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[ "The motor unit is the fundamental element of motor output and consists of a motoneuron and the muscle fibers that its axon innervates. ", "Muscle fiber twitches are normally 1-to-1 with motoneuron action potentials and thus the motor unit is a single functional entity. ", "Despite this, most studies, both experimental and simulation, tend to focus either on motoneurons or on muscle. ", "This separation of focus has sharply limited understanding of motor outflow in both normal and pathological states. ", "To bridge this gap, this proposal seeks to develop a highly realistic and thoroughly validated computer simulation of the set of motor units for a single muscle. ", "We focus on hindlimb extensors in the cat, for which the most complete experimental database is available. ", "The key issue limiting previous efforts at simulating motor units is the lack of understanding of the effects of neuromodulators on conversion of synaptic input to spiking outputs in motoneurons. ", "Systematic studies in our lab and many others have now identified these neuromodulator effects, and found them to be remarkably strong in influencing motoneuron excitability. ", "The most potent of all are serotonin (5HT) and norepinephrine (NE), which are released in the spinal cord by axons originating in the brainstem. ", "5HT and NE facilitate persistent inward currents (PICs) in the dendrites of motoneurons, which then amplify synaptic input by as much as 5-fold. ", "We have successfully developed an initial model of the motoneuron with PICs. ", "Moreover, we have successfully developed a good muscle model for representing muscle units. ", "In Aim 1 of the proposed work, these initial models are further developed, carefully validated against experimental data and expanded into the set of more the 200 members needed to accurately represent the full motor pool and muscle. ", "In Aim 2, we use the simulated pool/muscle to investigate the structure of motor outflow, focusing on how neuromodulatory inputs alter overall system gain as well as influence details like motoneuron firing patterns and noise fluctuations in force. ", "This model has great potential for use in a wide range of simulations of motor control, but simulations that involved multiple sets of neurons and multiple muscles require computational efficiency. ", "Thus in Aim 3, we investigate several different approaches for simplifying the full set of 100s of motor units to achieve great increases in computational speed. ", "Successful completion of these aims will provide a biologically realistic model of motor output that can be used in a wide range of computational studies of the neural control of movement. ", "These simulations can be used to generate deep insights into the structures of motor commands and to identify deficits in motor systems in disease states like spinal injury. ", "In the long term, we hope to develop a user interface to allow widespread use by the motor control community." ]

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[ "Hat szeméremsértőt vettek őrizetbe Floridában, köztük Gergátz Istvánt, Sarasota tiszteletbeli magyar konzulját, írja a Magyar Nemzet.", "\n\nFotó: Sarasota Magyar Tiszteletbeli Konzulátus / Facebook Gergátz István\n\nAz idős férfiakat civil nyomozók fogták el Sarasota egyik strandján a múlt héten. ", "A férfiak a nemi szervüket mutogatták és ajánlatokat tettek a fürdőzőknek a Casperson beachen. ", "A 71 éves Stephen Gergatzot, vagyis Gergátz Istvánt a többi őrizetbe vett férfival együtt 500 dolláros óvadék ellenében pénteken helyezték szabadlábra.", "\n\nA WFLA.com tudósítása szerint a kedden és pénteken lezajlott rendőri akcióban őrizetbe vettek közül volt, aki szexuális ajánlatot tett, volt, aki mindössze egy sörrel takarta el a férfiasságát, Gergátzot pedig egy függőágyban találták meg meztelenül.", "\n\nAz őrizetbe vett, 52–80 év közötti férfiakról fotót is közölt a MySuncoast.com. ", "A fotó alapján Stephen Gergatz azonos Gergátz Istvánnal, aki a tiszteletbeli magyar konzulok honlapján is szerepel.", "\n\nGergátz Istvánt 2012-ben nevezte ki és 2015 augusztusában iktatta be hivatalába Hende Csaba honvédelmi miniszter a floridai Venice Petőfi Magyar Klubházban. ", "A miniszter az amerikai magyaroknak szóló Lloyd magazinnak adott interjújában arra a kérdésre, hogy ismeri-e a tiszteletbeli konzult személyesen, azt válaszolta, hogy\n\nmost már igen, mert tegnap este ő fogadott a repülőtéren kedves feleségével. ", "Végtelenül szimpatikus házaspár, akik New Orleansban évtizedekig sokat tettek a magyarságért, és most, hogy átköltöztek Floridába, a magyarságot összetartó, segítő, önkéntes munkát kívánják folytatni itt is. ", "A magyar állam nagyon hálás az ő munkájukért, és elismerésül egyfajta hivatalos pecsétet is üt erre, akkor amikor a tiszteletbeli konzuli címert és pecsétet át fogjuk adni. ", "Nagy örömmel fogom ezt a feladatot végrehajtani.", "\n\nA nyugalmazott belgyógyász doktor Gergátz István Amerikában született, élt Ohióban, New Jersey-ben és Louisianában is. ", "1999-től New Orleansban volt tiszteletbeli konzul, hat éve költözött feleségével, Bika Juliannával együtt Floridába. ", "Az American Hungarian Journalnak adott 2012-es interjújában arról beszélt, a Katrina hurrikán után döntöttek úgy, hogy elköltöznek Louisianából, és bezárja az ottani konzulátust.", "\n\nAbban az évben már megkapta az új konzulátusra az engedélyt és a konzuli igazolványát is annak ellenére, hogy Florida államban már van egy másik magyar konzulátus is, Miamiban. ", "Arra a kérdésre, hogy mi lesz a feladata, azt válaszolta, hogy" ]

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[ "Quality control of multi-component, intact pharmaceutical tablets with three different near-infrared apparatuses.", "\nThe purpose of this study was to develop a robust and versatile near infrared (NIR) analysis protocol for the quality control of intact tablets containing two active pharmaceutical ingredients, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and caffeine, as well as three excipients. ", "Reference samples were prepared and a calibration model built for each apparatus. ", "All components of the formulation were characterized by transmission measurements with NIR spectroscopy (NIRS). ", "The study was performed with three different Fourier transform NIR apparatuses and chemometric models. ", "Calibration was carried out by the partial least squares regression method and a pre-processing technique to optimize the efficiency of the models. ", "High performance liquid chromatography was the reference method for obtaining active pharmaceutical ingredient concentration values used in model building. ", "It also served as a reference for chemometric model validation. ", "Eighteen samples were analyzed by chemometric modeling to predict each component's concentration. ", "Four out of five ingredients were quantified precisely with the three chemometric models developed. ", "ASA quantification uncertainty ranges were between 1.0 and 1.1%, and the average error was less than 5% for caffeine. ", "More than 99.9% of tablet content were analyzed and quantified. ", "The results show that a versatile in-line or at-line NIRS method, with three different chemometric models built from three different acquisition apparatuses, can be developed without sample preparation for pharmaceutical tablet quality control of existing products." ]

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[ "Vashian-e Nasir Tappeh\n\nVashian-e Nasir Tappeh (, also Romanized as Vāshīān-e Naşīr Tappeh; also known as Tappeh Vāshīān, Vāsheyān, Vāshyān, and Wāshiyan) is a village in Miyankuh-e Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Pol-e Dokhtar County, Lorestan Province, Iran. ", "At the 2006 census, its population was 378, in 83 families.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Towns and villages in Pol-e Dokhtar County" ]

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[ "Pulmonary function after complete unilateral phrenic nerve transection.", "\nThe status of pulmonary function following phrenic nerve transfer surgery is still largely unknown because of the high degree of variability in the accessory phrenic nerve that may be involved. ", "In the present study, pulmonary functions were assessed in patients before and after full-length phrenic nerve transfer surgery, in whom the phrenic nerve was severed at a location just before its entry into the diaphragm. ", "Fifteen patients (average age 27.4 years) with complete brachial plexus palsy underwent full-length phrenic nerve transfer. ", "The phrenic nerve was harvested from the thoracic cavity by means of video-assisted thoracic surgery and then transferred to the musculocutaneous nerve. ", "Postoperative pulmonary functions were retrospectively analyzed. ", "Patients underwent follow-up evaluation for 42 to 48 months; four patients were eventually lost to follow up. ", "Although no patient experienced pulmonary problems following the surgery, all sustained varying degrees of diaphragmatic paralysis and elevation (for 1-1.5 intercostal spaces) on the surgically treated side as seen on chest x-ray films. ", "Pulmonary functional parameters, including vital capacity, vital capacity in percentage of predicted values, residual volume, total lung capacity, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second, recovered to preoperative levels by 1 year postsurgery. ", "In contrast, the postoperative maximal inspiratory pressure value was significantly decreased compared with the predicted values (average decrease approximately 20%) in all of the patients, even at 4 years after the surgery. ", "In young patients with healthy lung function, unilateral phrenic nerve transection surgery can cause unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis and reduce the inspiration muscle force; however, most pulmonary function parameters gradually recover to preoperative levels within 1 year." ]

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[ "The Parts of Fruits and Veggies You're not Eating\n\nAre you making complete use of nutrition packed veggies and fruits? ", "If you are throwing away peel or stems, may be you are not. ", "Turns out, we throw away so many healthful pieces and parts.", "\n\n1\n\nParts of Fruits/Vegetables that you can Eat\n\nAre you making complete use of nutrition packed veggies and fruits? ", "If you are throwing away peel or stems, may be you are not. ", "Stem, for example, is the part that keeps the plant upright and moves nutrients from the roots to the parts of the plant. ", "Turns out, we throw away so many healthful pieces and parts.", "\n\nWatermelon Rind\n\nIf you are throwing that rind away, you are missing on some nutrition. ", "A study at the USDA's Agricultural Research Service found that the rind of the watermelon has an amino acid called L-Citrulline, which helps improve athletic performance, remove nitrogen from the blood and ease muscle soreness.", "\n\nOrange Peel\n\nOrange peel was known to have protective powers against heart disease and inflammation, owing to the presence of polymethoxylated flavones. ", "They have a cholesterol-lowering effect stronger than that of some prescription drugs.", "\n\nApple Peel\n\nNever throw apple peel away; it has an antioxidant called quercetin that provides benefits to the lungs and the brain. ", "Moreover, you get more fibre and vitamins than the flesh of the fruit when you consume its peel.", "\n\nBroccoli Stalks\n\nIf you throw away the broccoli stalks, you are missing out on essential vitamins and nutrients. ", "These are edible and nutritious and can be served along the rest of the broccoli crown. ", "Consume them only after you consult your doctor.", "\n\nSpinach Stalks\n\nBeet Greens\n\nAccording to The Complete Leafy Greens Cookbook, the beets, which we harvest for their roots were grown first for their leaves. ", "You get fibre, calcium, iron and other nutrients from beets. ", "You can have helpings of vitamins A and K from its greens.", "\n\nThough all possible measures have been taken to ensure accuracy, reliability, timeliness and authenticity of the information; Onlymyhealth assumes no liability for the same. ", "Using any information of this website is at the viewers’ risk.", "\nPlease be informed that we are not responsible for advice/tips given by any third party in form of comments on article pages . ", "If you have or suspect having any medical condition, kindly contact your professional health care provider." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat effect does changing the hub to night-time have?", "\n\nI discovered, mostly by accident, that you can switch from day to night at the hub by \n\n spinning the ship's wheel at the clock tower\n\nAside from the obvious of darkening the sky, what in-game effect does this have?", "\n\nA:\n\nSome characters are only available during the day and some are only available at night.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nConstructor list initialization of an empty vector\n\nWhich is the appropriate way (if any) to list initialize an empty vector on the class ctor assuming?:", "\nclass Temp {\n private:\n int vals;\n vector<int> A;\n public:\n Temp(int x);\n};\n\nAll of these seem to work, but is it even necessary to do #1 or #2, or is declaration enough?:", "\n1: Calling vector constructor explicitly\nTemp::Temp(int x):vals(x), A() { }\n2: Using vector list initialization within class ctor list initialization\nTemp::Temp(int x):vals(x), A{} { }\n3: Excluding from class ctor list initialization (declaration only)\nTemp::Temp(int x):vals(x) { }\nThere doesnt appear to be any value from including the vector member in the class ctor initialization list since its default constructor is called when we declare it and returns an empty vector.", "\n\nA:\n\nWhich is the appropriate way (if any) to list initialize an empty vector on the class ctor assuming?", "\n\nThey are all valid.", "\nIt is mostly a matter of style. ", "If you do care about setting all class members in the constructor member initializer list explicitly, then you might include initialization of A for consistency, otherwise, std::vector default constructor is called automatically.", "\nUsually, only the members which require some kind of non-default initialization go to the member initializer list:\n\nBefore the compound statement that forms the function body of the\n constructor begins executing, initialization of all direct bases,\n virtual bases, and non-static data members is finished. ", "Member\n initializer list is the place where non-default initialization of\n these objects can be specified. ", "For members that cannot be\n default-initialized, such as members of reference and const-qualified\n types, member initializers must be specified. ", "No initialization is\n performed for anonymous unions or variant members that do not have a\n member initializer.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Send me email updates about messages I've received on the site and the latest news from The CafeMom Team.", "\nBy signing up, you certify that you are female and accept the Terms of Service and have read the\nPrivacy Policy.", "\n\nDo you follow health \"rules\" with your children as well?", "\n\nI'm just curious how far some of the health concerns in this group go.", "\n\nDo you do lots of research in regards to children's health as well?", "\n\nDo you follow \"rules\" in regards to their health, such as breastfeeding, delayed solids, avoiding chemicals in shampoos, soaps, cleaners, no soy, etc.?", "\n\nHow do you handle situations in which your children would be exposed to foods you'd prefer for them not to eat, such as eating at a schoolmate's house or being taken out for \"fast food\" by a friend's parent?", "\n\nI'm just curious how far some of the health concerns in this group go.", "\n\nDo you do lots of research in regards to children's health as well? ", "I did when it came to vaccines\n\nDo you follow \"rules\" in regards to their health, such as breastfeeding, delayed solids, avoiding chemicals in shampoos, soaps, cleaners, no soy, etc.? ", "I breastfed for 2 months, but then lost my milk. ", "I started solids at about 4 months. ", "I have never heard anythinga bout the shampoo stuff. ", "I do use some natural cleaners, but I also like my all purpse bleach cleaner\n\nHow do you handle situations in which your children would be exposed to foods you'd prefer for them not to eat, such as eating at a schoolmate's house or being taken out for \"fast food\" by a friend's parent? ", "i havent had to deal with this yet, my daughter never goes anywhere but with me\n\nI am a health nut when it comes to my children. ", "I was called a control freak by a friend when my daughter was young. ", "I not only nursed my children but pumped for my friends children. ", "I watch for chemicals in my children's soaps and products.", "\n\nI have no problem telling people that my children is not allowed to have certain things. ", "Most are very understanding.", "\n\nWell my friend adopted her son. ", "She wanted to nurse but couldn't. ", "Our babies were 3 weeks apart. ", "I learned what I could about producing milk. ", "I trained my body to produce the right amount of extra milk once a day. ", "So just that one time a day my milk came in twice as much. ", "Anyone can do it, just need to learn how.cc\n\nQuoting smurfy88:\n\nwow that is different, I have never heard of someone that pumped for other peoples kids. ", "You must of produced a lot of milk.", "\n\nWell my friend adopted her son. ", "She wanted to nurse but couldn't. ", "Our babies were 3 weeks apart. ", "I learned what I could about producing milk. ", "I trained my body to produce the right amount of extra milk once a day. ", "So just that one time a day my milk came in twice as much. ", "Anyone can do it, just need to learn how.cc\n\nQuoting smurfy88:\n\nwow that is different, I have never heard of someone that pumped for other peoples kids. ", "You must of produced a lot of milk.", "\n\nThankfully my children are young so they have yet to be somewhere with out Mike or myself and both of our parents are on board with our vegan life 100% so I don't have any worries about that.", "\n\nAs far as everything else you mentioned yes for the most part we follow the \"rules\". ", "We do whatever works for our family at the time. ", "Both kids were different so we just kind of tried to go with the flow.", "\n\nMostly, I don't have to anymore. ", "The people that I allow to watch my kids are good enough friends to know our wishes just by being around us. ", "My kids are old enough to tell them as well. ", "Like my kids don't drink soda. ", "Even if they were served one they wouldn't drink it because they think it is gross.", "\n\nOne thing I did at the school is have a natural nutritionist come into the school and talk to the parents. ", "She talked about bromide in breads, sodas, junk and much more and how it harms our children. ", "It got many of the parents on board and now some of the mom's are raising free range organic chickens and selling eggs to each other.", "\n\nShe also talked about Pottengers cats. ", "The study was interesting. ", "If you don't understand the point of the study then you think it is about meat. ", "It really is about what happens to us when we eat processed foods. ", "Not really about raw foods. ", "People are wondering why kids have asthma, nut allergies, and health issues that were almost non exisitant 100 years ago. ", "This book is an example of how bad food effects generations of people.", "\n\nIf there is a question I provide a snack. ", "Sometimes I don't mind them having a treat if I know what it will be. ", "I just don't want that junk going in their bodies on a regular basis. ", "Quoting RanaAurora:\n\nYou can work to up your supply easily with the right info. ", "Rebecca, that's amazing and a wonderful gift for your friend's children.", "\n\nThankfully my children are young so they have yet to be somewhere with out Mike or myself and both of our parents are on board with our vegan life 100% so I don't have any worries about that.", "\n\nThat's great. ", "I hear so many horror stories about relatives not supporting veg*ism. ", "I'm fortunate enough to live nowhere near the in-laws who we'd have to constantly battle about diets.", "\n\nMy mom on the other hand, has made some great changes for their own diet and we constantly share info.", "\n\nRowan is getting big enough that he's got kindergarten friends and whatnot, and will start spending time at some of their houses. ", "It bugs me to think about the stuff they might feed him. ", "After all, we avoid HFCS like the plague (that it is), but I know plenty of other people don't bother.", "\n\nSend me email updates about messages I've received on the site and the latest news from The CafeMom Team.", "\nBy signing up, you certify that you are female and accept the Terms of Service and have read the\nPrivacy Policy." ]

