Datasets:

tomekkorbak

/

pii-pile-chunk3-1100000-1150000

like 0

[ "Thermoplastic compounds, unlike wood, metal, or glass, do not rot, rust, or shatter. ", "For that reason, the world in the past seventy years has seen a revolution in material science arising from the combination of a thermoplastic resin and one or more functional additives to provide specific properties to the resin.", "\nUnlike wood but like metal and glass, at a given temperature, a thermoplastic resin can melt. ", "Its processing versatility benefits from its capacity to mix with the functional additives while in a molten state.", "\nBut in use, the exposure of a fully formed thermoplastic article to excessive heat or flame can be quite detrimental to property and person. ", "Flame retardancy is a key attribute for many household items, for example hair dryers, curtains and drapes, water heaters and kitchen appliances. ", "In addition, materials that are non-flammable and non-combustible are critical for many applications in industries, such as electronics, telecommunications, and transportation. ", "Therefore, flame retardants, drip suppressants, mineral fillers, and char formers are frequently added as functional additives to help thermoplastic compounds retard the effects of heat or flame from melting or even burning.", "\nRecently non-halogenated flame retardants have become popular because they minimize the release of halogenated chemicals if the plastic article would begin to degrade, melt, or burn. ", "However, polymer blends using non-halogenated flame retardants are often more difficult to process and have reduced physical and mechanical properties when compared to the original thermoplastic resin." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Here's an afternoon bombshell courtesy Atlus: Four new Persona games are coming to North America over the next two years, including the game we've all been waiting years to play: Persona 5.", "\n\n\nPersona 5 will be out in 2015 for PS3—yes, PS3!—as will a Vita spinoff called Persona 4: Dancing All Night. ", "Both the dungeon-crawler Persona Q (3DS) and the fighting game Persona 4 Arena Ultimax (PS3/Xbox 360) will be out this fall.", "\n\nLet's break it down, with trailers and full descriptions courtesy Atlus:\n\nPersona 5 (2015):\n\nThis is it. ", "The big one. ", "The latest true continuation of the award-winning Persona series will make its debut in North America on the PlayStation 3 in 2015.", "\n\nPersona Q: Shadow of the Labyrinth (Fall 2014):\n\nYou got Persona in my Etrian! ", "You got Etrian in my Persona! ", "Well, you're right on both counts. ", "Persona Q is a cross-over for the Nintendo 3DS™ system that brings Persona 3 and 4 characters to the gameplay style of Etrian Odyssey. ", "It also marks the first time the Persona franchise will be available on a Nintendo system. ", "Characters from Persona 3 and 4 have been given a complete visual overhaul to match the Etrian style and plunged into an alternate world resembling Yasogami High School. ", "Legend has it that listening to the end of the bell chimes of Yasogami High's clock tower causes people to die, and this time the bell tolls for the Investigation Team and the SEES. ", "Trapped in an other-world filled with Shadows, the protagonists from Persona 3 and Persona 4 each have different events to follow, allowing the player to choose and experience two different plotlines. ", "As both groups seek a way out of the labyrinth, they will run in to two new characters, Rei and Zen, who may hold the secret to this new mystery.", "\n\nPersona 4 Arena Ultimax (Fall 2014):\n\nArc System Works is bringing the sequel to the award-winning tournament fighter Persona 4 Arena to the PlayStation®3 computer entertainment system and Xbox 360® in 2014! ", "A few days after the P-1 Grand Prix concludes in the first Arenatitle, the city of Inaba gets enveloped in a thick red fog and Mitsuru, Akihiko, Fuuka, and Aigis are shown as prisoners on the MidnightChannel. ", "The Investigation Team from Persona 4 and former SEES from Persona 3 must once again fight to their limits in the new P-1 Climax tournament to rescue them and finally uncover the true culprit behind the deadly tournaments. ", "Persona 4 Arena Ultimax will improve on the award-winning fighting game formula with battle-altering 1-hit special attacks and new characters, including Yukari Takeba and Junpei Iori from Persona 3 and a brand new character, Sho Minazuki. ", "Not a lot is known about Sho other than his goofy nature and being an unstoppable force in both puns and combat. ", "Two swords, two scars on his face, red hair and red mist in Inaba? ", "Surely it can't be coincidence that he's standing in the way of the Investigation Team. ", "And to make matters worse, it seems he can control a Persona...\n\n\nPersona 4: Dancing All Night (2015):\n\nFunky Student isn't funky enough to bust a move with Rise and the rest of the Persona 4 crew in Persona 4: Dancing All Night for the PlayStation®Vita handheld entertainment system. ", "The summer following the events in Persona 4sees Rise return to Inaba after spending the summer back in her old life as an idol. ", "After hearing rumors about the Midnight Stage, she checks a certain website at midnight and sees a mysterious movie clip and, you guessed it, winds up on the \"other side.\" ", "Worse yet, she finds out her junior idol peers from the group Kanamin Kitchen are missing as well. ", "She has no choice but to send an SOS to the Investigation Team to help rescue the missing idols. ", "Not even Riddle-senpai could have seen this twist coming: Normal battle tactics don't work against the Shadows on the Midnight Stage, but dancing does! ", "Rise, the Protagonist, and the rest of the Investigation Team will have to dance their way to victory. ", "30 pulse-thumping tracks make up the new Persona Sound in this rhythm-based action game. ", "P4DAN is made in collaboration with Dingo Inc., the company behind Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA (PlayStation®Portable).", "\n\nSadly, we still know very little about Persona 5, but at least now we know for sure it's coming here. ", "Let the countdown begin." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.010582010582010581, 0.02702702702702703, 0.016129032258064516, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0.024691358024691357, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0.02962962962962963, 0.02197802197802198, 0.0058823529411764705, 0.016483516483516484, 0.004975124378109453, 0.006896551724137931, 0.009523809523809525, 0.014354066985645933, 0.017937219730941704, 0.012552301255230125, 0, 0, 0.011363636363636364, 0.014035087719298246, 0.007751937984496124, 0, 0, 0.020618556701030927, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0.011235955056179775, 0.02564102564102564, 0.009615384615384616, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nTell Flask Which Virtual Environment To Use\n\nI'm trying to setup flask on an Amazon EC2 instance.", "\nI want to run flask with python 3.5 from an installed virtual environment.", "\nHowever when I run flask it is using the ubuntu python 2.7 installation.", "\nHow do I tell flask to use the virtual environment python installation?", "\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nIf you're running this from the CLI during development, you should already have python 3.5 on your server. ", "If not then run sudo apt-get install python3. ", "To run the app:\npython3 app.py\nHowever, since you are asking about virtualenv--which using is very good practice--you could create a new environment specifying the path of python3, as stated here. ", "If you don't know the path, run which python3. ", "For my computer, running Ubuntu 16.04:\nvirtualenv -p /usr/bin/python3 <path/to/new/virtualenv/>\nThen:\nsource <env_name>/bin/activate\nNow, this is not a very good setup even for dev and would be absolutely terrible for production. ", "I would suggest using uWSGI and NGINX to serve your app. ", "You can specify your virtualenv path in your uWSGI config--I would suggest using a .ini file. ", "Here is a very good Digital Ocean tutorial that I used to get started. ", "It won't teach you everything, but it should put you on the right path. ", "There's a lot of resources for this configuration online, so you should be able to solve any problems you run into.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0.004347826086956522, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "cthia wrote:Can Thomas Bachfish be pardoned? ", "Why can't he be rehabilitated? ", "It's different across the galaxy with Alfredo and Co., with Haven. ", "But Bachfish's slate should have been cleared by now. ", "He certainly earned it. ", "If what is good for the goose is good for the gander, then what's good for Jaruwalski is good for the 'fish. ", "Heck, Jaruwalski's crime was close to Alfredo's than Bachfish's.", "\n\nDon, thanks. ", "But you are simply being kind. ", "Thanks for the kindness. ", "But the original list sucks. ", "I wasn't trying to be exhaustive. ", "I knew I was forgetting quite a few. ", "Probably several that I failed to even realize moved within Honor's RSVP sphere.", "\n\nHe really wasn't \"convicted.\" ", "The board decided to beach him and put him on half pay. ", "As for rehabilitating him, he seems to have dropped off the radar of everybody but ONI. ", "Then, too, he didn't stick around the Star Kingdom. ", "He went back to Silesia where he managed to get himself set up with some merchant ships/Q ships and was doing good work against pirates. ", "Except for Givens using him as a contact in her intel networks and apparently helping him acquire one of his Q Ships from the Andies, he doesn't have a lot of contact with the navy. ", "At least part of that seems to have been a matter of choice. ", "He was a proud man wanting to make his mark and that was how he went about it.", "\n\nDon\n\n-\n\nWhen any group seeks political power in God's name, both religion and politics are instantly corrupted.", "\n\nNow that you mentioned it, didn't he give reasons for refusing something akin to not wanting Honor to risk tainting her own career, sticking her nose out for him? ", "Which she would have done gladly.", "\n\nSon, your mother says I have to hang you. ", "Personally I don't think this is a capital offense. ", "But if I don't hang you, she's gonna hang me and frankly, I'm not the one in trouble.—cthia's father. ", "Incident in ?", "Axiom of Common Sense\n\nAnnachie wrote:It wouldn't suprise me to find that a large part of him being unrehabilitated was because of the spying he was doing in Silesia.", "\n\nAnd that he's been left \"on the beach\" to let him still \"trade\" into the Andi side.", "\n\nWhat a wonderful way to look at it. ", "Probably more than a bit of truth in it as well. ", "Considering the advantages of prolong that we mere mortals can never grasp, there are several lifetimes of chances for a career in the Honorverse. ", "At least there's time to salvage at least one of Bachfish's.", "\n\nI'm sure he's proud to do his part in Silesia and whatever else come what may. ", "But at the end of the day, I'd assume he'd love to die in a Queen's uniform. ", "When the time is right.", "\n\nSon, your mother says I have to hang you. ", "Personally I don't think this is a capital offense. ", "But if I don't hang you, she's gonna hang me and frankly, I'm not the one in trouble.—cthia's father. ", "Incident in ?", "Axiom of Common Sense\n\nAnnachie wrote:It wouldn't suprise me to find that a large part of him being unrehabilitated was because of the spying he was doing in Silesia.", "\n\nAnd that he's been left \"on the beach\" to let him still \"trade\" into the Andi side.", "\n\nTo lend to that, while on 1/2 pay, he continued to gain rank, and was a Admiral (Probably Rear) at the time of WoH.\n\nGiven his thoughts at the time about the RMN internal political issues and problems with privilege, what happened to him most likely left a sour taste in his mouth, even though he too believed he earned his fate (he had been suckered into close combat with a superior opponent, and only the actions of a midshipwoman saved his ship. ", "Without her actions, HE would have lost the ship).", "\n\nThe shakeup of 3 wars and several major scandals have winnowed the ranks (and power) of the political officers severely, and the effects of officers like Courvoisier and Harrington at Saganami Island, setting the mold for future officers, has made the RMN a different place than it was 50 years earlier. ", "Given the current climate, if the Queen asked him for his assistance in Silesia, I doubt if he would refuse.", "\n\n******RFC said \"refitting a Beowulfan SD to Manticoran standards would be just as difficult as refitting a standard SLN SD to those standards. ", "In other words, it would be cheaper and faster to build new ships.\"", "\n\nYou would have to get him to agree to be \"rehabilitated\" (a pardon is not applicable because he didn't commit a crime.)", "\n\nHonor offered to get him back on full pay and he refused.", "\n\nHow exactly does the beaching thing work? ", "Does beaching automatically denote half pay?", "\n\nIf what Honor offered is to get Bachfish back on full pay, was she also offering to get him reprieved? ", "Or can full pay accompany being beached?", "\n\nAnd about this not being \"convicted.\" ", "So yes, he wasn't convicted of a statutory crime of the legal system. ", "But he certainly transgressed military acceptance, which makes him guilty of something in the eyes of the military. ", "And he can be pardoned for those transgressions.", "\n\nAm I correct that in the entire history of the RMN, Pavel Young is the only officer dishonorably discharged? ", "As far as the readers know.", "\n\nSon, your mother says I have to hang you. ", "Personally I don't think this is a capital offense. ", "But if I don't hang you, she's gonna hang me and frankly, I'm not the one in trouble.—cthia's father. ", "Incident in ?", "Axiom of Common Sense\n\nin theory I suppose you could be beached as in removed from ship command but still employed somewhere else, i.e. Vulcan or some other non ship duty but generally it seems to be used for those on half pay.", "\n\nhe failed to properly plan for the fight, and his ship only survived because of an exceptional snotty. ", "in wartime, he might just have gotten a reprimand and temp shore duty for a while as bad things happen in war and no-one can be prepaered for everything, but this was peacetime so he was relived. ", "I believe it was quietly made clear that he would never have another ship command and promotion and anything other then crap assignments would be VERY unlikely.", "\n\nbesides much like honor, master after god of you own ship is what just about every good officer dreams of and often mourns when promoted out of it.", "\n\nhlaf-pay does not affect time in grade when it comes to promotions, i think, yet it still took years to be promoted to full admiral (no mention of exactly how many, just that he was promoted \"some time ago\". ", "when we learn that though it was nearly 40 years after the incident, during that time we had the first peep war which had the SKM promoting fighting captains left & right. ", "I do believe he could have come back to service if he had really wanted to, but shame & the help he was being to ONI meant that he didn't try.", "\n\nin theory I suppose you could be beached as in removed from ship command but still employed somewhere else, i.e. Vulcan or some other non ship duty but generally it seems to be used for those on half pay.", "\n\nhe failed to properly plan for the fight, and his ship only survived because of an exceptional snotty. ", "in wartime, he might just have gotten a reprimand and temp shore duty for a while as bad things happen in war and no-one can be prepaered for everything, but this was peacetime so he was relived. ", "I believe it was quietly made clear that he would never have another ship command and promotion and anything other then crap assignments would be VERY unlikely.", "\n\nbesides much like honor, master after god of you own ship is what just about every good officer dreams of and often mourns when promoted out of it.", "\n\nhlaf-pay does not affect time in grade when it comes to promotions, i think, yet it still took years to be promoted to full admiral (no mention of exactly how many, just that he was promoted \"some time ago\". ", "when we learn that though it was nearly 40 years after the incident, during that time we had the first peep war which had the SKM promoting fighting captains left & right. ", "I do believe he could have come back to service if he had really wanted to, but shame & the help he was being to ONI meant that he didn't try.", "\n\nAfter you reach a certain point in your career, you can go on 1/2 pay (I don't remember but I believe it is Senior captain.) ", "After that point you can be placed there because of political reasons, or performance reasons, but it usually indicates that someone doesn't want you in command for some reason, but also doesn't have the proof against you to dismiss you for cause. ", "You continue to accrue seniority and receive time forced promotions, on top of your pay.", "\n\nHonor and White Haven went on half pay during WoH. White Haven was placed on 1/2 pay several times in his career, as the political winds changed, and Honor 2x. ", "So in the RMN, it's not necessarily a stigma. ", "Bachfitch was considered a well regarded, competent, senior Captain before the incident, but with no political connections. ", "He has them now, so I don't see why he wouldn't be accepted back into the RMN ranks, especially with the RMN's losses.", "\n\nIt probably started as a political weapon and a way to keep the politically connected idiots away from higher command.", "\n\n******RFC said \"refitting a Beowulfan SD to Manticoran standards would be just as difficult as refitting a standard SLN SD to those standards. ", "In other words, it would be cheaper and faster to build new ships.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0.03125, 0.06666666666666667, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0.011363636363636364, 0, 0, 0.005494505494505495, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0.0022123893805309734, 0, 0.006535947712418301, 0, 0.013793103448275862, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005813953488372093, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005813953488372093, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0.013793103448275862, 0 ]

[ "Main menu\n\nWeddings & Venue Hire\n\nHold an event to remember on the ship that changed the world. ", "The beautifully restored ship lies in the heart of Bristol’s harbourside, and offers some of the most spectacular views in the region.", "\n\nWith versatile spaces both above and below deck, Brunel’s SS Great Britain is the perfect venue to hire for your wedding, corporate event, gala dinner or drinks reception. ", "In addition, holding your event with us means you are also supporting us as a charity." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.010416666666666666, 0.007462686567164179, 0.005747126436781609, 0 ]

[ "See attached reports\n \nLoss/Limit Notifications:\n \nNone" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Enron Emails" }

[ 0 ]

[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe invention relates to a digital to time converter, and more particularly to a digital to time converter with high resolution and linearity.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nIn the recent years, Automatic Test Equipments (ATEs) have been generally used as a measurement instrument for measuring the operation timing of Integrated Circuits (ICs). ", "Compared with manual measurement, ATEs test ICs more efficiently and accurately. ", "Among them, the built-in self-test (BIST) becomes the main stream of ATEs due to its low cost. ", "A digital input front-end is the most important module of ATEs. ", "A major component of the digital input front-end module is the Digital-to-Time Converter, or so-called Digital Pulse Generator, which generates a timing signal with a width proportional to the value of a digital control words. ", "The timing signal is passed to the device under test (DUT) through a test channel and the measurement results are further compared to the results pre-stored in the internal memory of the ATE to determine whether the DUT is able to function properly within the predetermined timing delay and whether the output of the DUT is as expected.", "\nHowever, the performance of conventional digital-to-time converters is easily affected by process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations. ", "Thus, the linearity of conventional digital-to-time converters is poor, and the corresponding accuracy is not satisfactory. ", "Based on high speed and high resolution requirements, some digital-to-time converters are improved to achieve high performance conversion ate the expense of high power consumption, large chip area and high fabrication cost. ", "Thus, a novel digital-to-time converter with low fabrication costs high resolution, high linearity, low power consumption and low sensitivity to PVT variations is needed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.009852216748768473, 0, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0.00881057268722467, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Two former Parramatta Eels players are accused of harbouring semi-automatic weapons and possessing more than half-a-million dollars in cash after dramatic arrests in Sydney's Centennial Park yesterday.", "\n\nGovt workers in decline even before budget\n\nMore than most, commonwealth public servants are anxiously awaiting the May budget.", "\n\nFor some it might mean the end of their jobs.", "\n\nNew figures suggest that many already may have cleared their desks faced with the prospect of a coalition government that was swept to power in September on a ticket of cutting spending and slashing public service numbers.", "\n\nThe Australian Public Service Commission says there were 163,716 employed in the public service as of December 2013.", "\n\nThat's 1594 fewer than a year earlier, or a one per cent decline.", "\n\nHowever, between June and and December the pace of decline was even greater.", "\n\nAs of June 2013 the number of people employed was 167,071, 3355 or two per cent more than were on the books six months later.", "\n\nRelated Articles\n\nDuring that time the number of people in permanent public service employment fell by 1.4 per cent to 150,119, while those on a contract or engaged in temporary employment dropped by 8.6 per cent to 13,597." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.004975124378109453, 0, 0, 0, 0.00847457627118644, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Tuesday, 10 May 2011\n\nViolent homophobia is rife in Uganda, where last year\none newspaper called for gays to be hanged\n\nA bill criminalising homosexuality, which caused international outrage when it was initially proposed in 2009, has resurfaced in the Ugandan parliament in recent days, and could become law as early as this week. ", "The bill initially included the death penalty for certain same-sex acts and, while that aspect has now been dropped, with the bill's author, David Bahati, saying it is \"something we have moved away from\", any version adopted this week is likely to include harsh prison sentences, with one pastor, Martin Ssempa, proposing seven-year terms for gay Ugandans.", "\n\nA Ugandan human rights organisation, the Civil Society Coalition on Human Rights and Constitutional Law, has called for the bill to be withdrawn, and has suggested (PDF) that its re-emergence may be intended to distract Ugandans from the government's recent suppression of opposition protests. ", "This is a view shared by the author of the Gay Uganda blog, who urges international readers to speak out against the anti-gay bill in the context of Uganda's wider human rights issues.", "\n\nThe Ugandan parliament's session ends this week, meaning there may not be time for the bill's supporters to secure its passage, but Frank Mugisha, director of the gay-rights group Sexual Minorities Uganda, told Associated Press he believes it will pass if it is deliberated in the next few days.", "\n\nAn online petition calling on the Ugandan president, Yoweri Museveni, to prevent the bill's passage has attracted more than 200,000 signatures from around the world. ", "There is still time to add your name.", "\n\nViolent homophobia is rife in Uganda, and the country has attracted international headlines on numerous occasions in recent years. ", "Evangelical churches, influenced, some believe, by the homophobic doctrines of religious leaders from the US, play a key role in propagating hatred in the country, alongside the media, which is notorious for its vehemently anti-gay stance. ", "Last year one newspaper published a list of 100 Ugandans, calling for them to be hanged for homosexuality, and in January of this year one of the men named, the leading gay rights activist David Kato, was beaten to death in his home in Kampala.", "\n\nViolent homophobia is rife in Uganda, where last year\none newspaper called for gays to be hanged\n\nA bill criminalising homosexuality, which caused international outrage when it was initially proposed in 2009, has resurfaced in the Ugandan parliament in recent days, and could become law as early as this week. ", "The bill initially included the death penalty for certain same-sex acts and, while that aspect has now been dropped, with the bill's author, David Bahati, saying it is \"something we have moved away from\", any version adopted this week is likely to include harsh prison sentences, with one pastor, Martin Ssempa, proposing seven-year terms for gay Ugandans.", "\n\nA Ugandan human rights organisation, the Civil Society Coalition on Human Rights and Constitutional Law, has called for the bill to be withdrawn, and has suggested (PDF) that its re-emergence may be intended to distract Ugandans from the government's recent suppression of opposition protests. ", "This is a view shared by the author of the Gay Uganda blog, who urges international readers to speak out against the anti-gay bill in the context of Uganda's wider human rights issues.", "\n\nThe Ugandan parliament's session ends this week, meaning there may not be time for the bill's supporters to secure its passage, but Frank Mugisha, director of the gay-rights group Sexual Minorities Uganda, told Associated Press he believes it will pass if it is deliberated in the next few days.", "\n\nAn online petition calling on the Ugandan president, Yoweri Museveni, to prevent the bill's passage has attracted more than 200,000 signatures from around the world. ", "There is still time to add your name.", "\n\nViolent homophobia is rife in Uganda, and the country has attracted international headlines on numerous occasions in recent years. ", "Evangelical churches, influenced, some believe, by the homophobic doctrines of religious leaders from the US, play a key role in propagating hatred in the country, alongside the media, which is notorious for its vehemently anti-gay stance. ", "Last year one newspaper published a list of 100 Ugandans, calling for them to be hanged for homosexuality, and in January of this year one of the men named, the leading gay rights activist David Kato, was beaten to death in his home in Kampala." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0030120481927710845, 0.008426966292134831, 0.010135135135135136, 0, 0.013468013468013467, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0.003205128205128205, 0.008426966292134831, 0.010135135135135136, 0, 0.013468013468013467, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0, 0, 0.00819672131147541 ]

[ "Durable, easy to carry shopping bag with sublimated print on both sides\n\nLooking for something more lightweight? ", "Try the Cotton Tote Bag" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "<phpunit xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\"\n xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation=\"https://schema.phpunit.de/5.7/phpunit.xsd\"\n backupGlobals=\"false\"\n colors=\"true\"\n bootstrap=\"vendor/autoload.php\"\n>\n\n <testsuites>\n <testsuite name=\"Bernard TestSuite\">\n <directory>./tests/</directory>\n </testsuite>\n </testsuites>\n\n <filter>\n <whitelist>\n <directory suffix=\".php\">./src</directory>\n </whitelist>\n </filter>\n\n <groups>\n <exclude>\n <group>functional</group>\n </exclude>\n </groups>\n</phpunit>\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.006379585326953748 ]

[ "Sanjay Raut. (", "File Photo) Sanjay Raut. (", "File Photo)\n\nIn the party’s first reaction over the turn of events in Maharashtra, Shiv Sena leader Sanjay Raut Saturday said Ajit Pawar has betrayed his uncle and NCP chief Sharad Pawar and back-stabbed the people of Maharashtra. ", "Addressing a press conference, Raut claimed the Ajit had decided to join hands with the BJP as he was scared of the Enforcement Directorate (ED) probe against him.", "\n\nThe ED has filed a money laundering case against Ajit, the nephew of NCP chief Sharad Pawar, and others in connection with the Maharashtra State Cooperative Bank (MSCB) scam case.", "\n\nDevendra Fadnavis was sworn in for a second term as Chief Minister of Maharashtra around 8 am this morning, with Ajit Pawar as his deputy.", "\n\n“We had realised his intent when he resigned as MLA before elections. ", "He has backstabbed the people of Maharashtra and betrayed Sharad Pawar,” Raut said, adding that a crime committed by the Raj Bhavan in the dead of the night.", "\n\n“He (Ajit Pawar) was with us yesterday. ", "His body language was suspicious. ", "He then stepped out and his phone was switched off. ", "We were told that he was with his lawyer,” he added.", "\n\nMeanwhile, NCP chief Sharad Pawar in the morning said the decision taken by his nephew and party leader Ajit Pawar to join hands with the BJP to form the government in Maharashtra was “personal”. ", "He added that the NCP does not support or endorse the decision.", "\n\n“Ajit Pawar’s decision to support the BJP to form the Maharashtra Government is his personal decision and not that of the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP). ", "We place on record that we do not support or endorse this decision of his,” Pawar tweeted.", "\n\n📣 The Indian Express is now on Telegram. ", "Click here to join our channel (@indianexpress) and stay updated with the latest headlines\n\nFor all the latest India News, download Indian Express App.", "\n\n© IE Online Media Services Pvt Ltd" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.07142857142857142, 0.038461538461538464, 0.021645021645021644, 0.018404907975460124, 0.027624309392265192, 0.014285714285714285, 0.013888888888888888, 0.01910828025477707, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.020202020202020204, 0.015873015873015872, 0.02531645569620253, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0.019867549668874173, 0 ]

[ "Un-Cabaret\n\nUnCabaret is a Los Angeles-based alternative comedy company that produces live, TV and web projects.", "\n\nHistory\nUnCabaret was created by performance artist-turned comedian Beth Lapides whose frustration with the comedy club scene of the late 1980s in the Los Angeles lead her to seek 'a better way'. ", "She began producing shows in 'alternative' venues and in 1988, with writer-producer Greg Miller, launched UnCabaret at The Women's Building.", "\n\nIn November 1993, UnCabaret was booked for three nights at LunaPark, a new music club in West Hollywood. ", "Every Sunday night for the next seven years, Beth gathered a group of performers culled from the very best and brightest comedians, including Patton Oswalt, Judy Toll, Taylor Negron, Bob Odenkirk, Julia Sweeney, Bobcat Goldthwait, Terry Sweeney, Merrill Markoe, Janeane Garofalo, David Cross, Laura Kightlinger, Andy Kindler, Dana Gould, Kathy Griffin, Andy Dick, Margaret Cho, Michael Patrick King, to develop an idiosyncratic story based form of stand-up. ", "The idea of the show was to be funny without doing an 'act' and use story-based stream-of-consciousness techniques rather than the set-up and punchline formula of mainstream standup.", "\n\nTraditional comedians dismissed UnCabaret for its lack of structure and formal technique, but the show drew a rabid cult following and influenced many other 'alternative comedy' shows in Los Angeles, then New York and eventually throughout the country and Canada.", "\n\nIn 1997, Comedy Central produced an UnCabaret TV special hosted by Beth Lapides and featuring Taylor Negron, Dana Gould, Julia Sweeney, Kathy Griffin, Andy Dick and Scott Thompson.", "\n\nWhen LunaPark closed, UnCabaret moved to the HBO Workspace (where they developed the show with Warner Bros), then to The Knitting Factory and M-Bar always continuing to produce personal narrative comedy with an expanding group of non-traditional comedians Sklar Brothers, Patton Oswalt, Greg Behrendt, Jeff Garlin, Mike McDonald, plus writers like Jerry Stahl, Michael Patrick King, Larry Charles, Judd Apatow, John Riggi and others.", "\n\nUnCabaret went on an extended hiatus in 2008. ", "In 2012, Beth brought UnCabaret back. ", "Teaming up with Musical Director and producer Mitch Kaplan, Beth refined the show, and began to mix a new crop of comedians with many of the performers who had constituted UnCabaret in its previous incarnations. ", "Among the musicians and comedians who have appeared at First and Hope are Sarah Silverman, Roseanne Barr, Sandra Bernhard, Tig Notaro, Rory Scovel, Kyle Kinane, Tim Bagley, Michaela Watkins, Laura Kightlinger, Jackie Kashian, Byron Bowers, Moshe Kasher, Miss Coco Peru, Rebecca Corry, Moon Zappa, Natasha Leggero, Michelle Lee, Rae Dawn Chong, Andy Kindler, Eddie Pepitone, Marc Maron, Kurt Braunohler, Jennifer Coolidge, Jen Kirkman, Julie Goldman, Lauren Weedman, Allee Willis, Missi Pyle, Sam Pancake, Drew Droege, Karen Kilgariff, Greg Behrendt, Rob Delaney, Jill Sobule, Kelly Carlin, Ruby Friedman, Ben Gleib, Abby Travis, Lynda Kay, conniekim, Richard Chamberlain, and Kelly Mantle.", "\n\nTelevision and film\nFour Episodes produced for Amazon, 2012\nExecutive Producers: Beth Lapides, Mitch Kaplan, Adam Salky\nEpisode 1: Greg Behrendt, Sandra Bernhard, Rob Delaney, Andy Dick, Karen Kilgariff, Alec Mapa\nEpisode 2: Margaret Cho, Dana Gould, Taylor Negron, Tig Notaro, Garfunkel and Oates\nEpisode 3: Greg Fitzsimmons, Jen Kirkman, Garfunkel and Oates, Greg Proops, Kira Soltanovich\nEpisode 4: Carlie and Doni, Selene Luna, Rory Scovel, The Sklar Brothers, Casey Wilson\nComedy Central Special, 1997\n\nOther projects\nUnCabaret produces a spoken-word comedy show, \"Say the Word\", which features original first-person stories from TV comedy writers including Cindy Chupack, Jay Kogen, Winnie Holzman, Alan Zweibel, Peter Mehlman, Merrill Markoe, Kevin Nealon and others.", "\n\nUnCabaret also produced The Other Network, a festival of un-aired TV pilots introduced by their creators, including Robert Smigel, Conan O'Brien, Bob Odenkirk, Judd Apatow and others.", "\n\nRadio and audio\n100 episodes of \"Radio UnCabaret\" for Comedy World and Sirius Satellite Radio. ", "2000-2001\n\nUnCabaret has been featured on “This American Life”, “All Things Considered”, “Morning Edition” and “Marketplace” on NPR.", "\n\nSeveral compilation CDs including \"Freak Weather Feels Different\", \"The Un & Only\", \"The Good, the Bad and the Drugly\" and \"Play the Word (vol. ", "1 & 2)\".", "\n\nPodcasts are now heard on Audible.com/uncabaret.", "\n\nClasses\nUnCabaret founder Beth Lapides leads a workshop in personal narrative techniques for writers, performers and other humans, The Comedian's Way. ", "She teaches privately in Los Angeles, and has taught at UCLA Extension, Humber College, CalArts, Media Bistro and at Kripalu Center for Yoga and Health.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:American comedy troupes\nCategory:Improvisational troupes\nCategory:Hollywood history and culture\nCategory:Landmarks in Los Angeles" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.008928571428571428, 0.005050505050505051, 0.02142857142857143, 0.009345794392523364, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0.0037735849056603774, 0.03296703296703297, 0.03211009174311927, 0, 0.05263157894736842, 0.014150943396226415, 0.05652173913043478, 0.041237113402061855, 0.032432432432432434, 0.020618556701030927, 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0, 0, 0.013071895424836602, 0.02631578947368421, 0 ]

[ "Hydrogen Sulfide and Urogenital Tract.", "\nIn this chapter the role played by H2S in the physiopathology of urogenital tract revising animal and human data available in the current relevant literature is discussed. ", "H2S pathway has been demonstrated to be involved in the mechanism underlying penile erection in human and experimental animal. ", "Both cystathionine-β synthase (CBS) and cystathionine-γ lyase (CSE) are expressed in the human corpus cavernosum and exogenous H2S relaxes isolated human corpus cavernosum strips in an endothelium-independent manner. ", "Hydrogen sulfide pathway also accounts for the direct vasodilatory effect operated by testosterone on isolated vessels. ", "Convincing evidence suggests that H2S can influence the cGMP pathway by inhibiting the phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE-5) activity. ", "All these findings taken together suggest an important role for the H2S pathway in human corpus cavernosum homeostasis. ", "However, H2S effect is not confined to human corpus cavernosum but also plays an important role in human bladder. ", "Human bladder expresses mainly CBS and generates in vitro detectable amount of H2S. In addition the bladder relaxant effect of the PDE-5 inhibitor sildenafil involves H2S as mediator. ", "In conclusion the H2S pathway is not only involved in penile erection but also plays a role in bladder homeostasis. ", "In addition the finding that it involved in the mechanism of action of PDE-5 inhibitors strongly suggests that modulation of this pathway can represent a therapeutic target for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and bladder diseases." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.05263157894736842, 0, 0, 0.009216589861751152, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0 ]

