantiation of prospects of using the plant polyphenol extracts as functional food ingredients for diet therapy and treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. ", "It was shown using genetic fatty Zucker rats model that extract consumption led to lower blood glucose level, had beneficial effect on glucose sensitivity and also improved the reaction of insulin-sensitive tissues on exogenous injection of glucose and insulin. ", "Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of bilberry leaves extract were characterized on male Wistar rats model of carbohydrate metabolism disorder (streptozotocin injection accompanied with consumption of 10% fructose solution). ", "The results of previous studies showed the beneficial effects of bilberry leaves extract on carbohydrate metabolism and determined the task to enhance the efficacy of developed polyphenol ingredient by the way of sorption on protein food matrix - brown buckwheat flour. ", "Thus, a brief review of presented in this article results of foreign and domestic experimental studies shows the prospect of using the individual plant polyphenols and polyphenol plant extracts as phytonutrients for diet therapy and treatment of diseases associated with disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism." ]

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[ "Nikky\n\nNikky is a nickname. ", "Notable subjects known by this nickname include the following:\n\nNickname\nNikky Finney (born Lynn Carol Finney, 1957), American poet\nNicola Jane Smedley, known as Nikky Smedley (born 1970) is an English entertainer\n\nFictional character\nNikky Ferris, lead character played by Hayley Mills in the 1964 Walt Disney Productions film The Moon-Spinners\n\nSee also\n\nNicky\nNikki (given name)\nNikko (name)\nNiky" ]

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[ "use crossbeam::channel::{select, unbounded, Receiver, Sender};\nuse lazy_static::lazy_static;\nuse notify::{Event, EventKind, RecommendedWatcher, RecursiveMode, Watcher as _};\nuse std::{\n collections::HashMap,\n path::PathBuf,\n sync::{\n atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},\n Arc, Mutex, Weak,\n },\n thread,\n};\nuse tracing::{error, warn};\n\ntype Handler = Box<dyn Fn() + Send>;\n\nlazy_static! {", "\n static ref WATCHER_TX: Mutex<Sender<(PathBuf, Handler, Weak<AtomicBool>)>> =\n Mutex::new(Watcher::new().run());\n}\n\n// This will need to be adjusted when specifier mapping to asset location\n// becomes more dynamic\nstruct Watcher {\n watching: HashMap<PathBuf, (Handler, Vec<Weak<AtomicBool>>)>,\n watcher: RecommendedWatcher,\n event_rx: Receiver<Result<Event, notify::Error>>,\n}\nimpl Watcher {\n fn new() -> Self {\n let (event_tx, event_rx) = unbounded();\n Watcher {\n watching: HashMap::new(),\n watcher: notify::Watcher::new_immediate(move |event| {\n let _ = event_tx.send(event);\n })\n .expect(\"Failed to create notify::Watcher\"),\n event_rx,\n }\n }\n\n fn watch(&mut self, path: PathBuf, handler: Handler, signal: Weak<AtomicBool>) {\n match self.watching.get_mut(&path) {\n Some((_, ref mut v)) => {\n if !", "v.iter().any(|s| match (s.upgrade(), signal.upgrade()) {\n (Some(arc1), Some(arc2)) => Arc::ptr_eq(&arc1, &arc2),\n _ => false,\n }) {\n v.push(signal);\n }\n },\n None => {\n if let Err(e) = self.watcher.watch(path.clone(), RecursiveMode::Recursive) {\n warn!(?e, ?", "path, \"Could not start watching file\");\n return;\n }\n self.watching.insert(path, (handler, vec![signal]));\n },\n }\n }\n\n fn handle_event(&mut self, event: Event) {\n if let Event {\n kind: EventKind::Modify(_),\n paths,\n ..\n } = event\n {\n for path in paths {\n match self.watching.get_mut(&path) {\n Some((reloader, ref mut signals)) => {\n if !", "signals.is_empty() {\n // Reload this file\n reloader();\n\n signals.retain(|signal| match signal.upgrade() {\n Some(signal) => {\n signal.store(true, Ordering::Release);\n true\n },\n None => false,\n });\n }\n // If there is no one to signal stop watching this path\n if signals.is_empty() {\n if let Err(err) = self.watcher.unwatch(&path) {\n warn!(\"Error unwatching: {}\", err);\n }\n self.watching.remove(&path);\n }\n },\n None => {\n warn!(", "\n \"Watching {:#?} ", "but there are no signals for this path. ", "The path will \\\n be unwatched.\",", "\n path\n );\n if let Err(err) = self.watcher.unwatch(&path) {\n warn!(\"Error unwatching: {}\", err);\n }\n },\n }\n }\n }\n }\n\n #[allow(clippy::drop_copy)] // TODO: Pending review in #587\n #[allow(clippy::single_match)] // TODO: Pending review in #587\n #[allow(clippy::zero_ptr)] // TODO: Pending review in #587\n fn run(mut self) -> Sender<(PathBuf, Handler, Weak<AtomicBool>)> {\n let (watch_tx, watch_rx) = unbounded();\n\n thread::spawn(move || {\n loop {\n select! {", "\n recv(watch_rx) -> res => match res {\n Ok((path, handler, signal)) => self.watch(path, handler, signal),\n // Disconnected\n Err(_) => (),\n },\n recv(self.event_rx) -> res => match res {\n Ok(Ok(event)) => self.handle_event(event),\n // Notify Error\n Ok(Err(e)) => error!(?e, \"Notify error\"),\n // Disconnected\n Err(_) => (),\n },\n }\n }\n });\n\n watch_tx\n }\n}\n\npub struct ReloadIndicator {\n reloaded: Arc<AtomicBool>,\n // Paths that have already been added\n paths: Vec<PathBuf>,\n}\nimpl ReloadIndicator {\n #[allow(clippy::new_without_default)] // TODO: Pending review in #587\n pub fn new() -> Self {\n Self {\n reloaded: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),\n paths: Vec::new(),\n }\n }\n\n pub fn add<F>(&mut self, path: PathBuf, reloader: F)\n where\n F: 'static + Fn() + Send,\n {\n // Check to see if this was already added\n if self.paths.iter().any(|p| *p == path) {\n // Nothing else needs to be done\n return;\n } else {\n self.paths.push(path.clone());\n };\n\n if WATCHER_TX\n .lock()\n .unwrap()\n .send((path, Box::new(reloader), Arc::downgrade(&self.reloaded)))\n .is_err()\n {\n error!(\"Could not add. ", "Asset watcher channel disconnected.\");", "\n }\n }\n\n // Returns true if the watched file was changed\n pub fn reloaded(&self) -> bool { self.reloaded.swap(false, Ordering::Acquire) }\n}\n" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to an etching method. ", "More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for high-density plasma etching.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nIn the device patterning process, to enhance the photosensitivity contrast, amine compounds are often added into a photo-resist layer. ", "While performing the conventional etching process using a high density plasma (HDP) oxide etcher, a high intensity ultraviolet (UV) radiation is generated. ", "It is found that the amine compounds from the photo-resist materials would be decomposed under the high-intensity UV radiation and produce nitrogen gas. ", "Resist bubblings are thus occurred in the photo-resist layer by the diffusion of the nitrogen gas. ", "Being obstructed by a barrier layer formed on the photo-resist layer, the bubbles of the nitrogen gas are further retained in the photo-resist layer instead of sweating out. ", "After accumulated a certain concentration or pressure to certain, a pressure burst is easily caused." ]