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[ "Low latency is necessary to provide a positive user experience for Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Push-to-transmit over Cellular (PoC) and videophone application based services. ", "According to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), an intra-regional VoIP call, for example, a call within Africa, Europe, North America, etc., ", "should experience single direction latency on the order of 150 msec. ", "An inter-regional VoIP call should experience single direction latency on the order of 200-300 msec.", "\nHybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) is known generally. ", "EGPRS currently existing within GSM enables HARQ by periodic polling. ", "The polling mechanism, however, is a fundamental cause of latency. ", "In section 10 of the GERAN Evolution Feasibility Study 45.912, ACK/NACK messages are enabled either through polling and/or continuous bi-directional data flow. ", "Thus where there is no continuous bi-directional data flow, low latency can only be guaranteed by continuous polling. ", "However, continuous polling is spectrally inefficient and does not allow seamless interoperability with legacy mobile stations. ", "Currently, wireless communication network operators must disable HARQ completely or operate HARQ in a spectrally inefficient manner to support low latency applications such as voice over IP or real time video streaming.", "\nFor a mobile to mobile VoIP call, existing EGPRS protocols with Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) have latency on the order of 420 msec for each uplink or downlink. ", "This latency exceeds the 200-300 msec latency for an inter-regional VoIP call and is well beyond the 150 msec latency for an intra-regional VoIP call.", "\nThe various aspects, features and advantages of the disclosure will become more fully apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon careful consideration of the following Detailed Description and the accompanying drawings described below. ", "The drawings may have been simplified for clarity and are not necessarily drawn to scale." ]

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[ "Stay on Top of Enterprise Technology Trends Get updates impacting your industry from our GigaOm Research Community\n\nAs the saying goes, “The road to hell is paved with good intentions.” ", "And so it has been with municipal Wi-Fi. ", "While the goal of providing free access to citizens is a noble one, muni W-Fi proponents have misunderstood how the Internet is used in public spaces, primarily by assuming that people who can afford laptops are somehow unable to afford Internet access.", "\n\nThe majority of us have the means to pay for mobile voice and data service, especially now that companies like Metro PCS offer cheap, unlimited plans. ", "However, there is a large population of people who can’t pay rent, much less afford a MacBook or a BlackBerry loaded with all the extras. ", "Perhaps a better solution is to update the concept of lifeline coverage to make it universal and automatic.", "\n\nIt seems reasonable to me to require mobile operators — as a condition for siting cell towers throughout a community — to provide basic service to users who can’t afford it. ", "What might this wireless “lifeline” service look like?", "\n\n24×7 access to emergency and social services (911, 311, local agencies)\n\n15 minutes per day of voice calls\n\nBasic data service, downgraded when the network is in demand from paying users\n\nAbility to upgrade to paid plans\n\nPaid plans that go delinquent or to zero balance are automatically downgraded to “lifeline” phones with limited service\n\nAbility to re-use second-hand phones\n\nIn exchange for supporting the concept of universal service, the mobile operators would receive permission to build more cell towers, tax credits and other incentives to add incremental capacity. ", "They’re already building out networks, so the cost of supporting a population of low-impact users should be minimal, especially since they can ration service to non-paying users during peak periods. ", "Many of these people will also upgrade to paid plans when they can afford it.", "\n\nIt seems to me that the proponents of muni Wi-Fi tried to solve a problem that didn’t really exist. ", "Anyone who can afford a laptop can generally afford a cheap DSL or cable connection, or can find a hotspot when they need to get online. ", "Extending broadband Internet to an entire city might be great for road warriors, but for the average person, it’s a solution looking for a problem. ", "The real problem is economics, not access, and that’s something a public-private partnership between cities and mobile operators can solve, and quickly, because it’s not necessary to build an entirely new network to support these users. ", "It might not be necessary to build any new infrastructure if mobile operators can figure out how to ration service during periods of high demand from paying users.", "\n\nMost of us who read this site take communication for granted, and frankly, have a warped view of what people outside the tech industry need. ", "Talk to a tradesperson or someone who falls under the category of the “working poor” and you’ll get a much different view of what’s important (things like an affordable place to live, basic services, the means to find work and get things done). ", "A cheap or free mobile phone can mean the difference between finding work and not, especially for transient populations (unfortunately a growing population thanks to the recession and mortgage crisis).", "\n\nA well-designed wireless lifeline service could be developed at little cost to either a city or to mobile operators, yet would enable even the poorest of the poor to have the same access to information, services and jobs that the rest of us take for granted. ", "If it works here, the model could be copied everywhere, especially in developing countries where the gap between the haves and have-nots is even more pronounced.", "\n\nBrian McConnell is the founder of the Worldwide Lexicon project and Der Mundo." ]

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[ "Pathogenesis of colorectal cancer.", "\nThe development of colorectal cancer has been viewed as an ordered process in which three main phases can be identified: initiation, promotion and progression. ", "There is definite proof that stable alterations of the structure or sequence of DNA (mutations) represent the initiating event; these are followed by an uncontrolled expansion of the neoplastic clones which characterizes tumoural growth. ", "Several classes of genes have been identified foncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and \"mutator\" genes) the alterations of which are important in the initiation as well as in the promotion and progression of tumours. ", "Colorectal cancer, therefore, results from a series of genetic changes which lead to the progressive and irreversible loss of normal control of cell growth and differentiation. ", "Available evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that there are several molecular pathways underlying the passage from normal mucosa to colorectal carcinoma, thus explaining the existence of intestinal tumours with a different biological nature, which may represent specific targets for prevention and cure. ", "Well-defined molecular pathways have been identified for: A) sporadic colorectal cancer (\"Loss of heterozygosity pathway\"); B) familial adenomatous polyposis and related polyposis syndromes; C) hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (\"mutator genes/microsatellite instability pathway\"); D) cancer developing in inflammatory bowel diseases; E) familial colorectal cancer. ", "Thus, there is consistent and considerable evidence suggesting the existence of several biological pathways leading to the same phenotypical expression (i.e., colorectal cancer), and it is likely that additional pathways will be clarified in the future. ", "From a practical point of view, tumours with a diverse biology might offer different and more effective preventive and curative approaches." ]

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[ "Tomorrow is the last day to apply for City Boards and Committees. ", "Below is a link to information on the boards and committees with vacancies and the application process. ", "If you have any questions, please contact the City Secretary's Office at 764-3500, for more information.", "\n\nThis is reminder that tomorrow is Election Day. ", "There are both City of College Station City Council and CSISD School Board seats on the ballot tomorrow. ", "For more information on voting and polling locations as well as required voter identification, please visit, www.brazosvotes.org or call the City of College Station's City Secretary's Office at 764-3500. ", "The city's election webpage can be found here: http://www.cstx.gov/elections.", "\n\nCity Council Workshop and Regular Meeting this week, Nov. 9\n\nThe City Council will meet this week on Thursday Nov. 9 at 5:00 pm for the Workshop and 7:00 pm for the Regular Meeting. ", "Below are links to the agendas for the workshop and the regular meeting.", "\n\nMake plans to attend the next Seminar Supper and hear about Landscape Strategies for Success with Charla Anthony! ", "Get your yard looking good and keep it that way with proven practices. ", "Brazos County horticulturist, Charla Anthony offers tips and advice from 16 years of experience in fielding questions about Brazos County yards! ", "The Seminar Supper will be held on Monday Nov. 13 at 6:00 pm in the Council Chambers in City Hall.", "\n\nIf you plan to attend, please confirm attendance by sending an email letting me know you plan to attend and if others will be attending with you. ", "The last day to RSVP is by 5:00 pm on Friday Nov. 10.", "\n\nBelow is important information and dates on upcoming events and meetings. ", "Please feel free to pass along to neighbors and friends that maybe interested in attending. ", "If you have questions or need more information, please call or email.", "\n\nEarly Voting ends Fri. ", "Nov. 3\n\nEarly voting ends on Nov.3. ", "For more information on early voting polling locations and required voter identification, please visit, www.brazosvotes.org or call the City of College Station's City Secretary's Office at 764-3500. ", "The city's election webpage can be found here: http://www.cstx.gov/elections.", "\n\nNo Planning and Zoning Commission Meeting this week\n\nThere will be no P&Z Meeting this Thursday. ", "The next P&Z Meeting will be Nov. 16, with the Workshop beginning at 6:00 pm and the Regular Meeting at 7:00 pm. ", "The next City Council Meeting will be Nov. 9 with the Workshop beginning at 6:00 pm and the Regular Meeting at 7:00 pm. ", "Agendas for these meetings have not been posted. ", "As soon as they are posted, I will send them out.", "\n\nMake plans to attend the next Seminar Supper and hear about Landscape Strategies for Success with Charla Anthony! ", "Get your yard looking good and keep it that way with proven practices. ", "Brazos County horticulturist, Charla Anthony offers tips and advice from 16 years of experience in fielding questions about Brazos County yards! ", "The Seminar Supper will be held on Monday Nov. 13 at 6:00 pm in the Council Chambers in City Hall.", "\n\nIf you plan to attend, please confirm attendance by sending an email letting me know you plan to attend and if others will be attending with you. ", "The last day to RSVP is by noon on Nov. 13.", "\n\nThe workshop begins at 4:30 pm and the Regular Meeting begins at 7:00 pm. ", "Below are link to the agendas for both the Workshop and Regular Meetings. ", "If you have questions about agenda items, please contact the City Secretary's Office at 764-3500." ]