[ "Introduction {#s1}\n============\n\nSources of electrochemical energy are widespread in Nature, including hydrothermal gradients, corrosion of metal-rich rocks and minerals, concentration gradients of redox active species, and streaming currents caused by the flow of electrolyte solutions thorough porous media. ", "Only recently, however, we began to realize that this energy is also widely used by Nature in both biological and abiotic processes (Nakamura et al., [", "@B53]; Revil et al., [", "@B66]) and that electrochemical redox reactions are important contributors to biogeochemical cycles (Nielsen and Risgaard-Petersen, [@B56]). ", "The passage of electric currents through conductive minerals has been long-appreciated (Wells, [@B90]), and has gained a renewed interest due to its relevance to the biochemistry of hydrothermal vent systems and the origin of life (Karato and Wang, [@B33]; Malvankar et al., [", "@B43]; Yamamoto et al., [", "@B93]). ", "Most of the redox processes across electrochemical gradients were previously associated with bacterial activity (Müller et al., [", "@B51]; Malkin et al., [", "@B42]) or human-made devices (Du et al., [", "@B26]). ", "A detailed understanding of the extent and mechanisms of abiotic electron flows can complement our understanding of natural electrochemical systems and will be important for more accurate modeling of global biogeochemical cycles.", "\n\nMany oxide and sulfide minerals are electrical conductors or semiconductors, with resistivity varying from 0.1 to 10^5^ Ω × m (Karato and Wang, [@B33]), capable of conducting electrons over centimeter-long distances between environments of different redox potentials (Nakamura et al., [", "@B52]; Nielsen et al., [", "@B57]). ", "Conceivably, electrical currents transported through conductive minerals could couple chemical and biochemical reactions in physically separated environments, form natural \"fuel cells\" and provide the energy necessary to maintain rich biological communities on the border of oxic and anoxic zones (Jelen et al., [", "@B31]).", "\n\nThe efficiency of electrochemical reactions depends not only on the magnitude of an applied redox potential, but also on the properties of the electrode. ", "In general, a good electrode must be electrically conductive, chemically stable under selected conditions and provide a catalytically active surface for the reagents. ", "There is a growing interest in using sustainable mineral electrodes for chemical reactions (Konkena et al., [", "@B37]) and a growing awareness of the contribution of electrochemistry to natural processes (Nielsen and Risgaard-Petersen, [@B56]). ", "This study was restricted to electrochemistry of common iron oxides and sulfides assuming that due to their abundance they will dominate electron flow across different geochemical settings. ", "Iron sulfides have been used as electrodes for electrochemical CO~2~ reduction in systems that simulate chemistry of hydrothermal vents related to the origin of life (Herschy et al., [", "@B29]; Yamaguchi et al., [", "@B92]; Roldan et al., [", "@B71]), while iron oxides have been extensively studied as terminal electron acceptors for bacterial respiration (Orsetti et al., [", "@B63]).", "\n\nWhile filamentous and cable bacteria use electrochemical energy directly (Aklujkar et al., [", "@B1]; Seitaj et al., [", "@B77]), a wide range of bacteria are known to exchange electrons indirectly, using external electron mediators such as water-soluble flavines (Marsili et al., [", "@B44]), quinones (Newman and Kolter, [@B54]; Qiao et al., [", "@B64]) or, quinone-rich humic acid substances (Cervantes et al., [", "@B16]; Klüpfel et al., [", "@B35]). ", "The addition of external quinones to microbial communities modifies interactions between microbes (Scheller et al., [", "@B75]) and changes the mode of respiration in bacteria (Cervantes et al., [", "@B16]). ", "Interactions between organic mediators and conductive minerals may contribute to the overall flow of energy that defines biogeochemical cycles, being especially important in the environments where oxygen and solar radiation are absent (D\\'Hondt et al., [", "@B25]; Borch et al., [", "@B14]).", "\n\nAs model organic molecules, I selected quinones (Q) and their reduced form, hydroquinones (H~2~Q), which are key electron mediators across all domains of life (Soballe and Poole, [@B78]) (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Quinones are found everywhere from interstellar clouds (Bernstein, [@B11]) to environmental pollutants (Mousset et al., [", "@B50]). ", "Selection of the quinones for the study broadly represented different environmental roles that these molecules have: **1** is the simplest known hydroquinone molecule and often used for model studies of quinone-mineral interactions (Uchimiya and Stone, [@B82]; Klüpfel et al., [", "@B35]), **2** is 2-methoxyhydroquinone, a common component on non-soluble organic matter and a plant messenger molecule (Lynn and Chang, [@B41]; Yuan et al., [", "@B95]), while **3** is an oxidation product of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and is both a common pollutant and a likely component of prebiotic mixtures of organic molecules delivered by comets and meteorites to early Earth (Chyba and Sagan, [@B18]; Bernstein et al., [", "@B12]).", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nElectrochemical techniques are often used to study the participation of organic molecules in redox processes of redox active clays and minerals (O\\'Loughlin, [@B61]; Sander et al., [", "@B74]). ", "Here cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to detect hydroquinone oxidation on the surface of electrodes made from common iron oxides and sulfides. ", "CV is an analytical technique used to monitor trace metals in marine sediments, where an increase in current is observed when a redox process takes place on the electrode\\'s surface at a specific applied redox potential (Luther et al., [", "@B40]; Moore et al., [", "@B49]).", "\n\nDifferentiating the chemical contribution of electron redox cycling from usually observed microbial redox activity would improve our understanding of global biogeochemical carbon cycles. ", "Electron transfer between conducive minerals and soluble organics can potentially generate out-of-equilibrium systems that impact environments dependent on the abiotic redox gradients, such as microbial communities around hydrothermal vent chimneys and in anoxic marine sediments (Hedrick and White, [@B28]; Unden and Bongaerts, [@B84]; Kim et al., [", "@B34]). ", "Quinone redox cycling can affect distribution of redox active species in water columns (Nielsen et al., [", "@B57]; Nielsen, [@B55]) and natural bioremediation of organic molecules (Jiang et al., [", "@B32]). ", "Finally, redox gradients have been long considered important energy source for the origin of life (Martin et al., [", "@B45]), and a mechanism of transferring energy stored in redox gradients into chemical reactions is an important step toward better understanding processes that may lead to life on Earth and other planets.", "\n\nMaterials and methods {#s2}\n=====================\n\nThe reactivity between the mineral and redox species in solution depends on the amount of energy available in the system and the electrocatalytic properties of mineral surfaces. ", "Overall, the energy available in the redox system depends on redox potential as defined by equation (1): $$\\begin{matrix}\n{\\Delta\\text{G~} = - \\text{nEF}} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$ E is a measurable potential difference between reacting molecules, described by the Nernst equation: $$\\begin{matrix}\n{E = E^{{^\\circ}} + \\frac{RT}{nF}ln{(\\frac{\\left\\lbrack {Ox} \\right\\rbrack}{\\left\\lbrack {Red} \\right\\rbrack})}} \\\\\n\\end{matrix}$$ Here E° is a standard redox potential of the redox reaction of interest, *n* is the number of electrons transferred in the reaction, T is the absolute temperature in K, and R and F are the gas and Faraday constants respectively. ", "Naturally occurring sustained redox potentials vary from 0.2 V for marine sediments (Komada et al., [", "@B36]), 0.4 to 0.7 V for hydrothermal vents (Nakamura et al., [", "@B53]; Ryckelynck et al., [", "@B72]) and up to 1.2 V for sulfide-rich mineral deposits (Kruger and Lacy, [@B38]). ", "The naturally plausible range of redox potentials in aqueous systems is defined by the chemistry of iron and manganese, spreading from 0.7 V to −0.3 V \\[against a standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)\\] at pH 7 (Baas Becking et al., [", "@B4]). ", "Here Ag/AgCl electrodes were used as a reference (+ 0.22 V redox potential compared to SHE), with the −0.5 to 0.5 V (Ag/AgCl) window used here broadly corresponding to the naturally occurring potential range available for redox reactions of quinone molecules.", "\n\nMaterials\n---------\n\nPyrite, pyrrhotite, magnetite, and hematite minerals were received from Harvard Natural History Museum. ", "Mackinawite and greigite were synthesized by previously described methods (Lennie et al., [", "@B39]; Dekkers et al., [", "@B24]) and characterized by XRD (See [Supplementary Information](#SM1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Quinones (**1--3**) were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (USA) and used without further purification.", "\n\nSeveral electrode designs were tested for the study and the most reproducible data were obtained with powder electrodes described by Almeida and Giannetti ([@B2]). ", "Approximately 1 g of mineral was powdered with mortar and pestle for 10 min. ", "Powdered minerals were washed several times with acetone and dried in airflow. ", "A mixture of 2 g of paraffin and 1 g of carbon powder were heated to 70°C and a tip of a graphite rod with 5 mm diameter was immersed into the hot mixture and then pressed against mineral powder. ", "The lateral part of the rod was covered with Teflon tape to avoid exposure to solution.", "\n\nCyclic voltammetry\n------------------\n\nThe fundamentals of CV can be found elsewhere (Compton et al., [", "@B20]), but briefly, if a molecule is oxidized or reduced on the surface of the electrode, a change of current is registered. ", "Analysis of the change in electrical current as a function of an applied redox potential provides information about the mechanism of the reaction.", "\n\nThree-electrode arrays consisted of a Ag/AgCl reference electrode, Pt-wire counter electrode (both from CH Instruments Inc., Austin, TX, USA) and homemade working electrodes made of different minerals (see above). ", "All potentials were compared to the Ag/AgCl reference electrode (1M KCl solution, E + 0.22 V vs. SHE). ", "Reactions were performed in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.0 in the presence of 0.4 M KCl as an electrolyte. ", "Unless stated otherwise, all experiments were performed under an argon atmosphere. ", "Sample solutions were purged with nitrogen for at least 10 min at the beginning of the measurements and measurements were performed with slow nitrogen bubbling through solution. ", "To study the effect of oxygen, air was purged through the solution for 5 min, and measurements were performed in a vial open to the air with vigorous stirring between measurements. ", "A BAS CV−50 W Voltammetric Analyzer (BASI, West Lafayette, IN, USA) was used to perform the measurements, with each measurement reproduced at least 3 times with 3 different electrode replicas for every mineral. ", "Electrode stability was calculated by linear sweep voltammetry with a 5 mV/s scan rate, and initial activity screening was produced with 10 mM solution of the molecule of interest with a 100 mV/s scan rate. ", "For the pH variation experiments, a modified Briton-Robinson buffer (citrate-phosphate-borate-glycine) was used. ", "Reactions started at pH 2 and were titrated with concentrated solution of NaOH to pH 12, with pH measured *in situ* with Toledo potentiostat (Mettler Toledo, Columbus, OH, USA) and pH electrode (Hanna Instruments, Woonsocket, RI, USA) before each measurement.", "\n\nMineral stability estimations\n-----------------------------\n\nThe range of thermodynamic stability of the minerals used in the discussion was calculated with HSC-7 software package (<http://www.hsc-chemistry.com>) using species concentrations found in modern ocean: \\[Fe\\]~T~ 5.0 × 10^−10^ M, \\[S\\]~T~ 2.8 × 10^−2^ M (Rijkenberg et al., [", "@B67]) and concentrations estimated to be found in Haedean and Archean oceans: \\[Fe\\]~T~2.0 × 10^−4^ M, \\[S\\]~T~ 2.0 × 10^−7^ M (Crowe et al., [", "@B21]). ", "See a diagram in Supporting Information.", "\n\nResults {#s3}\n=======\n\nMineral electrode stability\n---------------------------\n\nThe stability of the selected naturally occurring minerals was evaluated by linear sweep voltammetry. ", "The voltage applied to the electrode was slowly increased (5 mV/s) from −500 to 500 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) and the current between the mineral and platinum working electrodes registered (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The minimum value of each plot corresponds to the resting potential of the mineral, when oxidation and reduction processes on the surface are at equilibrium. ", "The value on the abscissa axis is proportional to the number of electrons exchanged with solution and the overall redox stability of the sample. ", "Minerals are reduced at more negative potentials and oxidized at more positive potentials than the minimum. ", "In the potential range corresponding to oxidation, mineral surfaces are rich in electrons and are poor electron acceptors. ", "Reduced metal sulfides greigite and mackinawite were less stable in solution than the iron oxides magnetite and hematite, while pyrite and pyrrhotite had intermediate stability values (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Curves of the log \\|i\\| vs. E were asymmetric in the case of reduced iron sulfides, suggesting irreversible oxidation of these minerals. ", "Iron oxides hematite and magnetite showed very low current values consistent with oxide dissolution inhibited in the presence of phosphate ions from the buffer (Biber et al., [", "@B13]).", "\n\n![", "Stability of the mineral electrodes in water: **(A)** Tafel plot (log \\[current\\] vs. Potential) for mineral electrodes in phosphate buffer pH 7: mackinawite (black), greigite (red), pyrrhotite (green), pyrite (blue), magnetite (gray) and hematite (magenta); graph minimum corresponds to rest potential where oxidation and reduction reactions are at equilibrium; **(B)** Pyrite electrode is stable in anoxic atmosphere (red), but deteriorates in the presence of oxygen (black).](fchem-05-00049-g0002){#F2}\n\nWhen cyclic voltammetry was performed in air-saturated solutions, the presence of oxygen did not change the performance of the metal oxide electrodes (data not shown). ", "In the case of pyrite, dramatic increases in the registered current was observed in the presence of oxygen, showing fast deterioration of the surface due to an oxygen-assisted cathodic iron dissolution pathway where oxygen oxidizes water soluble Fe(II) species into redox active Fe(III) species that catalyze the rate of pyrite oxidation (Rimstidt and Vaughan, [@B68]; Chandra and Gerson, [@B17]). ", "This process was reversed when oxygen was removed from the system (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nAs shown in Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the electrodes made of pyrrhotite, mackinawite and synthetic greigite reacted with water (black lines, all graphs). ", "Greigite electrodes showed reversible redox process with an oxidation anodic peak at −190 mV and the corresponding reduction cathodic wave peak at −390 mV. The reversible nature of this process indicates that the electrode material was not dissolved during the scan. ", "The peaks correspond to the reversible Fe^2+^/Fe^3+^ oxidation on the surface of the electrode (Benning et al., [", "@B10]). ", "The pyrrhotite electrode showed two large cathodic waves at −160 and −385 mV, potentially corresponding to stepwise dissolution of polysulfur chains to sulfite ions with partial re-incorporation of the sulfur to the electrode surface during the anodic scan at −101 and 118 mV (Mikhlin, [@B48]). ", "In contrast, pyrite and the metal oxides hematite and magnetite were stable under these experimental conditions.", "\n\n{#F3}\n\nElectrode interactions with quinones\n------------------------------------\n\nWith the electrochemistry of the electrodes defined, the reduced quinones (**1--3**) were included in the measurements. ", "While reversible oxidation and reduction waves were expected, Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows that only pyrite, and partially magnetite, reacted with all quinones, and there was no detectable current change on the surfaces of more reduced iron sulfides. ", "While there was no change in electrocatalytic behavior of mackinawite with methoxyquinone **2**, the presence of more oxidizing species **1** and **3** lead to dramatic drop of electrical current over all potential range, probably due to chemical oxidation of the exposed surface. ", "Small increases in both cathodic (reducing, negative) and anodic (oxidizing, positive) currents were detected on the surface of the hematite electrode, however the current never reached a maximum value, indicating that at the applied potential values, the equilibrium was shifted toward reduced hydroquinones.", "\n\nPyrite and magnetite electrodes\n-------------------------------\n\nThe mechanisms of redox reactions on pyrite and magnetite surfaces were then studied in more detail. ", "As shown in Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}, the electrocatalytic properties of pyrite and magnetite electrodes were tested in hydroquinone solutions of 10 mM concentration in phosphate buffer under nitrogen. ", "The pyrite electrodes showed lower potential values of oxidation waves and higher (more positive) reduction waves for all quinones compared to magnetite, and, surprisingly, performed better than standard commercially available glassy carbon electrode. ", "This indicates that the reaction of quinone on pyrite is more thermodynamically favorable than on other minerals. ", "The measured value of the peak electric current (see Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}) is the number of electrons flowing through electrode surface per unit of time. ", "The current is proportional to the area of the electrode and the equilibrium constant of oxidation-reduction reaction on the electrode surface. ", "Both mineral electrodes were composed of small particles of different sizes that contributed to roughness of the electrode, but this parameter does not significantly affect current and potential measurements (Menshykau et al., [", "@B47]). ", "Areas of pyrite and magnetite mineral electrodes can be approximated to the geometric area covered by mineral particles, and currents registered at both electrodes under identical experimental conditions can be directly compared. ", "Cathodic and anodic currents on pyrite electrodes were 10 to 30 times higher than on magnetite and more than 100 times higher than on hematite electrodes, suggesting that quinones were oxidized and reduced faster on pyrite than on other minerals.", "\n\n###### \n\nSummary of hydroquinone redox reactions on different mineral surfaces.", "\n\n **Electrode** **Hydroquinone** **Methoxyhydroquinone** **Naphthoquinone** \n --------------- ------------------ ------------------------- -------------------- -------- ------- -------\n Pyrite 251 −3 284 −185 83 −83\n 0.76 −0.48 1.12 −1.07 0.70 −0.75\n Magnetite 119 −197 239 −137\n 0.033 −0.045 0.07 −0.07\n Glassy carbon 365 −89 306 −168 252 −145\n 0.14 −0.088 0.22 −0.15 0.062 0.099\n\nThe difference between the peaks corresponding to oxidation and reduction was larger than the theoretical limit of 0.059/n expected for a fully reversible reaction. ", "Larger separation between peaks seems to support a stepwise oxidation mechanism where hydroquinone is oxidized via one electron step to semiquinone, which is then rapidly oxidized to benzoquinone (Uchimiya and Stone, [@B82]). ", "For pyrite, the ratio between the oxidation and reduction current peaks was 0.63 for **1**, 0.95 for **2** and 0.93 for **3**, instead of 1.0 as would be expected for fully reversible processes. ", "On pyrite surfaces, reduction occurred at lower rates than oxidation for benzoquinone **1**, probably because of the formation of poorly soluble hydroquinone-benzoquinone complex that interfered with the reaction. ", "In case of **2** and **3**, redox reactions were close to being reversible in both directions.", "\n\nConcentrations of quinone used for initial screening were much higher than the naturally occurring range of these molecules, which is usually from 0.02 to 1 mM (Uchimiya and Stone, [@B82]; Marsili et al., [", "@B44]). ", "Only pyrite showed an increase in current in the naturally occurring concentration range (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and further studies were limited to electrochemistry of pyrite in the presence of 1 mM or less of hydroquinones.", "\n\n{#F4}\n\nMechanism of hydroquinones oxidation of pyrite electrode\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nOn the electrode surface molecules may be oxidized by diffusion or adsorption-controlled mechanisms. ", "To distinguish between the two, the potential scan rate was gradually increased from 10 to 1,000 mV/s (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and this change caused an increase in peak current. ", "In diffusion-controlled processes, current rise is proportional to the square root of the scan speed, while in adsorption-controlled processes, the current rise is directly proportional to the speed of the scan (Batchelor-McAuley et al., [", "@B9]). ", "A mixture of both mechanisms is possible in real systems. ", "To distinguish between both processes, log\\|i~p~\\| (where \\|i~p~\\| is an absolute peak current value), was plotted against log(v) (where v is the scan rate in mV/s) (Gupta et al., [", "@B27]). ", "The results showed a small contribution from the adsorption-controlled pathway in the case of unsubstituted hydroquinone **1** on pyrite surfaces, with the slope of 0.56 (*R*^2^ = 0.994) for the cathodic peak and 0.58 (*R*^2^ = 0.985) for the anodic peak, however slopes for **2** are 0.43 (*R*^2^ = 0.999) and 0.45 (*R*^2^ = 0.996) for pyrite electrode and 0.35 (*R*^2^ = 0.987) and 0.42 (*R*^2^ = 0.992) for **3** on magnetite electrode, showed that both processes were fully diffusion-controlled.", "\n\n{#F5}\n\nVariation of the redox potential with pH showed peak shifting to more reducing potentials with the increase of pH, indicating that both protons were involved in the redox process (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Hydroquinone **1** has a pKa of 10.3, and below this pH the hydroquinone is mostly present in its diprotonated form (H~2~Q). ", "The H~2~Q can be oxidized to benzoquinone (Q) or to semiquinone (Q^−^), which has pKa 4.3 and is deprotonated in the studied region (Quan et al., [", "@B65]) (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The mechanism of the first oxidation involves two electrons and two protons, while the second is a one-electron two-proton process. ", "The change in peak potential against pH was linear in the pH range 4 to 10 with the slope of −0.064 (*R*^2^ = 0.990) for anodic current and −0.058 (*R*^2^ = 0.995) for cathodic current. ", "This value is close to −0.059, corresponding to a process where an equal number of protons and electrons are exchanged, suggesting that the process occurred via two-proton two-electron oxidation. ", "The electrochemical oxidation of quinones on mineral surfaces has a different mechanism than quinone oxidations in solution, where hydroquinones are usually oxidized in two one-electron oxidations via a semiquinone radical intermediate.", "\n\n{#F6}\n\nElectrode stability\n-------------------\n\nStability of the electrodes under an argon atmosphere was tested over 100 cycles on pyrite electrodes with hydroquinone **2**. ", "Small shifts from 200 to 210 mV for the oxidation peak and from −160 to −168 mV for the reduction peak were observed along with small increases (from −0.47 to −0.49 mA) in reduction current (Figure [7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Both observations are consistent with changes in electrode performance due to partial adsorption of the quinone to the surface, but the change is not significant and pyrite minerals potentially can exchange electrons with organic mediators over prolonged periods of time.", "\n\n{#F7}\n\nDiscussion {#s4}\n==========\n\nThis work shows that long distance electron transfer can be coupled to abiotic organic redox reactions. ", "To simulate processes occurring in the environments where electrochemical gradients are present, reactions on electrode surfaces made of common minerals were studied at the potential range of −500 to 500 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) expected to be found in natural environments (Baas Becking et al., [", "@B4]). ", "Electrodes made of reduced metal sulfides are chemically unstable under the selected conditions and cannot transfer electrons to model organic molecules hydroquinones. ", "This result is surprising: Reduced iron sulfides are usually considered to be the major catalyst of biogeochemical processes in hydrothermal vents (e.g., White et al., [", "@B91]). ", "Observed small rises of current on the surface of metal oxides hematite and magnetite are consistent with the observation of very small effect of quinones on chemical dissolution of Fe(III) oxides (O\\'Loughlin, [@B61]). ", "In contrast with other studied minerals, pyrite showed a significant current rise in the presence of low concentrations of quinones (0.2--1 mM), within ranges of concentration of organic matter in natural waters (Uchimiya and Stone, [@B83]). ", "Electrical currents on pyrite surfaces are at least an order of magnitude higher than the maximum oxidation and reduction peak currents on other minerals, and occur at lower redox potentials, suggesting that the electron transfer between quinones and pyrite is a very efficient process that can dominate electrochemistry in natural environments.", "\n\nThe redox stability of pyrite in the presence of quinones can result in long term quinone cycling driven by potential differences between oxic and anoxic zones. ", "Given the ubiquity of both pyrite (Vokes, [@B85]) and quinones (Scott et al., [", "@B76]), the out-of-equilibrium system generated by their interactions may have multiple impacts on the environment.", "\n\nIt has been shown recently that cable bacteria can form millimeter-long conductive filaments that couple sulfide oxidation in anoxic sediments with oxygen reduction in the oxygen-rich areas (Müller et al., [", "@B51]). ", "Given that electrical current through conductive minerals can be coupled to hydroquinone oxidation, and that quinones are common external electron mediators used by a wide variety of bacteria (Hedrick and White, [@B28]), it is possible that other microorganisms apart from cable bacteria may also participate in biogeochemical processes involving long distance electron transfer. ", "In this case our current models underestimate the role of abiotic electron transfer across the sediments (Seitaj et al., [", "@B77]) (Figure [8A](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n![**(", "A)** Quinone cycling maintained by pyrite in the presence of a redox gradient; above: reduction of the quinone at the cathodic surface of pyrite leads to increased quinone cycling, ROS production, and oxygen consumption; below: hydroquinone reduction at the anodic surface of pyrite generates external electron acceptors for microbial respiration; **(B)** Redox potentials (25°C, pH 7.0, vs. SHE) of biochemical reactions relevant to the origin of life, compared to the electrochemical stability regions of iron minerals in modern and ancient seawater (\\[Fe\\]~T~ 0.5 × 10^−9^M, \\[S\\]~T~ 2.8 × 10^−2^M, and 2 x 10^−4^ M and 2 × 10^−7^ M, respectively); colors are used to indicate different biochemical roles of the molecules: redox cofactors (red), thiols and thioesters (green), primary metabolites (blue), and terminal electron acceptors (black); \"hem\" is hematite.](fchem-05-00049-g0008){#F8}\n\nMany naturally occurring hydroquinones are readily oxidized by dissolved oxygen to quinones. ", "Continuous electrochemical reduction of the quinones back to the hydroquinones in the oxygen-rich areas may increase the ratio of quinone cycling and result in accelerated oxygen depletion of the solution (O\\'Brien, [@B60]) as well as abiotic generation of high local concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (Roginsky and Barsukova, [@B70]) (Figure [8A](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "It is possible that quinone cycling coupled to the long-range electron transfer is a complex reaction-diffusion system that can contribute to sharp seasonal oxygen variations.", "\n\nFinally, hydrothermal vents and other naturally occurring zones where electrochemical gradients are found have long been considered as out-of-equilibrium systems relevant to the origins of life due to an apparent similarity between biological and geological electrochemical gradients (Martin and Russell, [@B46]; Amend and McCollom, [@B3]; Nitschke and Russell, [@B58]). ", "In general the hydrothermal vent scenarios of the origins of life suggest that reduced metal sulfides were the precursors to the biological iron-sulfur redox cofactors and the catalysts of prebiotic reactions. ", "The exact nature of the metal sulfide catalysts as well as the range of the relevant prebiotic reactions remains a matter of debate (Orgel, [@B62]; Wächtershäuser, [@B87]).", "\n\nIn Wachterhauser\\'s \"pyrite pulled metabolism,\" a model proposed almost 30 years ago, pyrite served as a catalytic surface able to adsorb and concentrate negatively charged organic molecules, but reduced metal sulfides, such as pyrrhotite and amorphous FeS, were expected to participate in the redox reactions of the system (Wachterhauser, [@B86]). ", "With few exceptions (Wang et al., [", "@B88]), reduced iron and niquel sulfides have been generally proposed as plausible minerals to catalyze prebiotic redox reactions instead of pyrite (Cody et al., [", "@B19]; Huber et al., [", "@B30]; Novikov and Copley, [@B59]).", "\n\nElectrochemical systems have been recently suggested as a relevant approach to study prebiotic chemistry related to hydrothermal vents scenario (de Aldecoa et al., [", "@B22]; Barge et al., [", "@B8], [@B7]; Herschy et al., [", "@B29]; Yamaguchi et al., [", "@B92]; Roldan et al., [", "@B71]). ", "The focus of these studies is usually on abiotic CO~2~ reduction and reduced iron sulfides and sometimes iron oxides (green rust) are considered as possible electrode candidates. ", "Focus on CO~2~ reduction as a main model system relevant to the origin of life has been chosen because of the common assumption that life started simply and evolved toward larger synthetic complexity (Martin et al., [", "@B45]). ", "The opposite idea that life started from complex chemical mixtures (de Duve and Miller, [@B23]; Burton et al., [", "@B15]) is gaining more support with the growing realization that a large amount of organic material is formed abiotically in space and delivered to Earth with comets and meteorites (Chyba and Sagan, [@B18]). ", "Under this scenario quinones, which have been produced abiotically under conditions simulating exoplanetary comet ices (Bernstein et al., [", "@B12]), are plausible first molecules relevant to the origin of life. ", "The ubiquitous occurrence of many different quinones used by bacteria, fungi and plants suggests that quinones have a critical role in maintaining life on Earth (Szent-Gyorgyi and McLaughlin, [@B80]), but the role of quinones in early prebiotic reaction networks is presently underexplored.", "\n\nThe observed affinity between pyrite and quinones loosely resembles reactions in electron transport chain systems found across all domains of life, where redox and pH gradients across cell membranes are maintained, in part, by electron transport between metal sulfur clusters and quinone cofactors (Sun et al., [", "@B79]). ", "Electron transport chain has a modular structure (Yankovskaya et al., [", "@B94]) and it is possible that a first primitive fragments of a biological electron transport chain appeared from abiotic electrocatalytic interactions between minerals and redox active molecules. ", "In this case, an ability of pyrite surfaces to adsorb and concentrate amino acids and short peptides (Wachterhauser, [@B86]; Sanchez-Arenillas and Mateo-Marti, [@B73]) could have provided the link between the early redox systems and prebiotic reaction networks based on peptides and nucleic acids.", "\n\nThe redox processes of the living cells, with a few exceptions (Bar-Even, [@B5]), take place in the relatively narrow potential zone between −0.6 and 0.1 V (vs. SHE) (Weber, [@B89]; Bar-Even et al., [", "@B6]). ", "If electrochemical reactions were important components of prebiotic redox systems, then minerals that acted as electrodes should have been stable in the potential window corresponding to prebiotic redox reactions, such as reactions involving redox cofactors, components of the citric acid cycle, thiols and thioesters. ", "Side to side comparison of the redox potentials of these reactions to the stability of iron minerals at the same pH and temperature are shown on (Figure [8B](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "While CO~2~ reduction to organic molecules can take place on surfaces of FeS minerals, pyrite stability overlaps with a large part of biochemical redox potentials. ", "Ubiquitous pyrite surfaces likely served as natural mineral electrodes in primordial reaction networks.", "\n\nThe simple system presented in this paper is a model that does not yet address many questions relevant to the natural settings. ", "The selectivity and the stability of pyrite electrodes during the quinone redox cycling in presence of other organic and inorganic compounds will be studied in the next phase of the project. ", "To understand the global impact of abiotic electrochemical reactions a model involving electrical currents across conductive sediments coupled with the diffusion processes at the sediment interphases has to be developed. ", "Reduced iron sulfides are more electrically conductive than pyrite and magnetite (Telford et al., [", "@B81]), and are found at higher concentrations in the anoxic zones (Risgaard-Petersen et al., [", "@B69]). ", "Possibly the electron flow across the sediments occurs mostly through the reduced iron sulfides, the electron transfer takes place at the pyrite interphase, and there is a competition between mineral corrosion and electrons transfer pathways. ", "The complex pattern of the long-range electron transfer needs to be elucidated.", "\n\nPresent study of non-biological interactions between the organic molecules and the minerals suggests an existence of complex abiotic out-of-equilibrium systems driven by naturally occurring electrochemical gradients. ", "These systems might contribute to global biogeochemical cycles and have an impact on different phenomena ranging from chemical pollution to the origin of life.", "\n\nAuthor contributions {#s5}\n====================\n\nOT designed and performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the paper.", "\n\nConflict of interest statement\n------------------------------\n\nThe author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.", "\n\nI want to thank Prof. David Lynn for the support during the work on the project and writing of the manuscript, Prof. Craig L. Hill for providing access to the electropotentiostat used in the experiments, Dr. John Basca for the XRD analysis, Harvard Museum of Natural History for providing mineral samples for the electrodes, Prof. Y. A. Taran for the HSC-7 calculations, and Prof. M. T. Fernandez-Abedul, Dr. M. N. Tsaloglu and Dr. V.E. Campbell for the helpful discussions. ", "Harvard Origins of Life Initiative for the financial support during the early stages of the project.", "\n\n**Funding.** ", "The postdoctoral research is supported by Neurology and the ADRC at Emory University (P50AG025688) and by grant NSF/DMR-BSF 1610377.", "\n\nSupplementary material {#s6}\n======================\n\nThe Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fchem.2017.00049/full#supplementary-material>\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n[^1]: Edited by: Alysia Danielle Cox, Montana Tech of the University of Montana, United States\n\n[^2]: Reviewed by: Mustafa Yucel, Middle East Technical University, Turkey; Amy Gartman, United States Geological Survey, United States\n\n[^3]: This article was submitted to Microbiological Chemistry and Geomicrobiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Chemistry\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0.045454545454545456, 0.014184397163120567, 0.021739130434782608, 0.08, 0.125, 0.007751937984496124, 0.08695652173913043, 0.047619047619047616, 0.125, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0.041666666666666664, 0.125, 0.003194888178913738, 0.14285714285714285, 0, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0.015037593984962405, 0, 0.005434782608695652, 0.07692307692307693, 0.08695652173913043, 0.015267175572519083, 0.14285714285714285, 0.010638297872340425, 0.045454545454545456, 0.0125, 0.06779661016949153, 0.030303030303030304, 0.08333333333333333, 0.125, 0.008547008547008548, 0.02666666666666667, 0.125, 0.003937007874015748, 0.09090909090909091, 0.14285714285714285, 0.017857142857142856, 0.024793388429752067, 0.125, 0.007194244604316547, 0.025157232704402517, 0.011029411764705883, 0.14285714285714285, 0, 0.003401360544217687, 0.125, 0.006993006993006993, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0.14285714285714285, 0, 0.017142857142857144, 0.125, 0, 0.03409090909090909, 0.125, 0.008695652173913044, 0.004878048780487805, 0, 0.0015360983102918587, 0.009900990099009901, 0.031746031746031744, 0.037037037037037035, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0.14285714285714285, 0.011583011583011582, 0.007874015748031496, 0.01098901098901099, 0.041666666666666664, 0.018518518518518517, 0.010526315789473684, 0.018072289156626505, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0.007936507936507936, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0.009708737864077669, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0.011583011583011582, 0.0029498525073746312, 0.006944444444444444, 0.125, 0.025, 0, 0.004651162790697674, 0.006329113924050633, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.14285714285714285, 0, 0, 0.007537688442211055, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.125, 0.006779661016949152, 0, 0, 0.003194888178913738, 0.0029585798816568047, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0043859649122807015, 0.125, 0, 0, 0, 0.0019665683382497543, 0.004424778761061947, 0, 0, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0.125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0.0041841004184100415, 0.14285714285714285, 0, 0.016574585635359115, 0.125, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0044444444444444444, 0, 0, 0, 0.004484304932735426, 0.006944444444444444, 0.14285714285714285, 0, 0, 0.125, 0.004545454545454545, 0.004132231404958678, 0, 0, 0.02531645569620253, 0.008695652173913044, 0.004784688995215311, 0.125, 0.005263157894736842, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0, 0.010723860589812333, 0, 0.01876675603217158, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0.011396011396011397, 0.02857142857142857, 0.006134969325153374, 0.045454545454545456, 0.11428571428571428, 0.005988023952095809, 0.09090909090909091, 0.06666666666666667, 0.07692307692307693, 0.08695652173913043, 0.125, 0, 0.009216589861751152, 0.125, 0.03571428571428571, 0.014423076923076924, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0.125, 0.014084507042253521, 0.005076142131979695, 0.013468013468013467, 0.01485148514851485, 0.14285714285714285, 0, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.021052631578947368, 0.125, 0, 0, 0.0045662100456621, 0, 0, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0.01, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0.0038022813688212928, 0, 0, 0.02185792349726776 ]

[ "Q:\n\nSharepoint 2013 farm Configuration services\n\nI have a farm in sharepoint 2013 with a 3 level topology, I'm a little novice at this.", "\nI need to configure some services, the distribution of the farm is:\nServer DB\nServer Central Administration\nServer Administration Services\nServer Front End 1\nServer Front End 2. ", "\nwhich of the servers do the configuration of my user profile service for example?", "\n\nA:\n\nwhich of the servers do the configuration of my user profile service for example?", "\nAs a short answer : The application services like user profile synchronization service ... etc will be configured on the Application Server that host the Central Administration .", "\n\nTo avoid confusion you should know the difference between web server role and application server role\nFront-end web server role\n\nThe fundamental role of a front-end web server is to host web pages, web services, and the Web Parts that are required to process requests from users. ", "The web server directs these requests to the application server, which returns the results to the front-end web server.", "\n\nApplication server role\n\nBy default, the server that hosts Central Administration in a three-tier farm is an application server. ", "You can add application servers to host services that can be deployed to a single server and used by all the servers in a farm.", "\n\nFor more details check Add web or application servers to farms in SharePoint 2013\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0, 0, 0.0055248618784530384, 0, 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0, 0 ]

[ "To start off on the right foot here, please make sure to read the rules and TOS found at the bottom of the page. ", "Then, go over to \"Help\" found at the top bar of the page, over to Frequently Asked Questions and then watch the helpful videos found there. ", "The F.A.Q section of the site can help answer many of the questions you may have about the site or gameplay and also has links to pages like the Wiki and other helpful guides.", "\n\nAny questions you still aren't sure about, can't find an answer to or need clarification on, you can submit to the Issue Hub by going to \"Help Alacrity\" found on the top bar of the page and then down to \"Issue Hub\". ", "Type in a subject and your question and then click \"Newbie Helpers\" in the dropdown menu. ", "We will answer it ASAP! ", "We are very fast.", "\n\nWe're very happy to have you here and we hope you enjoy the site. ", "Stop by chat sometime and say hello to everyone, we are very friendly.", "\n\nRemember that the Newbie Helper team (the members with the question mark beside their names) are here to help you with anything you need." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Lynch Historic District\n\nThe Lynch Historic District, in Lynch, Kentucky, is a historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. ", " It included 298 contributing buildings, four contributing structures, and a contributing site.", "\n\nThe district is roughly bounded by city limits, L&N railroad bed, Big Looney Cr., ", "Second, Mountain, Highland Terrace, Liberty, and Church Streets.", "\n\nLynch was the largest company-owned coal mining town in Kentucky.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky\nCategory:Colonial Revival architecture in Kentucky\nCategory:Harlan County, Kentucky" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0.046875, 0.014925373134328358, 0.0064516129032258064 ]

[ "Export/Download Printable Text (.txt) CSV Multiverse id (.txt) Markdown/Reddit MTGO (.dek) MTG Salvation\n\nMTG Arena\n\nCopy to clipboard\n\n1 AEther Snap (C14) 133 1 Aphetto Alchemist (ONS) 1 Apprentice Wizard (MED) 40 1 Ashiok, Nightmare Weaver (THS) 188 1 Avatar of Woe (GRV) 128 1 Belltower Sphinx (M12) 141 1 Bloodchief Ascension (ZEN) 1 Codex Shredder (RTR) 1 Coffin Queen (TMP) 87 1 Colossal Whale (M14) 48 1 Command Tower (C15) 264 1 Consuming Aberration (GTC) 10 1 Crawlspace (C13) 240 1 Cremate (RTR) 1 Crypt Incursion (DGM) 1 Curse of the Swine (THS) 46 1 Declaration of Naught (MOR) 1 Diabolic Tutor (C17) 54 1 Dimir Aqueduct (MM2) 270 1 Dismal Backwater (DDQ) 245 1 Doom Blade (M14) 18 1 Drowned Catacomb (M13) 253 1 Duskmantle Guildmage (GTC) 1 Eater of the Dead (MED) 1 Empress Galina (INV) 1 Expedition Map (MM2) 255 1 Extinction (TMP) 1 Fendeep Summoner (MOR) 1 Frost Marsh (CSP) 1 Ghoulcaller Gisa (JMP) 236 1 Halimar Depths (DDM) 280 1 Hedron Crab (ZEN) 1 Illusionist's Bracers (GTC) 1 In Garruk's Wake (M15) 121 16 Island (SOI) 375 1 Jace's Mindseeker (DDM) 19 1 Jace, Memory Adept (M14) 60 1 Jwar Isle Refuge (C13) 260 1 King Macar, the Gold-Cursed (JOU) 74 1 Liliana of the Dark Realms (M14) 102 1 Liliana Vess (M15) 103 1 Magewright's Stone (DIS) 1 Mind Funeral (MMA) 1 Mind Grind (GTC) 1 Mindcrank (NPH) 1 Mirko Vosk, Mind Drinker (DGM) 17 1 Nemesis of Reason (ARB) 28 1 Oona, Queen of the Fae (MMA) 54 1 Pemmin's Aura (SCG) 1 Puppeteer (10E) 1 Rise of the Dark Realms (JMP) 271 1 Ruinous Path (C18) 117 1 Scourge of Fleets (DDO) 41 1 Sewer Nemesis (CMD) 75 1 Sheoldred, Whispering One (NPH) 278 1 Silent Arbiter (CNS) 250 1 Sire of Stagnation (BFZ) 206 1 Sol Ring (C15) 252 1 Solemn Simulacrum (M21) 239 1 Sorin Markov (M12) 3 1 Sphinx's Tutelage (ORI) 76 1 Startled Awake (SOI) 88 1 Stitcher Geralf (C14) 17 1 Stormtide Leviathan (M15) 80 12 Swamp (SOI) 377 1 Tainted Isle (PC2) 128 1 Teferi, Temporal Archmage (C14) 19 1 Temple of Deceit (THS) 245 1 Thassa, God of the Sea (THS) 66 1 Thousand-Year Elixir (C13) 1 Traumatize (M14) 77 1 Urborg, Tomb of Yawgmoth (M15) 148 1 Wayfarer's Bauble (C17) 230 1 Discombobulate (10E) 1 Induce Paranoia (RAV) 1 Mortivore (CMD) 69 1 Necrotic Ooze (SOM) 133 1 Nighthowler (C15) 129 1 Undead Alchemist (ISD)\n\nCopied to clipboard. ", "You can now import it in the MTG Arena client.", "\n\nIn TappedOut's comments/forums\n\nIn TappedOut's comments/forums with pie-chart\n\nOn your blog\n\nThis will require TappedOut.js included in your blog." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.022737210319195452, 0, 0.013513513513513514 ]

[ "The present disclosure relates to an image forming apparatus.", "\nAn image forming apparatus stops displaying a remaining toner amount when an attached toner container is not genuine." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "Improved bed use with creation of a short-stay unit in a cardiac catheterization recovery room.", "\nTo solve a capacity problem in a pediatric cardiovascular program, a 5- bed short-stay unit was created in the cardiac catheterization recovery room area within a 6-week timeframe. ", "We describe the problem, solution, and early results in hospital performance and patient outcomes. ", "Data were reviewed for 183 patients who underwent various cardiac catheterization procedures and recovered overnight in the cardiac short-stay unit during the first 4 months of operation. ", "The effect on bed use throughout the cardiac program and impact on the usual recovery room operations were assessed. ", "The cardiovascular inpatient bed shortage was relieved with the creation of a 5-bed short-stay unit, and no cardiac procedures were canceled because of lack of beds during the study period. ", "There was no negative impact on clinical operations in the catheterization laboratory recovery room, and the short-stay unit was cost-effective. ", "According to the rate of admission after recovery in the short-stay unit (5/183), patient selection was appropriate." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The name Dandey comes from the ancient Anglo-Saxon culture of Britain. ", "It was a name for a male, where it was originally used as a pet form of Andrew. [", "1]CITATION[CLOSE]Reaney, P.H and R.M. Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames. ", "London: Routledge, 1991. ", "Print. (", "ISBN 0-415-05737-X) Essentially the surname Dandey originally derived from the Old Scottish name Andrew.", "\n\nEarly Origins of the Dandey family\n\nThe surname Dandey was first found in Surrey in the parish of Leigh, where the Dendy family held estates and made sizable donations to the local church. [", "2]CITATION[CLOSE]Lewis, Samuel, A Topographical Dictionary of England. ", "Institute of Historical Research, 1848, Print. ", "The first record of the family was Dandi (without surname) who was listed in Lincolnshire in the Hundredorum Rolls of 1271-1273. ", "The same rolls list Richard Dande in Huntingdonshire. ", "Later the YorkshirePoll Tax Rolls of 1379 listed Willelmus Dandy, et uxor ejus and the Lay Subsidy Rolls of Lancashire listed Thomas Dandisone in 1332. [", "3]CITATION[CLOSE]Bardsley, C.W, A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames: With Special American Instances. ", "Wiltshire: Heraldry Today, 1901. ", "Print. (", "ISBN 0-900455-44-6) Adam Dandy was listed in the Register of Freeman of Yorkshire in 1312. [", "1]CITATION[CLOSE]Reaney, P.H and R.M. Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames. ", "London: Routledge, 1991. ", "Print. (", "ISBN 0-415-05737-X)\n\nThe name may also be from Dand, Dandy, familiarly used in Scotland for Andrew. ", "Comparing the Scottish records to the English ones, we can see that the Scottish ones were more recent and in many cases the name appears as a forename, not a surname. \"", "Andrew Kerr, son of the eighth lord of Ferniehurst, who died in 1499, was generally known as 'Dand Kerr.' ", "Dand was common as a Christian name in the south of Scotland in the sixteenth century, and in the list of tenants under the Abbey of Kelso in 1567 we find Dand Howy, Dand Glernet, Dand Lermont, Dand Craige, Dand Stobe, etc.\" [", "4]CITATION[CLOSE]Black, George F., The Surnames of Scotland Their Origin, Meaning and History. ", "New York: New York Public Library, 1946. ", "Print. (", "ISBN 0-87104-172-3)\n\nEarly History of the Dandey family\n\nThis web page shows only a small excerpt of our Dandey research.", "Another 191 words (14 lines of text) covering the years 1613 and 1674 are included under the topic Early Dandey History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.", "\n\nDandey Spelling Variations\n\nOnly recently has spelling become standardized in the English language. ", "As the English language evolved in the Middle Ages, the spelling of names changed also. ", "The name Dandey has undergone many spelling variations, including Dandie, Dandy, Dande, Dando and others.", "\n\nEarly Notables of the Dandey family (pre 1700)\n\nNotables of this surname at this time include: Kerr Dand, son of the eighth Lord of Ferniehurst; and Edward Dendy (bap. ", "1613-1674), English Serjeant-at-Arms in the Long Parliament and for the Rump during the... Another 34 words (2 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Dandey Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.", "\n\nMigration of the Dandey family to the New World and Oceana\n\nTo escape the unstable social climate in England of this time, many families boarded ships for the New World with the hope of finding land, opportunity, and greater religious and political freedom. ", "Although the voyages were expensive, crowded, and difficult, those families that arrived often found greater opportunities and freedoms than they could have experienced at home. ", "Many of those families went on to make significant contributions to the rapidly developing colonies in which they settled. ", "Early North American records indicate many people bearing the name Dandey were among those contributors: Elizabeth Dande who settled in Boston in 1712; William Dando who settled in Barbados in 1654; Joseph Dando arrived in Philadelphia in 1838." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0.019230769230769232, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0.007751937984496124, 0.018518518518518517, 0.0196078431372549, 0.009174311926605505, 0, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0.0125, 0, 0, 0, 0.005917159763313609, 0.009433962264150943, 0.017699115044247787, 0.010526315789473684, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0.01652892561983471, 0, 0, 0, 0.01904761904761905, 0.011764705882352941, 0.011673151750972763, 0.011538461538461539, 0.0056179775280898875, 0, 0.01639344262295082 ]

[ "The PACESC Classroom\n\n... is dedicated to assisting parents who are legally homeschooling their children under their resident state home school laws .", "\n\n... is just one facet of PACESC (The Parents Association for Christian Education).", "\n\n... is not a school. ", "Students attending classes through the PACESC Classroom are registered homeschoolers, and the primary teaching responsibility remains with the parent.", "\n\nLearn more about PACESC...\n\nPACESC is a multifaceted National Homeschooling Support Organization and South Carolina Accountability Association. ", "Our strong commitment to homeschool families and our unique service has established our place as a leader in the homeschool community.", "\n\nThe Records Department at PACESC- discover the many ways PACESC can assist you in organizing and keeping those valuable school records. ", "In many instances, we can help fulfill your state's record keeping requirements. ", "In states with little or no requirements, we can assist you in your effort to document and validate your student's hard work. ", "We also offer a transcript/ diploma service for high school students." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.006666666666666667, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0.006666666666666667, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Janie Jones\n\nMarion Mitchell (born 1941 in Seaham, County Durham), better known by her stage name, Janie Jones, is a former English singer. ", " She became renowned for holding sex parties at her home during the 1970s, and was jailed for her involvement in 'controlling prostitutes'. ", "She first achieved notoriety in August 1964, when she attended the film premiere of London in the Raw, wearing a topless dress.", "\n\nMusic and television career\nJones began her show-business career as a cabaret artist in late 1950s London. ", "She performed first at the Windmill Theatre, and later in clubs in Mayfair and elsewhere in London. ", "\n\nShe began recording songs and embarked on another career as a pop singer in the 1960s, her greatest success coming in 1966 with the novelty song \"Witches Brew\" which was her first single and peaked at number 46 in the UK Singles Chart.", "\n\nSubsequent releases failed to have any impact in the UK charts, but were all collected together and released on the compilation album 'We're in Love with the World of Janie Jones' in 1997.", "\n\nAt the height of her fame as a singer, Jones appeared on various television programmes, including Thank Your Lucky Stars and Mike and Bernie's Show .", "\n\nAfter being released from prison, she still made occasional appearances on the small screen including The Russell Harty Show, where she sang two songs in 1977, the BBC's The Time of Your Life in 1984, where she appeared in a reconstruction of the Summer of 1964, and The James Whale Radio Show, in an episode focusing on the theme of Scandal in 1990.", "\n\nDiscography\n\n \"Witches Brew/Take-A My Tip\" (11/65) HMV POP1495 - UK: #46\n \"Gunning For You/Go Go Away From Me\" (3/66) HMV POP1514\n \"Tickle Me Tootsie Wootsies/High And Dry\" (4/67) Columbia DB8173\n \"Charlie Smith/Nobody’s Perfect\" (5/68) Pye 7N17550\n \"Girl’s Song/I’ve Never Met A Boy Like You\" (9/68) Major Minor MM577\n \"Back On My Feet Again/Psycho\" (1970) President PT309\n \"House of the Ju-Ju Queen/Sex Machine\" (as Janie Jones & The Lash, ps, 12/83) Big Beat NS91 Janie Jones RPM177\n\nImprisonment\nThe cabaret singer was sentenced to seven years imprisonment (serving three years) in 1974 for her involvement in 'controlling prostitutes'.", "\n\nWhilst in jail, she met and befriended the Moors murderer Myra Hindley and made numerous television appearances insisting that Hindley was a reformed woman and should be considered for release. ", " However Jones developed a deep hatred for Hindley in 1986 when Hindley finally confessed to her crimes. ", " In 1993 she wrote an autobiography titled The Devil and Miss Jones: The Twisted Mind of Myra Hindley.", "\n\nThe Clash\nShe is the subject of a song by The Clash called \"Janie Jones\", which was released in 1977 on the band's eponymous debut album. ", "In 2006, the song was covered by Babyshambles. ", "Jones appeared in the music video for the Babyshambles version, being chauffeured around London together with Mick Jones.", "\n\nIn 1982, Jones, backed by members of The Clash and the Blockheads and credited as Janie Jones & The Lash, recorded a single, \"House of the Ju-Ju Queen\" b/w \"Sex Machine\", which was produced by Joe Strummer and released the following year. ", "In December 1983, the British music magazine, NME, reported that Jones was on the 'comeback trail'.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nJanie Jones by Billy Harry\n\nCategory:1941 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Seaham\nCategory:English female singers\nCategory:English brothel owners and madams" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0.007874015748031496, 0, 0, 0, 0.005263157894736842, 0.013245033112582781, 0.005681818181818182, 0.009345794392523364, 0.015306122448979591, 0.01904761904761905, 0.00980392156862745, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0.016597510373443983, 0.020202020202020204, 0.009852216748768473 ]

[ "About Our Blog:\n\nFollow along with our team of quilters as we show off our new projects, discuss new and exciting techniques, talk about new fabric collections, and share news about the latest and greatest happenings here at Connecting Threads.", "\n\nCategory Archives: Personal Stories\n\nHand sewing has never been so fun! ", "I’ve done a few small projects recently that were made completely by hand, and the outcome was great! ", "When trying to decide on which project I’d like to tackle next, I thought I would challenge myself a little more and go for something I wasn’t sure could even be executed properly without a machine. ", "Since Mothers’ Day happened last month, I thought my mom would love to receive a gift from ...\n\nThis last week I purged my whole stash and donated most of it to the Linus Project. ", "While purging I found this project. ", "It was put together to make a scrappy bow tie quilt for a twin bed. ", "The bow tie blocks finish at 2-1/2″ and I need 420 blocks. ", "I know, crazy, huh? ", "Well, I love little piecing and have wanted this ...\n\nThank you so much to everyone who commented on our Sewing for ME and A Giveaway post! ", "Congratulations to Nancy N., our randomly selected winner. ", "She will receive the Mini Quilts Booklet and a Cotton + Steel Fat Quarter Sampler as a prize!", "\n\nJudy is our resident merchandising manager and storyteller, two roles she frequently combines with great effect. ", "At our last meeting, she shared a story that was both a product review and a hilarious personal anecdote that left us rolling.", "\nThis is her story.", "\nThe Set-Up: My husband was in the bathroom putting some greasy ointment on our dog’s ear. ", "I was going to bed. ", "As I pulled back the covers before climbing in, a BIG, black, thick-legged, sturdy-looking spider took off running ...\n\nAs the newest addition to the Connecting Threads team, I am tasked with introducing myself to you. ", "So, first things first: Hello! ", "I’m Hayley, the new marketing coordinator for Connecting Threads.", "\nMy role is a mix of traffic control and helping us communicate with you. ", "I’ll be the one ensuring our plans get set into motion and go smoothly. ", "You can also ...\n\nMy son Andrew is in his second year at Oregon State University studying engineering. ", "In the fall of his freshman year, he attended a football game where they passed out orange and black rally towels. ", "After the game, he saw lots of towels left behind and thought, “My mom could make me a quilt out of these!” ", "He gathered up about 35 towels–mostly ...\n\nHeirloom Manor Fabric Collection\nThis October, we debuted a new fabric collection in our catalog and online called Heirloom Manor. ", "I personally love this collection—to date it is my favorite fabric line that I have worked on since starting here as fabric designer a little over a year ago.", "\nThe working title for this fabric collection was “Rich Country Floral”, ...\n\nOne day my Sis and I were talking about her kindergarten class wondering about all the different ways she could present their coloring projects to them. ", "Barb described how the children used color crayons and how they were stored. ", "Having the majority of the color crayons donated, she put all of them in a very large bin throwing away all the individual boxes to save ..." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005555555555555556, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0.01694915254237288, 0.010752688172043012, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0045662100456621, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0.019417475728155338, 0, 0, 0.005747126436781609, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "ROME, Italy — When Sicilian Mafia superboss Bernardo Provenzano was nabbed in a little farmhouse near Corleone, Sicily, in April 2006 after 43 years on the lam, police found one of his five Bibles especially interesting. ", "Among the worn Catholic prayer cards and tattered photos of Jesus Christ stuffed between the pages, Provenzano had written a secret code, including dots, arrows and other notations he used to guide the Cosa Nostra from his secret hideout to kill, threaten, extort and rob.", "\n\nProvenzano, a devout Catholic who reportedly watched Mass on television or listened to it on the radio every day, had also underlined and retyped scores of passages from both the Old and New Testament, including several from the Book of Revelation, including one (17:7) that implied he was doing God's work: \"For God hath put in their hearts to fulfill his will, and to agree, and give their kingdom unto the beast, until the words of God shall be fulfilled.\"", "\n\nProvenzano was hardly the first Mafioso to hide behind his Catholic faith. ", "There has always been a close connection between the Catholic Church and mafia-style organized crime syndicates, especially in the small villages of southern Italy where local priests often are complicit in criminal activity, either by doling out sacred forgiveness for heinous crimes or acting as character witnesses for the most unworthy criminals.", "\n\nMobster hideouts often are plastered with Catholic icons, including rosaries, crucifixes and statues of the Virgin Mary. ", "But on Saturday, when Pope Francis visited the epicenter of the ‘Ndrangheta criminal gangland in Calabria, he made it clear that organized crime had to end, calling the ‘Ndrangheta’s activity an “adoration of evil and contempt for the common good.”", "\n\nDeviating from his prepared script, Francis repeated his previous condemnation of criminal activity, telling a crowd of 200,000 faithful that those who are involved in mafia-style organized crime gangs should consider themselves excommunicated immediately (though the papal spokesman was quick to clarify that excommunication is a legal act and the pope’s words did not reflect a change in Canon law on the matter).", "\n\n\"Those who in their lives follow this path of evil, as mafiosi do, are not in communion with God. ", "They are excommunicated,” said the Pope. “", "This evil must be fought against. ", "It must be pushed aside. ", "We must say no to it.”", "\n\nFrancis’s message was not just meant for the gangsters. ", "John Dickie, professor of Italian studies at University College London and author of several books on Italian organized crime including the recent Mafia Republic, told The Daily Beast that the pope was talking to the priests, too.", "\n\n“The real audience of Pope Francis’s message was the local church,” Dickie told The Daily Beast. “", "There is a very long history of silence and complicity with the Catholic Church and the Mafia. ", "For years many priests have been happy to allow the Mafia to dress themselves up as upstanding members of communities.”", "\n\nNow, Dickie says, the church is distancing itself from the perceived alliance. ", "The move started with John Paul II, who was the first pope to ever use the word “mafia” when he denounced the Sicilian Cosa Nostra at a Mass in Agrigento in 1993. ", "Before that, the Church had largely turned a blind eye to the criminal gangs, even denying in some cases that the Mafia existed at all.", "\n\nJohn Paul II’s words had two significant impacts. ", "A handful of Mafiosi serving sentences in Italian prisons started cooperating with the police, becoming “pentiti” or turncoats. ", "But the Mafia also took its revenge, setting off bombs in Rome, Florence and Milan that killed ten people. ", "The attacks targeted cultural entities like the Uffizi in Florence, and also hit the basilica of San Giovanni in Rome—John Paul II’s titular church.", "\n\nSo far, there has been no retaliation or direct threat against Francis, who continues to defy his security detail by refusing to use the bullet-proof popemobile in crowds. ", "But in November 2013, Nicola Gratteri, a leading anti-mafia prosecutor in Calabria admitted that Pope Francis was making criminals “very nervous,” warning that the pope’s hard line against organized crime could put him in danger.", "\n\nIn an interview with Il Fatto Quotidiano newspaper, Gratteri, who lives under constant police protection for his own anti-Mafia work, said the pope should be cautious. “", "If the godfathers can find a way to stop him, they will seriously consider it,” Gratteri said. “", "Those who have up until now profited from the influence and wealth drawn from the church are getting very nervous. ", "For many years, the mafia has laundered money and made investments with the complicity of the church.”", "\n\nReform-minded Francis has not been afraid to tackle the Vatican’s burgeoning problems, including clearing out the least effective members of the Curia and firing the entire board of the Vatican Bank. ", "But ministering to the mob might be more challenging. “", "A gunman from the ‘Ndrangheta will pray and kiss his rosary before shooting someone,” Gratteri says. ", "It will likely take more than a threat from Rome to change the mindset of a mafioso." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.00904977375565611, 0.007352941176470588, 0.0021691973969631237, 0, 0.002857142857142857, 0, 0.004032258064516129, 0.002398081534772182, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013043478260869565, 0.03, 0.021052631578947368, 0.008403361344537815, 0.012345679012345678, 0.012269938650306749, 0.022222222222222223, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0.018691588785046728, 0.006756756756756757, 0.005747126436781609, 0.008733624454148471, 0.011695906432748537, 0, 0, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "A 16-year-old boy was killed and another teenage boy was in custody after allegedly trying to rob an off-duty Chicago police officer at gunpoint Thursday morning in the Arcadia Terrace neighborhood on the Northwest Side.", "\n\nAt 2:23 a.m., the CPD officer was sitting inside his personal vehicle parked in the 5800 block of North Talman Avenue when the two teens walked over, CPD Deputy Chief Al Nagode said in the press conference after the shooting. ", "The 16-year-old allegedly pointed a handgun and announced a robbery.", "\n\nThe officer handed over his belongings, Nagode said, but the second boy reached in the car and patted the officer down for more items.", "\n\nHe located a second wallet that contained the officer’s police star, Nagode said. ", "The 16-year-old allegedly pointed his gun at the officer and told him not to move.", "\n\n“The officer, knowing that he’s armed, was forced to pull out his weapon, and he fires at the individual,” Nagode said.", "\n\nAfter he shot the 16-year-old, the other boy ran away with the officer’s belongings, Nagode said.", "\n\n“Not having a phone on him now, the officer begins to shout, asking for help,” Nagode said. “", "Our neighbor comes out and responds, [telling] him that he needs an ambulance.”", "\n\nAfter emergency responders were called, the 16-year-old was brought to St. Francis Hospital in Evanston and pronounced dead shortly after.", "\n\nThe Cook County medical examiner’s office identified the boy as Sarge Junior, who lived in the West Rogers Park neighborhood on the North Side.", "\n\nAssisting police units soon caught the boy who fled the scene and placed him under custody, Nagode said. ", "Charges were pending Thursday morning.", "\n\nThe officer was parked alone in that block after going to a movie theater with two friends, Nagode said. ", "He had his head down when the two teens approached his vehicle.", "\n\nPolice said the officer is a 32-year-old man who has been with the department for six years. ", "He is assigned to the Major Accidents Investigation Unit.", "\n\nThe 16-year-old boy’s stepfather reported the teen went missing with his weapon Wednesday night, Nagode said. ", "The weapon recovered at the scene matched the description his stepfather provided.", "\n\nThe Civilian Office of Police Accountability was investigating the use of force by police and the officer involved will be placed on administrative duties for 30 days, police said.", "\n\nIt was the second officer-involved shooting over the past two days. ", "On Tuesday morning, a CPD officer took a bullet to the vest in an exchange of gunfire that wounded another person in the South Side Gresham neighborhood." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.004545454545454545, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0.010101010101010102, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0.006896551724137931, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0.005494505494505495, 0, 0.006535947712418301 ]

[ "[Mites allergy in children from Tula region].", "\nCharacteristics of allergy to mites in children living in Tula region have been revealed. ", "It was shown that mites from Pyroglyphidae (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae), Cheyletidae and Glycyphagidae (G. destructor, G. domesticus) families play important role in development of atopic allergy in children from this region. ", "Efficacy of plant-origin acaricide \"Milbiol\" as part of prophylactic measures was evaluated. ", "Its use in children with mild and intermediate asthma led to decrease of number of wheezing episodes, improvement of respiratory function, lessening of clinical signs of allergic rhinitis, decrease or discontinuation of usage of vasoconstrictive preparations." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.022222222222222223, 0.01098901098901099, 0.01171875, 0, 0 ]