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[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nSpreading depolarizations (SDs) are repeatable, slowly (3--4 mm/min) propagating waves of almost complete neuronal and glial depolarization at the wavefront with simultaneous depression of cortical electrical activity (cortical spreading depression). ", "These electrophysiological changes are accompanied by transient elevations in interstitial H^+^, K^+^, glutamate levels and by a characteristic triphasic, in intact brains dominantly hyperemic microvascular response, the latter presumably helping to meet the increased metabolic demand necessary for the recovery of transmembrane ion gradients. ", "In various neurological disorders, such as ischemic stroke or traumatic brain injury, SDs have been shown to play critical roles in the development of cerebrocortical lesions^[@CR1]^, therefore it is of great interest to identify the mechanisms by which SDs may contribute directly or indirectly to cortical neuronal injury.", "\n\nOne of the important injury mechanisms of SDs can be the induction of neurovascular unit dysfunction. ", "SDs have been long reported to alter cortical microvascular reactivity, for instance, a single SD can abolish the normal microvascular reactivity to hypercapnia in virtually all species studied including cats^[@CR2]^, rats^[@CR3]^ and mice^[@CR4]^. However, the mechanism of SD-induced microvascular dysfunction remains unclear.", "\n\nN-methyl-[d]{.smallcaps}-aspartate (NMDA), the prototypical selective activator of the NMDA subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors, has been shown to trigger SDs when applied topically onto the surface of the cerebral cortex in adult mice^[@CR5]^ and rats^[@CR6]^. In addition, functional NMDA receptors are clearly required for triggering SDs with other stimuli and also for SD propagation^[@CR7],[@CR8]^. Interestingly, SDs cannot be elicited in neonates, despite expressing functional NMDA receptors. ", "In the newborn pig, local application of NMDA has been shown to dilate pial arterioles and to increase cortical blood flow in a dose-dependent fashion without confounding SDs^[@CR6]^.\n\nIn the present study, we set out to investigate the effect of topical cortical application of NMDA on the cerebrocortical microvascular response to graded hypercapnia in a neonatal piglet model using laser-speckle contrast imaging (LSCI). ", "Using a neonatal model, we wished to assess only one aspect of SD -- the NMDA receptor activation- on neurovascular unit function without the confounding features of an actual SD triggered by NMDA in adult brains. ", "As we found a significant attenuation of CO~2~-reactivity after NMDA application similar to those previously observed in adult animal models following SDs, we used the NMDA-receptor inhibitor MK-801 and the selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor (N-(4 S)-4-amino-5-\\[aminoethyl\\]aminopentyl-N′-nitroguanidin; AAAN) to pharmacologically characterize this effect. ", "Furthermore, we sought to determine and describe for the first time the cortical layer-specific changes in electrical activity triggered by local NMDA application in this neonatal model recorded with multi-channel microelectrodes.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods {#Sec2}\n=====================\n\nAnimals and surgery {#Sec3}\n-------------------\n\nNewborn (\\<24 h old) male Landrace piglets (n = 31, body weight: 1.5--2 kg) were obtained from a local company (Pigmark Ltd., Co., Szeged, Hungary). ", "The experimental procedures were approved by the National Ethical Committee on Animal Experiments (ÁTET, I.74--7/2015), and then the necessary permit to obtain the animals was issued by the National Food Chain Safety and Animal Health Directorate of Csongrád county, Hungary (permit nr: XIV./1414/2015). ", "The procedures were performed according to the guidelines of the Scientific Committee of Animal Experimentation of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (updated Law and Regulations on Animal Protection: 40/2013. (", "II. ", "14.) ", "Gov. of Hungary), following the EU Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes and reported in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines.", "\n\nThe animals were restrained and anesthetized with intraperitoneal sodium thiopental injection (45 mg/kg; Sandoz, Kundl, Austria). ", "The animals were placed on a servo-controlled heating pad (Blanketrol III, Cincinnati SUB-zero, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA), keeping their core temperature in the physiological range (38.5 ± 0.5 °C). ", "The piglets were intubated through a tracheostomy then mechanically ventilated with humidified medical air occasionally supplemented with oxygen (FiO~2~: 0.21--0.25) with the following ventilation parameters: respiration rate (RR): 30--35/min; peak inspiratory pressure (PIP): 12--14 cmH~2~O. A catheter was inserted into the right femoral vein under aseptic conditions and anesthesia/analgesia was switched to intravenous morphine (100 μg/kg bolus then 10 μg/kg/h; Teva, Petach Tikva, Israel) and midazolam (250 μg/kg bolus then 250 μg/kg/h; Torrex Pharma, Vienna, Austria) as used previously^[@CR9],[@CR10]^ along with supportive fluid therapy (0.45% NaCl, 5% glucose; 3 ml/kg/h). ", "A second catheter was inserted into the right carotid artery for taking blood samples, monitoring the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and heart rate (HR). ", "As shown previously, unilateral carotid artery occlusion does not affect cerebral blood flow (CBF) and preferable to catheterization of the femoral artery causing very severe hindlimb ischemic damage^[@CR11]^. Blood samples (300 μl) were analyzed for pH, gases, electrolytes and metabolites with an epoc^®^ Blood Analysis System (Epocal Inc., Ottawa, Canada). ", "We monitored the peripheral saturation (SpO~2~) using pulse oximetry.", "\n\nAfter instrumentation, the heads of the animals were fixed into a stainless steel stereotactic frame (RWD Life Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China). ", "For the LSCI studies, we implanted a stainless steel closed cranial window (d = 1.8 cm) over the parietal cortex which was sealed with bone wax and cemented with dental acrylic^[@CR12]^. For the electrophysiology studies, we obtained an open cranial window over the left parietal bone for electrode insertion and we also drilled two holes into the frontal bone positioning the reference and ground electrodes, respectively. ", "The dura mater was carefully removed avoiding the blood vessels. ", "If necessary, the smaller veins were cauterized. ", "The location of the cranial window and the electrode insertion point was determined by stereotactic reference points (window d = 0.8 cm; measured from Bregma: anterior-posterior (AP) axis:-1.2-(−1.4) cm, medial-lateral (ML) axis: 1.1--1.3 cm). ", "The subarachnoidal space was filled with warmed (37 °C) artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) containing 0.22 g/l KCl, 0.132 g/l MgCl~2~, 0.221 g/l CaCl~2~, 7.71 g/l NaCl, 0.402 g/l urea, 0.665 g/l dextrose and 2.066 g/l NaHCO~3~, and was equilibrated with a gas mixture containing 6.3% O~2~, 6.2% CO~2~, and 87.5% N~2~, respectively. ", "At the end of the experiments the animals were euthanized with an overdose of pentobarbital sodium (300 mg, Release; Wirtschaftsgenossenschaft deutscher Tierärzte eG, Garbsen, Germany).", "\n\nExperimental protocol {#Sec4}\n---------------------\n\nLSCI and electrophysiology studies were performed in separate animals. ", "For the LSCI measurements the animals were divided into 4 groups (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Randomization was performed by coin flip between Group 1 and 2, or 3 and 4, respectively. ", "In each group after obtaining baseline, the microvascular response to graded hypercapnia induced by mechanical ventilation with 5% and 10% CO~2~ for 7 min for each concentration was recorded. ", "In Group 1 (n = 6), the graded hypercapnia was repeated after recovery time matching the NMDA-treated groups. ", "In Group 2--4, after the first graded hypercapnia increasing concentrations (0.1 and 1 mM) of N-methyl-[d]{.smallcaps}-aspartate (NMDA; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, US) dissolved in aCSF were applied topically on the cortical surface, each NMDA stimulus lasted for 7 min (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Between and after the NMDA applications, the cranial window was washed with aCSF for 10 min to allow CoBF and the electrical activity to return to baseline. ", "The second graded hypercapnia was elicited 1 h after completion of the NMDA application. ", "In Group 2 (n = 7), the effect of NMDA was studied, in Group 3 (n = 4), the cortex was locally pre-treated with the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (0.1 mM dissolved in aCSF; Research Biochemicals International, Natick, MA, US) and the NMDA was also co-applied with 0.1 mM MK-801. ", "Finally in Group 4 (n = 7), before the start of the LSCI protocol the animals were given a selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor (N-(4 S)-4-amino-5-\\[aminoethyl\\]aminopentyl-N′-nitroguanidin; AAAN; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, US; dissolved in saline, 0.4 mg/kg iv)^[@CR13]^. In each group, LSCI was recorded for additional 5 min after euthanasia to determine the biological zero.", "Figure 1Experimental groups and protocol. ", "The animals fitted with closed cranial windows for laser-speckle contrast imaging and analysis were divided into 4 groups. ", "In the control group, (Group 1, n = 6) graded hypercapnia was induced with 5-10% CO~2~ that was repeated after 1 h. In Group 2 (n = 7), increasing concentrations (0.1--1 mM) of NMDA dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) were applied topically to the cortex between the two hypercapnic stimuli. ", "In Group 3 (n = 4), the protocol was the same as in the second, only the NMDA-receptor inhibitor MK-801 (0.1 mM dissolved in aCSF) was pre- and co-applied with NMDA. ", "In Group 4 (n = 7), the protocol was also similar to Group two except that the animals were intravenously treated with the selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-(4 S)-4-amino-5-\\[aminoethyl\\]aminopentyl-N′-nitroguanidin (AAAN; 0.4 mg/kg) before the first graded hypercapnia. ", "An additional group of animals (n = 7) fitted with open cranial windows served for the electrophysiology studies using the same protocol as for the NMDA-treated second group.", "\n\nElectrophysiology studies were performed with the same protocol as in Group 2 (n = 7). ", "We tested if the cerebrocortical response to NMDA markedly differed in the absence of preceding graded hypercapnia in two additional animals, but we did not observe any differences (data not shown).", "\n\nLSCI measurements and analysis {#Sec5}\n------------------------------\n\nThe brain was illuminated with near infrared polarized light (λ = 808 nm, 200 mW) with a laser diode (DL-8141-002 SANYO Electric Co., Japan). ", "The images were recorded with a monochrome camera (PL-B741F; PixeLINK® Ottawa, Canada; 1280 × 1024 pixels) which is using a polarizer and a color filter. ", "The raw speckle images were sampled at 1 Hz, 1 ms exposure time with 1 frame/s rate during all the vascular stimuli.", "\n\nThe LSCI analysis was performed offline in LabVIEW (National Instruments Co., Austin, TX, USA). ", "The contrast maps were calculated from the raw speckle images using a 5 × 5 pixel window. ", "In each animal we selected 4 parenchymal region of interests (ROIs; 5 × 5 pixels \\~1200 µm^2^) over the cortical parenchyma avoiding pial vessels. ", "The τ correlations were calculated using Eq. ([", "1](#Equ1){ref-type=\"\"}), where K(T) is each ROIs' speckle contrast, β is the coherence factor and T is the exposure time.$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$K(T)=\\sqrt{{\\rm{\\beta }}}{\\{\\frac{{{\\rm{\\tau }}}^{2}}{2{T}^{2}}[exp(\\frac{-2T}{{\\rm{\\tau }}})-1+\\frac{2T}{{\\rm{\\tau }}}]\\}}^{\\frac{1}{2}}$$\\end{document}$$\n\nFor each image, the calculated 1/τ values were normalized and expressed as percentages of the baseline, and values from all 4 ROIs were averaged in each animal.", "\n\nPial arteriolar diameters were determined at selected time points where peak changes in CoBF to the applied stimuli were detected. ", "To obtain better resolution, 30 images were averaged then the Otsu filtering method was applied to reduce noise. ", "In each experiment, four arterioles were selected and the internal diameter of the arterioles were determined using edge detection and Euclidean distance measurement in MATLAB (Mathworks Inc., Natick, US)^[@CR14]^. The arteriolar diameter data were normalized and expressed as percentages of the baseline, and values from all 4 arterioles were averaged in each animal.", "\n\nNeurophysiological recordings {#Sec6}\n-----------------------------\n\nElectrophysiological recordings were taken with 16-channel, acute single shank planar silicone electrodes (l = 10 mm, base width = 50 µm) with 177 µm^2^ recording sites spaced 100 µm apart (A1x16-10mm-100-177-A16; Neuronexus Technologies. ", "AnnArbor, MI, US, <http://neuronexus.com/electrode-array/a1x16-10mm-100-177/>). ", "Data acquisition was performed with RHD2000 Evaluation System. ", "The recorded signals were preamplified with a 16-channel headstage/amplifier board (RHD2132 amplifier board, Intan Technologies, Los Angeles, US) under Faraday-cage then the signals were sent through an interface cable to the interface board (RHD2000 USB interface board, Intan Technologies, Los Angeles, US). ", "All recorded data were sampled at 20 kHz, the broad band signals were filtered with a 1-9000 Hz bandpass filter and a notch filter was also applied to eliminate the 50 Hz electrical noise. ", "All data were analyzed off-line in MATLAB environment with implemented toolboxes (Chronux, <http://chronux.org/>; FMAtoolbox, <http://fmatoolbox.sourceforge.net>) and custom written scripts.", "\n\nLFP spectral analysis {#Sec7}\n---------------------\n\nThe recorded broad band signals (20 kHz) were downsampled to 1250 Hz and filtered with an infinite impulse response (IIR) 4^th^ order Butterworth filter to generate the local field potential (LFP) and to eliminate spiking activity. ", "After LFP generation, we decomposed the signal into the physiological frequency ranges - delta (1--4 Hz), theta (4--8 Hz), alpha (8--13 Hz), beta (13--30 Hz) -- to calculate the power spectral density (PSD). ", "We applied a 30 s window on the signals which moves onward with 1 s steps calculating the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the signals using a Gaussian window. ", "The PSDs were determined for each channels, frequency bands, conditions and animals. ", "The calculated PSDs were summed for each frequency bands. ", "All the PSDs were averaged and normalized to the baseline activity.", "\n\nAddressing the 'inverse problem' of LFP, we computed the second spatial derivative, the current source density (CSD) to reveal how the different sources contribute to the mixed signal. ", "We explored and segmented the data into 2.5 s epochs using Neuroscope^[@CR15]^. We used the standard CSD method for the computation. ", "All CSDs were calculated with the FMAtoolbox's built-in function and the spectra were averaged.", "\n\nSpike sorting and unit classification {#Sec8}\n-------------------------------------\n\nSpike sorting was done with the Klusta package (<https://github.com/kwikteam/klusta>) that performs automatic spike sorting and clustering. ", "Single units were detected from digitally 1--5000 Hz high-pass filtered LFP using a threshold crossing-based algorithm (Spikedetekt2; <https://github.com/klusta-team/spikedetekt2>). ", "The detected spikes were automatically clustered using masked Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm for Gaussian mixtures which is implemented into KlustaKwik2^[@CR16]^ (<https://github.com/klusta-team/klustakwik2/>). ", "Clustering was followed by manual adjustment of the clusters using phy KwikGUI software (<https://github.com/kwikteam/phy>) which is an improved version of KlustaViewa^[@CR17]^. The noise, as well as multi-unit and poor quality clusters were discarded from the analysis. ", "The putative interneurons and pyramidal cells were identified by their waveform characteristics and autocorrelograms (ACG)^[@CR18]--[@CR20]^ with the further examination of their cross-correlograms (CCG) to reveal the monosynaptic interactions with other single units^[@CR19],[@CR21]^.\n\nStatistical analysis {#Sec9}\n--------------------\n\nAll the LSCI statistical analysis were performed in IBM SPSS Statistics 22, using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, followed by Tukey's *post hoc* test. ", "All results show mean ± SD, respective to the baseline. ", "p \\< 0.05\\* was considered as significant.", "\n\nThe electrophysiological statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics 22. ", "We performed one-way ANOVA with repeated measures, followed by Bonferroni *post hoc* test. ", "All results show mean ± SD, respective to the baseline. ", "p \\< 0.05\\* and p \\< 0.01\\*\\* were considered as significant. ", "For the Z-score computation we used MATLAB's statistics toolbox. ", "Relative PSD changes were determined as significant above/below Z ≥ ± 2\\* and Z ≥ ± 4\\*\\* with the further examination of the ANOVA results (p \\< 0.05\\*, p \\< 0.01\\*\\*).", "\n\nResults {#Sec10}\n=======\n\nEffects of graded hypercapnia on physiological parameters {#Sec11}\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\nVentilation with 5--10% CO~2~ resulted in graded hypercapnia that was similar in all experimental groups both for LSCI and for electrophysiology experiments (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Graded elevations in arterial pCO~2~ were accompanied by the expected development of marked respiratory acidosis and a slight increase in plasma HCO~3~^−^ levels, however, arterial pO~2~, blood oxygen saturation, MABP and HR were all maintained during graded hypercapnia. ", "The stimulus was highly repeatable, repeated ventilation with 5-10% CO~2~ resulted in virtually identical changes in blood gases compared to the first application (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}).Table 1Arterial pCO~2~, pO~2~, pH, HCO~3~^−^, base excess BE(b), oxygen saturation (SpO~2~), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and heart rate (HR) values during the 1^st^ and 2^nd^ stimulation with graded hypercapnia (mean ± SD) (n = 31).1^st^ stimulus2^nd^ stimulusBaseline5% CO~2~10% CO~2~Baseline5% CO~2~10% CO~2~pCO~2~ (mmHg)39 ± 663 ± 1191 ± 1442 ± 569 ± 799 ± 9pO~2~ (mmHg)69 ± 979 ± 2182 ± 2667 ± 1277 ± 2582 ± 29pH7.51 ± 0.067.32 ± 0.077.17 ± 0.057.48 ± 0.057.29 ± 0.067.15 ± 0.05HCO~3~^−^(mmol/l)30.5 ± 3.732.2 ± 3.933.0 ± 3.931.1 ± 3.033.2 ± 2.834.4 ± 3.2BE(b) (mmol/l)6.9 ± 3.65.1 ± 3.83.3 ± 3.67.0 ± 3.15.6 ± 3.14.0 ± 3.5SpO~2~97 ± 295 ± 494 ± 396 ± 394 ± 494 ± 4MABP (mmHg)62 ± 970 ± 1075 ± 1455 ± 867 ± 1174 ± 14HR (bpm)139 ± 18147 ± 28161 ± 29140 ± 17149 ± 25168 ± 29\n\nThe cerebrocortical microvascular response to graded hypercapnia and NMDA {#Sec12}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nLSCI provided two-dimensional maps of cortical perfusion (Fig.", " [2a--c](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) that served to determine changes in parenchymal perfusion (Figs.", " [2d--g](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [3a--c](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and pial arteriolar diameters (Fig.", " [3d](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Figure 2Cortical blood flow (CoBF) changes to graded hypercapnia and NMDA using laser-speckle contrast imaging and analysis. (**", "a--c**) Representative LSCI contrast images obtained through the closed cranial window (**a--c**) with the corresponding contrast scales. ", "Lower contrast values represent higher flow velocity in the cortical microcirculation. (**", "a**) baseline condition; (**b**) NMDA (1 mM) showing pial arteriolar vasodilation and increased parenchymal flow as well. (**", "c**) biological zero after euthanasia characterized by high and stable speckle contrast values marking the disappearance of the perfusion. (**", "d**--**g**) Summarized recordings of individual experiments, colored/black lines represent the group mean values during/between stimuli, the gray area represent the SD. (**", "d**) in the control group graded hypercapnia resulted in concentration-dependent repeatable increases in CoBF relative to the baseline. (**", "e**) Both doses of NMDA reversibly elevated CoBF, however, the CoBF response to graded hypercapnia was virtually absent after NMDA. (**", "f**) Pre- and co-treatment of MK-801 with NMDA abolished the CoBF response to NMDA and prevented the attenuation of the CoBF response to graded hypercapnia. (**", "g**) AAAN did not affect the CoBF response to hypercapnia or NMDA, however, at least partially prevented the attenuation of the microvascular response to graded hypercapnia by NMDA.Figure 3Summary of the cortical microvascular responses to graded hypercapnia and NMDA assessed with laser-speckle contrast imaging and analysis. (**", "a**) Peak increases in CoBF to graded hypercapnia (n = 6) were significantly blunted after NMDA-treatment (n = 7) alone but not after MK-801 + NMDA coapplication (n = 4) or AAAN pretreatment (n = 7). ", "NMDA-induced peak increases in CoBF were also attenuated by MK-801 (F~group~ = 3.785; η^2^ = 0.066; p = 0.012), but not by AAAN, furthermore AAAN clearly had no effect on the microvascular response to graded hypercapnia. (**", "b**) determination of the integrated (area under the curve, AUC) CoBF response shows also the severe attenuation of microvascular reactivity to graded hypercapnia in the NMDA-treated animals. ", "Also, the inhibitory effect of MK-801 on NMDA-induced cortical hyperemia is striking (F~group~ = 4.464; η^2^ = 0.411; p = 0.0001). (**", "c**) Cortical microvascular reactivity to hypercapnia is expressed as the ratio of the total CoBF response to the first and second graded hypercapnia. ", "The response was fully preserved in the control and in the MK-801 + NMDA treated animals, however, virtually abolished in the animals exposed to NMDA alone. ", "Pretreatment with AAAN resulted in a partial preservation of the response (F~group~ = 8.428; η^2^ = 0.441; p = 0.0001). (**", "d**) Relative (%) changes in pial arteriolar diameters show that pial arteriolar responses to graded hypercapnia were not significantly different among the four groups. ", "However, NMDA-induced pial arteriolar vasodilation was fully prevented by MK-801 and also significantly attenuated by AAAN (F~group~ = 4.741; η^2^ = 0.113; p = 0.004), p \\< 0.05, \\* vs. NMDA, † vs. control.", "\n\nThe first exposure to graded hypercapnia resulted in similar, CO~2~ concentration-dependent increases in CoBF in all groups (Fig.", " [2d--g](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), the peak CoBF values (Fig.", " [3a](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), the integrated hyperemic CoBF response (Fig.", " [3b](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and the pial arteriolar diameter changes (Fig.", " [3d](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) were all similar.", "\n\nTopical application of 0.1 mM NMDA resulted in a significant increase in CoBF (peak CoBF was 151 ± 14% of baseline) and pial arteriolar diameters (138 ± 31% of baseline) that peaked within 3--4 min (Figs.", " [2e](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [3a,b,d](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), the elevated CoBF returned to baseline levels after perfusing the cranial window with aCSF. ", "Repeating the stimulation with 1 mM NMDA resulted only in slightly higher elevations both in the peak (172 ± 23%) and the total CoBF responses and the arteriolar diameters (145 ± 20%), and all these changes were reversible upon removal of NMDA. ", "Topical application of the NMDA receptor inhibitor MK-801 did not affect CoBF (Fig.", " [2f](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), however, coapplication of MK-801 with either NMDA doses completely abolished the hyperemic and the pial arteriolar response to NMDA (Fig.", " [3a,b,d](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Systemic administration of the selective nNOS inhibitor AAAN did not affect the CoBF response to NMDA (Figs.", " [2g](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}; [3a,b](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), however, it caused a significant reduction in the pial arteriolar dilation to NMDA (Fig.", " [3d](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nNMDA eliminates the hypercapnia-induced cortical microvascular response {#Sec13}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn the control group, the CoBF response to the second exposure to graded hypercapnia was virtually identical to the first stimulation (Fig.", " [2d](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), the peak and the integrated CoBF values were very similar (Fig.", " [3a,b](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and the cerebrovascular reactivity to either CO~2~ concentration was fully preserved (Fig.", " [3c](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In sharp contrast, cerebrovascular reactivity to the second exposure to graded hypercapnia was abolished in the NMDA-treated group (Figs.", " [2e](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Pre- and coapplication of MK-801 with NMDA prevented the attenuation of the CoBF response to graded hypercapnia (Figs.", " [2f](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [3a,b](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), cerebrovascular reactivity was preserved (Fig.", " [3c](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In the nNOS inhibitor treated group, the CoBF response to graded hypercapnia was attenuated but not abolished after NMDA (Figs.", " [2g](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [3a,b](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), thus cerebrovascular reactivity was partially (68 ± 35%) preserved in this group (Fig.", " [3c](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nLFP changes induced by graded hypercapnia {#Sec14}\n-----------------------------------------\n\nInduction of hypercapnia with 5% CO~2~ elicited first increases then decreases in LFP power, especially in the delta (δ) and theta (θ) ranges (Fig.", " [4a,b](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Highest increases in δ were observed at cortical depths 100--400 µm and in θ at 100--600 and at 1000--1200 µm (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The subsequent reduction in power started in the deeper cortical layers (below 900 µm) gradually shifting upward. ", "Switching to 10% CO~2~ further reduced LFP power both in the δ and θ ranges (Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These depressions were largely reversed upon restoration of normocapnia, and the LFPs were not significantly different from the baseline values. ", "LFP power in the alpha (α) and beta (β) ranges was quite small under these experimental conditions and clear hypercapnia-related changes could not be observed (data not shown). ", "LFP changes to graded hypercapnia following the stimulation with NMDA were markedly different, most strikingly the early increases in θ LFP power did not develop (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}, Fig.", " [4b](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "δ LFP powers were also significantly altered (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}), and the pattern of LFP changes appeared to have disorganized.", "Figure 4Representative heat map images of (**a**): delta (δ) and (**b**) theta (θ) band power spectral densities (PSDs) obtained from the local field potential recordings with a 16-channel electrode representing 100--1600 μm cortical depths with the corresponding intensity scales (0-1) from an animal of the NMDA-treated group. (**", "a**) during hypercapnia, 5% CO~2~ tended to increase δ in the superficial cortical layers, but activity diminished after switching to 10% CO~2~ starting in the deep cortical layers gradually shifting upwards (arrow pointing up). ", "After restoration of normocapnia, δ activity was also restored (arrow pointing down). ", "NMDA, especially the higher dose strongly increased δ activity predominantly in the upper cortical layers (F~group~ = 1363.103 (1 mM NMDA); η^2^ = 0.8614; p = 0.00001\\*\\*). ", "The second stimulation with graded hypercapnia showed a somewhat similar pattern, however, the δ depression during the deeper level of hypercapnia, and also the restoration of activity upon normocapnia was less clear-cut than before NMDA. (**", "b**) during hypercapnia, 5% CO~2~ resulted in a quite widespread increase in cortical θ activity (F~group~ = 726.632 (5% CO~2~); η^2^ = 0.7623; p = 0.00001\\*\\*) that was attenuated and reversed to depression after switching to 10% CO~2~ similarly to the pattern observed for δ (arrows). ", "NMDA (1 mM) resulted in an almost complete suppression of θ in all cortical layers. ", "After NMDA, the second graded hypercapnia lacked the θ activation associated with 5% CO~2~. BL: baseline.", "Table 2Power spectral density changes in the Delta and the Theta band during stimulations with graded hypercapnia and NMDA. ", "Data are expressed as % of baseline (mean ± SD). ", "\\*p \\< 0.05, \\*\\*p \\< 0.01.Delta (%)Cortical depth (µm)5% CO~2~10% CO~2~0.1 mM NMDA1 mM NMDA5% CO~2~10% CO~2~100140.9 ± 14.3\\*58.6 ± 17.476.2 ± 10.2252.1 ± 54.3\\*\\*51.2 ± 5.150.5 ± 12.3200130.4 ± 9.2\\*20 ± 3.144.7 ± 5.1243.6 ± 49.2\\*\\*46.0 ± 8.222.3 ± 2.0300123.9 ± 23.6\\*18.7 ± 3.146.8 ± 4.1187.0 ± 14.3\\*\\*45.3 ± 10.339.5 ± 11.3400127.9 ± 28.7\\*46.5 ± 8.2113.4 ± 11.3305.0 ± 78.9\\*\\*78.5 ± 12.368.2 ± 23.650079.8 ± 13.354.3 ± 8.292.5 ± 5.1191.1 ± 14.3\\*\\*66.6 ± 11.359.6 ± 18.460071.1 ± 7.244.1 ± 12.390.3 ± 7.2197.7 ± 15.4\\*\\*60.8 ± 16.450.3 ± 25.670038.0 ± 3.124.1 ± 7.249.9 ± 5.1160.6 ± 11.3\\*\\*24.4 ± 2.034.8 ± 8.280073.4 ± 14.360.4 ± 29.7113.0 ± 10.2140.9 ± 18.4\\*82.1 ± 8.277.0 ± 5.190052.1 ± 5.146.1 ± 10.267.3 ± 3.166.7 ± 10.297.9 ± 21.565.6 ± 13.3100029.7 ± 4.126.6 ± 6.137.7 ± 1.054.2 ± 7.231.6 ± 8.231.0 ± 6.1110083.0 ± 7.239.3 ± 10.2103.8 ± 5.174.0 ± 19.561.7 ± 9.253.3 ± 10.2120040.8 ± 6.131.5 ± 10.233.7 ± 3.140.7 ± 7.227.2 ± 4.152.1 ± 14.3130065.7 ± 5.140.6 ± 8.256.4 ± 2.075.7 ± 14.342.3 ± 4.150.6 ± 7.2140055.3 ± 6.141 ± 7.245.1 ± 2.080.8 ± 21.538.4 ± 3.165.3 ± 12.3150052.7 ± 3.127.7 ± 2.060.1 ± 3.158.4 ± 9.245.8 ± 8.236.3 ± 8.2160064.2 ± 5.135.2 ± 4.161.6 ± 7.284.0 ± 14.340.1 ± 4.134.5 ± 7.2**Theta (%)**100184.4 ± 14.3\\*\\*32.1 ± 5.161.9 ± 3.159.0 ± 11.343.2 ± 4.124.7 ± 3.1200174.2 ± 13.3\\*\\*22.7 ± 2.080.5 ± 6.138.1 ± 9.242.4 ± 3.121.6 ± 3.1300163.7 ± 14.3\\*\\*19.1 ± 1.059.0 ± 4.151.3 ± 8.237.9 ± 3.131.5 ± 4.1400160.1 ± 18.4\\*\\*24.5 ± 3.176.8 ± 6.157.7 ± 11.342.2 ± 4.130.6 ± 4.1500157.5 ± 14.3\\*\\*30.3 ± 5.151.2 ± 3.142.5 ± 8.231.3 ± 3.129.1 ± 6.1600165.4 ± 18.4\\*\\*21.7 ± 2.0108.9 ± 9.261.7 ± 11.342.4 ± 4.131.8 ± 3.1700105.0 ± 15.458.5 ± 12.377.7 ± 6.167.1 ± 11.341.1 ± 3.138.4 ± 4.1800105.1 ± 12.319.9 ± 1.081.2 ± 6.156.8 ± 10.249.1 ± 7.240.9 ± 7.2900114.1 ± 11.329.9 ± 3.196.9 ± 7.257.4 ± 9.265.4 ± 4.141.9 ± 5.11000167.5 ± 11.3\\*\\*22.3 ± 2.091.9 ± 6.163.9 ± 10.253.1 ± 4.144.5 ± 8.21100157.7 ± 12.3\\*\\*19.4 ± 2.086.7 ± 7.259.1 ± 9.255.6 ± 3.150.4 ± 8.21200154.0 ± 12.3\\*\\*24.5 ± 2.0100.8 ± 7.255.3 ± 9.256.9 ± 3.144.0 ± 7.21300114.5 ± 15.422.3 ± 2.098.1 ± 6.154.0 ± 7.264.3 ± 4.161.9 ± 1.01400109.5 ± 17.417.7 ± 1.083.9 ± 5.152.0 ± 7.259.3 ± 3.140.9 ± 6.11500101.5 ± 16.419 ± 2.082.0 ± 6.145.8 ± 7.260.4 ± 4.132.4 ± 4.11600104.1 ± 16.432.7 ± 3.171.3 ± 5.162.5 ± 7.256.2 ± 3.148.9 ± 6.1\n\nNMDA evokes delta (δ) oscillation {#Sec15}\n---------------------------------\n\nNMDA (1 mM) selectively increased δ LFP power only in the upper layers (100--700 µm; Fig.", " [4a](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}; Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}) however, activity in the θ range were simultaneously suppressed (Fig.", " [4b](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Similar suppression was observed in the α and β ranges as well (e.g. at 600 µm cortical depth reductions were 58.8 ± 1.2 and 44.9 ± 1.7% of baseline, respectively). ", "This characteristic increase in the δ was identified as a \\~2.5 Hz δ oscillation) down to 600 µm (Fig.", " [5a](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "CSD analysis identifying the contributing sinks and sources of cortical extracellular currents showed that NMDA (1 mM) altered significantly the size of the sinks and sources (Fig.", " [5b](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}) causing the activation first in layer I. then layer II/III and IV. ", "This NMDA-induced activation was δ band-limited.", "Figure 5NMDA evokes delta (δ) oscillation in the upper cortical layers. (**", "a**) Representative δ band spectrogram during NMDA (1 mM) stimulation recorded at 600 µm under the cortical surface. ", "The heat map shows the appearance of a 2.5 Hz frequency oscillation. (**", "b**) Average current source density (CSD) map of the δ oscillations observed during NMDA (1 mM) stimulation with the δ-filtered LFP superimposed onto the image. ", "The multi-channel electrode ([http://neuronexus.com/electrode-array/a1x16--10mm-100-177/](http://neuronexus.com/electrode-array/a1x16-10mm-100-177/)) and an H/E-stained section of the piglet cortex are also shown for orientation. ", "CSD analysis show that the oscillation originates chiefly in layers III/IV where the largest amplitude currents appear.", "\n\nNeuronal spiking in response to graded hypercapnia and NMDA {#Sec16}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nAll recorded neurons (n = 149; total spike count = 152,089) fired with low frequency (\\~0.3--3 Hz, Fig.", " [6a--e](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The ACGs identified major neuronal types of the parietal cortex such as interneurons (Fig.", " [6a](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}), bursting (Fig. ", "6bde) and regular spiking pyramidal cells (Fig.", " [6c](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "CCGs helped to identify the most characteristic cell connections that were typically excitatory with 3--4 ms latency (Fig.", " [6g--i](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We observed only a few inhibitory connections or reciprocal excitation/inhibition between the cells (Fig.", " [6h](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Figure 6Representative auto- and cross-correlograms (ACGs and CCGs, respectively) of recorded cortical neurons and their connections with their highest firing rates. (**", "a**) Layer II/III. ", "interneuron. (**", "b**) Layer IV. ", "bursting pyramidal cell. (**", "c**) Layer IV. ", "regular spiking pyramidal cell. (**", "d**,**e**) Layer V. bursting pyramidal cells. (**", "f**) Representative image of the recording electrode (<http://neuronexus.com/electrode-array/a1x16-10mm-100-177/>) with its position in the parietal cortex. ", "Excitatory synapses between a (**g**) bursting and a regular spiking, (**h**) interneuron and bursting pyramidal cell, (**i**) two bursting pyramidal cells.", "\n\nGraded hypercapnia and NMDA increased spiking activity mainly in the II/III. ", "and IV. ", "layers down to 900 µm. ", "Increased firing allowed more precise identification of interneuronal connections, from the total 164 connections 71% have been associated with layer II/III including intralaminar connections as well. ", "Under the first hypercapnia the recorded spike counts were much higher compared to baseline condition (5% CO~2~: 36,245 spikes, 146/149 active cells; 10% CO~2~: 24,043 spikes, 142/149 active cells). ", "In the subsequent normocapnic period the spiking activity has returned almost to the baseline activity (19,443 spikes, 133/149 active cells). ", "NMDA (1 mM) suppressed neuronal activity in \\~60% of neurons, the number of active cells dropped to 73/149, but the remaining \\~40% of neurons were excited that total spike count remained similar to the baseline (15,400 spikes). ", "During the second hypercapnia, few cells remained responsive CO~2~ (5% CO~2~: 41/149 active cells, 8985 spikes; 10% CO~2~: 17/149 active cells, 5130 spikes).", "\n\nDiscussion {#Sec17}\n==========\n\nThe major novel findings of the present study are the following: (1) Graded hypercapnia elicits repeatable, concentration-dependent increases in CoBF that was attenuated by topical application of NMDA. (", "2) The attenuation of the hemodynamic response to hypercapnia after NMDA was prevented fully by MK-801 and partially by AAAN indicating an exclusive role for the NMDA receptor and a significant role for nNOS activation in mediating this response. (", "3) The attenuated cerebrovascular response after NMDA was associated with an altered electrophysiological response to hypercapnia, more specifically, the increased PSD in the δ and θ bands of the LFP was greatly attenuated. (", "4) NMDA, however, was shown to elicit strong, \\~2.5 Hz delta oscillations peaking at 5--700 μm from the cortical surface indicating the major cortical targets of topically applied NMDA.", "\n\nThe cortical microvascular response to NMDA {#Sec18}\n-------------------------------------------\n\nThe newborn pig is an established translational large animal model of the term neonate, thus the study of cerebrocortical microvascular reactivity to various stimuli as well as its alterations following hypoxic/ischemic stress in this model are of great interest to investigative neonatology^[@CR22],[@CR23]^. Accordingly, the closed cranial window/intravital microscopy technique has been used extensively to study the cerebrocortical microcirculation. ", "NMDA-induced pial arteriolar vasodilation was indeed first described in this species^[@CR24]^, later also confirmed in other species studied such as in rabbits^[@CR25]^ and rats^[@CR26]^. Based on its sensitivity to tetrodotoxin^[@CR27]^ and nNOS inhibitors^[@CR28],[@CR29]^, the mechanism of NMDA-induced pial arteriolar dilation has been accepted to be mediated by neuronal NO production in piglets and in most other experimental models^[@CR30]^. The present study simultaneously confirms previous experimental findings but conflicts with the conclusions drawn in previous studies. ", "In the present study nNOS inhibition by AAAN (0.4 mg/kg) resulted in a similar attenuation (\\~30--40%) of pial arteriolar dilation to NMDA to that found by Bari *et al*. ", "using the nNOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (50 mg/kg)^[@CR29]^. However, we now demonstrated that the attenuated arteriolar vasodilation to NMDA did not coincide with attenuated blood flow response in the underlying parenchyma, indeed the parenchymal flow response was virtually unchanged. ", "We believe that the LSCI used in the present study to assess the cortical microvasculature gives a good estimate of the NMDA-induced microvascular response as our current results showing \\~72% increase in CoBF to 1 mM NMDA are in complete agreement with our previous study displaying virtually identical increases in CoBF to this dose of NMDA using laser-Doppler flowmetry^[@CR6]^. Our results suggest that dilation of intraparenchymal arterioles plays a more decisive role in determining the CoBF response and can compensate for the somewhat smaller pial arteriolar dilation in response to NMDA when nNOS activity is compromised. ", "This finding is in contrast with data obtained in the adult rat, where also the CoBF response to NMDA applied was demonstrated to be critically dependent on nNOS presence and activity^[@CR31]^, and this difference may well represent a species/age-dependent difference. ", "Clearly, additional vasodilatory mechanisms acting perhaps predominantly on intraparenchymal vessels must play a role in mediating the observed increases in CoBF to NMDA in the piglet that can be subject to further research. ", "One such mediator could be adenosine, as adenosine was proposed beside NO to contribute to the NMDA-induced CoBF response in the rat cerebral cortex based on microdialysis data^[@CR32]^. In the piglet cortex, exogenous adenosine appeared to reduce the pial arteriolar response to NMDA^[@CR33]^, this latter finding is conceivable presuming the adenosine may have had a predominant action of intraparenchymal arterioles that based on the present study can have responses largely independent of the pial vessels.", "\n\nThe cortical neuronal response to NMDA {#Sec19}\n--------------------------------------\n\nThe cortical microvascular response to NMDA in piglets is thought to be mediated by exclusive activation of neuronal NMDA receptors based on two lines of evidence, isolated piglet cortical vessels do not respond to NMDA^[@CR34]^, and functional NMDA receptors are not expressed in cerebrovascular endothelial cells or microvessels isolated either from rats, humans or piglets^[@CR35],[@CR36]^. However, recent work suggests that in mice abluminally localized endothelial NMDA receptors can contribute to functional hyperemia^[@CR37],[@CR38]^. Unlike the painstakingly analyzed pial arteriolar response to NMDA, the changes in neuronal activity in response to topically applied NMDA were hardly tackled. ", "Topically applied NMDA was demonstrated to elicit an SD characterized by the signature SD-related DC potential shift simultaneously with pial arteriolar changes in adult mice, and the NMDA effect was found concentration-independently linked to the evoked SD^[@CR5]^. In a subsequent adult rat study, topical NMDA was indeed found to also elicit an SD, but the CoBF response after the SD-related hemodynamic response demonstrated additionally also an NMDA-dose dependent component^[@CR6]^. The same experimental approach in piglets found only a dose-dependent CoBF response without any confounding SDs^[@CR6]^. Immunohistochemistry studies in the piglet parietal cortex identified layers II/III as the major site of nNOS-immunoreactive neurons and as these superficial cortical layers were also rich in NMDA-receptor immunoreactive nerve cells^[@CR33]^, they were accordingly assumed to be responsible for the observed effects of NMDA. ", "Our present study is essentially the first that studied the electrophysiological response simultaneously in all cortical layers to topically applied NMDA. ", "Our present findings identified not only the most superficial, but also much deeper cortical structures to be affected by topical NMDA. ", "Thus, the NMDA-induced intense 2.5 Hz δ-oscillation have been found most prominent at 6--800 μm from the cortical surface suppressing LFP power in virtually all other frequency bands. ", "NMDA also had opposing effects on neuronal firing, it suppressed or stimulated spiking in different neuronal populations. ", "We found that after NMDA, the LFP powers were restored to baseline levels, and also no abnormal spikes were recorded during/after NMDA application suggesting that significant excitotoxic lesion to the cortex did not occur during NMDA stimulation. ", "This notion is in accordance with previous findings showing that the neurovascular response to topical NMDA is preserved in piglets (four applications in a 5 hours period)^[@CR39]^. These results correspond well both with the previous observations of SD-triggering and also with the tetrodotoxin-sensitive actions of topical NMDA application.", "\n\nNMDA triggers SD-like suppression of the microvascular response to hypercapnia {#Sec20}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe cortical microvascular response to graded hypercapnia has been extensively studied in the piglet, but few experiments assessed pial arteriolar diameter and CoBF changes simultaneously^[@CR40]^. In this study^[@CR40]^, both responses were unaltered by the general NOS inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, indicating that NO plays minor role in the mediation of this response in the newborn pig. ", "This NO-independence appears to be age-restricted in the pig, the pial arteriolar response to hypercapnia has also been shown to be NO-independent in newborns, but to be partially NO-dependent in juvenile (3--4 months old) pigs^[@CR41],[@CR42]^. In the rat, the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1 H-\\[1,2,4\\]oxadiazolo\\[4,4,-a\\]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) had also no effect on the response to hypercapnia but to NMDA^[@CR43]^. However, a number of rat studies emphasize the role of nNOS-derived NO in the CoBF response to hypercapnia^[@CR44],[@CR45]^. In accordance with previous newborn pig studies, the nNOS inhibitor AAAN had no effect on the cortical microvascular response to graded hypercapnia in the present study.", "\n\nThe pial arteriolar response to graded hypercapnia has been known to be vulnerable to hypoxic/ischemic stress^[@CR46]^, endothelial injury^[@CR47]^, or seizures^[@CR48]^ making the response a good indicator of neurovascular unit dysfunction. ", "SDs are also known to attenuate the microvascular response to hypercapnia in adult brains^[@CR2]--[@CR4]^. In the piglet cortex *bona fide* SDs of course could not be generated, however, an artificially induced 3-min long cortical depolarization (elicited with topical KCl and confirmed with DC recording) did not affect the microvascular response to hypercapnia and other assessed stimuli^[@CR49]^. In contrast, in the present study, NMDA attenuated the response to graded hypercapnia in the newborn cerebral cortex that is similar to that observed after SD in adult cortex. ", "The microvascular alteration appears to be independent of the direct hemodynamic effect of NMDA-receptor activation but its mechanism appears to involve nNOS activity. ", "However, generalization of our findings to the adult cerebral cortex is prevented by the apparent limitations of developmental differences that actually prevent the triggering of SD in the neonatal brain.", "\n\nIn the present study, we just started to decipher the connections between the well-known cerebrovascular effects of hypercapnia and NMDA and the virtually uncharted neuronal effects of these stimuli in the cerebral cortex of the newborn pig. ", "Using multi-channel silicone probes to study LFP and unit activity changes are widely used in the literature^[@CR50],[@CR51]^, although for instance interpretation of LFP data is difficult due to the many sources contributing to the mixed signal^[@CR52],[@CR53]^. There is very little information available about the LFP^[@CR54]^ or the unit activity^[@CR55]^ of the adult pig cerebral cortex let alone of the newborn piglet. ", "Our current findings show layer-specific and concentration-dependent effects of hypercapnia on both the LFP and unit activity that are clearly altered after NMDA. ", "Presently, we cannot make causative statements whether alterations in the neuronal response trigger the observed changes in microvascular reactivity or perhaps vice versa, however, our results are strongly indicating that the mechanism of NMDA-induced attenuation of the microvascular response is not likely to be limited to the cerebral vasculature. ", "NMDA has been also shown to suppress all frequency bands of the LFP (similar to an SD in adult or old rats^[@CR56]--[@CR58]^), but it also triggered a 2.5 Hz delta-oscillation. ", "The origin of the arising delta-oscillation is still not clear, however it has been described earlier that these oscillations can be evoked by topical stimulations and different cell types can generate abnormal oscillations in the cortex as well^[@CR59]--[@CR62]^. Furthermore, spiking was also suppressed in some, but triggered in other units during NMDA. ", "Again, we cannot determine the significance of these observations in the attenuation of microvascular response to hypercapnia, however, we can hypothesize that different components of the electrophysiological response to NMDA could be responsible for the attenuation of microvascular reactivity to hypercapnia and for the developing marked CoBF response. ", "Clearly, further studies are warranted to identify the neuronal-vascular mechanisms selectively responsible for either effect of topically applied NMDA.", "\n\nIn conclusion, NMDA triggers microvascular dysfunction in the piglet cerebral cortex similar to but not confounded by SD. ", "Understanding the mechanism of this novel observation may help to elucidate the deleterious effects of SD on the neurovascular unit.", "\n\n**Publisher's note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\nWe thank the technical and methodological support to Antal Berényi and Gábor Kozák. ", "This work was supported by grants from the Hungarian Brain Research Program 2.0 (2017-2.1 NKP 2017 00002), the EU-funded Hungarian grant EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00008 and the GINOP 2.3.2 15 2016 00034. ", "V.K. is supported by OTKA-PD128464 from the NRDI.", "\n\nG.R. designed the project, conducted experiments, analysis and interpretation of the hemodynamic and electrophysiological data, statistical analyses, wrote the manuscript. ", "J.N. designed the project, conducted experiments, analysis and interpretation of the hemodynamic data, reviewed the manuscript. ", "V.T.-S. conducted animal experiments, analyzed hemodynamic, reviewed the manuscript. ", "V.V. conducted *in vivo* experiments, reviewed the manuscript. ", "V.K. conducted experiments, reviewed the manuscript. ", "F.D.: drafted and designed the project, drafting, writing and critically revising the manuscript.", "\n\nThe datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.", "\n\nThe authors declare no competing interests.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Dóchas Centre\n\nThe Dóchas Centre (Irish: lárionad le Dóchas) is a closed, medium security prison, for females aged 18 years and over, located in Mountjoy Prison in Dublin. ", "It is also the committal prison for females committed on remand or sentenced from all Courts outside the Munster area of Ireland.", "\n\nDóchas is one of two women's prisons in Ireland, the other is located in Limerick Prison. ", "It has a staff of 88 not including teachers, chaplains, probation and welfare, doctors, psychiatrists and counsellors.", "\n\nDóchas is the Irish for hope making the literal name of the prison \"Centre for Hope.\"", "\n\nHistory\nMountjoy Female Prison opened in 1858 and has been the largest female prison in the country ever since. ", "In 1956 the female prison at Mountjoy was given over to young male offenders and became St. Patrick's Institution. ", " The small numbers of women at the time were moved to a basement of one wing of St Patrick's Institution. ", "Female prisoners were detained in the basement until 1990 when they were moved into one wing of St Patrick's Institution. ", "The wing was used for female prisoners until 1999 when women moved into the Dóchas Centre. ", "A campus style female prison within Mountjoy Prison, Dóchas was designed for twice the number of female prisoners that the old wing of St. Patrick's Institution could accommodate.", "\n\nEthos\nThe ethos of the centre is for inmates to live as close as possible to a life in ordinary accommodation. ", "The prison operates with inmates expected to behave in the same way as one would manage their own home in relation to cleaning, cooking, laundering etc. ", "The regimes within the centre is on training and development. ", "These activities are structured like a normal working day. ", "Staff are encouraged to wear civilian clothing rather than uniforms.", "\n\nAccommodation and Facilities\nPrisoners are accommodated in seven separate houses with each house accommodating ten to twelve people except for one called Cedar which can accommodate eighteen women. ", "The pre-release centre called Phoenix accommodates women in private rooms or in self-contained studio apartments.", "\nInmates live in en-suite rooms with keys to their rooms meaning they can move about relatively freely. ", "Houses are locked at 7.30pm with all the women in the prison being locked into their rooms at that time except for women in Cedar and Phoenix Houses. ", "Houses and rooms are unlocked at 7.30am. ", "Prisoners organise their own breakfasts in the kitchens of the houses and eat lunch with prison staff in the dining room with an evening meal being served in the dining room at 5pm. ", "Each house has a kitchen/dining room with sitting\nroom facility which contains a television and reading material.", "\n\nMothers are permitted to keep new born babies with them in the centre but when the children reach 12 months old, they must leave the prison.", "\n\nEducation and training programmes\nThe centre offers training and education programmes to inmates. ", " These include:- hairdressing, beauty therapy and photography as well as FETAC programmes and Leaving and Junior Cert courses.", "\nThere is a gym which runs aerobic classes and a sport and fitness programme as well as an outdoor basketball court.", "\n\nThere is also a Health Care Unit staffed by nurses and a doctor with a visiting psychiatric and dental service.", "\n\nPrisoner profile\nThe centre holds women on remand, women awaiting sentencing, sentenced prisoners, and women detained under immigration legislation. ", "The director-general of the Irish Prison Service, Brian Purcell, categorised the inmates as a quarter serving sentences for murder, manslaughter or conspiracy to murder, another quarter serving sentences of over a year for robbery, theft or criminal-damage offences with a 20% plus serving sentences for possession of drugs for the purpose of supply.", "\n\nDrugs are a problem with inmates with cannabis being the most common although E tablets have been found. ", "Approximately 30% of the prisoners are on methadone maintenance.", "\n\nAlthough the prison is designated to accommodate females over 18 years of age, there has been cases of juveniles being remanded to the centre.", "\n\nControversies\n\nPrisoner pictures in the media\nIn August 2008, pictures taken on a mobile phone appeared in the media of Scissor sisters killers, Charlotte Mulhall holding a knife to a male inmate's throat. ", " The resulting fallout led to a security audit being carried out at the prison with the installation of walk through detectors and X-ray scanners at the prison. ", "Mulhall herself was transferred to Limerick Prison. ", "Fine Gael justice spokesman Charles Flanagan said: \"Prisoners are holding up two fingers to the criminal justice system and these pictures show that prison security is a shambles. ", "It beggars belief that a convicted knife murderer would be allowed access to a potentially lethal kitchen knife\". ", "Labour Party justice spokesman Pat Rabbitte asked \"How is it that a prisoner convicted of a particularly gruesome murder was apparently in possession of what appears to be a potentially lethal knife?\"", "\n\nOvercrowding controversy\nDochas is designed to accommodate 85 prisoners but frequently runs at 136 per cent capacity, around 115 prisoners.", "\n\nIn April 2010 Governor Kathleen McMahon announced her resignation as governor of the Dochas Centre fearing a reversion to \"self-mutilation, bullying, depression and lesbianism\". ", "One of the features of the prison was that each prisoner had their own room. ", "In the weeks leading up to her resignation there were cases where five inmates were sharing a room. ", "The resignation was as a result of a failure by the Department of Justice to consult her about putting in bunk beds to hold more prisoners. ", "As of June 2010, 106 inmates were in custody with a further 73 inmates on temporary release.", "\n\nOvercrowding has been compounded by homelessness with some prisoners being granted release refusing to leave as they have nowhere to live. ", "In one case an inmate who was granted early release was arrested after trying to break in by scaling the gate of the prison to return to the centre.", "\n\nHigh profile inmates\nThe centre has housed and continues to house a number of high-profile inmates, these include:-\n Shell to Sea activist, Maura Harrington .", "\n Catherine Nevin\n Scissor Sisters killers Linda and Charlotte Mulhall and their mother, Kathleen.", "\n Sharon Collins\n\nFuture\nThere are plans to replace the Dóchas Centre with a new women's prison as part of the planned Thornton Hall prison complex.", "\n\nSee also\n Prisons in Ireland\n Administrative detention\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1999 establishments in Ireland\nCategory:Prisons in the Republic of Ireland\nCategory:Penal system in the Republic of Ireland\nCategory:Women's prisons in Ireland" ]