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[ "Tasty. ", "Healthy. ", "Sweet!", "\n\nPacked with vitamins, minerals and fiber, the more often you eat sweet potatoes, the better you’ll feel. ", "Along with their delicious sweetness and mild flavor, sweet potatoes are chock full of nutrients.", "\n\nSince 1971, North Carolina is the #1 sweet potato producing state in the United States. ", "Home to over 400 sweet potato growers, the state’s hot, moist climate and rich, fertile soil are ideal for cultivating sweet potatoes, averaging at nearly 60% of the U.S. supply.", "\n\nSweet Features\n\nThe North Carolina SweetPotato Commission is committed to supporting its growers and increasing sweet potato consumption through education, promotional activities, research and honorable horticultural practices among its producers." ]

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[ "On Thursday night, Cliff Harris, a man growing increasingly accustomed to bizarre and frightening occurrences, was sitting at home in Devon watching his daughter Alex tell the 10 o'clock news how she used a radiator pipe, a spoon and an alphabet code to communicate with her friends and keep herself going in a freezing Murmansk jail.", "\n\nIt was not, he says with a degree of bemused understatement, something he ever expected to see. ", "But then again, there is not much about the past nine weeks that either the 63-year-old agronomist or his 27-year-old daughter could have predicted in a trip that saw a \"real Devon country girl\" turned into the public face of Greenpeace's Arctic 30 campaign.", "\n\nWhen the family said goodbye to Harris in Norway in early September, all they were expecting was for the Greenpeace digital communications officer to have a little adventure and see the beauty of the Arctic for herself. \"", "They were just going to highlight the dangers of oil drilling in the Arctic,\" her father told the Guardian. \"", "It was quite a shock when we saw the footage of the Russians boarding the ship.\"", "\n\nJust before she left, she had sent an email to Becky Mercer and some of her other university friends. \"", "It's possible that we could be arrested,\" it said. \"", "But it's a pretty low possibility. ", "If you hear protesters have been arrested, that's not me. ", "But if you hear that the crew have been arrested, then panic. ", "LOL.\"", "\n\nBut news of her arrest in mid-September and the Russian authorities' subsequent decision to charge the 28 activists and two freelance journalists with piracy, and then with hooliganism, did not prompt much laughter.", "\n\nAccording to her father, although Harris cares deeply about the environment, she could hardly be described as a direct activist. \"", "When she was a young child, if ever there was a documentary or any news items about animals losing their habitat or facing extinction, she would watch it and you could see she was concerned about what she was hearing and seeing,\" he said.", "\n\nGraduating with a marketing degree from Bournemouth university, Harris worked in Abu Dhabi for a year before taking a few months off to travel. ", "On a visit to the Amazon she saw what oil spillages could do to an ecosystem. ", "She has lived in Australia for the past four years and worked for Greenpeace for the last two.", "\n\nDespite the fact that six Britons – including video journalist Kieron Bryan – remain in St Petersburg on bail, much of the attention has focused on Harris. ", "In a letter her parents shared with the Guardian in October she detailed her struggle to deal with life in an Arctic jail. \"", "Being in prison is like slowly dying,\" she wrote, in a letter that put her at the heart of the campaign to free those held. \"", "You literally wish your life away and mark off the days.\"", "\n\nAppearing in court for appeals first in Murmansk, and then St Petersburg, the Greenpeace activists could be divided into two groups: those who put a brave face on it – and in some cases even seemed to believe that if their incarceration was raising awareness about Arctic drilling, it was perhaps even worth it – and those who looked completely shocked and overwhelmed by the experience.", "\n\nHarris fitted into the latter category. ", "During her first hearing in Murmansk, her voice was choked with emotion as she recalled how she had asked for doctors to attend to her stomach pains but been ignored. ", "At the second hearing, the stern judge who had been doing a passable impression of Anne Robinson for much of the hearing appeared visibly troubled by Harris's emotional plea to be set free.", "She told the translator to tell Harris to \"be calm\", and asked if she would like a break in proceedings to compose herself.", "\n\nBut those who know Harris insist the appearances do not quite give the full measure of her. ", "Ben Stewart, who is co-ordinating Greenpeace's campaign to get the Arctic 30 home, said: \"She said she never realised herself how strong she was and she had got a lot – in her words – 'stronger and wiser' in jail because of the level of adversity that she was facing.\"", "\n\nKieron Bryan, who met Harris for the first time as they boarded the Arctic Sunrise only to discover that they had grown up a few miles from each other in North Devon, says she was obviously delighted to be part of the Greenpeace campaign. \"", "I saw a picture of her in court looking so upset and that was really moving and really hard to take,\" he says, \"but I kind of expected her to stay strong.\"", "\n\nBryan knows that the Arctic 30 episode raises questions about the dangers of protesting in Russia. ", "Although there are serious discussions to be had when everyone is safely home, he believes no one could have predicted the overwhelming scale of the Russian response. \"", "I wouldn't have joined the ship if I didn't feel safe with the organisation because they're an internationally recognised environmental group,\" he says. \"", "This is not some fly-by-night organisation who haven't done these things before,\" he says.", "\n\nStewart says Greenpeace is satisfied that it carried out the correct risk assessments based on the evidence it had but stresses that the group is going to hold \"a really, really thorough debrief\" when it's all over, adding: \"It would be utterly negligent if we didn't.\"", "\n\nFor as long as the Arctic 30 remain on bail in Russia, though, Alex Harris seems destined to remain the enduring face of a situation she had previously only dared joke about. \"", "She's not one of those people that wants to be the centre of attention,\" says Becky Mercer. \"", "But if it keeps their plight and the plight of the Arctic in the press, I think she would be happy to do it.\"" ]

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[ "nator of 89/144 and 11/24.", "\n144\nCalculate the common denominator of 65/118 and 51/11.", "\n1298\nCalculate the common denominator of -65/8 and -109/1488.", "\n1488\nCalculate the common denominator of -35/1984 and 151/558.", "\n17856\nFind the common denominator of -67/28 and 9/32.", "\n224\nFind the common denominator of -3/8 and -59/12.", "\n24\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 2084 and 12?", "\n6252\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 658 and 14.", "\n658\nFind the common denominator of -22/69 and 83/510.", "\n11730\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 9330 and 66?", "\n102630\nCalculate the least common multiple of 22 and 180.", "\n1980\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 6 and 1734.", "\n1734\nCalculate the least common multiple of 160 and 1920.", "\n1920\nFind the common denominator of -79/468 and -109/1872.", "\n1872\nWhat is the common denominator of -107/6486 and 79/230?", "\n32430\nFind the common denominator of 57/8533 and 45/7.", "\n8533\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 238 and 187?", "\n2618\nWhat is the least common multiple of 358 and 2?", "\n358\nWhat is the common denominator of 81/14 and 13/12?", "\n84\nCalculate the least common multiple of 1134 and 7938.", "\n7938\nCalculate the common denominator of 133/60 and 47/42.", "\n420\nFind the common denominator of 5/476 and -5/136.", "\n952\nFind the common denominator of 1/304 and 89/22.", "\n3344\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 4 and 352.", "\n352\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 3 and 45.", "\n45\nWhat is the common denominator of 5/8 and 1/96?", "\n96\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 3100 and 1550.", "\n3100\nCalculate the least common multiple of 135 and 4380.", "\n39420\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 150 and 54.", "\n1350\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 22 and 77?", "\n154\nCalculate the least common multiple of 92 and 644.", "\n644\nFind the common denominator of 155/66 and 7/44.", "\n132\nFind the common denominator of 173/84 and 51/1106.", "\n6636\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 528 and 1408.", "\n4224\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 52 and 40.", "\n520\nFind the common denominator of 77/102 and 70/663.", "\n1326\nWhat is the common denominator of -57/2 and 58/275?", "\n550\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 28 and 126.", "\n252\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 16 and 10?", "\n80\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 16 and 7752?", "\n15504\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 145 and 290?", "\n290\nWhat is the least common multiple of 8 and 340?", "\n680\nCalculate the least common multiple of 200 and 30.", "\n600\nWhat is the least common multiple of 54 and 30?", "\n270\nCalculate the common denominator of -25/1274 and 101/910.", "\n6370\nFind the common denominator of -23/7752 and 53/8.", "\n7752\nCalculate the least common multiple of 258 and 4626.", "\n198918\nFind the common denominator of 61/14 and 47/242.", "\n1694\nCalculate the common denominator of -109/22 and -107/22.", "\n22\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 34 and 153.", "\n306\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 55 and 473?", "\n2365\nCalculate the common denominator of 74/897 and -72/1495.", "\n4485\nWhat is the least common multiple of 39 and 324?", "\n4212\nFind the common denominator of 27/11 and -25/6.", "\n66\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 150 and 10.", "\n150\nWhat is the least common multiple of 1233 and 959?", "\n8631\nFind the common denominator of -9/44 and -21/32.", "\n352\nWhat is the common denominator of -97/88 and 49/220?", "\n440\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 102 and 194?", "\n9894\nWhat is the common denominator of 91/16552 and 31?", "\n16552\nFind the common denominator of 119/1230 and 47/3.", "\n1230\nCalculate the common denominator of 79/4 and 30/26219.", "\n104876\nWhat is the common denominator of 83/20 and 139/18?", "\n180\nWhat is the common denominator of 79/2126 and 41/32?", "\n34016\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 9 and 6417?", "\n6417\nCalculate the least common multiple of 15 and 10.", "\n30\nFind the common denominator of 53/130 and 9/338.", "\n1690\nFind the common denominator of 83/98 and -19/168.", "\n1176\nFind the common denominator of 3/322 and 8/9.", "\n2898\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 105 and 40.", "\n840\nFind the common denominator of -5/72 and 67/56.", "\n504\nWhat is the common denominator of 97/10 and 97/108?", "\n540\nFind the common denominator of 111/70 and 77/10.", "\n70\nWhat is the common denominator of 38 and -40/1041?", "\n1041\nCalculate the least common multiple of 1590 and 583.", "\n17490\nWhat is the common denominator of -37/3 and 64/15?", "\n15\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 54 and 2.", "\n54\nFind the common denominator of -26/381 and 83/75.", "\n9525\nCalculate the common denominator of 3/2 and 121/10.", "\n10\nCalculate the least common multiple of 696 and 22.", "\n7656\nCalculate the least common multiple of 822 and 1507.", "\n9042\nCalculate the least common multiple of 510 and 396.", "\n33660\nWhat is the common denominator of 43/26340 and 79/22?", "\n289740\nWhat is the common denominator of -139/70 and -12/77?", "\n770\nWhat is the common denominator of -37/120 and 97/4092?", "\n40920\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 2057 and 1122.", "\n12342\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 165 and 33.", "\n165\nCalculate the common denominator of -38 and 68/20195.", "\n20195\nWhat is the common denominator of 3/110 and -17/1045?", "\n2090\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 3 and 69.", "\n69\nCalculate the common denominator of -77/20 and -111/1370.", "\n2740\nCalculate the least common multiple of 1467 and 11.", "\n16137\nCalculate the least common multiple of 9 and 105.", "\n315\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 176 and 8?", "\n176\nCalculate the common denominator of 48/13 and -27.", "\n13\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 108 and 2.", "\n108\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 18 and 882.", "\n882\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 735 and 135?", "\n6615\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 48 and 160?", "\n480\nFind the common denominator of -13/30 and -101/100.", "\n300\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 5698 and 370?", "\n28490\nCalculate the least common multiple of 9 and 5064.", "\n15192\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 168 and 231?", "\n1848\nWhat is the least common multiple of 7797 and 9?", "\n23391\nFind the common denominator of -61/48 and -41/42.", "\n336\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 882 and 54.", "\n2646\nCalculate the common denominator of 61/21452 and 55/6.", "\n64356\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 1431 and 24.", "\n11448\nCalculate the common denominator of -1/78 and 167/1092.", "\n1092\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 5 and 1071.", "\n5355\nWhat is the common denominator of 41/296 and 71/8?", "\n296\nCalculate the least common multiple of 528 and 330.", "\n2640\nFind the common denominator of -19/39 and -119/24.", "\n312\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 298 and 2533?", "\n5066\nWhat is the least common multiple of 9 and 6?", "\n18\nWhat is the common denominator of 53/4 and -31/1097?", "\n4388\nCalculate the common denominator of 41/18 and 87/1100.", "\n9900\nFind the common denominator of 19/3 and -41/26.", "\n78\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 3 and 27?", "\n27\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 20954 and 18?", "\n188586\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 95 and 76.", "\n380\nWhat is the common denominator of -67/160 and -93/80?", "\n160\nCalculate the least common multiple of 54 and 168.", "\n1512\nWhat is the common denominator of -61/590 and 58/85?", "\n10030\nWhat is the least common multiple of 297 and 231?", "\n2079\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 6 and 3116.", "\n9348\nFind the common denominator of -46/39 and 17/6.", "\n78\nFind the common denominator of -59/134 and -5/72.", "\n4824\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 8 and 44.", "\n88\nWhat is the common denominator of -113/66 and 77/10?", "\n330\nCalculate the least common multiple of 22 and 498.", "\n5478\nCalculate the common denominator of -37/57 and 97/12.", "\n228\nCalculate the least common multiple of 6 and 6136.", "\n18408\nWhat is the common denominator of -16/8211 and -34/115?", "\n41055\nCalculate the least common multiple of 11 and 202.", "\n2222\nFind the common denominator of -9/136 and 50/119.", "\n952\nCalculate the common denominator of -97/260 and -49/520.", "\n520\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 33 and 44?", "\n132\nFind the common denominator of 22/73 and 4/5.", "\n365\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 90 and 42.", "\n630\nWhat is the common denominator of -55/1806 and 5/966?", "\n41538\nCalculate the common denominator of 35/107 and -34/13.", "\n1391\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 50 and 20.", "\n100\nFind the common denominator of 83/704 and 13/192.", "\n2112\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 345 and 12.", "\n1380\nFind the common denominator of 109/290" ]