[ "Lillian Wald at Henry Street, 1893-1895.", "\nThis article presents historical research into the origins of the Henry Street Settlement on the lower East Side of New York City. ", "It is about Lillian D. Wald and her contributions. ", "Wald used techniques and approaches to deal with problems that exist today: health care equity and financial support from public and private sources. ", "Keys to her success include effective leadership, assertive management, and knowledge of the power structure. ", "The Henry Street Settlement, from its humble origins, set precedents for innovations in public health nursing that have profoundly affected health care in the United States." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.025, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0, 0.005780346820809248 ]

[ "'use strict';\nvar $at = require('./$.string-at')(true);\n\n// 21.1.3.27 String.prototype[@@iterator]()\nrequire('./$.iter-define')(String, 'String', function(iterated){\n this._t = String(iterated); // target\n this._i = 0; // next index\n// 21.1.5.2.1 %StringIteratorPrototype%.next()\n}, function(){\n var O = this._t\n , index = this._i\n , point;\n if(index >= O.length)return {value: undefined, done: true};\n point = $at(O, index);\n this._i += point.length;\n return {value: point, done: false};\n});" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0019047619047619048 ]

[ "Friday, July 03, 2009\n\nEff word Friday: What kind of feminist are you?", "\n\nI ask because I'm still not sure myself.", "\n\nWhen I was an earnest doctoral student (not even a candidate yet-- just a course-work slogging wannabe who wore too much make up for the women's studies folks to like me), I really liked the wave metaphor for eras of feminist activism in the United States. ", "I fancied myself a 2nd-waver living in the midst of the 3rd wave, a kind of throwback who embraced grrl culture and the \"liberating choice\" to dress kind of slutty and spend all my expendable income on grooming products but who still wanted to spell woman with a \"y\" and kick men out of women's studies classes and tell people who wanted to rename those classes \"gender studies\" to shove it. ", "I kept my push-up bra on but torched the Beauty Myth, you know?", "\n\nBack when I saw everything through an unquestioned, unmentioned lens of white middle-class, childless privilege (but before I started writing just awful sentences in my scholarly work about exploring theoretical underpinnings-- blech-- and I am a critic who has only a passing interest in theory, so really, I don't even have any business using the t-word in my work), this is how I saw the tidy waves of feminist activism:\n\nFirst Wave: Women's suffragists. ", "Rah-rah for the right to vote! ", "Second Wave: The Feminine Mystique, career moms, abortion rights, the Pill, politicalization of the personal, and sex outside marriage!Third Wave: Really radical defense of abortion as a natural part of women's reproductive lives, Manifesta, overuse of the consumerist slogan \"choice,\" simultaneous commodification and de-politicalization of the personal, a sustained interest (finally) in transnational activism.", "\n\nBut what about the progressive maternalists who acted out of first wave feminism and in trying to make the country better for women and children, helped to build the paternalist welfare state?", "\n\nWhat about essentialism that started in the first wave, and continued into the second with Carol Gilligan and Nancy Chodorow, and washed into the third with Eve Ensler?", "\n\nWhat about the unquestioned acceptance of the liberal subject as disembodied, of the ideal worker as childless and masculine, of the notion that women's participation in the public sphere is all that's necessary for equality, that we do not need to remake the public or force it to be concerned with private matters, that women can simply act as men in the public world, and all will be right?", "\n\nBecause I study reproductive rights, it makes sense that my thoughts about feminism all come down to the problem of \"choice.\" ", "On the one hand, it is a really horrible slogan for a movement-- pro-choice. ", "Really? ", "What the hell does that mean? ", "Choice connotes the kind of marketplace discrimination that assumes we all have a seat at the table, that we all come to this choice with equal access to all available options. ", "And certainly, it obscures important questions of life-- whose life? ", "which life? ", "value of a life?-- ceding the power to define life and answer all moral charges to the other side of the debate.", "\n\nBeyond questions of abortion rights, however, I think the choice slogan hurts human rights in this country. ", "Childcare, for example, is so much more than a choice. ", "To say that when you have a baby, you either *choose* to stay home or *choose* to work outside the home boils so many lives down to an either-or fallacy and obscures the decisions real people make using their available resources-- and of course, we all reason from different places, with different values, and with access to very different material and spiritual conditions. ", "A glib word like \"choice\" that assumes so much agency and glosses over so much inequality makes us have cultural conversations about the wrong things. ", "About mommy wars instead of federal dollars for daycare, for example.", "\n\nI still don't know how to label my kind of feminism. ", "The day Harry was born, it all sort of fell apart for me, all the neat boxes, the carefully delineated waves, the sureness that I'd WOHM without regret, that I knew exactly how to handle an unplanned pregnancy.", "\n\nPlease tell me because I really want to know: what is feminism for you? ", "what is the most important feminist issue facing our generation? ", "where do you see the movement (if we can still call it a movement) going from here?", "\n\nMost importantly, how has your view of feminism changed since you had kids?", "\n\nBecause for me, these guys (pictured dancing to EELS' Prizefighter) changed everything\n\nNo comments:\n\nNaBloPoMo\n\nThe Fam\n\nAbout Me\n\nI have a PhD in rhetoric, and I work at a ginormous university. ", "I also work at home with my 4 kids: Harry who is a third- grader, Jack, who is a first-grader, Cooper, who is a preschooler, and Dorothy, who will tell you she's 2.", "\nEmail me at harrytimesjackedup@gmail.com" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.002421307506053269, 0, 0.01764705882352941, 0, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004761904761904762, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005050505050505051, 0.024390243902439025, 0.024390243902439025 ]

[ "Q:\n\nMakefile function expansion\n\nbuild_debug:=dltvr\ndefine debug\n$$(findstring $(2),$$(if $$(DEBUG_SCOPE_DIR),$$(if $$(filter $$(DEBUG_SCOPE_DIR)%,$(1)),$(build_debug)),$(build_debug)))\nendef \ndefine warn\n$$(if $(call debug,$(1),$(2)),$$(warning $(3)))\nendef \n$(call warn,jianxi,d,D jianxi)\n\nIn my optinion, $(call warn,...) will be expand to \n$(if $(findstring d,$(if $(DEBUG_SCOPE_DIR),$(if $(filter $(DEBUG_SCOPE_DIR)%,jianxi),dltvr),dltvr)),$(warning D jianxi))\n\nAnd will output Makefile:13: D jianxi\n\nA:\n\nYou are correct; $(call warn,...) will be expanded to $(if $(findstring ...)...). ", "But it will not be expanded any further.", "\nYou have escaped the '$' symbols too far. ", "Try this:\ndefine warn\n$(if $(call debug,$(1),$(2)),$(warning $(3)))\nendef\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0016778523489932886, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Partial growth hormone insensitivity in childhood.", "\nThere appears to be a continuum of GH-responsiveness, ranging from complete GH-resistance in Laron syndrome to normal GH-sensitivity. ", "Partial GHI is suggested by findings at both ends of this spectrum; some patients with Laron-type dwarfism are less severely affected by their GHI than others (Savage et al, 1993; for a review, see Savage et al, 1995) and some short, non-GH-deficient, children have reduced responsiveness to GH. ", "Among children with ISS, we have identified a subgroup where defects at the level of the GH receptor lead to a partial-GHI syndrome (Carlsson et al, 1994; Attie et al, 1995; Goddard et al, 1995). ", "Partial-GHI may explain the growth failure in some children who do not meet the criteria for GHD. ", "So far, the clinical evaluation of short children has been focused on the exclusion or demonstration of GHD. ", "The diagnosis of GHD at present requires that stimulated or spontaneous GH concentrations should fail to reach a certain, arbitrarily determined level. ", "This assumes that GH-sensitivity is equal in all subjects, with the exception of rare cases with Laron syndrome. ", "The diagnosis of GHD is in itself controversial, and it has been suggested that GH testing should be supplemented by other measures such as auxological evaluation and measurement of other components of the GH/IGF-I axis (Rosenfeld et al, 1995). ", "However, the fact that some short children have partial-GHI suggests that both GH secretion and GH responsiveness should be taken into consideration when investigating the cause of short stature (Figure 5). ", "Many short children do not have GHD per se, but may be short due to inadequate GH stimulation because of reduced GH-sensitivity." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.02962962962962963, 0.013513513513513514, 0.015306122448979591, 0.01020408163265306, 0.009174311926605505, 0.006578947368421052, 0.017699115044247787, 0.012244897959183673, 0.00966183574879227, 0.015625 ]

[ "// Generated by IcedCoffeeScript 108.0.11\n(function() {\n var iced, is_pgp_sig, kb, pgp, pgp_sig, __iced_k, __iced_k_noop;\n\n iced = require('iced-runtime');\n __iced_k = __iced_k_noop = function() {};\n\n pgp = require('./openpgp/keymanager');\n\n pgp_sig = require('./openpgp/sigeng');\n\n kb = require('./keybase/hilev');\n\n exports.import_armored_public = function(_arg, cb) {\n var armored, asp, err, opts, ret, warnings, ___iced_passed_deferral, __iced_deferrals, __iced_k;\n __iced_k = __iced_k_noop;\n ___iced_passed_deferral = iced.findDeferral(arguments);\n armored = _arg.armored, asp = _arg.asp, opts = _arg.opts;\n warnings = null;\n (function(_this) {\n return (function(__iced_k) {\n if (armored.match(/^-{5}BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-{5}/)) {\n (function(__iced_k) {\n __iced_deferrals = new iced.", "Deferrals(__iced_k, {\n parent: ___iced_passed_deferral,\n filename: \"/Users/max/src/keybase/kbpgp/src/ukm.iced\",\n funcname: \"import_armored_public\"\n });\n pgp.", "KeyManager.import_from_armored_pgp({\n armored: armored,\n asp: asp,\n opts: opts\n }, __iced_deferrals.defer({\n assign_fn: (function() {\n return function() {\n err = arguments[0];\n ret = arguments[1];\n return warnings = arguments[2];\n };\n })(),\n lineno: 12\n }));\n __iced_deferrals._fulfill();\n })(__iced_k);\n } else {\n (function(__iced_k) {\n __iced_deferrals = new iced.", "Deferrals(__iced_k, {\n parent: ___iced_passed_deferral,\n filename: \"/Users/max/src/keybase/kbpgp/src/ukm.iced\",\n funcname: \"import_armored_public\"\n });\n kb.", "KeyManager.import_public({\n hex: armored\n }, __iced_deferrals.defer({\n assign_fn: (function() {\n return function() {\n err = arguments[0];\n return ret = arguments[1];\n };\n })(),\n lineno: 14\n }));\n __iced_deferrals._fulfill();\n })(__iced_k);\n }\n });\n })(this)((function(_this) {\n return function() {\n return cb(err, ret, warnings);\n };\n })(this));\n };\n\n is_pgp_sig = function(x) {\n return x.match(/^-{5}BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-{5}/);\n };\n\n exports.decode_sig = function(_arg) {\n var armored;\n armored = _arg.armored;\n if (is_pgp_sig(armored)) {\n return pgp_sig.decode_sig({\n armored: armored\n });\n } else {\n return kb.decode_sig({\n armored: armored\n });\n }\n };\n\n exports.get_sig_body = function(_arg) {\n var armored;\n armored = _arg.armored;\n if (is_pgp_sig(armored)) {\n return pgp_sig.get_sig_body({\n armored: armored\n });\n } else {\n return kb.get_sig_body({\n armored: armored\n });\n }\n };\n\n}).call(this);\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.007058823529411765, 0.0045871559633027525, 0.0016835016835016834, 0.004608294930875576, 0.0025020850708924102 ]

[ "The game comes after\nKhloe had a fun Thanksgiving in Cleveland with baby True and her love Tristan.", "\n\nThe rest of the Kardashians celebrated the holiday together,\nwhich caused some people on social media to speculate that there might be some\nfamily strife.", "\n\nBut Koko quickly shut down the rumors.", "\n\n“Y’all are reaching now. ", "I’ve spent the\npast 3years in Cleveland for Thanksgiving,” she wrote. “", "Not sure why\npeople are trying to create drama between my family and I.”\n\n“My sisters and I are perfectly find thank you! ", "All of\ntheir families were able to travel but TT being in season, he can not,”\nshe explained.", "\n\nY’all are reaching now. ", "I’ve spent the past 3years in Cleveland for Thanksgiving. ", "Not sure why people are trying to create drama between my family and I. My sisters and I are perfectly fine thank you! ", "All of their families were able to travel but TT being in season, he can not" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.020202020202020204, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0, 0, 0.013157894736842105 ]

[ "By Maria Tsvetkova\n\nMOSCOW (Reuters) - One of Vladimir Putin's main opponents may have broken a taboo by publishing what he says is the pseudonym used by one the Russian president's daughters to stay out of the spotlight.", "\n\nPutin has made his and his family's private life little less than a state secret, keeping his rarely-photographed daughters Yekaterina, 28, and Maria, 29, out of sight and managing his divorce with the minimum fuss.", "\n\nBut opposition blogger Alexei Navalny on Thursday published on his Facebook page an online report which identified a certain Katerina Vladimirovna Tikhonova as the head of an organization working with Moscow State University.", "\n\nA separate report on Wednesday by RBC, an independent multi-media holding, stated Tikhonova was among those heading a $1.7 billion project to build new University facilities but it did not make any connection between her and Putin.", "\n\nNavalny wrote on his Facebook page: \"RBC (they are cool!) ", "yesterday found Putin's daughter in the Scientific Council of Moscow State University.\"", "\n\nA source close to Moscow State University confirmed Tikhonova was Putin's daughter, telling Reuters on condition of anonymity: \"Yes, it is her.\"", "\n\nTikhonova could not be reached for comment.", "\n\nThe Kremlin often brushes aside questions about Putin's private life, defending his right it privacy. ", "Asked about the woman's identity, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said: \"I don't know who she is.\"", "\n\nAsked whether Putin's daughter works for Moscow State University, he answered: \"I don't know. ", "It's not my job. ", "I deal with the president, not with his children.\"", "\n\n$1.7 BILLION PROJECT\n\nRBC, which has a television channel, a newspaper and Internet portal, wrote on Wednesday about a development project under which Moscow State University, one of the country's most prestigious, would be expanded.", "\n\nUnder the headline \"Who stands behind the MSU expansion\", it wrote that Tikhonova was in charge of Innopraktika, an organization that was helping prepare the $1.7 billion project.", "\n\nStory continues\n\nRBC did not make any direct link to Putin, although it said several influential businessmen who are his allies were involved in the project, and said Tikhonova had declined an interview request. ", "Innopraktika declined to comment to Reuters.", "\n\nSergey Aleksashenko, a former official at the central bank who is now an opposition figure, questioned in a blog whether it was correct for Tikhonova to hold such a role in a business project if she is indeed Putin's daughter.", "\n\n\"If this is true, it means that Vladimir Putin has crossed one of those 'red lines' he once drew for himself,\" he wrote.", "\n\nPutin is so secretive about his family that most Russians have no idea what his daughters look like. ", "It is also not public knowledge where his ex-wife Lyudmila is living since their divorce was finalised last year.", "\n\nPutin did, however, say in November that his daughters both live in Russia and he sees them once or twice a month.", "\n\nMedia reports last year said Maria had lived in the Netherlands until Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 was shot down over eastern Ukraine, killing 298 people, many of them Dutch nationals. ", "She fled after the local mayor called for her deportation, though he later retracted his comments.", "\n\nPutin's spokesman denied rumors five years ago that Yekaterina planned to marry the son of a South Korean general.", "\n\nPutin and Lyudmila announced their breakup to a television interviewer in June 2013 and they formally divorced in April last year after more than 30 years of marriage.", "\n\nPutin said in 2008 there was no truth to a newspaper report that he was preparing to marry Olympic rhythmic gymnast Alina Kabayeva, who was born in 1983.", "\n\nHe told journalists at the time to keep their \"snotty noses\" out of his private affairs and the newspaper, Moskovsky Korrespondent, folded shortly afterwards.", "\n\n(Reporting by Maria Tsvetkova, Writing by Timothy Heritage; editing by Janet McBride)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.01809954751131222, 0.004608294930875576, 0.013215859030837005, 0.012875536480686695, 0.016666666666666666, 0.034482758620689655, 0.02054794520547945, 0.022222222222222223, 0.019230769230769232, 0.02040816326530612, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0, 0.00425531914893617, 0.0055248618784530384, 0.009345794392523364, 0.022727272727272728, 0.0043859649122807015, 0.00819672131147541, 0.009708737864077669, 0.008849557522123894, 0.008620689655172414, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0.008620689655172414, 0.011834319526627219, 0.01935483870967742, 0.00625, 0.04597701149425287 ]

[ "Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez speaks at the Netroots Nation annual conference for political progressives in New Orleans, La., August 4, 2018. (", "Jonathan Bachman/Reuters)\n\nShe may have harsh words for capitalism, but her actions highlight the system’s benefits.", "\n\nOn Wednesday, it was reported that Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s campaign had spent $4,000 on Uber rides — despite the fact that the self-described Democratic socialist herself had previously decried the company on Twitter:\n\nNYC's fourth driver suicide. ", "Yellow cab drivers are in financial ruin due to the unregulated expansion of Uber. ", "What was a living wage job now pays under minimum. ", "We need:\n\n– to call Uber drivers what they are: EMPLOYEES, not contractors\n\n– Fed jobs guarantee\n\n– Prep for automation https://t.co/FjfapJV2ni — Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (@Ocasio2018) March 21, 2018\n\nThis is, of course, nothing short of hypocrisy. ", "If you really thought a company was so bad, you’d probably make sure your campaign didn’t use it. ", "If you really thought something was a problem, you probably wouldn’t give that problem $4,000. ", "What’s more, if you were really concerned about the plight of NYC taxi drivers, you might, you know, give them some business, instead of giving your business to the very company you’d criticized for ruining them.", "\n\n\nWhat we have with this revelation is just another example of how Ocasio-Cortez’s time in the spotlight has made an argument against socialism, instead of for it. ", "Her words may say that the heavily regulated taxi companies are better, but her actions say that she prefers Uber — a service that is only possible because of the thing she stands most opposed to: capitalism.", "\n\nNow, this is not the first time that something like this has happened. ", "As Investor’s Business Daily notes, Ocasio-Cortez seemed to make an argument against herself again last week when she expressed her sadness over the closing of a restaurant where she used to work. ", "In her post about the good times that she’d had there, she failed to mention that the reason it was closing was because it could not comply with New York City’s soon-to-be-implemented $15 per hour minimum wage. ", "Perhaps unknowingly, she had expressed regret over something that had been caused by the very sort of policy she supports.", "\n\n\nThen there is, of course, the repeated and complete breakdown of her positions whenever they are evaluated through the lens of reality and facts. ", "On August 7, she stated flatly that the “upper-middle class does not exist anymore in America” — undoubtedly an argument for a socialist-style redistribution of wealth — when the reality is that the upper-middle class has actually grown under our capitalist system in the last few decades. ", "The very next day, she claimed that “Medicare for all is actually much more, is actually much cheaper than the current system that we pay right now,” when the reality is that her plan would actually “raise government expenditures by $32.6 trillion over 10 years,” according to a fact check of her comments by the Washington Post. ", "What’s more, her recent interview with Trevor Noah proved that many of her positions come from a foundation of a complete misunderstanding of the facts. ", "As my colleague Charles Cooke notes , that interview “revealed that she does not know the difference between a one-year and a ten-year budget; confused the recent increase in defense spending with the entire annual cost of the military; implied that the population of the United States was around 800 million strong; and, having been asked to defend her coveted $15 minimum wage, launched into a rambling and inscrutable diatribe about ‘private equity’ firms that would have been a touch too harsh as a parody on South Park.”", "\n\n\nMany people might be tempted to see the rise of Ocasio-Cortez, and particularly her popularity in the media, to be some sort of sign that her version of socialism might actually be viable in this country. ", "Anyone who is actually paying attention, however, would see that the opposite is true. ", "At almost every turn, the spotlight on Ocasio-Cortez’s socialist ideals has shown how completely infeasible they are, and how often they are rooted in false information and misunderstanding.", "\n\n\nNo one should know this better than Ocasio-Cortez herself. ", "After all, if you look at her actions instead of her words, it seems that even she herself understands the benefits of capitalism — and her campaign has the Uber bill to prove it.", "\n\nIN THE NEWS: ‘[WATCH] Democrats Like Socialism More Than Capitalism’" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.014492753623188406, 0.008620689655172414, 0.011857707509881422, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0, 0.0047169811320754715, 0.006060606060606061, 0.004807692307692308, 0, 0.01015228426395939, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0030303030303030303, 0.006535947712418301, 0.0019047619047619048, 0.004807692307692308, 0, 0.005263157894736842, 0.016129032258064516, 0.00558659217877095, 0 ]

[ "ENTREVESTOR: NovaResp aims to improve treatment for sleep apnea\n\nHamed Hanafi of Halifax has developed a new technology that he says will make CPAP machines, like the one being used by this sleep apnea sufferer, more efficient. - ", "Krista Hill Photography\n\nA new medical startup by Dalhousie University Ph.D. graduate Hamed Hanafi plans to use artificial intelligence to treat sleep apnea.", "\n\nThe condition causes patients to intermittently stop breathing in their sleep. ", "It’s usually treated with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, or CPAP, machines that use high levels of air flow to prevent the upper airway from collapsing and obstructing.", "\n\nHanafi’s company, NovaResp, is developing a combined hardware and software solution that can be attached to any CPAP machine to improve its efficacy.", "\n\n“We have a proprietary add-on for these machines that would be able to predict an obstruction that’s going to happen and not let it happen,” said Hanafi in an interview.", "\n\nSleep apnea raises a person’s risk of heart attacks, strokes and other medical problems. ", "In 2017, about 6.4 per cent of Canadians had been diagnosed with it and nearly a third of the adult population was at risk, according to Statistics Canada.", "\n\nConventional CPAP machines are currently the preferred treatment, but they often provide too much or too little airflow, and may wake the patient.", "\n\nThey can also take up to 10 or 20 seconds to fully respond after the user stops breathing, during which time the person is deprived of oxygen.", "\n\nThe inefficiency of this process contributes to very low adherence rates. ", "Hanafi said that about 50 per cent of patients who have the equipment do not use it.", "\n\nNovaResp’s product is called CMAP, short for Continuous Management of Airway Pressure, because it will help regulate a patient’s breathing throughout the night and head off stoppages before they occur.", "\n\nThis will reduce oxygen deprivation and improve patient comfort, which may encourage users to wear the equipment more readily.", "\n\nThe technology will work via a combination of a physical add-on, which will be attached to existing CPAP machines, and machine learning.", "\n\nHanafi, who holds a doctorate in biomedical engineering from Dalhousie, developed the idea for the CMAP system in his spare time while completing a Mitacs-funded fellowship at another med-tech startup, DMF Medical.", "\n\n“I not only did work for them, but I also learned how to navigate through the ups and downs of managing a startup,” said Hanafi.", "\n\nHis mentors from DMF, David Roach and Michael Schmidt, also offered him guidance in starting NovaResp, including helping him secure financing from Innovacorp’s Early Stage Commercialization Fund.", "\n\nAdditional funding has been provided by the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency, investment by Hanafi’s friends and family, and Mitacs E-Accelerate, among others.", "\n\nHe credits Mitacs with making it possible for him to work at NovaResp full time by permitting him to draw a salary from the funding he received, which other sources explicitly disallowed.", "\n\n“If you’re a recent grad, how are you going to work for yourself and pay your bills if nobody lets you pay yourself from the funding you apply for?” ", "he said. “", "But Mitacs E-Accelerate let me pay myself ... The focus came to NovaResp and everything started moving.”", "\n\nThe company employs eight people — three full-time staff and five consultants — and plans to hire more full-time staff in September.", "\n\nHanafi is currently raising a round of seed investment. ", "He aims to take the CMAP technology to market by 2022, following clinical trials, and added that it would likely have applications beyond sleep apnea, such as ventilator systems in hospitals." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.013043478260869565, 0.01910828025477707, 0, 0.005747126436781609, 0.013245033112582781, 0.005847953216374269, 0, 0.0064516129032258064, 0, 0, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0.014778325123152709, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0.018518518518518517, 0.007692307692307693, 0.030456852791878174, 0.01818181818181818, 0.010582010582010581, 0, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0, 0, 0.005235602094240838 ]

[ " NOTE: This order is nonprecedential.", "\n\n United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit\n 2009-1374\n\n\n TIVO INC.,", "\n\n Plaintiff-Appellee,\n\n v.\n\n\n ECHOSTAR CORPORATION,\n ECHOSTAR DBS CORPORATION,\n ECHOSTAR TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION,\n ECHOSPHERE LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY,\n ECHOSTAR SATELLITE LLC,\n and DISH NETWORK CORPORATION,\n\n Defendants-Appellants.", "\n\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas in case\nno. ", "2:04-CV-01, Judge David Folsom.", "\n\nBefore MICHEL, Chief Judge, NEWMAN, MAYER, LOURIE, RADER, BRYSON,\nGAJARSA, LINN, DYK, PROST, and MOORE, Circuit Judges.", "\n\nPER CURIAM.", "\n\n ORDER\n\n Defendants-Appellants (“EchoStar Corporation et al.”) ", "filed a petition for\n\nrehearing en banc. ", "The panel requested a response from Plaintiff-Appellee TiVo Inc.\n\nThe court granted Defendants-Appellants leave to file a reply in support of the petition.", "\n\nThe court also granted leave to Five Law Professors to file a brief as amici curiae in\n\nsupport of the petition.", "\n\n The petition for rehearing was considered by the panel that heard the appeal,\n\nand thereafter the petition for rehearing en banc, the response to the petition, the reply,\n\fand the brief of the amici curiae were referred to the circuit judges who are authorized to\n\nrequest a poll on whether to rehear the appeal en banc. ", "A poll was requested, taken,\n\nand the court has decided that the appeal warrants en banc consideration.", "\n\n Upon consideration thereof,\n\n IT IS ORDERED THAT:\n\n (1) The petition of Defendants-Appellants EchoStar Corporation et al. ", "for\n\n panel rehearing is denied.", "\n\n (2) The petition of Defendants-Appellants EchoStar Corporation, et al. ", "for\n\n rehearing en banc is granted.", "\n\n (3) The court’s March 4, 2010 opinion is vacated, and the appeal is\n\n reinstated.", "\n\n (4) The parties are requested to file new briefs addressing the following\n\n issues:\n\n a) Following a finding of infringement by an accused device at trial,\n under what circumstances is it proper for a district court to\n determine infringement by a newly accused device through\n contempt proceedings rather than through new infringement\n proceedings? ", "What burden of proof is required to establish that a\n contempt proceeding is proper?", "\n\n b) How does “fair ground of doubt as to the wrongfulness of the\n defendant’s conduct” compare with the “more than colorable\n differences” or “substantial open issues of infringement” tests in\n evaluating the newly accused device against the adjudged\n infringing device? ", "See Cal. ", "Artificial Stone Paving Co. v. Molitor,\n 113 U.S. 609, 618 (1885); KSM Fastening Sys., ", "Inc. v. H.A. Jones\n Co., 776 F.2d 1522, 1532 (Fed. ", "Cir. ", "1985).", "\n\n c) Where a contempt proceeding is proper, (1) what burden of proof is\n on the patentee to show that the newly accused device infringes\n (see KSM, 776 F.2d at 1524) and (2) what weight should be given\n to the infringer’s efforts to design around the patent and its\n\n\n\n\n2009-1374 2\n\f reasonable and good faith belief of noninfringement by the new\n device, for a finding of contempt?", "\n\n d) Is it proper for a district court to hold an enjoined party in contempt\n where there is a substantial question as to whether the injunction is\n ambiguous in scope?", "\n\n\n (5) This appeal will be heard en banc on the basis of the originally filed briefs,\n\n additional briefing ordered herein, and oral argument. ", " An original and\n\n thirty copies of all originally filed briefs shall be filed within 42 days from\n\n the date of filing of this order. ", "An original and thirty copies of new en banc\n\n briefs shall be filed, and two copies of each en banc brief shall be served\n\n on opposing counsel. ", "The Defendants-Appellants shall file their new en\n\n banc brief within 42 days from the date of filing of this order. ", " The\n\n response brief of the Plaintiff-Appellee is due within 42 days from the date\n\n of service of the Defendants-Appellants’ brief. ", " The reply brief of the\n\n Defendants-Appellants, if any, is due within 28 days from the date of\n\n service of the response.. Briefs shall adhere to the type-volume limitations\n\n set forth in Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32 and Federal Circuit\n\n Rule 32.", "\n\n (6) Briefs of amici curiae will be entertained, and any such amicus briefs may\n\n be filed without leave of court but otherwise must comply with Federal\n\n Rule of Appellate Procedure 29 and Federal Circuit Rule 29.", "\n\n (7) Oral argument will be held at a time and date to be announced later.", "\n\n\n\n\n2009-1374 3\n\f FOR THE COURT\n\n\n May 14, 2010 /s/ Jan Horbaly\n Date Jan Horbaly\n Clerk\n\n\ncc: Seth P. Waxman, Esq.", "\n E. Joshua Rosenkranz, Esq.", "\n Robert Patrick Merges, Esq.", "\n Raymond Millien, Esq.", "\n\n\n\n\n2009-1374 4\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0.0019083969465648854, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0.0743801652892562, 0, 0, 0, 0.012903225806451613, 0.008771929824561403, 0.0030303030303030303, 0.009708737864077669, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02830188679245283, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0, 0.0018975332068311196, 0, 0, 0, 0.005952380952380952, 0.0078125, 0.006097560975609756, 0.003246753246753247, 0.00816326530612245, 0, 0.01384083044982699, 0.030303030303030304, 0.029411764705882353, 0.03571428571428571, 0 ]

[ "A new study affirms Texas' juvenile justice reforms, and suggests improvements at local probation departments\n\nSince a 2007 sex abuse scandal at a state-run youth lockup in West Texas, state lawmakers have entirely remade Texas’ juvenile justice system, shuttering many of the state’s prison-like juvenile facilities and keeping many more kids under supervision close to home.", "\n\nToday, a new report from the non-profit Council of State Governments, a team led by Texas criminal justice expert Tony Fabelo and researchers from Texas A&M, provides a sort of book-end to those reforms, affirming that Texas’ reforms over the last eight years have not only kept thousands of kids out of state-run lockups, but also offered better treatment to help them avoid another arrest.", "\n\nAt a press conference at the Texas Supreme Court Thursday morning, Mike Thompson, director of the Council of State Governments’ Justice Center, suggested Texas’ political leaders could indulge in a little self-congratulation. “", "You said kids would do better closer to home. ", "You said the state would save money. ", "You said the state would be safer.” ", "On all those counts, Thompson said, Texas was right. ", "The study, he said, also affirms Texas’ place as a national leader in juvenile justice reform, an instructive example for other states.", "\n\nAmong the report’s encouraging findings:\n\nIn 2007, before Texas lawmakers began these reforms, 4,305 youths were locked up in state-run facilities. ", "Today, less than 1,000 kids are locked up in state facilities.", "\n\nThe state also cut its spending on state-run juvenile lockups by $179 million, and closed eight of its lockups. ", "Over the same period, researchers found, statewide juvenile arrests fell by one third.", "\n\nPer capita spending at county probation departments increased from $4,337 to $7,304 from 2005 to 2012—counties, in other words, had more money to spend on each child in the local justice system.", "\n\nThose all reflect trends that have been pretty well-publicized here in the last few years. ", "This study reaches even further, though, by connecting youth who’ve been in the juvenile justice system with eight years of local arrest data.", "\n\n“It’s not just enough to know that the census is lower,” Thompson said, “we want to know what’s happened to those kids.” ", "That was the question, from state Sen. John Whitmire (D-Houston) and Texas Juvenile Justice Department officials, that prompted the study in late 2012. ", "Researchers were able to track 95 percent of youths who’d been in the system, analyzing over one million records. ", "Then, by considering variables like a child’s race, home county and criminal histories, they controlled for a youth’s likelihood of rearrest.", "\n\nThey found that kids who’d been steered to local probation departments instead of state-run lockups were 20 percent less likely to get arrested again.", "\n\nThe report, and a roundtable conversation at this morning’s briefing, also focused on how Texas can further improve its juvenile system. ", "Based on the profiles they created, researchers said Texas is still sending juveniles to state-run facilities who’d be better off with local probation departments.", "\n\n“The young kids who ought to be in the state facilities ought to only be those kids who cannot be managed or treated effectively outside the state system,” Texas Juvenile Justice Department director David Reilly said today, but he couldn’t say just how much smaller the agency should get. ", "In the last few years, the agency has grappled with how to stem rising violence at its youth lockups, and lawmakers like Whitmire have trying to close even more of the facilities.", "\n\nResearchers also found that local probation departments hadn’t gotten much more effective than they were in 2007. ", "The departments are chronically underfunded, and supported mostly with county funding. ", "Researchers studied hundreds of treatment programs employed at the county level, and suggested that counties weren’t always connecting the right child with the right treatment—a mismatch, they said, that “can also increase the likelihood a youth will come into contact with the justice system.”", "\n\nBefore a courtroom full of policy experts and reporters, Whitmire,who’s been one of the Legislature’s chief architects of the juvenile justice reforms, said he was looking forward to improving the system further. “", "From a global perspective, this is why you run for office, quite frankly,” he said.", "\n\nJuvenile justice reform this session will probably also focus on the role schools play in steering children—disproportionately children of color—into the justice system, and on whether Texas should classify 17-year-olds as juveniles, a shift that other states have made recently, but that Whitmire opposes.", "\n\nThis morning, though, Whitmire suggested that one of the biggest fights this session could be to keep the current reforms in place, especially keeping kids in local probation departments, and out of state lockups far from home.", "\n\n“We have nine new senators,” Whitmire said. “", "They have, really, not a great knowledge as we’re drilling down today with what juvenile probation really consists of. ", "They will have a bad press article about a youth doing something horrendous, obviously violent, and they’ll paint with a broad brush. ", "They do not understand … If you’re not close to home, so you’ll go to Giddings or Gainesville, you immediately do not have the professional help for drug or alcohol, you’re obviously away from your family.", "\n\n“Some of my colleagues will say, ‘Oh you just want ’em to be comfortable.’ ", "No, I’m not trying to make them comfortable. ", "I’m trying to turn their lives around.”" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0.013100436681222707, 0, 0, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0.019736842105263157, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006872852233676976, 0.00558659217877095, 0, 0, 0, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0.003246753246753247, 0.004366812227074236, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0, 0.004878048780487805, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "PROJECT SUMMARY Pan-Genomic Approaches for Comprehensive Screening of Novel or Emerging Infectious Agents in Blood Emerging infectious agents, the latest of which is Zika virus, continually threaten the safety of the 15 million transfusions performed annually in the United States, yet the lack of diagnostic tools to comprehensively test for all bloodborne pathogens or to identify infections from novel viruses has greatly hindered surveillance efforts. ", "In a previous grant, we have pioneered the development of microarray and metagenomic sequencing-based approaches to comprehensively screen blood for both known and novel pathogens, and have identified a number of novel viruses circulating in human blood. ", "We have established long-term collaborations with national and international collaborators who will provide us with clinical and donor blood samples from individuals infected with chikungunya, dengue, Ebola, Zika, Lassa, and West Nile virus, as well as non-viral pathogens (e.g. Babesia microti and Plasmodium falciparum), for analysis. ", "This project proposes (1) to develop an accurate and comprehensive yet practical sequencing-based platform (BloodSeq) for simultaneous detection and whole-genome characterization of all American Association of Blood Banks (AABB)-priority pathogens in infected patients and blood donations, (2) to discover and further describe the epidemiology and potential pathogenicity of novel infectious viruses that pose a potential threat of bloodborne transmission, and (3) to define complementary host response biosignatures for transfusion-transmissible pathogens using transcriptome profiling, especially in asymptomatic infected donors. ", "A key deliverable from this 5-year project will be implementation of the BloodSeq platform by public health agencies such as the American Red Cross for comprehensive bloodborne pathogen screening of the blood supply.", "The results from these studies will advance genomic sequencing technologies as validated screening tools to ensure transfusion safety, with significant clinical and public health implications." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }

[ 0, 0, 0.008902077151335312, 0.0031645569620253164, 0.009259259259259259, 0 ]

[ "Les Miles is against any of his players leaping into the Lambeau Field stands during Saturday's game against Wisconsin. (", "0:18)\n\nWith No. ", "5 LSU set to face Wisconsin on Saturday at legendary Lambeau Field in Green Bay, Wisconsin, there's one time-honored tradition that Tigers coach Les Miles would rather not see.", "\n\nThat's the Lambeau Leap.", "\n\nAfter some LSU players told reporters on Monday that they plan to do the post-touchdown celebration of leaping into the front row of the end zone stands, Miles made it clear that any players who do will be hitchhiking the 1,100-plus-mile journey home.", "\n\n\"I promise you that if anyone jumps for the Lambeau Leap, they'll end up with their thumb out to see if they can get a ride home,\" Miles said during Wednesday's SEC media teleconference. \"", "It's college football, and we'll play it that way, and I think our guys understand. ", "We'll do it right.\"", "\n\nA celebration like that would warrant a 15-yard unsportsmanlike penalty, as NCAA Rule 9, Section 2 prohibits \"any delayed, excessive, prolonged or choreographed act by which a player (or players) attempts to focus attention upon himself (or themselves).\"", "\n\nAaron Rodgers jumps into the crowd at Lambeau Field after a touchdown, a tradition Les Miles doesn't want his team to emulate. ", "AP Photo/Morry Gash\n\nThe rule also prohibits players \"going into the stands to interact with spectators, or bowing at the waist after a good play.\"", "\n\nSenior cornerback and starting punt returner Tre'Davious White said earlier this week that he will perform the Lambeau Leap, despite knowing that the consequences would \"be bad.\"", "\n\n\"I'm pretty much just open to whatever punishment that's going to come my way Monday,\" White told reporters. \"", "It's going to be bad, but I feel like, it's just a dream of mine. ", "Whatever Coach Miles has in store, I'm pretty sure it's going to be some bad things. ", "I'm ready to do it. ", "It's my last year. ", "I want to make some memorable moments.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0.017045454545454544, 0, 0.007905138339920948, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0, 0, 0.007751937984496124, 0.006802721088435374, 0.005555555555555556, 0, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "RMC – Conceptual Model\n\nAs I mentioned in the previous post, I’ve begun a comic-book cataloging project.", "\n\nFor this first details post, I want to discussion how I’m applying the conceptual FRBR model to my collection, and some problems I’ve run into doing that. ", "It certainly won’t be the last time that I address FRBR-problems as RIMMF makes the division between WEMI entities razor rigid.", "\n\nThe series (Work) has an Expression (this particular expression is text/still image in English) and a Manifestation (carried in a volume). ", "I don’t create an Item for the series.", "\n\nEach issue is also a Work (with an In Series relationship to the series), each has an Expression in text/still image in English, each has a Manifestation (published by whichever company, given an identifier on the cover, etc.) ", "and finally each issue has an Item, that single copy which I own.", "\n\nHere’s where it gets trickier, so hold onto yer butts.", "\n\nEach story in the issue has a Work (created by whomever), an Expression (again, text/still image in English), and a Manifestation (with a Contained in (Manifestation) relationship to the Manifestation of the issue).", "\n\nLet me explain why I chose to do it this way. ", "Another option (and thanks to Melanie Polutta for helping me in this conceptual phase) could be:\n\nEach story could be expressed through the Manifestation of the issue. ", "That is, rather than a stand-alone Manifestation of each story and then a Contained in/Container of relationship, that Manifestation of the issue would also serve as the Manifestation of each story.", "\n\nI chose to not do it this way for a specific reason: It’s not really what FRBR and RDA want.", "\n\nI read through Fee’s “Where Is the Justice… League?” ", "in which he discusses and models cataloging comic books in a MARC environment. ", "He opts for a formatted contents note (505) to provide individual story-access rather than related entries (7XXs). ", "To my mind, this is similar to the alternate I mention above. ", "It treats the stories as subordinate to the issue.", "\n\nNot the easiest to read\n\nIn an all RDA environment though, where do we put a ‘formatted contents note’ I’ll wait while you run and check, I’ll give you a hint: Chapter 7 is for describing content.", "\n\nDidja find it? ", "Oh no! ", "Well let’s run over to the MARC-to-RDA Mapping and see what it shows us:\n\nDo you see it? ", "With the exception of the duration element (and we’re not catting CDs over here…) all of the 505 fields map to related works. ", "RDA has done away with contents being contained in notes, all separately identifiable contents are their own Works and have a relationship to the Work in which they’re contained.", "\n\nThis mostly concludes my modeling analysis for the project, I’ll be revisiting this often because I had to make many decisions about which WEMI level to recorded every element. ", "These were often tough calls, and very subject to interpretation, so I’ll be eager to hear any and all thoughts on the matter" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0.004608294930875576, 0, 0.005952380952380952, 0.010101010101010102, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005050505050505051, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0056179775280898875, 0, 0 ]

[ "Remember the good old days — by which I mean just a few weeks ago — when there was hope and talk that Donald Trump’s 36-year-old son-in-law would play the angel to Steve Bannon’s devil, tempering the president’s policies and keeping his crudest and most belligerent tendencies in check?", "\n\nWell, the devil is running rampant in the Trump administration so far. ", "The angel looks ever paler and frailer, with a halo that’s hard to find.", "\n\nJared Kushner, where are you?", "\n\nI ask that specifically, in terms of Trump’s inner circle and Bannon’s obviously greater sway. ", "But I ask it in a broader sense as well. ", "Where among Trump’s sanest advisers and the most reasonable Republicans in Congress is the degree of pushback that’s called for? ", "Where are the sufficiently loud voices of dissent? ", "Right now Trump has too many mum collaborators too content to hope for the best. ", "I put Kushner in that pack.", "\n\nBannon certainly knows how to manipulate the president and get what he wants. ", "He’s Trump’s unabashed Iago, whispering sweet fictions about the magnitude of the “movement” that the president is leading and specifying how to feed it. ", "He has a seat on the National Security Council. ", "Kushner has his hand on Ivanka Trump’s seat." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.006993006993006993, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0.020618556701030927, 0, 0.015503875968992248, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0.006493506493506494, 0.020833333333333332, 0.022727272727272728 ]