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[ "#\n# Docker cross-compiler target\n#\n# This docker target builds on the debian sid base image which\n# contains cross compilers for Debian \"ports\" targets.", "\n#\nFROM qemu:debian-sid\n\nRUN DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive eatmydata \\\n apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \\\n gcc-sparc64-linux-gnu \\\n libc6-dev-sparc64-cross\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhere is Kafka's \"The Trial\" set?", "\n\nThe novel The Trial by Franz Kafka contains many deliberate omissions of information: for example, the main character's surname and the names of several other characters, the nature of his crime, and the location of the unspecified city and country in which the story takes place.", "\nCountries mentioned in the text include Italy (the Italian \"business contact\" in chapter 9) and Germany (Miss Montag is described as German in chapter 4). ", "There doesn't seem to much to go on, with very few explicit mentions of real-world countries. ", "Is it possible to identify the setting of this book?", "\n\nA:\n\nThis answer is primarily based on Ignace Feuerlicht, \"Omissions and Contradictions in Kafka's Trial\", The German Quarterly 1967, 40(3), pp. ", "339-350 - available here if you have Jstor access. ", "All quotes below are from this article unless otherwise stated.", "\nAs mentioned in the OP, there is little explicit information in the text indicating a precise location. ", "However, there are various hints which we can piece together using close reading.", "\nFirst off, let's note something which may seem to be relevant evidence but actually isn't, and which is only apparent from the original German text rather than translations:\n\nWords, such as Elektrische (47), bloßfüßig\n (48, 173), Verkühlung (223, 238), and the use of sein in the perfect\n of stehen (90, 224) and sitzen (160) point to Southern Germany\n and Austria, but are indicative of Kafka's rather than K.'s country\n of origin.", "\n\nAs noted in the OP, we know that the setting isn't Italy or (more importantly) Germany. ", "But so far this is all negative evidence. ", "What positive indications do we have about where it is rather than where it isn't?", "\nGeneral cultural indications:\n\nK. lives in a country which is at peace and where law and\n order prevail (12).", "\n\nThe phrase mit keinem Heller bezahlen (138) and the\n fact that Captain Lanz greets Miss Montag by bowing to her and\n respectfully kissing her hand (100) suggest more strongly the old\n Austro-Hungarian Empire.", "\n\nNow let's start to get more specific. ", "The following piece of evidence cuts down the possibilities a LOT:\n\nK. [...] lives and works in a \"capital\" (112)\n where German is spoken, judging from the first names and family\n names (Elsa, Karl, Leni, Hasterer, Biirstner, Rabensteiner) and\n from the name of the one and only street mentioned (JuliusstraBe).", "\n\nMany or most of the inhabitants of that capital are Catholics since\n the Cathedral is Catholic. ", "This excludes Bern, the Protestant capital\n of Switzerland.", "\n\nFinally, most specifically of all, here's a quote from chapter 10 of The Trial itself (using the David Wyllie translation freely available here):\n\nThe moonlight glittered and quivered in the water, which divided itself around a small island covered in a densely-piled mass of foliage and trees and bushes. ", "Beneath them, now invisible, there were gravel paths with comfortable benches where K. had stretched himself out on many summer’s days.", "\n\nAn island on a river with a park excludes Vienna, Linz, Graz, Salzburg, Klagenfurt, and Innsbruck, but it could fit Prague - namely Kampa Park on an island in the river Vltava.", "\nPrague also fits the other clues mentioned above: it was the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia within the Austro-Hungarian empire, a predominantly Catholic region where German was an official language. ", "It also happens to be the city where Kafka was born and lived for most of his life, so it makes sense for him to use it as a setting for his book.", "\n\nPeople, very familiar with Prague, recognize\n indeed certain sections of the city, the Kampa Island, the Charles\n Bridge, and especially the Cathedral Square and the Cathedral with\n its silver statue of a saint.2\n\nFinally, the Prague theory is also supported by Heinz Politzer's book Franz Kafka: Parable and Paradox, which says:\n\nTogether, the\n German Rabensteiner, the Czech Kullich, and the Jew Kaminer\n represent the three nationalities of Prague, which is also the city of K.\n\nTL;DR: it's set in Prague.", "\n\n1 Page numbers are from Franz Kafka, Der Prozeß\n (Berlin, 1951). ", "H stands for Hochzeitsvorbereitungen auf dem\n Lande (New York, 1953) and T for Tagebucher (New York, 1948).", "\n2 Cited to Pavel Eisner, \"Franz Kafkas Prozess und Prag\", German Life and Letters 1961, 14: pp. ", "16–25 (in German; available here).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Inherited risk factors for venous thromboembolism: implications for clinical practice.", "\nEach year, thrombosis in the deep veins of the lower extremities occurs in 1 of every 1000 Americans (1). ", "Although most cases of venous thrombosis are not fatal, death from pulmonary embolism can be expected in 1% to 2% of all patients, and as many as 25% of patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) will suffer the chronic effects of postthrombotic syndrome. ", "Thus, identification of high-risk patients with genetic predispositions to thrombosis is an important clinical goal, particularly among individuals with recurrent DVT." ]

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[ "\n448 F.Supp. ", "172 (1978)\nJames Renneth MARSTON, Plaintiff,\nv.\nE. I. du PONT de NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC., ", "Defendant.", "\nCiv. ", "A. No. ", "75-0020.", "\nUnited States District Court, W. D. Virginia, Danville Division.", "\nMarch 30, 1978.", "\n*173 A. David Hawkins, Overbey, Overbey & Hawkins, Rustburg, Va., for plaintiff.", "\nDavid M. Moore, II, J. Donald Cowan, Jr., Smith, Moore, Smith, Schell & Hunter, Greensboro, N. C., for defendant.", "\n\nOPINION AND ORDER\nGLEN M. WILLIAMS, District Judge.", "\nThe above-styled case is pending before this court on defendant's motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, or in the alternative, for a new trial pursuant to Rule 50(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. ", "Defendant sets forth the following grounds for judgment notwithstanding the verdict: (1) there was no evidence that plaintiff relied upon any affirmation or promise of defendant as required under Va.Code § 8.2-313 (1965); (2) plaintiff did not carry his burden of proof on the issue of damages because he produced evidence showing that unidentified individuals (not parties to this action) were entitled to some unknown portion of the amount prayed for, thereby permitting the jury to speculate on this issue. ", "In addition to the two grounds just mentioned, defendant asserts three other grounds to support its motion for a new trial: (1) the verdict is contrary to law; (2) the verdict is contrary to the weight of the evidence; (3) the verdict of the jury as to damages is excessive and unreasonable under the evidence.", "\nThe facts of the case that are pertinent to these motions can be summarized as follows. ", "While preparing his tobacco crop in 1974, plaintiff discovered that he needed more of a chemical called disyston. ", "He called Camp Chemicals Corporation to order the disyston, but an employee there told him that they did not have as much in stock as he needed. ", "The employee did, however, recommend a new product manufactured by defendant and called \"Vydate L\". ", "The employee told plaintiff that this new chemical would control flea bugs and nematodes and was cheaper to use. ", "Consequently, plaintiff ordered the \"Vydate\", and it was delivered to his farm. ", "It was not until after the \"Vydate\" arrived at his farm that plaintiff actually read the label on the container. ", "He testified, however, that if he had not been satisfied, he would have returned it to Camp Chemicals.", "\nPlaintiff proceeded to use the \"Vydate\" in his transplant water on approximately 49.7 acres of his 52-acre tobacco crop. ", "About two weeks after transplanting, he noticed that the tobacco that he had used \"Vydate\" on was not growing properly. ", "He subsequently advised defendant that he thought \"Vydate L\" had damaged his tobacco crop. ", "Defendant's representative, in addition to some other experts in tobacco, visited plaintiff's farm several times during the 1974 growing season in an attempt to determine the source of his problems.", "\nAfter selling his crop, plaintiff filed this action alleging that defendant breached the express warranty on the \"Vydate\" label. ", "The label stated that the chemical \"Vydate L\" was recommended for use in tobacco as a transplant water treatment. ", "Plaintiff claimed damages to his tobacco crop in the amount of $75,000.00. ", "A trial was held on February 21-24, 1978. ", "The jury returned a verdict for plaintiff and awarded him $25,000.00 in damages.", "\nThe evidence indicated that plaintiff did not raise the 52 acres of tobacco by himself. ", "Rather, he had several tenants or sharecroppers who worked with him. ", "Plaintiff owned the land and the tobacco allotments, and he paid for the fertilizer and all the other expenses. ", "After selling the tobacco, he divided up the profits according to whatever percentage each person was to receive. ", "None of these individuals were made parties to the suit.", "\n\nEXPRESS WARRANTY\nThe basis of defendant's first ground for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or a *174 new trial is that Virginia Code Section 8.2-313 requires plaintiff to show that he relied upon any promise or affirmation made by defendant. ", "Section 8.2-313 specifically states that \"[a]ny affirmation of fact or promise made by the seller to the buyer which relates to the goods and becomes part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty . . ..\" ", "The question to be resolved is whether this section requires a showing of actual reliance.", "\nCourts have reached opposite conclusions on this issue of reliance. ", "For example, the court in Hagenbuch v. Snap-On Tools Corp., 339 F.Supp. ", "676 (D.N.H.1972), held that the plaintiff has the burden of showing that he relied on the defendant's representations of fact; whereas, the court in Interco Inc. v. Randustrial Corp., Mo.App., ", "533 S.W.2d 257 (1976), decided that \"no particular reliance on an express warranty is necessary.\" ", "Id. at 262. ", "In both cases, the plaintiff had read a catalogue description of a particular product, but the evidence failed to demonstrate that he had relied on the description in purchasing the product.", "\nThere does not appear to be any Virginia cases directly on this point. ", "However, this court believes that both the official comment and the Virginia comment to Section 8.2-313 impart the proper interpretation of this section. ", "The official comment specifically states that:\n[i]n actual practice affirmations of fact made by the seller about the goods during a bargain are regarded as part of the description of those goods; hence no particular reliance on such statements need be shown in order to weave them into the fabric of the agreement. ", "Rather, any fact which is to take such affirmations, once made, out of the agreement requires clear affirmative proof. (", "emphasis added).", "\nThe Virginia comment provides further elaboration by noting that Section 8.2-313(1)(b) might change the result in Gillette v. Kelling Nut Co., 185 F.2d 294, 297-98 (4th Cir. ", "1950). ", "In Gillette, the buyer acted upon an inspection made by its customer rather than the seller's description. ", "Hence the court held that the buyer could not hold the seller liable for breach of an express warranty. ", "The comment states that under Section 8.2-313(1)(b), an express warranty would have been created in Gillette if the description was \"made part of the basis of the bargain.\"", "\nIn light of these comments, the court finds that reliance per se does not have to be proved by plaintiff in order to establish the existence of an express warranty.", "\n\nDAMAGES\nDefendant's argument about damages arises out of the fact that the evidence showed that certain individuals who were not parties to the suit but who assisted plaintiff in raising the tobacco were entitled to a portion of the damages. ", "But, plaintiff's evidence did not establish what portion he was entitled to and what portion belonged to these other individuals. ", "Thus defendant argues that the jury was allowed to speculate on the amount of damages incurred by plaintiff.", "\nThere are innumerable cases discussing contracts to farm on shares. ", "It is well settled that one can lease land, thereby creating the relationship of landlord and tenant, with rent being paid in a share of the crops raised. ", "It is equally well settled that one can be employed to cultivate land, with his compensation being a share of the crops. ", "Clark v. Harry, 182 Va. 410, 29 S.E.2d 231 (1944). ", "In the latter situation, the employee is called a \"sharecropper.", "\"[1]\nThis distinction between a tenant and a sharecropper gives rise to differences in their legal rights. ", "A tenant has a possessory interest in the land; whereas, a sharecropper is like an employee and has no estate in the land. ", "Smith v. McNew, Mo. App., ", "381 S.W.2d 369 (1964). ", "Since a sharecropper has no possessory interest in the land, it has been held that he is not a necessary party in an action brought by a *175 landowner to recover damages to a growing crop. ", "Comar Oil Co. v. Richter, 127 Okl. ", "153, 260 P. 60 (1927). ", "On the other hand, if the interests of both a landlord and his tenant are damaged, each has a cause of action but can recover only the damages to his own interest. ", "Edwards v. Solar Oil Corporation, 177 Kan. 219, 277 P.2d 614 (1954).", "\nAccordingly, if the previously mentioned individuals were sharecroppers, plaintiff was under no obligation to make them parties and did not have to prove what portion of the damages belonged to them. ", "The evidence adduced at the trial concerning the relationship between plaintiff and these individuals was uncontradicted. ", "Plaintiff testified that they worked as a family with everybody working on all the fields of tobacco. ", "Plaintiff paid the expenses associated with raising the tobacco, and at the end of the season, he divided up the profits. ", "Furthermore, plaintiff made all the decisions about the agricultural methods to be used, and there was not even a scintilla of evidence that he surrendered possession of his land.", "\nThese very factors led the court in Comar, supra, to hold that the plaintiff in that case was a sharecropper and not a tenant. ", "In Comar, the sharecropper was hired to assist the landowner in planting and cultivating the crops, and his compensation was to be a share of the crops. ", "The owner kept possession and control of the land and provided all the stock and equipment necessary to growing the crops.", "\nSince the evidence in this case is almost identical to that in Comar, the court concludes that these unidentified individuals were not necessary parties to this case, and as a matter of fact, they did not even have a right to sue for any damage to the tobacco crop. ", "260 P. at 66. ", "The jury was not allowed to speculate on the issue of damages because plaintiff was entitled to the full amount awarded. ", "If any of his sharecroppers are entitled to a portion of the $25,000.00 pursuant to their sharecropper agreements, such is a matter outside the scope of this case.", "\n\nConclusion\nFor the reasons discussed, the court fails to find that these two grounds warrant either a judgment notwithstanding the verdict or a new trial. ", "Defendant asserted three other grounds for a new trial, but after due consideration, the court finds that they likewise do not justify ordering a new trial. ", "Accordingly, defendant's motion is denied.", "\nNOTES\n[1] See 21 Am.", "Jur.2d Crops § 35 et seq. (", "1965).", "\n" ]

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[ "Michele Zarrillo\n\nMichele Zarrillo (born 13 June 1957) is an Italian singer-songwriter. ", "He is mainly known for hits such as \"Una rosa blu\" (A blue rose), \"Cinque giorni\" (Five days), L'elefante e la farfalla (The elephant and the butterfly) and \"La notte dei pensieri\" (The night of thoughts). ", "In 1987 he won the Sanremo Music Festival, competing in the newcomers' section. ", "Zarrillo took part in the competition several other times, the last time in 2017 with the song \"Mani nelle mani\" (Hands in the hands).", "\nHe took part in Sanremo's competition 13 times, but only won once, as stated above.", "\n\nAs a songwriter, he penned songs for several artists, including Ornella Vanoni and Renato Zero.", "\n\nBiography\nZarrillo debuted as a musician in the 1970s, when he started playing guitar in the band Semiramis. ", "In 1973, the band released the album Dedicato a Frazz. ", "Meanwhile, he wrote songs for popular Italian artists, including Ornella Vanoni and Renato Zero.", "\n\nIn 1982 Zarrillo competed as a soloist at the Sanremo Music Festival performing the song \"Su quel pianeta libero\". ", "The following year he competed for the second time singing \"Una rosa blu\", but was eliminated on the first night of the show. ", "The song was re-released in 1997 and become a hit in Italy. \"", "Una rosa blu\" was also included in Zarrillo's debut album, Sarabanda, released in 1982.", "\n\nIn 1987, Zarrillo competed for the third time at the Sanremo Music Festival, finishing first in the newcomers' section with the song, \"La notte dei pensieri\". ", "His second studio album, Soltanto amici, was released in 1988. ", "Adesso followed in 1992. ", "Most of the songs included in the album were co-written by Vincenzo Incenzo, who collaborated with Zarrillo on most of his following albums. ", "Once again, the album was launched after competing in the Sanremo Music Festival of the same year, with the song \"Strade di Roma\".", "\n\nIn 1994, Zarrillo released the single \"Cinque giorni\", which placed fifth in the 44th Sanremo Music Festival and became one of his best-known songs, receiving strong airplay in the weeks following its release. ", "The song was also included in Zarrillo's third studio album, Come uomo tra gli uomini. ", "Two years later, Zarrillo released the album \"L'elefante e la farfalla\", including the song with the same title, performed during the Sanremo Music Festival, 1996.", "\n\nIn 1997, Zarrillo released his first compilation album, L'amore vuole amore, which was a commercial success, being certified platinum five times by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry for domestic sales exceeding 500,000 units. ", "A Spanish-language version of the album was also released in Spain, where \"Cinco Dias\" was released as a single.", "\n\nIn 2001 and 2002, Zarrillo entered the Sanremo Music Festival again with the song \"L'acrobata\", which finished fourth in 2001 and was included in the albums Il vincitore non c'è and Gli angeli, respectively.", "\n\nIn 2003, Zarrillo released the album Liberosentire, followed by L'alfabeto degli amanti in 2006, preceded by the single with the same title, which competed once again in the Sanremo Music Festival. ", "Zarrillo's eleventh participation in the Sanremo Music Festival was in 2008, when he performed the song \"L'ultimo film insieme\", featured on the compilation album Nel tempo e nell'amore.", "\n\nOn 20 September 2011, Zarrillo released the album Unici al mondo, preceded by the single \"La prima cosa che farò\" and promoted through a concert tour in Italy.", "\n\nIn February 2017, Zarrillo participated at the Sanremo Music Festival, where he sang \"Mani nelle mani\". (", "Mani nelle mani means \"Hands in the hands\"). ", "His final position in the competition is 11th.", "\nDuring Sanremo's competition, his new album of unprecedented songs \"Vivere e rinascere\" (that means \"To Live and to be Reborn\") was released. ", "A tour followed and promoted the album.", "\n\nHe participated at the Sanremo Music Festival 2020 with the song \"Nell'estasi o nel fango\".", "\n\nDiscography\n\nStudio albums\n Sarabanda (1982)\n Soltanto amici (1988)\n Adesso (1992)\n Come uomo tra gli uomini (1994)\n L'elefante e la farfalla (1996)\n Il vincitore non c'è (2001)\n Liberosentire (2003)\n L'alfabeto degli amanti (2006)\n Unici al mondo (2011)\n Vivere e Rinascere (2017)\n\nCompilation albums\n L'amore vuole amore (1997)\n Nel tempo e nell'amore (2008)\n Le mie canzoni (2011)\n\nLive albums\n Le occasioni dell'amore (2002)\n Michele Zarrillo Live - Roma (2009)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Michele Zarrillo at Allmusic\n\nCategory:1957 births\nCategory:People of Lucanian descent\nCategory:Italian male singers\nCategory:Italian pop singers\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Singers from Rome\nCategory:Italian singer-songwriters\nCategory:Sanremo Music Festival winners of the newcomers section" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDash(Python) - can't update Slider's values based on input from another Slider\n\nI've started learning Dash(after using R-Shiny for ~3months). ", "During which I've tried to make an app, which will have two Sliders, one of whose values(min, max, step) are fixed and values of the other Slider will be updated based on the input from first Slider. ", "And I couldn't update values of second Slider.", "\nHere's what I've done and tried: \nfrom dash import Dash\nimport dash_html_components as dash_html\nimport dash_core_components as dash_core\nfrom dash.dependencies import Input, Output\nfrom flask import Flask\n\n# initiate the dash app with Flask server\napp = Dash(__name__, server=Flask(__name__))\n\n# code the ui now\napp.layout = dash_html.", "Div(children=[\n dash_core.", "Slider(id=\"first_slider\",\n min=10, max=110, value=10, step=10,\n marks={i : '{}'.format(i) for i in range(10,110,10)},\n # marks={i : 'Level {}'.format(i) for i in range(10,110,10)}\n ),\n dash_html.", "Hr(), dash_html.", "Hr(),\n\n # second slider\n dash_core.", "Slider(id=\"second_slider\"),\n # # dash_html.", "Hr(),\n\n # print values from both sliders\n dash_html.", "Div(id=\"display_selected_values\"),\n ])\n\n# take the input from first and update second slider\n@app.callback(Output(component_id='second_slider', component_property=['min','max']),\n # component_property='children'),\n # component_property='value'),\n [Input(component_id='first_slider', component_property='value')])\ndef print_the_value_from_slider(value_from_slider):\n # update the values of second slider. ", "ex: if input is 10, second slider will have 11 to 20\n # return value_from_slider\n return list((value_from_slider+1, value_from_slider+1+10))\n\n# @app.callback(Output(component_id=\"second_slider\", component_property='options'),\n# [Input(component_id='second_slider', component_property='value')])\n# def fill_second_slider(value_from_first_slider):\n# return range(value_from_first_slider+1, value_from_first_slider+1+10, 1)\n\n# @app.callback(Output('display_selected_values', 'children'),\n# [Input('first_slider', 'value'),\n# Input('second_slider', 'value')])\n# def set_display_children(first_input, second_input):\n# return '{} from {}s range'.format(second_input, first_input)\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n app.run_server(debug=True)\n\nand the error is:\ndash.exceptions.", "NonExistentPropException: \nAttempting to assign a callback with\nthe property \"['min', 'max']\" but the component\n\"second_slider\" doesn't have \"['min', 'max']\" as a property.", "\n\nHere are the available properties in \"second_slider\":\n['id', 'marks', 'value', 'className', 'disabled', 'dots', 'included', 'min', 'max', 'tooltip', 'step', 'vertical', 'updatemode', 'loading_state']\n\nBut, Slider does have min and max properties and they are listed in error too. ", "I don't know what I'm doing wrong. ", "But, the second slider is not getting updated.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe slider does have the min and max props, but you are trying to set a single prop [min, max] which does not exist. ", "You need two outputs on your callback, one to each prop.", "\n@app.callback([Output(component_id='second_slider', component_property='min'),\n Output(component_id='second_slider', component_property='max')]\n [Input(component_id='first_slider', component_property='value')])\n\nThat should work.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "\"The Womens Day\"\n\n“The beauty of a woman is not in the clothes she wears, the figure that she carries, or the way she combs her hair. ", "The beauty of a woman is seen in her eyes, because that is the doorway to her heart, the place where love resides. ", "True beauty in a woman is reflected in her soul. ", "It's the caring that she lovingly gives, the passion that she shows & the beauty of a woman only grows with passing years” ―Audrey Hepburn. “", "To be without a woman is to be without life” Somali proverb... Celebrate the social, economic, cultural and political achievement of women. ", "Yet let's also be aware progress has slowed in many places across the world, so urgent action is needed to accelerate gender parity. ", "Leaders across the world are pledging to take action as champions of gender parity.", "\n\n“To be without a woman is to be without life” Somali proverb\n\nInternational Women’s Day is annually held on March 8 to celebrate women’s achievements throughout history and across nations. ", "It is also known as the United Nations (UN) Day for Women’s Rights and International Peace.", "\n\nThe earliest Women’s Day observance was held on February 28, 1909, in New York; it was organized by the Socialist Party of America in remembrance of the 1908 strike of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union. ", "There was no specific strike happening on March 8, despite later claims.", "\n\nIn August 1910, an International Women's Conference was organized to precede the general meeting of the Socialist Second International in Copenhagen, Denmark. ", "Inspired in part by the American socialists, German Socialist Luise Zietz proposed the establishment of an annual 'International Woman's Day' (singular) and was seconded by fellow socialist and later communist leader Clara Zetkin, although no date was specified at that conference. ", "Delegates (100 women from 17 countries) agreed with the idea as a strategy to promote equal rights, including suffrage, for women. ", "The following year, on March 19, 1911, IWD was marked for the first time, by over a million people in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland. ", "In the Austro-Hungarian Empire alone, there were 300 demonstrations. ", "In Vienna, women paraded on the Ringstrasse and carried banners honouring the martyrs of the Paris Commune. ", "Women demanded that women be given the right to vote and to hold public office. ", "They also protested against employment sex discrimination.[2] Americans continued to celebrate National Women's Day on the last Sunday in February.", "\n\n\"It is not our differences that divide us. ", "It is our inability to recognize, accept, and celebrate those differences. \" — ", "Audre Lorde\n\n“The beauty of a woman is not in the clothes she wears, the figure that she carries, or the way she combs her hair. ", "The beauty of a woman is seen in her eyes, because that is the doorway to her heart, the place where love resides. ", "True beauty in a woman is reflected in her soul. ", "It's the caring that she lovingly gives, the passion that she shows & the beauty of a woman only grows with passing years.”", "\n\n― Audrey Hepburn\n\nAlthough there were some women-led strikes, marches, and other protests in the years leading up to 1914, none of them happened on March 8. ", "In 1914 International Women's Day was held on March 8, possibly because that day was a Sunday, and now it is always held on March 8 in all countries. ", "The 1914 observance of the Day in Germany was dedicated to women's right to vote, which German women did not win until 1918.", "\n\nIn London there was a march from Bow to Trafalgar Square in support of women's suffrage on 8 March 1914. ", "Sylvia Pankhurst was arrested in front of Charing Cross station on her way to speak in Trafalgar Square.", "\n\nIn 1917 demonstrations marking International Women's Day in Saint Petersburg on the last Thursday in February (which fell on March 8 on the Gregorian calendar) initiated the February Revolution. ", "Women in Saint Petersburg went on strike that day for “Bread and Peace\" – demanding the end of World War I, an end to Russian food shortages, and the end of czarism. ", "Leon Trotsky wrote, \"23 February (8th March) was International Woman’s Day and meetings and actions were foreseen. ", "But we did not imagine that this ‘Women’s Day’ would inaugurate the revolution. ", "Revolutionary actions were foreseen but without date. ", "But in morning, despite the orders to the contrary, textile workers left their work in several factories and sent delegates to ask for support of the strike… which led to mass strike... all went out into the\n\nFollowing the October Revolution, the Bolshevik Alexandra Kollontai and Vladimir Lenin made it an official holiday in the Soviet Union, and it was established, but was a working day until 1965. ", "On May 8th, 1965 by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet International Women's Day was declared a non-working day in the USSR \"in commemoration of the outstanding merits of Soviet women in communistic construction, in the defense of their Fatherland during the Great Patriotic War, in their heroism and selflessness at the front and in the rear, and also marking the great contribution of women to strengthening friendship between peoples, and the struggle for peace. ", "But still, women's day must be celebrated as are other holidays.\"", "\n\nFrom its official adoption in Russia following the Soviet Revolution in 1917 the holiday was predominantly celebrated in communist and socialist countries. ", "It was celebrated by the communists in China from 1922, and by Spanish communists from 1936. ", "After the founding of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949 the state council proclaimed on December 23 that March 8 would be made an official holiday with women in China given a half-day off.", "\n\nIn the West, International Women's Day was first observed as a popular event after 1977 when the United Nations General Assembly invited member states to proclaim March 8 as the UN Day for women's rights and world peace.[14] But women of Eastern European origins in North America were celebrating International Women's Day decades earlier than that. ", "During World War II, some Western countries marked the date with an emphasis on women's contributions to the war effort and to the defeat of Fascism. ", "Eleanor Roosevelt praised such celebrations of women's worldwide unity in her \"My Day\" column in 1944.", "\n\n\"Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for \"fair use\" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. ", "Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. ", "Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.\"" ]