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[ "New Hampshire man admits starting fires in Yarmouth, York\n\nNews\n\nNew Hampshire man admits starting fires in Yarmouth, York\n\nTuesday, June 16, 2009\n\nPORTLAND — Everett S. Stickney of Exeter, N.H., pleaded guilty in federal court Tuesday to two counts of arson for fires that destroyed more than two dozen businesses in January at 500 Route 1 in Yarmouth and at a York office building.", "\n\nShare\n\nSponsor\n\nHe also pleaded guilty to a third count of possession of a firearm by a felon.", "\n\nStickney, 29, told U.S. District Court Judge D. Brock Hornby he understood the consequences of his guilty plea and said he started the fires on Jan. 2 and Jan 3.", "\n\nAccording to the judge, the penalties for the two arson charges include mandatory minimum imprisonment of five years and up to 20 years, and up to 10 years for the firearm possession charge. ", "Stickney could also face $250,000 in fines and, for the arson charges, could be responsible for twice the loss and restitution to the victims.", "\n\nThe fire in Yarmouth started about 8:40 p.m. on Jan. 2. ", "There were 26 businesses destroyed in the flames and damages were estimated between $2 million and $4 million.", "\n\nThe next day, a medical office less than a mile away at 60 Forest Falls Drive was broken into and about $100 was stolen. ", "According to court documents, police found a deposit bag from the 500 Route 1 office of Dr. Leigh Baker at the burglary site. ", "They also recovered a cigarette butt, a light bulb and a pry bar.", "\n\nAround 4 p.m. on Jan. 3, there was a burglary in Kennebunk at Wonderbrook Business Center, followed by an attempted burglary in York at a storage facility at 6:45 p.m. Stickney set another fire at 433 Route 1 in York at the Cottage Place Business Complex at about 8:15 p.m. and burglarized two offices. ", "Then, at about 9:30 p.m., another York commercial business, the Meadow Brook Offices, was burglarized.", "\n\nAccording to court documents, Stickney stayed at the Hilton Garden Inn in Freeport from Jan. 1 through Jan. 3 and could be traced to the vicinity of the arson and burglaries by using information associated with his cellular telephone.", "\n\nThe Yarmouth, York and Kennebunk police departments continued to investigate the arson and the burglaries through early March and worked with the U. S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives and the state fire marshal's office.", "\n\nStickney was arrested on March 15 in Portsmouth, N.H., when he was seen attempting to break into a storage area. ", "Police in New Hampshire arrested Stickney for nine other burglaries that day, and DNA testing of the cigarette butt found at 60 Forest Falls Drive connected him to the Yarmouth crimes.", "\n\nStickney, who was previously convicted of arson in 2000, was charged with possession of a firearm by a felon because he had a .45-caliber pistol when he was arrested.", "\n\nAccording to the prosecutor, Assistant U.S. Attorney Donald Clark, Stickney will be sentenced within the next three to four months after completion of a pre-sentence report by the U.S. Probation office. ", "The report will include Stickney's previous charges, employment history and substance abuse history.", "\n\n\"There is a fair amount of investigation yet regarding the amount of loss due to the businesses in Yarmouth and the facility itself,\" Clark said." ]

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[ "Stereotactic surgery on a female patient with severe chronic anorexia nervosa: 10-year follow-up.", "\nAnorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious disease with a high rate of chronification. ", "In chronic and serious cases, psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatments are not sufficient to control the disease. ", "We present the case of a female patient with severe chronic restrictive anorexia nervosa resistant to psychomedical treatment. ", "During the 31 years the illness evolved, the patient required multiple hospital admissions. ", "With a body mass index (BMI) of 12.8 kg/m2 and consequent risk of death, stereotactic cingulotomy was performed comprising bilateral blocking of the anterior cingulate cortex by stereotactic radiofrequency thermocoagulation, confirmed by tractography 5 years later. ", "After 10 years of follow-up, the patient is clinically stable with an increased BMI and improved neuropsychological indicators. ", "Stereotactic surgery may be an option for patients with chronic anorexia nervosa where conventional treatments have proved insufficient." ]

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[ "The epidemics of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections meet in individuals with parenteral exposure to blood, including injecting drug users (IDU) and persons with hemophilia, where rates of coinfection range from 60-90 percent. ", "Coinfected individuals have a significantly increased risk of progression to end-stage liver disease, though mechanisms by which HIV modifies the course of HCV are poorly understood. ", "It is paradoxical that HIV, an immunosuppressive state, leads to an accelerated progression of liver disease, and that HAART is associated with liver failure as well. ", "Our central hypothesis is that both peripheral and intrahepatic HCV-specific cellular immune responses are qualitatively and quantitatively different in patients coinfected with HIV compared with those with HCV monoinfection, and that this is not solely a function of the degree of immunosuppression. ", "Our goals are to determine whether coinfected individuals have an altered cellular immune response to HCV, to determine if immune reconstitution impacts HCV-specific cellular immunity, and if cellular immune responses to HCV are associated with improved outcome with anti-HCV therapy. ", "To address these hypotheses we are examining HCV-specific cellular immune responses in three groups: 1) individuals with HCV/HIV versus HCV alone, 2) individuals with HIV/HCV prior to HAART and during immune reconstitution, and 3) individuals with HIV/HCV who are entering a protocol of interferon-ribavirin therapy. ", "We are using ELISPOTS to characterize secretion of interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor alfa, and interleukin-10 at the single cell level in peripheral mononuclear cells and liver-infiltrating lymphocytes in these populations. ", "We are complementing these functional assays with flow cytometry to phenotypically characterize lymphocyte populations. ", "Determining alterations in cellular immune responses to HCV in individuals with HIV may help us to understand the pathophysiology underlying the accelerated progression of severe liver disease as well as help define subgroups of persons with HIV who may benefit from treatment of hepatitis C." ]

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[ "Pacific Gas and Electric Co. dismissed nearly all of state utility regulators' accusations of wrongdoing stemming from the 2010 San Bruno gas-pipeline explosion as an exercise in scapegoating, as the state opened a hearing Tuesday that could lead to hundreds of millions of dollars in fines against the company.", "\n\n\"It's human nature when bad things happen to look for someone to blame - and make no mistake about it, that is what this proceeding is all about,\" PG&E lawyer Joseph Malkin said in opening remarks before an administrative law judge in San Francisco, who will recommend whether the utility should be fined for the Sept. 9, 2010, explosion that killed eight people and destroyed 38 homes.", "\n\n\"While PG&E acknowledges that it is responsible for this terrible accident and its consequences,\" Malkin said, \"it does not agree that once that pipe was put in the ground in 1956 there was anything any operator would reasonably have done that would have prevented this tragedy. ", "Nor does PG&E agree that any of the alleged safety violations contributed in any way.\"", "\n\nThe administrative law judge, Mark Wetzell, will make determinations on the allegations and recommend action to the five-member Public Utilities Commission. ", "The panel will make the final decision on the size of any fine against PG&E.\n\nThe company is accused by state regulators of violating industry standards when it installed the San Bruno pipe. ", "PG&E failed to perform strength tests, used metal weaker than its own standards called for and held the pipe together with defective welds, the commission's staff said in a report.", "\n\nThe staff has also said PG&E's pipeline integrity management program, record keeping and emergency response the night of the blast violated the law. ", "In particular, the company was accused by regulators of failing to test the San Bruno line in recent years even after it twice boosted gas pressures above legal levels.", "\n\nPG&E has said its spiking was legal, posed no danger to the pipeline and had nothing to do with the blast. ", "It has suggested that it in fact did test the line, based on the recollection of one of its former workers.", "\n\nTony Earley, PG&E's chief executive officer, has recently said the company \"lost its way\" before he arrived in 2011, but the company's lawyer suggested otherwise. ", "Malkin said PG&E's only responsibility in the blast was unwittingly installing and operating a defective pipe.", "\n\nAttorneys for the cities of San Bruno and San Francisco, which are both participants in the hearing, said PG&E had been reckless in its pipeline operations.", "\n\nAustin Yang, a deputy city attorney for San Francisco, said the blast was the product of \"systemic and ongoing dysfunction at PG&E,\" while Steven Meyers, an attorney for San Bruno, accused the company of being \"grossly negligent.\"", "\n\nMalkin countered that most of the commission staff allegations involved PG&E actions that were consistent with industry standards. ", "In the few instances in which the company may have violated state law or regulations, he said, the actions had nothing to do with causing the disaster.", "\n\n\"PG&E does not claim that its past practices have been perfect,\" Malkin said. \"", "But the most serious of (commission staff) allegations are simply not true, and none of those shortcomings was responsible in any way for the San Bruno accident.\"" ]

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[ "//\n// AppDelegate.swift\n// Preview\n//\n// Created by Sam Soffes on 8/6/15.", "\n// Copyright (c) 2015 Sam Soffes. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n//\n\nimport Cocoa\n\n@NSApplicationMain\nclass AppDelegate: NSObject, NSApplicationDelegate {\n\n\n\n\tfunc applicationDidFinishLaunching(aNotification: NSNotification) {\n\t\t// Insert code here to initialize your application\n\t}\n\n\tfunc applicationWillTerminate(aNotification: NSNotification) {\n\t\t// Insert code here to tear down your application\n\t}\n\n\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Members of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) are calling for an African-American lawmaker to be granted the No. ", "1 or No. ", "2 spot in the House if Democrats win back the majority next week, setting up a potentially messy and dramatic leadership battle on the left.", "\n\nCBC Chairman Cedric Richmond Cedric Levon RichmondRep. ", "Bill Pascrell named chair of House oversight panel Rep. Cedric Richmond set to join House Ways and Means Committee Biden campaign ratchets up courting of Black voters, specifically Black men MORE (D-La.) is circulating a new “Dear Colleague” letter, which was obtained by The Hill and first reported by Politico on Thursday, making that position clear to fellow Democrats. ", "The jockeying is heating up ahead of the Democratic leadership elections that are scheduled for Nov. 28.", "\n\n“Over the past couple of weeks, several of our colleagues have respectfully shared letters of intent expressing interest in various House Democratic Caucus leadership positions,” Richmond wrote in the letter.", "\n\n“It is within that context that I’d like to reiterate that if there is any change in our top leadership positions the Democratic Members of the CBC endorse African-American representation in at least one of the two top positions of elected House Democratic Caucus leadership.”", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nSome Democratic sources are not interpreting the letter as a threat to directly challenge House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi Nancy PelosiPelosi: Trump hurrying to fill SCOTUS seat so he can repeal ObamaCare House lawmakers reach deal to avert shutdown Centrist Democrats 'strongly considering' discharge petition on GOP PPP bill MORE (D-Calif.) or Minority Whip Steny Hoyer Steny Hamilton HoyerOn The Money: Powell, Mnuchin stress limits of emergency loans | House seeks to salvage vote on spending bill | Economists tell lawmakers: Kill the virus to heal the economy House moves toward spending vote after bipartisan talks House Democrats mull delay on spending bill vote MORE (D-Md.), but instead taking it as indication that the CBC would only make a run if one of those spots became open, pointing to text in the letter that says, “if there is any change in our top leadership positions.”", "\n\nWhile the letter makes clear that the CBC would like one of their own at the very top, it does not explicitly endorse Rep. James Clyburn (S.C.), the No. ", "3 House Democrat, for the job.", "\n\nBut with growing calls for a younger and more diverse leadership, some frustrated rank-and-file have made the argument that Clyburn could make history by becoming the first black Speaker, while also serving as a “bridge” to the new generation.", "\n\nHowever, Pelosi and Hoyer are expected to run for Speaker and Majority Leader, respectively, if Democrats win back the House. ", "The pair, along with Clyburn, have held a firm grip on power for more than a decade.", "\n\nClyburn has made clear he also intends to stick around in the leadership ranks, but said he would only run for the Speaker’s gavel if Pelosi can’t secure the votes. ", "He has not indicated whether he’d be willing to directly challenge Hoyer, whom he challenged in 2010 for Democratic whip but dropped out after it became clear Clyburn didn't have enough support.", "\n\n“I applaud the efforts of our current leadership team that has worked tirelessly to push the party’s legislative agenda forward amidst the challenges we face daily,” Richmond said. “", "However, our celebration of diversity as a strategic imperative and strength of the Democratic party and the application of equitable value to the roles that CBC members play in our caucus’s effort remain inconsistent with the composition of our most powerful leadership roles.”", "\n\n“After 229 years as a Congress, we have never had an African American in either of the top two leadership positions,” he added. “", "It’s time we walk our talk and provide the transformational change our constituents are calling for.”", "\n\nThe letter could be an effort by the CBC, a powerful voting bloc in the Democratic caucus, to lay down a marker in the leadership battle and gain some leverage, potentially cutting a deal with Pelosi for majority leader.", "\n\nAnd Pelosi has sought to tamp down any potential challenge in recent days, promising to serve as a “transitional” Speaker and sending a subtle message to both Hoyer and Clyburn in the process: I'll be the bridge to the next generation.", "\n\nThe CBC did not return an immediate request for comment." ]