[ "/*\n * Copyright 2019 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a\n * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"),\n * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation\n * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,\n * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the\n * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.", "\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. ", " IN NO EVENT SHALL\n * THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER(S) OR AUTHOR(S) BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR\n * OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,\n * ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR\n * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.", "\n *\n * Authors: AMD\n *\n */\n\n#ifndef MODULES_HDCP_HDCP_PSP_H_\n#define MODULES_HDCP_HDCP_PSP_H_\n\n/*\n * NOTE: These parameters are a one-to-one copy of the\n * parameters required by PSP\n */\nenum bgd_security_hdcp_encryption_level {\n\tHDCP_ENCRYPTION_LEVEL__INVALID = 0,\n\tHDCP_ENCRYPTION_LEVEL__OFF,\n\tHDCP_ENCRYPTION_LEVEL__ON\n};\n\nenum bgd_security_hdcp2_content_type {\n\tHDCP2_CONTENT_TYPE__INVALID = 0,\n\tHDCP2_CONTENT_TYPE__TYPE0,\n\tHDCP2_CONTENT_TYPE__TYPE1\n};\nenum ta_dtm_command {\n\tTA_DTM_COMMAND__UNUSED_1 = 1,\n\tTA_DTM_COMMAND__TOPOLOGY_UPDATE_V2,\n\tTA_DTM_COMMAND__TOPOLOGY_ASSR_ENABLE\n};\n\n/* DTM related enumerations */\n/**********************************************************/\n\nenum ta_dtm_status {\n\tTA_DTM_STATUS__SUCCESS = 0x00,\n\tTA_DTM_STATUS__GENERIC_FAILURE = 0x01,\n\tTA_DTM_STATUS__INVALID_PARAMETER = 0x02,\n\tTA_DTM_STATUS__NULL_POINTER = 0x3\n};\n\n/* input/output structures for DTM commands */\n/**********************************************************/\n/**\n * Input structures\n */\nenum ta_dtm_hdcp_version_max_supported {\n\tTA_DTM_HDCP_VERSION_MAX_SUPPORTED__NONE = 0,\n\tTA_DTM_HDCP_VERSION_MAX_SUPPORTED__1_x = 10,\n\tTA_DTM_HDCP_VERSION_MAX_SUPPORTED__2_0 = 20,\n\tTA_DTM_HDCP_VERSION_MAX_SUPPORTED__2_1 = 21,\n\tTA_DTM_HDCP_VERSION_MAX_SUPPORTED__2_2 = 22,\n\tTA_DTM_HDCP_VERSION_MAX_SUPPORTED__2_3 = 23\n};\n\nstruct ta_dtm_topology_update_input_v2 {\n\t/* display handle is unique across the driver and is used to identify a display */\n\t/* for all security interfaces which reference displays such as HDCP */\n\tuint32_t display_handle;\n\tuint32_t is_active;\n\tuint32_t is_miracast;\n\tuint32_t controller;\n\tuint32_t ddc_line;\n\tuint32_t dig_be;\n\tuint32_t dig_fe;\n\tuint32_t dp_mst_vcid;\n\tuint32_t is_assr;\n\tuint32_t max_hdcp_supported_version;\n};\n\nstruct ta_dtm_topology_assr_enable {\n\tuint32_t display_topology_dig_be_index;\n};\n\n/**\n * Output structures\n */\n\n/* No output structures yet */\n\nunion ta_dtm_cmd_input {\n\tstruct ta_dtm_topology_update_input_v2 topology_update_v2;\n\tstruct ta_dtm_topology_assr_enable topology_assr_enable;\n};\n\nunion ta_dtm_cmd_output {\n\tuint32_t reserved;\n};\n\nstruct ta_dtm_shared_memory {\n\tuint32_t cmd_id;\n\tuint32_t resp_id;\n\tenum ta_dtm_status dtm_status;\n\tuint32_t reserved;\n\tunion ta_dtm_cmd_input dtm_in_message;\n\tunion ta_dtm_cmd_output dtm_out_message;\n};\n\nint psp_cmd_submit_buf(struct psp_context *psp, struct amdgpu_firmware_info *ucode, struct psp_gfx_cmd_resp *cmd,\n\t\tuint64_t fence_mc_addr);\n\nenum { PSP_HDCP_SRM_FIRST_GEN_MAX_SIZE = 5120 };\n\nenum ta_hdcp_command {\n\tTA_HDCP_COMMAND__INITIALIZE,\n\tTA_HDCP_COMMAND__HDCP1_CREATE_SESSION,\n\tTA_HDCP_COMMAND__HDCP1_DESTROY_SESSION,\n\tTA_HDCP_COMMAND__HDCP1_FIRST_PART_AUTHENTICATION,\n\tTA_HDCP_COMMAND__HDCP1_SECOND_PART_AUTHENTICATION,\n\tTA_HDCP_COMMAND__HDCP1_ENABLE_ENCRYPTION,\n\tTA_HDCP_COMMAND__HDCP1_ENABLE_DP_STREAM_ENCRYPTION,\n\tTA_HDCP_COMMAND__HDCP1_GET_ENCRYPTION_STATUS,\n\tTA_HDCP_COMMAND__UNUSED_1,\n\tTA_HDCP_COMMAND__HDCP2_DESTROY_SESSION,\n\tTA_HDCP_COMMAND__UNUSED_2,\n\tTA_HDCP_COMMAND__HDCP2_SET_ENCRYPTION,\n\tTA_HDCP_COMMAND__HDCP2_GET_ENCRYPTION_STATUS,\n\tTA_HDCP_COMMAND__UNUSED_3,\n\tTA_HDCP_COMMAND__HDCP2_CREATE_SESSION_V2,\n\tTA_HDCP_COMMAND__HDCP2_PREPARE_PROCESS_AUTHENTICATION_MSG_V2,\n\tTA_HDCP_COMMAND__HDCP2_ENABLE_DP_STREAM_ENCRYPTION,\n\tTA_HDCP_COMMAND__HDCP_DESTROY_ALL_SESSIONS,\n\tTA_HDCP_COMMAND__HDCP_SET_SRM,\n\tTA_HDCP_COMMAND__HDCP_GET_SRM\n};\n\nenum ta_hdcp2_msg_id {\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__NULL_MESSAGE = 1,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__AKE_INIT = 2,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__AKE_SEND_CERT = 3,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__AKE_NO_STORED_KM = 4,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__AKE_STORED_KM = 5,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__AKE_SEND_RRX = 6,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__AKE_SEND_H_PRIME = 7,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__AKE_SEND_PAIRING_INFO = 8,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__LC_INIT = 9,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__LC_SEND_L_PRIME = 10,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__SKE_SEND_EKS = 11,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__REPEATERAUTH_SEND_RECEIVERID_LIST = 12,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__RTT_READY = 13,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__RTT_CHALLENGE = 14,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__REPEATERAUTH_SEND_ACK = 15,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__REPEATERAUTH_STREAM_MANAGE = 16,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__REPEATERAUTH_STREAM_READY = 17,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__RECEIVER_AUTH_STATUS = 18,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__AKE_TRANSMITTER_INFO = 19,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__AKE_RECEIVER_INFO = 20,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID__SIGNAL_CONTENT_STREAM_TYPE_DP = 129\n};\n\nenum ta_hdcp2_hdcp2_msg_id_max_size {\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__NULL_MESSAGE = 0,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__AKE_INIT = 12,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__AKE_SEND_CERT = 534,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__AKE_NO_STORED_KM = 129,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__AKE_STORED_KM = 33,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__AKE_SEND_RRX = 9,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__AKE_SEND_H_PRIME = 33,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__AKE_SEND_PAIRING_INFO = 17,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__LC_INIT = 9,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__LC_SEND_L_PRIME = 33,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__SKE_SEND_EKS = 25,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__REPEATERAUTH_SEND_RECEIVERID_LIST = 181,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__RTT_READY = 1,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__RTT_CHALLENGE = 17,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__REPEATERAUTH_SEND_RACK = 17,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__REPEATERAUTH_STREAM_MANAGE = 13,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__REPEATERAUTH_STREAM_READY = 33,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__RECEIVER_AUTH_STATUS = 4,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__AKE_TRANSMITTER_INFO = 6,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__AKE_RECEIVER_INFO = 6,\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__SIGNAL_CONTENT_STREAM_TYPE_DP = 1\n};\n\n/* HDCP related enumerations */\n/**********************************************************/\n#define TA_HDCP__INVALID_SESSION 0xFFFF\n#define TA_HDCP__HDCP1_AN_SIZE 8\n#define TA_HDCP__HDCP1_KSV_SIZE 5\n#define TA_HDCP__HDCP1_KSV_LIST_MAX_ENTRIES 127\n#define TA_HDCP__HDCP1_V_PRIME_SIZE 20\n#define TA_HDCP__HDCP2_TX_BUF_MAX_SIZE \\\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__AKE_NO_STORED_KM + TA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__AKE_STORED_KM + 6\n\n// 64 bits boundaries\n#define TA_HDCP__HDCP2_RX_BUF_MAX_SIZE \\\n\tTA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__AKE_SEND_CERT + TA_HDCP_HDCP2_MSG_ID_MAX_SIZE__AKE_RECEIVER_INFO + 4\n\nenum ta_hdcp_status {\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__SUCCESS = 0x00,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__GENERIC_FAILURE = 0x01,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__NULL_POINTER = 0x02,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__FAILED_ALLOCATING_SESSION = 0x03,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__FAILED_SETUP_TX = 0x04,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__INVALID_PARAMETER = 0x05,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__VHX_ERROR = 0x06,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__SESSION_NOT_CLOSED_PROPERLY = 0x07,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__SRM_FAILURE = 0x08,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__MST_AUTHENTICATED_ALREADY_STARTED = 0x09,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__AKE_SEND_CERT_FAILURE = 0x0A,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__AKE_NO_STORED_KM_FAILURE = 0x0B,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__AKE_SEND_HPRIME_FAILURE = 0x0C,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__LC_SEND_LPRIME_FAILURE = 0x0D,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__SKE_SEND_EKS_FAILURE = 0x0E,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__REPAUTH_SEND_RXIDLIST_FAILURE = 0x0F,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__REPAUTH_STREAM_READY_FAILURE = 0x10,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__ASD_GENERIC_FAILURE = 0x11,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__UNWRAP_SECRET_FAILURE = 0x12,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__ENABLE_ENCR_FAILURE = 0x13,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__DISABLE_ENCR_FAILURE = 0x14,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY_FAILURE = 0x15,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__UNKNOWN_MESSAGE = 0x16,\n\tTA_HDCP_STATUS__TOO_MANY_STREAM = 0x17\n};\n\nenum ta_hdcp_authentication_status {\n\tTA_HDCP_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__NOT_STARTED = 0x00,\n\tTA_HDCP_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__HDCP1_FIRST_PART_FAILED = 0x01,\n\tTA_HDCP_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__HDCP1_FIRST_PART_COMPLETE = 0x02,\n\tTA_HDCP_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__HDCP1_SECOND_PART_FAILED = 0x03,\n\tTA_HDCP_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__HDCP1_AUTHENTICATED = 0x04,\n\tTA_HDCP_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__HDCP22_AUTHENTICATION_PENDING = 0x06,\n\tTA_HDCP_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__HDCP22_AUTHENTICATION_FAILED = 0x07,\n\tTA_HDCP_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__HDCP22_AUTHENTICATED = 0x08,\n\tTA_HDCP_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__HDCP1_KSV_VALIDATION_FAILED = 0x09,\n\tTA_HDCP_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__HDCP1_KSV_REVOKED = 0x0A\n};\n\nenum ta_hdcp2_msg_authentication_status {\n\tTA_HDCP2_MSG_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__SUCCESS = 0,\n\tTA_HDCP2_MSG_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__KM_NOT_AVAILABLE,\n\tTA_HDCP2_MSG_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__UNUSED,\n\tTA_HDCP2_MSG_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__INVALID = 100, // everything above does not fail the request\n\tTA_HDCP2_MSG_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY,\n\tTA_HDCP2_MSG_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__NOT_EXPECTED_MSG,\n\tTA_HDCP2_MSG_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__SIGNATURE_CERTIFICAT_ERROR,\n\tTA_HDCP2_MSG_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__INCORRECT_HDCP_VERSION,\n\tTA_HDCP2_MSG_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__UNKNOWN_MESSAGE,\n\tTA_HDCP2_MSG_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__INVALID_HMAC,\n\tTA_HDCP2_MSG_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__INVALID_TOPOLOGY,\n\tTA_HDCP2_MSG_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__INVALID_SEQ_NUM,\n\tTA_HDCP2_MSG_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__INVALID_SIZE,\n\tTA_HDCP2_MSG_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__INVALID_LENGTH,\n\tTA_HDCP2_MSG_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__REAUTH_REQUEST,\n\tTA_HDCP2_MSG_AUTHENTICATION_STATUS__RECEIVERID_REVOKED\n};\n\nenum ta_hdcp_content_type {\n\tTA_HDCP2_CONTENT_TYPE__TYPE0 = 1,\n\tTA_HDCP2_CONTENT_TYPE__TYPE1,\n};\n\nenum ta_hdcp_content_type_negotiation_type {\n\tTA_HDCP2_CONTENT_TYPE_NEGOTIATION_TYPE__FORCE_TYPE0 = 1,\n\tTA_HDCP2_CONTENT_TYPE_NEGOTIATION_TYPE__FORCE_TYPE1,\n\tTA_HDCP2_CONTENT_TYPE_NEGOTIATION_TYPE__MAX_SUPPORTED\n};\n\nenum ta_hdcp2_version {\n\tTA_HDCP2_VERSION_UNKNOWN = 0,\n\tTA_HDCP2_VERSION_2_0 = 20,\n\tTA_HDCP2_VERSION_2_1 = 21,\n\tTA_HDCP2_VERSION_2_2 = 22\n};\n\n/* input/output structures for HDCP commands */\n/**********************************************************/\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_create_session_input {\n\tuint8_t display_handle;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_create_session_output {\n\tuint32_t session_handle;\n\tuint8_t an_primary[TA_HDCP__HDCP1_AN_SIZE];\n\tuint8_t aksv_primary[TA_HDCP__HDCP1_KSV_SIZE];\n\tuint8_t ainfo_primary;\n\tuint8_t an_secondary[TA_HDCP__HDCP1_AN_SIZE];\n\tuint8_t aksv_secondary[TA_HDCP__HDCP1_KSV_SIZE];\n\tuint8_t ainfo_secondary;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_destroy_session_input {\n\tuint32_t session_handle;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_first_part_authentication_input {\n\tuint32_t session_handle;\n\tuint8_t bksv_primary[TA_HDCP__HDCP1_KSV_SIZE];\n\tuint8_t bksv_secondary[TA_HDCP__HDCP1_KSV_SIZE];\n\tuint8_t bcaps;\n\tuint16_t r0_prime_primary;\n\tuint16_t r0_prime_secondary;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_first_part_authentication_output {\n\tenum ta_hdcp_authentication_status authentication_status;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_second_part_authentication_input {\n\tuint32_t session_handle;\n\tuint16_t bstatus_binfo;\n\tuint8_t ksv_list[TA_HDCP__HDCP1_KSV_LIST_MAX_ENTRIES][TA_HDCP__HDCP1_KSV_SIZE];\n\tuint32_t ksv_list_size;\n\tuint8_t pj_prime;\n\tuint8_t v_prime[TA_HDCP__HDCP1_V_PRIME_SIZE];\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_second_part_authentication_output {\n\tenum ta_hdcp_authentication_status authentication_status;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_enable_encryption_input {\n\tuint32_t session_handle;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_enable_dp_stream_encryption_input {\n\tuint32_t session_handle;\n\tuint32_t display_handle;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_get_encryption_status_input {\n\tuint32_t session_handle;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_get_encryption_status_output {\n\tuint32_t protection_level;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_create_session_input_v2 {\n\tuint32_t display_handle;\n\tenum ta_hdcp_content_type_negotiation_type negotiate_content_type;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_create_session_output_v2 {\n\tuint32_t session_handle;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_destroy_session_input {\n\tuint32_t session_handle;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_authentication_message_v2 {\n\tenum ta_hdcp2_msg_id msg_id;\n\tuint32_t msg_size;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_process_authentication_message_input_v2 {\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_authentication_message_v2 msg1_desc;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_authentication_message_v2 msg2_desc;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_authentication_message_v2 msg3_desc;\n\tuint8_t receiver_message[TA_HDCP__HDCP2_RX_BUF_MAX_SIZE];\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_process_authentication_message_output_v2 {\n\tuint32_t hdcp_version;\n\tuint32_t is_km_stored;\n\tuint32_t is_locality_precompute_support;\n\tuint32_t is_repeater;\n\tenum ta_hdcp2_msg_authentication_status msg1_status;\n\tenum ta_hdcp2_msg_authentication_status msg2_status;\n\tenum ta_hdcp2_msg_authentication_status msg3_status;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_prepare_authentication_message_input_v2 {\n\tenum ta_hdcp2_msg_id msg1_id;\n\tenum ta_hdcp2_msg_id msg2_id;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_prepare_authentication_message_output_v2 {\n\tenum ta_hdcp2_msg_authentication_status msg1_status;\n\tenum ta_hdcp2_msg_authentication_status msg2_status;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_authentication_message_v2 msg1_desc;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_authentication_message_v2 msg2_desc;\n\tuint8_t transmitter_message[TA_HDCP__HDCP2_TX_BUF_MAX_SIZE];\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_process_prepare_authentication_message_input_v2 {\n\tuint32_t session_handle;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_process_authentication_message_input_v2 process;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_prepare_authentication_message_input_v2 prepare;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_process_prepare_authentication_message_output_v2 {\n\tuint32_t authentication_status;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_process_authentication_message_output_v2 process;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_prepare_authentication_message_output_v2 prepare;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_set_encryption_input {\n\tuint32_t session_handle;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_get_encryption_status_input {\n\tuint32_t session_handle;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_get_encryption_status_output {\n\tenum ta_hdcp_content_type hdcp2_type;\n\tuint32_t protection_level;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_enable_dp_stream_encryption_input {\n\tuint32_t session_handle;\n\tuint32_t display_handle;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_set_srm_input {\n\tuint32_t srm_buf_size;\n\tuint8_t srm_buf[PSP_HDCP_SRM_FIRST_GEN_MAX_SIZE];\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_set_srm_output {\n\tuint8_t valid_signature;\n\tuint32_t srm_version;\n};\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_get_srm_output {\n\tuint32_t srm_version;\n\tuint32_t srm_buf_size;\n\tuint8_t srm_buf[PSP_HDCP_SRM_FIRST_GEN_MAX_SIZE];\n};\n\n/**********************************************************/\n/* Common input structure for HDCP callbacks */\nunion ta_hdcp_cmd_input {\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_create_session_input hdcp1_create_session;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_destroy_session_input hdcp1_destroy_session;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_first_part_authentication_input hdcp1_first_part_authentication;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_second_part_authentication_input hdcp1_second_part_authentication;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_enable_encryption_input hdcp1_enable_encryption;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_enable_dp_stream_encryption_input hdcp1_enable_dp_stream_encryption;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_get_encryption_status_input hdcp1_get_encryption_status;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_destroy_session_input hdcp2_destroy_session;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_set_encryption_input hdcp2_set_encryption;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_get_encryption_status_input hdcp2_get_encryption_status;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_create_session_input_v2 hdcp2_create_session_v2;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_process_prepare_authentication_message_input_v2\n\t\thdcp2_prepare_process_authentication_message_v2;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_enable_dp_stream_encryption_input hdcp2_enable_dp_stream_encryption;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_set_srm_input hdcp_set_srm;\n};\n\n/* Common output structure for HDCP callbacks */\nunion ta_hdcp_cmd_output {\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_create_session_output hdcp1_create_session;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_first_part_authentication_output hdcp1_first_part_authentication;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_second_part_authentication_output hdcp1_second_part_authentication;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp1_get_encryption_status_output hdcp1_get_encryption_status;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_get_encryption_status_output hdcp2_get_encryption_status;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_create_session_output_v2 hdcp2_create_session_v2;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_hdcp2_process_prepare_authentication_message_output_v2\n\t\thdcp2_prepare_process_authentication_message_v2;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_set_srm_output hdcp_set_srm;\n\tstruct ta_hdcp_cmd_get_srm_output hdcp_get_srm;\n};\n/**********************************************************/\n\nstruct ta_hdcp_shared_memory {\n\tuint32_t cmd_id;\n\tenum ta_hdcp_status hdcp_status;\n\tuint32_t reserved;\n\tunion ta_hdcp_cmd_input in_msg;\n\tunion ta_hdcp_cmd_output out_msg;\n};\n\nenum psp_status {\n\tPSP_STATUS__SUCCESS = 0,\n\tPSP_STATUS__ERROR_INVALID_PARAMS,\n\tPSP_STATUS__ERROR_GENERIC,\n\tPSP_STATUS__ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY,\n\tPSP_STATUS__ERROR_UNSUPPORTED_FEATURE\n};\n\n#endif /* MODULES_HDCP_HDCP_PSP_H_ */\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.006259780907668232, 0.004651162790697674, 0.0036363636363636364, 0.002159438545978046 ]

[ "In this Oct. 9, 2017, file photo, Philadelphia 76ers guard Markelle Fultz dribbles during the first quarter of a preseason NBA basketball game against the Boston Celtics in Boston.", "\nWinslow Townson — The Associated Press\n\nPHILADELPHIA >> He put up a few shots, worked up somewhat of a sweat, and then he was gone.", "\n\nMarkelle Fultz darted past the 76ers’ bench at Wells Fargo Center, past the arms of autograph-seeking fans, and down the tunnel leading to the team’s locker room. ", "No questions (and certainly no answers). ", "No small talk or chit-chat.", "\n\nFultz wanted no parts of any distractions, even from adoring fans. ", "It was back to grass-roots workouts for him, said Sixers coach Brett Brown.", "\n\n“It’s reclaiming his shot. ", "It’s retraining him to shoot the shot he used to have. ", "It’s the continuation of repetitive muscle memory,” Brown said Saturday. “", "It’s stuff you would do with anybody, just not to the duration that we’re now doing it with Markelle. ", "We feel like we need to go back to that type of level to reclaim what he had.”", "\n\nAdvertisement\n\nFultz, the consensus No. ", "1 pick in last summer’s draft, has not played since the season’s first month. ", "At first, the Sixers said the guard needed to correct a muscular imbalance in his right shoulder, a health malady that has since been resolved.", "\n\nBased upon the words of the club’s general manager, Bryan Colangelo, there’s no reason to believe Fultz will play any time soon. ", "Friday, Colangelo reiterated a familiar refrain that no timetable for Fultz’s return exists. ", "Fultz will play, said Colangelo, when he’s ready to play.", "\n\nUntil that time, Brown is doing with Fultz what he’s done with countless players over nearly two decades coaching in the NBA ... developing young talent.", "\n\nSixers fans should be familiar with one of those player projects.", "\n\nBefore the Sixers hosted the LA Clippers, Brown recounted memories of working with Nerlens Noel during the center’s rookie season with the team. ", "Sidelined by ACL rehab, Noel often paired with Brown after team practices and in workouts before games. ", "Brown reminded reporters of the arduous nature of that process, in aiming to improve Noel’s shot while there was little else Noel could do.", "\n\n“I didn’t let his guide hand come to the ball until after Christmas. ", "It’s true,” Brown said of Noel, now a deep reserve for the Dallas Mavericks. “", "Everything was just shadow hand or one-handed. ", "You set the table, set the diamond, and we’d talk about release points and basic fundamentals that I’d do with my 13-year-old son.”", "\n\nThe videos that have emerged lately from the Sixers’ practice facility show the 19-year-old Fultz hoisting shots from inside the paint and, occasionally, not straying too far from the restricted zone. ", "Those videos don’t exactly render the enticing, highlight-reel shot attempts that made Fultz a coveted draft choice. ", "But, as Brown indicated, “we haven’t moved” beyond that.", "\n\n“Taking him further out when, at times, it’s not comfortable isn’t smart,” Brown said. “", "I love it. ", "It’s ground-zero coaching to do the form and technique stuff I’ve just mentioned. ", "He’s great. ", "It’s not like, ‘Oh, Markelle is bored.’ ", "He buys in. ", "He’s a prideful student. ", "He wants to fix and reclaim what he had. ", "He’s all ours. ", "We take him in there and we do it. ", "We do it all the time. ", "We do it almost every single day.”", "\n\nFultz dazzled in the Utah summer league, where he averaged 20 points over two games and displayed abundantly his ready-made NBA skill of creating his own shot.", "\n\nThose performances were the carryover from his time at the University of Washington, where he spent his only NCAA season. ", "He put up the best statistical season in Huskies history, with per-game averages of 23 points and nearly six assists and six rebounds. ", "He also shot an impressive 41.3 percent from 3-point range.", "\n\nThose numbers provide evidentiary support for why the Sixers sent two first-round draft picks to Boston for the right to slide up to No. ", "1 to nab Fultz. ", "And they make Fultz’s regression that much more difficult to explain.", "\n\nThe Sixers have had a difficult time explaining it. ", "That’s why Colangelo went two months between speaking with the media. ", "That’s why Colangelo, at one point in his Friday meeting with reporters, quizzically said to them, “Any questions on the trade deadline?”", "\n\nFor the moment … um, no.", "\n\nThe focus around the Sixers, at least partially, is to remain on Fultz. ", "Brown gets it, though he won’t have much to share about Fultz other than the details pertaining to their shooting clinics.", "\n\n“We live at home plate,” the coach said. “", "We’re going back to ground zero and just going through slow, progressive, fundamental stuff.”" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.016666666666666666, 0.015151515151515152, 0.006060606060606061, 0, 0, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006993006993006993, 0.007633587786259542, 0.010752688172043012, 0.017543859649122806, 0.012903225806451613, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.028846153846153848, 0.02158273381294964, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0.011111111111111112, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0.016129032258064516, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "5α-Estrane-3β,17β-diol and 5β-estrane-3α,17β-diol: definitive screening biomarkers to sign nandrolone abuse in cattle?", "\n17β-Nandrolone (17β-NT) is one of the most frequently misused anabolic steroids in meat producing animals. ", "As a result of its extensive metabolism combined with the possibility of interferences with other endogenous compounds, detection of its illegal use often turns out to be a difficult issue. ", "In recent years, proving the illegal administration of 17β-NT became even more challenging since the presence of endogenous presence of 17β-NT or some of its metabolite in different species was demonstrated. ", "In bovines, 17α-NT can occur naturally in the urine of pregnant cows and recent findings reported that both forms can be detected in injured animals. ", "Because efficient control must both take into account metabolic patterns and associated kinetics of elimination, the purpose of the present study was to investigate further some estranediols (5α-estrane-3β,17β-diol (abb), 5β-estrane-3α,17β-diol (bab), 5α-estrane-3β,17α-diol (aba), 5α-estrane-3α,17β-diol (aab) and 5β-estrane-3α,17α-diol (baa)) as particular metabolites of 17β-NT on a large number of injured (n=65) or pregnant (n=40) bovines. ", "Whereas the metabolites abb, bab, aba and baa have previously been detected in urine up to several days after 17β-NT administration, the present study showed that some of the isomers abb (5α-estrane-3β,17β-diol) and bab (5β-estrane-3α,17β-diol) could not be detected in injured or pregnant animals, even at very low levels. ", "This result may open a new way for the screening of anabolic steroid administration considering these 2 estranediols as biomarkers to indicate nandrolone abuse in cattle." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0022471910112359553, 0.0030864197530864196, 0 ]

[ "Seven bounty hunters who descended on the wrong car outside a Wal-Mart have been indicted on first-degree murder charges in the killing of an unarmed man and the wounding of another, Tennessee police announced Wednesday.", "\n\nThe charges come after a chaotic scene in Clarksville on April 23, where police said the bounty hunters shot at the four people in the sedan and chased them for seven miles.", "\n\nNot one of the men in the sedan was wanted on outstanding charges.", "\n\nIn fact, the Clarksville bounty hunters were looking for someone else, and there is no indication that any of the victims fired at the defendants or were even armed, police spokesman Jim Knoll said in an email.", "\n\nAttack Kills 13, Police Kill 5 Suspects in Spain: Officials\n\nA white van jumped the sidewalk in Barcelona’s Las Ramblas district on Aug. 17, 2017. ", "Police say 13 people have been killed and more than 100 injured in this terrorist attack. ", "The area is one of the city’s top tourist destinations. ", "Later, police shot and killed five terror suspects in Cambrils, Spain, in a separate incident.", "\n\n(Published 2 hours ago)\n\nBail bondsmen are empowered to hire or act as bounty hunters to bring in people who violate the terms of jail bonds, but they can't use deadly force unless it's self-defense.", "\n\nKilled was 24-year-old Jalen Johnson, a father of three from Clarksville. ", "His family called him an innocent man who died in an act of terrorizing violence.", "\n\nJohnson's uncle, Toni Jenkins, told The Associated Press that his nephew and the three men in the car with him had no idea why people would suddenly block their car in the Wal-Mart parking lot. ", "Fearing an attack by gang members, they tried to flee.", "\n\nThe bounty hunters, Jenkins said, started shooting in the parking lot and continued to fire on them during the chase, even ramming the Nissan along the way.", "\n\nClarksville police would not confirm or deny these details, but authorities have said they are troubled by how the bounty hunters put people at risk.", "\n\nThe Montgomery County grand jury charged all seven men with first-degree felony murder, three counts of attempted second-degree murder, three counts of especially aggravated kidnapping, attempted especially aggravated kidnapping, four counts of aggravated assault, employing a firearm in commission of a dangerous felony and felony reckless endangerment, police said." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.004545454545454545, 0, 0, 0.0047169811320754715, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0.013245033112582781, 0 ]

[ "\"When we get closer to nature—be it untouched wilderness or a backyard tree—we do our overstressed brains a favor.... Our brains aren’t tireless three-pound machines; they’re easily fatigued. ", "When we slow down, stop the busywork, and take in beautiful natural surroundings, not only do we feel restored, but our mental performance improves too.\"", "\n\n\"A large study found less death and disease in people who lived near parks or other green space—even if they didn’t use them. ", "Researchers suspect that nature works primarily by lowering stress. ", "Compared with people who have lousy window views, those who can see trees and grass have been shown to recover faster in hospitals, perform better in school, and even display less violent behavior in neighborhoods where it’s common. ", "Such results jibe with experimental studies of the central nervous system. ", "Measurements of stress hormones, respiration, heart rate, and sweating suggest that short doses of nature—or even pictures of the natural world—can calm people down and sharpen their performance.\" ", "​" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nCan't get dojo.place to work\n\nFor whatever reason, this little piece of dojo isn't working. ", "I have to admit though, I am fairly new to dojo.", "\ndojo.query(\"#addIngredient\").onclick(function(){\n var ingredients = dojo.query(\".ingredients\");\n var cloned = dojo.clone(ingredients);\n dojo.place( cloned, dojo.query(\"#placeBefore\"), \"before\");\n });\n\nIn firebug, the dojo.query and dojo.clone events seem to be working fine, it just gets confused at dojo.place. ", "Here's the html:\n<input type=\"button\" id=\"addIngredient\" value=\"Add ingredient\" />\n <div class=\"ingredients\">\n //some code\n </div>\n <div id=\"placeBefore\" style=\"clear:both; height: 1px;\"></div>\n\nAny idea why this isn't working?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe second parameter to dojo.place expects a domNode or id, not a NodeList (which is what you're providing it, since you're using dojo.query there).", "\nYou can easily simplify that line of code to the following and it ought to work:\ndojo.place(cloned, \"placeBefore\", \"before\");\n\nReference: http://www.dojotoolkit.org/api/dojo.html#dojo.place\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0.0029585798816568047, 0.004291845493562232, 0.006493506493506494, 0.005208333333333333 ]

[ "1 of 6\n\nLet's start with the big news first, and I do mean big. ", "Christian Westerman is a 6'4\", 298-lb monster that can fill an immediate need on the Sun Devil roster.", "\n\nThe 4-star offensive lineman signed last year with Auburn and saw action in three games this season. ", "The Tigers had their worst season in a long time and ended with the firing of head coach Gene Chizik a mere two years removed from winning the National Championship.", "\n\nWesterman held all the accolades coming out of Hamilton High School in Chandler in 2011. ", "He was the No. ", "1 recruit in the state, ahead of UCLA quarterback Brett Hundley, the No. ", "27 recruit in the country as well as the third-best at his position by Rivals.", "\n\nScout ranked him the No.1 offensive guard and 17th best overall recruit in the country.", "\n\nHe had offers from Notre Dame, Michigan, Oregon as well as the three in-state universities but signed with Auburn a month after visiting the campus. ", "Here it is a year later and Westerman is coming home.", "\n\nIt is possible that he may even be able to play in the upcoming season if Auburn is hit with NCAA sanctions." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.015625, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0.012121212121212121, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0.0273972602739726, 0, 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0.018867924528301886, 0.00909090909090909 ]

[ "Q:\n\nJS: Text to Image\n\nI'm currently making a toy project that converts a string of text into a series of GitHub commits. ", "The end result should look something like this:\n\nThe solution I am currently working on is to take a string of text and convert each character to a 7x7 array of boolean values, where true is a green dot, and false is not. ", "Then I'll iterate over that to come up with an array of commits to send to GitHub. ", "\nFor the first part, I've been searching for an npm package that takes text, like ascii characters and returns a bmp or similar image representing the text, but I haven't had any luck. ", "\nDoes anybody know of a library that will do something like that? ", "My main requirement is that I can set the 'resolution' of the output, so I can get a 7x7 image from it. ", "Alternatively, if there is an entirely different solution, I'd be happy to hear that too. ", "\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nSince you are using node.js, you could use opencv4node.js. ", "It has features to write text to an image, that are normally used to annotate images, but should work well for your case.", "\nThe image could be whatever grid size you prefer. ", "Then you could iterate over the pixels and use their coordinates to determine the commits.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.00819672131147541, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Duration: 5min 27sec Views: 13 129 Submitted: 2 years ago Submitted by:\n\nDescription: Argentina football fan is sucking cock pov style an dreaming of giving a blowjob to her idol, the great Lionel Messi. ", "Then she open her legs to be penetrated and fucked really hard, making a bliss for amateur eyes." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.004901960784313725, 0 ]

[ "All new blog entries are now crossposted at Celestial Reflections, a group blog. ", "All comments on newer entries are welcomed there. ", "If you are a spiritually themed blogger, and wish to crosspost entries there, just let me know.", "\n\nAbout Me\n\nLaVaughn is a psychic intuitive with clairvoyant, clairaudient, and empathic ability. ", "She is certified in Aromatherapy by the Morris Institute of Natural Therapeutics, Crystal Therapy by the Academy of Earth's Medicine, and Sandlin Technique Bodywork by Virginia Sandlin, Cherokee Mystic and founder of the Sandlin Institute of Matrimatix." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0, 0, 0.02766798418972332 ]

[ "Nick Devin is a happily married man in his mid-60s with four grown children. “", "I have advanced degrees from prestigious universities, a very good job, a lot of friends and am well-respected in my community,” he writes on his Web site. “", "In short, I have a very good life.”", "\n\nBut he’s also a pedophile. ", "While he experiences some attraction to adult women, he only fantasizes about pubescent boys -- and none of his family or friends know. ", "He says he’s never acted on his desires, though.", "\n\nAdvertisement:\n\nDevin is the co-founder of a new organization for men like himself: Virtuous Pedophiles. “", "We do not choose to be attracted to children, and we cannot make that attraction go away,” reads the group’s Web site. “", "But we can resist the temptation to abuse children sexually, and many of us present no danger to children whatsoever.” ", "The goal of the organization is to offer support to pedophiles who want to live virtuously and to raise public awareness about the fact that such pedophiles exist.", "\n\nIt’s hard to know just how many there are of these “gold-star pedophiles,” as sex columnist Dan Savage calls them. ", "James Cantor, a clinical psychologist and editor in chief of the scientific journal “Sexual Abuse,” says, “In my clinic, roughly half of the people who commit an offense against a child is pedophilic. ", "We do not know, however, how many pedophiles there are who never commit any offenses and never come to our attention.” ", "That’s because very few pedophiles will voluntarily out themselves, given the stigma; and due to mandatory reporting rules, which are open to interpretation, non-offending pedophiles can reasonably fear being reported to the police.", "\n\nEthan Edwards, the 57-year-old co-founder of Virtuous Pedophiles, is attracted to girls as young as four and has sexual fantasies about them, but says he’s never abused a child. “", "I basically have no problem avoiding abusing anyone,” he told me. “", "That's just not an issue. ", "When I'm with a child, I'm attuned to her and could never lose sight of the danger to her of anything I did.”", "\n\nAdvertisement:\n\nOur conversation took place through Google chat because he feared that a telephone interview might expose his true identity. (", "Edwards is a pseudonym, and so is Devin.) ", "Even still, he asked me to promise that I wouldn't turn our chat over to \"hacker types\" who could determine who he is.", "\n\nEdwards, who raised three daughters of his own but never experienced any attraction to them, says he would never cross that line, “even if there was a zero percent chance I would be caught,” because of the damage it could do to the child. ", "His ultimate sexual fantasy takes place in an alternate universe of sorts where children can actually give meaningful consent.", "\n\nDevin, who was himself sexually abused as a child, similarly explains his ability to resist his desires. “", "I recognize that sexual contact with a child can be harmful to the child, and I've always been firmly committed to making sure that nothing I do will ever harm a child,” he told me in an email. “", "I refuse to let my problem become someone else's problem.” ", "It doesn’t hurt that he’s “always had a very good life -- lots of friends, close family, loving wife and children, academic accomplishments, athletic accomplishments, a good career.” ", "There is too much to lose.", "\n\nAdvertisement:\n\n“My sexuality has never been the central part of my life,” says Devin. “", "It kind of remains in a box inside my head but never controls me, and I go about my life.”", "\n\nCantor believes that a group like Virtuous Pedophiles could help prevent child abuse. “", "It is hard to imagine someone who would feel more isolated than someone who recognizes he is sexually interested in children. ", "In my experience, it is in those phases of greatest desperation that a pedophile is most likely to do something desperate, risking harm to a child,” he says. “", "Mutual support among people who share the same daily battle with their own desires can go a long way in addressing the extreme isolation, serving as a potential pressure valve, adding layer of protection, helping pedophiles to keep their behaviors under control.”", "\n\nAdvertisement:\n\nSupport is a major aim of the site, beyond even raising awareness in the outside world. ", "Devin and Edwards posted an anonymous plea on the site from a 20-year-old man struggling with attraction to young girls. “", "I wish with all my soul that I could have a brain that's wired normally,” he writes, and goes on to explain that he’s scared of seeing a therapist for fear of being reported. “", "Even the friendships I have are in danger of falling apart because I can't just keep saying 'I'm fine,' and I can't talk to anyone about my problem. ", "I think about suicide a lot.”", "\n\n“Almost any group in the world can hold a convention, look out on a sea of faces, and say, 'these are people like me,’” says Edwards. “", "We can't.”", "\n\nThere is plenty of community to be found online for pedophiles who are not so adamant about the harmfulness of child abuse. ", "The message board BoyChat is filled with justifications for adult-child sexual contact, and commenters recently caught on to the existence of Virtuous Pedophiles. “[", "T]his site promotes self-hate,” said one commenter. “", "Personally, not only do I find it offensive, it is quite slanted towards the idea that mutually willing sex with kids is harmful,” said another.", "\n\nAdvertisement:\n\nDevin doesn’t have much sympathy for this point of view. “", "The problem is that even if the pedophile thinks the kid is enjoying it at the time, he may be wrong. ", "Remember, the pedophile is prejudiced here; he wants to think the kid is enjoying it. ", "Moreover, even if the kid is enjoying it at the time, he can still be harmed.” ", "He points to a case where a pedophile had sex with a kid and thought he was enjoying it. “", "A few years later, the kid jumped off a bridge.”", "\n\nEdwards wants to shine a spotlight on the sort of pedophiles that don’t make the evening news. “", "I hope people start to realize that virtuous pedophiles exist,” he says, and “that many are no danger and shouldn't be branded as dangerous without evidence.”" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0, 0, 0, 0.008547008547008548, 0.004975124378109453, 0, 0, 0.011049723756906077, 0, 0, 0, 0.006944444444444444, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011111111111111112, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0, 0.006060606060606061, 0, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Sabathia pitched eight superb innings of four-hit ball to win his second straight postseason start and New York took advantage of a sloppy night by the Angels.", "\n\nThe Angels made three errors that led to two unearned runs and allowing an infield popup to drop untouched for an RBI single. ", "Even Torii Hunter allowed a single to roll past him.", "\n\nNew York built a 2-0 lead in the with a throwing error by Juan Rivera and a popup by Hideki Matsui that fell between Chone Figgins and Erick Aybar.", "\n\nMatsui doubled in a run in the fifth to make it 3-1. ", "Lackey’s throwing error on a pickoff attempt allowed Melky Cabrera to take second in the sixth, and Derek Jeter followed with a run-scoring single that got by Hunter.", "\n\nSabathia gave up a double and three singles, struck out seven and walked one, going to three-balls count just twice.", "\n\nMariano Rivera pitched a hitless ninth for his record 36th postseason save, his second this year. ", "Rivera walked Hunter, but struck out Guerrero, got Rivera to fly out, then\n\nA.J. Burnett is slated to start Game 2 for the Yankees, only if the game is still on.", "\n\nThere was a disputed call, with first base umpire Laz Diaz ruling Hunter out on his sixth-inning bunt. ", "Angels manager Mike Scioscia argued that first baseman Mark Teixeira’s foot came off the bag when he stretched for the throw – Tex did not let go of first until after he had received the ball.", "\n\nThe rain is scheduled to hit the state of New York all day tomorrow and could push game two to Sunday, forcing the players to fly overnight to Los Angeles for an evening game on Monday. ", "For now, the Yankees can go to bed with game number one in their belts." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.006289308176100629, 0.0078125, 0.019230769230769232, 0.020134228187919462, 0, 0.018072289156626505, 0, 0, 0.024844720496894408, 0.01904761904761905, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0.014084507042253521 ]

[ "/**\n * Copyright 2014 Facebook, Inc.\n *\n * You are hereby granted a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free license to\n * use, copy, modify, and distribute this software in source code or binary\n * form for use in connection with the web services and APIs provided by\n * Facebook.", "\n *\n * As with any software that integrates with the Facebook platform, your use\n * of this software is subject to the Facebook Developer Principles and\n * Policies [http://developers.facebook.com/policy/]. ", "This copyright notice\n * shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software.", "\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL\n * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER\n * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.", "\n *\n */\n\n#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>\n\n@interface PDDAboutView : UIView\n- (id)initWithText:(NSString *)text;\n@end\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0.004651162790697674, 0.003703703703703704, 0.01834862385321101 ]

[ "Saturday, January 21\n\nThis event is meant to provide a spiritual energy container for the Women’s March happening concurrently in Washington D.C. on this day.", "\n\nWhile it is vital to have people physically present in the D.C. March, there are many more people whose life circumstances make physical attendance impractical.", "\n\nWe hope such a gathering, at the same time as other such gatherings around the country, can help create an energetic container in which we may deepen our capacity to remember the transformational power of love.", "\n\nDeep Spring Center for Meditation and Spiritual Inquiry enjoys recognition by the Internal Revenue Service as a 501(c)(3) tax exempt public charity, non-profit organization staffed by volunteers and is guided by a Board of Directors." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.00851063829787234 ]

[ "Studies on the inhibitory effect of somatostatin on glucose induced insulin release in the isolated perfused rat pancreas.", "\nSomatostatin, the recently discovered growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone in the hypothalamus, also inhibited glucose induced insulin release from the isolated perfused rat pancreas. ", "The lowest effective dose of somatostatin was 1 ng/ml of perfusate. ", "By increasing the dose to 100 ng/ml an almost complete inhibition of basal as well as stimulated insulin release was obtained. ", "The inhibition of glucose stimulated insulin release mediated by somatostatin might be of competitive nature since somatostatin seemed to dislocate the glucose-insulin dose-response curve to the right." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Time to create some Vegan Valentines Cupcakes! ", "Valentines is just around the corner and what is Valentines if it’s not the perfect day to show your significant other how much you love and appreciate them?", "\n\nHere’s our Gingerbread Christmas Cake Tutorial courtesy of FMM Sugarcraft and their fabulous cutters. ", "If you would like to print this off you can download the printable PDF here. ", "Equipment Required GINGERBREAD PEOPLE SET GIFT\n\nMaking Succulent Flowers I love seeing the succulent flowers in my parents garden, they are so unusual and each one is unique. ", "This definitely inspired me to want to make succulent sugar flowers. ", "I have" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.02127659574468085, 0.012738853503184714, 0.019230769230769232, 0.012987012987012988, 0.005714285714285714, 0, 0 ]

[ "Fronted by Dr Tan Cheng Bock, former presidential candidate and elected member of parliament, the press conference officially introduced the new political party to the media after some\n\nhiccups\n\nover the last few months.", "\n\nFor a start, the introductory speech mostly covered the “erosion” of transparency, independence, and accountability in the government—one of the main reasons that PSP was started. ", "To solve this, Dr Tan believes Singapore needs a “good political system”, which means “a robust system of checks and balances”. (", "Since the event, current ministers have come out to rebut Dr Tan’s comments about the government “gone astray”.)", "\n\nHe also emphasised that the PSP values a “good mix of people, a wide variety”, who “won’t be just scholars”. ", "As reiterated multiple times throughout the event, what is “most important is that their heart is in the right place”.", "\n\nFinally, he reinforced the goal of PSP as a “unifying catalyst” to bring Singaporeans together to combat the social divide caused by inequality. ", "In a call to action for PSP’s party launch for Singaporeans on 3 August, he asked for “many patriotic people to make this happen” to “build up [their] strength and capabilities” and “expand [their] reach and support base”.", "\n\nWhile I’d been to enough press conferences so I don’t expect anything exceptionally illuminating or invigorating, I’d hoped we could skip the political platitudes, not least because existing online sentiment lauds Dr Tan and his eventual party as the perennial ‘credible alternative’ that Singaporeans apparently want.", "\n\nYet, his introductory speech felt… empty and disappointing.", "\n\nSince the event, media reports have discussed what was covered, from Dr Tan’s views on whether Lee Hsien Yang would be part of his party to the lack of transparency in the current government. ", "Reports didn’t, however, cover the single glaring point about the press conference: PSP’s repeated evasion of all questions pertaining to their policy and plans.", "\n\nDuring the Q&A session after his speech, several reporters (including ourselves) repeatedly pressed Dr Tan for the issues or policies that PSP planned to reveal or amend.", "\n\nI, for one, highlighted the fact that the upcoming General Elections would be the first time Gen Z was voting. ", "I wanted to know whether the party had a sense of the issues this generation cared about, and the steps they had to address these issues. ", "In response, Dr Tan said the party would touch on these points at the launch on 3 August, but that they understood the current concerns of Singaporeans, such as “CPF, housing, economy, and so on”.", "\n\nAnother reporter followed up by asking about the policies that PSP plans to roll out, instead of merely talking about building trust with Singaporeans. ", "Minutes later, yet another reporter asked whether there were certain PAP policies that the PSP planned to reverse.", "\n\nNone of us expected a detailed policy plan to be regurgitated on the spot. ", "But over and again, the party’s response was similarly avoidant: everything would be revealed on 3 August.", "\n\nIn place of the practical answers that reporters wanted, Dr Tan reiterated a couple of PSP’s key positions: to create a compassionate Singapore and to act as a credible and viable alternative to the PAP.", "\n\nPerhaps PSP’s strategy was to be tight-lipped about their policies because they wanted the press conference to simply highlight their reasons for setting up the party. ", "Perhaps they believed the media would report on their ideologies, values, and beliefs, and that that would be enough for Singaporeans to believe in them.", "\n\nHowever, this old-school mentality no longer works with an information literate generation that’s hungry for knowledge. ", "The PSP had a chance to perform better than the ruling party, and to use their first official interaction with the media to deliver tangible statements and promises that would reassure Singaporeans they know what they are doing.", "\n\nInstead, they stuck with treating the media as adversaries, and not allies. ", "They weren’t prepared to answer hard questions with a degree of specificity required for the media to sufficiently educate and inform the public.", "\n\nUnfortunately for them, no answer was also an answer." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.004545454545454545, 0.005494505494505495, 0.007751937984496124, 0.008928571428571428, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0.0045045045045045045, 0.003125, 0, 0.005154639175257732, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0.00510204081632653, 0.006493506493506494, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0, 0.00975609756097561, 0, 0, 0, 0.0043859649122807015, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Image: Ismo Marttinen\n\nA citizens' initiative calling for a total ban on fishing nets in habitats used by the endangered Saimaa ringed seal has gathered more than 50,000 certified signatures in just three days. ", "Having met that threshold, the proposal must now be considered by the Finnish Parliament.", "\n\nThe initiative was set up on Wednesday and proposes a year-round ban on the use of fishing nets in a bid to protect the rare seals, which are unique to the Saimaa lake system.", "\n\nCurrently a partial ban in the area prohibits the use of fishing nets from mid-April to the end of June. ", "At least four seal pups have drowned since the ban was lifted last week.", "\n\nThe ringed seal population dropped to as few as 100 a few decades ago, but thanks to conservation efforts – including the springtime ban on fishing nets – their numbers have rebounded to an estimated 400.", "\n\nSome 80-90 pups are born in the Saimaa lake region every year but the biologists estimate that as many as 60 young seals die annually.", "\n\nThis past spring forest management agency Metsähallitus counted a total of 67 live pups, which is fewer than in recent years, but weak ice conditions on the lake prevented a complete population assessment." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004830917874396135 ]