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[ "# Riot\n\n## mount\n\nMounting a tag will make it appear on your webpage/app\nThere are various ways to mount your tags\n\n### All\n\nThis will mount all tags and their children tags\n\n**Notice:** This will not mount dynamically loaded tags such as with a router\n\n```js\nriot.mount('*')\n```\n\n### Specific with options\n\nWhen mounting a tag, you can pass options, accessible as `opts`\n\n```html\n<todo-list></todo-list>\n<script>\n var items = [\n 'fork',\n 'star',\n 'contribute'\n ]\n riot.mount('todo-list', items)\n</script>\n```\n\n### Data attribute\n\n**Notice:** This feature is supported in **Riot 2.3.17** or later\nWith a `data` attribute, you can mount a tag into an element\n\n```html\n<ul data-is=\"todo-list\"></ul>\n<script>\n // You can mount all or with data too here\n riot.mount('todo-list')\n</script>\n```\n\n\n### Mount to DOM node\n\nYou can also use a DOM node to mount your tag\n\n```html\n<main name=\"content\">\n<script>\n // At maximum, riot.mount takes three arguments\n riot.mount(this.content, 'todo-list', {items: ['be nice', 'share your knowledge', 'give feedback']})\n</script>\n```\n\n\n## observable\n\nTurns a non-riot object/class into an observable, being capable of triggering and listening to events\nThis will add `trigger`, `on`, `one` and `off` to the provided object\nSee [Observable](#observable) for all methods\n\n```js\nclass AuthService {\n constructor() {\n riot.observable(this)\n }\n}\n```\n" ]

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[ "Ambisonic decoder configuration presets are provided here for common surround\nsound speaker layouts. ", "The presets are prepared to work with OpenAL Soft's high\nquality decoder. ", "By default all of the speaker distances within a preset are\nset to the same value, which results in no effect from distance compensation.", "\nIf this doesn't match your physical speaker setup, it may be worth copying the\npreset and modifying the distance values to match (note that modifying the\nazimuth and elevation values in the presets will not have any effect; the\nspecified angles do not change the decoder behavior).", "\n\nDetails of the individual presets are as follows.", "\n\nsquare.ambdec\nSpecifies a basic square speaker setup for Quadraphonic output, with identical\nwidth and depth. ", "Front speakers are placed at +45 and -45 degrees, and back\nspeakers are placed at +135 and -135 degrees.", "\n\nrectangle.ambdec\nSpecifies a narrower speaker setup for Quadraphonic output, with a little less\nwidth but a little more depth over a basic square setup. ", "Front speakers are\nplaced at +30 and -30 degrees, providing a bit more compatibility for existing\nstereo content, with back speakers at +150 and -150 degrees.", "\n\nitu5.1.ambdec\nSpecifies a standard ITU 5.0/5.1 setup for 5.1 Surround output. ", "The front-\ncenter speaker is placed directly in front at 0 degrees, with the front-left\nand front-right at +30 and -30 degrees, and the surround speakers (side or\nback) at +110 and -110 degrees.", "\n\nhexagon.ambdec\nSpecifies a flat-front hexagonal speaker setup for 7.1 Surround output. ", "The\nfront left and right speakers are placed at +30 and -30 degrees, the side\nspeakers are placed at +90 and -90 degrees, and the back speakers are placed at\n+150 and -150 degrees. ", "Although this is for 7.1 output, no front-center speaker\nis defined for the decoder, meaning that speaker will be silent for 3D sound\n(however it may still be used with AL_SOFT_direct_channels or ALC_EXT_DEDICATED\noutput). ", "A \"proper\" 7.1 decoder may be provided in the future, but due to the\nnature of the speaker configuration will have trade-offs.", "\n\n3D7.1.ambdec\nSpecifies a 3D7.1 speaker setup for 7.1 Surround output. ", "Although it's for 7.1\noutput, the speakers for such a configuration need to be placed in different\npositions for proper results. ", "Please see docs/3D7.1.txt for more information.", "\n" ]

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[ "Category Archives: casino online\n\nIf you're looking for the best apps to play poker on your iPhone for real money you're in the right place. ", "Online poker is one of the best, most compelling games. ", "Provides a review for playing poker on all mobile devices. ", "Includes a list of the best real money mobile poker & gambling sites. ", "USA accepted. ", "Top Android Poker - Find the best Android poker sites in Get exclusive FREE bonuses on the top Android real money online poker apps.", "\n\nReal money poker mobile Video\n\nBest Real Money Poker App For Iphone - ruggedlgg5case.xyz Ladbrokes Poker Read Review. ", "One of the most popular mobile handsets in the world, Android devices are capable of a great deal of simple computing, which makes them perfect for playing mobile poker whether you are on Samsung, HTC or Sony. ", "In fact most iOS poker sites work even better in its iPad poker format thanks to more screen real estate and superior specs on some models. ", "Advertiser Disclosure Please Read Terms and Conditions Apply. ", "You can create tables created entirely out of your private group of friends or join a larger table with only a few buddies. ", "Before this, players were limited to enjoying Internet gambling games in the confines of their home or sitting in Internet cafes. ", "Our guide, designed by expert poker players, will help you to be more confident in your decision. ", "How easy it is to withdraw money from the site. ", "Since the option buttons and the slider that marks bet size are very small, players need to be very careful, otherwise they will end up pressing the wrong option by mistake. ", "The ability to play poker on mobile devices is a boon to poker players who are always on the move. ", "There will be no problems having more than one app downloaded onto your mobile device, but you will only be able to open one app at a time! ", "Fast fold gives players a chance to play an action-packed game with very little downtime. ", "This is always changing as poker operators improve their software. ", "Our list of top-rated Android poker sites all offer: You will also find that many of the top Internet gambling websites which we recommend offer free play variations, so you can get to grips with online poker for mobile phones without shelling out any cash first. ", "The ability to play poker on mobile devices is a boon to poker players who are always on the move. ", "Each game will have its own set of instructions, but you should find the game as intuitive as if you were playing on a desktop or at the card table. ", "Some sites and apps may allow you to play offline against pretend players for free you're essentially playing against the computer. ", "In fact, Android poker apps are easier to find than iPhone and iPad poker apps because several poker companies have been churning out apps from lastschrift kaufen years. ", "Is live dealer poker possible on a mobile? ", "It will be dependent on just how much storage space that you have on the mobile device you are using as to whether you are going to be able to download more than one app bingo spielen online kostenlos that device. ", "Get full access to the tournament tickets and bonuses in your account. ", "Since its beginning in Reno, Nevada, 75 years ago, Caesars has grown through development of new resorts, expansions and acquisitions and now operates casinos on four continents. ", "Here are some rooms that might appear to be competitive, but that failed to pass our rigorous screens for real-money poker games: Some sites make you wait a few days before cashing out after depositing, but on you can do it within minutes." ]

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[ "A federal grand jury indicted Kevin Thomas Winkle on two counts.", "\n\nThe first count is possession of firearms by a prohibited person. ", "The indictment states Winkle being an unlawful user of a controlled substance.", "\n\nThe second count is Possession of a firearm in a school zone. ", "The indictment states Winkle had six firearms on the grounds of St. Mary’s Cathedral School.", "\n\nIf convicted, Winkle will have to forfeit 151 firearms, accessories, and ammunition.", "\n\nTIMELINE\n\nWinkles was arrested the first time on September 9th for Unlawful Carrying a Weapon – Prohibited Place.", "\n\nSt. Mary’s was aware of Winkle from an incident on September 5, where officials said Winkle showed up that evening for a training to potentially become an usher for the church. ", "According to officials, “During the training, Winkle made several alarming comments and displayed a rifle that he was carrying in a violin case along with three handguns that were in his possession, which led the leaders to fear for the safety of their members.”", "\n\nOn September 12, a separate warrant was issued for the arrest of Winkle out of Potter County for Exhibition, Use, or Threat of Exhibition or Use of Firearms, stemming from the incident at St. Mary’s on Wednesday, September 5. ", "Officials said Winkle was found on the 8100 block of Challenge and taken into custody.", "\n\nAccording to documents, during a search of his home on Friday, September 14, FBI and Amarillo Police found several items, including a partially smoked marijuana cigar, and other evidence of drug use.", "\n\nOn September 17, a federal complaint was unsealed and charged Winkle with possession of a firearm in a school zone. ", "The complaint said Winkle talked to police about recent church shootings and kept asking if he would, “make the news.”", "\n\nOn September 19, a federal judge has ordered a psychiatric examination for the man arrested three times for bringing loaded guns into an Amarillo church.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "\n\nPageStack Android: Push/Pop web pages between your desktop & Android phone. - ", "dannyr\nhttp://pagestackandroid.appspot.com/\n\n======\ndannyr\nI developed this with @hedgehog during Google Campout. ", "You can now download\nthis on the Android Market.", "\n\n~~~\nmuckster\nI LOVE it. ", "I've been thinking of and meaning to make something like this for\nages - thanks for doing it for us! ", "Now, get out of my head. ", ":D\n\n------\nsrn\nYeah, I've wanted this for a while, though not for android.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Patient-Reported Symptoms Improve Performance of Risk Prediction Models for Emergency Department Visits Among Patients With Cancer: A Population-Wide Study in Ontario Using Administrative Data.", "\nPrior work shows measurements of symptom severity using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) which are associated with emergency department (ED) visits in patients with cancer; however, it is not known if symptom severity improves the ability to predict ED visits. ", "To determine whether information on symptom severity improves the ability to predict ED visits among patients with cancer. ", "This was a population-based study of patients who were diagnosed with cancer and had at least one ESAS assessment completed between 2007 and 2015 in Ontario, Canada. ", "After splitting the cohort into training and test sets, two ED visit risk prediction models using logistic regression were developed on the training cohort, one without ESAS and one with ESAS. ", "The predictive performance of each risk model was assessed on the test cohort and compared with respect to area under the curve and calibration. ", "The full cohort consisted of 212,615 unique patients with a total of 1,267,294 ESAS assessments. ", "The risk prediction model including ESAS was superior in sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and discrimination. ", "The area under the curve was 73.7% under the model with ESAS, whereas it was 70.1% under the model without ESAS. ", "The model with ESAS was also better calibrated. ", "This improvement in calibration was particularly noticeable among patients in the higher deciles of predicted risk. ", "This study demonstrates the importance of incorporating symptom measurements when developing an ED visit risk calculator for patients with cancer. ", "Improved predictive models for ED visits using measurements of symptom severity may serve as an important clinical tool to prompt timely interventions by the cancer care team before an ED visit is necessary." ]

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[ "Copy and paste this link into an e-mail or instant message: http://marketplace.xbox.com/en-US/Product/NGII-Mission-Mode/00000000-0000-400c-80cf-0006544307d5?cid=SLink Click to create and send a link using your email application\n\nIntroducing Mission Mode, a brand-new gameplay expansion for the acclaimed action game Ninja Gaiden II. ", "In this all new game mode, challenge your skills in self-contained missions featuring trials and tribulations not found in the standard story mode. ", "Karma Attack missions task you with obtaining the highest score, while Survival missions give you a single weapon to fight off as many enemies as possible. ", "Take your high scores online with Xbox LIVE and compete with players around the world on the mission leaderboards! ", "There are no refunds for this item. ", "For more information, see www.xbox.com/live/accounts." ]

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[ "Join us on New Year's Eve for a national Watch Night Service in Raleigh, NC! ", "The watch night service in 1862 was celebrated by enslaved and free African Americans, abolitionists, and others awaiting news that the Emancipation Proclamation would become law to free Blacks living in the South. ", "The national Watch Night Service in 2018 will bring together people of conscience to recommit ourselves to the fight against systemic racism, poverty, the war economy/militarism, ecological devastation and our nation's distorted moral narrative in 2019.", "\n\nWe will hear from Rev. Dr. William J. Barber, II and Rev. Dr. Liz Theoharis as well as North Carolinians who understand why we must build a movement to end systemic racism, poverty, the war economy/militarism, ecological devastation and our nation's distorted moral narrative.", "\n\nAll are welcome! ", "The event will also be broadcasted nationally from https://livestream.com/accounts/5188266/events/8496447.", "\n\nJoin us live in Raleigh or host a livestream of the Watch Night Service in your community to bring in 2019 with a resolution to move forward together, not one step back. ", "Email lashton@breachrepairers.org if you will host a livestream watch party.", "\n\nHosted by Repairers of the Breach, Kairos Center, & NC Poor People's Campaign : A National Call For Moral Revival" ]

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[ "The man who helped bring an NBA team to Orlando said Wednesday, Nov 20 that he wants to bring a Major League Baseball team to the theme park mecca.", "\n\nPat Williams, a former executive with the NBA’s Orlando Magic, said that Orlando was more deserving than a half-dozen other cities that have been mentioned as homes to potential MLB expansion teams in the future. ", "Those markets are Charlotte, North Carolina.; ", "Las Vegas; Montreal; Nashville, Tennessee; Portland, Oregon; and Vancouver.", "\n\nWith a population of 2.5 million residents, metro Orlando also gets 75 million tourists each year. ", "In addition to pro basketball, the region has professional men’s and women’s soccer teams.", "\n\n- Advertisement -\n\n“Orlando keeps growing and sports need to be a part of that,” Williams said. “", "Our resume here is much stronger than those other markets.”", "\n\nWilliams’ desire may be a pipedream since Florida already has two MLB teams with anemic attendance. ", "The Miami Marlins and the Tampa Bay Rays respectively had the worst and second-to-worst attendance of Major League Baseball’s 30 teams this season.", "\n\nSo Williams on Wednesday offered what may be an appropriate name for the team: the Dreamers. ", "He unveiled a red baseball cap with a black “O” as the logo, as well as a website, https://orlandodreamers.com/.\n\nWilliams said he’s dipping his toe in the water to gauge interest in Orlando before making concrete plans.", "\n\n- Advertisement -\n\nMajor League Baseball spokesman Mike Teevan said the league didn’t have an immediate comment Wednesday.", "\n\nCommissioner Rob Manfred has repeatedly said expansion won’t be considered until the Oakland Athletics and the Rays get new ballparks.", "\n\nOakland is working on gaining approval for a waterfront ballpark at Howard Terminal and hopes to break ground by the end of next year.", "\n\nThe Rays last December abandoned plans for a ballpark in Tampa’s Ybor City area. ", "Owner Stuart Sternberg said then that the team must start thinking about where it will play when its lease at St. Petersburg’s Tropicana Field ends after the 2027 season. ", "MLB gave the Rays approval in June to explore playing a part of their home schedule in Montreal.", "\n\n—\n\nFormer NBA Executive Wants to Bring MLB to Orlando" ]

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[ "Experimental study on the growth and proliferation kinetics of residual tumor after surgery in mouse neuroblastoma.", "\nIn order to elucidate the proliferation kinetics of residual tumors after surgery, experimental studies were performed, using C-1300NB and A/J mice, tumor-host system. ", "Mice were inoculated with C-1300NB cells in the chest and leg simultaneously, and then divided into three groups. ", "Growth curves of chest tumors (residual tumors) in Group B after amputation of the tumor-bearing leg were significantly steeper than those of both Group A, whose tumor-bearing legs were not amputated, and Group C, whose normal legs were amputated, at the same tumor age. ", "3H-TdR labeling indices of chest tumors of Group B were significantly higher than those of Group A (P less than 0.05). ", "DNA histograms of the chest tumors of Group A uniformly showed a unimodal distribution with a peak in the 2c range. ", "On the other hand, in Group B the peak of nuclear DNA distribution shifted from the 2c range to the 4c range after amputation of tumor-bearing leg. ", "The results indicated that an increase in cells in the DNA synthetic phase occurred in the remaining neuroblastoma after reducing the volume of tumor in host by amputation of tumor-bearing legs." ]

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[ "Such media fisticuffs were, until Monday, an unusual move for Melania Trump’s placid, and somewhat sparsely populated, East Wing. ", "But they are second nature to certain members of the Trump family, purveyors of high-profile marital drama since 1992, the year Mr. Trump and Ivana Trump, a former model, ended their marriage in what she called “brutal” divorce negotiations. ", "Mr. Trump’s second wife, Marla Maples, ensured another dizzying round of media attention. (", "The first Mrs. Trump said in the interview that she does not refer to Ms. Maples by name: She is instead known as “The Showgirl.”)", "\n\nMelania Trump, a former model born in Slovenia, has been somewhat of a departure because she does not court attention and tends to choose her words carefully. ", "She is also becoming a more visible first lady. ", "In the past few weeks, Mrs. Trump has ramped up her appearances and will travel on Tuesday to Huntington, W.Va., ", "to visit Lily’s Place, an infant recovery center that supports families dealing with addiction.", "\n\nIn recent weeks, Mrs. Trump, who once emphasized that her platform will focus on combating cyberbullying, has shifted her focus to learning more about the opioid epidemic. ", "More than two million Americans are estimated to have problems with the drugs, and Appalachia has some of the highest overdose rates in the country.", "\n\n“She has stated many times that she wants to utilize her role as first lady to help as many children as she can, with the many issues and challenges they face as they are growing up,” Ms. Grisham said. “", "The opioid crisis is one of those issues, and is affecting children and their families nationwide.”", "\n\nIn August, Mr. Trump said that the opioid epidemic was a “national emergency,” but the White House has so far not made a formal declaration on the matter. ", "When asked about the first lady’s plans for cyberbullying, Ms. Grisham said that Mrs. Trump’s focus “includes many different aspects of what children face today.”", "\n\nMs. Grisham did not respond when asked why Ivana Trump’s interview warranted the East Wing’s response. ", "Among other revelations, the first Mrs. Trump said that she uses her phone calls with the president to encourage discretion — “Sometimes I tell him just not to speak that much,” she said — and that she did not mind if her children engage in the sort of Twitter taunting their father enjoys.", "\n\n“If they are losers,” Mrs. Trump said of potential Trump family Twitter targets, “they are losers, O.K.? ", "And I don’t mind it.”" ]

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[ "Coca-Cola urges customers to report fake goods\n\nNational Consumer Commission says it is dealing with allegations of illicit fake and potentially harmful food products.", "\n\nCoca-Cola Company on Tuesday urged their customers to report any counterfeit Coca-Cola products even if they only suspected it might have been compromised.", "\n\nThis comes after counterfeit goods and expired food were confiscated during raids.", "\n\nIn a statement, Coca-Cola said there have been recent reports of counterfeit Coca-Cola products appearing in South Africa.", "\n\n“Coca-Cola takes every consumer concern seriously and we have procedures in place designed to respond to any matter relating to our products. ", "To date, there has been no official contact made to us by any consumer who has bought such products”, Coca-Cola said.", "\n\nThe company said that all the ingredients and methods used in the manufacturing process of their beverages comply with the health and safety regulations of South Africa.", "\n\n“We are tracking online concerns and urge any person who has had any product that they believe might have been compromised, to immediately report it to our customer care line on 0860 11 2526 so we can investigate the matter,” Coca-Cola said.", "\n\nThe company said it takes every consumer query very seriously and was committed to resolving such complaints fully.", "\n\nMinister of Health Aaron Motsoaledi’s spokesperson Popo Maja on Tuesday said the department had received a high volume of complaints over the past few days about dangerous food items being sold in townships across the country.", "\n\nNational Consumer Commission also said it was dealing with allegations of illicit fake and potentially harmful food products and they were calling on people to report fake or substandard goods.", "\n\nFor more news your way, download The Citizen’s app for iOS and Android." ]

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[ "Sevilla sporting director Monchi says he’s aware that Ivan Rakitic fancies returning to the club from Barcelona but revealed he has not been in talks with the Spanish champions over a move.", "\n\nRakitic is expected to be sold this summer as he will be out of contract in 2021, and Barca reportedly have no plans to offer the 32-year-old a new deal.", "\n\nThe Croatia international has spoken again recently of his fondness for former club Sevilla, but Monchi says it’s not a good time to talk about the summer transfer window.", "\n\n“It is not known what will happen to soccer, therefore we are not going to spend money when we do not know what income we will have. ", "We will not do it yet, neither in purchases nor in renewals. “", "There is no negotiation with Barcelona for Rakitic. ", "I have read Ivan’s wish to return to Sevilla one day. ", "And I thank him for his words and his interest in returning, but right now talking about the market is risky. ", "You can’t say we’re interested in anyone because it’s unrealistic. “", "Sevilla is not making movements for anyone. ", "We have not made movements because we do not know how the pandemic will end. ", "Talking about paying a transfer fee today does not go with the path we are on. ", "I would gain adulation [from the fans] if I say that we are working on bringing in players, but it is not the case.” ", "Source | Eldesmarque\n\nRakitic is expected to attract interest when the transfer window reopens. ", "Sevilla, Atletico Madrid and Napoli have all been linked with the midfielder." ]

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[ "U.S. divers find remains of missing sailors in hull of damaged destroyer\n\nThe damaged USS John McCain is docked next to USS America at Changi Naval Base in Singapore August 22, 2017. ", "REUTERS/Calvin Wong\n\nBy Karishma Singh and Fathin Ungku\n\nSINGAPORE (Reuters) – U.S. Navy and Marine Corps divers on Tuesday found some remains of missing sailors inside sections of a U.S. guided-missile destroyer that collided with a merchant vessel near Singapore, the commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet said.", "\n\nThe USS John S. McCain and the tanker Alnic MC collided on Monday while the U.S. ship was approaching Singapore on a routine port call. ", "The impact tore a hole in the warship’s port side at the waterline, flooding compartments that included a crew sleeping area.", "\n\nU.S. Pacific Fleet Commander Admiral Scott Swift said an international search-and-rescue operation had found some remains and that the wider search for 10 sailors missing from the accident would continue until all hope was exhausted.", "\n\n“The divers were able to locate some remains in those sealed compartments during their search,” Swift told reporters at Singapore’s Changi Naval Base where the USS John S McCain is docked for damage assessment.", "\n\n“Additionally, the Malaysian authorities have reported that they have located potential remains. ", "They are working to confirm and identify those remains.”", "\n\nHe did not specify how many remains had been found.", "\n\nThe Malaysian navy said in a statement it had found a body eight nautical miles northwest of the collision site and it would transfer it to the U.S. Navy on Wednesday.", "\n\nSwift also said Monday’s collision – the fourth major accident in the U.S. Pacific fleet this year – could not be viewed in isolation from other incidents and that investigations were seeking to find a “common cause at the root of these events”.", "\n\nThe John S. McCain’s sister ship, the Fitzgerald, almost sank off the coast of Japan after colliding with a Philippine container ship on June 17. ", "The bodies of seven U.S. sailors were found in a flooded berthing area after that collision.", "\n\nThe latest accident has already prompted a fleet-wide investigation and plans for temporary halts in operations.", "\n\nU.S. Vice President Mike Pence said to have sailors killed in two collisions this year was disconcerting.", "\n\n“It’s just unacceptable and we’ll get to the bottom of it,” Pence told Fox News. “", "But right now our hearts are with the families of those that are lost and we honor them.”", "\n\nShips, aircraft and divers from an international search-and-rescue operation have been looking for the missing U.S. sailors to the east of Singapore and peninsula Malaysia, near where the accident happened.", "\n\nAircraft from the amphibious assault ship the USS America, which was in port at Changi Naval Base, joined the search.", "\n\nEarlier on Tuesday, divers equipped with surface-supplied air rigs got into compartments in damaged parts of the USS John S McCain.", "\n\nImmediate efforts by the ship’s crew after the collision on Monday were able to halt flooding into other parts of the hull, the Seventh Fleet said in a statement on its website.", "\n\nCNN, citing unidentified U.S. Navy officials, said early indications suggested the collision was caused by a steering malfunction as the warship approached the Strait of Malacca. ", "Swift said it was too early to draw conclusions about the cause and whether it was the result of human error.", "\n\nAircraft and vessels from Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia have been helping with the search.", "\n\nHOLE IN HULL\n\nSwift said the U.S. Navy was sending a team to assess the damage before making a decision whether to move the ship or place it in drydock.", "\n\nSingapore’s Maritime and Port Authority said it had deployed 250 personnel for the search-and-rescue effort over an expanded area of 2,620 square kilometers. ", "The Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency said it had deployed more than 500.", "\n\nFive U.S. sailors were injured in the accident, although the U.S. Navy said none of those injuries was life-threatening.", "\n\nOn Monday, U.S. Chief of Naval Operations Admiral John Richardson said there were no indications so far the collision was intentional or the result of cyber intrusion or sabotage.", "\n\n“But review will consider all possibilities,” he said on Twitter.", "\n\nRichardson said he was asking his fleet commanders worldwide for a one-to-two-day, staggered “operational pause” to discuss action to ensure safe and effective operations.", "\n\nHe also said a comprehensive review would examine the training of U.S. forces deployed to Japan. ", "The U.S. Seventh Fleet is headquartered in Japan.", "\n\nThe accident comes at a tense time for the U.S. Navy in Asia. ", "This month, the John S. McCain sailed within 12 nautical miles of an artificial island built by China in the disputed South China Sea, the latest “freedom of navigation” operation to counter what the United States sees as China’s efforts to control the waters.", "\n\nThe state-run China Daily said in an editorial that increased activities by U.S. warships in Asia-Pacific were a growing risk to commercial shipping.", "\n\nAlso this month, North Korea threatened to fire ballistic missiles towards the U.S. Pacific territory of Guam in a standoff over its nuclear and missile programs.", "\n\n(Writing by Sam Holmes; Additional reporting by Henning Gloystein in SINGAPORE and David Brunnstrom, David Alexander and Idrees Ali in WASHINGTON; Editing by Paul Tait and Michael Perry)" ]