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[ "ATR activation necessary but not sufficient for p53 induction and apoptosis in hydroxyurea-hypersensitive myeloid leukemia cells.", "\nHydroxyurea (HU) is a competitive inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase that is used for the treatment of myeloproliferative disorders. ", "HU inhibits DNA replication and induces apoptosis in a cell type-dependent manner, yet the relevant pathways that mediate apoptosis in response to this agent are not well characterized. ", "In this study, we employed the human myeloid leukemia 1 (ML-1) cell line as a model to investigate the mechanisms of HU-induced apoptosis. ", "Exposure of ML-1 cells to HU caused rapid cell death that was accompanied by hallmark features of apoptosis, including membrane blebbing, phosphatidylserine translocation, and caspase activation. ", "HU-induced apoptosis required new protein synthesis, was induced by HU exposures as short as 15 min, and correlated with the accumulation of p53 and induction of the p53 target gene PUMA. ", "p53 induction in ML-1 cells was ATR dependent and downregulation of p53 through RNAi delayed HU-induced apoptosis. ", "HU did not induce p53 or induce apoptosis in Molt-3 leukemia cells, even though exposure to HU induced a comparable level of DNA damage and robustly activated the ATR pathway. ", "The microtubule inhibitor nocodazole suppressed HU-induced p53 accumulation in ML-1 cells suggesting that a microtubule-dependent event contributes to p53 induction and apoptosis in this cell line. ", "Our findings outline an HU-induced cell death pathway and suggest that activation of ATR is necessary, but not sufficient, for stabilization of p53 in response to DNA replication stress." ]

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[ "Pokemon Cards Fossil Unlimited Booster Packs\n\nPokemon Cards Fossil Unlimited Booster Packs\n\nThe Fossil Set, released in October, 1999 , Fossil was the second set to come out; it comes after the Jungle Set. ", "This set had only 64 cards. ", "Its symbol is the skeletal structure of an Aerodactyl's foot. ", "Definition, The name \"Aerodactyl\" is derived from the prefix \"aero-\", which means air (as in aeroplane), and pterodactyl, a prehistoric flying reptile, because Aerodactyl resembles one. ", "The term \"Pterodactyl\" is derived from the Greek words for \"wing finger\", which refer to this creature's fingered wings. ", "Aerodactyl's actual name meaning is \"air finger\". ", "Aerodactyl is known for being a fast attacker, so it is used by many strategical players. ", "Aerodactyl is an extinct Pokemon that had lived thousands of years ago and was brought back from a fossil. ", "In as much as it was fossilized, its rough skin became rock-hard and its wing muscles grew stronger due to overweight. ", "It uses its broad wings to glide through the skies. ", "Aerodactyl's skin is made of rock so that it can camflouge from its enemies as it wishes to attack." ]

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[ "\nTechnocrat.net - jwilliams\nhttp://technocrat.net/\n======\nrw\nWhat was this?", "\n\n~~~\nSingAlong\nEven I'm confused!", "\n\nThe linux.com article <http://www.linux.com/articles/6484> is dated _January\n04, 2001 (8:00:00 AM) - 7 years, 11 months ago_\n\nAnd in contrast the slashdot article\n[http://news.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=08%2F12%2F26%2F11262...](http://news.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=08%2F12%2F26%2F1126256&from=rss)\nis dated on Dec 26th 2008 (???)", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }

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[ "Check out our textbooks here: http://mykoreanstore.com\nTeacher Hyunwoo will address some of the most commonly asked questions by beginner Korean learners!! ", "If you’ve wondered why you thought “yes” was 네 but it sounds like 데, this video lesson will definitely help you understand the reason. ", "For more Korean lesson videos, please subscribe to our channel: http://bit.ly/1YjfNbA\nSubscribe to our newsletter to receive updates about our books and discount coupons! ", "http://eepurl.com/xaFFH\nIf you enjoyed watching this video, please check out our website for more Korean lessons at http://talktomeinkorean.com\nLearn how to read and write in Korean\nhttps://vimeo.com/ondemand/hangeul\nOur online bookstore\nhttp://mykoreanstore.com\nOther social media links\nhttp://twitter.com/ttmik\nhttp://instagram.com/ttmik\nhttp://facebook.com/talktomeinkorean\nTTMIK Teachers on Instagram\nKyeong-eun http://instagram.com/kyeongeunchoi\nKyung-hwa http://instagram.com/wittygirlhaeri\nSeokjin http://instagram.com/seokjin82\nJooyeon http://instagram.com/pillarlotus\nHyunwoo http://instagram.com/ever4one\n\nGuide\n\nA guide is a person who leads travelers or tourists through unknown or unfamiliar locations. ", "The term can also be applied to a person who leads others to more abstract goals such as knowledge or wisdom.", "\n\nTravel and recreation\n\nExplorers in the past venturing into territory unknown by their own people invariably hired guides. ", "Lewis and Clark hired Sacagawea to help them explore the American West, and Wilfred Thesiger hired guides in the deserts that he ventured into, such as Kuri on his journey to the Tibesti Mountains in 1938.", "\n\nTour guide\n\nTour guides lead visitors through tourist attractions and give information about the attractions' natural and cultural significance. ", "Often, they also act as interpreters for travellers who do not speak the local language. ", "Automated systems like audio tours are sometimes substituted for human tour guides. ", "Tour operators often hire guides to lead tourist groups.", "\n\nMountain guide\n\nMountain guides are those employed in mountaineering; these are not merely to show the way but stand in the position of professional climbers with an expert knowledge of rock and snowcraft, which they impart to the amateur, at the same time assuring the safety of the climbing party. ", "This professional class of guides arose in the middle of the 19th century when Alpine climbing became recognized as a sport.", "\n\nEmail marketing\n\nEmail marketing is directly marketing a commercial message to a group of people using email. ", "In its broadest sense, every email sent to a potential or current customer could be considered email marketing. ", "It usually involves using email to send ads, request business, or solicit sales or donations, and is meant to build loyalty, trust, or brand awareness. ", "Email marketing can be done to either sold lists or a current customer database. ", "Broadly, the term is usually used to refer to sending email messages with the purpose of enhancing the relationship of a merchant with its current or previous customers, to encourage customer loyalty and repeat business, acquiring new customers or convincing current customers to purchase something immediately, and adding advertisements to email messages sent by other companies to their customers.", "\n\nTypes of email marketing\n\nEmail marketing can be carried out through different types of emails:\n\nTransactional emails\n\nTransactional emails are usually triggered based on a customer’s action with a company. ", "To be qualified as transactional or relationship messages, these communications' primary purpose must be \"to facilitate, complete, or confirm a commercial transaction that the recipient has previously agreed to enter into with the sender\", along with a few other narrow definitions of transactional messaging. ", "Triggered transactional messages include dropped basket messages, password reset emails, purchase or order confirmation emails, order status emails, reorder emails and email receipts.", "\n\nCheck out our textbooks here: http://mykoreanstore.com\nTeacher Hyunwoo will address some of the most commonly asked questions by beginner Korean learners!! ", "If you’ve wondered why you thought “yes” was 네 but it sounds like 데, this video lesson will definitely help you understand the reason. ", "For more Korean lesson videos, please subscribe to our channel: http://bit.ly/1YjfNbA\nSubscribe to our newsletter to receive updates about our books and discount coupons! ", "http://eepurl.com/xaFFH\nIf you enjoyed watching this video, please check out our website for more Korean lessons at http://talktomeinkorean.com\nLearn how to read and write in Korean\nhttps://vimeo.com/ondemand/hangeul\nOur online bookstore\nhttp://mykoreanstore.com\nOther social media links\nhttp://twitter.com/ttmik\nhttp://instagram.com/ttmik\nhttp://facebook.com/talktomeinkorean\nTTMIK Teachers on Instagram\nKyeong-eun http://instagram.com/kyeongeunchoi\nKyung-hwa http://instagram.com/wittygirlhaeri\nSeokjin http://instagram.com/seokjin82\nJooyeon http://instagram.com/pillarlotus\nHyunwoo http://instagram.com/ever4one\n\nCheck out our textbooks here: http://mykoreanstore.com\nTeacher Hyunwoo will address some of the most commonly asked questions by beginner Korean learners!! ", "If you’ve wondered why you thought “yes” was 네 but it sounds like 데, this video lesson will definitely help you understand the reason. ", "For more Korean lesson videos, please subscribe to our channel: http://bit.ly/1YjfNbA\nSubscribe to our newsletter to receive updates about our books and discount coupons! ", "http://eepurl.com/xaFFH\nIf you enjoyed watching this video, please check out our website for more Korean lessons at http://talktomeinkorean.com\nLearn how to read and write in Korean\nhttps://vimeo.com/ondemand/hangeul\nOur online bookstore\nhttp://mykoreanstore.com\nOther social media links\nhttp://twitter.com/ttmik\nhttp://i...\n\nCheck out our textbooks here: http://mykoreanstore.com\nTeacher Hyunwoo will address some of the most commonly asked questions by beginner Korean learners!! ", "If...\n\nCheck out our textbooks here: http://mykoreanstore.com\nTeacher Hyunwoo will address some of the most commonly asked questions by beginner Korean learners!! ", "If you’ve wondered why you thought “yes” was 네 but it sounds like 데, this video lesson will definitely help you understand the reason. ", "For more Korean lesson videos, please subscribe to our channel: http://bit.ly/1YjfNbA\nSubscribe to our newsletter to receive updates about our books and discount coupons! ", "http://eepurl.com/xaFFH\nIf you enjoyed watching this video, please check out our website for more Korean lessons at http://talktomeinkorean.com\nLearn how to read and write in Korean\nhttps://vimeo.com/ondemand/hangeul\nOur online bookstore\nhttp://mykoreanstore.com\nOther social media links\nhttp://twitter.com/ttmik\nhttp://instagram.com/ttmik\nhttp://facebook.com/talktomeinkorean\nTTMIK Teachers on Instagram\nKyeong-eun http://instagram.com/kyeongeunchoi\nKyung-hwa http://instagram.com/wittygirlhaeri\nSeokjin http://instagram.com/seokjin82\nJooyeon http://instagram.com/pillarlotus\nHyunwoo http://instagram.com/ever4one\n\nCheck out our textbooks here: http://mykoreanstore.com\nTeacher Hyunwoo will address some of the most commonly asked questions by beginner Korean learners!! ", "If you’ve wondered why you thought “yes” was 네 but it sounds like 데, this video lesson will definitely help you understand the reason. ", "For more Korean lesson videos, please subscribe to our channel: http://bit.ly/1YjfNbA\nSubscribe to our newsletter to receive updates about our books and discount coupons! ", "http://eepurl.com/xaFFH\nIf you enjoyed watching this video, please check out our website for more Korean lessons at http://talktomeinkorean.com\nLearn how to read and write in Korean\nhttps://vimeo.com/ondemand/hangeul\nOur online bookstore\nhttp://mykoreanstore.com\nOther social media links\nhttp://twitter.com/ttmik\nhttp://instagram.com/ttmik\nhttp://facebook.com/talktomeinkorean\nTTMIK Teachers on Instagram\nKyeong-eun http://instagram.com/kyeongeunchoi\nKyung-hwa http://instagram.com/wittygirlhaeri\nSeokjin http://instagram.com/seokjin82\nJooyeon http://instagram.com/pillarlotus\nHyunwoo http://instagram.com/ever4one\n\nGoogle Analytics Tutorial for Beginners\n\nhttp://www.poweredbysearch.com/services/search-engine-optimization/\nDoes your business know how to take full advantage of Google Analytics?", "\nhttp://www.poweredbysearch.com/services/search-engine-optimization/ - visit here for more information!", "\nGoogle Analytics Tutorial\nAn in-depth Google Analytics Tutorial - In this video we explain everything you need to know to navigate and understand your Google Analytics account better to get insights on what's happening on your site.", "\nComment down below in case you have any queries and we will get back to you.", "\nBlog Post on The Google Analytics Explanation: http://www.poweredbysearch.com/google-analytics-tutorial/\nDon't forget to check out our Blog at: http://www.poweredbysearch.com/blog\nVideoTimeline:\nGoogle Analytics Introduction - 00:00 - 0...\n\npublished: 05 Feb 2014\n\n2016/2017 MUST-KNOW WEB DEVELOPMENT TECH - Watch this if you want to be a web developer\n\nWhat should you learn in 2016/2017? ", "This video gives you a complete roadmap!", "\nView the mindmap: https://coggle.it/diagram/Vz9LvW8byvN0I38x\nThe Docker Course!: ", "shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920051343.do\n\npublished: 04 Aug 2016\n\nHow To Make a WordPress Website\n\nGet biggest discount on hostgator: http://goo.gl/ypNeFB\nLearn how to create a website step by step with no step skipped. ", "Why make your website just ok, when you can have an extraordinary WordPress website? ", "This is the best I have ever done and I will show you how in under 3 hours.", "\nhttp://tyler.com/2015/create-a-wordpress-website-2015/\nDownloadTheme: https://s3.amazonaws.com/tesseracttheme/TESSERACT.zip\nDownload Images: https://s3.amazonaws.com/tylers/Content-2015.zip\nIntroduction\nIntroduction 00:00:00\nOverview & Costs 00:04:18\nGet Domain Name & Hosting\nGet Hosting & Domain Name 00:06:13\nGet 35% Discount enter THIRTYFIVE 00:09:15\nInstall WordPress 00:10:41\nCreate Your Website\nLogin To WordPress 00:14:52\nChangePassword 00:15:47\nUpdate WordPress 00:16:57\nUninstall Unnecessary Plu...\n\npublished: 24 Mar 2015\n\nHow To Make a WordPress Website - 2018 - In 24 Easy Steps\n\nLearn how to create a website in 24 easy steps. ", "Step by step with no step skipped. ", "With the new template system you will have the most professional website on the most popular platform (WordPress) in the entire world.", "\nLearn to get your domain name, hosting, install WordPress, create your website, make a logo and the best tips and tricks to make your website #1.", "\nI hope you love it as much as I do.", "\nVisitTyler's website for templates and more: http://www.tyler.com\nVisit Enmanuel Website For Help: http://icreateyoursite.com/\nTimestamps:\n1.) ", "Introduction - 00:00:00\n2.) ", "Get Domain Name & Hosting - 00:07:08 (use savecode on checkout)\n3.) ", "Install WordPress - 00:12:38\n4.) ", "Login To WordPress - 00:15:08\n5.) ", "ChangePassword - 00:16:00\n6.) ", "Delete Plugins - 00:16:23\n7.) ", "Change Permalin...\n\nIML Web Analyzer - JRock (Moving Average) Web Analyzer Strategy\n\nIMPORTANT WATCH THIS FIRST!! - ", "JRockStrategySetupVideo: https://youtu.be/ufLcKYSsh6s\nWritten Strategy Guide: http://imlwebanalyzer.com/files/JROCK%20MAWA%20Strategy.pdf\nDo you need more money? ", "Want to use the Web Analyzer?", "\nMessage \"web analyzer\" to https://m.me/stevenhooleyofficial\nTrading Disclaimer: Trading can contain substantial risk and is not suited for every investor. ", "An investor could potentially lose all or more than their initial investment. \"", "Risk capital\" is money that can be lost without jeopardizing ones financial security or life style. ", "Only \"risk capital\" should be used for trading and only those with sufficient risk capital should consider trading. ", "iMarketsLive is not a licensed financial adviser nor does it or give out financial advice. ", "The user of IML products and...\n\nFind your study zone with this music to boost your concentration, give you improved focus, better memory. ", "The Alpha BiNaural Beats make it easy to study for tests! ", "Ace your final exams! ", "Download: http://www.healing4happiness.com/downloads/study-music-one-with-alpha-waves-enhanced-learning/ https://geo.itunes.apple.com/us/album/study-music-one-with-alpha-waves-for-super-learning/id1197203106?i=1197203363&mt=1&app=music\nStudy Music One with Alpha Waves for SuperLearning\nWith proven results from our solo Alpha BiNaural Beats, I can assure you that with the dedicated study you will get higher grades. ", "Pure alpha binaural beats here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dME_uH9O3HM\nBest used while studying! ", "As the frequencies alter your concentration while listening.", "\n===► Get Ad-Free Study Music...\n\npublished: 25 Feb 2015\n\nHTML and CSS Tutorial for Beginners | The Ultimate guide to learning HTML and CSS\n\nHTML and CSS Tutorial for Beginners | The Ultimate guide to learning HTML and CSS\n----------\nI donot own this video. ", "It's so helpful so I reupload to share to more people!", "\n--------------\nhere isn't a web site out there-- whether it be WhiteHouse.gov, IBM.com or the site for your local high school-- that isn't written in HTML. ", "If you do any level of web development-- from editing pages on a Wordpress site to designing original pages from scratch, understanding and being able to code in HTML and CSS can give you a level of control, and power over your designs that you've never experienced before. ", "This course helps you learn HTML and CSS (versions 4.01 and XHTML) as well as prepares you for the future with coverage of HTML5.", "\nIn this HTML and CSS course/tutorial for beginners, designed, auth...\n\npublished: 30 Jul 2015\n\nSketchUp Tutorial - 1 - Beginner SketchUp Tutorial\n\nSketchUp tutorial series for beginners.", "\nSketchUp HeroCourse $10 Promo Price ►http://bit.ly/sketchupforten\nThis course will teach you the basics of SketchUp. ", "The SketchUp Hero course will teach you advanced techniques to make you an expert.", "\nDay 2 Tutorial ► https://www.wildacademy.com/tutorials/circles-and-arcs-in-sketchup\nSubscribe to WildAcademy on YouTube ► http://goo.gl/ehHwIm\nWe will also discuss 3D modeling and the 3D modeling and design industry. ", "You will also get incredible advice on how to find jobs and clients as a SketchUp user. ", "This comprehensive course would normally be thousands of dollars to take somewhere. ", "It's absolutely free. ", "So please share it. ", "SketchUp is a free 3D modeling program available to everyone.", "\nThis series will be project based. ", "We will learn all the ...\n\nMake a Website Step by Step\n\nGet biggest discount on hostgator: http://goo.gl/ypNeFB\nIn this video I'm gunna show you how to make a website step by step with no step skipped! ", "Also I am going to give you some business tips at the end that can really increase your business. ", "This is all done with wordpress.", "\n\nIMPORTANT WATCH THIS FIRST!! - ", "JRockStrategySetupVideo: https://youtu.be/ufLcKYSsh6s\nWritten Strategy Guide: http://imlwebanalyzer.com/files/JROCK%20MAWA%20Strategy.pdf\nDo you need more money? ", "Want to use the Web Analyzer?", "\nMessage \"web analyzer\" to https://m.me/stevenhooleyofficial\nTrading Disclaimer: Trading can contain substantial risk and is not suited for every investor. ", "An investor could potentially lose all or more than their initial investment. \"", "Risk capital\" is money that can be lost without jeopardizing ones financial security or life style. ", "Only \"risk capital\" should be used for trading and only those with sufficient risk capital should consider trading. ", "iMarketsLive is not a licensed financial adviser nor does it or give out financial advice. ", "The user of IML products and/or services assumes full risk and responsibility for their trading activity. ", "Past performance is not indicative of, nor does it guarantee any future results. ", "Individual results will vary due to a variety of market and timing conditions. ", "This video was created purely for educational purposes.", "\nIncome Disclosure: iMarketsLive or \"IML\" makes no representations, warranties, or guarantees that you will earn any income as an IML independent business owner (IBO). ", "The earnings represented by rank are not necessarily representative of the typical income or profits earn from all IBOs. ", "Success as an IML IBO requires one to be successful in retail sales, which requires hard work, diligence, and in some cases leadership skills. ", "Your success will depend upon how effectively you utilize the tools and information presented.", "\n\nIMPORTANT WATCH THIS FIRST!! - ", "JRockStrategySetupVideo: https://youtu.be/ufLcKYSsh6s\nWritten Strategy Guide: http://imlwebanalyzer.com/files/JROCK%20MAWA%20Strategy.pdf\nDo you need more money? ", "Want to use the Web Analyzer?", "\nMessage \"web analyzer\" to https://m.me/stevenhooleyofficial\nTrading Disclaimer: Trading can contain substantial risk and is not suited for every investor. ", "An investor could potentially lose all or more than their initial investment. \"", "Risk capital\" is money that can be lost without jeopardizing ones financial security or life style. ", "Only \"risk capital\" should be used for trading and only those with sufficient risk capital should consider trading. ", "iMarketsLive is not a licensed financial adviser nor does it or give out financial advice. ", "The user of IML products and/or services assumes full risk and responsibility for their trading activity. ", "Past performance is not indicative of, nor does it guarantee any future results. ", "Individual results will vary due to a variety of market and timing conditions. ", "This video was created purely for educational purposes.", "\nIncome Disclosure: iMarketsLive or \"IML\" makes no representations, warranties, or guarantees that you will earn any income as an IML independent business owner (IBO). ", "The earnings represented by rank are not necessarily representative of the typical income or profits earn from all IBOs. ", "Success as an IML IBO requires one to be successful in retail sales, which requires hard work, diligence, and in some cases leadership skills. ", "Your success will depend upon how effectively you utilize the tools and information presented.", "\n\nHTML and CSS Tutorial for Beginners | The Ultimate guide to learning HTML and CSS\n----------\nI donot own this video. ", "It's so helpful so I reupload to share to more people!", "\n--------------\nhere isn't a web site out there-- whether it be WhiteHouse.gov, IBM.com or the site for your local high school-- that isn't written in HTML. ", "If you do any level of web development-- from editing pages on a Wordpress site to designing original pages from scratch, understanding and being able to code in HTML and CSS can give you a level of control, and power over your designs that you've never experienced before. ", "This course helps you learn HTML and CSS (versions 4.01 and XHTML) as well as prepares you for the future with coverage of HTML5.", "\nIn this HTML and CSS course/tutorial for beginners, designed, authored and hosted by master trainer Mark Lassoff, you will learn HTML and CSS, including everything you need to create a creative, quality and professional web site. ", "Almost four hours of video instruction in punctuated lab exercises where you apply the very skills taught in the course. ", "With an instructor available to answer your questions, and course with both wide coverage of HTML and CSS topics and deep discussion of those topics, there is no better or faster way to learn HTML and CSS for Beginners!", "\nWhen you've completed the HTML and CSS course, become a certified developer by passing LearnToProgram's Certified HTML Developer exam. ", "Certified developers are listed on the LearnToProgram web site and sent a printed certificate, digital badges and other materials relating to their certified status.", "\nDuring this Learn HTML and CSS Crash course, you’ll discover necessary elements behind becoming a web developer.", "\nThe objective of this “crash course” is to take someone who is a “mouse and keyboard” user and teach them the essentials of web development by teaching HTML, CSS and some HTML5.This is a fundamental course for learning HTML and it does not assume that participants have prior knowledge.", "\nBy the end of the HTML and CSS Crash Course, you will know the essentials for creating your first website.", "\nHere is great HTML and CSS Tutorial for Beginners | The Ultimate guide to learning HTML and CSS\n\nHTML and CSS Tutorial for Beginners | The Ultimate guide to learning HTML and CSS\n----------\nI donot own this video. ", "It's so helpful so I reupload to share to more people!", "\n--------------\nhere isn't a web site out there-- whether it be WhiteHouse.gov, IBM.com or the site for your local high school-- that isn't written in HTML. ", "If you do any level of web development-- from editing pages on a Wordpress site to designing original pages from scratch, understanding and being able to code in HTML and CSS can give you a level of control, and power over your designs that you've never experienced before. ", "This course helps you learn HTML and CSS (versions 4.01 and XHTML) as well as prepares you for the future with coverage of HTML5.", "\nIn this HTML and CSS course/tutorial for beginners, designed, authored and hosted by master trainer Mark Lassoff, you will learn HTML and CSS, including everything you need to create a creative, quality and professional web site. ", "Almost four hours of video instruction in punctuated lab exercises where you apply the very skills taught in the course. ", "With an instructor available to answer your questions, and course with both wide coverage of HTML and CSS topics and deep discussion of those topics, there is no better or faster way to learn HTML and CSS for Beginners!", "\nWhen you've completed the HTML and CSS course, become a certified developer by passing LearnToProgram's Certified HTML Developer exam. ", "Certified developers are listed on the LearnToProgram web site and sent a printed certificate, digital badges and other materials relating to their certified status.", "\nDuring this Learn HTML and CSS Crash course, you’ll discover necessary elements behind becoming a web developer.", "\nThe objective of this “crash course” is to take someone who is a “mouse and keyboard” user and teach them the essentials of web development by teaching HTML, CSS and some HTML5.This is a fundamental course for learning HTML and it does not assume that participants have prior knowledge.", "\nBy the end of the HTML and CSS Crash Course, you will know the essentials for creating your first website.", "\nHere is great HTML and CSS Tutorial for Beginners | The Ultimate guide to learning HTML and CSS\n\nSketchUp Tutorial - 1 - Beginner SketchUp Tutorial\n\nSketchUp tutorial series for beginners.", "\nSketchUp HeroCourse $10 Promo Price ►http://bit.ly/sketchupforten\nThis course will teach you the basics of SketchUp. ...", "\n\nSketchUp tutorial series for beginners.", "\nSketchUp HeroCourse $10 Promo Price ►http://bit.ly/sketchupforten\nThis course will teach you the basics of SketchUp. ", "The SketchUp Hero course will teach you advanced techniques to make you an expert.", "\nDay 2 Tutorial ► https://www.wildacademy.com/tutorials/circles-and-arcs-in-sketchup\nSubscribe to WildAcademy on YouTube ► http://goo.gl/ehHwIm\nWe will also discuss 3D modeling and the 3D modeling and design industry. ", "You will also get incredible advice on how to find jobs and clients as a SketchUp user. ", "This comprehensive course would normally be thousands of dollars to take somewhere. ", "It's absolutely free. ", "So please share it. ", "SketchUp is a free 3D modeling program available to everyone.", "\nThis series will be project based. ", "We will learn all the tools and features by creating a shed. ", "After that we'll advance to more complex structures.", "\nSketchUp is used by:\n*Game Designers*\n*Graphic Designers*\n*Architects*\n*Engineers*\n*Interior Designers*\n*Landscape Designers*\n*Set Designers*\n*3D Printers*\n*GeneralContractors and more.*", "\n★ Subscribe to Wild Academy here: http://goo.gl/ehHwIm\nYou can download SketchUp here: http://www.sketchup.com/products/sket...\n\nSketchUp tutorial series for beginners.", "\nSketchUp HeroCourse $10 Promo Price ►http://bit.ly/sketchupforten\nThis course will teach you the basics of SketchUp. ", "The SketchUp Hero course will teach you advanced techniques to make you an expert.", "\nDay 2 Tutorial ► https://www.wildacademy.com/tutorials/circles-and-arcs-in-sketchup\nSubscribe to WildAcademy on YouTube ► http://goo.gl/ehHwIm\nWe will also discuss 3D modeling and the 3D modeling and design industry. ", "You will also get incredible advice on how to find jobs and clients as a SketchUp user. ", "This comprehensive course would normally be thousands of dollars to take somewhere. ", "It's absolutely free. ", "So please share it. ", "SketchUp is a free 3D modeling program available to everyone.", "\nThis series will be project based. ", "We will learn all the tools and features by creating a shed. ", "After that we'll advance to more complex structures.", "\nSketchUp is used by:\n*Game Designers*\n*Graphic Designers*\n*Architects*\n*Engineers*\n*Interior Designers*\n*Landscape Designers*\n*Set Designers*\n*3D Printers*\n*GeneralContractors and more.*", "\n★ Subscribe to Wild Academy here: http://goo.gl/ehHwIm\nYou can download SketchUp here: http://www.sketchup.com/products/sket...\n\nMake a Website Step by Step\n\nGet biggest discount on hostgator: http://goo.gl/ypNeFB\nIn this video I'm gunna show you how to make a website step by step with no step skipped! ", "Also I am go...\n\nGet biggest discount on hostgator: http://goo.gl/ypNeFB\nIn this video I'm gunna show you how to make a website step by step with no step skipped! ", "Also I am going to give you some business tips at the end that can really increase your business. ", "This is all done with wordpress.", "\n\nGet biggest discount on hostgator: http://goo.gl/ypNeFB\nIn this video I'm gunna show you how to make a website step by step with no step skipped! ", "Also I am going to give you some business tips at the end that can really increase your business. ", "This is all done with wordpress.", "\n\nCheck out our textbooks here: http://mykoreanstore.com\nTeacher Hyunwoo will address some of the most commonly asked questions by beginner Korean learners!! ", "If you’ve wondered why you thought “yes” was 네 but it sounds like 데, this video lesson will definitely help you understand the reason. ", "For more Korean lesson videos, please subscribe to our channel: http://bit.ly/1YjfNbA\nSubscribe to our newsletter to receive updates about our books and discount coupons! ", "http://eepurl.com/xaFFH\nIf you enjoyed watching this video, please check out our website for more Korean lessons at http://talktomeinkorean.com\nLearn how to read and write in Korean\nhttps://vimeo.com/ondemand/hangeul\nOur online bookstore\nhttp://mykoreanstore.com\nOther social media links\nhttp://twitter.com/ttmik\nhttp://instagram.com/ttmik\nhttp://facebook.com/talktomeinkorean\nTTMIK Teachers on Instagram\nKyeong-eun http://instagram.com/kyeongeunchoi\nKyung-hwa http://instagram.com/wittygirlhaeri\nSeokjin http://instagram.com/seokjin82\nJooyeon http://instagram.com/pillarlotus\nHyunwoo http://instagram.com/ever4one\n\n23:46\n\nSega DREAMCAST Buying Guide & Recommended Games\n\nThe Sega Dreamcast may have sold poorly, but it had many great games still worth playing t...\n\nIML Web Analyzer - JRock (Moving Average) Web Analyzer Strategy\n\nIMPORTANT WATCH THIS FIRST!! - ", "JRockStrategySetupVideo: https://youtu.be/ufLcKYSsh6s\nWritten Strategy Guide: http://imlwebanalyzer.com/files/JROCK%20MAWA%20Strategy.pdf\nDo you need more money? ", "Want to use the Web Analyzer?", "\nMessage \"web analyzer\" to https://m.me/stevenhooleyofficial\nTrading Disclaimer: Trading can contain substantial risk and is not suited for every investor. ", "An investor could potentially lose all or more than their initial investment. \"", "Risk capital\" is money that can be lost without jeopardizing ones financial security or life style. ", "Only \"risk capital\" should be used for trading and only those with sufficient risk capital should consider trading. ", "iMarketsLive is not a licensed financial adviser nor does it or give out financial advice. ", "The user of IML products and/or services assumes full risk and responsibility for their trading activity. ", "Past performance is not indicative of, nor does it guarantee any future results. ", "Individual results will vary due to a variety of market and timing conditions. ", "This video was created purely for educational purposes.", "\nIncome Disclosure: iMarketsLive or \"IML\" makes no representations, warranties, or guarantees that you will earn any income as an IML independent business owner (IBO). ", "The earnings represented by rank are not necessarily representative of the typical income or profits earn from all IBOs. ", "Success as an IML IBO requires one to be successful in retail sales, which requires hard work, diligence, and in some cases leadership skills. ", "Your success will depend upon how effectively you utilize the tools and information presented.", "\n\nHTML and CSS Tutorial for Beginners | The Ultimate guide to learning HTML and CSS\n\nHTML and CSS Tutorial for Beginners | The Ultimate guide to learning HTML and CSS\n----------\nI donot own this video. ", "It's so helpful so I reupload to share to more people!", "\n--------------\nhere isn't a web site out there-- whether it be WhiteHouse.gov, IBM.com or the site for your local high school-- that isn't written in HTML. ", "If you do any level of web development-- from editing pages on a Wordpress site to designing original pages from scratch, understanding and being able to code in HTML and CSS can give you a level of control, and power over your designs that you've never experienced before. ", "This course helps you learn HTML and CSS (versions 4.01 and XHTML) as well as prepares you for the future with coverage of HTML5.", "\nIn this HTML and CSS course/tutorial for beginners, designed, authored and hosted by master trainer Mark Lassoff, you will learn HTML and CSS, including everything you need to create a creative, quality and professional web site. ", "Almost four hours of video instruction in punctuated lab exercises where you apply the very skills taught in the course. ", "With an instructor available to answer your questions, and course with both wide coverage of HTML and CSS topics and deep discussion of those topics, there is no better or faster way to learn HTML and CSS for Beginners!", "\nWhen you've completed the HTML and CSS course, become a certified developer by passing LearnToProgram's Certified HTML Developer exam. ", "Certified developers are listed on the LearnToProgram web site and sent a printed certificate, digital badges and other materials relating to their certified status.", "\nDuring this Learn HTML and CSS Crash course, you’ll discover necessary elements behind becoming a web developer.", "\nThe objective of this “crash course” is to take someone who is a “mouse and keyboard” user and teach them the essentials of web development by teaching HTML, CSS and some HTML5.This is a fundamental course for learning HTML and it does not assume that participants have prior knowledge.", "\nBy the end of the HTML and CSS Crash Course, you will know the essentials for creating your first website.", "\nHere is great HTML and CSS Tutorial for Beginners | The Ultimate guide to learning HTML and CSS\n\nSketchUp Tutorial - 1 - Beginner SketchUp Tutorial\n\nSketchUp tutorial series for beginners.", "\nSketchUp HeroCourse $10 Promo Price ►http://bit.ly/sketchupforten\nThis course will teach you the basics of SketchUp. ", "The SketchUp Hero course will teach you advanced techniques to make you an expert.", "\nDay 2 Tutorial ► https://www.wildacademy.com/tutorials/circles-and-arcs-in-sketchup\nSubscribe to WildAcademy on YouTube ► http://goo.gl/ehHwIm\nWe will also discuss 3D modeling and the 3D modeling and design industry. ", "You will also get incredible advice on how to find jobs and clients as a SketchUp user. ", "This comprehensive course would normally be thousands of dollars to take somewhere. ", "It's absolutely free. ", "So please share it. ", "SketchUp is a free 3D modeling program available to everyone.", "\nThis series will be project based. ", "We will learn all the tools and features by creating a shed. ", "After that we'll advance to more complex structures.", "\nSketchUp is used by:\n*Game Designers*\n*Graphic Designers*\n*Architects*\n*Engineers*\n*Interior Designers*\n*Landscape Designers*\n*Set Designers*\n*3D Printers*\n*GeneralContractors and more.*", "\n★ Subscribe to Wild Academy here: http://goo.gl/ehHwIm\nYou can download SketchUp here: http://www.sketchup.com/products/sket...\n\nMake a Website Step by Step\n\nGet biggest discount on hostgator: http://goo.gl/ypNeFB\nIn this video I'm gunna show you how to make a website step by step with no step skipped! ", "Also I am going to give you some business tips at the end that can really increase your business. ", "This is all done with wordpress.", "\n\nDeep Web Guide : Moteurs de recherche [BONUS]...\n\nDamien Senger: Petit guide de performance web typo...\n\nGoogle Analytics Tutorial for Beginners...\n\n2016/2017 MUST-KNOW WEB DEVELOPMENT TECH - Watch t...\n\nHow To Make a WordPress Website...\n\nHow To Make a WordPress Website - 2018 - In 24 Eas...\n\nSega DREAMCAST Buying Guide & Recommended Games...\n\n🔥 5 Idées de Business en Ligne 🔥 E Commerce Exp...\n\nIML Web Analyzer - JRock (Moving Average) Web Anal...\n\n♪♫♪♫ »Study Music - SUPER Memory & Concentration █...\n\nHTML and CSS Tutorial for Beginners | The Ultimate...\n\nSketchUp Tutorial - 1 - Beginner SketchUp Tutorial...\n\nClassical Music for Brain Power - Mozart Effect...\n\nMake a Website Step by Step...\n\nIt turns out that a theory explaining how we might detect parallel universes and prediction for the end of the world was proposed and completed by physicist Stephen Hawking shortly before he died ... &nbsp;. ", "According to reports, the work predicts that the universe would eventually end when stars run out of energy ... ....\n\nIn another blow to the Trump administration Monday, the US Supreme Court decided Arizona must continue to issue state driver’s licenses to so-called Dreamer immigrants and refused to hear an effort by the state to challenge the Obama-era program that protects hundreds of thousands of young adults brought into the country illegally as children, Reuters reported ... – WN.com. ", "Jack Durschlag....\n\nUber announced on Monday that it was pulling all of its self-driving cars from public roads in Arizona and San Francisco, Toronto, and Pittsburgh after a female pedestrian was reportedly killed after being struck by an autonomous Uber vehicle in Tempe, according to The Verge.&nbsp; ... “We are fully cooperating with local authorities in their investigation of this incident.” ... \"", "Some incredibly sad news out of Arizona....\n\nAn explosion on Sunday night in Austin shared \"similarities\" with three bombs that went off in the Texas capital earlier this month and authorities were warning on Monday that they are dealing with a serial bomber who is targeting the city, according to the Washington Post... “So we’ve definitely seen a change in the method that this suspect … is using.” ... “", "And we assure you that we are listening ... -WN.com, Maureen Foody....\n\nA panel of federal judges dismissed the Republican lawsuit challenging a new congressional map that was imposed by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, ending one of two challenges to the map on Monday, according to The Inquirer. ", "The judge's decision said that the Republican lawmakers who brought the challenge did not have legal standing to do so and that the case is inappropriate for the court to take up at this time ...ChiefU.S....\n\nSometimes it only takes a few years for a movie to go from just an idea to a full-blown reality, and other times it takes a lot longer for that transition to happen ...J.C ...Stay tuned to CinemaBlend for more updates on how the movie is progressing, and don't forget to check out our 2018 Netflix release guide to see what else the streaming platform is putting out this year. ", "Leave a Comment ... close ... Blended From Around The Web. ....", "\n\nBrilliant theoretical physicist and all-around genius Stephen Hawking recently passed away at the age of 76. ", "His death marks a major loss in the scientific community as well as the loss of an unexpected source of comedy in pop culture ... pic.twitter.com/z7fGCBIHAE— Matt Selman (@mattselman) March 19, 2018 ... If you're still looking for other viewing options, take a look at our midseason TV premiere guide ... Blended From Around The Web. ....", "\n\n/ Facebook CSOAlexStamos speaking at the WebSummit in Dublin in 2015. (", "credit. ", "Web Summit via Creative Commons). ", "Update. ", "Facebook CSO Alex Stamos tweeted the following on Monday evening in the wake of The New York Times report..Despite the rumors, I'm still fully engaged with my work at Facebook. ", "It's true that my role did change. ", "I'm currently spending more time exploring emerging security risks and working on election security ... ....\n\nTHANE. ", "The police recovered the mutilated and highly decomposed body of a 25-year-old man from Sainath Nagar slum recently. ", "The deceased was identified as Kabir Lashakar, a bicycle mechanic. ", "The police said he was strangled. ", "Neighbours had complained about a foul smell emanating from a hut in the slum on Ghodbunder Road... tnn ... DownloadThe Times of India news app for your device ... RELATED. ", "From the Web ... GolfersToday ... From around the web...." ]