[ "---\nabstract: 'Motivated by recent realizations of Dy$_{2}$Ti$_{2}$O$_{7}$ and Ho$_{2}$Ti$_{2}$O$_{7}$ spin ice thin films, and more generally by the physics of confined gauge fields, we study a model of spin ice thin film with surfaces perpendicular to the $[001]$ cubic axis. ", "The resulting open boundaries make half of the bonds on the interfaces inequivalent. ", "By tuning the strength of these inequivalent “orphan” bonds, dipolar interactions induce a surface ordering equivalent to a two-dimensional crystallization of magnetic surface charges. ", "This surface ordering can also be expected on the surfaces of bulk crystals. ", "In analogy with partial wetting in soft matter, spins just below the surface are more correlated than in the bulk, but *not* ordered. ", "For ultrathin films made of one cubic unit cell, once the surfaces are ordered, a square ice phase is stabilized over a finite temperature window, as confirmed by its entropy and the presence of pinch points in the structure factor. ", "Ultimately, the square ice degeneracy is lifted at lower temperature and the system orders in analogy with the well-known $F$-transition of the $6$-vertex model.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'L. D. C. Jaubert'\n- 'T. Lin'\n- 'T. S. Opel'\n- 'P. C. W. Holdsworth'\n- 'M. J. P. Gingras'\nbibliography:\n- 'Thin-film.bib'\ntitle: |\n Spin Ice Thin Film:\\\n Surface Ordering, Partial Magnetic Wetting and Emergent Square Ice\n---\n\nHighly frustrated magnets have been shown to host an astonishing array of exotic many-body phenomena, taking us far from the conventional paradigms of collective magnetic behavior [@Springer_book]. ", "The formulation of the local frustrated constraints in terms of effective gauge fields has revolutionized our perspective on these systems in both the classical and quantum domains. ", "Depending on the system, this gauge symmetry can take the form of electromagnetism [@Isakov2004; @Henley05a; @Lawler2013; @Hermele2004] with photon and magnetic-monopole excitations [@Hermele2004; @Banerjee08a; @Benton2012; @Castelnovo2008; @Ryzhkin2005; @Jaubert2009b; @Morris2009; @Fennell2009; @Kadowaki09a], or be similar to quantum chromodynamics [@cepas11a] and linearized general relativity [@benton16a], as well as support phase transitions lying outside the Ginzburg-Landau-Wilson framework [@Jaubert08a; @Powell2008; @Charrier08a; @Powell2011].", "\n\nAs vividly exposed in classic texts on electromagnetism [@jackson99a], boundaries dramatically influence the behavior of gauge fields. ", "It is therefore natural to ask what may be the role of boundary conditions in frustrated magnets described by gauge theories. ", "Classical spin ice [@Harris97a] presents itself as a nascent paragon to lay the foundations of such concepts. ", "This is further motivated by the recent growth of spin ice thin films of Dy$_{2}$Ti$_{2}$O$_{7}$ [@Bovo14a; @Petrenko14a] and Ho$_{2}$Ti$_{2}$O$_{7}$ [@Leusink14a; @Kukli14a], along with the promising possibilities offered by spin ice heterostructures [@Sasaki14a; @She16a] and pyrochlore-iridates thin films [@Hu12a; @Yang14a; @Bergholtz15a; @Hu15b; @Fujita15a; @Fujita16a; @Hwang16a].", "\n\nIn this paper, we study the dipolar spin ice model in thin film (slab) geometry (slab-DSI) defined by Eq.", " (\\[eq:ham\\]) below. ", "As illustrated in Fig.", " \\[fig:TF\\], the slab geometry renders the nearest-neighbor bonds on the surface inequivalent: either a bond belongs to a “bulk tetrahedron”, or it is an “orphan bond”, belonging to a “virtual tetrahedron” which has been “cleaved away” at the interface. ", "Each virtual tetrahedron may therefore carry a magnetic surface charge that can propagate to and from the surface into the bulk. ", "The orphan bonds act as effective chemical potentials for surface charges, allowing the slab-DSI to go through a surface charge-ordering transition. ", "This is monopole crystallization [@Brooks2014] in two-dimensions, driven by the magnetic Coulomb potential between surface charges. ", "Most notably, the crystallization is limited to the microscopic surface layer with no penetration into the bulk. ", "The thinnest slab where this phenomenology can be explored systematically is one cubic unit-cell thick, containing three layers of tetrahedra. ", "Below the surface ordering temperature at $T_{\\rm so}$, the central layer emerges in the form of a constrained square ice system, which supports a state with extensive degeneracy described by a two-dimensional Coulomb phase [@Henley2010]. ", "Dipolar interactions ultimately break the symmetry of the Coulomb phase in the same way as in the venerable antiferroelectric $F$-model [@Lieb67b].\\\n\n![", "Spin ice thin film of thickness $L_{h}=1$ unit cell in the $[001]$ cubic direction. ", "Open boundaries lead to orphan bonds (green) on the surfaces. ", "Each spin can be seen as a pair of $\\textcolor{blue}{\\oplus}$ and $\\textcolor{red}{\\ominus}$ effective magnetic charges $(\\pm q)$ [@Castelnovo2008]. ", "Negative $J_o$ favors magnetic surface charges $Q=\\pm 2 q$ on orphan bonds. ", "Once the surface charges order in a checkerboard pattern for $T<T_{\\rm so}$, the middle layer of tetrahedra (orange) develop into a square ice phase, as seen by projection of the spins in plane. ", "Here we show one of the ground states below the $F$-transition ($T<T_{F}$). ", "$r_{nn}$ is the nearest-neighbor distance.[]{data-label=\"fig:TF\"}](cubic_unit-cell_orphan-bonds_square-ice.eps){width=\"7cm\"}\n\n**Dipolar spin ice thin film –** We consider thin films of the pyrochlore lattice, made of corner-sharing tetrahedra, whose surfaces are normal to the \\[001\\] cubic axis \\[Fig.", " \\[fig:TF\\]\\]. ", "We take the magnetic moments to be described by classical Ising pseudospins ${\\bm S}_{i} \\equiv\\sigma_{i} \\;\\hat z_{i}$ [@Rau_quantum], where $\\hat z_{i}$ is the local easy-axis and $\\sigma_{i}=\\pm 1$ [^1]. ", "The spins interact via nearest-neighbor couplings $J$ and $J_{o}$ and long-range dipolar interactions $D$: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\mathcal{H}&=& J\\sum_{\\langle ij\\rangle}\\; \\sigma_{i}\\; \\sigma_{j} \\;+\\; J_{o}\\sum_{\\langle ij\\rangle_{\\rm orphan}}\\; \\sigma_{i}\\; \\sigma_{j} \\nonumber\\\\\n&+& D\\, r_{nn}^{3}\\;\\sum_{i>j} \\frac{\\hat z_{i}\\cdot \\hat z_{j} \\, -\\, 3 \\left(\\hat z_{i}\\cdot\\hat e_{ij}\\right)\\left(\\hat z_{j}\\cdot \\hat e_{ij}\\right)}{r_{ij}^{3}}\\sigma_{i}\\; \\sigma_{j},\n\\label{eq:ham}\\end{aligned}$$ where the second sum runs over surface orphan bonds only \\[Fig.", " \\[fig:TF\\]\\]. ", "$r_{nn}$ is the nearest-neighbor distance and $\\hat e_{ij}$ is a unit vector between sites $i$ and $j$.\n\nThe bulk DSI model is characterized by an extensive low energy band of states [@Gingras01a; @Isakov05a] in which each tetrahedron satisfies the ice rules with two spins pointing inwards and two spins pointing outwards (2-in/2-out) [@Harris97a]. ", "This is a Coulomb phase with Pauling entropy [@Henley2010]. ", "Topological excitations out of the Coulomb phase carry either a single (3-in/1-out or 3-out/1-in) or a double (4-in or 4-out) gauge charge. ", "Dipolar interactions dress these topological excitations with an effective magnetic charge $Q$. This is the dumbbell model where each moment is recast as a pair of positive/negative magnetic charges $\\pm q$ sitting at the centers of the adjoining tetrahedra \\[Fig.", " \\[fig:TF\\]\\] [@Castelnovo2008]. ", "Within the dumbbell model, the low energy band is exactly degenerate. ", "The ordering at low-temperature in bulk-DSI [@Melko01a; @Melko04a] is due to corrections to this dumbbell description [@Isakov05a; @Castelnovo2008].", "\n\nSlab-DSI differs from bulk-DSI [@gingras11a] because of the open boundaries in the \\[001\\] direction and the presence of orphan bonds. ", "Nevertheless, the dumbbell model remains a useful description if one also considers surface charges \\[Fig.", " \\[fig:TF\\]\\]. ", "To set an experimental context we use $J=-1.24$ K and $D=1.41$ K, as in a minimal model of Dy$_{2}$Ti$_{2}$O$_{7}$ [@Hertog00a].", "\n\n**Method –** Our approach is based on Monte Carlo simulations with parallel tempering [@swendsen86a; @geyer91a] and loop algorithm. ", "The later has been adapted to include dipolar interactions [@Melko01a; @Melko04a] and the presence of monopoles [@Brooks2014; @Lin14a]. ", "The system size is $L\\times L\\times L_h$ in units of the 16-site cubic unit cell, with thickness $L_{h}<L$. We take open boundary conditions along the \\[001\\] cubic axis and periodic ones along the other two cubic axes. ", "The dipolar energy is computed by the Ewald summation in slab geometry without a demagnetization factor [@Yeh99a; @Brodka04a; @Melko04a]. ", "In previous numerical studies of spin ice, the Ewald summation was implemented using periodic replication of the simulated system in the three cubic directions. ", "However, it is straighforward to reproduce the slab geometry by inserting an empty space, as large as needed, between replicas in the \\[001\\] direction [@Yeh99a; @Brodka04a]. ", "We chose an empty space of $L_{e}=1000$ unit cells. ", "No difference was observed over the temperature range considered upon varying $L_{e}$ for $L_{e}\\gg L>L_{h}$.\\\n\n![ ", "Specific heat $C_h $ for thin films ($J_{o}=+ 4$ K in orange and $-4$ K in violet) of different thickness ($L_h=1$ ($\\blacktriangle$), 2 ($\\bullet$), 3 ($\\boxdot$)) and for bulk dipolar spin ice (bulk-DSI, black). *", "Inset:* Low temperature $C_h $ for $J_o=-4$ K. The temperature axes are in log (main) and linear (inset) scales. ", "The system sizes are $L=8$ (main) and $L=6$ (inset). ", "Throughout the paper $J=-1.24$ K and $D=1.41$ K. With these $J$ and $D$ values, the low-temperature $T_F$ transition approaches the bulk $T_c\\approx 0.18$ K [@Melko01a; @Melko04a] in the limit $L_h \\rightarrow \\infty$.[]{data-label=\"fig:Ch\"}](paper_Ch.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n![", "Two-step ordering in thin films of thickness $L_{h}=1$ and $J_{o}=-4$ K: (a) specific heat, (b) entropy, (c) order parameters and (d) densities of 2-in/2-out tetrahedra (violet) and single charges (blue) inside the thin film, *i.e.* not on the surfaces. ", "The latter is noticeably higher than the density of single charges in the bulk-DSI model (black). ", "The surface ordering at $T_{\\rm so}\\approx 900$ mK stabilizes a square ice model in the middle of the slab, as confirmed by the entropy in the intermediate region (delimited by the dashed lines). ", "Dipolar interactions ultimately lift the square-ice entropy at $T_{F}\\approx 300$ mK (orange) in favor of the same antiferromagnetic ground state as the $F$-model [@Lieb67b]. ", "The temperature, $T$, is in log scale.[]{data-label=\"fig:obs\"}](paper_obs.eps){width=\"0.9\\columnwidth\"}\n\n**Surface ordering –** By varying $J_{o}$ with respect to a threshold value $J_{o}^c=-J-1.945(2) D$, one can favor either antiferromagnetic or ferromagnetic configurations on orphan bonds. ", "For $J_{o}>J_{o}^c$, this extra surface energy scale manifests itself in the specific heat as a Schottky peak at $T \\sim J_{o}$, with $J_{o}=+4$ K in Fig.", " \\[fig:Ch\\]. ", "Bulk physics is then rapidly recovered as $L_{h}$ increases. ", "For $J_{o} < J_{o}^c$, a sharp feature appears in the specific heat at an intermediate temperature $T_{\\rm so}$ whose height decreases with increasing $L_{h}$ \\[$J_{o}=-4$ K in Fig.", " \\[fig:Ch\\]\\], suggesting a surface rather than a bulk transition, as discussed below.", "\n\nOne can think of the difference between $J$ and $J_{o}$ as a chemical potential shift for surfaces charges, compared to the bulk. ", "Indeed, the ferromagnetic (resp.", " antiferro.) ", "alignment of the pseudospins on an orphan bond amounts to a net magnetic charge (resp.", " vacuum) placed above the orphan bond at its mid point \\[Fig.", " \\[fig:TF\\]\\]. ", "The charge sites form a square array with a lattice constant of $2 r_{nn}$. The dipolar interaction between spins generates an effective Coulomb interaction between the surface charges [@Castelnovo2008], so that each surface of the thin film can be thought of as a (square) Coulomb lattice gas. ", "The surface charges can propagate into the bulk, which increases the density of monopoles above that of the bulk-DSI at intermediate temperature \\[Fig.", " \\[fig:obs\\].(d)\\]. ", "At low temperature, when varying $J_{o}$ below $J_{o}^c$, the surface state transforms from charge vacuum to charge crystal with a checkerboard pattern in order to minimize the Coulomb potential \\[Fig.", " \\[fig:TF\\] and Fig.", " \\[fig:obs\\](c)\\]. ", "A suitable order parameter is $M_{\\rm so}=|M^{b}|+|M^{t}|$ and $M^{b,t}=\\sum_{\\alpha} Q^{b,t}_{\\alpha}\\,\\epsilon_{\\alpha}/(2L^{2})$, where $Q^{b,t}_{\\alpha}$ is a bottom ($b$) or top ($t$) surface charge and $\\epsilon_{\\alpha}=\\pm 1$ accounts for the bipartite nature of the square lattice. ", "Most importantly such surface order is not limited to thin films and could also occur on a sufficiently pristine $[100]$ surface of bulk crystals. ", "The enhancement of monopole density at intermediate temperature should also persist within a thin layer below the surface of spin ice compounds, which could then be manipulated by a magnetic field [@Jaubert2009b]. ", "Near-surface dynamical properties could possibly be probed by $\\beta$-NMR [@beta-NMR1; @beta-NMR2] or $\\mu$SR with slow muons [@slow_muons].\\\n**Emergent square ice for $\\bm{L_{h}=1}$ –** Below $T_{\\rm so}$, the system enters a temperature regime in which a large majority of the tetrahedra respect the ice rules. ", "Considering a tetrahedron on the top layer, the orientation of the two surface spins becomes fixed by the surface ordering \\[Fig.", " \\[fig:TF\\]\\]. ", "The two lower spins are not fixed, but are coupled by the ice rules, forming a composite $\\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ degree of freedom with projection along $\\pm$\\[110\\]. ", "The same holds for the tetrahedra on the bottom layer, with composite spins projected along $\\pm$\\[$\\bar{1}$10\\]. ", "These composite projections now form the famous $6$-vertex model [@baxter07a] whose vertices correspond to the middle-layer tetrahedra respecting the ice rules \\[Fig.", " \\[fig:TF\\]\\]. ", "This is confirmed by an entropy plateau for intermediate temperature at $S_{\\rm sq}=\\frac{1}{4}\\,\\left(\\frac{3}{4}\\,\\ln\\frac{4}{3}\\right)$ (Fig.", " \\[fig:obs\\](b)), which is the exact square ice entropy [@lieb67c] (the composite spins account for $1/4$ of the original degrees of freedom). ", "The vertical ($[001]$) heterogeneity of this phase is manifest in the pseudospin structure factor, $\\mathcal{S}(\\bm q) \\equiv \\frac{1}{N}\\left|\\sum_{j=1}^{N} \\sigma_{j} e^{i \\bm q \\cdot \\bm r_{j}}\\right|^{2}$. $\\mathcal{S}(\\bm q)$ shows the co-existence of pinch points characteristic of the square ice phase, and Bragg peaks due to the surface charge order \\[Fig.", " \\[fig:SQ\\](a)\\].\\\n**Ground state –** Just as in bulk-DSI [@Melko01a; @Melko04a], the degeneracy of the Coulomb phase is eventually lifted at sufficiently low temperature, here $T_F$, to give a long-range ordered ground state \\[Figs. ", "\\[fig:TF\\] and \\[fig:Ch\\] (inset)\\]. ", "However, the 12-fold degenerate ground states of bulk-DSI are inequivalent in slab geometry, as only 4 of them support charge order on the (001) surfaces. ", "For these 4 states, if one flips all spins on either one or both surfaces, the new configurations are quasi-degenerate ground states when $J_o<J_o^c$. The breadth of this quasi-degeneracy is extremely small ($<0.05\\%$), and decreases rapidly for increasing $L_{h}$. When $J_o>J_o^c$, orphan bonds favor 4 of the bulk-DSI ground states with zero surface charges.", "\n\nWhen $L_{h}=1$, the transition at $T_F$ involves the square-ice degrees of freedom and is equivalent to the $\\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ symmetry breaking of the antiferroelectric $F$-model [@Lieb67b] \\[Figs.", " \\[fig:TF\\] and \\[fig:obs\\](c)\\]. ", "The order parameter is $M_{F}=\\sum_{i} \\sigma_{i}\\,\\eta_{i}/N'$ where $\\eta_{i}=\\pm 1$ transcribes the $\\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ ordering of the $N'=8 L^{2}$ spins of the middle layer of tetrahedra \\[Fig.", " \\[fig:TF\\]\\]. ", "As a consequence, the ordering of the “bulk” of the thin film falls in a different universality class for $L_h=1$ and for $L_h>1$, as illustrated by the evolution of the specific heat in the inset of Fig.", " \\[fig:Ch\\]. ", "The transition is characterized in $\\mathcal{S}(\\vec q)$, by the development of new Bragg peaks and the extinction of the pinch points associated with the square ice Coulomb phase at $T_F$ \\[Fig.", " \\[fig:SQ\\](b)\\].\\\n\n![(", "a,b) Structure factor $\\mathcal{S}(\\bm q)$ in the \\[hk0\\] Fourier plane for $L_{h}=1$ and $J_{o}=-4$ K. Square-ice physics gives rise to pinch points in the \\[200\\] (and symmetry equivalent) Brillouin zone centers [@youngblood81a] \\[see white arrows\\]. ", "These pinch points are (a) clear singularities at $T=600$ mK, but (b) disappear below the $F$-transition. ", "The insets are the same data plotted on a broader color scale, in order to emphasize that the $\\mathbf{q}=$\\[$\\bar{2}\\bar{1}0$\\] features are (b) Bragg peaks of the low-temperature long-range order, but (a) *not* in the intermediate regime, thus confirming the two-step ordering. ", "The color scale is the same for all three main panels and insets respectively. []{", "data-label=\"fig:SQ\"}](paper_SQ.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n**Discussion –** In this work, we provided a benchmark for spin ice thin films. ", "We showed that this model system is characterized by a partial magnetic wetting phenomenon: the lack of penetration of the surface phase into the bulk. ", "It occurs here as a direct consequence of the spin liquid nature of bulk spin ice, so that bulk physics is rapidly recovered as one increases the film thickness \\[Fig.", " \\[fig:Ch\\]\\]. ", "This is true, independently of the surface conditions in the form of orphan bonds, while the observed surface phase transition is a rare example of surface ordering rather than surface melting. [", "^2]. ", "We are therefore exposing here a microscopic mechanism that generates frozen boundary conditions and hence could possibly implement a $3$-dimensional variant of the theoretical concept of “arctic circle” [@arctic_circle]. ", "What we observe is at odds with recent experiments on Dy$_{2}$Ti$_{2}$O$_{7}$ thin films where no residual Pauling entropy was observed for a broad range of film thickness [@Bovo14a]. ", "Our results suggest that the explanation for these intriguing experiments may lie in in the presence of long range strain fields, as proposed in Ref.", " \\[\\], and/or confinement induced by random disorder, a topic of growing interest in pyrochlores [@Ross12a; @Taniguchi13a; @Sala14a]. ", "Our results also highlight the importance of long-range interactions both in thin films and for the surfaces of clean bulk crystals.", "\n\nIt is interesting to compare in more detail the partial wetting observed here to that occurring in water ice. ", "Ice crystals show a thin surface layer stabilized down to $-40^\\circ$C with remarkably high charge mobility [@Fletcher62a; @Ryzhkin01a; @Li07a; @Ryzhkin09a]. ", "Although often described as a liquid layer, its conductivity is orders of magnitude *larger* than that of bulk liquid water. ", "This is admittedly a vastly more complex problem than our model spin ice [@Fletcher92a; @Buch08a; @Pan08a]. ", "However, on cleaving a surface off an ice crystal, one might expect polarization charge to be induced in an analogous manner. ", "While the putative charge crystal could then melt under the high Coulombic pressure, it has also been proposed that the high surface conductivity could come through a super-ionic mechanism in an *ordered* ionic array [@Ryzhkin01a], reminiscent of the surface ordering we found here. ", "In this context it could be interesting to investigate the surface charge (monopole) conductivity of our model in future studies.", "\n\nFinally, we return to ultra-thin films and the emergence of an effective square ice system over a finite temperature range for $L_h=1$. The obvious candidates for such behavior are artificial spin ice (ASI) arrays [@Wang06a]. ", "However, they fail miserably on this score [@Moller06a] as, with planar geometry, the band width of ice rules states is as large as the energy scale for producing topological defects. ", "The band width can be reduced in model systems by varying the relative height between horizontal and vertical chains of nano-islands [@Moller06a; @Chern14c]. ", "This is naturally what happens here with the pyrochlore geometry [@Hertog00a; @Isakov05a] which, in addition, by having magnetic moment orientations along the $[111]$ axes of the cubic cell, possesses the high symmetry of the vertex configurations that ASI arrays lack. ", "This higher symmetry pushes the $F$-transition to lower temperature, \\[Fig.", " \\[fig:obs\\]\\], offering a solid state realization for such two-dimensional spin ice physics.", "\n\nIn conclusion, we believe the theory presented here is just the tip of the iceberg of possibilities for spin ice films and surfaces of single crystals. ", "We hope our work will motivate further efforts in the investigation of surface and confinement phenomena in frustrated magnetism and other strongly correlated systems described by an emergent gauge theory.\\\n\nWe thank Bruce Gaulin, Gabriele Sala, Etienne Lantagne-Hurtubise, Rob Kiefl, Andrew MacFarlane, Jeff Rau, Nic Shannon and Tommaso Roscilde for useful discussions. ", "We acknowledge the hospitality of the Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1 and CNRS (LDCJ and MJPG) and from the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (PCWH and MJPG). ", "LDCJ is supported by the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University. ", "The work at the U. of Waterloo was supported by the NSERC of Canada, the Canada Research Chair program (M.G., Tier 1) and by the Perimeter Institute (PI) for Theoretical Physics. ", "Research at the Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science.", "\n\n[^1]: The single-ion crystal field doublets of Dy$^{3+}$ and Ho$^{3+}$ are defined through a spectral weight in which $m_J=\\pm J$ dominate and whose angular momenta are $J=15/2$ and $J=8$, respectively. ", "As $m_J$ is maximal, we may assume that the Ising nature of the moment at the surface remains largely protected through the absence of high rank crystal field perturbations that would renormalize the doublet splitting [@Rau_quantum].", "\n\n[^2]: Surface ordering, does occur in other situations, for example, in free standing liquid crystal films, in alkaline chain polymers of intermediate length and gallium alloys.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0045351473922902496, 0.005494505494505495, 0.03790613718411552, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0.03367875647668394, 0.009345794392523364, 0.047619047619047616, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0, 0, 0.008368200836820083, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0, 0.013422818791946308, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004830917874396135, 0.008896797153024912, 0, 0.008571428571428572, 0.03333333333333333, 0.014285714285714285, 0.003787878787878788, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0, 0.0078125, 0.014925373134328358, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0.011428571428571429, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0, 0, 0.005714285714285714, 0, 0.006493506493506494, 0, 0, 0.0055248618784530384, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010169491525423728, 0, 0, 0.004975124378109453, 0.05, 0, 0.006872852233676976, 0, 0.004672897196261682, 0.009584664536741214, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006024096385542169, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0.013986013986013986, 0.005494505494505495, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0, 0.005050505050505051, 0, 0, 0, 0.004901960784313725, 0, 0.010256410256410256, 0, 0.003952569169960474, 0, 0.0035714285714285713, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0045045045045045045, 0.005434782608695652, 0.006711409395973154, 0.022388059701492536, 0, 0, 0.02531645569620253, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0.0035335689045936395, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0.005434782608695652, 0.012658227848101266, 0.011111111111111112, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0, 0.02425876010781671, 0.019138755980861243, 0.011111111111111112, 0.027932960893854747, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0.008583690987124463, 0, 0 ]

[ "Epic Games will shut down Paragon, its multiplayer online battle arena title, on April 26. ", "The company announced that it will take the game’s servers offline at that date, offering an apology to those who expected more from Paragon.", "\n\nEpic Games’ full statement on the reason why Paragon is closing shop is below.", "\n\nHey Everyone, It’s with heavy hearts we’ve decided to close down Paragon. ", "We truly appreciate everything you’ve put into Paragon. ", "We received many passionate ideas for where to take the game; the outpouring of thoughtful suggestions is another testament to this incredible community. ", "After careful consideration, and many difficult internal debates, we feel there isn’t a clear path for us to grow Paragon into a MOBA that retains enough players to be sustainable. ", "We didn’t execute well enough to deliver on the promise of Paragon. ", "We have failed you -- despite the team’s incredibly hard work -- and we’re sorry. ", "To try to make this right, Epic is offering a full refund to every Paragon player for every purchase on any platform. ", "This refund will come directly from Epic rather than your platform provider.", "\n\nIn order to receive a refund, PlayStation 4 players can go through their Epic accounts, while those on PC without an Epic account can use a separate link.", "\n\nParagon fans should also note that as “the player population continues to decrease, matchmaking times and quality will further degrade,” Epic said.", "\n\nEpic Games first launched Paragon in March 2016 as an Early Access title on PlayStation 4 and Windows PC. ", "It later went into open beta in August. ", "Epic Games initially charged players to participate during the Early Access phase before making the game free to play. ", "Paying a premium granted players additional cosmetic items and upgrades.", "\n\nEpic Games had never specified a full release window for Paragon. ", "The game at one time had more than seven million registered players, according to Epic Games, yet players suggested that the actual active population was far below that toward the end of the game’s lifespan. ", "Epic Games has found far more success with Fortnite, another multiplayer game in Early Access that has enjoyed a large fanbase and increasing popularity since its 2017 launch; earlier this month, the developer said it was shifting gears toward Fortnite and away from Paragon." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.01098901098901099, 0.0070921985815602835, 0.0125, 0.013157894736842105, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0.0055248618784530384, 0.014705882352941176, 0, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0.00641025641025641, 0.013422818791946308, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0, 0, 0.014705882352941176, 0.004807692307692308, 0.0036363636363636364 ]

[ "Q:\n\n\"De\" suivi d'un nom propre en \"De\"\n\nDoit-on plutôt dire \n\nla formule de De Moivres\n\nou\n\nla formule de Moivres\n\nEt\n\nla règle de D'Alembert \n\nou\n\nla règle d'Alembert\n\nA:\n\nLes particules1 ne prennent pas de majuscule (sauf quand une autre règle l'impose comme la majuscule en début de phrase). ", "Cependant, quand elles sont précédées de la préposition de, il est admis d'autoriser la majuscule pour éviter la confusion qui s'ensuivrait2 :\n\nla formule de De Moivre\nla formule de de Moivre\nla règle de D'Alembert\nla règle de d'Alembert\n\nLes ouvrage de mathématiques et de physique omettent cependant parfois la particule en fonction de l'usage établi et écrivent :\n\nla formule de Moivre\n\n1Sauf en Belgique pour les patronymes d'origine néerlandaise où De\nest un article défini.", "\n2C'est même une recommandation de l'Académie française.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.010169491525423728, 0.012526096033402923, 0.017857142857142856, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nConversion of string to non-const char*\n\nI have some C+ arrays that I have built as follows:\nstd:array<const char *, 4) test1 = {abc.c_str(), def.c_str(), ghi.c_str()};\n\nwhere abc, def, ghi are std::string\nI have to pass this array to another function which has the following prototype:\n(int argc, char * argv[])\nHow should I modify array so that give non-const char* ot me that can be passed to above function. ", "Or should I modify the function to const char*. ", "I am not sure if the function tries to modify char* somewhere since this function code is not mine and not available as well currently. ", "But, in any case it would be good to ask how would I pass non-const char* array to the above function?", "\n\nA:\n\nThis should work\nabc.append(1, 0); // guarantee NUL termination\ndef.append(1, 0);\nghi.append(1, 0);\nstd:array<char *, 4> test1 = {abc.data(), def.data(), ghi.data()};\n\nor\nabc.append(1, 0);\ndef.append(1, 0);\nghi.append(1, 0);\nstd:array<char *, 4> test1 = {&abc[0], &def[0], &ghi[0]};\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.002403846153846154, 0, 0, 0, 0.020689655172413793 ]

[ "(Deutsch) Social Media my ass – die Kolumne von Marc DePulse\n\ntrndmsk (.com/.de/.at) is an online magazine about electronic music, founded by two young men in December 2010. ", "Since then trndmusik has been providing its users with things to know about various electronic music genres such as Techno, Minimal, Dubstep, Electro, House, Ambient and Dub.", "\nMore ..." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.011494252873563218, 0.017241379310344827, 0 ]

[ "Stanley B. Lippman\n\nStanley B. Lippman has retired back to the Catalina Foothills where he is working on EEEK!, ", "a computational model of the nervous system of the House Mouse, and An Off By One Error, a speculative novel set in the Northwestern Rain Forest. ", "During his professional career, Stanley served as Distinguished Consultant for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Architect for the Visual C++ development group at Microsoft, member of technical staff at Bell Laboratories, two stints in Massive Multiplayer Online Gaming, and a surprisingly long stint in Feature Animation at Disney, DreamWorks, Pixar, and PDI. ", "Stanley will be most remembered for his many years working with Dr. Stroustrup on the implementation of cfront, the standard implementation of C++ until the ISO standard." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0.025139664804469275, 0.01764705882352941 ]

[ "English as a Second Language\n\nWoodstock Welcomes Students From Around The World\n\nThis cultural and linguistic diversity provides unique opportunities for all the students at the school.", "\n\nIn particular, the English as a Second Language Programme has been designed to help students who have English as a second or additional language access a Woodstock education. ", "Our aim is to help students develop English skills that will allow them to be successful in their academic work and confident in everyday communication.", "\n\nJohn Robertson, Head of ESL, believes maintenance of students’ first languages is central to a secure identity, cognitive development and second-language acquisition, and that a second language should not be a replacement for the first.", "\n\nWhat is the ESL provision at each grade level?", "\n\nA beginner ESL Programme is available for students in Grades 5 to 7. ", "At this stage the ESL students have most of their lessons in the ESL classrooms. ", "Initially, the student is withdrawn from English, Science, Foreign Languages, and Humanities.", "\n\nAs their English improves, they may join the mainstream class, first Science and later Humanities. ", "Woodstock admits only students in Grades 5 to 7 for the beginner ESL Programme. ", "This is to ensure that there is plenty of time for the students to reach the required level of English that will allow them to manage the demands of the IGCSE and AP curriculum.", "\n\nThe recommended entry level for the beginner course is Grade 5 or Grade 6. ", "The regular ESL Programme includes students from Grades 5 to 8 and occasionally Grade 9. ", "Here the students will work in smaller groups, at different levels, for language-based activities in the ESL classrooms.", "\n\nThese classes take the place of a foreign language. ", "ESL teachers also work alongside students and teachers in the Grades 6 to 8 mainstream classrooms and provide support in English and Social Studies.", "\n\nOn arrival at Woodstock, it is important that Grade 8 and 9 students are already comfortably working at the intermediate level as recognised by the Common European Framework for Language Learning (CEFR). ", "This means they will have the skills needed to participate in the IGCSE Programme.", "\n\nResults of a TOEFL test may be required for students applying in Grades 10, 11 or 12. ", "Once students have completed the intermediate programme, they will continue to be monitored by the ESL Department. ", "This is to make sure progress in language is maintained alongside the increasing demands of the academic curriculum.", "\n\nAdditional support is always available for these students from the specialist ESL teacher.", "\n\nWho decides whether a student has ESL lessons, and on what basis is the decision made?", "\n\nPart of the application process at Woodstock includes an assessment of language skills through an oral interview and a writing sample. ", "These serve as initial assessments of English-language skills as well as language ability.", "\n\nOnce an applicant has been granted admission, the admissions office informs the ESL Department of the students who may need ESL support lessons. ", "A placement test at the start of term helps the ESL team decide whether a student does in fact require support and at what level.", "\n\nBoth the subject and ESL teachers regularly review your child’s progress, keeping in mind the goal of moving students into the mainstream classroom as quickly as is beneficial. ", "Children attending language instruction in the mainstream classroom must be peer-competitive in all aspects of literacy: listening, speaking, reading and writing.", "\n\nWhat is the focus of the beginner ESL Programme at Woodstock?", "\n\nWhen your child is beginning to learn English, they will first need to get over some of their anxieties about the new language, studying in a new school, and all the other unfamiliar aspects of daily life at Woodstock.", "\n\nIt is important that they relax and enjoy being here, as these anxieties may be a barrier to learning. ", "The beginner or foundation course is designed with this in mind.", "\n\nInitially, the fun activities provide a basic ‘survival’ English vocabulary as well as information that the beginner student will find useful. ", "These activities focus on developing language skills and confidence to communicate in a new language.", "\n\nHow long might it take for my child to learn English?", "\n\nChildren learn at different rates and they have varied strengths and learning styles. ", "Therefore it would be very hard to predict how long it might take for your child to learn a new language.", "\n\nAlso, the amount of time will vary for the different skills like reading, writing, speaking and listening. ", "Studies show it can take from four to eleven years to acquire the same level of English as native-speaking peers.", "\n\nWhat things might influence how quickly my child learns English?", "\n\nAn important thing to remember is this: There are no short-cuts! ", "No matter how many advantages a student brings to the task, it will always be necessary for him or her to spend a great deal of time listening, speaking, reading and writing before he or she reaches an academic level in any language. ", "Therefore, motivation, curiosity and a willingness to study in English are key to success.", "\n\nSome of the factors that may influence the speed of language learning include:\n\nAge – this is a tricky one! ", "Research does not say that young learners always have an advantage over older ones\n\nLanguage distance – how different is the student’s mother tongue to the language being learned?", "\n\nAre students required to speak English at all times in school?", "\n\nNo. ", "At Woodstock we celebrate the multicultural and multilingual aspect of the students and appreciate that sometimes the mother tongue enables a child to access the curriculum more easily. ", "However, the common language is English, and staff actively encourage communication in English during lesson times, PASSAGE activities and social interactions.", "\n\nShould a child study their mother tongue at the same time as learning English?", "\n\nWe believe it is very important that your child continues to use and develop knowledge in his or her mother tongue. ", "Studies have shown that learners find it easier to transfer words and concepts they already know to their new language.", "\n\nIf they know only a little of their mother tongue, they may find it harder to learn new concepts for the first time through English. ", "The knowledge of their mother tongue comes first and foremost through you, the parents.", "\n\nProviding a broad range of experiences for your child will help enrich their cultural heritage and learning experiences.", "\n\nAlso, we will actively encourage your child to read a broad range of books both in their mother tongue and in English. ", "Talking about the events and characters in books is an important part of language acquisition. ", "However, it is the enjoyment of reading that we most hope to foster.", "\n\nSummer at Woodstock\n\nSummer programmes in English, ESL and more\n\nSummer at Woodstock combines academic rigour with the energy and excitement of a summer camp. ", "Morning programmes include English Language Acquisition and an English Masterclass, with fun and exciting activities in the afternoons, from sport to robotics." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0.005649717514124294, 0, 0.008403361344537815, 0, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0, 0.0125, 0.011299435028248588, 0.012987012987012988, 0.02247191011235955, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0.006756756756756757, 0.014563106796116505, 0.012195121951219513, 0.011363636363636364, 0.008695652173913044, 0, 0, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0, 0, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0.004545454545454545, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006289308176100629, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012422360248447204, 0.006289308176100629 ]

[ "Bachman Valley Railroad\n\nThe Bachman Valley Railroad (BV) was a railroad that operated in Pennsylvania and Maryland, United States, in the 19th century. ", "The 13 mile (21 km) line ran from Valley Junction, Pennsylvania (5.5 mi (8.9 km) east of Hanover) to Ebbvale, Maryland (slightly north of Manchester). ", "The railroad was built to transport iron ore to local blast furnaces; it also carried some passengers. ", "The railroad became part of the Western Maryland Railway in 1917.", "\n\nHistory\nThe railroad was chartered by the state of Pennsylvania and separately in Maryland, in 1871. ", "At Valley Junction it connected with the Hanover Branch Railroad. ", " At Ebbvale the line terminated at an iron ore mine.", "\n The railroad began operation in early 1873. ", "The rolling stock was provided by the Hanover Junction, Hanover and Gettysburg Railroad, which operated the railroad.", "\n\nIn 1879 the Baltimore and Hanover Railroad connected to Bachman Valley near Lineboro. ", "This new line ran south to Emory Grove, where it connected with the WM. ", "In 1886 the BV merged with the Baltimore and Hanover Railroad and the Hanover Junction, Hanover and Gettysburg Railroad to form the Baltimore and Harrisburg Railway. ", "The merged main line ran from Valley Junction to Emory Grove. ", " The new company was controlled by the Western Maryland, and the WM bought the company in 1917. ", " Mines in the Ebbvale area closed in the early 20th century and the section of track from Black Rock to Ebbvale was abandoned around 1922.", "\n\nSee also\n List of defunct Maryland railroads \n List of defunct Pennsylvania railroads\n\nReferences\n\n H.V. and H.W. Poor Co. \"Poor's Manual of Railroads of the United States: 1885.\" ", "Accessed 2009-06-23.. pp.", " 227–228.", "\n Johnny Johnsson and Mary Ann Ashcraft (2006). “", "Carroll County History Full of Iron Ore and Furnaces.” ‘’", "Carroll County Times.’’ ", "2006-09-10.", "\n\nCategory:Defunct Maryland railroads\nCategory:Defunct Pennsylvania railroads\nCategory:Predecessors of the Western Maryland Railway\nCategory:Railway companies established in 1871\nCategory:Railway companies disestablished in 1886" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0, 0.013245033112582781, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0.015151515151515152, 0, 0, 0.017094017094017096, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0.012048192771084338, 0.016129032258064516, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0.005494505494505495, 0, 0, 0.04081632653061224, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0, 0 ]

[ "Trump-Putin summit set for July 16 in Helsinki!", "\n\nMOSCOW, Russia (PNN) - June 28, 2018 - Russia and the Fascist Police States of Amerika issued identical statements Thursday morning, announcing that the upcoming summit between FPSA President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin would be held on Monday, July 16, in the city of Helsinki, Finland.", "\n\nRussian officials had already confirmed on Wednesday that a deal had been reached on holding a summit between Trump and Putin. ", "Though the two have met twice on the sideline of international events, this will be the first direct summit with the Russian leader during Trump’s time in office.", "\n\nToday’s announcements just confirmed the date and time. ", "The statements also said that a range of national security issues important to both nations would be discussed during the meeting. ", "They did not elaborate on what those were.", "\n\nBilateral ties are very poor at the moment, and generally easing tensions will likely be among the top priorities in the meeting. ", "NATO military buildups in Eastern Europe will likely be a subject of Russian concern as well, and both are likely to fault the other on policies in Syria.", "\n\nWith bogus allegations still swirling about Russian meddling in the 2016 election, Trump has been very cautious with his diplomatic ties with Russian officials. ", "This has meant that, despite substantial issues to be addressed, the FPSA has much less engagement with Russia than in years past.", "\n\nFPSA National Security Advisor John Bolton, who was in Moscow negotiating this summit, says that President Trump will be raising a “full range of issues” during the summit. ", "He downplayed the significance of the meeting, saying he didn’t view the summit as anything unusual.", "\n\nIt normally it wouldn’t be; FPSA and Russian presidents meet often. ", "That Trump hasn’t done so formally in the last 18 months is much more unusual, however, and the political circus still swirling around the election will likely make the summit controversial, particularly for Trump’s political opponents.", "\n\nMember Login\n\nBecoming a New American means you believe in God-given unalienable rights! ", "You believe in individual liberty and personal privacy! ", "You believe that principles are more important than money, convenience, power or position." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.02127659574468085, 0.012861736334405145, 0.015503875968992248, 0.006172839506172839, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006493506493506494, 0.006134969325153374, 0.007692307692307693, 0.011428571428571429, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0.00847457627118644, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0 ]

[ "Edward Bunting (cricketer)\n\nEdward Lancelot Bunting (10 December 1883 – 26 February 1962) was an English cricketer who played a single first-class match in 1922, for Worcestershire against Yorkshire.", "\n\nHis brief experience of the first-class game was not successful: Yorkshire, who would go on to the County Championship title, beat their opponents by an innings and 220 runs inside two days. ", "Bunting himself made 1 and 0, with his four overs of leg-spin going for 38 runs, though he took a catch to dismiss George Macaulay.", "\n\nBunting was born in Tillington, Staffordshire; he died in Barnwood, Gloucestershire aged 78.", "\n\nExternal links\n \n Statistical summary from CricketArchive\n\nCategory:1883 births\nCategory:1962 deaths\nCategory:English cricketers\nCategory:Worcestershire cricketers\nCategory:Sportspeople from Staffordshire" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.010050251256281407, 0, 0.007633587786259542, 0.010638297872340425, 0.009708737864077669 ]

[ "Interview with Sucy Munoz, Junior UX/UI Designer at Liquidus\n\nSucy Muñoz is an alum from the Kobi Cohort. ", "A former graphic designer, Sucy came to DESIGNATION to build upon her strong visual foundation and expand her design skillset.", "\n\nWhere are you now working, and what is your job title?", "\nI am currently working at Liquidus as a Jr. UX/UI Designer.", "\n\nTell us a little bit about your new job!", "\nI work with the dev team, QA team and project manager to create a management platform that will be used by multiple departments within the company. ", "The goal is to increase communication and efficiency between departments. ", "I’ve researched the departments processes, created user interview questions and have also user tested an early version of the platform.", "\n\nI’m also redesigning the digital portal used by both the company and clients. ", "My main tasks consists of internal user testing, sketching mock ups, creating wireframes of key sections of the portal and prototypes for the dev team and project manager to review.", "\n\nHow would you describe the DESIGNATION experience?", "\nDESIGNATION was an eye-opening experience. ", "It really put into perspective the direction I needed to go in when it came to my career, which is exactly what I needed going into the program. ", "The challenges and obstacles also kept me motivated throughout the program. ", "Everything we learned in class made me feel both excited and prepared for my career after DESIGNATION.", "\n\nWhat was the most interesting or useful thing you learned during the cohort?", "\nThe most useful thing for me was being able to work as part of a team. ", "It was an experience I could not have gotten or even understood on my own. ", "Working in small teams allows you to undertake more responsibilities, which really ends up being a big benefit. ", "Being able to collaborate with different people with different skills was a great learning experience. ", "It’s something I can refer to in interviews, and it is something that I can use in my current position.", "\n\n“DESIGNATION was an eye-opening experience. ", "If you are even just thinking of getting into the industry, just go for it.”", "\n\nWhat are the people at DESIGNATION like (including staff, instructor and fellow students)?", "\nHelpful. ", "Everyone is very open to helping. ", "In my experience, most of my fellow students quickly formed a community where it was very easy to talk to each other. ", "I always felt comfortable asking questions about projects and assignments. ", "The instructors were very helpful and patient throughout the program and they were always looking for me to succeed even after I finish the program. ", "That is something I really appreciate.", "\n\nWhat were you doing before you came to DESIGNATION?", "\nI was working as an in-house graphic designer. ", "I had been at the company I was at for 3 years, and it really was not providing me with any new challenges or any possibility to move up. ", "It was time for me to move forward with my career. ", "It was really a challenge finding a new job because, even though I was applying for graphic design positions, a lot of places required UX experience which I didn’t have at the time.", "\n\nHow did you hear about DESIGNATION, and why did you decide to come?", "\nMy former co-worker researched DESIGNATION and mentioned it to me. ", "I looked into it myself, and I felt like it was exactly what I needed to move forward. ", "The timeframe for the program was very also encouraging. ", "Before I knew it I was interviewing via Skype and putting in my two weeks’ notice at my job.", "\n\nHow did DESIGNATION help prepare you for your new role?", "\nDESIGNATION taught me about designing for the user. ", "I used to only focus on the aesthetics of design. ", "I soon came to learn that there is so much more to design. ", "Now, I’m able to differentiate user experience and user interface design, and I am able to articulate the importance of how each is related to the other. ", "It has been helpful in my new role to be able to communicate the differences to team members.", "\n\nWhat was your favorite part of the DESIGNATION experience?", "\nMy favorite part of the program was the real-life experience they provided us. ", "Working with real clients at first seemed overwhelming, but after meeting them and really getting involved with the project, it became easier. ", "I also really liked visiting design agencies. ", "I was able to ask real people in the industry questions regarding what their expectations were for new designers. ", "It was also helpful for me to see different type of workplace environments.", "\n\nWhat advice would you give to someone who was trying to break into the industry?", "\nMy advice is, if you are even just thinking of getting into the industry, just go for it. ", "Something that always runs through my mind is “I should have just done this sooner.” ", "Also, once you start learning, do not stop. ", "It makes things more fun and it may also help you advance your career." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.018867924528301886, 0.007936507936507936, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0.006711409395973154, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0055248618784530384, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Jolly Kaguhangire\n\nJolly Kamugira Kaguhangire, commonly known as Jolly Kaguhangire, is a businesswoman and corporate executive in Uganda. ", "From April 2017, until her termination on 26 October 2018, she was the executive director and CEO of Uganda Investment Authority (UIA), the government agency that is responsible for promoting, attracting and facilitating investment into Uganda's national economy.", "\n\nBackground and education\nShe was born in the Western Region of Uganda, circa 1966. ", "She attended local Ugandan schools for her primary and secondary school studies. ", "In 2000, she graduated with a Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) degree from Makerere University, the oldest and largest public university in Uganda. ", "Later, she obtained a Postgraduate Diploma in Public Administration and Management, from Uganda Management Institute (UMI) in Kampala, the largest city and capital of the country. ", "She also holds a Master of Arts degree in Organisational Leadership and Management, awarded by Uganda Christian University (UCU), in Mukono. ", "In addition, over the first 15 years of the 21st century, she has obtained numerous certificates for courses she has taken locally, regionally and internationally in areas that include upstream petroleum taxation, corporate governance, executive leadership, public service delivery and tax administration.", "\n\nCareer\nFor a period of nine years, from March 2008 until April 2017 Jolly Kaguhangire worked as an Assistant Commissioner responsible for service management at the Uganda Revenue Authority (URA), the national tax agency. ", "While there, she and the team she led, made strategic and tactical changes, leading to increased tax collection, from US$41 million in 2008 to US$1,683 million in 2015, with registered taxpayers increasing from 17,479 to 836,830 during the same time-frame. ", "At the time she left URA, she supervised a team of people that exceeded 700 in number.", "\n\nIn April 2017, after a two-round, two-months search process, Kaguhangire was hired by the board, as the best candidate for the CEO position, citing her leadership experience as a factor in her hiring. ", "One of the goals that she prioritizes at UIA, is the development of industrial and business parks in major urban centers around the county, including at Arua, Luzira, Masaka, Mbale, Mbarara, Namanve and Soroti. ", "Another priority is to coordinate with the Uganda Export Promotion Board and the Uganda Tourism Board, in production of promotional and marketing material and performing joint exhibitions and tours, thereby reducing costs and sending a consistent and coherent message to potential investors. ", "A third priority is the creation of a one-stop-center (OSC), where an investor can register their business and obtain all requisite permits and licenses to begin operations in the shortest time possible.", "\n\nSee also\n Allen Kagina\n Maggie Kigozi\n Doris Akol\n Agnes Konde\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nWebsite of Uganda Investment Authority \n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1977 births\nCategory:Ugandan businesspeople\nCategory:Makerere University alumni\nCategory:Uganda Christian University alumni\nCategory:Uganda Management Institute alumni\nCategory:Ugandan women in business\nCategory:21st-century businesswomen\nCategory:People from Western Region, Uganda\nCategory:Ugandan chief executives\nCategory:Ugandan business executives\nCategory:Ugandan women business executives" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.007246376811594203, 0.0076045627376425855, 0.023529411764705882, 0.012345679012345678, 0.012738853503184714, 0.016666666666666666, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0.013452914798206279, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0.014218009478672985, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0.0070921985815602835 ]

[ "Getty Images\n\nAs the cost of the new Falcons stadium continues to go up and up (and up), owner Arthur Blank has obtained a dispensation from his colleagues to borrow more money than NFL teams are permitted to borrow.", "\n\nAccording to Daniel Kaplan of SportsBusiness Journal, NFL owners have agreed to waive league rules limiting the amount of debt (which some would describe as “making it up as they go”) so that the Falcons can borrow a whopping $850 million.", "\n\nThe problem comes from the increases expense of the project, which spiked from $1 billion to $1.2 billion in 2013 — and then from $1.2 billion to $1.4 billion earlier this year. ", "As explained by Kaplan, it’s unclear whether the Falcons will be borrowing the full $850 million now, or whether they asked for the higher ceiling in anticipation of needing to borrow more later.", "\n\nThe enhanced debt underscores the unanticipated increase in building expenses. ", "Which ultimately could result in reduced payroll expenses, if Blank decides to hold accountable anyone/everyone responsible for a project that is spiraling out of control." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.013888888888888888, 0.012448132780082987, 0, 0.005128205128205128, 0, 0.005847953216374269 ]