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[ "Opposition politicians in France have responded with alarm to government confirmation that 130 French jihadists are to be repatriated from Syria.", "\n\nThe controversy emanates from US president Donald Trump’s announcement in December that he will pull 2,000 troops out of north-east Syria, a move that has created an enormous headache for French authorities.", "\n\nFrance has deployed about 200 special forces in the same northern zone, which was wrested from the Islamic State terror group by the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).", "\n\nUS forces ferried supplies to French commandos, and the French have relied on US helicopters to evacuate their wounded, Le Figaro has reported. ", "From their aircraft carrier in the Mediterranean, US forces could rescue French troops if they were caught in an ambush or skirmish.", "\n\nBut the 150 French jihadists held by the SDF pose the greatest dilemma. ", "The SDF complains of the burden of guarding 900 foreign jihadists, though France and the UK have compensated the Kurds for holding their citizens.", "\n\nFearing abandonment by the US and attack by Turkey, the Kurds have undertaken a rapprochement with their enemy, Syrian president Bashar al Assad, through his Russian allies.", "\n\nAssad is eager to retrieve the foreign jihadists, for use as bargaining chips. ", "He is playing an intricate diplomatic and intelligence game, typical of the blackmail practiced by his late father, Hafez. ", "If foreign capitals do not re-establish diplomatic relations with Damascus, Assad implies, he will unleash their jihadists. ", "They risk having sleeper cells set up in their home countries, poised to strike at any time.", "\n\nThe UAE has reopened its embassy in Damascus, and is helping the Saudis to deal with Assad, according to Le Figaro’s Middle East expert Georges Malbrunot. ", "Saudi Arabia sent some 5,000 jihadists to Syria to try to topple Assad. ", "Tunisia and Kuwait are also nervous about the return of their fighters.", "\n\nFrench interior minister Christophe Castaner. ", "Photograph: Gareth Fuller/PA Wire\n\nFrance fears the return of the jihadists more than most. ", "About 250 people have been killed in France since 2015 by Islamists with links to the war in Syria. ", "Almost all the killers were French or Belgian.", "\n\n“We are examining all options to prevent the escape and dispersion of these potentially dangerous persons,” said Agnès von der Mühll, spokeswoman for the French foreign ministry.", "\n\nUntil now, French policy was that citizens who joined Islamic State, also known as Isis, should be tried in Syria or Iraq. ", "But the Kurdish-dominated SDF is not a recognised government. ", "Trials and sentences are not legal under international law. ", "The Iraqi government has sentenced about 100 foreign jihadists to death, which also sits uneasily with Europeans who have ended capital punishment.", "\n\nSo as confirmed by the interior minister Christophe Castaner this week, France is being forced to repatriate about 130 French jihadists. ", "Because France’s relations with Turkey are poor, they are being brought through Iraq, where France also keeps troops.", "\n\nThe numbers could swell. ", "Another 250 French jihadists are reportedly at large in the Syrian Euphrates river valley, near the Iraqi border and in the nortwestern Idlib enclave.", "\n\nThe French right is outraged. ", "Laurent Wauquiez, leader of the conservative Les Républicains (LR), said the “common-sense solution” would be to “simply forbid all those who have left to make jihad from returning”.", "\n\nNicolas Dupont-Aignan, the leader of a small far-right party, said the French jihadists should be banished to the Kerguélen islands (overseas French territory, sparsely populated, near Antarctica).", "\n\nFrance should rescind their French citizenship, said LR deputy Pierre-Henri Dumont, apparently forgetting that former president François Hollande’s attempt to withdraw citizenship from dual nationals implicated in terrorism was a fiasco. “", "There’s another choice,” Dumont said. “", "The elimination of these persons.”", "\n\nThe return of the jihadists is further complicated by the fact that perhaps half of the captured French citizens are children, and half of the adults are women, some of whom are deeply implicated in terrorism. ", "The French justice and prison systems cannot cope with a massive influx of returning jihadists. ", "And if they are tried, it could be difficult to find evidence against them.", "\n\nFrench intelligence will have to rely on the electronic records of telephone and social-media networks, financial transfers, videos and whatever information Kurdish and Iraqi allies can provide.", "\n\nOf 232 returnees from the Iraqi-Syrian theatre, 150 are in prison, Le Figaro reported. ", "But about 30 are due to be freed this year. ", "French intelligence has repeatedly proved unable to prevent individuals on terrorist watchlists from staging attacks." ]

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[ "The structure and organization of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in the chromaffin granule membrane.", "\nChromaffin granules have been purified from bovine adrenal medullae. ", "The granule membranes have been cross-linked with the disulphide-bridged bifunctional imido ester, dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobissuccinimidylpropionate hydrochloride. ", "Analysis of the cross-linked proteins by electrophoresis on agarose/acrylamide gels revealed components of M(r) 300 000 and 150 000. ", "Further analysis of samples by electrophoresis in a second dimension containing a reducing agent revealed the monomeric species from which the cross-linked polypeptides were formed. ", "The major component in the second dimension exhibited a molecular weight of approx. ", "80 000 and could be identified with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.17.1). ", "It is proposed that dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in the intact granule membrane is arranged as a tetramer consisting of two disulphide-bridged dimers of the 80 000 subunit in close apposition. ", "This structural arrangement of the membrane-bound form of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase is identical with that previously proposed for the soluble, intra-granular form of the enzyme." ]

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[ "<html>\n<head>\n\t<title>BOOST_PP_COMPL</title>\n\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"../styles.css\">\n</head>\n<body>\n\t<div style=\"margin-left: 0px;\">\n\t\tThe <b>BOOST_PP_COMPL</b> macro performs a bitwise inversion (bitwise <i>NOT</i> or one's complement) on its operand.", "\n\t</div>\n\t<h4>Usage</h4>\n\t\t<div class=\"code\">\n\t\t\t<b>BOOST_PP_COMPL</b>(<i>x</i>)\n\t\t</div>\n\t<h4>Arguments</h4>\n\t\t<dl>\n\t\t\t<dt>x</dt>\n\t\t\t<dd>\n\t\t\t\tThe value to be converted.&nbsp;\n\t\t\t\tThis value must expand to <i>0</i> or <i>1</i>.", "\n\t\t\t</dd>\n\t\t</dl>\n\t<h4>Remarks</h4>\n\t\t<div>\n\t\t\tIf <i>x</i> is <i>0</i>, this macro expands to <i>1</i>.&nbsp;\n\t\t\tIf <i>x</i> is <i>1</i>, this it expands to <i>0</i>.", "\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t<div>\n\t\t\tThis macro <i>does not</i> perform a boolean conversion on its operand before performing the inversion <i>OR</i> operation.&nbsp;\n\t\t\tIf that conversion is necessary, use <b>BOOST_PP_NOT</b> instead.", "\n\t\t</div>\n\t<h4>See Also</h4>\n\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t<li><a href=\"not.html\">BOOST_PP_NOT</a></li>\n\t\t</ul>\n\t<h4>Requirements</h4>\n\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t<b>Header:</b> &nbsp;<a href=\"../headers/logical/compl.html\">&lt;boost/preprocessor/logical/compl.hpp&gt;</a>\n\t\t</div>\n\t<h4>Sample Code</h4>\n<div><pre>\n#include &lt;<a href=\"../headers/logical/compl.html\">boost/preprocessor/logical/compl.hpp</a>&gt;\n\n<a href=\"compl.html\">BOOST_PP_COMPL</a>(1) // expands to 0\n<a href=\"compl.html\">BOOST_PP_COMPL</a>(0) // expands to 1\n</pre></div>\n\t<hr size=\"1\">\n\t<div style=\"margin-left: 0px;\">\n\t\t<i>© Copyright <a href=\"http://www.housemarque.com\" target=\"_top\">Housemarque Oy</a> 2002</i>\n\t\t</br><i>© Copyright Paul Mensonides 2002</i>\n\t</div>\n\t<div style=\"margin-left: 0px;\">\n\t\t<p><small>Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (", "See\n\t\taccompanying file <a href=\"../../../../LICENSE_1_0.txt\">LICENSE_1_0.txt</a> or\n\t\tcopy at <a href=\n\t\t\"http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt\">www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)</small></p>\n\t</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n" ]

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[ "This application relates to a touch panel wherein an input position detecting electrode is formed on a glass cover and a manufacturing method for the touch panel.", "\nWhile various types of touch panels are known, for example, in a touch panel of the capacitance type, a light transmitting input position detecting electrode is formed on one face of a glass substrate. ", "The input position detecting electrode is formed in an inputting region at a central portion of the glass substrate while a peripheral wiring line is formed at a peripheral position of the glass substrate on the outer side of the inputting region. ", "Further, in the touch panel of the capacitance type, a light transmitting glass cover is adhered to the side of the glass substrate, for which an inputting operation is carried out, by a bonding agent. ", "A touch panel of the type described is disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. ", "2009-259203." ]

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[ "Misfit Shine Wireless Fitness Tracking Wristband - Grey\n\nProduct Reference: 45357\n\nMonitor your fitness and health with the grey Misfit Shine activity tracker. ", "Keep up to date with your activity as well as accurately measuring your progress using the Shine app for iOS and Android devices.", "\n\nMost Useful Customer Reviews\n\nMarina\nTallinn, Estonia\n\nmisfit shine\n\n6th November 2014\n\nJust GREAT!", "\n\nIn our family we have two Misfit Shine. ", "It is really GREAT. ", "It is accurate, it is very small, easy to attach. ", "It is allways with me. ", "Fantastic thing! ", "We have done a competition within our family! ", "It s stimulate to action.", "\n\nDescription\n\nEncourages exercise through fun and comparable interactivity\n\nGet a kick out of fitness with the Misfit Shine. ", "It tracks your steps, distance, calories burned and syncs these stats to your smartphone or tablet just by placing it on the screen. ", "Simply tap Shine and a halo of lights shine through the metal casing to indicate your progress towards your daily goal, in doing so, it celebrates how much more you do each day.", "\n\nShine encourages you to set goals, challenge friends and go farther - one step at a time. ", "That's how you turn everyday life into a social, achievable, awesome path to fitness.", "\n\nHelps you monitor your sleep patterns\n\nThe Shine doesn’t nap, even when you do. ", "Slip it into your wrist band at night and it will measure your sleep cycle. ", "Once the data syncs, graphs on your dashboard will reveal how long you slept and the number of times you woke up, giving you a sleep quality score. ", "Over time, you can apply what you learn to help you sleep more soundly. ", "The Misfit Shine Fitness Tracking Wristband also features a silent wake alarm, that gently vibrates to wake you up at your desired time, without disturbing your partner.", "\n\nWearable anywhere, for any occasion\n\nDesigned to be sleek, lightweight and unobtrusive the Misfit Shine is not only a fitness tracker it's also a fashion accessory. ", "Complete with a wristband and clasp, the Shine can be worn anywhere, from your wrist to your shoe, your belt and even as a necklace, the shine truly is the perfect fitness accessory weather you're exercising or not.", "\n\nNo charging required\n\nJust like a watch the Misfit Shine can be worn all day and night without the need to be placed on charge. ", "Running on traditional coin cell watch batteries, the Shine will last for up to 6 months at a time, allowing you to constantly track your daily goals for longer and with greater accuracy than other fitness bands on the market today.", "\n\nWater-resistant to 100 meters\n\nWith the Shine you really can track your activity anywhere. ", "Water-resistant up to 100 meters the Shine is ideal for taking swimming and for runs out in the rain.", "\n\nIncredible accuracy\n\nBuilt-in advanced machine learning / sensor algorithms provide world class performance tracking that's second to none. ", "The shine can even be attached to your shoe, making it perfect for track and road cyclists.", "\n\nMagic Sync with the free iOS / Android App\n\nQuickly sync your data from your Shine to your iOS / Android smartphone or tablet via the free Shine App or let it sync itself in the background while you train. ", "The free Shine application allows you to check your daily progress, set your daily goals, see highlights of your day and even track your overall performance from when you started to where you are now." ]

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[ "Moli language\n\nMoli may be \n\nMoli language (Choiseul)\nMoli language (Guadalcanal)" ]

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[ "Alterations in calretinin immunostaining in the ferret superior olivary complex after cochlear ablation.", "\nIn this study, we used image analysis to assess changes in calretinin immunoreactivity in the lateral (LSO) and medial (MSO) superior olivary nuclei in ferrets 2 months after unilateral cochlear ablations at 30-40 days of age, soon after hearing onset. ", "These two nuclei are the first significant sites of binaural convergence in the ascending auditory system, and both receive direct projections from the deafferented cochlear nucleus. ", "Cochlear ablation results in a decrease in the overall level of calretinin immunostaining within the LSO ipsilaterally compared with the contralateral side and with control animals and within the MSO bilaterally compared with control ferrets. ", "In addition, the level of calretinin immunostaining ipsilaterally within neurons in the LSO was significantly less in cochlear ablated than control animals. ", "In contrast, there was no effect of cochlear ablation on the level of calretinin immunostaining within neurons either in the contralateral LSO or in the MSO. ", "These results are consistent with a downregulation in calretinin within the neuropil of MSO bilaterally and LSO ipsilaterally, as well as a downregulation in calretinin within somata in the ipsilateral LSO as a result of unilateral cochlear ablation soon after hearing onset. ", "Thus, cochlear-driven activity appears to affect calcium binding protein levels in both neuropil and neurons within the superior olivary complex." ]

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[ "< Earlier Kibitzing · PAGE 29 OF 29 · Later Kibitzing>\n\nMay-30-11 goodevans : Today's player of the day is one of many that have scored quick wins against the Scandanavian: Jonkman vs T Ellenbroek, 1996 CG.com has 435 miniature wins (25 moves or less) by white compared with only 178 for black. ", "Given how so many reasonably able players manage to lose quite quickly with this opening it's surprising it's as popular as it is.", "\n\nMay-30-11 parisattack : <CG.com has 435 miniature wins (25 moves or less) by white compared with only 178 for black. ", "Given how so many reasonably able players manage to lose quite quickly with this opening it's surprising it's as popular as it is.", "> I've always considered it a fast (and loose) Caro-Kann. ", "Not for me, but some players seem to have good success with the Scandinavian.", "\n\nMay-30-11 goodevans : <parisattack> True. ", "Sergei Tiviakov has managed to get a plus score with it. ", "I notice that after <1 e4 d5 2 exd5 Qxd5 3 Nc3> Tiviakov always chooses <3 ... Qd6> whereas the popular <3 ... Qa5> is the move that so often finds black in trouble. ", "I see that two other major proponents of the opening, Jacques Mieses and Ian Rogers both prefer <3 ... Qa5> and both have a minus score with it.", "\n\nMay-30-11 parisattack : <I notice that after <1 e4 d5 2 exd5 Qxd5 3 Nc3> Tiviakov always chooses <3 ... Qd6> whereas the popular <3 ... Qa5> is the move that so often finds black in trouble.", "> I was thinking I recently (6 months or so?) ", "saw a game with 3. ...", "Qd6 where white introduced a move giving black some new problems? ", "Larsen's ZOOM Grunfeld-like 2... Nf6, 3... g6 appears to be under a cloud at this time.", "\n\nMay-30-11\n\nPhony Benoni : It's axiomatic that White has a better chance to win miniature games because of the iniitative given by the first move. ", "Those numbers for the Scandinavian look scary, but are they really out of line? ", "There are approximately 43,405 games in the database that end decisively in 25 moves or less, which is about 7.33% of the entire database. ", "Of these, White wins 26,903, Black wins 16,502. ", "That's 62% White wins, or 1.63 White wins for each Black win. ", "Now let's look at the figures for Black's move one responses to 1.e4: Miscellaneous (ECO B00)\n\nW 231 B 123 65% 1.88\n\nScandinavian (B01)\n\nW 435 B 178 71% 2.44\n\nAlekhine (B02-B05)\n\nW 313 B 173 64% 1.81\n\nModern, Pirc, etc. (", "B06-B09)\n\nW 990 B 511 66% 1.94\n\nCaro-Kann (B10-B19)\n\nW 939 B 429 69% 2.19\n\nSicilian (B20-B99)\n\nW4985 B3174 61% 1.57\n\nFrench (C00-C19)\n\nW1720 B 900 66% 1.91\n\n1.e4 e5 (C20-C99)\n\nW6428 B4107 61% 1.57\n\nBy this criteria, the Scandinavian does appear to have the highest risk of losing a miniature game with Black. ", "Of course, by this criterion, the Caro-Kann is the 2nd most dangerous, which I think most would find counter-intuitive (though it does back up <parisattack> 's comment about their similarity). ", "The equality of the Sicilian and 1.e4 e5 is also interesting. ", "Of course, this does not mean the Scandinavian is unplayable. ", "But you do need to be aware of the risks.", "\n\nMay-30-11 parisattack : Great study, <PhonyBenoni> - this is the good side of CG.com! ", "I would think the close figures of the Sicilian and Open Games might be skewed by the non-Ruy Lopez games of earlier years, especially the 19th century? ", "Certainly in modern times the Sicilian seems more likely to result in sudden death - or 'Sicilicide' as the chapter in Soviet Miniatures refers.", "\n\nMay-30-11 MaxxLange : I have the same worry as does <parisattack> - the older games may be skewing to White in the Scandinavian, which was not investigated seriously by theoreticians and GMs until, oh, about 20 years ago. ", "The same stats across openings, but normalized to a time period of say 1970-2010, would be interesting thanks for the work on this! ", "very cool\n\nMay-30-11\n\nPhony Benoni : <MaxxLange> OK, here's the number of decisive Scandinavian miniatures before and after 1970: To 1970:\n\nW 66 B 28 .702\n\n1970-present:\n\nW369 B150 .711\n\nLet's look at all the Scandinavian games, by the same time period: To 1970:\n\nW278 Bl66 D138 .596 (582 games)\n\n1970-present:\n\nW2169 B1239 D1380 .597 (4788 games)\n\nAgain, roughly the same in the two periods, so these dates are probably not a significant factor.", "\n\nMay-30-11 parisattack : \"A beautiful theory, slain by an ugly fact.\"", "\n\nMay-30-11 bartonlaos : < <goodevans: I notice that after <1 e4 d5 2 exd5 Qxd5 3 Nc3> Tiviakov always chooses <3 ... Qd6> whereas the popular <3 ... Qa5> is the move that so often finds black in trouble.", "> parisattack: I was thinking I recently (6 months or so?) ", "saw a game with 3. ...", "Qd6 where white introduced a move giving black some new problems?", "> Shirov vs Tiviakov, 2010 1-0\n\nMay-30-11 MaxxLange : <Phony Benoni> thanks! ", "that's not what I expected\n\nMay-30-11 parisattack : < bartonlaos: < <goodevans: I notice that after <1 e4 d5 2 exd5 Qxd5 3 Nc3> Tiviakov always chooses <3 ... Qd6> whereas the popular <3 ... Qa5> is the move that so often finds black in trouble.", "> parisattack: I was thinking I recently (6 months or so?) ", "saw a game with 3. ...", "Qd6 where white introduced a move giving black some new problems?", "> Shirov vs Tiviakov, 2010 1-0>\n\nYESSIR! ", "that is it; grazie. ", "I'll look at the comments tonight. ", "Any games more recent off this line?", "\n\nMay-30-11 bartonlaos : There was Svidler's win, but don't know...drop Dr.Schiller a note, he's taken an interest in both games.", "\n\nMay-31-11 parisattack : < bartonlaos: There was Svidler's win, but don't know...drop Dr.Schiller a note, he's taken an interest in both games.", "> Thx! ", "That was quite a pounding, also!", "\n\nThe game that scared me away from the Scandinavian originally was Fischer's miniature against Addison. ", "I think Robatsch also took a drubbing from Bobby.", "\n\nSep-16-11 meppi : hello i would like to show anyone who reads my pet variation against the Qa5 Scandinavian as white 1. ", "e4 d5\n\n2. ", "exd5 Qxd5\n\n3. ", "Nc3 Qa5\n\nand now..\n\n4. ", "b4\n\nb4 is a gambit, it gives away the pawn with Qxb4 but you get at least 1 tempo to attack the queen and usually two depending on where the queen moves. ", "For example,\n\n4. ", "b4 Qxb4\n\n5. ", "Rb1 Qa5\n\nand now..\n\n6. ", "Rb5\n\nblack must move Qa6 and this sure looks uncomfortable,(in my experience of about 2 years playing the b4 gambit variation wherever possible, this Qa5 retreat on move 5 happens quite often) 6. ", "Qa6 and now the good thing is after a developing move from white such as.. 7. ", "Nf3 if black plays c6 (to attack the rook) - there is no danger to white rooks. ", "on account of cxb5 Bxb5+ winning the black queen for a bishop and rook. ", "so white can play something like 8. ", "d4 if black plays Nd7 or Bd7 or the like, I move my rook back to Rb1 if i am playing someone good or Re5/Rg5 if i am feeling adventurous. ", "Now for my own vanity and perhaps those who want to see an example of this variation here is a game starting with the gambit and featuring a double rook lift along the open b file (a positive of this gambit). ", "1.e4 d5 2. ", "exd4 Qxd4 3. ", "Nc3 Qa5 4. ", "b4 Qxb4 5. ", "Rb1 Qa5 6. ", "Rb5 Qa6 7. ", "Nf3 c6 8. ", "d4 Nf6 9. ", "Bd3 Nbd7 10. ", "Rg5 Qb6 11. ", "0-0 h6 12. ", "Rg3 c5 13. ", "Be3 e6 14. ", "Qd2 g6 15. ", "Rb1 Qa5 16. ", "Rb5 Qc7 17. ", "Bf4 Qd8 18. ", "Rh3 h5 19. ", "Qe2 Be7 20. ", "dxc5 a6 21. ", "c6 bxc6 22. ", "Rg5 Nh7 23. ", "Rxg6 Qa5 24. ", "Bd2 fxg6 25. ", "Bxg6+ Kd8 26. ", "Rxh5 Qc7 27. ", "Rxh7 Rxh7 28. ", "Bxh7 Nf6 29. ", "Bd3 Bb7 30. ", "Nd4 Bc8 31. ", "Ne4 Nxe4 32. ", "Ba5 Qxa5 33.Nxc6+ 1-0 In the end, i think if you play as white exd5 and Nc3 and white plays Qa5 it may be worth it on occasion to play 4. ", "b4!, ", "i mean its only the b pawn and the position afterward are not that different from regular lines in many variations.", "\n\nSep-28-11\n\nwordfunph : from Jovanka Houska's Starting Out - The Scandinavian.. 1.e4 d5 2.exd5 Qxd5 3.Nc3 Qe5+\n\nScandinavian 3...♕e5+ or a so-called Patzer Variation, got its nickname from the saying \"Patzer sees a check, patzer plays a check.\" :-)", "\n\nOct-06-11 jbtigerwolf : Someone mentioned the Blackmar on here - simply play 2.d4 instead of 2.exd5. ", "But I'm not sure about the viability of giving up a pawn when you can probably beat the Scandinavian anyway. ", "I'm not wholly convinced on the soundness of this opening, even though it seems to work for some really good players. ", "I think it needs some real study by White. ", "I do know myself and all the other e4 players hate this opening.", "\n\nMar-14-12 The Finisher : Phony Benoni: <edbermac: 1.e4 d5 2.exd5 Qxd5 3.Nc3 Qf5> \"I've never seen that, and it's not in the Openings Explorer. ", "It does not look trustworthy--exposing the queen while blocking the effective development of the Bc8 and all that--but there appear to be some points as well.\" [", "Phony Benoni quote]. ", "It doesn't work if: 4.d4 Nc6 5.Nf3 Nb4 6.Bd3 Qh5 7.Bf4 Bg4 8.Bxc7 Bxf3 9.Qxf3 Qxf3 10.gxf3 Nxd3 11.cxd3... white has doubled pawns, but black has no kingside development and won't castle: 11...Nf6 12.Be5 g6 13.Nd5 Rc8 14.Nxf6+ exf6 15.Bxf6 Rg8. ", "White is two pawns up, black is in disarray. ", "With reasonable play, white should win easily. ", "Play the game out a few times. ", "Qf5 just wastes time. ", "Maybe 5.Bd3 is better for black, but I haven't played that out yet.. though I doubt it. ", "I'd avoid Qf5.", "\n\nMar-22-14 FiveofSwords : the scandinavian is fine...but i dont know why white players always decide to block their c spawn with 3. ", "Nc3. ", "No reason to. ", "I just play 3. ", "d4. ", "Black will have to move the queen again eventually...i may play c4 or nc3 later. ", "and there is no way he can take advantage of having the queen on d5 for 1 more move.", "\n\nMar-25-14\n\nMating Net : <FiveofSwords> <i dont know why white players always decide to block their c spawn with 3. ", "Nc3. ", "No reason to. ", "> 3.Nc3 is not going to cause Black to blunder the Queen. ", "Without the d5 pawn on the board, White's d4 & c4 push gain in strength. ", "The following games are good examples of the attacking chances for White using this approach. ", "Morozevich vs I Rogers, 1999\n\nJ Becerra-Rivero vs J Sarkar, 2007\n\nAug-02-14 OK MR PONCHO : Does anyone know the history behind the name of the opening \"Patzer Variation\" ?", "\n\nSep-27-19 Monocle : <Morozevich vs I Rogers, 1999> White doesn't do any attacking in that game. ", "Black is practically equal after about 6 moves and has the initiative for the whole game, then resigns after his unsound attack fails.", "\n\nSep-27-19 Monocle : I don't much like stuff like 3.d4, as Black can play a quick ...e5. ", "3.Nf3 also doesn't convince, Black gets a more active position than in the 3.Nc3 lines. ", "Honestly, white gets such comfortable positions after 3.Nc3, I don't see any need to play differently. ", "I don't think White should be in a huge rush to play c4 in Caro-type structures anyway, as the d-pawn can end up being a target.", "\n\nSep-17-20 login :\n\n\n\nWhat a day ...\n\n'.. We have this image of well-connected Vikings mixing with each other, trading and going on raiding parties to fight Kings across Europe because this is what we see on television and read in books – but genetically we have shown for the first time that it wasn’t that kind of world. .. ' ", "https://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/worlds-la... Symbolic image\n\nhttps://stmedia.stimg.co/ragnar+092...\n\nJump to page # (enter # from 1 to 29)\n\n\n\nsearch thread:\n\n" ]