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[ "Parsees cricket team\n\nThe Parsees (a.k.a. ", "Parsis) cricket team was an Indian first-class cricket team which took part in the annual Bombay tournament. ", " The team was founded by members of the Zoroastrian community in Bombay.", "\n\nThe Parsis competed in the Bombay tournament from its outset in 1877, when they challenged the Europeans cricket team at the Bombay Gymkhana to a two-day match. ", " At this time, the competition was known as the Presidency Match. ", "It was recognized as a first-class tournament from 1892-93 until its final staging in 1945-46. ", "The Parsis won the first-class tournament outright 10 times, and shared victory 11 times.", "\n\nThe Parsis made two tours of England in the 1880s. ", "None of the matches were first-class. ", "See: Parsee cricket team in England in 1886 and Parsee cricket team in England in 1888.", "\n\nExternal links\n Parsees at CricketArchive\n\nSources\n Vasant Raiji, India's Hambledon Men, Tyeby Press, 1986\n Mihir Bose, A History of Indian Cricket, Andre-Deutsch, 1990\n Ramachandra Guha, A Corner of a Foreign Field - An Indian History of a British Sport, Picador, 2001\n\nCategory:Indian first-class cricket teams\nCategory:Former senior cricket clubs of India\nCategory:Parsi culture" ]