[ "List of Packers & Movers near Kamardanga (4 professionals)\n\nAboutBarik Transport- Established in the year of 2014. ", "Premier packers and movers of Kolkata, attached with logistics management with companies like Exide Shankray Technologies, Coldstone sanitation etc. ", "Owned by Ranjit Barik, owner of a fleet of small LCVs with transportation and distribution experience of 10 years.show more\n\nAbout\n\nBarik Transport- Established in the year of 2014. ", "Premier packers and movers of Kolkata, attached with logistics management with companies like Exide Shankray Technologies, Coldstone sanitation etc. ", "Owned by Ranjit Barik, owner of a fleet of small LCVs with transportation and distribution experience of 10 years.", "\n\nAboutWe are providing packing and moving in services in Kolkata. ", "We are a nation wide packing moving company having branches in Kolkata for any type of Packers Movers Services in Kolkata. ", "Our team is having experts with knowledge, experience and counseling along with competitive rates, which enables us to give our clients the highest international quality standards.show more\n\nAbout\n\nWe are providing packing and moving in services in Kolkata. ", "We are a nation wide packing moving company having branches in Kolkata for any type of Packers Movers Services in Kolkata. ", "Our team is having experts with knowledge, experience and counseling along with competitive rates, which enables us to give our clients the highest international quality standards.", "\n\nAboutWe have massive experience in this business. ", "We deal with Packers and Movers. ", "Our motto has always been timely service, best quality and optimum cost. ", "We are in touch with our customers through quality, performance, service and assistance. ", "Bringing the best of value to our customers, we also care as much about our customers. ", "We value the trust and beliefs vested in us by our clients and professional contacts and provide a dedicated service with an honest and direct approach in all our dealings.", "\nGrievance Redressal Mechanism:\nPeople usually face the problem of the security of their goods which is covered with the help of insurance. ", "We take the responsibility of the domestic moving and provide insurance for the interstate moving @ 3% supported by all the large insurance giants.show more\n\nAbout\n\nWe have massive experience in this business. ", "We deal with Packers and Movers. ", "Our motto has always been timely service, best quality and optimum cost. ", "We are in touch with our customers through quality, performance, service and assistance. ", "Bringing the best of value to our customers, we also care as much about our customers. ", "We value the trust and beliefs vested in us by our clients and professional contacts and provide a dedicated service with an honest and direct approach in all our dealings.", "\nGrievance Redressal Mechanism:\nPeople usually face the problem of the security of their goods which is covered with the help of insurance. ", "We take the responsibility of the domestic moving and provide insurance for the interstate moving @ 3% supported by all the large insurance giants.", "\n\nAboutHindustan Packers & Movers, company is specialised in both commercial shifting as well as household shifting; their clients are from all the verticals, they are serving them with the aim to provide quality services at the most economical cost. ", "They aim to develop a structure where it would be easy for a client to contact the organisation for any feedback and query, and to develop an infrastructure which is supported by all the modern equipment , tools and manpower to deliver the best packing and moving services to their clients.", "\nGrievance Redressal Mechanism:\nPeople usually face the problem of the security of their goods which is covered with the help of insurance. ", "We take the responsibility of the domestic moving and provide insurance for the interstate moving @ 3% supported by all the large insurance giants.show more\n\nAbout\n\nHindustan Packers & Movers, company is specialised in both commercial shifting as well as household shifting; their clients are from all the verticals, they are serving them with the aim to provide quality services at the most economical cost. ", "They aim to develop a structure where it would be easy for a client to contact the organisation for any feedback and query, and to develop an infrastructure which is supported by all the modern equipment , tools and manpower to deliver the best packing and moving services to their clients.", "\nGrievance Redressal Mechanism:\nPeople usually face the problem of the security of their goods which is covered with the help of insurance. ", "We take the responsibility of the domestic moving and provide insurance for the interstate moving @ 3% supported by all the large insurance giants.", "\n\nTop Recent Customer Reviews of Packers & Movers near Kamardanga\n\nshivananda ghosh hired mass relocation\n\n4.0\n\non 11 August, 2018\n\nHad a good experience dealing with them. ", "There supervisor Mr. Akash was very considerate in listening and addressing our concerns related with manner of packing. ", "Must recommended. ", "Best wishes to Mass Relocation and a big thanks to Urban clap for their user friendly platform. ", "read more" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.008695652173913044, 0.006711409395973154, 0.005494505494505495, 0.006711409395973154, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0, 0.00398406374501992, 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0.0024449877750611247, 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0, 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0 ]

[ "Found this image, probably the only thing i have showing the steps that didnt get lost in the crash. ", "Its only 3 steps but some of you were asking about it, so i thought i'd just post it so you can see at least till i get a real tutorial going.", "\nclick here to see it.", "\n\nI started in grayscale because i was more interested in the light and darks than in color.", "\n\nI have found though, starting in black and white then moving to color sooner than later in the process seems to render better results....if I leave the image till the very end with all the detail then try to color it, the colors usually dont come out as vibrant." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Progression of periodontal tissue destruction at splinted/non-splinted teeth. ", "An experimental study in the dog.", "\nThe aim of the present investigation was to study whether splinting, i.e., immobilisation of teeth, may interfere with the rate of periodontal tissue destruction that can be accomplished by ligature placement and plaque accumulation, 5, 1-year-old, beagle dogs were included in the experiment. ", "The mandibular 2nd and 3rd premolars and the 1st molar on both sides of the mandible were extracted. ", "2 titanium implants were installed in the sites of 3P and 1M, i.e., in the right quadrant of the mandible. ", "3 months later, abutment connection was performed and a fixed, gold splint, connecting the tooth and the implants, was inserted. ", "The non-resilient splint was cemented in place on Day 0 and 4P was hereby immobilized. ", "In each dog, the contralateral fourth premolar (P4) served as the non-splinted control tooth. ", "Experimental periodontal tissue breakdown was initiated by placing cotton floss ligatures around the neck of 4P and P4 and by allowing the animals to accumulate plaque and calculus. ", "Once every month, new ligatures were placed at the level of the receding gingival margin. ", "The experiment was terminated on Day 180. ", "Radiographs of 4P and P4 were obtained and biopsies sampled. ", "The results of the measurements, made in the radiographs and the histological sections, disclosed that the splinting of the experimental teeth, failed to prevent or retard apical downgrowth of plaque and associated attachment loss. ", "It was concluded that increased tooth mobility, within the limits of the present experiment, obviously did not establish conditions which favoured an enhanced destruction of the periodontal tissues in the beagle dog model." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/topic/3877/best-boba-fett-scene-in-the-movies/\nFri, 20 Jan 2017 02:13:26 +0000PunBBhttps://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/99959/#p99959\nMy favorite Boba scenes: those sketchy glances at Obi-Wan on Kamino. ", "Those evil little laughs when Jango said \"And we'll have a couple of surprises for him\" and \"Well, we won't be seeing him again\". ", "And (some hate this, but I love it) his flirting scene. ;", "-)]]>Fri, 20 Jan 2017 02:13:26 +0000https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/99959/#p99959https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/99554/#p99554\nLoki, nice choices! ", "Note that, in the new canon, he's neither dead nor alive. ", "See http://j.mp/BobaFettDeadOrAlive for more about that all.", "\n\nctxboy1981, that was a great one. ", "Really shows Boba Fett knows someone is following him.", "\n\nMissileFiringBobaFett, good ones!", "\n\n]]>Fri, 19 Feb 2016 17:40:30 +0000https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/99554/#p99554https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/99551/#p99551\nWhen he hears luke unholster his gun in EMPIRE, than walks forward than BAM. ", "fires back on him.", "Best line in my opinion, is \"As you wish.", "\"]]>Fri, 19 Feb 2016 04:35:11 +0000https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/99551/#p99551https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/99547/#p99547\nA really great scene of Boba Fett in the two movies is that scene of him looking over at Luke as Luke draws his blaster and then firing on Skywalker a few seconds later in The Empire Strikes Back.]]>Thu, 18 Feb 2016 16:57:19 +0000https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/99547/#p99547https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/99482/#p99482\nFor favourite : All of them ! ", "Ha ha ; I love when he is taking Han Solo through to put him on Slave 1. . ", "Luke sees and is follow then out of nowhere, like BAM! ", "Badass mothereffer takes a step and pew pew\n\nAlso ~ Loving how Boba is singled out by Vader ; Absolutely he's the best Bounty Hunter! !", "\n\nLeast favourite : That dumb death . . . ", "What were they thinking with embarrassing and sad as f death for the coolest character in the film ? ", "Jeez. ", "I like to think he did escape -~ I mean , he is Boba Fett! ", "=P\n\n]]>Sun, 24 Jan 2016 21:08:53 +0000https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/99466/#p99466https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/99462/#p99462\n\"Put Captain Solo in the cargo hold.\" ", "was the exclamation mark on The Empire Strikes Back. ", "Boba Fett's death in Return of the Jedi is of course extremely insulting and ludicrous!]]>Sun, 24 Jan 2016 08:12:30 +0000https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/99462/#p99462https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/98883/#p98883\nI agree with Ghostcat - favorite part is the blaster scene when leia disguised as the bounty hunter activates the thermal detonator and then after that when he slightly nods in acknowledgement. ", "It's just the subtle movements that say so many words. ", "Really liked his demeanor and \"ORIGINAL\" voice in the ESB Carbonite scene as well! ", "Gotta love \"He's no good to me dead\"\n\nThe dancing girl flirtation scene was totally unnecessary and totally destroyed the character by making him look like a turd! ", "And Why, why WHY!!! ", "does he turn around to look directly into the camera in the 1997 reboot of ANH in that not needed Jabba scene??? ", "UGGG!", "\n\n]]>Tue, 28 Jan 2014 05:18:27 +0000https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/98877/#p98877https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/98351/#p98351\nI like the Flirting scene ---> not my favorite but I liked it. ", "And I was a little jealous he flirted with a dancing girl and not me LOL (jk).", "\n\nOK BEST Boba Fett --> Well maybe not his best but what got me laughing out loud was in Cloud City: Lando walked up to him, looked at him, Boba staring straight ahead at first then looked over at Lando. ", "I laughed so hard... I could (almost) see the look on Boba's face as he \"looked\" back at Lando.", "\n\nOtherwise best Boba \"He's no good to me dead\".", "\n\n]]>Tue, 05 Feb 2013 07:14:32 +0000https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/98351/#p98351https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/98332/#p98332\nMy favorite scene is in ROTJ when he readies his blaster when leia disguised as the bounty hunter activates the thermal detonator and then after that when he slightly nods in acknowledgement, when Jabba agrees to pay the bounty for chewbacca. ", "It's just the subtle movements that say so many words.", "\n\nI agree with all the above about the dancing girl flirtation scene being the worst, not in fitting with the character at all. ", "It's bad when he falls into the sarlaac but there are a lot of follow on stories set after ROTJ so all is good.", "\n\n]]>Fri, 01 Feb 2013 13:49:43 +0000https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/98332/#p98332https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/98089/#p98089\nMy favorite scene is in ESB when Boba and Bossk and Dengar and all those guys are lined up and Darth Vader says, \"No disenegrations.\" ", "My least favorite is when he flirts with Jabba's dancing girl.]]>Thu, 20 Sep 2012 20:17:33 +0000https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/98089/#p98089https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/98045/#p98045\nI like pretty much every scene Boba is in. ", "Except where he's flirting with the alien dancing girl (NOT because she's an alien, but because I agree whole-heartedly with Jeremy Bulloch on the subject of 'I don't think Boba would do that'), and the whole.. falling into the Sarlacc thing. ", "But hey. ", "He survives that. ", "No one else has ever done so. ", "Go Boba. ", "=3]]>Sun, 26 Aug 2012 13:54:28 +0000https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/98045/#p98045https://www.bobafettfanclub.com/boards/post/97739/#p97739\nI would agree with those who selected his embraressing death from Return of the Jedi. ", "The comic scream and pathetic flailing reakky insult the great stature and menace developed in The Empire Strikes Back. ", "There is also the fact that Han manages to bring down the galaxy's top assassin by accident.", "\n\nAre you aware that the blu-ray release actually used an alternate, slightly less farcical cut of Han knocking Boba's Jet?", "\n\nAs for my favourite: I like the shot of Boba standing outside Slave I ordering his men to\n\njoking, lol, but how can you guys not consider Boba's God aweful and flat out embarrassing death scene his worst shot of the movies? ", "I get sick just thinking about it. ", "I quite honestly would rather have had Boba cut from Ep. ", "VI than have that highlighted attempt at humor left in\n\nFavorites would be both his lines pretty much challenging Vader in Ep. ", "V, questioning the Dark Lord of the Sith's meathods that are placing his payday on the line. ", "NOBODY else in the galaxy except Palps could talk like that to Vader" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.01606425702811245, 0, 0, 0.005847953216374269, 0, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0.018518518518518517, 0.02857142857142857, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0, 0.007619047619047619, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0.014814814814814815, 0, 0, 0, 0.01694915254237288, 0.005235602094240838, 0, 0.0069767441860465115, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0.004672897196261682, 0.01282051282051282, 0.0196078431372549, 0.021052631578947368, 0.020833333333333332, 0.005076142131979695, 0, 0.0078125, 0.009009009009009009, 0.010526315789473684, 0.011811023622047244, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004219409282700422, 0, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0.03508771929824561, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0.014705882352941176 ]

[ "Honeybush\n\nThis South African bush adds a sweet honey-like flavor to herbal infusions such as our Floral Sonnets. ", "Honeybush is commonly mixed with Red Bush tea (Rooibos) for a caffeine free, tea-like beverage.", "\n\nShare how you like to use Honeybush!", "\n\nIf you are a human, ignore this field\n\nFollow these comments\n\nWhat's cooking in your kitchen? ", "Tell us your favorite spice pairings! ", "Every month we select something new from your submissions to feature in the World Spice newsletter and the most creative recipe idea wins free spices. †", "\n\nThe Three T’s of Tea — Tea-to-water Ratio, Temp, and Time\n\nUse these simple guidelines to brew your perfect cup of tea.", "\n\nTea to Water Ratio\n\nWith loose leaf teas you can adjust the strength of the brew by using more or less tea per volume of water. ", "We recommend starting out with one teaspoon, or about two grams, of tea for every 6 ounces of water. ", "Note that teas come in different forms, with finely chopped leaves or more dense teas requiring less volume to achieve the same concentration of flavor than large, loose leaves. ", "For a stronger flavor, use more tea rather than steeping longer.", "\n\nTemperature\n\nUse full boiling water for black, herbal and pu-erh teas and below boiling for other types. ", "Excessively hot water will vaporize the more delicate flavors in green, white, and oolong teas and can also cause bitterness.", "\n\nTime\n\nFor black teas, we recommend a three to four minute steep. ", "Oolong and green teas should steep for one to three minutes while white teas should only steep for one or two. ", "Steeping too long can cause bitterness, steeping too short causes the tea to be weak. ", "Some teas can be steeped several times, with new flavors emerging with each steeping.", "\n\nshop world spice\n\nand more...\n\n* Discounts of any kind (including, but not limited to sales, promotions and promotion codes) DO NOT apply to the purchase of gift cards or Spice Club memberships.", "\n\n** Unless otherwise noted, sales and promotions are valid for retail (non-commercial) customers only, limited to stock on hand, and subject to change without notice. ", "Times and dates are US Pacific Time.", "\n\n‡ $5.95 FLAT RATE SHIPPING covers USPS standard ground shipping for US customers only. ", "Does not apply to commercial or international customers. ", "Other shipping options may be available, but those shipping costs are not included in this FLAT RATE SHIPPING offer and must be paid by the customer." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.017543859649122806, 0.021052631578947368, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0, 0.006578947368421052, 0.01652892561983471, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0 ]

[ "Differential changes of potassium currents in CA1 pyramidal neurons after transient forebrain ischemia.", "\nCA1 pyramidal neurons are highly vulnerable to transient cerebral ischemia. ", "In vivo studies have shown that the excitability of CA1 neurons progressively decreased following reperfusion. ", "To reveal the mechanisms underlying the postischemic excitability change, total potassium current, transient potassium current, and delayed rectifier potassium current in CA1 neurons were studied in hippocampal slices prepared before ischemia and at different time points following reperfusion. ", "Consistent with previous in vivo studies, the excitability of CA1 neurons decreased in brain slices prepared at 14 h following transient forebrain ischemia. ", "The amplitude of total potassium current in CA1 neurons increased approximately 30% following reperfusion. ", "The steady-state activation curve of total potassium current progressively shifted in the hyperpolarizing direction with a transient recovery at 18 h after ischemia. ", "For transient potassium current, the amplitude was transiently increased approximately 30% at approximately 12 h after reperfusion and returned to control levels at later time points. ", "The steady-state activation curve also shifted approximately 20 mV in the hyperpolarizing direction, and the time constant of removal of inactivation markedly increased at 12 h after reperfusion. ", "For delayed rectifier potassium current, the amplitude significantly increased and the steady-state activation curve shifted in the hyperpolarizing direction at 36 h after reperfusion. ", "No significant change in inactivation kinetics was observed in the above potassium currents following reperfusion. ", "The present study demonstrates the differential changes of potassium currents in CA1 neurons after reperfusion. ", "The increase of transient potassium current in the early phase of reperfusion may be responsible for the decrease of excitability, while the increase of delayed rectifier potassium current in the late phase of reperfusion may be associated with the postischemic cell death." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nImageview no respeta las dimensiones en celular\n\nBuenas Tardes\nEl problema que tengo es que la imagen no respeta el tamaño correcto en un dispositivo, esto se debe adaptar por cada tipo de resolución\n<RelativeLayout xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"\nxmlns:tools=\"http://schemas.android.com/tools\"\nandroid:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\nandroid:layout_height=\"match_parent\"\nandroid:background=\"@color/White\"\nandroid:paddingBottom=\"@dimen/activity_vertical_margin\"\nandroid:paddingLeft=\"@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin\"\nandroid:paddingRight=\"@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin\"\nandroid:paddingTop=\"@dimen/activity_vertical_margin\" >\n\n<Button\n android:id=\"@+id/btnTomaFoto\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_alignParentTop=\"true\"\n android:layout_centerHorizontal=\"true\"\n android:background=\"@drawable/btn_style\"\n android:drawableLeft=\"@drawable/camera\"\n android:text=\"@string/strTomarFoto\" />\n\n<ImageView\n android:id=\"@+id/imgView\"\n android:layout_width=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_centerInParent=\"true\"\n android:scaleType=\"fitXY\"\n >\n</ImageView>\n\n<LinearLayout\n android:id=\"@+id/ly1\"\n android:layout_width=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\n android:layout_alignParentBottom=\"true\"\n android:layout_centerHorizontal=\"true\" >\n\n <Button\n android:id=\"@+id/btnMuestraFoto\"\n android:layout_width=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_height=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_weight=\"1\"\n android:background=\"@drawable/btn_style\"\n android:drawableLeft=\"@drawable/image\"\n android:text=\"@string/strMuestraFoto\" />\n\n <Button\n android:id=\"@+id/btnEnviar\"\n android:layout_width=\"0dp\"\n android:layout_height=\"match_parent\"\n android:layout_weight=\"1\"\n android:background=\"@drawable/btn_style\"\n android:drawableLeft=\"@drawable/check\"\n android:text=\"@string/strEnviar\" />\n</LinearLayout>\n\nY cuando tomo una foto, la imagen me la amplia demasiado, como en la siguiente imagen:\n\nLa imagen se debe adaptar a diferentes resoluciones de equipos; en el celular que estoy probando, tengo los siguientes resultados en base a las siguientes lineas de codigo:\n Display display = getWindowManager().getDefaultDisplay();\n Point size = new Point();\n display.getSize(size);\n int width = size.x;\n int height = size.y;\n\n Log.d(\"debug\", \"width: \" + width); // 480\n Log.d(\"debug\", \"height: \" + height); // 800\n\n Log.d(\"debug\", \"screen: \" + getResources().getConfiguration().screenLayout); // 98\n Log.d(\"debug\", \"mask: \" + Configuration.", "SCREENLAYOUT_SIZE_MASK); // 15\n\n Log.d(\"debug\", \"large: \" + Configuration.", "SCREENLAYOUT_SIZE_LARGE); // 3\n Log.d(\"debug\", \"normal: \" + Configuration.", "SCREENLAYOUT_SIZE_NORMAL); // 2\n Log.d(\"debug\", \"small: \" + Configuration.", "SCREENLAYOUT_SIZE_SMALL); // 1\n\nY la salida:\n\nwidth: 480\n height: 800\n screen: 98\n mask: 15\n\nY finalmente asi es como muestro la imagen en el imageview:\nint bitmapHeight = bMap.getHeight();\nint bitmapWidth = bMap.getWidth();\nMatrix matrix = new Matrix();\nmatrix.postRotate(rotacion);\nBitmap rotatedBitmap = Bitmap.createBitmap(bMap, 0, 0, bitmapWidth, bitmapHeight, matrix, false);\n\nBitmap tamanio = Bitmap.createScaledBitmap(rotatedBitmap, bitmapHeight / 6, bitmapWidth / 6, false);\n\nimg.setImageBitmap(tamanio);\n\nA:\n\nUno de los grandes problemas al desarrollar aplicaciones en android es la gran diversidad de tamaños de pantalla que se tienen. ", "Lo que intentas hacer que, segun entiendo, es re dimensionar la imagen de manera programatica no me parece la solucion mas optima debido a que luce como demasiado trabajo y demasiado codigo que no aporta mucho. ", "La solucion que te propongo es cambiar la propiedad scaleType del image view de la siguiente manera.", "\n<ImageView\nandroid:id=\"@+id/imgView\"\nandroid:layout_width=\"wrap_content\"\nandroid:layout_height=\"wrap_content\"\nandroid:layout_centerInParent=\"true\"\nandroid:scaleType=\"centerCrop\"\n>\n\nCon esta propiedad lo que logras es que la imagen que se muestre en el imageView se redimensione de tal forma que se muestre la mayor cantidad de imagen posible sin deformar la misma. ", "Esta es la mejor practica y la solución a tu problema en mi opinión.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.013653136531365314, 0, 0, 0, 0.012307692307692308, 0.004739336492890996, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0.014705882352941176, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nОбработка щелка строки Listbox\n\nКакое событие отвечает за обработку щелчка мыши по строке в Listbox? ", "Необходимо по щелчку мыши по строке в ListBox создать окно. ", "\n\nA:\n\nOnClick или OnDblClick для двойного клика, а узнать на какой именно строке клик был\nListBox.", "ItemIndex\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0 ]

[ "Published: Friday, April 26, 2013 at 5:03 p.m.\n\nLast Modified: Friday, April 26, 2013 at 5:03 p.m.\n\nOWINGS MILLS, Md. — When it finally came time for the Baltimore Ravens to make their pick in the NFL draft, the Super Bowl champions didn't hesitate.", "\n\nWith the 32nd and final selection in the first round Thursday night, the Ravens snagged Florida defensive back Matt Elam.", "\n\nThe 21-year-old Elam, who played strong safety for the Gators, is expected to help fill the void left by the release of veteran Bernard Pollard.", "\n\n“Even though it was a position of need, whether you all believe it or not, he was the highest rated player on our board,” general manager Ozzie Newsome said. “", "The thing we like about Matt is his speed. ", "He's probably one of the better tacklers that we've seen play the position, and he enjoys practice and enjoys playing the game of football.”", "\n\nCoach John Harbaugh started the day thinking about how nice it would be if the Ravens got Elam, a 5-foot-10, 210-pound junior who played in 39 games at Florida, starting the final 26 at spring safety.", "\n\n“I talked to my wife this afternoon,” Harbaugh said. “", "She said, ‘Who do you hope to get?' ", "It was Matt Elam. ", "I couldn't be more excited about it.”", "\n\nElam finished second on the team last season with 76 tackles, along with two sacks and four interceptions. ", "His brother, Abram, played last season with the Kansas City Chiefs after stints with the Browns, Jets and Cowboys.", "\n\n“We can't wait to get him in here and get started,” Harbaugh said, adding that Elam “definitely has a chance” to start on defense at the outset of the 2013 season.", "\n\nNewsome said he was willing to entertain offers for a trade at No. ", "32, but no one called.", "\n\n“The phone did not ring,” he said. “", "We had gotten some calls before the draft started that someone might want to move up to our spot, but our phone did not ring while we were on the clock.”", "\n\nThe Ravens entered the draft looking for a safety, middle linebacker, offensive tackle and wide receiver. ", "Baltimore had the opportunity to take highly touted linebacker Manti Te'o out of Notre Dame, but Newsome saw more potential for success in Elam.", "\n\n“Matt was the higher-rated player between the two of those guys,” Newsome said.", "\n\nAssistant general manager Eric DeCosta said of Elam: “He can do a lot of different things. ", "He can cover well, he's tackles extremely well. ", "This guy is a physical guy who can tackle. ", "Quite honestly, just about every time he had a chance to get the guy down, he did.”", "\n\nBaltimore's scouting crew put together a tape of Elam to show Newsome, and that was enough to convince him that it would tough to pass on Elam if given the chance to pluck him off the board.", "\n\n“The way he played on tape is the way you have to play in the AFC North,” Newsome concluded.", "\n\nElam, in a conference call, said, “I think I'll bring a lot of competiveness and a lot of energy to the team.”", "\n\nBaltimore entered the draft with 12 picks, including four compensatory selections that cannot be traded. ", "By Saturday night, the Ravens intend to fill out a roster that has been depleted by retirement, free agent departures and cuts over the past couple of months.", "\n\n“I think we have a lot of potential to help this team, a lot of good players at a lot of different spots,” DeCosta said.", "\n\nReader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. ", "All rights reserved. ", "This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. ", "Links are encouraged." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.004016064257028112, 0.016260162601626018, 0.02054794520547945, 0.006211180124223602, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0.01485148514851485, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0.006060606060606061, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0.012345679012345678, 0.021505376344086023, 0, 0, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0.006329113924050633, 0.00819672131147541, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "A A\n\nST. ", "JOHN'S, N.L. —\n\nIt was simply a matter of convenience that motivated Allan Farrell to create NLTrad.ca.", "\n\n“I had a folder full of bits of paper with tunes on it and I just didn’t want to try to keep track of things that way anymore,” Farrell said.", "\n\nFarrell, who works as a web developer, can also be found most Sundays at a session of like-minded individuals plucking, strumming, bowing, beating, blowing or — as the accordion is his preferred instrument — squeezing the tunes of old Newfoundland and Ireland back to life.", "\n\nBut carrying around all those sheets of paper was a nuisance, so he decided to make a publicly available, online database of traditional music he could access from anywhere on his phone.", "\n\nOccasionally the other players would ask him what he was playing, and he would show them the website.", "\n\n“So it turns out it’s useful for other people,” Farrell said.", "\n\nAs a touring fiddle player with the Dardanelles, Emilia Bartellas says you sometimes feel like an ambassador for the province's culture. ", "This can be difficult, when much of the music wasn’t written down, so having a resource like NLTrad is exciting, she says. ", "Andrew Waterman/The Telegram\n\nEmilia Bartellas, fiddle player with the band the Dardanelles, says she knows of no other resource like this for Newfoundland traditional music and was excited when she found it.", "\n\n“I clicked on (the link) and my jaw dropped,” Bartellas said. “", "It makes Newfoundland music accessible.”", "\n\nThrough her travels with the Dardanelles, she has had the opportunity to share Newfoundland traditional music with people from all over the world. ", "But much of that music was passed down from generation to generation by ear, and was not always written down.", "\n\n“People hear it and then they come up to you and say, ‘How can I learn this?’ ", "and there’s definitely a gap. … ", "Having the notes written down is super helpful to share the tradition and so it doesn't get lost,” she said.", "\n\nBartellas grew up in Newfoundland but now lives in Ottawa. ", "Whenever she comes home, she said, she would scour stores looking for tune books she could share with others.", "\n\n“I’ve sent copies of the written tunes to the Shetland Islands and Vancouver Island because it was so hard to get a hold of,” she said. “", "And if it wasn’t written down, because a lot of the tunes haven’t been, I’d have to write them down myself by hand to send to people or I’d make my own little recordings.”", "\n\nBartellas said she feels like there was a time when traditional music wasn’t considered hip, or music that only people of a certain generation enjoyed.", "\n\nA screen capture from the nltrad.ca page created by St. John's musician and web developer Allan Farrell.", "\n\n“(But) whenever it’s brought to different parts of the world, people go mad for it,” she said. “", "It’s something to be very proud of (and) it makes me very proud to have a resource like this. ", "I feel like I can finally share the tradition more broadly.”", "\n\nOne of the elements that drives Farrell to keep compiling this database is making sure this music doesn’t get lost.", "\n\n“It can be hard to find some of these tunes, it can be hard to learn them … it can be hard to find out where they come from and how to play them,” Farrell said. “", "This is one small tool, among many, to have access to that musical tradition that is a part of Newfoundland.”", "\n\nThe website has transcriptions by Farrell, but he also takes submissions. ", "So far, there are a couple of hundred jigs, reels, sets, slides and waltzes, as well as other rhythms, listed by alphabetical order, type of rhythm or composer.", "\n\nAndrew.waterman@thetelegram.com\n\nTwitter: @andrewLwaterman\n\nRELATED:" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0.006993006993006993, 0.0036363636363636364, 0, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0.014423076923076924, 0.015384615384615385, 0.025, 0.013422818791946308, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01639344262295082, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0, 0, 0, 0.008547008547008548, 0.006097560975609756, 0.009174311926605505, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0.02857142857142857 ]

[ "The Quiet Beatle's Long Shadow: Dhani Harrison On Sharing His Dad With The World\n\nEnlarge this image toggle caption Courtesy of the artist Courtesy of the artist\n\nWhen you're in a band with John Lennon and Paul McCartney, it's got to be pretty tough to convince them that you should get to write songs too. ", "But some of The Beatles' most memorable tracks — \"Something,\" \"Here Comes the Sun,\" \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps,\" \"Taxman\" and others — were actually penned by \"the quiet one.\"", "\n\nGeorge Harrison died of cancer in 2001, and since then, his son, Dhani, has kept his father's spirit alive in many ways. ", "In 2014, he helped organize a charity tribute concert, just like his dad used to do, called George Fest: A Night to Celebrate the Music of George Harrison. ", "It featured an eclectic mix of heavy-hitters like Brian Wilson, Norah Jones, The Flaming Lips and Cold War Kids — and this week, those performances were released as an album and concert film.", "\n\nDhani Harrison spoke with NPR's Eric Westervelt about how his relationship with his father grew into a relationship with music — and why it's sometimes hard when your loved one belongs to everyone. ", "Hear the radio version at the audio link, and read more of their conversation below.", "\n\nEric Westervelt: Back in 2002, you mounted a different tribute in London — the Concert for George, which featured Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, Eric Clapton, Jeff Lynne, Tom Petty and many others. ", "The stars who played George Fest feel more like your peers.", "\n\nDhani Harrison: We never really got to do a tribute concert in America, per se, and we wanted to do a small club show — something where we could really get inside the songs and not have to be so rigid with sticking to the plan of how the original recordings were done. ", "It's sort of the anti-Concert for George: a lot of deep tracks and a lot of young artists who've got really great takes on the songs themselves.", "\n\nDo the different interpretations of your dad's music ever help you find any new insights into his work? ", "Is there ever a moment when a song sort of reveals itself as something different than what you'd considered?", "\n\nYou know, I specifically liked Black Rebel Motorcycle Club's version of \"The Art of Dying.\" ", "I didn't realize that was like grunge until I saw BRMC play it; I was like, \"Oh. ", "This is a shoegazey grunge song!\" ", "They unlocked that song for me. ", "Or, a thing that was really great was having female vocalists.", "\n\nYeah, I really liked Norah Jones' take on \"Something.\" ", "You reserved a few songs for yourself, including \"Savoy Truffle.\" ", "What do you like about that song?", "\n\nApparently, it was all about a box of chocolates! ", "Good News was the [brand], so: \"Coffee, dessert, yes, you know it's good news.\" ", "It's basically just my dad rattling off the names in there. ", "Someone actually made us savoy truffles in a really nice box, which I've got sitting on my desk in my office.", "\n\nI imagine, as the child of a famous musician who is also his own musician, your relationship to your dad's music could be complicated — but you seem to have embraced his musical legacy. ", "What has that journey to his music been like for you?", "\n\nYouTube\n\nI guess I got lucky, because I got George Harrison! ", "You know, it's good music, and I'm honored to be a part of his legacy. ", "And also, we made so much music together, and spent so much time in the studio at my house in Friar Park, in Henley where I grew up. ", "The studio was directly below my bedroom, so my floor has rattled my whole life. ", "I would always go downstairs and just see what was going on. ", "I remember the Traveling Wilburys there. ", "So, I was very comfortable in the studio, and I kind of grew up learning how to produce and play. ", "For me, it was facilitated very much by my dad, and we were best friends, so spending a lot of time in the studio with him was natural.", "\n\nWe were finishing a record together [when he died]. ", "After he passed away, I got to work with Jeff Lynne, and I ended up finishing it with Jeff and kind of taking the role of my dad on, because there was no artist there to answer questions. ", "That kind of left me in Los Angeles, and left me in a studio thinking, \"Well, that was the most fun thing that I could be doing.\" ", "So I kind of just carried on from there, making my own records and composing for film and TV. ", "It just seemed like a logical step for me.", "\n\nHow great to grow up in an ecosystem where music is naturally part of your everyday life. ", "You come down for tea, and maybe Jeff Lynne or Eric Clapton is in the kitchen.", "\n\nAnd also, it offers you a different perspective on life to have these people around the house. ", "It made going to school easier, because you wouldn't take yourself so seriously. ", "You'd come home and Bob Dylan would be there or something.", "\n\nThe media image of your dad is of the spiritual, quiet Beatle who loved gardening, but we know it's more nuanced and complicated than that. ", "He also loved absurdity, and he helped fund the Monty Python movie Life of Brian. ", "How do you keep his spirit alive for yourself while having to, in effect, share his legacy with the rest of the world?", "\n\nThat is an interesting thing, actually. ", "There's times when you feel like this person's getting taken away from you. ", "Maybe you see them on an Apple billboard or something and you think, \"Oh. ", "He belongs to everyone.\" ", "You know, you've just got to be quiet and go in the garden and meditate, and then you remember lots of other stuff that's personal and deeper.", "\n\nBut, yeah, when we released the Martin Scorsese documentary, there was a lot of press around that, and a lot of clips that people had edited together in their own way to make a little George Harrison compilation. ", "That kind of weighs on your heart a little bit, and makes you feel disconnected. ", "You just feel like everyone else. ", "And it's a hard thing to understand unless you've had a parent who's passed away and who's been in the public eye. ", "Sometimes you don't want to share them." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.013029315960912053, 0.0056179775280898875, 0.016260162601626018, 0.01282051282051282, 0.015706806282722512, 0.015, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0.01694915254237288, 0.0036900369003690036, 0, 0, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0.007042253521126761, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0, 0, 0.009302325581395349, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to make postgresql only record DDL statement in logs?", "\n\nI want only DDL statements in postgresql logs. ", " \nI have set log_statement to ddl， and changed log_min_messages to 'log'，but I still got log like this:\n< 2018-05-15 05:10:25.078 EDT > LOG: MultiXact member wraparound protections are now enabled \n< 2018-05-15 05:10:25.079 EDT > LOG: database system is ready to accept connections \n< 2018-05-15 05:10:25.085 EDT > LOG: autovacuum launcher started\n\nI want only DDL statements because I want to generate DDL patch from log to synchronize database in production environment.", "\nIs there any better way?", "\n\nA:\n\nlook into https://github.com/pgaudit/pgaudit\nor if you ant to code it, consider using https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/event-triggers.html\neg:\nso=# create or replace function notice_ddl() returns event_trigger as $$\nbegin\nraise info '%', session_user || ' ran '||tg_tag||' '||current_query();\nend;\n$$ language plpgsql;\nCREATE FUNCTION\nso=# create or replace function notice_ddl() returns event_trigger as $$\nbegin\nraise info '%', session_user || ':: ran \"'||tg_tag||'\" ('||current_query()||')';\nend;\n$$ language plpgsql;\nCREATE FUNCTION\nso=# create event trigger etg on ddl_command_start execute procedure notice_ddl();\nCREATE EVENT TRIGGER\nso=# create table so(i int);\nINFO: vao:: ran \"CREATE TABLE\" (create table so(i int);)\nCREATE TABLE\n\nsurely you can save statement to table of notify channel instead of rasing info...\nalso if you want to use postgres logs, look into csv logs\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0022123893805309734 ]