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[ "%% Image selected per Image Pickin' thread: http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/posts.php?discussion=1329315816083160100%% Please do not replace or remove without starting a new thread.%%[[quoteright:345:[[VideoGame/TheLegendOfZeldaTwilightPrincess http://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/Linkepona1_8005.png]]]]\n\nCombine a RearingHorse, a BigDamnHeroes rescue, some CoolGuns or a sword, a pinch of DramaticWind, and you get Horseback Heroism. ", "The sight of \"Lightning\" rising up on his hind legs while [[DramaticThunder thunder cracks]] in the background is enough to tell everyone involved that the Day is well and truly Saved. ", "And your potential LoveInterest... well, let's just say there's nothing \"potential\" about that any more...\n\nThis is an old trope, though this hero is by no means [[{{Pun}} riding a]] \"{{dead horse|Trope}}\" when he uses it to rescue friends or lovers. ", "It's just [[RuleOfCool that awesome]].", "\n\nUpdated versions may substitute a CoolBike or CoolCar for the horse.", "\n\nNot to be confused with TheCavalry, who only sometimes [[MountedCombat ride literal horses]].", "\n\n----!!Examples:\n\n[[foldercontrol]]\n\n[[folder: Anime and Manga]]* Sakaki did this in a dream sequence in the ''Manga/AzumangaDaioh'' anime.* ", "In ''Anime/RevolutionaryGirlUtena'', Akio swoops in on horseback in the nick of time to save Utena when she falls off of another horse. [[", "spoiler: Of course, given that he's systematically working on molding Utena to fit the classic \"[[DamselInDistress princess]]\" role, it's strongly implied that he orchestrated the whole thing so she would further associate him with her childhood prince.]][[/folder]]\n\n[[folder: Comics]]* Batman does it in ''ComicBook/TheDarkKnightReturns''.* ", "In ''ComicBook/SherwoodTexas'' #5, Loxley escapes an ambush in the stables and emerges on a charging horse; riding over one of the Nobles as he charges off to rescue Maria.[[/folder]]\n\n[[folder:Films -- Animated]]* ''WesternAnimation/{{Shrek 2}}'':** Spoofed mercilessly with Prince Charming.** ", "Also parodied, then played straight in the climax, with Shrek and his \"noble steed.\"* ", "The climax of ''Disney/SleepingBeauty'' is a battle with the mounted Prince Philip up against Maleficent to save Princess Aurora.* ", "Woody riding out on Bullseye to get Jessie off the plane in ''WesternAnimation/ToyStory2''.* ", "Kristoff riding Sven in ''Disney/{{Frozen}}''. ", "Sven is a huge reindeer but he is treated much like a horse in this way.[[/folder]]\n\n[[folder:Films -- Live-Action]]* Jesse does this for the heroine of one of Joan Wilder's romance novels in the fantasy sequence at the start of ''Film/RomancingTheStone''.* ", "In ''Film/KateAndLeopold'', Leo rides down a purse snatcher through Central Park on the back of a horse that he borrowed from a carriage ride.* ", "Gandalf and his army do this in ''[[Film/TheLordOfTheRings The Two Towers]]''.* ", "Odin gets to pull this off in ''Film/{{Thor}}''. ", "For extra cool, the horse in question has eight legs.* ", "As the prince of ''Film/PrinceCharming'' rides through the city he sees a woman being attacked. ", "He jumps from his horse to go rescue her.* ''", "Film/{{Enchanted}}'' begins with Prince Edward riding up to save Giselle from a troll and they plan to get married the next day.* ", "In ''Film/EllaEnchanted'', one of the many times Prince Charmont saves Ella's life is from an ogre's boiling pot when he comes up on his horse.* ", "Many ''Franchise/{{Zorro}}'' films feed this trope. ", "Zorro's signature pose is raising his sword on top of a rearing horse.* ", "Done in ''Film/TheLoneRanger'', especially in the scene where the Lone Ranger and Silver appear ''on top of a building'' to lasso a gatling gun.* ", "In ''Film/TheGoodTheBadTheWeird'', Do-won comes charging into the Ghost Market on horseback to save Man-gil from Chang-yi. ", "He later charges into the middle of a Japanese cavalry troop.[[/folder]]\n\n[[folder: Literature]]* The Rohirrim, Gandalf on Shadowfax, and various other instances in ''Literature/TheLordOfTheRings''.* ", "A frequent occurrence for ''Literature/{{Zorro}}''.* ", "Occurs a couple of times in ''[[{{Deryni}} The King's Justice]]'':** Duncan fights for his life when his army is surrounded by Loris' troops and the main Mearan army, then casts a spell for a diversion while ordering Dhugal to leave and warn Kelson.** ", "Kelson and Morgan, [[TheCavalry riding with their forces]], cast spells to [[spoiler: save Duncan from arrows as he's being burned at the stake]].* ", "Sandor Clegane's rescue of Sansa in the second book of ''Literature/ASongOfIceAndFire'' certainly qualifies, even though technically he's afoot at the outset. ", "Still counts, though: he appears in the nick of time, prevents her from getting pulled off her horse and raped, swings up onto her horse in front of her, and gallops her to safety through a rioting mob. ", "Another instance is his rescue of Arya when [[spoiler:she suicidally tries to save her mother at the Red Wedding.]] ", "This one's odd because he ''does'' show up a horse (as lightning illuminates the scene, even), and ''does'' ride up to her at a gallop while rain pours and thunder rolls...and then whacks her unconscious with the flat of an axe. (", "So that he can take her away from the unfolding slaughter.) ", "Heroic!* ", "The deghans in the ''FarsalaTrilogy'' clearly ''think'' they're this, and in the beginning they are - it's mentioned that Farsala is one of the few countries to have an effective cavalry. ", "However, they are easily defeated by [[TheEmpire Hrum]] foot soldiers.* ''", "Literature/SixteenThirtyTwo'': Morris Roth, in the novella \"The Wallenstein Gambit\"[[note]]in the first ''Ring of Fire'' anthology[[/note]], assumes the role in the defense of Prague from Holk's mercenaries, but not just with the traditional rearing horse and sword waving. ", "As the defenders first gathered he did all that, but when Holk's goons showed up the next day, Roth, riding a horse borrowed from Pappenheim, simply kept his uptime rifle close to hand, ready to use. ", "His coolly awaiting the arrival of the mercenaries served the purpose of calming his poorly trained troops far better than the sword waving routine.* ", "In the second ''Literature/TimeScout'' book, Skeeter uses his hard-earned horseback skills to win a duel in the Roman arena, then pole vault out and save a friend from slavery.[[/folder]]\n\n[[folder:Live-Action TV]]* The Doctor in the ''Series/DoctorWho'' episode \"The Girl in the Fireplace\" (jumping the horse through a mirror for extra awesomeness).* ", "A staple on ''Series/QueenOfSwords''.* ", "Out of the night, when the full moon is bright, comes a horseman known as ''Series/{{Zorro}}''...* This is a staple of ''Series/TheLoneRanger'', which showed such a sequence in its opening credits each episode.* ", "The fifth episode of ''Series/BurnNotice'', \"No Good Dead\", features the CoolCar variant. ", "Michael says, \"When your back's against the wall and time is running out, there's nothing like seeing an old friend.\" ", "Cue the CoolCar moment as the perfectly restored 1973 Dodge Charger (destroyed at the end of the last season) comes screeching into frame, driven by Fiona.* ", "Referenced in ''Series/AgentsOfSHIELD'', where Fitz-Simmons tell Skye that the reason May is called \"The Cavalry\" is because she took out a hundred hostiles while riding a horse.-->'''Ward:''' [[ShroudedInMyth The story gets bigger every year.]]* ''", "Series/{{Angel}}''. ", "Winifred Burkle becomes smitten with our hero after he rescues her from execution by demons, riding off with her on a horse \"just like a fairy tale\".* ", "In the pilot episode of ''{{Series/Roswell}}'', Liz is accidentally shot when a fight breaks out at the diner she works at. ", "Max, against his better judgement, uses his [[HalfHumanHybrid alien powers]] to [[HealingHands heal Liz's wound]] before running out and driving away in an open-topped jeep.[[/folder]]\n\n[[folder: Music]]* In the music video for ''Music/ShaniaTwain'''s \"That Don't Impress Me Much\", one of the hunky gents she encounters while hitchhiking in the desert is something like an Arabian adventurer on the back of a charger. ", "She waves him on, the ice princess.[[/folder]]\n\n[[folder:Radio]]* \"A fiery horse with the speed of light, a cloud of dust and a hearty Hi-Yo Silver! ''", "Radio/TheLoneRanger!'' ... ", "With his faithful Indian companion Tonto, the daring and resourceful masked rider of the plains led the fight for law and order in the early western United States! ", "Nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice! ", "Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear! ", "From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver! ", "The Lone Ranger rides again!\"[[/folder]]\n\n[[folder: TabletopGames]]* In ''TabletopGame/{{Exalted}}'', most characters with ability-based charmsets like the Solars and Sidereals can do this to one extent or another. ", "The Solars invoke the trope the hardest though, particularly [[RidingIntoTheSunset Hero Rides Away]].[[/folder]]\n\n[[folder:Toys]]* The boxart of ''Franchise/{{Bionicle}}'''s special-edition Toa Lhikan & Kikanalo set depicts the hero Lhikan riding the rearing beast, despite the fact that in the story, he never shares a scene with any Kikanalo.[[/folder]]\n\n[[folder: Video Games]]* Link in ''[[VideoGame/TheLegendOfZeldaTwilightPrincess Twilight Princess]]'', when you defeat King Bulbin for the first time.* ", "In ''VideoGame/SuperRobotWars'' the Tatsumaki Zankantou (aka \"Tornado Blade\") CombinationAttack has the [[GratuitousGerman Aussenseiter]] transform into a horse ridden by [[EverythingsBetterWithSamurai Dygenguar]], who pull off this pose (with a {{BFS}}) before charging at the opponent.* ", "This is [[SummonMagic Odin]]'s standard operating procedure in the ''Franchise/FinalFantasy'' games: appear ominously out of the darkness while lightning flashes around him, raise his sword/spear, have his steed Sleipnir rear up on his hind legs and whinny, then charge the enemy with [[SingleStrokeBattle deadly intent]].* ", "The ''Franchise/AssassinsCreed'' games give you a button specifically for making your horse rear up.* ", "Pushing the 'jump' button while your horse is stationary in ''VideoGame/RedDeadRedemption'' also does so, and it triggers automatically when you successfully break in a wild horse.* ", "Similarly, in ''VideoGame/WorldOfWarcraft'', pressing the jump button while on a horse and stationary causes it to rear up like this, with similar results for most other ground mounts.* ", "In ''VideoGame/{{Kessen}}'', your generals would ''always'' rear up their horses like this, along with uttering [[PreMortemOneLiner some sardonic/heroic line or another]], after accepting an order to march or attack.* ", "Bartz of ''VideoGame/FinalFantasyV'' comes riding in on his charger to save Lenna, and then Lenna and Galuf. ", "This being ''Final Fantasy'', though, his charger is a chocobo. ", "And the chocobo kind of had to talk Bartz into the second instance.[[/folder]]\n\n[[folder:Visual Novels]]* In ''VisualNovel/SevenKingdomsThePrincessProblem'', two of the several possible results of the disastrous riding excursion in the second week has the PlayerCharacter saved from certain death by Hamin, or Hamin and Zarad together, riding to her rescue.[[/folder]]\n\n[[folder:Western Animation]]* In the \"Hair-Raising Harness Race\" episode of ''WesternAnimation/ThePerilsOfPenelopePitstop'', Penelope and her horse rescue the Ant Hill Mob from falling down a deep chasm.* ", "In the ''WesternAnimation/CartoonNetworkGroovies'' short ''El Kabong Rides Again'', the title character rides in wielding ''a guitar'' to smite the villain. * ", "Spike the dragon hopes for this during an episode of ''WesternAnimation/MyLittlePonyFriendshipIsMagic'' (specifically, 'A Dog and Pony Show'). ", "Twilight (the steed) is less than happy with the concept, but humours him. (", "And [[FridgeLogic if you think about it]], he's trying to do this to impress another ''pony''. ", "What would they think of this?)[[/folder]]----" ]