[ "Sign up for our mailing list\n\nPress\n\nTuesday, October 18th, 2011\n\nIslands To Play Intimate Shows At CMJ 2011\n\nAcclaimed modernist pop band Islands will be performing at this year's 2011 CMJ Festival in New York City. ", "The band will be playing two very intimate seated shows on October 22nd and 28th at The Dominion Theater and Lounge in Manhattan along with comedian Max Silvestri and ex Rapture member Mattie Safer.", "\n\nIslands and their charismatic front man-songwriter Nick Thorburn, have become increasingly renowned for their ever evolving brand of adventuresome and infectious state of the art pop music. ", "Paper Magazine referred to the band's last album Vapours as, \"lush, pop goodness.\" ", "The group's recently finished a brand new album which will be released via Anti-Records early next year.", "\n\nIslands, 10-22 and 10-28 @ The Dominion Theater and Lounge. ", "Doors open at 8 PM." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.004608294930875576, 0.015151515151515152, 0.005208333333333333, 0.012048192771084338, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Mateusz Luty\n\nMateusz Luty (born 1 January 1990) is a Polish bobsledder. ", "He competed in the two-man event at the 2018 Winter Olympics.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1990 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Polish male bobsledders\nCategory:Olympic bobsledders of Poland\nCategory:Bobsledders at the 2018 Winter Olympics\nCategory:People from Lower Silesian Voivodeship" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0273972602739726, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to back up non-standard directories in my user profile with Windows Backup?", "\n\nI'm using Windows Backup to back up my Win7 Pro laptop. ", " I'd like to use it to back up my complete user profile, but I only see standard profile directories (e.g. C:\\Users\\JohnstonJ\\Documents) in the list. ", " Non-standard ones aren't there (e.g. C:\\Users\\JohnstonJ\\MyCustomDirectory).", "\nWhat's the best way to handle this? ", " The only thing I can think of is to browse under the \"Computer\" entry and navigate directly to C:\\Users\\JohnstonJ and check off the entire profile (to get what's in there, and any new directories that come up). ", " But is that going to back up the profile twice? ", " Cause other unforeseen problems given that I checked it off by navigating through the computer, rather than picking it under the \"Data Files\" category? ", " (e.g. back up temporary file garbage, files in use problems, etc. ", "that the \"Data Files\" category might be handling better).", "\nLooking for solutions that other people use that are known to work well and still uses the Windows Backup software - I don't really want to fuss with 3rd-party backup software.", "\nExample - as you can see, I have two directories in my profile that Windows Backup is not offering to back up: \"Dropbox\" and \"New folder\":\n\nA:\n\nAs you've already realized yourself, referencing the files through the My Computer branch may not be desirable because it may treat the folder like a normal folder and not a profile folder.", "\nThe thing is, the folders that are not listed are not part of your profile. ", "They just happen to be stored in the same location.", "\nThe folders that you can select for backup inside your profile all have special meaning to Windows. ", "Your Dropbox folder doesn't mean anything to Windows. ", "It's just another plain old folder.", "\nWhich is why you would want to select the folder through the plain old My Computer branch in the backup wizard ;)\nProblems\nSo, one question remains, will this pose a problem for your backup?", "\nPossibly. ", "But I doubt it's for the reason you assume\nI'm almost certain all selected locations are backed up in identical ways. ", "The major difference will be how the data will be restored.", "\nFor example, your My Pictures folder, will always be restored into your My Pictures folder. ", "No matter where on your system it is located. ", "You could have moved it to Y:\\Something\\Users\\James\\My Pictures and your pictures would end up there.", "\nYour folder C:\\Users\\James\\Dropbox\\... it will always be restored to C:\\Users\\James\\Dropbox\\.\nI'm sure the distinction goes a bit deeper than fixed paths. ", "But I'm sure the biggest part in the distinction is how the data is labeled for later restore.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.012048192771084338, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005988023952095809, 0, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.021505376344086023, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nCan I convert a rim brake wheel to a disc brake wheel?", "\n\nI recently bought some Roval SLX 24's from eBay. ", " I made a pretty silly error and didn't check whether they were rim or disc brakes. ", " I need them to be disc brakes. ", " \nShould they be rim brakes, will I be able to convert them to disc brakes for my Cannondale 2015 CAADX Sora?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe hub for a disc brake wheel has the mounting for the brake rotor machined into the left side, and has shorter spokes that side to make room for the brake. ", "\nIf the eBay wheels are for rim brakes, they won’t have these disc mount features out the box. ", "If the spoke counts match and are sufficient, you could theoretically rebuild the rims onto disc specific hubs, but at best you would only be able to reuse half the spokes, quite possibly you’d need to replace the hubs and all the spokes. ", " \nIt’s not that this can’t be done, but it would probably be less economical in time and money than paying return postage or fees for listing the wheels again on eBay yourself to then buy the right set. ", "You would also have to sell the unwanted hubs and spokes to recover the money sunk into those. ", "It would certainly be more hassle!", "\nGreat point from @Rider_X that disc wheels can require higher spoke counts, so that may take the whole exercise off the table anyway. ", "Rim version of these wheels are 20 spoke front, 24 spoke rear, while the disc version is 24 front, 24 rear. ", "In general terms, not having enough spokes on the disc (or any) wheel would be a bad idea.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0.0049261083743842365, 0, 0, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "---\nauthor:\n- 'Mikael Chala,'\n- Ramona Gröber\n- and Michael Spannowsky\nbibliography:\n- 'references.bib'\ntitle: |\n Searches for vector-like quarks at future\\\n colliders and implications for composite Higgs models\\\n with dark matter\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nComposite Higgs Models (CHMs) [@Dimopoulos:1981xc; @Kaplan:1983fs; @Kaplan:1983sm] are among the most compelling solutions to the hierarchy problem. ", "They involve a new strongly-interacting sector (approximately) symmetric under a global group $\\mathcal{G}$ that is spontaneously broken to $\\mathcal{H}\\subset\\mathcal{G}$ at a new physics scale $f$. The Higgs boson is assumed to be a pseudo Nambu-Goldstone Boson (pNGB) of this symmetry breaking pattern. ", "The smoking-gun signature of this setup is the presence of new resonances, in particular Vector-Like Quarks (VLQs), whose masses scale as $m_\\rho\\sim g_\\rho f$, with $g_\\rho$ being the coupling of the strong sector. ", "The Higgs mass in these models is also expected to scale as [$\\sim m_\\rho/(4\\pi)$]{}, hence requiring some tuning to make it light ($\\sim 125$ GeV) for large $m_\\rho$. Current experimental bounds on $m_\\rho$ range from $\\sim 900$ to $\\sim 1300$ GeV for top-like VLQs[^1] [@Araque:2016jrb; @Aaboud:2017zfn; @Aaboud:2017qpr]. ", "These numbers are still compatible with expectations from naturalness arguments: *e.g.* Refs.", " [@Contino:2006qr; @Matsedonskyi:2012ym; @Redi:2012ha; @Marzocca:2012zn; @Pomarol:2012qf; @Panico:2012uw] highlighted values for $m_\\rho$ in the range $\\lesssim 1-1.5$ TeV. Moreover, latter references (*e.g.* Ref.", " [@Panico:2012uw]) have also shown that masses as large as $m_\\rho \\gtrsim 2$ TeV are compatible with a tuning on the Higgs mass of the order of $\\sim 1/100$ in some classes of CHMs. ", "Such masses are most probably beyond LHC reach [@Azatov:2013hya; @Ortiz:2014iza; @Matsedonskyi:2015dns] (at least in the model-independent pair-production mode). ", "Therefore, it is conceivable that VLQs might not be discovered at the LHC and new facilities will be required to probe such models.", "\n\nThis conclusion can be further strengthened by exploring non-minimal CHMs containing extra stable pNGBs that can play the role of Dark Matter (DM) particles. ", "These models are well motivated by two main reasons. *(", "i)* One single mechanism explains why the electroweak (EW) and the DM scales are of the same order, as suggested by the WIMP paradigm. *(", "ii)* The Higgs boson can have naturally small portal couplings to the pNGB DM, which evades the strong constraints from low-energy direct detection experiments. ", "At the same time, the observed relic density can be produced by effective derivative couplings $\\sim 1/f^2 (\\partial S)^2 h^2$ ($\\sim m_S^2/f^2$ at momenta $p\\sim m_S$ at which DM annihilation occurs). ", "Thus, we will show that scenarios of this kind require $m_\\rho\\sim$ few TeV to accommodate the correct DM abundance. ", "Consequently, we study the reach of a future $100$ TeV collider to the VLQs, including decays into SM particles, which are also relevant for the minimal CHM, as well as into DM particles.", "\n\nWe extend previous works on the interplay between collider and DM searches in CHMs [@Frigerio:2012uc; @Marzocca:2014msa; @Fonseca:2015gva] in several ways: *(i)* Instead of focusing on a particular model, we adopt a generic parametrization that captures the main features of cosets like $SO(6)/SO(5)$ [@Gripaios:2009pe], $SO(7)/SO(6)$ [@Chala:2016ykx; @Balkin:2017aep], $SO(7)/G_2$ [@Chala:2012af; @Ballesteros:2017xeg], $SO(5)\\times U(1)/SO(4)$ [@Gripaios:2016mmi], etc. *(", "ii)* We match to representations not previously considered in the literature (*e.g* the $20$ in $SO(6)/SO(5)$) as well as symmetry breaking patterns not yet studied (*e.g.* $SO(7)/SO(5)$ or $SO(6)/SO(4)$). *(", "iii)* In what concerns LHC constraints, we consider the latest experimental data, including LHC searches for heavy pair-produced resonances at $13$ TeV. *(iv)* We quantify the effect of having all resonances of a multiplet at once, instead of considering constraints on each separately. ", "This article is organized as follows. ", "In Section \\[sec:parameterization\\], we introduce briefly the effective parametrization describing the different models of interest. ", "In Section \\[sec:dm\\] we discuss the DM phenomenology in light of the parameters discussed previously. ", "In Section \\[sec:collider\\] we detail the current LHC constraints on new fermionic resonances and discuss new analysis strategies for future colliders. ", "We devote Section \\[sec:vlqs\\] to searches for VLQs with SM decays and Section \\[sec:stops\\] to searches for VLQs decaying into DM particles. ", "In Section \\[sec:matching\\] we match the coefficients of the aforementioned parametrization to concrete non-minimal CHMs. ", "We discuss the interplay between collider and DM searches in Section \\[sec:interplay\\] and highlight the characteristics of the most viable models.", "\n\nParametrization {#sec:parameterization}\n===============\n\nWe will denote by $H$ the SM Higgs doublet with hypercharge $ Y = 1/2$. Likewise, we assume the presence of a single scalar DM field $S$, singlet under the SM gauge group, whereas odd under a $\\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry $S\\rightarrow -S$. The relevant Lagrangian for our study is parameterized by $m_\\rho$ and $g_\\rho$, namely the typical mass of the fermionic resonances and the typical coupling of the strong sector, as well as a number of dimensionless coefficients. ", "We can write the Lagrangian explicitly as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:parameterization}\\nonumber\n L &= |D_\\mu H|^2 \\left[1-a_1\\frac{S^2}{f^2}\\right] + \\frac{a_2}{f^2}\\partial_\\mu |H|^2 (S\\partial_\\mu S)+ \\frac{1}{2}(\\partial_\\mu S)^2 \\left[1-2a_3\\frac{|H|^2}{f^2}\\right]\\\\\n &-m_\\rho^2 f^2 \\frac{N_c y_t^2}{(4\\pi)^2} \\left[-\\alpha \\frac{|H|^2}{f^2} + \\beta\\frac{|H|^4}{f^4} + \\gamma\\frac{S^2}{f^2} + \\delta \\frac{S^2 |H|^2}{f^4}\\right] + \\left[i\\epsilon \\frac{y_t}{f^2} S^2 \\overline{q}_L H t_R+\\text{h.c.}\\right]~,\\end{aligned}$$ where $a_1, a_2, a_3$ and $\\alpha,\\beta,\\gamma,\\delta, \\epsilon$ are $\\mathcal{O}(1)$, $f=m_\\rho/g_\\rho$, $N_c$ is the number of $SU(3)$ colours and $y_t\\sim 1$ is the top Yukawa coupling. ", "Note that not all these parameters are physical: for instance, a scaling of $f$ could be reabsorbed in the dimensionless coefficients. ", "Likewise, only a particular combination of these coefficients enter into physical observables, *e.g.* the DM annihilation cross section (see below). ", "This parametrization is simple, predictive, yet flexible enough, and it can comprise very different CHMs. ", "Moreover, it reflects the expected power counting in these setups [@Giudice:2007fh; @Chala:2017sjk]. ", "Finally, we emphasize that, being a strong coupling, $g_\\rho$ is expected to be $\\gtrsim 1$, while perturbative unitarity implies[^2] $g_\\rho\\lesssim 2\\sqrt{2\\pi}\\sim 5$. We restrict ourselves to this range henceforth.", "\n\nOne can easily link the phenomenology of pair-produced VLQs with that of $S$. As a matter of fact, the former depends only on the mass of the VLQs, which is just given by $m_\\rho \\sim g_\\rho f$. The number of such resonances and their charges depend crucially on the coset structure. ", "In all our cases of interest, however, there is always a fourplet of VLQs transforming as $(\\mathbf{2}, \\mathbf{2})$ under the custodial group $SU(2)_L\\times SU(2)_R$ and/or a VLQ decaying 100% into $St$, with $h$ the physical Higgs boson and $t$ the SM top quark. ", "For concreteness we assume that the decay rates of the different components in the fourplet are [@Serra:2015xfa] $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:partners}\\nonumber\n &\\text{BR}(T, X_{2/3}\\rightarrow ht) \\sim \\text{BR}(T, X_{2/3}\\rightarrow Zt)\\sim 0.5~,\\\\\n &\\text{BR}(B\\rightarrow W^-t)\\sim \\text{BR}(X_{5/3}\\rightarrow W^+t)\\sim \\text{BR}(T^\\prime\\rightarrow St)\\sim 1~.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nDark matter phenomenology {#sec:dm}\n=========================\n\nContrary to the derivative interactions in Eq.", " \\[eq:parameterization\\], the effective coupling driven by $\\epsilon$ is not enhanced by the DM mass, $m_S$, at the annihilation scale. ", "Additionally, it is suppressed by an additional $1/f$ factor with respect to the Higgs portal coupling in the potential (proportional to $\\delta$) in the low-energy DM-nucleon interactions. ", "For these reasons, we take it to be zero hereafter for simplicity, [but we will comment on the implications of switching it on when relevant]{}.", "\n\nThus, the annihilation cross section is driven by the $|H|^2 S^2$ interaction, receiving contributions from both the sigma model Lagrangian and the potential. ", "In particular, the Feynman rule associated to the quartic coupling between two DM particles and two Higgses (or two longitudinal gauge bosons) reads $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:vertex}\\nonumber\nV &= \\frac{i}{f^2}\\left[-2N_c\\delta\\frac{m_\\rho^2 }{(4\\pi)^2} + 2a_1(p_1\\cdot p_2) + 2a_3(p_3\\cdot p_4) - a_2(p_1+p_2)(p_3+p_4) \\right]~\\\\\n&=\\frac{2i}{f^2}\\left[(2a_1 + 2a_2 + a_3)m_S^2 - N_c\\delta\\frac{m_\\rho^2 }{(4\\pi)^2}\\right]\\sim \\frac{2i N_c m_\\rho^2}{(4\\pi)^2f^2}\\left[2(2a_1 + 2a_2 + a_3)\\gamma - \\delta\\right]~,\\end{aligned}$$ where $p_1$ and $p_2$ are the four-momenta of the Goldstone bosons while $p_3$ and $p_4$ stand for those of the DM particles. ", "All momenta are assumed to be incoming. ", "Due to momentum conservation we have the relation $(p_1+p_2) = -(p_3+p_4)$. The last equality in Eq.", " (\\[eq:vertex\\]) holds in the limit in which $m_S \\gg m_h, m_W, m_Z$. We have neglected $\\mathcal{O}(v^2/f^2)$ terms in $m_S$, where $v\\sim 246$ GeV denotes the EW vacuum expectation value. ", "In CHMs where both $S$ and $H$ come in the same multiplet of a larger group $\\mathcal{G}$, one expects $a_1=a_2=a_3 \\equiv a$. In such a case, the derivative interactions drive the DM annihilation provided $ a\\gamma > \\delta/10$. Given that all these couplings are expected to be $\\lesssim\\mathcal{O}(1)$, derivative interactions are expected to be highly relevant in this class of models. ", "Similar results have been previously pointed out in Refs.", " [@Frigerio:2012uc; @Fonseca:2015gva; @Chala:2016ykx; @Bruggisser:2016ixa; @Ballesteros:2017xeg; @Balkin:2017aep; @Balkin:2017yns]. [", "For $a\\gamma \\sim \\delta/10$, $V$ in Eq.", " \\[eq:vertex\\] is very small, and therefore $\\epsilon \\neq 0$ can dominate the DM annihilation rate; see Ref.", " [@Balkin:2017yns] for an explicit example.]{} ", "Regarding $g_\\rho$ and $f$, the relic density scales as $\\Omega h^2 \\sim m_S^2/V^2 \\sim f^2/g_\\rho^2$. As a consequence, very large values of $f$, as well as very small values of $g_\\rho$, are excluded by the requirement $\\Omega h^2 \\leqslant \\Omega h^2_{\\text{obs}} \\sim 0.11$, where $\\Omega h^2_{\\text{obs}}$ stands for the measured value of the total relic abundance [@Ade:2013zuv]. ", "Concerning direct detection constraints, derivative interactions are irrelevant as they are velocity suppressed. ", "We consider current LUX limits [@Akerib:2016vxi] and future LZ goals [@Szydagis:2016few] on spin-independent cross sections. ", "In our notation, the theoretical prediction for the spin-independent cross section reads $$\\sigma \\sim \\frac{9}{256 \\pi^5} m_N^2 f_N^2 \\delta^2 \\frac{ g_\\rho^4 }{ m_h^4 m_S^2}~,$$ with $f_N\\sim 0.3$ [@Alarcon:2011zs; @Alarcon:2012nr] and $m_N\\sim 1$ GeV. Bounds from direct searches are therefore complementary to those set by the upper limit on $\\Omega h^2$. Furthermore, both are parametrically complementary to the quantity $g_\\rho f$ tested by collider searches for VLQs. ", "Finally, indirect searches are of little relevance for scalar singlet models like the ones considered here [@Ballesteros:2017xeg; @Duerr:2015aka].", "\n\nSearches for new resonances {#sec:collider}\n===========================\n\nThe masses of the top partners in Eq.", " \\[eq:partners\\] scale like $m_\\rho = g_\\rho f$. Thus, collider searches for VLQs are also complementary to the bounds set by direct-detection experiments and the measurement of the relic abundance. ", "Moreover, contrary to direct detection tests, they are independent of the value of $\\delta$.\n\nIn order to compute the reach of current LHC data to the heavy resonances, we use `VLQlimits` [@Chala:2017xgc]. ", "This code includes the information of several experimental searches, at both 8 TeV [@Aad:2015kqa] and 13 TeV [@ATLAS-CONF-2016-102; @ATLAS-CONF-2016-104; @ATLAS-CONF-2017-015] with the largest luminosity, as well as SUSY searches sensitive to $T'\\to St$ [@CMS:2016hxa]. ", "The code takes into account the simultaneous presence of all vector-like fermions in Eq.", " \\[eq:partners\\]. ", "The limits obtained in this way set a robust constraint on $$m_\\rho = g_\\rho f < 1.2~\\text{TeV}~.$$ For a high-luminosity run of the LHC with $\\mathcal{L} = 3$ ab$^{-1}$, we estimate the corresponding bound by rescaling the signal and background events with the luminosity. ", "We obtain $$m_\\rho = g_\\rho f < 1.7~\\text{TeV}~.$$\n\nSearch for vector-like quarks with Standard Model decays at 100 TeV {#sec:vlqs}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn order to estimate the prospects for the searches of VLQs at 100 TeV, we consider a 3-lepton final state. ", "In case of $2/3$ charged VLQs such a final state arises in $T \\to Zt$ decays where one $Z$ boson and one top quark decays leptonically. ", "For $5/3$ charged or $-1/3$ charged VLQs this final state arises from decays $X\\to Wt$. While at the LHC searches for VLQs are mainly performed in 1-or 2-lepton final states (with the exception of the search [@Aad:2014efa]), due to the larger cross section, the 3-lepton final state has the advantage of smaller backgrounds. ", "Since the cross sections are in general larger at the 100 TeV collider than at the LHC, the 3-lepton final state is an optimal choice for an estimate of the prospects for searches of VLQs. ", "We generate the signal with [Madgraph5\\_aMC@NLO]{} [@Alwall:2014hca] and use [HERWIG]{} [@Bellm:2015jjp; @Bellm:2017bvx] for the parton shower and the hadronization. ", "The model file for the signal was generated with [FeynRules]{} [@Alloul:2013bka]. ", "The dominant background processes are $t\\bar{t}VV$, $t\\bar{t}t\\bar{t}$ and $t\\bar{t}V+\\text{jets}$, with $V = W^\\pm, Z$. For the latter we generate samples with an exclusive jet and we merge an additional jet using [Sherpa 2.2.2]{} [@Gleisberg:2008ta; @Gleisberg:2008fv]. ", "The background events for the processes $t\\bar{t}VV$ and $t\\bar{t}t\\bar{t}$ are generated with [Madgraph5\\_aMC@NLO]{} and showered and hadronized with [HERWIG]{}. ", "Jets are clustered with the anti-$k_t$ algorithm as implemented in [FastJet]{} [@Cacciari:2011ma], with a radius parameter $R=0.4$. For the analysis we use [Rivet]{} [@Buckley:2010ar].\\\nWe apply the following basic selection cuts:\n\n- exactly three leptons with $|\\eta_{\\ell}|< 2.5$ and $p_{T,\\ell_1}> 250\\text{ GeV}$, $p_{T,\\ell_2}> 100\\text{ GeV}$ and $p_{T,\\ell_3}> 20\\text{ GeV}$\n\n- at least four jets with $p_{T,j}> 40\\text{ GeV}$ and $|\\eta_{j}|<5$\n\n- a cut on the transverse momentum of the leading jet $p_{T,j_1}> 70\\text{ GeV}$\n\n- an angular separation between the jets and the leptons of $$\\Delta R(j,\\ell)= \\sqrt{\\Delta \\phi_{j \\ell}^2 +\\Delta \\eta_{j \\ell}^2}>0.3$$\n\n- We consider leptons to be isolated if they satisfy the so-called “mini-isolation” criterion [@Rehermann:2010vq], as for very boosted objects the angle between the leptons and other decay products of the boosted object decreases. ", "Hence we require for our analysis that $$p_{T}^{\\text{in cone}}/p_{T\\ell}> 0.1 \\, ,$$ if $$\\Delta R(\\ell, \\text{track}) < 10 \\text{ GeV}/ p_{T,\\ell} \\, ,$$ and $$p_{T,}^{\\text{in cone}}=\\sum_{\\text{track}} p_{T,\\text{track}}\\, ,$$ where the sum runs over all tracks (except the respective lepton track) with $p_{T,\\text{track}}> 1\\text{ GeV}$.\n\nFurthermore, we apply the following cuts in the order\n\n1. ", " we require that exactly two of the jets are tagged as $b$–jets, $n_b=2$. The angular separation between $b$–jets and light jets is required to be $\\Delta R(j,b)>0.3$. The tagging efficiency of the $b$–jets is set to 70% and the mistagging efficiency to 2%.", "\n\n2. ", " we set a cut on $H_T> 6 \\text{ TeV}$ where $H_T=\\sum_{\\text{leptons}} p_{T,\\ell} + \\sum_{\\text{jets}} p_{T,j}+ E_{T,miss} $.", "\n\n3. ", " if we discuss the searches for 2/3 charged fermions we also request that the one $Z$ boson mass is reconstructed from either a $e^+ e^-$ pair or a $\\mu^+\\mu^-$ pair in the window $71 \\text{ GeV} < M_{\\ell^+\\ell^-}< 111\\text{ GeV}$.\n\nThe cutflow for the background processes and the signal for $m_T= 5\\text{ TeV}$ under the assumption that $\\text{Br}(T\\to tZ)=1$ is shown in Table \\[tab:background\\]. ", "We give also the cutflow for $X_{5/3}\\bar{X}_{5/3}$ pair production for $m_{X_{5/3}}= 5\\text{ TeV}$ under the assumption that $\\text{Br}(X_{5/3}\\to W^+t)=1$. Note that this is equivalent to $B\\bar{B}$ production. ", "As it can be inferred from the table, the cut on $H_T$ gives a very good handle on the signal over the background. ", "We exemplify this also further in Fig.", " \\[fig:HT\\] where the $H_T$ distribution for the different background processes and the $T\\bar{T}$ signal for the masses $m_T= 5 \\text{ TeV}$ (red) and $m_T= 3\\text{ TeV}$ (blue) is shown. ", "For simplicity of the figure, we unify the background processes $t\\bar{t}W^+W^-$, $t\\bar{t}W^{\\pm}Z$ and $t\\bar{t}ZZ$ and the processes $t\\bar{t}Zj[j]$ and $t\\bar{t}W^{\\pm}j[j]$ into one, since they have a very similar shape (with the $t\\bar{t}W^{\\pm}Z$ tending to slightly larger $H_T$ than $t\\bar{t}W^+W^-$ and $t\\bar{t}ZZ$) . ", "As can be inferred from the figure, the $H_T$ variable can be used to distinguish very well between signal and background processes. ", "With increasing mass of the top partner $m_T$, the $H_T$ distribution of the signal peak at higher $H_T$.\n\n cut flow $\\sigma$ \\[fb\\] $n_b=2$ $H_{T}>6 \\text{ TeV}$ one $Z$\n ---------------------------------------------------- --------------------- --------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------\n $t\\bar{t}t\\bar{t}$ 3.71 0.706 $9.42\\cdot 10^{-3}$ $7.09\\cdot 10^{-4}$\n $t\\bar{t}ZZ$ 0.306 $2.06\\cdot 10^{-2}$ $8.58\\cdot 10^{-4}$ $8.42\\cdot 10^{-4}$\n $t\\bar{t}WZ$ 0.133 $1.26\\cdot 10^{-2}$ $1.18\\cdot 10^{-3}$ $8.90\\cdot 10^{-4}$\n $t\\bar{t}WW$ 1.38 0.111 $3.93\\cdot 10^{-3}$ $2.22\\cdot 10^{-4}$\n $t\\bar{t}Wj[j]$ 2.45 0.111 $1.53\\cdot 10^{-3}$ $\\approx$ 0\n $t\\bar{t}Zj[j]$ 86.8 2.93 $2.14 \\cdot 10^{-2}$ $1.84\\cdot 10^{-2}$\n $T\\bar{T}$ $m_{T}= 5\\text{ TeV}$ $7.09\\cdot 10^{-2}$ $2.56\\cdot 10^{-2}$ $2.53\\cdot 10^{-2}$ $2.48\\cdot 10^{-2}$\n $X_{5/3}\\bar{X}_{5/3}$ $m_{X_{5/3}}= 5\\text{ TeV}$ $6.50\\cdot 10^{-2}$ $2.56\\cdot 10^{-2}$ $2.48\\cdot 10^{-2}$ –\n\n : Cut flow for the different background processes and the signal for $m_T=5\\text{ TeV}$ with $\\text{BR}(T \\to t Z)=1$ and $m_{X_{5/3}}=5\\text{ TeV}$ with $\\text{BR}(X_{5/3} \\to W^+ t)=1$.\\[tab:background\\]\n\n![", "$H_T$ distribution for the signal process $pp \\to T T$ with $m_T=5 \\text{ TeV}$ (red) and $m_T=3 \\text{ TeV}$ (blue) and the background processes $t\\bar{t}VV$ (violet), $t\\bar{t}t\\bar{t}$ (orange) and $t\\bar{t}Vj$ (green).[]{data-label=\"fig:HT\"}](HT.pdf){width=\"0.6\\columnwidth\"}\n\nWe implement a simple counting approach and hence compute the significance by $$Z=\\frac{S}{\\sqrt{S+B}}$$ where $S$ is the number of signal events and $B$ is the number of background events. ", "We then find that at a 100 TeV collider with $\\mathcal{L} =300\\text{ fb}^{-1}$ ($\\mathcal{L} =1000\\text{ fb}^{-1}$) masses of the top partner of up to $m_T= 5 \\text{ TeV}$ ($m_T= 5.7 \\text{ TeV}$) can be excluded at $2\\sigma$, assuming $\\text{BR}(T \\to t Z)=1$. The discovery reach is $m_T= 3.8 \\text{ TeV}$ for $\\mathcal{L} =300\\text{ fb}^{-1}$ and $m_T= 4.6\\text{ TeV}$ for $\\mathcal{L} =1000\\text{ fb}^{-1}$. For a $5/3$ or $-1/3$ charged VLQ we find that masses up to $m_{X_{5/3}}= 4.8 \\text{ TeV}$ ($m_{X_{5/3}}= 5.5 \\text{ TeV}$) for $\\text{BR}(X_{5/3}\\to W^+ t)=1$ or $\\text{BR}( B\\to W^- t)=1$ can be excluded. ", "Note that the sensitivity is a bit less stringent than for the top partners, since we could not exploit the reconstruction of the leptonically decaying $Z$ boson. ", "However, this only results in a small effect on the significance. ", "In Fig.", " \\[fig:BRT\\] we show the BRs that can be excluded at the $2 \\sigma$ level as a function of the mass, for a top partner (left plot) and a bottom partner (right plot). ", "Note that for low masses lower BRs can be potentially excluded if a smaller $H_T$ cut is applied. ", "Our $H_T$ cut is optimised for large masses of the VLQ. ", "For large BRs into other final states, *e.g.* $T\\to W^+ b$, other searches are needed. ", "Under the assumption that the BRs add up to one, this will allow to exclude also lower BRs, as shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:BRT\\]. ", "A closer assessment is however beyond the scope of this paper.", "\n\n![", "BRs that can be excluded at the 2 $\\sigma$ level for $T\\to Zt$ (left) and $B\\to W^-t$ (right) for $\\mathcal{L}=300\\text{ fb}^{-1}$ (light blue) and $\\mathcal{L}=1000\\text{ fb}^{-1}$ (dark blue) at a 100 TeV collider in the 3-lepton final state. []{", "data-label=\"fig:BRT\"}](BRT.pdf \"fig:\"){width=\"0.49\\columnwidth\"} ![", "BRs that can be excluded at the 2 $\\sigma$ level for $T\\to Zt$ (left) and $B\\to W^-t$ (right) for $\\mathcal{L}=300\\text{ fb}^{-1}$ (light blue) and $\\mathcal{L}=1000\\text{ fb}^{-1}$ (dark blue) at a 100 TeV collider in the 3-lepton final state. []{", "data-label=\"fig:BRT\"}](BRB.pdf \"fig:\"){width=\"0.49\\columnwidth\"}\n\nFinally, we show exclusion limits in the presence of several VLQ transforming in a $(\\bf{2}, \\bf{2})$ under $SU(2)_L\\times SU(2)_R$ assuming their masses are approximately given by $m_{\\rho}$ and their BRs are as given in Eq.", " . ", "In such a case we can add up their cross sections. ", "We then obtain that masses up to $m_{\\rho}=5.7 \\text{ TeV}$ ($m_{\\rho}= 6.4\\text{ TeV}$) can be probed for $\\mathcal{L}=300\\text{ fb}^{-1}$ ($\\mathcal{L}=1000\\text{ fb}^{-1}$).", "\n\nSearch for $St \\,St$ at 100 TeV {#sec:stops}\n-------------------------------\n\n![*", "Left) Normalized distribution for $\\beta$ in pair-produced stops (thin lines) and VLQs (thick lines) for $M = 2$ TeV (orange) and $M = 6$ TeV (green). ", "Right) Pair-production cross section at $\\sqrt{s} = 100$ TeV for stops (green dashed line) and for VLQs (solid orange line). ", "In all cases, $M$ stands for either the mass of the stop or the mass $m_\\rho$ of the VLQ.*[]{data-label=\"fig:stopVSvlq\"}]({./plot_beta}.pdf \"fig:\"){width=\"0.5\\columnwidth\"} ![*", "Left) Normalized distribution for $\\beta$ in pair-produced stops (thin lines) and VLQs (thick lines) for $M = 2$ TeV (orange) and $M = 6$ TeV (green). ", "Right) Pair-production cross section at $\\sqrt{s} = 100$ TeV for stops (green dashed line) and for VLQs (solid orange line). ", "In all cases, $M$ stands for either the mass of the stop or the mass $m_\\rho$ of the VLQ.*[]{data-label=\"fig:stopVSvlq\"}]({./plot_xsecs}.pdf \"fig:\"){width=\"0.49\\columnwidth\"}\n\nProspects for $pp\\to T^\\prime T^\\prime \\to St \\,St$ can be obtained from those for pair-produced stops [@Cohen:2014hxa]. ", "Although scalars and fermions present *a priori* different kinematics due to the different structure of their interactions with SM particles, the kinematic differences are small. ", "To show that, we depict in the left panel of Fig.", " \\[fig:stopVSvlq\\] the boost factor ($\\beta$) distribution of pair-produced stops (thin line) and pair-produced VLQs (thick lines) for masses $M = 2$ TeV (orange) and $M = 6$ TeV (green). ", "Consequently, the reach of the projected analysis in Ref.", " [@Cohen:2014hxa] for VLQs can be obtained by rescaling by the larger VLQ pair-production cross section. ", "The latter is shown in the right panel of Fig.", " \\[fig:stopVSvlq\\] (orange solid line). ", "The corresponding cross section for stops is also drawn (green dashed line). ", "As it can be seen, there is almost an order of magnitude of difference between the two.", "\n\nThe concrete bound on $m_\\rho$ depends also on $m_S$. We obtain the excluded regions in the plane $m_T - m_S$ in Fig.", " \\[fig:stst100\\]. ", "In the left panel the integrated luminosity at a future 100 TeV collider is assumed to be $\\mathcal{L} = 300$ fb$^{-1}$; in the right panel, $\\mathcal{L} = 1000$ fb$^{-1}$. The regions below the solid orange line and the dashed green, red and blue lines are excluded at the 95 % C.L. assuming $\\text{BR}(T^\\prime\\to St) = 1$ and $0.8, 0.5$ and $0.2$, respectively. ", "Note that for $\\gamma$ as large as $\\sim 1$, $m_S/m_T \\sim 0.2$. For smaller values of $\\gamma$, $m_S$ is even smaller. ", "Thus, with $\\mathcal{L} = 1000$ fb$^{-1}$, resonances of mass below $\\sim 9$ TeV can be excluded.", "\n\n![*", "Left) The area below the orange solid, green dashed, red dashed and blue dashed lines can be excluded at the 95 % C.L. by recasting the analysis of Ref.", " [@Cohen:2014hxa] with $\\mathcal{L} = 300$ fb$^{-1}$ assuming $\\text{BR}(T^\\prime\\to St) = 1, 0.8, 0.5$ and $0.2$, respectively. ", "Right) Same as Left) but for $\\mathcal{L} = 1000$ fb$^{-1}$.*[]{data-label=\"fig:stst100\"}]({./plot_quarks_300.0}.pdf \"fig:\"){width=\"0.49\\columnwidth\"} ![*", "Left) The area below the orange solid, green dashed, red dashed and blue dashed lines can be excluded at the 95 % C.L. by recasting the analysis of Ref.", " [@Cohen:2014hxa] with $\\mathcal{L} = 300$ fb$^{-1}$ assuming $\\text{BR}(T^\\prime\\to St) = 1, 0.8, 0.5$ and $0.2$, respectively. ", "Right) Same as Left) but for $\\mathcal{L} = 1000$ fb$^{-1}$.*[]{data-label=\"fig:stst100\"}]({./plot_quarks_1000.0}.pdf \"fig:\"){width=\"0.49\\columnwidth\"}\n\nMatching to concrete models {#sec:matching}\n===========================\n\nIn this section we consider different coset structures containing at least a Higgs doublet and an additional scalar singlet. ", "The latter is supposed to be stabilized by an external symmetry compatible with the strong dynamics. ", "By studying different representations in which the SM fermions (mainly the third generation $q_L$ and $t_R$) can be embedded, we will see that definite $\\mathcal{O}(1)$ coefficients in Eq.", " \\[eq:parameterization\\] are predicted.", "\n\nIn order to fix the notation, let us call $T$ ($X$) the unbroken (broken) generators of any symmetry breaking pattern $\\mathcal{G}\\times SU(3)_c\\times U(1)^\\prime/\\mathcal{H}\\times SU(3)_c\\times U(1)^\\prime$. The spectator $U(1)^\\prime$ is typically required to reproduce the fermion hypercharges. ", "Hereafter we will omit both this and the colour group. ", "Let us also define $\\Pi = \\Pi_a X^a$ with $\\Pi_a$ running over the pNGBs. ", "The sigma-model Lagrangian at the leading order in derivatives reads $$L_\\sigma = \\frac{1}{4}f^2 d^2,\\quad d^2 = d_\\mu^a d^{a\\mu}~,$$ where $d_\\mu^a$ is the projection of the Maurer-Cartan one-form of the broken generators. ", "It is explicitly defined by the equality $$-iU^\\dagger D_\\mu U = d_\\mu^a X^a + T^i~\\text{terms}, \\quad \\text{with}~ U = \\exp{\\left(i\\sqrt{2}\\frac{\\Pi}{f}\\right)}~.$$\n\n $\\mathcal{G}/\\mathcal{H}$ $q_L + t_R$ $a_1$ $a_2$ $a_3$ $\\gamma$ $\\delta$\n --------------------------- ----------------------------- ------- ------- ------- ------------ ------------\n $\\mathbf{6} + \\mathbf{1}$ $-$ $-$\n $\\mathbf{6} + \\mathbf{15}$ $\\ll 1$ $\\ll 1$\n $\\mathbf{15} + \\mathbf{15}$ $\\ll 1$ $\\ll 1$\n $\\mathbf{20} + \\mathbf{1}$ $1/4$ $1/5$\n $\\mathbf{7} + \\mathbf{1}$ $-$ $-$\n $\\mathbf{7} + \\mathbf{7}$ $-$ $-$\n $\\mathbf{27} + \\mathbf{1}$ $\\leq 1/4$ $\\leq 1/5$\n $\\mathbf{8} + \\mathbf{8}$ $-$ $-$\n $\\mathbf{35} + \\mathbf{1}$ $1/4$ $1/5$\n $\\mathbf{6} + \\mathbf{6}$ $-$ $-$\n $\\mathbf{5} + \\mathbf{5}$ $\\ll 1$ $\\ll 1$\n $\\mathbf{7} + \\mathbf{7}$ $-$ $-$\n $SO(7)/ SO(6)$ \n \n $[\\text{complex case}]$ \n\n : *Summary of the values that the $\\mathcal{O}(1)$ coefficients in Eq.", " \\[eq:parameterization\\] can take in different CHMs. ", "See the text in Secs.", " (\\[sec:related\\]-\\[sec:complex\\]) for details on the possible assumptions made in each case.*[]{data-label=\"tab:summary\"}\n\n$SO(6)/SO(5)$ and related models {#sec:related}\n--------------------------------\n\nWe start considering the symmetry breaking pattern $SO(6)/SO(5)$ [@Gripaios:2009pe]. ", "The generators can be chosen to be $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:base}\nT^{mn}_{ij} &= -\\frac{i}{\\sqrt{2}} (\\delta^m_i\\delta^n_j-\\delta^n_i\\delta^m_j)~,\n &m<n\\in[1,5]~,\\\\[-1mm]\nX^{m6}_{ij} &= -\\frac{i}{\\sqrt{2}} (\\delta^m_i\\delta^6_j-\\delta^6_i\\delta^m_j)~,\n &m\\in[1, 5]~.\\end{aligned}$$ $X^{16},..., X^{46}$ expand the coset space of the Higgs doublet. ", "The broken generator associated to $S$ is provided by $X^{56}$. Expanding $L_\\sigma$ in powers of $1/f$ we get $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\nonumber\n L_\\sigma &= |D_\\mu H|^2 \\left[1-\\frac{S^2}{3f^2}\\right] + \\frac{1}{2}(\\partial_\\mu S)^2 \\left[1-2\\frac{|H|^2}{3f^2}\\right] + \\frac{1}{3f^2}\\partial_\\mu |H|^2 (S\\partial_\\mu S) + \\cdots\\end{aligned}$$ where the ellipsis stands for terms with higher powers of $1/f$. This Lagrangian already fixes the values of $a_1=a_2=a_3=1/3$ in Eq.", " \\[eq:parameterization\\]. ", "The exact values of the other $\\mathcal{O}(1)$ parameters depend on the pairs of representations that embed the third generation $q_L$ and $t_R$. Different choices can generate a scalar potential and the SM-like Yukawa Lagrangian without breaking the external symmetry stabilizing the scalar $S$. Among others, $q_L+t_R$ can transform in: $\\mathbf{6}+\\mathbf{1}$, $\\mathbf{6}+\\mathbf{6}$, $\\mathbf{6}+\\mathbf{15}$, $\\mathbf{15}+\\mathbf{15}$ or the $\\mathbf{20}+\\mathbf{1}$. Note that we are implicitly assuming that the third generation $q_L$ and $t_R$ mix with only one composite operator. ", "This implies that lighter generations might be embedded in different representations. ", "For example, if the choice $\\mathbf{6}+\\mathbf{6}$ is made for the top quark, $b_R$ cannot be embedded [in the same representation,]{} because it should carry a different charge under $U(1)^\\prime$ than the one associated to $q_L$ (the $U(1)^\\prime$ charge matches the one of $t_R$). ", "Under this assumption, the hierarchical Yukawa matrices can originate simply from the renormalization group evolution of non-hierarchical couplings in the UV [@Panico:2015jxa].", "\n\nAmong the highlighted choices of representations, the first one, $\\mathbf{6}+\\mathbf{1}$, is problematic because $t_R\\sim\\mathbf{1}$ does not break the global symmetry. ", "It must be instead broken by $q_L~\\sim\\mathbf{6}$, which decomposes as $\\mathbf{6} = \\mathbf{1}+\\mathbf{5}$ under $SO(5)$. Therefore, the Higgs mass would depend on only one free parameter to leading order[^3]. ", "Its smallness, required to explain why the Higgs mass is much smaller than the scale $f\\sim$ TeV, can only be explained at the expense of unexpected cancellations in the strong sector.", "\n\nIn the second case, $\\mathbf{6}+\\mathbf{6}$, however, $t_R$ does break the global symmetry and partially cancel the contribution of $q_L$ to the Higgs mass. ", "Nevertheless, [the leading-order Higgs potential has only a minimum at $H=0$, so it does not drive EWSB]{}. ", "Next-to-leading order terms must be considered, which not only need to be tuned to be of similar size to those generated at leading order, but they also increase the number of free parameters. ", "Definite predictions for $\\gamma$ and $\\delta$ cannot be made. ", "The same holds true for the next two cases, $\\mathbf{6}+\\mathbf{15}$ and $\\mathbf{15}+\\mathbf{15}$. However, the embedding of $t_R$ in the $\\mathbf{15}$ can respect the shift symmetry of $S$ and hence make it light. ", "Where this the case, $\\gamma$ and $\\delta$ would be predicted to be $\\ll 1$. We will come to this point again in Section \\[sec:interplay\\]. ", "Finally, the choice $\\mathbf{20}+\\mathbf{1}$ can lead to definite predictions. ", "Despite the fact that $t_R\\sim\\mathbf{1}$ does not break the global symmetry, $q_L\\sim\\mathbf{20}$, which decomposes as $\\mathbf{1}+\\mathbf{5}+\\mathbf{14}$, generates both a Higgs mass term and a quartic coupling that depend on only two unknowns; see footnote \\[ref:spurions\\]. ", "Expanding the one-loop induced potential in powers of $1/f$ and restricting to the renormalizable terms, we find $$\\begin{aligned}\nV = c_1\\left[2f^2|H|^2 -\\frac{16}{3} |H|^4 -\\frac{8}{3} S^2|H|^2\\right] + c_2\\left[-\\frac{7}{2}f^2|H|^2\\right. ", "\\nonumber\\\\\n+ \\left.\\frac{19}{3}|H|^4 -2S^2 + \\frac{23}{6}S^2|H|^2\\right]~.\\end{aligned}$$ We stress that the small differences with the results obtained, for example in Eq.", " 4.11 of Ref.", " [@Chala:2017sjk] (in their stability-preserving limit $\\zeta\\to 0$), are due to the fact that we are using a shift-symmetry preserving basis that does not resum higher-orders of $1/f$. The two unknowns, $c_1$ and $c_2$, can then be traded for the Higgs mass and its quartic coupling: $$V = \\mu |H|^2 + \\lambda_H |H|^4 + \\frac{1}{3}f^2\\lambda_H S^2 + \\frac{5}{18}\\lambda_H S^2 |H|^2 + \\mathcal{O}\\left(\\frac{v^2}{f^2}\\right)~.$$ Putting all together, the relevant Lagrangian reads $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\nonumber\n L &= |D_\\mu H|^2 \\left[1-\\frac{S^2}{3f^2}\\right] + \\frac{1}{3f^2}\\partial_\\mu |H|^2 (S\\partial_\\mu S)+ \\frac{1}{2}(\\partial_\\mu S)^2 \\left[1-2\\frac{|H|^2}{3f^2}\\right] \\\\\n &-\\left[\\frac{1}{3}f^2\\lambda_H S^2 + \\frac{5}{18}\\lambda_H S^2 |H|^2\\right]~,\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\lambda_H $ denotes the usual Higgs quartic coupling. ", "For a mild value of $g_\\rho \\sim 3$, this corresponds to $$\\label{eq:pred1}\n a_1 = a_2 = a_3 = \\frac{1}{3}, \\quad \\gamma\\sim \\frac{1}{4}, \\quad \\delta \\sim \\frac{1}{5}~.$$ Departures from this relation might appear if the gauge contribution to the scalar potential were sizable, too. ", "Similar results to the ones discussed so far apply also to other models based on the coset $SO(n+1)/SO(n)$. They all develop a Higgs doublet and $n-4$ singlets. ", "Thus, for example, representations such as the $\\mathbf{7}+\\mathbf{1}$, $\\mathbf{7}+\\mathbf{7}$ or $\\mathbf{21}+\\mathbf{7}$ in $SO(7)/SO(6)$ require the inclusion of both the leading and the next-to-leading terms in the one-loop induced potential to achieve EWSB. ", "The choice $\\mathbf{27}+\\mathbf{1}$, instead, gives rise to a Lagrangian very similar to the one in the equation above: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eq:lag27}\\nonumber\n L &= |D_\\mu H|^2 \\left[1-\\frac{1}{3f^2}\\left(S^2+S'^2\\right)\\right] + \\frac{1}{2}\\left[(\\partial_\\mu S)^2+(\\partial_\\mu S')^2\\right] \\left[1-2\\frac{|H|^2}{3f^2}\\right]\\\\\n &+ \\frac{1}{3f^2}\\partial_\\mu |H|^2 (S\\partial_\\mu S + S'\\partial_\\mu S') -\\left[\\frac{1}{3}f^2\\lambda_H (S^2+S'^2) + \\frac{5}{18}\\lambda_H (S^2+S'^2) |H|^2\\right]~.\\end{aligned}$$ The phenomenology of the DM particle $S$ is thus identical to the case of $SO(7)/SO(6)$, provided that the extra pNGB, $S^\\prime$, is heavier.", "\n\nA mass splitting between the two singlets cannot come from gauging $SO(6)$ (which induces a potential only for the Higgs doublet). ", "Instead, it has to arise due to global-symmetry breaking induced through the fermionic sector. ", "For example, a small increase of the mass of the second pNGB singlet arises if $b_R$ is embedded in the appropriate irreducible representation of a $\\mathbf{7}$ of $SO(7)$. Note that this representation reduces to $$\\mathbf{7} = \\mathbf{1} + \\mathbf{6} = \\mathbf{1} + \\mathbf{1} + \\mathbf{1} + \\mathbf{4}~,$$ under $SO(6)$ and $SO(4)$, respectively. ", "If $b_R$ has components in the first singlet (which is a total singlet of $SO(6)$) and the second one (which is also a singlet of $SO(5)\\subset SO(6)$), then the mass of the non-DM Goldstone can be increased. ", "In the base analogous to that of Eq.", " \\[eq:base\\], this embedding can be achieved by $$B_R = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, i\\zeta b_R, b_R), \\quad\\zeta > 0~.$$ This gives a mass splitting of order $$m_{S^\\prime}-m_{S} = \\frac{m_{S^\\prime}^2-m_{S}^2}{m_{S^\\prime}+m_{S}} \\sim \\frac{m_{S^\\prime}^2-m_{S}^2}{2m_{S_1}}\\sim \\frac{m_\\rho y_b\\zeta^2}{8\\pi}~.$$ Note that small differences in the coefficients of the potential would be expected if $S$ and $S'$ mix and the physical DM were a linear combination of both $S$ and $S'$. The parameters $a_1, a_2$ and $a_3$ in the derivative interactions, instead, would remain the same, given that the derivative Lagrangian is invariant under an arbitrary $SO(2)$ transformation of $S$ and $S'$. Finally, the coset $SO(7)/G_2$ provides another very similar scenario. ", "The pNGB spectrum consists of the Higgs doublet, a neutral scalar $S$ and singly-charged singlet $\\kappa^\\pm$. Among the smallest representations that can embed the third generation $q_L$ and $t_R$ we find $\\mathbf{8}+\\mathbf{8}$ and $\\mathbf{35}+\\mathbf{1}$. The second leads again to the predictions of Eq.", " \\[eq:pred1\\]. ", "The DM phenomenology is, therefore, similar to that of $SO(6)/SO(5)$ with $\\mathbf{20}+\\mathbf{1}$, provided, again, that $\\kappa^\\pm$ is heavier than $S$ and hence cannot be produced in DM annihilations. ", "Likewise in the case of $SO(7)/SO(6)$, this splitting can be triggered by $b_R$ if it is embedded, for example, in the $\\mathbf{7}$ within the $\\mathbf{21} = \\mathbf{7}+\\mathbf{14}$ of $SO(7)$. A larger splitting arises however from the hypercharge interactions (note that $\\kappa^\\pm$ is charged while $S$ is not). ", "It can be estimated to be $$m_{\\kappa^\\pm}-m_S \\sim \\frac{m_\\rho g'^2 }{4\\pi}~.$$\n\n$SO(6)/SO(4)$ {#sec:so6so4}\n-------------\n\nThis coset is special in the sense that the pNGBs transform in a *reducible* representation of the unbroken group $SO(4)$, namely $\\mathbf{1}+\\mathbf{4}+\\mathbf{4}$. In the basis of Eq.", " \\[eq:base\\], these are expanded by $X^{56}$, by $X^{15}, ..., X^{45}$ and by $X^{16}, ..., X^{46}$, respectively. ", "The sigma-model Lagrangian can then be written to leading order in derivatives as $$L_{\\sigma} = \\frac{\\tilde{f}^2}{4} \\left[c_{11}(d^1)^2+c_{44}(d^{4})^2 + c_{4\\tilde{4}}d^4\\tilde{d}^4 + c_{\\tilde{4}\\tilde{4}}(\\tilde{d}^{4})^2\\right]~.$$ Contrary to the previous cases, it depends on several free parameters, $c_{11}, c_{44}, c_{4\\tilde{4}}, c_{\\tilde{4}\\tilde{4}}$. The different $d$ symbols correspond to $$d^1_\\mu = d_\\mu^{56} X^{56}, \\quad d^4_\\mu = d_\\mu^{15} X^{15} + ... + d_\\mu^{45} X^{45}, \\quad \\tilde{d}^4_\\mu = d_\\mu^{16} X^{16} + ... + d_\\mu^{46} X^{46}~.$$ They do not mix under a generic $SO(4)$ transformation.", "\n\nThe coefficients $a_1, a_2$ and $a_3$ in the derivative interactions in Eq.", " \\[eq:parameterization\\] can then get different values. ", "As a particular scenario, let us discuss the case $c_{11}> c_{4\\tilde{4}}\\sim c_{\\tilde{4}\\tilde{4}}\\gg c_{44}$. This can be interpreted as two step symmetry breaking: $SO(6)\\to SO(5)\\to SO(4)$. The first takes place at a scale $\\sim c_{\\tilde{4}\\tilde{4}}f^2$ at which the second doublet can get a mass of similar order. ", "A phenomenological study of a scenario similar to this interpretation has been given in Ref.", " [@Sanz:2015sua]. ", "Provided the singlet remains light, which can occur if its associated shift symmetry [is only slightly broken]{}, the phenomenology at the scale $f = \\tilde{f}\\sim c_{44}$ is that described by the parametrization of Eq.", " \\[eq:parameterization\\]. ", "The relevant sigma Lagrangian reads $$L_\\sigma = |D_\\mu H|^2\n + \\frac{1}{6f^2}\\partial_\\mu |H|^2 (S\\partial_\\mu S) + \\frac{1}{2}(\\partial_\\mu S)^2 \\left[1-2\\frac{|H|^2}{3f^2}\\right] \\; .$$ With $\\gamma$ and $\\delta$ depending on the fermion representation that we did not specify explicitly for this case, we can conclude that $$a_1 = 0, \\quad a_2 = \\frac{1}{6}, \\quad a_3 = \\frac{1}{3}~.\n $$\n\n$SO(5)\\times U(1)/SO(4)$\n------------------------\n\nThis coset has been previously considered in Ref.", " [@Gripaios:2016mmi]. ", "The product structure of the global group makes the pNGBs transform also in a reducible representation: $\\mathbf{4}+\\mathbf{1}$. As a consequence, the sigma model Lagrangian is written as $$L_\\sigma = \\frac{1}{4}f^2 d^2 + \\frac{1}{4}f_S^2\\left|\\partial_\\mu \\exp{i\\frac{\\sqrt{2}}{f_S}}\\right|^2 = |D_\\mu H|^2 + \\frac{1}{2}(\\partial_\\mu S)^2 + \\cdots$$ where the ellipsis stand for terms with higher powers of $1/f$ and $1/f_S$ which, however, do not make $H$ and $S$ interact. ", "Note also that in the equation above, $d$ is constructed out of the four broken generators of $SO(5)/SO(4)$. This model provides then, a DM phenomenology very similar to that of the elementary Higgs portal. ", "It has been also pointed out that, within this scenario, the scalar potential for $S$ vanishes unless the top quark mixes with several composite operators transforming in different representations of the global group. ", "As we have argued before, renormalization group evolution of anarchical couplings in the UV can not explain the absence of flavour-violating effects by itself. ", "Although this problem might be circumvent by advocating extra symmetries (see for example Ref.", " [@Chala:2017sjk]), one might still expect the top quark to mix mostly with one composite resonance. ", "In that case, we could obtain $$a_1 = a_2 = a_3 = 0, \\quad \\gamma\\sim\\delta \\ll 1~.$$\n\n$SO(7)/SO(5)$\n-------------\n\nIn the same vein as $SO(6)/SO(4)$, this model develops three multiplets of the unbroken group, transforming in a reducible representation: $\\mathbf{1} + \\mathbf{5} + \\mathbf{5}$. Following the discussion (and notation) of Section \\[sec:so6so4\\], again in the limit $c_{11}> c_{\\tilde{5}\\tilde{5}} \\sim c_{5\\tilde{5}}\\gg c_{55}$, one might expect the sigma-model Lagrangian to read $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\nonumber\n L_\\sigma &= \\frac{1}{4}f^2 \\left( c_{11} (d^1)^2+ c_{55} (d^5)^2 \\right) = |D_\\mu H|^2 \\left[1-\\frac{1}{3f^2}S^2\\right] \\\\\n& + \\frac{1}{2}\\left[(\\partial_\\mu S')^2 + (\\partial_\\mu S)^2\\right]\\left( 1- 2\\frac{|H|^2}{3f^2}\\right)+ \\frac{1}{6f^2}\\partial_\\mu |H|^2 \\left(2 S\\partial_\\mu S+S'\\partial_\\mu S'\\right) + ...~,\\end{aligned}$$ where $S'$ stands for the complete singlet of $SO(5)$. As in the case of $SO(7)/SO(6)$, $S$ and $S'$ could mix, for example, if they were both protected by a $\\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry. ", "The difference is that, in this case, the sigma-model is not invariant under a general $SO(2)$ transformation rotating $S$ into $S'$.\n\nAssuming that the physical DM particle is mostly $S$, one obtains $$a_1 < a_2 < a_3 = \\frac{1}{3}~.\n $$\n\nComplex dark matter in $SO(7)/SO(6)$ {#sec:complex}\n------------------------------------\n\nAs we have mentioned before, the sigma-model Lagrangian in $SO(7)/SO(6)$ respects an additional $SO(2)$ symmetry under which $S'$ rotates into $S$. This symmetry is of course not broken by the gauge interactions (unless that $SO(2)$ is also gauged giving rise to an extended model with a $Z'$ boson). ", "If it were also not broken by the mixings between the elementary and the composite fermions, $S$ and $S'$ would be degenerated in mass and would form a complex DM candidate. (", "Note that, in such a case, there is no need to assume that the strong sector is compatible with the symmetry stabilizing the DM.) ", "A thorough study of this model in the $\\mathbf{7}+\\mathbf{7}$ representation has been carried out in Ref.", " [@Balkin:2017aep]. ", "Another possibility is considering, for example, $q_L \\sim \\mathbf{27}, t_R \\sim \\mathbf{1}$. $q_L$ is explicitly embedded in $$Q_L = \\left(\\begin{array}{cc}\n 0_{6\\times 6} & \\mathbf{v}^T\\\\\n \\mathbf{v} & 0\n \\end{array}\\right)~, \\quad \\mathbf{v} = (ib_L, b_L, it_L, -t_L, 0, 0)~.$$ An arbitrary $SO(2)$ rotation of angle $\\theta$ mixing $S$ and $S'$ can be implemented by $$R(\\theta)U = \\exp{[i\\sqrt{2}\\theta X^{56}]} U \\exp{[-i\\sqrt{2}\\theta X^{56}]}~,$$ which, when acting on $Q_L$, gives $R(\\theta)Q_L = Q_L$. Being $Q_L$ an eigenstate of $R(\\theta)$ means that the elementary-composite mixing does not break the $SO(2)$ symmetry. ", "The relevant Lagrangian reads in this case $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\nonumber\n L &= |D_\\mu H|^2 \\left[1-\\frac{2|\\mathbb{S}|^2}{3f^2}\\right] + (\\partial_\\mu \\mathbb{S})^2 \\left[1-2\\frac{|H|^2}{3f^2}\\right] + \\frac{1}{3f^2}\\partial_\\mu |H|^2 (\\mathbb{S}^\\ast\\overleftrightarrow{\\partial_\\mu} \\mathbb{S})\\\\\n &-\\left[\\frac{2}{3}f^2\\lambda_H |\\mathbb{S}|^2 + \\frac{5}{9}\\lambda_H \\frac{|\\mathbb{S}|^2 |H|^2}{f^4}\\right] + \\cdots\\end{aligned}$$ For a mild value of $g_\\rho \\sim 3$, this can be mimicked by a real scalar scenario[^4] with: $$a_1 = a_2 = a_3 \\sim 0.3, \\quad \\gamma \\sim \\frac{1}{4}, \\quad \\delta \\sim \\frac{\\sqrt{2}}{5}~.$$ A compilation of values that can be expected for the $\\mathcal{O}(1)$ coefficients in Eq.", " \\[eq:parameterization\\] is shown in Tab.", " \\[tab:summary\\].", "\n\nDiscussion {#sec:interplay}\n==========\n\n![*", "Reach of DM and collider searches for different choices of $a\\equiv (2a_1 + 2a_2 + a_3)/5$, $\\gamma$ and $\\delta$. In the green area enclosed by the green solid line DM is over-abundant. ", "The orange area enclosed by the solid orange line is already excluded by LUX. ", "The orange area enclosed by the dashed orange line will be tested by LZ. ", "The red area enclosed by the solid red line is already excluded by the LHC. ", "The red area enclosed by the dashed red curve can be tested by a 100 TeV collider.* []{", "data-label=\"fig:benchmarks\"}]({./plot_0.1_0.0_1.0_0.33}.pdf \"fig:\"){width=\"0.32\\columnwidth\"} ![*", "Reach of DM and collider searches for different choices of $a\\equiv (2a_1 + 2a_2 + a_3)/5$, $\\gamma$ and $\\delta$. In the green area enclosed by the green solid line DM is over-abundant. ", "The orange area enclosed by the solid orange line is already excluded by LUX. ", "The orange area enclosed by the dashed orange line will be tested by LZ. ", "The red area enclosed by the solid red line is already excluded by the LHC. ", "The red area enclosed by the dashed red curve can be tested by a 100 TeV collider.* []{", "data-label=\"fig:benchmarks\"}]({./plot_0.1_0.1_1.0_0.33}.pdf \"fig:\"){width=\"0.32\\columnwidth\"} ![*", "Reach of DM and collider searches for different choices of $a\\equiv (2a_1 + 2a_2 + a_3)/5$, $\\gamma$ and $\\delta$. In the green area enclosed by the green solid line DM is over-abundant. ", "The orange area enclosed by the solid orange line is already excluded by LUX. ", "The orange area enclosed by the dashed orange line will be tested by LZ. ", "The red area enclosed by the solid red line is already excluded by the LHC. ", "The red area enclosed by the dashed red curve can be tested by a 100 TeV collider.* []{", "data-label=\"fig:benchmarks\"}]({./plot_0.25_0.2_1.0_0.33}.pdf \"fig:\"){width=\"0.32\\columnwidth\"} ![*", "Reach of DM and collider searches for different choices of $a\\equiv (2a_1 + 2a_2 + a_3)/5$, $\\gamma$ and $\\delta$. In the green area enclosed by the green solid line DM is over-abundant. ", "The orange area enclosed by the solid orange line is already excluded by LUX. ", "The orange area enclosed by the dashed orange line will be tested by LZ. ", "The red area enclosed by the solid red line is already excluded by the LHC. ", "The red area enclosed by the dashed red curve can be tested by a 100 TeV collider.* []{", "data-label=\"fig:benchmarks\"}]({./plot_1.0_0.1_1.0_0.33}.pdf \"fig:\"){width=\"0.32\\columnwidth\"} ![*", "Reach of DM and collider searches for different choices of $a\\equiv (2a_1 + 2a_2 + a_3)/5$, $\\gamma$ and $\\delta$. In the green area enclosed by the green solid line DM is over-abundant. ", "The orange area enclosed by the solid orange line is already excluded by LUX. ", "The orange area enclosed by the dashed orange line will be tested by LZ. ", "The red area enclosed by the solid red line is already excluded by the LHC. ", "The red area enclosed by the dashed red curve can be tested by a 100 TeV collider.* []{", "data-label=\"fig:benchmarks\"}]({./plot_1.0_0.5_1.0_0.33}.pdf \"fig:\"){width=\"0.32\\columnwidth\"} ![*", "Reach of DM and collider searches for different choices of $a\\equiv (2a_1 + 2a_2 + a_3)/5$, $\\gamma$ and $\\delta$. In the green area enclosed by the green solid line DM is over-abundant. ", "The orange area enclosed by the solid orange line is already excluded by LUX. ", "The orange area enclosed by the dashed orange line will be tested by LZ. ", "The red area enclosed by the solid red line is already excluded by the LHC. ", "The red area enclosed by the dashed red curve can be tested by a 100 TeV collider.* []{", "data-label=\"fig:benchmarks\"}]({./plot_1.0_1.0_1.0_0.33}.pdf \"fig:\"){width=\"0.32\\columnwidth\"} ![*", "Reach of DM and collider searches for different choices of $a\\equiv (2a_1 + 2a_2 + a_3)/5$, $\\gamma$ and $\\delta$. In the green area enclosed by the green solid line DM is over-abundant. ", "The orange area enclosed by the solid orange line is already excluded by LUX. ", "The orange area enclosed by the dashed orange line will be tested by LZ. ", "The red area enclosed by the solid red line is already excluded by the LHC. ", "The red area enclosed by the dashed red curve can be tested by a 100 TeV collider.* []{", "data-label=\"fig:benchmarks\"}]({./plot_1.0_2.0_1.0_0.33}.pdf \"fig:\"){width=\"0.32\\columnwidth\"} ![*", "Reach of DM and collider searches for different choices of $a\\equiv (2a_1 + 2a_2 + a_3)/5$, $\\gamma$ and $\\delta$. In the green area enclosed by the green solid line DM is over-abundant. ", "The orange area enclosed by the solid orange line is already excluded by LUX. ", "The orange area enclosed by the dashed orange line will be tested by LZ. ", "The red area enclosed by the solid red line is already excluded by the LHC. ", "The red area enclosed by the dashed red curve can be tested by a 100 TeV collider.* []{", "data-label=\"fig:benchmarks\"}]({./plot_0.25_0.28_0.0_0.3}.pdf \"fig:\"){width=\"0.32\\columnwidth\"} ![*", "Reach of DM and collider searches for different choices of $a\\equiv (2a_1 + 2a_2 + a_3)/5$, $\\gamma$ and $\\delta$. In the green area enclosed by the green solid line DM is over-abundant. ", "The orange area enclosed by the solid orange line is already excluded by LUX. ", "The orange area enclosed by the dashed orange line will be tested by LZ. ", "The red area enclosed by the solid red line is already excluded by the LHC. ", "The red area enclosed by the dashed red curve can be tested by a 100 TeV collider.* []{", "data-label=\"fig:benchmarks\"}]({./plot_1.0_1.0_0.0_0.0}.pdf \"fig:\"){width=\"0.32\\columnwidth\"}\n\nWe continue by analysing the interplay between DM and collider searches for different values of the free parameters. ", "Note that the $a_1, a_2$ and $a_3$ coefficients are mainly relevant for the computation of the relic density (which we derive using `MicrOmegas` [@Belanger:2010pz]), and they enter only in the combination $2a_1 + 2a_2 + a_3$; see Eq.", " \\[eq:vertex\\]. ", "We therefore define $a\\equiv (2a_1 + 2a_2 + a_3)/5$. We fix this parameter, as well as $\\gamma$ and $\\delta$, to different benchmark points, and scan over $f$ and $g_\\rho$. The results can be seen in Fig.", " \\[fig:benchmarks\\]. ", "The figure can be compared to the concrete models we discussed in section \\[sec:matching\\] for the corresponding coefficients $a$, $\\gamma$ and $\\delta$ at $g_{\\rho}=3$. Three main conclusions can be drawn:\n\n- For most values of the model-dependent coefficients, the parameter space region explaining the totality of the DM relic abundance requires $m_\\rho = g_\\rho f \\gtrsim 2$ TeV, well above the current LHC limits. [", "Were $\\epsilon$ non-vanishing, the DM annihilation cross section would be larger, for which larger values of the DM mass would be necessary to fit the correct relic abundance. ", "Consequently the green line in the plots above would shift to larger values of $f$, pointing to even larger $m_\\rho$. We stress however again that unless there is a cancelation between the portal and derivative interactions, the operator going with $\\epsilon$ is typically of small relevance.]{} ", "It is also worth noting that large values of $f$ are also *experimentally* excluded, due to the DM over-abundance. ", "This gives a more robust bound than fine-tuning arguments, while still in concordance with them.", "\n\n- The parameter space region bounded by the measurement of the total relic density is totally complementary to that tested by direct searches for VLQs. ", "The latter are particularly relevant when $\\delta$ is small (so that direct detection experiments are poorly sensitive). ", "Among other scenarios in this class, we find $SO(5)\\times U(1)/SO(4)$, as well as models in which the $S$ shift symmetry is not broken by the top interactions, but by the bottom sector (*e.g.* $SO(6)/SO(5)$ with $q_L + t_R = \\mathbf{6} +\\mathbf{15}$; see Tab.", " \\[tab:summary\\]).", "\n\n- If the perturbative unitarity bound on $g_\\rho$ is lowered to (the commonly used value) $\\sqrt{4\\pi}\\sim 3.5$, almost the whole parameter space can be tested by the combination of DM and collider serches, irrespectively of the value of the $\\mathcal{O}(1)$ model-dependent coefficients.", "\n\nIt is also worth stressing that, although not explicitly depicted in the figure, the strong bound ($m_\\rho\\sim 6.4$ TeV) that can be set on VLQs decaying into SM particles can be relevant if, for instance, [$T'$ is much heavier than the fourplet of VLQs]{}. ", "This can happen, *e.g.* in $SO(6)/SO(5)$ with $q_L + t_R = \\mathbf{6} + \\mathbf{6}$ [@Serra:2015xfa].", "\n\nFinally, we note that DM scenarios in non-minimal CHMs can also be constrained by Higgs coupling measurements at future colliders. ", "For instance in $SO(6)/SO(5)$ and related models with DM, the Higgs to vector boson couplings can be written as $$g_{hVV}\\approx g_{hVV}^{SM}\\left(1-\\frac{1}{2}\\frac{v^2}{f^2}\\right)~.$$ Using the results of Ref.", " [@Englert:2014uua] (see also Ref.", " [@Fujii:2015jha] for similar results) we conclude that at the ILC with energies of $250 +500 \\text{ GeV}$ ($250 +500 + 1000 \\text{ GeV}$) and $\\mathcal{L}=250 + 500 \\text{ fb}^{-1}$ ($\\mathcal{L}=1150+1600+2500 \\text{ fb}^{-1}$) a scale of $f=1950\\text{ GeV}$ ($f=2460\\text{ GeV}$) can be probed. ", "This constraint complements the previous ones for values of $g_\\rho \\gtrsim 3.5$.\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nIn summary, we have shown that collider searches for vector-like quarks at the LHC and future colliders can bound the parameter region that is complementary to the one bounded by the measurement of the relic density. ", "We have provided estimates for the potential sensitivity for searches of VLQs at a 100 TeV collider. ", "While the searches for final states with dark matter have the strongest reach, up to $m_{\\rho}=9 \\text{ TeV}$, for masses of the dark matter particle of up to 3 TeV, our results for the decays into SM particles only depend on the respective branching ratio and can be applied to scenarios where the lightest VLQ does not decay into the dark matter particle. ", "In particular, we found for the 3-lepton final state that $m_{\\rho}< 6.4$ TeV can be excluded for a four-plet of $SU(2)_L\\times SU(2)_R$. In addition, we checked the limits from the direct detection of dark matter at the LUX experiment and provided estimates of the sensitivity of the future experiment LZ. ", "In order to do so, we advocated the usage of an effective parametrization that allowed us to apply our results to a multitude of models. ", "Taking into account all these ingredients we have shown that dark matter scenarios within Composite Higgs Models can be well probed at future experiments, leaving no or only little parameter space unexplored.", "\n\nAcknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}\n================\n\nWe would like to thank Johannes Bellm, Frank Krauss, Jonas Lindert and Oscar Ochoa Valeriano for valuable discussions. ", "RG is supported by a European Union COFUND/Durham Junior Research Fellowship under the EU grant number 609412. ", "MC is supported by the Royal Society under the the Newton International Fellowships programm. ", "MC thanks the Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study for the hospitality during the last part of this work.", "\n\n[^1]: We emphasize that the corresponding searches are motivated by the minimal CHM [@Agashe:2004rs]. ", "Thus, the results are obtained under the assumption that VLQs decay only into SM particles. ", "For non-minimal symmetry breaking, the bounds can be significantly altered [@Chala:2017xgc].", "\n\n[^2]: The $\\sqrt{2\\pi}$ reduction on this estimation in comparison with the naive $4\\pi$ has been pointed out *e.g.* in Refs.", " [@Lee:1977eg; @Panico:2015jxa]. ", "Often, the upper value $\\sqrt{4\\pi}$ is also used in the literature.", "\n\n[^3]: It is well known [@Panico:2015jxa] that the number of free parameters (encoding the details of the strong dynamics) in the leading-order term in the one-loop induced potential (namely that containing the smallest number of symmetry breaking insertions) is one unit smaller than the number of $\\mathcal{H}$ invariants that can be constructed out of the irreducible representations into which a particular representation of $\\mathcal{G}$ decomposes. ", "In the case under study, two such invariants exist: the $SO(5)$ singlet resulting from the product $\\mathbf{5}\\times\\mathbf{5}$ and the one given by $\\mathbf{1}\\times\\mathbf{1}$. \\[ref:spurions\\]\n\n[^4]: Note that actually there are two solutions for $a_1 = a_2 = a_3=31/(75\\,\\sqrt{2})$ and $-7/(75\\,\\sqrt{2})$. We remark also that the reason that we can do such a matching to the real scalar case is that both derivative and potential couplings are present. ", "Instead for a elementary singlet it is impossible because the relic abundance fixes the coupling $\\delta$ which can then not be adjusted anymore for the direct detection cross section.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0.0166270783847981, 0.0032679738562091504, 0.004629629629629629, 0.015432098765432098, 0, 0.028169014084507043, 0.00546448087431694, 0.018518518518518517, 0.007633587786259542, 0.00625, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.006211180124223602, 0, 0.008547008547008548, 0.0106951871657754, 0.02100840336134454, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0.007619047619047619, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0.019801980198019802, 0.0045871559633027525, 0, 0.011320754716981131, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0.005263157894736842, 0, 0, 0.006097560975609756, 0, 0, 0.005263157894736842, 0.002564102564102564, 0, 0.05263157894736842, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0.02127659574468085, 0.007772020725388601, 0, 0.024, 0.006289308176100629, 0.0136986301369863, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0.0048543689320388345, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0.007352941176470588, 0.003076923076923077, 0, 0.018072289156626505, 0.012195121951219513, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0.004352557127312296, 0.004962779156327543, 0, 0, 0.016, 0, 0.0024937655860349127, 0, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0, 0, 0, 0.000574052812858783, 0, 0.0032310177705977385, 0, 0, 0.14285714285714285, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0, 0, 0.004032258064516129, 0, 0.004032258064516129, 0, 0, 0, 0.005681818181818182, 0.024096385542168676, 0, 0, 0.005681818181818182, 0, 0, 0.006734006734006734, 0.00558659217877095, 0.02040816326530612, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0.009523809523809525, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0, 0, 0.008403361344537815, 0, 0.0027397260273972603, 0, 0, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0.007751937984496124, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0.007751937984496124, 0.002849002849002849, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0.0033333333333333335, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0, 0.001976284584980237, 0, 0, 0.006872852233676976, 0.011396011396011397, 0.006342494714587738, 0, 0.00338409475465313, 0, 0, 0.005681818181818182, 0, 0.004739336492890996, 0.005434782608695652, 0.006289308176100629, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004132231404958678, 0.005780346820809248, 0.07692307692307693, 0.0047789725209080045, 0.0035211267605633804, 0, 0.003787878787878788, 0.0015174506828528073, 0.007518796992481203, 0, 0, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0.003978779840848806, 0.00974025974025974, 0, 0, 0, 0.006430868167202572, 0.008695652173913044, 0.003189792663476874, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0, 0, 0.05555555555555555, 0.0045662100456621, 0, 0.004024144869215292, 0.045454545454545456, 0.004201680672268907, 0.004830917874396135, 0, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0.009900990099009901, 0.0038240917782026767, 0.001584786053882726, 0, 0, 0, 0.05, 0, 0.005594405594405594, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0.022222222222222223, 0.0053475935828877, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0.0053475935828877, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0.0053475935828877, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0.0053475935828877, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0.0053475935828877, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0.0053475935828877, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0.0053475935828877, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0.0053475935828877, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0.0053475935828877, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0.017167381974248927, 0, 0.004901960784313725, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.003861003861003861, 0, 0.003424657534246575, 0.0038461538461538464, 0.009900990099009901, 0.007518796992481203, 0.014150943396226415, 0.058823529411764705, 0.0033444816053511705, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0.002793296089385475, 0.003257328990228013, 0, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0.02702702702702703, 0.010638297872340425, 0.009345794392523364, 0.009615384615384616, 0.010869565217391304, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0.06060606060606061, 0, 0.0021929824561403508, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1}\n===============\n\nMaternal breast milk (MBM) is a unique biological matrix of nutrition for infants. ", "Breastfeeding is vital for optimal health, growth, and development with its macro- and micronutrients, including essential elements \\[[@B1]\\]. ", "World Health Organization (WHO) declared that MBM provides ideal nutrition for the first six months of early life \\[[@B2]\\].", "\n\nEssential elements in MBM are crucial for ideal growth and development of infants. ", "There are a lot of benefits associated with MBM, such as decreasing the morbidity, mortality, and incidences of diseases \\[[@B3]\\]. ", "The composition of MBM can be affected by various factors such as maternal diet, social-economic conditions, timing of delivery, period of lactation, and sampling time of day \\[[@B4]\\]. ", "Essential element deficiencies are correlated with increased rates of infections and chronic diseases. ", "Also, high amount of essential elements may also be harmful to human life \\[[@B1]\\]. ", "Elements levels depend on host susceptibility which contains physiological conditions, genetic characteristics, age, and gender. ", "Also, lactation is a period of life with increased risks for heavy metals \\[[@B5]\\] such as arsenic and lead. ", "The concentrations of heavy metals may vary widely depending on exposures. ", "The most common source of lead is the exhaust gases of vehicles \\[[@B6], [@B7]\\]. ", "Researchers have shown that lead can pass by maternal way to fetus and by milk to infants. ", "Arsenic is a heavy metal naturally found in the earth and taken up to metabolism by contaminated water and plants. ", "Prolonged exposure to arsenic in the infants can lead to arsenic poisoning and cancer risk \\[[@B6], [@B8]\\].", "\n\nConcentration data on some essential elements and heavy metals in MBM of nursery mothers from different countries analyzed with different techniques such as flame photometry \\[[@B9]\\], ion chromatography \\[[@B10]\\], proton-induced X-ray emission, and instrumental neutron activation \\[[@B11]\\] have been reported. ", "ICP-MS has been used to determine the level of essential elements and heavy metals in various matrices including biological samples and foods \\[[@B12]\\]. ", "There is, however, no recent study of essential elements and heavy metals in MBM, particularly not from Turkish mothers.", "\n\nThe aim of this study is to provide and access the information of concentrations of essential elements in MBM from nursery mothers who are residing in Şanlıurfa province of Turkey using a sensitive method and also compare the relations between essential elements and socioeconomic conditions, residing areas, and using copper equipment for food preparation.", "\n\n2. ", "Materials and Methods {#sec2}\n========================\n\n2.1. ", "Breast Milk Sampling {#sec2.1}\n-------------------------\n\nSamples were collected from 42 nursery mothers with an average age of 28.3 ± 7.08 years delivered at full term (38--40 weeks) of gestation. ", "All samples were obtained from nursery mothers\\' 3--520 lactation days postpartum during the hours of 08:00--11:30 a.m. MBM samples were manually expressed from the breast using a manual pump to sterile falcon tube after 3 mL was discarded and stored at −20°C until analyses. ", "Based on self-reporting on the socioeconomic levels, residing areas, and using copper equipment for food preparation, participants were divided into groups ([Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n2.2. ", "Chemical and Standard Solutions {#sec2.2}\n------------------------------------\n\nMixed calibration standards of sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, copper, zinc, arsenic, and lead were prepared from dilutions of stock solutions (Agilent Japan (Lot Number: 10-160YPY2)). ", "TraceSELECT grade of nitric acid (65.0% concentrated, Merck, Germany) and hydrogen peroxide (30.0% concentrated, Merck, Germany) were used for sample digestion.", "\n\nUltrapure water was provided in the laboratory (18.2 MΩ/cm at 25°C) by MES MP Mini pure, (Turkey) device. ", "Every plastic and glassware were cleaned in acid bath (5% nitric acid (laboratory grade, Merck, Germany)) for 24 h and rinsed with ultrapure water and dried before use. ", "The gas 99.9990% Argon was supplied by Linde Gases (Linde Group, Turkey). ", "Whole solutions were prepared with ultrapure water.", "\n\n2.3. ", "Equipment and Accessories {#sec2.3}\n------------------------------\n\nElements were analyzed on Agilent 7500 ce with an octopole reaction system inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Japan) with an autosampler (Cetac ASX-520) and a nebulizer (Agilent Technologies, Japan).", "\n\n2.4. ", "Sample Preparation {#sec2.4}\n-----------------------\n\nMBM samples were analyzed by ICP-MS after microwave-assisted acid digestion. ", "1.0 mL of each sample and blank samples was digested with 4.0 mL of 65% (v/v) HNO~3~, and 2.0 mL of 30% (v/v) H~2~O~2~ in PTFE vessels. ", "Microwave acid digestion procedure was as follows: firstly up to 120°C for 15 min, for the second step constant for 10 min; up to 160°C in 20 min; and finally constant for 15 min; at the end a cooling stage (30 min) was done in room temperature and the samples and blanks were diluted to 50 mL with ultrapure water.", "\n\n2.5. ", "Isotopes {#sec2.5}\n-------------\n\nThe isotopes ^23^Na^+^, ^24^Mg^+^, ^26^Mg^+^, ^31^P^+^, ^39 ^K^+^, ^44^Ca^+^, ^56^Fe^+^, ^63^Cu^+^, ^66^Zn^+^, ^75^As^+^, and ^208^Pb^+^ were detected. ", "All samples were analyzed in triplicate. ", "These isotopes were preferred to maximize the sensitivity and minimize interferences.", "\n\n2.6. ", "Quality Control {#sec2.6}\n--------------------\n\nLimit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) were calculated for ten times and the recovery of 12 elements (Na, Mg, P, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, and Pb) in raw milk samples was between 92.4 and 124.1% as shown in [Table 2](#tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The standard deviation of the blank was relative to the slope of the analytical curve. ", "LOQ and LOD were calculated separately. ", "The digested MBM was used in the calculation of LOQ and LOD.", "\n\n2.7. ", "Recovery Experiments {#sec2.7}\n-------------------------\n\nWith a view to impose the integrity of the analyses, the same concentrations of each element as in the original sample were added to a sample and performed in the same microwave digestion procedure as the samples.", "\n\n2.8. ", "Statistical Analyses {#sec2.8}\n-------------------------\n\nStatistical analyses were carried out using SPSS 11.00 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). ", "For bivariate analyses of variables, nonparametric Spearman\\'s correlation coefficient was used.", "\n\n2.9. ", "Ethical Committee {#sec2.9}\n----------------------\n\nEthics committee approval was obtained from Medical Faculty of Harran University (74059997.050.01.04/65). ", "Informed consents were obtained and signed by the participating nursery mothers to protect the participants\\' privacy, personal and clinical data, and MBM samples used only for this study purpose.", "\n\n3. ", "Results and Discussion {#sec3}\n=========================\n\nThe nursery mothers included in this study were on the average age of 17--44 (28.3 ± 7.08) years at the time of lactation period average of 3--520 (163 ± 139) day. [", "Table 3](#tab3){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the element levels in MBM samples. ", "Na, Mg, P, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn were present in all MBM samples (positive rate 100.0%). ", "As and Pb were not present in all MBM samples (negative rate 100.0%). ", "K is the major essential element (488 ± 147 mg/L), followed by Na (330 ± 417 mg/L) \\> Ca (193 ± 53.2 mg/L) \\> P (156 ± 46.3 mg/L) \\> Mg (32.6 ± 15.5 mg/L) \\> Zn (2.89 ± 3.23 mg/L) \\> Fe (1.65 ± 1.43 mg/L) \\> Cu (0.54 ± 0.46 mg/L). ", "The levels of heavy metals arsenic and lead were found below the limit of detection, which is also expected in MBM.", "\n\nSodium levels in MBM samples ranged between 44.7 and 1703 mg/L and significantly correlated with copper (*r*: 0.719; *P* \\< 0.001), iron (*r*: 0.516; *P* \\< 0.001), and magnesium concentrations (*r*: 0.558; *P* \\< 0.001). ", "Magnesium concentrations in MBM were in a range of 12.7--85.9 mg/L with a mean level of 32.6 ± 15.5 mg/L. Magnesium and zinc levels were significantly correlated (*r*: 0.474; *P* \\< 0.01).", "\n\nMBM phosphorus concentrations were between the level of 84--300 mg/L, with a mean level of 156 ± 46.3 mg/L. Phosphorus concentrations were negatively correlated with iron concentrations (*r*: −0.414; *P* \\< 0.01), lactation period (*r*: −0.436; *P* \\< 0.01), and positively correlated with nursery mothers\\' age (*r*: 0.434, *P* \\< 0.01).", "\n\nPotassium concentrations of MBM varied between 161 and 903 mg/L. The content of potassium was positively correlated with zinc (*r*: 0.715; *P* \\< 0.01), sodium (*r*: 0.519; *P* \\< 0.01), magnesium (*r*: 0.451; *P* \\< 0.01), and copper (*r*: 0.719; *P* \\< 0.001).", "\n\nCalcium concentrations of MBM were in the range of 90--276 mg/L with a mean level of 193 ± 53.2 mg/L. Calcium was positively correlated with the residing area (*r*: −0.315, *P* \\< 0.05). ", "Also, calcium levels were significantly correlated with magnesium (*r*: 0.420; *P* \\< 0.01) and potassium (*r*: 0.525; *P* \\< 0.01). ", "Concentrations of calcium in MBM from suburban nursery mothers were significantly lower than concentrations of calcium in urban nursery mothers.", "\n\nThe mean concentration of iron in MBM was 1.65 ± 1.43 mg/L. Copper concentration of MBM was positively correlated with sodium (*r*: 0.719; *P* \\< 0.001), magnesium (*r*: 0.673; *P* \\< 0.001), and lactation period (*r*: 0.832; *P* \\< 0.001) and with using copper equipment in food preparation (*r*: 0.333; *P* \\< 0.05).", "\n\nThe zinc concentrations were positively correlated with sodium (*r*: 0.586; *P* \\< 0.001) and potassium (*r*: 0.715; *P* \\< 0.001) concentrations of MBM samples.", "\n\nIn this study, the results showed the differences in essential elements and heavy metals concentrations in MBM of nursery mothers residing in Şanlıurfa, Turkey. ", "Specifically, nursery mothers from the suburban area (Eyyübiye) of Şanlıurfa tended to have lower intake concentrations of calcium assessed as compared with nursery mothers residing in urban areas (Haliliye and Karaköprü). ", "As a result, MBM from nursery mothers residing in suburban area (Eyyübiye) were of poorer nutritional quality that has obvious implication for infants nutrition. ", "Arising from this result, family population was crowded and socioeconomic levels of these families were low. ", "The results of this study were parallel with Qian et al.s\\' \\[[@B10]\\] study who determined and compared the composition of MBM in urban and suburban areas in Shanghai, China.", "\n\nCalcium is the principal element of skeleton system that improves bone mineral density in infants. ", "Our findings show that maternal calcium intake was lower in suburban nursery mothers than other participants of this study. ", "Qian et al. ", "\\[[@B10]\\] reported that maternal calcium intake was low in both urban and suburban groups of nursery mothers. ", "The concentrations of in MBM ranged from 90 to 276 mg/L in this study. ", "In Sweden, Björklund et al. ", "\\[[@B12]\\] reported 274--305 mg/L calcium levels in 60 MBM samples. ", "Supposing a daily intake of 750 mL breast milk, infants should obtain 67.5--207 mg of calcium per day. ", "For age 0--6 months, the concentration of calcium is lower daily intake that recommended amount of 210 mg \\[[@B13]\\].", "\n\nThere is evidence that sodium levels in infancy may have a long-term effect on blood pressure. ", "The observation was that mean concentrations of sodium were higher than the previous studies \\[[@B9], [@B14]\\]. ", "Mean sodium concentration of our study was 330 ± 417 mg/L. Our sodium concentrations were similar to MBM samples of the urban area of Shanghai but higher than the MBM samples from the suburban area of Shanghai \\[[@B10]\\]. ", "And also our mean level of sodium was higher than the mean level of sodium (135 mg/L) from Japanese mothers\\' \\[[@B15]\\] and the rural Gambian mothers\\' MBM with a mean level of sodium (163 mg/L) \\[[@B9]\\]. ", "The high sodium concentrations of this study may be due to dietary habits of Turkish women with a consumption of salt 14 g/day \\[[@B16]\\].", "\n\nMBM samples seem to contain enough concentration of magnesium as there has not been a report of magnesium deficiency in breastfed infants \\[[@B11]\\]. ", "The levels of magnesium in MBM samples were in the range of 12.7--85.9 mg/L with a mean level of 32.6 ± 15.5 mg/L which was in accordance with Yamawaki et al.s\\' study \\[[@B15]\\] (mean 27 ± 9 mg/L). ", "Magnesium concentrations in MBM samples were with values similar to Swedish mothers with an average level of magnesium 28 mg/L \\[[@B12]\\].", "\n\nWe also found that phosphorus concentrations were in a negative correlation with lactation period. ", "The measured phosphorus concentrations in MBM samples ranged within 84--300 mg/L with an average level of 156 ± 46.3 mg/L which was similar to Japan nursery mothers P levels with an average level of 150 ± 38 mg/L \\[[@B15]\\], Shanghai nursery mothers with a range of 139--163 mg/L phosphorus levels \\[[@B8]\\], and Swedish mothers with a range of 126--233 mg/L \\[[@B12]\\].", "\n\nPotassium is an intracellular cation \\[[@B11]\\]. ", "Average concentrations of potassium varied between 161 and 903 mg/L with a mean level of 488 ± 147 mg/L. Comparing our data with those of other studies in which MBM samples were gathered during lactation in, for example, Shanghai \\[[@B10]\\], Japan \\[[@B15]\\], and Sweden \\[[@B12]\\] shows similarity in concentrations of potassium.", "\n\nThere have been few reports about iron content in MBM \\[[@B5], [@B15], [@B17]\\]. ", "Iron is an essential element for ideal growth under the case of oxidative stress \\[[@B5]\\]. ", "Our mean data of iron was 1.65 ± 1.43 mg/L with levels that confirm the results reported in the literature \\[[@B5], [@B18]\\]. ", "The concentration of iron was found to be higher than the Uppsala mothers with median level of 0.31 mg/L \\[[@B9]\\], and American mothers living in South Texas with a mean level of 0.4 mg/L \\[[@B4]\\], and lower than in Croatian nursery mothers with a mean level of 3.3 mg/L \\[[@B5]\\].", "\n\nThe mission of essential elements in biological functions makes them especially significant for nutrition of infant. ", "It is noted that an infant is well protected so long as certain age by maternal homeostatic processes in the event of iron, copper, and zinc \\[[@B19]\\]. ", "Infants are born with an adequate supply of iron and copper in the liver, owing to low concentrations of these elements situated in MBM \\[[@B20]\\].", "\n\nZinc and copper are essential elements which support development and represent significant levels in MBM \\[[@B21]\\]. ", "We found that zinc levels were in the range of 0.45--15.8 mg/L with a mean level of 2.89 ± 3.23 mg/L. Assuming a daily intake of 750 mL, infants should obtain 2.16 mg of zinc per day. ", "This concentration is suitable daily intake for age of 0--6 months that is recommended \\[[@B22]\\]. ", "Zinc concentrations in MBM are regulated by the mammary glands \\[[@B23]\\]. ", "Reported average concentration of zinc in MBM was between 1.24 and 20 mg/L \\[[@B5], [@B10], [@B12], [@B17], [@B19]\\].", "\n\nIt is presumed that the transition of copper from blood to milk regulated transfer by the mammary gland epithelium \\[[@B19]\\]. ", "Consequently, there was not any correlation between the concentrations of copper in mother\\'s blood and milk which was expected \\[[@B19], [@B24]\\]. ", "The levels of copper in MBM in Croatia were 3.4 ± 0.7 mg/L. Our results of copper concentrations with a mean 0.54 ± 0.46 mg/L are lower than the reported study \\[[@B5]\\]. ", "Mohd-Taufek et al. ", "\\[[@B18]\\] reported a mean concentration of copper 0.22 ± 0.03 mg/L and also Yamawaki et al. ", "reported \\[[@B15]\\] similar copper concentrations with a mean level of 0.35 ± 0.21 mg/L. The results of the present study (range 0.08--2.01 mg/L) were very similar to those found by Almeida et al. ", "\\[[@B19]\\].", "\n\nBy detecting the concentrations of heavy metals (arsenic and lead) of MBM, we estimated that no influences from the maternal intake or environmental exposure to these elements by reason of the concentrations were below the detection limit. ", "This result may be because the Şanlıurfa province is away from the industry. ", "Compared with concentrations reported in the literature \\[[@B5], [@B19]\\] the arsenic and lead levels detected in this study were so much lower than most of the reported values.", "\n\nWe should be noted that MBM samples were obtained in one-time collection. ", "Next research needed the composition of MBM varying on a time to time basis. ", "Serial analyses of MBM samples in repeated times should address the concentrations of essential elements and heavy metals of Turkish mothers.", "\n\n4. ", "Conclusion {#sec4}\n=============\n\nIn brief, our results agree on the whole with previous reports about the essential element composition of maternal breast milk but it was clearly understood that there is a large standard variation in the composition of essential elements such as Ca, Fe, and Zn. ", "We confirmed that the composition of human milk is affected by various factors such as residing area and using copper equipment.", "\n\nIn conclusion, we found a significant correlation in MBM concentrations between nursery mothers from urban and suburban areas of Şanlıurfa. ", "More researches at multiple-time compositional studies are warranted to detect the concentrations for identifying appropriate interventions to ensure healthy growth and development of breastfed infants.", "\n\nConflicts of Interest\n=====================\n\nThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.", "\n\n###### \n\nData of nursery mother and the infants\\' status.", "\n\n Parameter Total number (*n*) Percentage (%) Min Max Mean ± SD\n ----------------------------- -------------------- ---------------- ----- ----- -------------\n Age of infant (day) 42 100.0 3 520 162 ± 139\n Age of mother (year) 42 100.0 17 44 28.3 ± 7.08\n Income rate \\< minimum wage 21 50.0      \n Income rate ≥ minimum wage 21 50.0      \n Residing in urban area 25 59.5      \n Residing in suburban area 17 40.4      \n Using copper equipment 13 31.0      \n Not using copper equipment 29 69.0      \n\n###### \n\nQuantification and detection limits.", "\n\n Element LOQ LOD Concentration range of standard solution\n ------------- ------ ------ ------------------------------------------\n Na (mg/L) 315 10.0 1--2000\n Mg (mg/L) 48.6 4.60 1--100\n P (mg/L) 562 35.0 10--1000\n K (mg/L) 1413 100 10--1000\n Ca (mg/L) 678 22.0 10--1000\n Fe (mg/L) 2.53 0.40 0.1--1000\n Cu (mg/L) 0.06 0.01 0.01--100\n Zn (mg/L) 1.81 0.20 0.1--100\n As (*µ*g/L) 0.04 0.01 0.1--100\n Pb (*µ*g/L) 0.04 0.01 0.1--100\n\n###### \n\nConcentration of essential elements and heavy metals of MBM samples.", "\n\n   Min Max Mean ± SD\n ---------------------- ------ ------ -------------\n *Essential elements*      \n Na (mg/L) 44.7 1703 330 ± 417\n Mg (mg/L) 12.7 85.9 32.6 ± 15.5\n P (mg/L) 84.0 300 156 ± 46.3\n K (mg/L) 161 903 488 ± 147\n Ca (mg/L) 90.0 276 193 ± 53.2\n Fe (mg/L) 0.45 5.11 1.65 ± 1.43\n Cu (mg/L) 0.08 2.02 0.54 ± 0.46\n Zn (mg/L) 0.45 15.8 2.89 ± 3.23\n *Heavy metals*      \n As (*µ*g/L) \\<1 \\<1 \\<1\n Pb (*µ*g/L) \\<1 \\<1 \\<1\n\n[^1]: Academic Editor: Xingxun Liu\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0, 0.008264462809917356, 0.006993006993006993, 0.024193548387096774, 0.011764705882352941, 0.015151515151515152, 0.010752688172043012, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0.018518518518518517, 0.012658227848101266, 0.012987012987012988, 0.008333333333333333, 0.002785515320334262, 0, 0, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0, 0, 0.006896551724137931, 0.0125, 0.018518518518518517, 0.005917159763313609, 0.04054054054054054, 0, 0, 0.006666666666666667, 0, 0.015267175572519083, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006493506493506494, 0, 0.05, 0.05, 0, 0, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0.02247191011235955, 0.014285714285714285, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0.017857142857142856, 0.005319148936170213, 0.0029411764705882353, 0.007575757575757576, 0.005291005291005291, 0, 0.006944444444444444, 0.015625, 0.018404907975460124, 0.006134969325153374, 0.013452914798206279, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0.017142857142857144, 0, 0, 0.08333333333333333, 0.009009009009009009, 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0, 0.008547008547008548, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0.013513513513513514, 0.01932367149758454, 0.007246376811594203, 0.013157894736842105, 0.01507537688442211, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0.010810810810810811, 0.0196078431372549, 0.012121212121212121, 0.03614457831325301, 0.010869565217391304, 0.015873015873015872, 0.014134275618374558, 0, 0.006535947712418301, 0.006802721088435374, 0.01680672268907563, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0.02666666666666667, 0.05128205128205128, 0.007751937984496124, 0.02027027027027027, 0.011695906432748537, 0.05263157894736842, 0.010752688172043012, 0.01015228426395939, 0.09090909090909091, 0.004132231404958678, 0, 0.011299435028248588, 0.013157894736842105, 0.012987012987012988, 0.0070921985815602835, 0, 0.003367003367003367, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0, 0, 0.0021598272138228943, 0.01794453507340946, 0.015492957746478873 ]