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[ "Data may be available from the Royal Children\\'s Hospital Data Access / Ethics Committee at <rch.ethics@rch.org.au> for researchers to researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data by direct request to the Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum Project Data Committee. ", "Data are from the Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum Project whose authors may be contacted at <Vicki.Anderson@rch.org.au>. ", "There are restrictions on data related to identifying participant information and appropriate ethical approval is required prior to release. ", "Only de-identified data will be available.", "\n\nIntroduction {#sec001}\n============\n\nThe ability to maintain relevant information in mind in the presence of interference or distracting information is critical for higher cognitive functions required in daily life. ", "Working memory (WM) is the theoretical construct used to refer to this capacity to simultaneously maintain and process information over brief periods of time according to current task goals \\[[@pone.0179959.ref001]--[@pone.0179959.ref003]\\]. ", "Studies in children and adolescents show that WM capacity plays a crucial role in the development of many cognitive activities (e.g., learning, reasoning, problem solving, language comprehension), and also predicts academic performance and achievement \\[[@pone.0179959.ref004]--[@pone.0179959.ref006]\\]. ", "Moreover, WM is impaired in various developmental disorders, e.g. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or specific language impairment (SLI), providing a crucial neuropsychological measure in several neuropsychiatric conditions and useful risk marker for cognitive development \\[[@pone.0179959.ref007]--[@pone.0179959.ref009]\\].", "\n\nFrom a developmental point of view, WM capacity develops rapidly over childhood \\[[@pone.0179959.ref010]--[@pone.0179959.ref013]\\]. ", "This is usually measured by the increase in the amount of information that can be retained and transformed using complex memory span tasks that require maintaining information for further recall while performing a concurrent activity \\[[@pone.0179959.ref007]\\]. ", "An important component of WM maintenance, involving active verbal rehearsal and attentional refreshing, emerges around 7 years of age \\[[@pone.0179959.ref014]\\]. ", "Evidence suggests that multiple mechanisms contribute to childhood development of WM, affecting all the processes involved in encoding, maintenance, and retrieval (e.g., increase in attentional capacity, process automatisation, increase in knowledge, mnemonic strategies, and so forth; see \\[[@pone.0179959.ref015]\\]).", "\n\nIn terms of neural substrates, development of WM ability parallels structural changes in frontal-parietal cortices affecting grey matter \\[[@pone.0179959.ref016]\\] and white matter \\[[@pone.0179959.ref017]\\]. ", "Similar to neuroimaging findings in adult populations, this core network of fronto-parietal brain areas is consistently found to activate in children and adolescents, and is apparent as early as 5 years of age during different verbal and visuospatial tasks thought to evaluate WM functions \\[[@pone.0179959.ref018]--[@pone.0179959.ref020]\\]. ", "One recent imaging study compared encoding and retrieval processes in a Sternberg item recognition paradigm with digits in children and adolescents from 9 to 19 years \\[[@pone.0179959.ref021]\\]. ", "Encoding of digits activated the right prefrontal and parietal cortex, left motor areas, occipital cortex, and cerebellum; retrieval activated the left prefrontal and parietal cortex, right motor areas, as well as anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, and cerebellum. ", "Other functional neuroimaging studies investigating WM in school-age children have used an n-back task in which a sequence of stimuli is presented to the participant who must indicate when the current stimulus matches the one from *n* steps earlier in the sequence (e.g., \\[[@pone.0179959.ref022], [@pone.0179959.ref023]\\]). ", "Despite its popularity in fMRI studies, empirical evidence shows that the n-back task correlates weakly with WM span tasks, suggesting that it is unlikely that these two types of tasks reflect a single construct, and questionning the empirical validity of using n-back tasks (continuous-recognition or updating measures) as a WM task \\[[@pone.0179959.ref024], [@pone.0179959.ref025]\\]. ", "Other tasks, such as the Steinberg item recognition paradigm (e.g., \\[[@pone.0179959.ref012], [@pone.0179959.ref026]\\]), have also been used to study WM in developmental populations. ", "However, these tasks require the maintenance of information in short-term memory, but not the simulatenous maintenance and manipulation of information as the theorethical construct of WM specifies \\[[@pone.0179959.ref003], [@pone.0179959.ref027]\\]. ", "Thus, very few developmental studies have explored the neural correlates of WM using tasks requiring not just maintenance, but also active manipulation of information \\[[@pone.0179959.ref018], [@pone.0179959.ref019]\\]. ", "To our knowledge, brain activity associated with WM processes of maintenance during the simultaneous processing of a concurrent task and retrieval have not yet been studied in developmental fMRI studies.", "\n\nPrevious literature has identified the major challenges inherent in studying both typical and atypical development, including designing tasks that can be administered to individuals across a wide age range in both typical and atypically developing groups \\[[@pone.0179959.ref028]\\]. ", "In this study, our aims were to design a novel WM paradigm that: i) is demanding of WM capacity but simple enough to be administered to both children and adolescents and both healthy and clinical paediatric populations (e.g., populations with mild intellectual difficulties), and for which brain activity could not be explained by difference in age or WM performance; ii) would enable investigation of neural substrates for encoding, maintenance and retrieval WM processes during fMRI; and could identify the effect of different concurrent processing tasks on maintenance and retrieval.", "\n\nAmong the paradigms appropriate for measuring the impact of concurrent processing on maintenance, the Brown-Peterson task is best suited to examine encoding, maintenance, and retrieval processes in WM. ", "The original Brown-Peterson task requires participants to encode and retrieve a string of letters with a concurrent task (i.e., counting backward by three) interposed between encoding and subsequent retrieval \\[[@pone.0179959.ref029], [@pone.0179959.ref030]\\]. ", "In opposition to the immediate serial recall paradigm, the concurrent task in Brown-Peterson paradigm impairs maintenance and thus retrieval of the encoded information. ", "Here, we designed a novel task inspired from the Brown-Peterson paradigm in which children and adolescents had to maintain verbal information (letters) while performing a concurrent task involving either verbal (lexical decision) or visual (face decision) task appropriate for children and adolescents. ", "This design allowed us to compare not only encoding and retrieval components of verbal WM during fMRI, but also to probe for neural substrates differentially modulated by the concurrent task, both within-domain (i.e. verbal distractors) and cross-domain (i.e. visual distractors). ", "According to the influential model of Baddeley (1986; \\[[@pone.0179959.ref031]\\]), verbal and visuo-spatial maintenance and processing involve separate and domain-specific systems, a phonological loop for verbal information and a visuospatial sketchpad for visuospatial information. ", "Thus, processing irrelevant verbal information should produce selective interference with verbal maintenance because verbal processing would mobilize the phonological loop, thus impeding the articulatory rehearsal process in charge of verbal maintenance. ", "By contrast, processing visuospatial information should involve the domain-specific visuospatial sketchpad and should not have any effect on verbal maintenance.", "\n\nTo validate this novel paradigm, we applied it in children and adolescents aged 8 to 16 years. ", "We expected that all would successfully complete our adapted Brown-Peterson fMRI paradigm, which tailors task difficulty to each participant according to their WM capacity. ", "We predicted that distinct activation patterns would be elicited by the two concurrent tasks (i.e. within and cross-domain), not only during the maintenance interval, but also during the subsequent retrieval period. ", "Based on Baddeley's WM model \\[[@pone.0179959.ref030]\\], the nature of the concurrent task was expected to differentially impact verbal WM and thus modulate brain areas recruited during retrieval, despite the fact that identical verbal stimuli were encoded. ", "Specifically, exposure to words vs faces during the maintenance interval should hamper vs favour the engagement of language-related regions in the left hemisphere during the subsequent retrieval phase.", "\n\nMaterials and methods {#sec002}\n=====================\n\nParticipants {#sec003}\n------------\n\nParticipants were 16 healthy children and adolescents aged 8 to 16 years (8 to 10 year-old, n = 5; 11 to 13 year-old, n = 8; 14 to 16 year old, n = 3; mean age = 12.19; SD = 2.25), 9 females and 7 males, recruited though advertisements in local schools and staff at the Royal Children's Hospital. ", "The wide age range of this sample allowed us to examine whether the adapted Brown-Peterson task was suitable for both children and adolescents. ", "No participant had a documented history of a brain lesion, neurological disability or neurodevelopmental disorder such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ", "All participants were right-handed as measured by a score between +40 and +100 at the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory \\[[@pone.0179959.ref032], [@pone.0179959.ref033]\\], English speaking, had a Full Scale Intellectual Quotient (FSIQ) based on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI; \\[[@pone.0179959.ref034]\\]) higher than 85 (*M* = 116.2, *SD* = 10.4) and normal or corrected-to-normal vision and hearing. ", "The study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee at the Royal Children's Hospital. ", "Written informed consent was obtained from the caregivers of the children and adolescents prior to participation.", "\n\nMaterial and design {#sec004}\n-------------------\n\nParticipants completed an adapted version of the Brown-Peterson paradigm \\[[@pone.0179959.ref029], [@pone.0179959.ref030]\\] implement during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). ", "A mixed block and event-related design allowed separate examination of specific WM processes: encoding, maintenance and retrieval. ", "The task required a combination of verbal storage and maintenance during either verbal (within-domain) or visual (cross-domain) concurrent tasks. ", "Each active trial consisted of three active phases ([Fig 1](#pone.0179959.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}):\n\n*1)* Encoding period.", "\n\nParticipants were presented with a series of single upper-case letters for further recall displayed sequentially in the middle of the screen at a rate of one letter per second. ", "All consonants of the English alphabet were used as memory items except W, which is three-syllabic. ", "Series of two and three letters were created for within-domain and cross-domain blocks in such a way that each letter appeared with the same frequency in both blocks. ", "Participants were asked to maintain the letters in order of appearance.", "\n\n*2)* Maintenance delay filled with a concurrent task.", "\n\nDuring the maintenance delay of 6 seconds, a concurrent task required to process either verbal or non-verbal stimuli involving within- or cross-domain interference respectively.", "\n\nThe within-domain concurrent task was a lexical decision task. ", "Two successive letter-strings were presented for 3 seconds each and required simple motor responses (i.e. press as quickly and as accurately as possible the left-most/green button if the letter-string was a word; or the right-most/red one if it was a non-word). ", "Words were selected from the \"Oxford Wordlist\", which is an Australian database of high frequency words in young children's writing and reading development \\[[@pone.0179959.ref035]\\]. ", "Among the 307 most frequently used words, only nouns were selected based on the following search terms: any gender, any location (urban or rural), any socioeconomical status, any text type (e.g., description, discussion, narrative) and appearing during the first three years of school (40% were within 1 to 100 most frequently used words; 35% were within 101 to 200 most frequently used words; 25% were within 201--307 most frequently used words). ", "Non-words with orthographically existing onsets and bodies were selected from the \"ACR Nonword database\" \\[[@pone.0179959.ref036]\\]. ", "Three to eight letter-strings (words and non-words) were displayed centrally on the screen. ", "Words and non-words were equally often presented.", "\n\nThe cross-domain concurrent task was a face decision task. ", "Two successive pictures were presented for 3 seconds each, requiring similar motor responses (i.e. press as quickly and as accurately as possible the left-most/green button if a real face was presented; or the right-most/red one if it was a scrambled face). ", "Ten males and 10 females faces with a neutral expression were selected from the NimStim database \\[[@pone.0179959.ref037]\\], and converted into greyscale using Matlab R2013a (The MathWorks, 2012). ", "Scrambled faces were created from the original faces using Matlab (size of square = 300, iterations = 2). ", "Faces and scrambled faces were equally often presented.", "\n\n*3)* Retrieval period.", "\n\nAt retrieval, one single upper-case letter was presented along with either one or two place-holders (for paradigm with 2 or 3 letters to remember, respectively) made of dashes with a question mark. ", "Participants had to decide if the single letter matched the letter that was presented in that serial position during the encoding period by giving a simple motor responses, i.e. press as quickly and as accurately as possible the left-most/green button or the right-most/red one for positive and negative responses respectively. ", "This was done to make sure that participants memorised both item and serial order information.", "\n\n{#pone.0179959.g001}\n\nIn addition to the active condition, there was a baseline condition (no-concurrent task) in which participants were required to encode a single letter and recognise it after a short empty delay of 1 second. ", "They were instructed to press as quickly and as accurately as possible the left-most/green button if the single letter was the same during encoding and retrieval; or the right-most/red one if it was a different letter.", "\n\nFor both the active and baseline conditions, a randomized inter-trial interval of 2000, 2500, or 3000 milliseconds was presented before the next trial. ", "Three types of blocks of 10 trials each were created: two active blocks, one including the within-domain concurrent task and the other including the cross-domain concurrent task, and a third baseline block. ", "The order of presentation of these three blocks was counterbalanced across participants and repeated twice for a total of six blocks of 10 trials. ", "Within each block, half of the probes were positive (i.e., 5 trials required a \"yes\" response) and the position of positive and negative probes were randomized within each blocks.", "\n\nTwo important challenges of brain imaging studies examining cognitive development are that differences in both participant age and task performance may influence activation patterns. ", "One concern is whether changes in neural activity reflect changes in functional maturation of the central nervous system, independently of behavioural efficiency, or whether they reflect changes in task performance consequent upon increasing age \\[[@pone.0179959.ref022], [@pone.0179959.ref038]\\]. ", "For these reasons, in our paradigm, task difficulty was adapted to each participant by adapting the number of verbal items to remember. ", "Based on pilot testing conducted outside the scanner, participants with a backward digit span of 5 or more were presented with the version of the paradigm with 3 letters to be remembered, and those with a backward digit span lower than 5 were presented with the version of the paradigm with 2 letters to be remember. ", "In our sample, seven participants completed the 3-letters paradigm (age range = 10 to 15 years; M = 12.53; SD = 1.44) and nine participants completed the 2-letters paradigm (age range = 8 to 16 years; M = 11.93; SD = 2.78). ", "All participants had a retrieval accuracy of 80% or more, which suggested that task difficulty was appropriate for each participant.", "\n\nProcedure {#sec005}\n---------\n\nParticipants completed the adapted Brown-Peterson fMRI paradigm. ", "This fMRI paradigm was presented visually during fMRI using E-prime2 (Psychology Software Tools, PST, Pittsburgh). ", "Initially, participants successfully completed a mock MRI scanner training protocol before the MRI. ", "Participants were prepared for the adapted Brown-Peterson paradigm through training initially outside (5 trials for each of the three conditions described above) and then inside the scanner before starting fMRI acquisition (again 5 new trials for each of the three conditions). ", "All participants demonstrated understanding of the paradigm before being placed in the scanner. ", "The paradigm was projected onto a screen at the foot of the MRI bed, and participants viewed the images from a mirror attached to the head coil. ", "To minimize head motion during scanning, a soft cloth was placed on the child\\'s forehead, then taped to the head tray, and foam pads were inserted around the head. ", "Responses were provided using an MRI compatible response box with four response buttons. ", "The response box was placed centrally on the child's stomach and responses were provided by pressing the left-most/green button with the left thumb or the right-most/red button with the right thumb, respectively.", "\n\nStatistical analysis of behavioural data on concurrent task and retrieval {#sec006}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSeparate repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) were conducted on accuracy measures (percent correct) for the concurrent tasks (within domain/lexical decision task and cross-domain/face decision task) and the retrieval period with the type of the previous concurrent task (within- or cross-domain) as within-subject factor. ", "Independent-sample t tests were used to explore sex differences in accuracy. ", "Pearson's correlation was used to study the relationship between age and accuracy. ", "Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics V22.0 \\[[@pone.0179959.ref039]\\].", "\n\nImage acquisition {#sec007}\n-----------------\n\nMRI was performed on a Siemens 3T MAGNETOM Trio scanner (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) at the Royal Children's Hospital. ", "The scanner was equipped with the Syngo MR B17 software release, and a 12-channel receive-only head coil was used. ", "T1-weighted MP-RAGE sequence (Magnetization Prepared Rapid Gradient Echo) were obtained using the following parameters: repetition time (TR) = 1900 ms, echo time (TE) = 2.71 ms, inversion time (TI) = 900 ms, flip angle (FA) = 9°, field of view (FoV) = 256mm, voxel size = 0.7 x 0.7 x 0.7 mm. ", "Functional images were acquired using a T2-weighted with a gradient-echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence with 32 interleaved slices with 5% gap, voxel size = 2.6 x 2.6 x 3 mm, TR = 2400ms, TE = 35ms, FA = 90°, FoV = 240mm.", "\n\nImage analysis {#sec008}\n--------------\n\nfMRI data were preprocessed and analysed using SPM8 (Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, University College London, UK) implemented in Matlab R2014a. ", "The images of each subject were corrected for slice acquisition timing, and spatially realigned to eliminate movement artefacts. ", "Head motions were small in any direction (Maximum translation, X = 0.39mm, Y = 0.76mm, Z = 1.69mm; Maximum rotation (converted from degrees to millimetres, 40): X = 0.04mm, Y = 0.2mm, Z = 0.01mm; Mean translation: X = 0.08mm, Y = 0.11mm, Z = 0.25mm ; Mean rotation : X = 0.004mm, Y = 0.003mm, Z = 0.002mm) and therefore no participant was excluded from further processing \\[[@pone.0179959.ref040]\\]. ", "To allow for inter-subject comparison, data were normalized using the MNI brain template (Montreal Neurologic Institute) and resampled to 1.9 x 1.9 x 3 mm. ", "These functional images were finally smoothed using a Gaussian filter of full width at half maximum = 8mm to increase signal-to-noise ratio.", "\n\nStatistical analyses were performed using a two-step process, taking into account the intra-individual and inter-individual variance \\[[@pone.0179959.ref041]\\]. ", "First level single subject statistics were assessed by a voxel-based statistics according to the General Linear Model implemented in SPM8. ", "Given the high rate of correct responses across participants (above 90%, see [Results](#sec009){ref-type=\"sec\"} section for further detail) and to guarantee an equal number of trials for each condition, brain activity was analysed pooling the correct and incorrect trials together. ", "The onsets of each event of interest were convolved with the canonical hemodynamic response function (HRF) and used as regressors in the individual design matrix. ", "For the encoding period, these onsets included encoding of the active condition and encoding of the baseline condition, using a boxcar function of 2 or 3 seconds for active encoding (depending of the difficulty level) and 1 second for the baseline encoding. ", "The maintenance delay filled with a concurrent task was modelled using a boxcar function of 6 seconds for the within-domain (lexical decision) and the cross-domain (face decision) concurrent tasks. ", "Finally, the retrieval period was modelled using a boxcar function of 3 seconds for the tree retrieval types, i.e., retrieval after within-domain concurrent task, retrieval after cross-domain concurrent task and retrieval of the baseline condition.", "\n\nAll six movement parameters (translation: x, y and z; rotation: pitch, roll and yaw) were included as covariates of no interest in the model. ", "The individual statistical images from each condition were then entered in a group analysis at the second level using a flexible factorial design, which provides the flexibility to specify the different period of our mixed block and event-related paradigm. ", "In this random-effects model, independence and unequal variance between subjects and conditions were assumed, allowing for violation of sphericity, as implemented in SPM8. ", "Considering a possible impact of gender on brain-activation, we also added this binary variable as a covariate in the flexible factorial design \\[[@pone.0179959.ref026], [@pone.0179959.ref038], [@pone.0179959.ref042], [@pone.0179959.ref043]\\]. ", "In line with guidelines used in neuroimaging studies of complex cognitive functions \\[[@pone.0179959.ref044]\\], whole-brain analysis was conducted with a significance threshold of p \\< .001 at the voxel level, uncorrected for multiple comparisons, and a minimum extent threshold of 20 voxels \\[[@pone.0179959.ref026], [@pone.0179959.ref045]\\]. ", "Anatomical location of activations was verified using SPM Anatomy toolbox \\[[@pone.0179959.ref046]\\].", "\n\nWe performed exploratory analyses to examine age- and retrieval accuracy-related changes in brain activation during the Brown-Peterson fMRI paradigm. ", "The largest and most relevant clusters of activation identified at the group level were used to define functional regions of interest (ROIs) for each of the different conditions using the marsBaR toolbox \\[[@pone.0179959.ref047]\\]. ", "Beta values were extracted from each ROI, by contrasting activation during the encoding or retrieval WM conditions relative to the respective baseline conditions. ", "Beta values from each ROI and each participant were then used to compute Pearson's correlation coefficients in order to evaluate any age- and accuracy-related effects on ROI activity using SPSS \\[[@pone.0179959.ref039]\\]. ", "Beta values from the encoding or retrieval periods were contrasted to the baseline values (rather than to each other) to test for condition-specific effects without mixing any positive vs negative correlation with one vs the other active condition.", "\n\nWe also performed a whole-brain analysis where different active phases were compared (encoding vs retrieval, within-domain concurrent task vs cross-domain concurrent task, retrieval following within-domain concurrent task vs retrieval following cross-domain concurrent task), but now including age and retrieval accuracy as covariates of interest in a multiple parametric regression design using SPM8. ", "For these regressions, a significant threshold of p \\< .001 uncorrected for multiple comparisons with a minimum extent threshold of 20 voxels was used.", "\n\nResults {#sec009}\n=======\n\nBehavioural data {#sec010}\n----------------\n\nAs far as the concurrent tasks were concerned, the percentage of correct responses was 97% (SD = 4.3) for the within-domain (lexical decision task) and 98% (SD = 3.5) for the cross-domain (face decision task). ", "For the effect of the type of the concurrent task, assumption of normality was violated, as assessed by inspection of histograms and results of the Shapiro-Wilk test (p = .001). ", "Therefore, related-sample Wilcoxon-signed rank test was used and showed no significant effect of the type of concurrent task (W~s~ = 33, z = .58, p = .565). ", "Concerning retrieval of the active condition, repeated-measures ANOVA showed no effect of type of concurrent task on response accuracy, *F* (1,15) = 1.278, *p* = .276 (90.9%, SD = 8.8, and 93.4%, SD = 5.3, for the within-domain/lexical and cross-domain/face decision tasks, respectively). ", "Hence, differences in brain activity patterns at retrieval could not be explained by differences in WM performance.", "\n\nThere was no significant relationship between age and response accuracy on the retrieval of the active condition whatever the type of the previous concurrent task (*r* = .318, *p* = .23, and *r* = .299, *p* = .261 for the within- and between-domain concurrent task respectively), and no significant relationship between age and response accuracy on the concurrent tasks (*r* = .493, *p* = .052, and *r* = .185, *p* = .492 for the lexical decision and face decision concurrent tasks, respectively). ", "There was no significant gender difference for any of the measures, *t*s \\< 1, *p*s \\> .50.", "\n\nTaken together, these behavioural data show good performance overall on the adapted Brown-Peterson paradigm. ", "Moreover, this pattern was stable across the age range of our sample and gender. ", "Therefore, from a behavioural point of view, our task appears to be suitable for a wide age range of children and adolescents.", "\n\nFunctional magnetic resonance imaging {#sec011}\n-------------------------------------\n\n### Active letter encoding and retrieval vs. baseline {#sec012}\n\nTo delineate brain regions generally recruited during WM, we first contrasted the active encoding period relative to the baseline encoding period, regardless of the domain of concurrent task during the maintenance interval. ", "This showed activation in a widespread network, including bilateral visual areas in the occipital lobes, parahippocampal gyri, as well as left prefrontal regions, the caudate nucleus, and the cerebellum ([Table 1](#pone.0179959.t001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Likewise, we contrasted the active retrieval relative to the baseline retrieval period, regardless of concurrent conditions, which revealed a distributed pattern of activation encompassing mainly bilateral prefrontal cortices, but also temporal and parietal areas ([Table 1](#pone.0179959.t001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "These data confirm that our working memory paradigm successfully engaged brain networks associated with visual stimulus processing and executive functions.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0179959.t001\n\n###### List of activations for active encoding and retrieval compared to baseline condition.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0179959.t001){#pone.0179959.t001g}\n\n Region Hemisphere Number of voxels t value x, y, z \n ------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ -------------- -------------- ---------------\n **ENCODING (compared to encoding baseline)** \n *Frontal* Inferior (BA 47) L 108\\* 4.46 -38, 30, -14\n Superior and middle (BA 9) L 160\\* 4.42 -27, 40, 43\n Superior and superior medial (BA10) L 193\\* 4.22 -15, 57, 13\n *Occipital* Lingual, inferior, calcarine (BA18) L 515\\*+ 6.33 -25, -95, -11\n 4.66 -11, -99, -8 \n R 631\\*+ 6.08 25, -91, -11 \n 5.89 21, -91, -2\n *Temporal* Parahippocampal gyrus L 130\\*+ 5.07 -40, -28, -11\n R 71\\* 4.77 13, -13, -17 \n *Subcortical* Caudate nucleus (BA 48) L 563\\*+ 5.87 -17, 19, 10\n Pulvinar R 24 3.64 13, -32, 13\n Cerebellum L 222\\* 4.77 -10, -30, -14\n **RETRIEVAL (compared to retrieval baseline)** \n *Frontal* Prefrontal, putamen, middle and inferior (BA 49, 10, 44) L 7684\\*+ 6.10 -15, -6, 13\n 6.07 -27, 8, -2 \n 5.83 -29, 42 19 \n 5.05 -61, 11, 22 \n Middle and superior (BA 10, 6) R 572\\*+ 4.91 27, 46, 7\n 4.43 28, 51, 10 \n 23 4.01 36, -2, 64\n Superior orbital (BA 11) L 74\\* 4.77 -21, 53, -14\n Precentral gyrus (BA 6, 4) L 268\\* 5.13 -34, -4, 61\n L 56 4.18 -49, 0, 40 \n L 32 3.49 -36, -17, 40 \n Middle cingulate (BA 24) L 42 3.82 -17, -25, 46\n *Parietal* Angular (BA 39) R 169 4.21 40, -65, 46\n Inferior and superior lobule (BA 7) L 1813\\*+ 5.02 -36, -55, 55\n 4.92 -32, -61, 55\n Inferior lobule and postcentral gyrus (BA 40, 1) L 404\\*+ 4.85 -51, -25, 46\n 4.19 -57, -23, 28 \n *Temporal* Middle extending calcarine gyrus R 189\\*+ 5.74 32, -65, 16\n (BA23) 3.49 28, -57, 10\n Superior and middle (BA 39) L 82 4.25 -61, -47, 19\n Middle (BA 21) R 58 3.83 51, -34, -14\n *Occipital* Lingual (BA 18) L 214 3.98 -6, -76, -2\n *Subcortical* Vermis L 229 4.68 -2, -53, -5\n Cerebellum L 156 4.32 -25, -61, -17\n\nNote: Coordinates are in MNI space. ", "x, y, z coordinates refer to voxels with highest statistical significance within a cluster (location of the peak coordinate).", "\n\nClusters used to define ROIs for specific subsequent analyses are marked with a sign \\*.", "\n\nClusters reaching a significance threshold of p \\< .05 at the voxel level, corrected for multiple comparison, are marked with a sign +. ", "BA = Brodmann area\n\n### Active letter encoding vs. letter retrieval {#sec013}\n\nWe next sought to identify regions selectively recruited by distinct WM processes. ", "Encoding, as compared to retrieval (during the active task), was associated with widespread activations bilaterally in the occipital and ventral temporal lobes (inferior occipital and fusiform gyri), as well as in medial frontal areas (supplementary motor area (SMA), middle cingulate gyrus) and precentral gyrus. ", "Smaller activation foci were found in the insula ([Fig 2](#pone.0179959.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Table 2](#pone.0179959.t002){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Conversely, the retrieval phase, compared to encoding, activated bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal areas (mainly inferior and middle, but also superior frontal gyri), as well as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), inferior parietal lobule (angular, supramarginal, and postcentral gyri), and lateral temporal areas (superior and middle temporal gyri).", "\n\n{#pone.0179959.g002}\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0179959.t002\n\n###### List of activations for contrasts of interest.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0179959.t002){#pone.0179959.t002g}\n\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Region Hemisphere Number of voxels t value x, y, z \n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ ------------- --------------- ---------------\n **ENCODING \\> RETRIEVAL** \n\n *Frontal* SMA, middle cingulate (BA 6) L&R 640\\*+ 6.84 -6, 8, 49\n\n 5.45 8,10,49\n\n Pre and post central gyrus (BA 4) L 175 4.07 38, -21, 55\n\n Precentral gyrus (BA 6) R 104+ 5.32 46, 6, 28\n\n Medial (BA 11) L 23 3.68 -0, 38, -17\n\n *Parietal* Postcentral gyrus (BA 6, 1) L 70+ 5.09 -53, -6, 49\n\n R 25 4.05 61, -13, 46 \n\n *Occipital* Inferior (cuneus, precuneus, lingual), fusiform (BA 18, 19, 37) L 2468\\*+ 13.24 -23, -89, -11\n\n 11.65 -36, -80, -11 \n\n 8.94 -36, -51, -17 \n\n R 2692\\*+ 13.11 27, -87, -11 \n\n 8.28 34, -49, -17\n\n 8.25 32, -89, 10\n\n *Other* Insula (BA 13) L 31 3.63 -30, 13, 10\n\n **RETRIEVAL \\> ENCODING** \n\n *Frontal* Precentral, middle (BA 8, 6)\\ L 500\\* 4.87 -36, 11, 40\n Middle (BA 8, 10) \n\n 4.78 -38, 13, 37 \n\n R 227\\* 4.6 40, 10, 49 \n\n L 59 3.64 -44, 51, 10 \n\n Inferior, middle (BA 47, 10) R 487\\* 4.68 47, 23, -8\n\n 4.27 44, 53, -11\n\n Superior and middle (BA 10) R 212 4.2 30, 63, 4\n\n Superior, SMA (BA 8, 6) R 242\\* 4.1 25, 23, 55\n\n 4.08 9, 25, 58\n\n Anterior cingulate (BA 32) R 227\\* 4.09 2, 36, 19\n\n Precentral gyrus (BA 4) L 34 4.04 -19, -27, 55\n\n Middle orbital (BA 10) L 34 3.93 -29, 57, -11\n\n Superior medial (BA 8) R 24 3.57 2, 34, 40\n\n *Parieto-temporal* Angular, superior temporal, supramarginal, inferior parietal lobule (BA 39, 22) R 3563\\* 7.3 46, -74, 34\n\n 5.17 59, -19, -5 \n\n 4.94 46, -53, 49 \n\n Angular, middle temporal, inferior parietal lobule L 5998\\* 6.41 -42, -55, 40\n\n 6.02 -55, -51, 22 \n\n 5.35 -49, -51, 37 \n\n Postcentral gyrus (BA 4) L 188\\* 4.91 -42, -13, 31\n\n *Temporal* Superior extending to putamen (BA 49) L 301 4.7 -30, -13, 4\n\n Middle (BA 21) L 190 4.18 -65, -25, -8\n\n *Occipital* Lingual (BA 18) R 25 3.8 11, -74, -8\n\n *Subcortical* Putamen (BA 49) R 199 4.44 30, -13, 7\n\n **WITHIN-DOMAIN \\> CROSS-DOMAIN CONCURRENT TASK** \n\n *Frontal* Frontal pole (BA 10) R 266\\*+ 5.3 27, 55, 4\n\n *Occipital* Medial fusiform (BA 19) R 36\\* 4.43 30, -53, -8\n\n **CROSS-DOMAIN \\> WITHIN-DOMAIN CONCURRENT TASK** \n\n *Occipital* Inferior (lingual, precuneus, fusiform), cuneus, including fusiform face area (FFA; BA 19, 18, 37) R 2873\\*+ 9.1 42, -84, -11\n\n 8.97 34, -91, -5 \n\n 5.92 49, -53, -14 \n\n Middle, lingual, inferior, lateral fusiform, including FFA (BA 19, 18, 37) L 878\\*+ 5.64 -34, -91, -5\n\n 4.76 -44, -72, -14 \n\n 4.6 -48, -51, -17\n\n Precuneus gyrus (BA 7) R 30 3.79 8, -59, 64\n\n Lingual (BA 18) L 39 3.79 -0, -61, 7\n\n *Frontal* Inferior (BA 47) L 238\\*+ 5.11 -38, 36, -14\n\n Precentral (BA 4) R 156+ 4.9 38, -13, 43\n\n Medial frontal (BA 11) L 92 4.79 -2, 46, -17\n\n Middle cingulate (BA 24) R 92 4.22 13, -17, 49\n\n SMA (BA 6) L 59 3.82 -6, -13, 55\n\n *Temporal* Inferior (BA 20) R 39\\*+ 5.29 47, -27, -20\n\n Middle (BA 21) L 60 4.12 -61, -9, -20\n\n Parahippocampal gyrus L 806\\*+ 5.63 -29, -11, -14\n\n *Parietal* Inferior lobule (BA 40) R 119+ 5.06 57, -27, 55\n\n Postcentral gyrus (BA 4) L 92 4.32 -42, -27, 64\n\n Angular (BA 39) L 169 4.1 -36, -59, 22\n\n Superior lobule (BA 7) R 59 4.06 25, -70, 52\n\n *Subcortical* Pulvinar R 207\\*+ 5.28 25, -30, 7\n\n **RETRIEVAL AFTER WITHIN-DOMAIN \\> RETRIEVAL AFTER CROSS-DOMAIN CONCURRENT TASK** \n\n *Occipital* Cuneus, fusiform, middle and inferior occipital (BA 18, 19) R 3181\\*+ 8.71 15, -101, 7\n\n 8.44 27, -78, -8 \n\n 7.58 30, -89, 10 \n\n 7.17 42, -72, -8 \n\n Inferior and middle occipital, fusiform, calcarine (BA 18, 37) L 1620\\*+ 7.15 -25, -80, -8\n\n 6.71 -32, -61, -14 \n\n 6.62 -15, -101, 4 \n\n 5.47 -6, -91, -11 \n\n **RETRIEVAL AFTER CROSS-DOMAIN INTERFERENCE \\> RETRIEVAL AFTER WITHIN-DOMAIN CONCURRENT TASK** \n\n *Temporal* Middle and superior (BA 21) L 27\\* 3.74 -40, -47, 4\n\n L 23\\* 3.39 -59, -34, 4 \n\n *Occipital* Calcarine (BA 17) R 279\\* 4.79 2, -91, 10\n\n Inferior (BA 37) L 22\\* 3.83 -53, -63, -14\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nNote: Coordinates are in MNI space. ", "x, y, z coordinates refer to voxels with highest statistical significance within a cluster (location of the peak coordinate).", "\n\nClusters used to define ROIs for specific subsequent analyses are marked with a sign \\*.", "\n\nClusters reaching a significance threshold of p \\< .05 at the voxel level, corrected for multiple comparison, are marked with a sign +. ", "BA = Brodmann area.", "\n\n### Maintenance delay filled with a concurrent task (within-domain vs. cross-domain) {#sec014}\n\nComparing activations during the within-domain concurrent task (lexical decision task), relative to the cross-domain concurrent task (face decision task), revealed differential increases in the right middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann area 10) and medial fusiform cortex only ([Table 2](#pone.0179959.t002){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Fig 3](#pone.0179959.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Conversely, the cross-domain concurrent task (face decision task) compared to within-domain concurrent task (lexical decision task) produced a more extensive pattern of activation, particularly in bilateral visual areas, including occipital and fusiform cortex overlapping with the fusiform face areas (FFA). ", "Activations were also found in several frontal areas (left inferior and medial frontal gyri, SMA, right middle cingulate cortex, precentral gyrus), the temporo-parietal junction, left parahippocampal gyrus, and right pulvinar. ", "Thus, the cross-domain concurrent task appeared to recruit a more widespread network than the within-domain concurrent task, even though behavioural data show that this could not be explained by task difficulty since accuracy did not significantly differ in the two concurrent tasks.", "\n\n{#pone.0179959.g003}\n\n### Letter retrieval following within-domain vs. cross-domain concurrent tasks {#sec015}\n\nThe most critical question concerning the WM system in our paradigm is whether the nature of the concurrent task during the maintenance interval may produce different degrees of competition and thus result in different neural substrates during retrieval. ", "We therefore tested for brain regions that would be differentially activated during the retrieval period when following within-domain concurrent task (lexical decision) or when following cross-domain concurrent task (face decision). ", "Greater increases following the within-domain concurrent task were found in visual areas, with large bilateral clusters in occipital cortices (bilateral middle and inferior occipital gyri, fusiform gyri, right cuneus and left calcarine). ", "Conversely, greater increases were found after the cross-domain concurrent task in the left middle and superior temporal cortex, overlapping with usual location of phonological processing \\[[@pone.0179959.ref048], [@pone.0179959.ref049]\\], plus left calcarine gyrus and bilateral medial occipital cortex ([Table 2](#pone.0179959.t002){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Fig 4](#pone.0179959.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#pone.0179959.g004}\n\n### Age and retrieval accuracy-related activations {#sec016}\n\nSeveral functional ROIs were defined for each of the contrast of interest described above (marked with a star in Tables [1](#pone.0179959.t001){ref-type=\"table\"} and [2](#pone.0179959.t002){ref-type=\"table\"}) and used for additional analyses to examine any modulation by individual characteristics of the participants. ", "Parameter estimates (beta values) extracted and averaged across voxels from these ROIs were then submitted to Pearson's correlation with age and WM retrieval accuracy. ", "No significant correlation was found between encoding- or retrieval-related activation (relative to baseline activation) with neither age nor WM retrieval accuracy on the adapted Brown-Peterson paradigm for any of these ROIs. [", "Table 3](#pone.0179959.t003){ref-type=\"table\"} summarizes these correlation coefficients.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0179959.t003\n\n###### Pearson's correlations between activity of functional ROIs and (a) age or (b) retrieval accuracy.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0179959.t003){#pone.0179959.t003g}\n\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Functional ROIs Age Accuracy \n ---------------------------------------------------------- --- ------- --------------- -------- ---------- -------- ------\n **ENCODING (compared to encoding baseline condition)** \n\n *Frontal* Inferior L 108 -38, 30, -14 -.351 .183 -.275 .304\n\n Superior and middle L 160 -27, 40, 43 -.041 .881 -.269 .314\n\n Superior and superior medial L 193 -15, 57, 13 -.101 .711 -.360 .171\n\n *Occipital* Lingual, inferior, Fusiform L 515 -25, -95, -11 .322 .224 .235 .382\n\n R 631 25, -91, -11 .308 .245 .182 .501\n\n *Temporal* Parahippocampal Gyrus L 130 -40, -28, -11 .455 .077 .214 .426\n\n R 71 13, -13, -17 .225 .401 .389 .137\n\n *Subcortex* Caudate Nucleus L 563 -17, 19, 10 -.225 .402 -.111 .683\n\n *Other* Cerebellum L 222 -10, -30, -14 .241 .369 .361 .169\n\n **RETRIEVAL (compared to retrieval baseline condition)** \n\n *Frontal* Inferior extending to\\ L 7684\\ -15, -6, 13\\ -.174\\ .519\\ -.100\\ .171\n putamen and insula \n\n Middle and superior R 572 27, 46, 7 -.010 .969 .055 .839\n\n Precentral L 268 -34, -4, 61 .242 .367 .282 .289\n\n Superior orbital L 74 -21, 53, -14 .030 .911 .076 .780\n\n *Temporal* Middle extending to\\ R 189\\ 32, -65, 16\\ .187\\ .489 .405\\ .120\n precuneus \n\n *Parietal* Inferior and superior lobule L 1813 -36, -55, 55 .395 .130 .248 .354\n\n Inferior lobule, postcentral L 404 -51, -25, 46 .338 .201 .381 .145\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nNote: Activity was measured during either encoding or retrieval periods depending on the phases recruiting each ROI. ", "Coordinates in MNI space and number of voxels are given for each functional ROI, as well as Pearson's correlation coefficients, r, and corresponding p values.", "\n\nWe also performed an exploratory whole-brain regression analysis in SPM using (a) age; and (b) WM retrieval accuracy for the main contrasts of interest as described above (encoding vs retrieval, within vs cross domain concurrent tasks). ", "None of these analyses revealed any significant overlap with activations identified by the main contrasts of interest reported in [Table 2](#pone.0179959.t002){ref-type=\"table\"} indicating that all effects reported above are largely independent of age (within the range of our sample) and WM retrieval accuracy.", "\n\nDiscussion {#sec017}\n==========\n\nWe report and validate an adapted Brown-Peterson fMRI paradigm that probes for the neural correlates of different WM processes, including encoding, maintenance and retrieval, as well as the effect of within- and cross-domain concurrent tasks during maintenance. ", "Results indicate that this paradigm can be performed equally well by children and adolescents of different ages, with reliable results across different levels of performance. ", "To our knowledge, this is the first study to propose a paradigm to delineate distinct patterns of brain activity for the different WM processes in children and adolescents. ", "We provide the first exploratory results on brain activity related to encoding, maintenance, and retrieval WM processes in children and adolescents, and compare verbal WM in the presence of both verbal (within-domain) and visual (cross-domain) concurrent tasks.", "\n\nAs expected, our adapted Brown-Peterson paradigm was successfully completed with high accuracy in the MRI scanner by typically developing children as young as 8 years of age, indicating that it is suitable to examine WM processes in children and adolescents from 8 to 16 years of age. ", "It is important to note that task difficulty was adapted to each participant's WM capacity using a simple procedure (based on backward digit span performance, the participant completed the paradigm with two or three letters to remember), and we found no significant association between age or task performance and brain activation patterns. ", "These findings indicate that our paradigm is well suited to examine brain systems associated with different WM capacities in different age groups. ", "This may be an important advantage when comparing groups with different developmental trajectories, because previous studies show that WM-related activations may increase with age in parallel with changes in performance and improvements in WM capacity \\[[@pone.0179959.ref012], [@pone.0179959.ref018]\\].", "\n\nSecondly, our imaging results demonstrate that, while distributed networks in frontal and visual areas activated in the context of the verbal WM paradigm used here (i.e. during the active conditions compared to the baseline), distinct neural substrates were selectively recruited during the encoding and retrieval periods. ", "The verbal encoding period induced stronger activations in posterior and ventral brain regions, with large bilateral increases in occipital, as well as parahippocampal cortices. ", "In contrast, the verbal retrieval period induced stronger activations in more anterior and dorsal regions, in particular in prefrontal and parietal areas, and to a lesser extent in lateral temporal areas.", "\n\nThe predominance of activity in visual cortex together with medial temporal lobe (parahippocampal gyrus) during encoding is consistent with the need to extract discriminative visual information from the to-be-remembered stimuli and store this information into short-term memory. ", "On one hand, ventral occipito-temporal areas differentially engaged during encoding are crucial for perceptual shape analysis, especially for letters with a letter-sensitive activation in these regions \\[[@pone.0179959.ref050], [@pone.0179959.ref051]\\]. ", "We did not find selective activations corresponding to the \"visual word form area\" but this region is typically responsive to letter-strings or words rather than isolated letters \\[[@pone.0179959.ref052]--[@pone.0179959.ref054]\\]. ", "Moreover, we did not find language-related activation during verbal encoding, in particular Broca's area which has been implicated in the subvocal rehearsal system \\[[@pone.0179959.ref055]\\]. ", "However, language-related activation has been mainly found during encoding of words \\[[@pone.0179959.ref056]\\] and not during encoding of letters \\[[@pone.0179959.ref057]\\].On the other hand, the parahippocampal cortex is a key brain region at the interface between perception and memory, therefore likely to make an important contribution to efficient storage of visual information into WM \\[[@pone.0179959.ref058]\\].", "\n\nAs expected, predominant activity in frontal and parietal areas during retrieval is consistent with executive control and attentional focusing. ", "The executive control system serves as an attention controller that allocates and coordinates attentional resources for cognitive tasks, such as retrieval of information encoded in working memory \\[[@pone.0179959.ref059], [@pone.0179959.ref060]\\]. ", "Our findings accord with previous studies showing the involvement of frontal areas, especially prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices, in the executive control required during WM demands \\[[@pone.0179959.ref061], [@pone.0179959.ref062]\\]. ", "Focusing attention is crucial for efficient executive control \\[[@pone.0179959.ref063]\\] and recruits parietal regions \\[[@pone.0179959.ref064]\\], which were strongly implicated during the retrieval period in our study. ", "In addition, WM retrieval of serial order is dissociable from the type of information contained in the item sequence \\[[@pone.0179959.ref065]\\] and also relies on activation in frontal and parietal activations \\[[@pone.0179959.ref066]\\].", "\n\nOverall, our findings converge with those of van den Brosh and colleagues (2014), who reported a similar posterior and perceptual network during the encoding phase compared to a more anterior and executive network during the recall phase of a Sternberg item recognition paradigm (which did not include a distracting phase) in children and adolescents aged 9 to 19 years. ", "However, these authors did not find any temporal or parahippocampal activations, possibly reflecting differences in the paradigm and material used (digits in their study vs. letters in ours). ", "More generally, our findings of extensive fronto-parietal and visual activity during WM also dovetail with previous neuroimaging studies investigating brain systems associated with verbal WM in children and adolescents, across different kinds of verbal WM paradigms, such as the Steinberg item recognition task using letters \\[[@pone.0179959.ref021], [@pone.0179959.ref067], [@pone.0179959.ref068]\\] or n-back tasks using letters \\[[@pone.0179959.ref069], [@pone.0179959.ref070]\\].", "\n\nStudy hypotheses were supported by results revealing that brain activation patterns differ as a function of the nature of the concurrent task performed during the maintenance interval. ", "Our design allowed us to compare the impact of within-domain (lexical decision task) versus cross-domain (face decision task) concurrent task processing during the maintenance period intervening between encoding and retrieval, while information stored in WM itself did not differ. ", "A lexical decision task was expected to produce within-domain interference, as it involved verbal material resembling the to-be-remembered material (i.e. letters), while a face decision task was considered to induce cross-domain interference as it relied on non-verbal visual processes.", "\n\nAs predicted, the within-domain and cross-domain concurrent tasks evoked distinct brain activations when compared to each other. ", "Localised and right-sided activations in the right frontal pole (Brodmann area 10) and medial fusiform gyrus were observed during the within-domain/lexical concurrent task, whereas the cross-domain/face concurrent task elicited much more distributed activations in occipital temporal extrastriate areas, but also left parahippocampal gyrus and fronto-parietal regions. ", "These differences could not be attributed to task difficulty (since there were no significant difference in accuracy between the within-domain/lexical and the cross-domain/face decision task) but most likely reflect the different task demands and perhaps different strategies and processes applied during the maintenance interval. ", "Since verbal information had to be held in WM, it might have produced stronger interference and greater conflict in resource allocation during the within-domain/lexical decision task than the cross-domain/face decision task, eventually affording less efficient engagement of task-specific networks in the former condition and hence lower accuracy. ", "The involvement of the right frontal pole (Brodmann area 10), thought to organize an optimal use of cognitive resources and overcome potential impasses \\[[@pone.0179959.ref071]\\], may reflect this conflict in resource allocation and an increase in cognitive load during a verbal concurrent task. ", "Such recruitment of attentional control mechanisms during interference appears consistent with the time-based resource-sharing model (TBRS; \\[[@pone.0179959.ref072]--[@pone.0179959.ref074]\\]). ", "This model postulates the existence of attention-based mechanisms involved to maintain relevant verbal information when the capacity of the verbal-specific system (comparable to the phonological loop in Baddeley and Hitch's model) is exceeded \\[[@pone.0179959.ref075]\\]. ", "Alternatively, greater activation of visual and fronto-parietal areas as well as temporal regions, including parahippocampal gyrus, during the cross-domain/face decision task might reflect the dual process of face decision task and active maintenance of verbal information.", "\n\nCritically, and in keeping with our hypotheses, the two concurrent tasks (within- and cross-domain) elicited distinct patterns of brain activity during the subsequent retrieval phase, despite the fact that identical stimuli were encoded, maintained and retrieved from WM. ", "This indicates that partly different processes mediated retrieval after within- and cross-domain interference, and thus WM retrieval differed according to the nature of the preceding concurrent task. ", "Large bilateral occipital activations were engaged during retrieval after the within-domain/lexical concurrent task, whereas only limited activity was observed in medial occipital cortex in addition to left superior and middle temporal cortex during retrieval after the cross-domain/face concurrent task. ", "Interestingly, the latter cluster in temporal cortex overlapped with regions often reported in phonological tasks and associated with language networks \\[[@pone.0179959.ref048], [@pone.0179959.ref049]\\]. ", "A plausible explanation for such difference would be that the maintenance of letters relied on a preferentially visual format when a concurrent verbal task had to be performed (i.e., within-domain concurrent task), hindering the use of the phonological loop for maintenance. ", "On the other hand, the visual concurrent task may not prevent maintenance in the phonological loop, explaining a lesser involvement of visual cortex but conversely greater recruitment of language-related areas (left superior and middle temporal) during retrieval. ", "These interpretations would accord with Baddeley and Hitch's model previously mentioned, and the proposed effect of articulatory suppression on verbal WM \\[[@pone.0179959.ref059], [@pone.0179959.ref076], [@pone.0179959.ref077]\\].", "\n\nThe current study is not without limitations. ", "The study sample size could be considered relatively small. ", "We note, however, that it is comparable with previous studies exploring neural correlates of WM \\[[@pone.0179959.ref012], [@pone.0179959.ref067], [@pone.0179959.ref078]\\]. ", "Even if our data showed no hint of any systematic modulation of brain activity patterns by age or retrieval accuracy, correlation and regression analysis performed here can be sensitive to small size. ", "Nevertheless, by design, our procedure of tailoring task difficulty to each participant according to their WM capacity precisely aimed at avoiding age related effects and minimizing confounding effects due to individual differences in performance. ", "We acknowledge that the lack of variability and the high retrieval accuracy resulting from this procedure may have limited the sensitivity of our study to activations modulated by age or other individual factors. ", "Another limitation is that our paradigm did not test the reverse situation of verbal versus visual concurrent tasks on visual information held in WM. ", "Examining both verbal and visuospatial WM in the presence of verbal and visuospatial interference could map more precisely how the different processes subserving verbal and visuospatial WM are influenced by different kinds of concurrent tasks.", "\n\nConclusions {#sec018}\n===========\n\nOur study provides new insights into WM-related brain activity. ", "We show a greater role of perceptual brain systems for encoding processes, and a fronto-parietal attentional network for retrieval processes. ", "More critically, we show that a concurrent task during maintenance in WM produced distinct activations not only during the concurrent task itself, but also during subsequent retrieval. ", "We conclude that the specific demands of the concurrent task affect the way memory items are maintained in WM, selective verbal interference resulting in greater reliance on visual cortex for retrieval, whereas visual interference leaves verbal systems of maintenance unaffected, hence resulting in the involvement of language-related areas in left temporal cortex for retrieval. ", "These data accord with WM models postulating differentiated cognitive processes, with distinct neural substrates, according to the concurrent material interfering in verbal WM \\[[@pone.0179959.ref059], [@pone.0179959.ref076], [@pone.0179959.ref077]\\]. ", "In addition we show that these activation patterns are robust across different ages and different WM capacities. ", "More generally, our work validates a new WM paradigm derived from the Brown-Peterson task allowing us to probe for the neural correlates of different WM processes. ", "Because the difficulty of the task was adapted to each participant and results were stable across age, this fMRI paradigm may be usefully applied in developmental populations with a wide age range and also feasible in clinical paediatric population (e.g., populations with mild intellectual difficulties).", "\n\nThis study was supported by Victorian Government's Operational Infrastructure Support Program, the Murdoch Childrens Research Institute. ", "VS was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation Doc.", "CH scholarship. ", "VA was supported by Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Senior Practitioner Fellowship. ", "We gratefully thank the families who participated in this study.", "\n\n[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.", "\n\n[^2]: **Conceptualization:** VS PB MSS VA PV.**Data curation:** VS MSS.**Formal analysis:** VS MSS PV MV.**Funding acquisition:** VS PB MSS VA VP.**Investigation:** VS PB MSS VA PV.**Methodology:** VS PB MSS VA PV.**Project administration:** VS PB MSS VA PV.**Resources:** VS PB MSS VA PV.**Software:** PB PV.**Supervision:** PB MSS VA PV VM.**Validation:** PB MSS VA PV MV.**Visualization:** VS PV.**Writing -- original draft:** VS.**Writing -- review & editing:** VS MSS VA PV MV.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Diabody Pretargeting with Click Chemistry In Vivo.", "\nRadioimmunotherapy and nuclear imaging (immuno-PET/SPECT) of cancer with radiometal-labeled antibody fragments or peptides is hampered by low tumor-to-kidney ratios because of high renal radiometal retention. ", "Therefore, we developed and evaluated a pretargeting strategy using click chemistry in vivo to reduce kidney uptake and avoid unwanted radiation toxicity. ", "We focused on the bioorthogonal reaction between a trans-cyclooctene (TCO)-functionalized TAG72 targeting diabody, AVP04-07, and a low-molecular-weight radiolabeled tetrazine probe that was previously shown to have low kidney retention and relatively fast renal clearance. ", "AVP04-07 diabodies were functionalized with TCO tags, and in vitro immunoreactivity toward bovine submaxillary mucin and tetrazine reactivity were assessed. ", "Next, pretargeting biodistribution studies were performed in LS174T tumor-bearing mice with AVP04-07-TCO(n) (where n indicates the number of TCO groups per diabody) and radiolabeled tetrazine to optimize the TCO modification grade (0, 1.8, or 4.7 TCO groups per diabody) and the (177)Lu-tetrazine dose (0.1, 1.0, or 10 Eq with respect to the diabody). ", "Radiolabeled tetrazine was injected at 47 h after diabody injection, and mice were euthanized 3 h later. ", "A pretargeting SPECT/CT study with (111)In-tetrazine was performed with the optimized conditions. ", "Immunoreactivity for native AVP04-07 was similar to that for TCO-functionalized AVP04-07, and the latter reacted efficiently with radiolabeled tetrazine in vitro. ", "The combination of the pretargeting component AVP04-07 functionalized with 4.7 TCO groups and 1 Eq of (177)Lu-tetrazine with respect to the diabody showed the most promising biodistribution. ", "Specifically, high (177)Lu-tetrazine tumor uptake (6.9 percentage injected dose/g) was observed with low renal retention, yielding a tumor-to-kidney ratio of 5.7. ", "SPECT/CT imaging confirmed the predominant accumulation of radiolabeled tetrazine in the tumor and low nontumor retention. ", "Pretargeting provides an alternative radioimmunotherapy and nuclear imaging strategy by overcoming the high renal retention of low-molecular-weight radiometal tumor-homing agents through the separate administration of a tumor-homing agent and a radioactive probe with fast clearance." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "In the search for new anticancer drugs. ", "XXIII: Exploration of a predictive design for anticancer drugs of carbohydrates containing N-nitrosochloroethylamino, N-nitrosomethyl, and N-nitrosoaminoxyl components.", "\nThe spin-labeled glucose nitrosoureas 13-16, streptozotocin (18), chlorozotocin (31), streptozotocin analogues of galactosyl 24 and mannosyl 28, and their tetra-O-acetyl derivatives 25 and 29, MCNU (Cymerin, 34), and glucamine (21) were synthesized and evaluated in vivo for their anticancer activities against the murine lymphocytic leukemia P388. ", "Compounds 13-16, 18, 24, 28, 31, and 34 possessed activities ranging from 33 to 603% increase in life span (%ILS), whereas 21, 25, and 29 were inactive (%ILS = 9 to 10). ", "All CD2F1 male mice treated with the most active compounds (13, 14, and 34) at 20 mg/kg were alive after 30 days, whereas all mice treated with the clinical drug streptozotocin (18) and clinically tested chlorozotocin (31) succumbed. ", "Compounds 13-16, 18, 31, and 34 were further evaluated for their antineoplastic activity against lymphoid leukemia L1210. ", "Compounds 13 and 34 on day 60 exhibited %ILS values of 557 and 713, respectively, as compared with %ILS values of 646 and 713 for CCNU (1) and the spin-labeled SLCNU (3), respectively. ", "The lipophilicities of 13-16, 18, 21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, and 34 were determined using EPR and/or UV methods. ", "A predictive design pattern was observed, with the most active drug (34) possessing some hydrophobic property (log P = 1.24), followed by 13 (log P = 1.87) and 14 (log P = 1.81) as the more active drugs with higher hydrophobicity than 34. ", "The clinical drugs streptozotocin (18) and chlorozotocin (31) were distinctly hydrophilic and less active. ", "Finally, it was concluded that various scattered results of anticancer activity in the literature can be explained by a linear correlation of activities with lipophilicities." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Epule River Tours\n\nLynda Epule Tour ProjectTravel in an outrigger canoe, under the bridge and down the river until you reach Epule Village. ", "Here you are welcomed ashore and treated to kastom dancing from the Shepherd Islands. ", "The tour ends with refreshments of fresh fruits and vegetables cooked island-style. ", "Duration approximately one hour.", "Contact: Daniel KalmairePhone: (+678) 731 9776 or 598 9838\n\n​Valeawia Canoe TourJack does a very personalised Epule River tour. ", "Both his traditional dress and outrigger canoe make you feel as though you’re adventuring in a different world.​Contact: Jack WilliePhone: (+678) 591 6398" ]

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[ "\n17 Mich. App. ", "351 (1969)\n169 N.W.2d 515\nPEOPLE\nv.\nSMILEY\nDocket No. ", "4,595.", "\nMichigan Court of Appeals.", "\nDecided May 26, 1969.", "\nFrank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, Robert F. Leonard, Prosecuting Attorney, and Earle S. Clark, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.", "\nHarry S. Sherwin, for defendant.", "\nBEFORE: LESINSKI, C.J., and QUINN and DANHOF, JJ.", "\nPER CURIAM:\nDefendant Donald Smiley was charged with sodomy[*] together with Chester Green *352 and Hosea Chappell. ", "Green and Chappell were convicted by jury verdict and sentenced. ", "Their convictions and sentences were affirmed by this Court on appeal in People v. Green (1968), 14 Mich App 250. ", "Defendant waived jury trial and was convicted by the judge. ", "His appeal raises 4 issues for appellate review, 3 of which are identical to issues raised in Green, supra. ", "Green is dispositive of each of these 3 issues.", "\nThe remaining issue raised by defendant relates to the failure of the trial judge to give a timely jury instruction. ", "This issue, however, has no applicability, as this was a nonjury trial.", "\nAffirmed.", "\nNOTES\n[*] CL 1948, § 750.158 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 28.355).", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Snow is one of the most fun parts of the holiday's (well, until you need to go anywhere). ", "Snow fall, snow flakes, snow men, snow angels - snow anything!", "\n\nWeek 1: Snow - Winner & Top 5\n\nIf you haven't registered but would like to participate please register here and we'll add you to the list (for this week people can vote for you under \"other\")." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Q:\n\nLaravel resource give extra parameter to route\n\nI'm trying to access function in controller using wild cards in route through get call.", "\nThe route is defined on this way:\nRoute::get('/somefunc/{alias1}/{alias2}', 'uses'=>'MyController@myfunction']);\n\nThe route link I'm trying to access is defined here:\n<a href=\"{{'somefunc/somealiashere/'.$item->id }}\" class=\"btn btn-primary\">{{ __('Click') }}</a>\n\nBut when I click on the link it gives me extra parameter in the route:\nitems/somefunc/somealiashere/1 \n\nbecause of the previous resource define in the web.php.", "\nHow to skip that 'items' parameter in the route.", "\nThank you.", "\n\nA:\n\nTry to use url()\n<a href=\"{{ url('somefunc/somealiashere/'.$item->id) }}\" class=\"btn btn-primary\">{{ __('Click') }}</a>\n\nAnother way I recommend you is give name route.", "\nRoute::get('/somefunc/{alias1}/{alias2}', 'uses'=>'MyController@myfunction'])->name('somefunc');\n\nand call it below.", "\n<a href=\"{{ route('somefunc',['alias1'=>'somealiashere','alias2'=>$item->id]) }}\" class=\"btn btn-primary\">{{ __('Click') }}</a>\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Microsoft's Xbox One is in a bit of an awkward spot. ", "On the one hand, Sony's PlayStation 4 is substantially outselling it and has clearly won the hearts of gamers everywhere. ", "On the other hand, built as a games machine it's too expensive to take on the plethora of streaming media systems from the likes of Apple and Roku.", "\n\nBut the unique opportunity forced on console companies by the combination of 4K video and virtual reality gives Microsoft the opportunity to solve both of these problems not just now, but forever. ", "By treating its console a bit more like a PC, the company could offer not just the high-end gaming machine that console fans crave, but also a $150 system able to go head-to-head with the Apple TV and every other gadget that's trying to turn the TV into an app platform.", "\n\nFrom the moment of its first unveiling, it was clear that Microsoft wanted the Xbox One to be all things to all people. ", "It had games, of course, but it was not merely a gaming system. ", "Microsoft positioned it as an all-in-one entertainment system, with games, music, and movies all as core features. ", "Official TV tuner accessories have been added, along with limited DVR-like capabilities. ", "This summer it will be extended further still, with the Xbox One adding apps built for the Universal Windows Platform.", "\n\nThe problem for Microsoft is that all of this has meant that the Xbox One is neither one thing nor the other. ", "The Xbox One can do many things, but if your interest is solely gaming, then the PlayStation 4 is arguably the better platform: it has a more powerful GPU, and initially at least it was meaningfully cheaper, because it didn't include any counterpart to the expensive Kinect accessory. ", "If your interest is streaming media and light applications, the Apple TV and any number of similar streaming boxes are substantially cheaper. ", "The Xbox One also has some gaps in this regard; HBO Now, for example, is available on the Roku and the Apple TV, along with various Android devices, but it isn't found on Microsoft's system. ", "The Xbox One has an excellent TV user interface but is limited to half an hour of-time shifting and lacks a really good system for recording cable in the US. ", "Dedicated DVR boxes do the job better.", "\n\nIn the summer update the Xbox One will also gain access to Microsoft's Cortana digital assistant, but even if this is what you're after, the Amazon Echo is a cheaper way of achieving the same thing, as is the current generation Apple TV with its microphone-equipped Siri-supporting remote.", "\n\nThe Xbox One is a solid choice if you want something to fill one or many of these roles, but this multipurpose nature leaves it mastering no one task.", "\n\nSecond best\n\nThe area in which this has been most painful is clearly gaming. ", "Sony's gaming machine was cheaper and more powerful and accordingly has outsold the Microsoft system by about two to one, with gamers showing that they have relatively little brand loyalty, but a fair degree of price—and performance—sensitivity. ", "But the fact that Microsoft did have a considerable interest in gaming means that in turn the Xbox One is far too expensive when compared to a wide range of HDMI sticks and set-top boxes. ", "The system is at once too much and not enough.", "\n\nTraditionally, this might be a big problem. ", "Consoles have fixed hardware—various attempts in the past to produce performance-enhancing accessories have been largely unsuccessful—giving companies little ability to improve the core capabilities of a system part way through its lifetime. ", "But there are indications that this generation might be different. ", "Fortunately for Microsoft, although the PlayStation 4 is a more powerful machine, the fact is that both the Sony box and the Microsoft one are relatively underpowered. ", "Neither can reliably manage a sustained 60 fps at 1080p for highly detailed games. ", "That's unfortunate enough for current gaming standards, and with both 4K and virtual reality (VR) poised to grow, their hardware looks even more anemic.", "\n\nWithout a massive reduction in graphical complexity, 4K gaming is clearly beyond the reach of both systems. ", "They struggle at 1080p; pushing four times as many pixels is going to be beyond them. ", "Virtual reality is also a graphical challenge. ", "In conventional gaming on a monitor or TV, it's acceptable, albeit undesirable, to drop from 60 to 30 frames per second if a scene is too taxing for the GPU. ", "This is unacceptable in VR, where frame rate and responsiveness to input are much more important. ", "We know that the PSVR is capable of supporting VR, but it cannot do so while offering the kind of graphical complexity found in regular, non-VR gaming; the burden this would place on the GPU is simply too high. ", "Microsoft hasn't yet announced any VR platform, but it too would suffer a graphical shortfall.", "\n\nAddressing this demand leaves both companies in need of a rather earlier hardware refresh than might otherwise be expected, and this in turn gives Microsoft the ability to fix its performance shortcoming. ", "There's already extensive speculation that Sony is going to offer a mid-life revision to the PlayStation 4 hardware—and there are now signs that Microsoft is planning the same.", "\n\nBut quite what this new hardware might be at the moment isn't clear; it could be a minor refinement of the current system, perhaps to make it smaller or add 802.11ac; it could be a version that cuts the optical drive in favor of downloads only, it could be a system with an upgraded CPU and GPU similar to Sony's rumored efforts—the options are many and varied. ", "The only thing we know is that Xbox chief Phil Spencer has said that he feels that any upgrade should \"move forward in big numbers\" and retain backward compatibility so that gamers can keep their library of games for many years, or even decades.", "\n\nA big hardware upgrade, to keep up with or even surpass Sony's upgrade, would be great for gamers and would go a long way toward addressing the Xbox One's biggest weakness as a games machine. ", "But this would come at a cost: games machines can't be cheap (there's simply no way to do effective 4K or VR on cheap hardware) which would make the Xbox much less competitive as a streaming media system, a TV app platform, a DVR, or a ubiquitous digital personal assistant. ", "Given the investment made in these areas, and the signs that they're areas that appear to be growing in importance, this is a high price to pay.", "\n\nA solved problem\n\nBut the good news for Microsoft is that it's already experienced with a market where machines can have a range of different purposes at a range of different price points, because that's how the PC market works. ", "PCs aren't sold on a one-size-fits-all basis the way consoles are; there are lots of them, at a whole range of different price points. ", "Microsoft could, and should, bring this sensibility to the Xbox.", "\n\nThis means not just a high-end system with stronger performance, though it does mean that, among other things. ", "Microsoft needs a system that can go toe-to-toe with whatever Sony puts on the market, as a bare minimum, with a faster GPU and perhaps a faster CPU and upgrade to 802.11ac, too. ", "This system would need to keep its optical media to provide easy access to existing Xbox One and even Xbox 360 games (it might even justify an upgrade to support UHD 4K Blu-ray discs), along with abundant internal storage to install games. ", "Calling it \"Xbox 10\" would make sense, given Microsoft's Windows 10 push.", "\n\nIt also means a system costing $200 at most, better $150, that can run UWP apps, Cortana, and play streaming media. ", "Such a system should be a close sibling to the Xbox—Microsoft's current TV interface is attractive and effective, albeit a little slower than some people would like—but should omit one key Xbox feature: the ability to play \"real\" Xbox games. ", "Ditching this requirement means that Microsoft can remove some components, such as the Blu-ray drive and large hard disk (using a smaller amount of flash storage instead), and use a cheaper, slower system-on-chip with less RAM.", "\n\nSuch a machine would be able to go head-to-head with the Apple TV, Amazon Echo, Roku, and so many other similar gadgets. ", "It would still be pricier than the Chromecast and other ultra-cheap HDMI sticks but would offer capabilities to justify this extra expense. ", "Such a system wouldn't be devoid of gaming entirely, as some UWP games will be developed. ", "It would also be well-equipped to handle streaming from a \"full\" Xbox, or even a Windows 10 PC.", "\n\nLonger term, Microsoft should be bolder still. ", "No console sold this year, or even next, will be a good system for 4K or VR. ", "Just as today's consoles are technically capable of 1080p60 but struggle to maintain it in real games, any plausible 2016 system will be similarly unable to sustain 4K. It's inevitable that the requirements needed for high-quality VR will continue to evolve. ", "If either or both of these things catch on in a big way, they'll leave the consoles looking old and tired almost overnight. ", "Microsoft and Sony simply aren't willing to subsidize the hardware at massive cost to them the way they were for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 generation. ", "The baseline for a high-end VR experience right now requires a $200 discrete GPU minimum (both the Oculus Rift and the HTC Vive demand an Nvidia GeForce GTX 970 or better), with 4K easily doubling that, and that doesn't fly in a console costing $300 to $400.", "\n\nFuture innovations driven by VR—untethered headsets, different systems for positional tracking, eye tracking, novel input systems—will similarly put new demands on hardware. ", "This means that even if both companies do offer an upgrade this year, the pressure will be on for them to do the same in another 2 to 3 years to keep pace with that VR's evolution and the state of the art in the PC space.", "\n\nWhy not make the Xbox into an app?", "\n\nIn the past, refreshing consoles this regularly would be a big problem because each new generation was incompatible with the previous one. ", "But that's no longer so likely to be the case; today's consoles are more or less specialized PCs, and in all likelihood, tomorrow's consoles will also be PCs. ", "In this world, new consoles can be faster and better than old ones, but they can run all the same games. ", "Just as on the PC, running a new game on the previous iteration might mean a reduction in graphics quality, but it should still be fundamentally the same game. ", "It becomes practical to update consoles to allow them to keep pace with the trends and preferences among gamers and accommodate growing technical demands without forcing anyone to rush out and buy new hardware every few years.", "\n\nMicrosoft could build this hardware itself, but if these are PCs, even that aspect could be made more PC-like: set performance and reliability standards and then let third parties build the boxes. ", "When Valve first introduced its Steam Machine concept, it looked as if it would define a range of performance tiers that systems and games alike could target, ranging from a steaming secondary machine up to a high-end gaming powerhouse, though ultimately the company has backed away from this plan. ", "It nonetheless feels like an approach that Microsoft could use for the Xbox. ", "Rather than have the Xbox be a special-purpose console, make it a PC that boots into the Xbox interface.", "\n\nWhile there would be some work required to put the Xbox dashboard onto a PC (though it'd probably make a lot of people very happy if Microsoft did—it'd form a great basis for a replacement for the beloved Windows Media Center), with the increasing unification of Microsoft's platforms, it shouldn't be insurmountable. ", "There would need to be some kind of validation for drivers and games alike to ensure they have console-like reliability, too (though console-like reliability ain't what it used to be in these days of day one patches).", "\n\nDo this, and Microsoft will have a games platform that can keep pace with the best of PC gaming, hit price points all the way from Amazon Echo through to PlayStation 3, and strengthen the value of both Windows and Xbox together." ]

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[ "<?", "php\n// This file is part of Moodle - http://moodle.org/\n//\n// Moodle is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\n// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by\n// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or\n// (at your option) any later version.", "\n//\n// Moodle is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the\n// GNU General Public License for more details.", "\n//\n// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License\n// along with Moodle. ", " If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.", "\n\n/**\n * Social breadth indicator - page.", "\n *\n * @package mod_page\n * @copyright 2017 David Monllao {@link http://www.davidmonllao.com}\n * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later\n */\n\nnamespace mod_page\\analytics\\indicator;\n\ndefined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();\n\n/**\n * Social breadth indicator - page.", "\n *\n * @package mod_page\n * @copyright 2017 David Monllao {@link http://www.davidmonllao.com}\n * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later\n */\nclass social_breadth extends activity_base {\n\n /**\n * Returns the name.", "\n *\n * If there is a corresponding '_help' string this will be shown as well.", "\n *\n * @return \\lang_string\n */\n public static function get_name() : \\lang_string {\n return new \\lang_string('indicator:socialbreadth', 'mod_page');\n }\n\n public function get_indicator_type() {\n return self::INDICATOR_SOCIAL;\n }\n\n public function get_social_breadth_level(\\cm_info $cm) {\n return self::SOCIAL_LEVEL_1;\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nC: What is a/example of a buffer underflow?", "\n\nI know what a buffer overflow is. ", "I have no idea however what a buffer underflow is.", "\nI am guessing it is when a specific buffer receives instead of an overflow of bytes, an underflow of bytes.", "\nchar buffer[8];\nfgets(buffer, sizeof(buffer), stdin);\n\nThe above would give no error.", "\nchar buffer_overflow[8];\nfgets(buffer_overflow, 16, stdin);\n\nThe above would result in a buffer overflow if the user input was, for example \"deutschland\".", "\nCould I get an example in code, what a buffer underflow is?", "\n\nA:\n\nA buffer underflow does not relate directly to a buffer overflow. ", "However, buffer underflows can be an issue with e.g. ring buffers.", "\nConsider for example audio playback: your audio buffer is probably a ring buffer somewhere in kernel memory. ", "If you write data slower than the audio driver/hardware reads from the buffer, the buffer becomes empty (\"underflows\"), leading to stuttering audio. ", "Similar issues exist for other kinds of real-time data processing and media playback, too.", "\nThus a buffer underflow is often not a fault condition per se (unlike a buffer overflow, which usually causes programs to perform undefined, unwanted behaviour like termination, executing some unwanted code and so on).", "\n\nA:\n\nI have occasionally heard the term be used to refer to erroneously reading ahead of the beginning of a buffer. ", " I don't know whether this usage of the word is “correct”.", "\nAs an example, consider this flawed implementation of a stack.", "\nstruct fixed_size_stack\n{\n int top;\n int data[128];\n};\n\nint\nfixed_size_stack_pop(struct fixed_size_stack * this)\n{\n return this->data[--(this->top)];\n}\n\nThe missing check for if (this->top > 0) will cause the function to read over the lower bound of the array if a pop from an already empty stack is requested.", "\n\n" ]

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