[ "Mark ZuckerbergFacebook CreatorEyes The Creation\n\n5/29/2012 11:10 AM PDT\n\nMark Zuckerberg -- Facebook Creator Eyes The Creation\n\nMark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan paid a visit to the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City over the weekend ... where they gazed at one of the most famous works of art in the history of the world -- The Creation of Adam, courtesy of Michelangelo." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.016216216216216217 ]

[ "Q:\n\nc#: why use DLLs?", "\n\ni'm working on a large c# project,i wonder why people use DLLs in their apps. ", "I know that a dll file ( please correct if i'm wrong) contains some functions, but why don't we put those functions inside our main c# app?", "\nThanks \n\nA:\n\nMost of it is summed up in the answer to this question, but the basic reasoning is \"so you don't have to duplicate code\".", "\n\nA:\n\nCode reuse. ", " Usually dll files contain functions that are useful in more than one app, and to have them in a single compiled file is a lot easier than copying over all that code.", "\n\nA:\n\nPortability, Reusability, Modularity.", "\nSplitting types and the like into separate assemblies allows you to reuse those types in different projects, maintain those types a modular fashion (e.g. update just one assembly instead of the whole app), and share parts of your code with others.", "\nIt also allows you to group common functionality into a single package.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0, 0, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Genetics of gamma-irradiation-induced mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana: large chromosomal deletions can be rescued through the fertilization of diploid eggs.", "\nDespite the demonstrated value of chromosomal deletions and deficiencies as tools in plant and animal genome research, in the genetic model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana, such mutations have not been extensively studied. ", "For example, it is not known whether large deletions in different regions of the genome can be tolerated in diploid plants that are heterozygous for such mutations. ", "Similarly the viability or inviability of monosomics has not been examined in detail. ", "To investigate these questions, we have used gamma-irradiated haploid wild-type pollen to pollinate diploid and tetraploid multimarker lines of Arabidopsis. ", "Examination of M1 progenies revealed that chromosome loss mutations and large deletions were induced in the irradiated pollen. ", "Such mutations were eliminated in diploid M1 plants due to dominant lethality but could be rescued in triploid M1 progeny. ", "The use of irradiated pollen and tetraploid marker lines of Arabidopsis is a convenient way of generating deletions and modified chromosomes and provides a genetic tool for deletion mapping and for analysis of chromosomal regions essential for chromosome maintenance." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.006329113924050633, 0, 0, 0, 0.012738853503184714, 0, 0, 0.003745318352059925 ]

[ "Upto 4% Discount On Apple Watch Sport 42 MM\n\nRs. ", "33590Rs. ", "34900\n\nYou can now get upto 4% discount on this Apple Watch 42MM Space grey Aluminum Black Sport. ", "It is now available in four finishes -space grey, silver, gold, rose gold. ", "Pick your favorite colored watch. ", "Hurry up! ", "Don’t miss the chance. ", "This is a limited offer. ", "Grab it today.", "\n\nApple has brought to you a watch that is 60 percent stronger than the standard aluminum, but lighter in weight. ", "It has designed watch in a way that reflects a range of tastes and styles. ", "What you put on says a lot about you. ", "You can make this watch even more personal to suit your occasion or mood by switching up bands, changing watch faces, adding watch accessories like Beats Powerbeats 2 Wireless Headphones, Apple Watch Magnetic Charging Dock, cable and other such accessories. ", "The light and tough Ion-X display makes it resistant to scratches and impact. ", "The durable fluoroelastomer Sport bands are available in stylish colors and are light, soft and flexible with pin-and-tuck closure. ", "This Apple watch comes in different bands like Milanese Loop, Classic Buckle and more to make it even more personal. ", "With the watch, you can instantly receive and respond to notifications, track your daily activity, control the music with your voice, make payments just like that. ", "Command Siri for anything, to check your schedule or for directions -just as the way you speak. ", "The workout app gives you detailed measurements during cycling, running or elliptical. ", "Everything at just a raise of your wrist away. ", "What else could you ask for?" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.02040816326530612, 0, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0, 0.007751937984496124, 0, 0, 0.008547008547008548, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "\n815 S.W.2d 942 (1991)\n306 Ark. 559\nWilliam L. DeWITT, Appellant,\nv.\nSTATE of Arkansas, Appellee.", "\nNo. ", "CR 91-96.", "\nSupreme Court of Arkansas.", "\nSeptember 30, 1991.", "\n*943 Paul J. Teufel, Jonesboro, for appellant.", "\nGil Dudley, Asst. ", "Atty. ", "Gen., Little Rock, for appellee.", "\nHAYS, Justice.", "\nIn this appeal from a rape/incest conviction, the appellant argues the trial court was without jurisdiction and the evidence was insufficient. ", "Neither point is persuasive.", "\nThe state filed an information charging appellant, William DeWitt, with two counts of rape and one count of incest. ", "Both rape counts alleged that appellant:\ndid on or before the 20th day of November 1988, engage in deviate sexual activity with another person who is less than fourteen years of age, with all acts occurring in Greene County, Arkansas.", "\nThe incest count alleged that appellant:\ndid on or before the 9th day of November 1989, being sixteen years or older, engage in deviate sexual activity with a person he knows to be a stepchild with all said acts occurring in Greene County, Arkansas.", "\nA jury trial resulted in appellant being convicted of all three counts with a sentence of thirty years on each count of rape and ten years on the count of incest. ", "The two thirty year sentences were ordered to run consecutively and the ten year sentence concurrently.", "\nAppellant first argues the trial court lacked jurisdiction to try the two rape counts, based on insufficient testimony indicating the exact location of the crimes.", "\nAppellant moved from Louisiana to Greene County, Arkansas, along with his wife and stepdaughter. ", "The record shows that from that time on appellant committed sexual criminal acts with the stepdaughter, who was twelve at the time of this move. ", "Appellant argues that the trial court was without jurisdiction to hear this case, relying on Ark.Code Ann. § ", "5-1-111 (1987) which provides:\nBurden of proof—Defenses and affirmative defenses—Presumption.", "\n(a) Except as provided in subsections (b), (c), and (d) of this section, no person may be convicted of an offense unless the following are proved beyond a reasonable doubt:\n(1) Each element of the offense;\n(2) Jurisdiction;\n(3) Venue; and\n(4) The commission of the offense within the time period specified in § 5-1-109.", "\n(b) The state is not required to prove jurisdiction or venue unless evidence is admitted that affirmatively shows that the court lacks jurisdiction or venue.", "\nWe have dealt with this issue before and have found that the requirement of proof of jurisdiction under § 5-l-lll(a) is tempered by subsection (b) of the same statute. ", "We responded recently to the same argument in Dix v. State, 290 Ark. 28, 715 S.W.2d 879 (1986):\nThe state need not prove jurisdiction however, \"unless evidence is admitted that affirmatively shows that the court lacks jurisdiction.\" § ", "5-1-111. ", "In Gardner v. State, 263 Ark. 739, 569 S.W.2d 74 (1978), cert, den., ", "440 U.S. 911 [99 S.Ct. ", "1224, 59 L.Ed.2d 460] (1979), we held that before the state is called upon *944 to offer any evidence on the question of jurisdiction, there must be positive evidence that the offense occurred outside the jurisdiction of the court.", "\nWe find in this case that there was not \"positive evidence\" that the crime occurred outside the jurisdiction of the state, and hence no error.", "\nAppellant cites testimony which he submits is \"positive evidence\" that the offense occurred outside the jurisdiction of Arkansas. ", "The most that can be said of that evidence is that while it may imply that the first offense occurred during the trip from Louisiana, and hence, before reaching Arkansas, the proof also established that the crime was repeated numerous times after the arrival in Arkansas. ", "The affirmative proof that jurisdiction in Arkansas is lacking is even weaker than in other cases where we found the evidence suggesting lack of jurisdiction to be insufficient. ", "See Dix v. State, supra; Richards v. State, 279 Ark. 219, 650 S.W.2d 566 (1983).", "\nSecondly, appellant argues the state failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the two counts of rape occurred before the victim was fourteen years of age.", "\nThe charge of rape was based on Ark. Code Ann. § ", "5-14-103 (1987):\n(a) A person commits rape if he engages in sexual intercourse or deviate sexual activity with another person:\n******\n(3) Who is less than fourteen years of age.", "\nAppellant argues the state failed to prove that he committed the two counts of rape when the victim was less than fourteen years old. ", "The argument is a claim that the state failed to prove an element of its case and therefore the information should be dismissed for lack of substantial evidence.", "\nThis is a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence and it has been waived. ", "In a jury trial, the defendant's failure to move for a directed verdict at the conclusion of evidence presented by the prosecution and at the close of the case constitutes a waiver of any question pertaining to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury verdict. ", "Ark.R.Crim.", "P. 36.21(b); Starling v. State, 301 Ark. 603, 786 S.W.2d 114 (1990). ", "Appellant made no directed verdict motions, either at the end of the state's case or the end of all the evidence.", "\nAFFIRMED.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.030927835051546393, 0, 0.1111111111111111, 0, 0, 0.02127659574468085, 0.05263157894736842, 0, 0, 0.06666666666666667, 0, 0, 0.008547008547008548, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Maple Woods Counseling\n\nMaple Woods Counseling\n\nCounseling for many people carries a negative meaning. ", "Students tend to look at counseling\nfrom a place of “I’m broken and I need you to fix me!” ", "Then, they imagine the cliché\nof a counselor sitting with their legs crossed, with them lying down on a couch, pouring\nout their feelings…and the counselor, channeling Dr. Phil, asks, “…And how is that\nworking out for you?”", "\n\nWe have comfortable chairs, aromatherapy, tissues, and candy! ", "And if you really want\nthe FULL experience, we can provide someone who’ll cross their legs and ask you, “…And\nhow is that working out for you?” ", "However, counseling is so much more than that!", "\nHere in the MCC-Maple Woods Counseling Center, we have created a safe place. ", "Everything\nthat you discuss is confidential. ", "Our promise to you is to address your needs in\na nonjudgmental, accepting and comforting manner. ", "We can help you meet your immediate\ncrisis or basic needs, but we can also help you be proactive about your future.", "\n\nOur goal here is not to fix you. ", "You are not broken. ", "We are, however, here to reach\nout to you; to teach you different approaches; to empower you so that you will make\nbetter, smarter decisions; and to celebrate with you when you reach those milestones.", "\nGive us a moment of your time and we will give you a wealth of information that will\nbetter equip you to navigate this bumpy road called life." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0.004484304932735426, 0, 0, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "brave edition BR-13 Vehicon Strika\n\n$299.00 $199.00Save: 33% off\n\nStrika\nBeast Wars Returns BR-13 Vehicon Strika\nbrave edition BR-13 Vehicon Strika\nMany thanks to FantoFan for news about Toys R Us in Japan that has just released the third wave of Beast Wars Returns action figures. ", "These toys that exclusive to Toys R Us in Japan only, have been repainted to better match the true colors of the original cartoon. ", "Check out the images of wave 3 below courtesy of Fan to Fan:\n\nOur store provides the high quality Transfoermer Toys at lower prices. ", "You have always been dreaming to get the prestigious toys such as bumblebee, optimus prime,Megatron and sixshot. ", "Start your Toy shopping now!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.014184397163120567, 0, 0.007518796992481203, 0, 0 ]