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[ "Honeypot Cash & Carry webshop\n\nHoneypot Cash and Carry required an online shop to sell all their wholesale goods to help with ongoing orders from existing customers and for new customers too.", "\n\nThe site content was easy to change by themselves, so they could add new products, delete end of the line products or update any information on existing products, they could add any product images too. ", "The site also had a simple way of integrating orders with their stock control, so it was effectively a one-stop shop ordering system for approximately 900 products.", "\n\nWe delivered an easy to manage site, which is quick and simple to update products, delivery information and prices. ", "The online shop is integrated with Paypal and instantly generates confirmation emails to Honeypot once any order is placed." ]

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[ "The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of Chrysanthemum plant, botanically known as Chrysanthemum×morifolium and hereinafter referred to by the name ‘Dark San Remo Runner’.", "\nThe new Chrysanthemum plant is a naturally-occurring whole plant mutation of Chrysanthemum×morifolium ‘San Remo Runner’, not patented. ", "The new Chrysanthemum plant was discovered and selected by the Inventor as a flowering plant from within a population of plants of ‘San Remo Runner’ in a controlled greenhouse environment in Staden-Oostnieuwkerke, Belgium in October, 2007.", "\nAsexual reproduction of the new Chrysanthemum plant by vegetative cuttings was first conducted in a controlled greenhouse environment in Staden-Oostnieuwkerke, Belgium in February, 2008. ", "Asexual reproduction by cuttings has shown that the unique features of this new Chrysanthemum plant are stable and reproduced true to type in successive generations." ]

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[ "Neighborhood Effects on PND Symptom Severity for Women Enrolled in a Home Visiting Program.", "\nThe aim of this study was to investigate the association between postnatal depression (PND) symptoms severity and structural neighborhood characteristics among women enrolled in a home visiting program. ", "The sample included 295 mothers who were at risk for developing PND, observed as 3-month Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores ≥ 10. ", "Two neighborhood predictor components (residential stability and social disadvantage) were analyzed as predictors of PND symptom severity using a generalized estimating equation. ", "Residential stability was negatively associated with PND symptom severity. ", "Social disadvantage was not found to be statistically significantly. ", "The findings suggest that residential stability is associated with a reduction in PND symptom severity for women enrolled in home visiting program." ]

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[ "The Kirk Cousins \"controversy\"\n\nNever has there been so much fulminating about a fourth-round pick. ", "You’d think it was a slow news week the way folks have been carrying on about the Redskins taking Kirk Cousins, the Michigan State quarterback, three rounds after drafting Robert Griffin III. ", "Is this really that big a deal? ", "Not from where I’m typing.", "\n\nLet me throw some names at you: Jeff Chandler, Montrae Holland, Will Poole, Sean Considine, Calvin Lowry, Brian Robison, Jeremy Thompson, Donald Washington, Darryl Sharpton and Jordan Cameron. ", "Those are the last 10 players to go 102nd in the draft – before Cousins did, that is. ", "Only Holland has started more than 28 games in his NFL career, and he’s already on his third team (the Cowboys, after spending time with the Saints and Broncos). ", "But more to the point: Is there anybody on that list that particularly excites you?", "\n\nSEE RELATED:\n\nSure, you can occasionally hit it big in the fourth round. ", "You know who else was drafted 102nd, once upon a time? ", "Stephen Davis. ", "But at this stage of the proceedings, it’s mostly an exercise in “throwing darts at a board,” as Charley Casserly liked to say. ", "You’re happy if you can come away with a guy good enough to make your roster. ", "If he can eventually start, so much the better. ", "But you don’t expect to find a Pro Bowler, a difference-maker, in that area of the draft. ", "Those types are usually long gone.", "\n\nSo what do you do? ", "Well, if you’re the Redskins and are looking to upgrade the team just about everywhere, you pick the player you’re surest of. ", "Let’s not forget, this is a club that has gone 4-12, 6-10 and 5-11 the past three seasons. ", "It can’t afford the luxury of drafting exclusively for need. ", "It has to be focusing mostly on quality. ", "The Redskins are lacking in quality players, the kind that can put you in the playoffs. ", "If they see Cousins as such a player, even in a backup role, why not grab him?", "\n\nAfter all, we’re not talking about just any position. ", "We’re talking about the most important position on the field. ", "We’re also talking about a position where the Redskins have been lacking for far too long. ", "Does anyone really want to see Rex Grossman take many more snaps for the Redskins? ", "Does anybody have much faith in his ability to keep the team in postseason contention if, say, he had to fill in for Griffin for a month or more? ", "Maybe Cousins can be that kind of insurance policy.", "\n\nAnd that’s the thing: RG3 is a mobile quarterback who, unlike Grossman, is going to take off downfield a few times a game. ", "He’s also going to be operating behind much the same line Rex did, one that hasn’t exactly been impenetrable in recent years. ", "In other words, he’s going to get hit. ", "And when you get hit, there’s always the chance you’ll get hurt – not seriously necessarily, but dinged enough to have to miss some time.", "\n\nLook at what happened to the Colts last season when they didn’t have a serviceable Plan B behind Peyton Manning: catastrophe. ", "Now Manning is gone, the coach is gone, the general manager is gone, the franchise architect is gone. ", "This was a club that had made the playoffs 11 of the previous 12 seasons. ", "Once you reach that level, you don’t want to fall off a cliff when you lose your starting quarterback. ", "That’s part of the reasoning behind the Cousins pick – and the releasing of John Beck along with it.", "\n\nI don’t think Griffin is destined to be a star, I think he’s destined to be a superstar. ", "But if the presence of Cousins puts him off his game in any way, then he’s not nearly the QB I imagined – and he’ll never lead the Redskins where they want to go. ", "So spare me all the consternation about The Player They Could Have Taken at that spot or what subliminal message their pick in the fourth round sends to their pick in the first round.", "\n\nThe Redskins are trying to build a football team, a real football team – and it’s about darn time. ", "This preoccupation with the 102nd selection just makes me wonder if we’ve forgotten what a real football team looks like.", "\n\nOr is there something else at work here, something that doesn’t have anything to do with football?", "\n\nQuestion of the Day\n\nHave you been impacted by the government shutdown?", "\n\nAbout the Author\n\nDan Daly has been writing about sports for the Washington Times since 1982. ", "He has won numerous national and local awards, appears regularly in NFL Films’ historical features and is the co-author of “The Pro Football Chronicle,” a decade-by-decade history of the game. ", "Follow Dan on Twitter at @dandalyonsports –- or e-mail him at [email protected]." ]

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[ "Sometimes you go into a grocery store looking for a bottle of Chardonnay, and you come out with eternal love. ", "At least, that’s what happened to Denise Irvine and Marty Czarnecki who met in the beer and wine aisle of … More »\n\nThis weekend I went to my cousin Naomi’s wedding. ", "Because I’m Southern, I’ve been to roughly a million weddings, but every time I go to a new one I remember how just because you’re a guest doesn’t mean you’re exempt … More »\n\nContrary to the old adage, Weddings are not just all about the Brides, respectively. ", "Sorry ladies. ", "Isn’t it interesting that Women (I swear I love you too) are always demanding equality in chores, finances, parenting or whatever responsibilities surrounds a … More »\n\nLet’s face it guys, when you get married, it’s about the bride. ", "Right? ", "Well, The Man Registry is trying to change a little bit of that. ", "The Man Registry is an online wedding registry just for MEN. ", "It serves as … More »" ]

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[ "Notre-Dame de Paris\n\nNotre-Dame de Paris (; ; meaning \"Our Lady of Paris\"), referred to simply as Notre-Dame, is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de la Cité in the 4th arrondissement of Paris. ", "The cathedral was consecrated to the Virgin Mary and considered to be one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture. ", "Its pioneering use of the rib vault and flying buttress, its enormous and colourful rose windows, as well as the naturalism and abundance of its sculptural decoration set it apart from the earlier Romanesque style. ", "Major components that make Notre Dame stand out include one of the world's largest organs and its immense church bells.", "\n\nThe cathedral's construction began in 1160 under Bishop Maurice de Sully and was largely complete by 1260, though it was modified frequently in the following centuries. ", "In the 1790s, Notre-Dame suffered desecration during the French Revolution; much of its religious imagery was damaged or destroyed. ", "In the 19th century, the cathedral was the site of the coronation of Napoleon I and funerals of many Presidents of the Republic.", "\n\nPopular interest in the cathedral blossomed soon after the publication, in 1831, of Victor Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris (better known in English as The Hunchback of Notre-Dame). ", "This led to a major restoration project between 1844 and 1864, supervised by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. ", "The liberation of Paris was celebrated within Notre-Dame in 1944 with the singing of the Magnificat. ", "Beginning in 1963, the cathedral's façade was cleaned of centuries of soot and grime. ", "Another cleaning and restoration project was carried out between 1991 and 2000.", "\n\nThe cathedral is one of the most widely recognized symbols of the city of Paris and the French nation. ", "As the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Paris, Notre-Dame contains the cathedra of the Archbishop of Paris (Michel Aupetit). ", "In 1805, Notre-Dame was given the honorary status of a minor basilica. ", "Approximately 12 million people visit Notre-Dame annually, making it the most visited monument in Paris. ", "The cathedral was renowned for its Lent sermons, founded by the Dominican Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire in the 1830s. ", "In recent years, an increasing number have been given by leading public figures and state-employed academics.", "\n\nThe cathedral has been progressively stripped of its original decoration and works of art. ", "Several noteworthy examples of Gothic, Baroque, and 19th-century sculptures and a group of 17th- and early 18th-century altarpieces remain in the cathedral's collection. ", "Some of the most important relics in Christendom, including the Crown of Thorns, a sliver of the true cross and a nail from the true cross, are preserved at Notre-Dame.", "\n\nWhile undergoing renovation and restoration, the roof of Notre-Dame caught fire on the evening of 15 April 2019. ", "Burning for around 15 hours, the cathedral sustained serious damage, including the destruction of the flèche (the timber spire over the crossing) and most of the lead-covered wooden roof above the stone vaulted ceiling. ", "Contamination of the site and the nearby environment resulted. ", "Following the April fire, many proposals were made for modernizing the cathedral's design. ", "However, on 16 July 2019, the French Parliament passed a law requiring that it be rebuilt exactly as it appeared before the fire. ", "Stabilising the structure against possible collapse is expected to continue until the end of 2020, with reconstruction beginning in 2021. ", " The government of France hopes the reconstruction can be completed by Spring 2024, in time for the opening of the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris.", "\n\nHistory\nIt is believed that before the arrival of Christianity in France, a Gallo-Roman temple dedicated to Jupiter stood on the site of Notre-Dame. ", "Evidence for this is the Pillar of the Boatmen, discovered in 1710. ", "This building was replaced with an Early Christian basilica. ", "It is unknown whether this church, dedicated to Saint Stephen, was constructed in the late 4th century and remodeled later, or if it was built in the 7th century from an older church, possibly the cathedral of Childebert I. The basilica, later was situated about west of Notre-Dame's location and was wider and lower and roughly half its size. ", "For its time, it was very large— long—and separated into nave and four aisles by marble columns, then decorated with mosaics.", "\n\nFour churches succeeded the Roman temple before Notre-Dame. ", "The first was the 4th century basilica of Saint-Étienne, then the Merovingian renovation of that church which was in turn remodeled in 857 under the Carolingians into a cathedral. ", "The last church before the cathedral of Notre-Dame was a Romanesque remodeling of the prior structures that, although enlarged and remodeled, was found to be unfit for the growing population of Paris. ", "A baptistery, , built before 452, was located on the north side of the church of Saint-Étienne until the work of Jacques-Germain Soufflot in the 18th century.", "\n\nIn 1160, the Bishop of Paris, Maurice de Sully, decided to build a new and much larger church. ", "He summarily demolished the Romanesque cathedral and chose to recycle its materials. ", "Sully decided that the new church should be built in the Gothic style, which had been inaugurated at the royal abbey of Saint Denis in the late 1130s.", "\n\nConstruction\n\nThe chronicler recorded in the Memorial Historiarum that the construction of Notre-Dame began between 24 March and 25 April 1163 with the laying of the cornerstone in the presence of King Louis VII and Pope Alexander III. ", "Four phases of construction took place under bishops Maurice de Sully and Eudes de Sully (not related to Maurice), according to masters whose names have been lost.", "\n\nThe first phase began with the construction of the choir and its two ambulatories. ", "According to Robert of Torigni, the choir was completed in 1177 and the high altar consecrated on 19 May 1182 by Cardinal Henri de Château-Marçay, the Papal legate in Paris, and Maurice de Sully. ", "The second phase, from 1182 to 1190, concerned the construction of the four sections of the nave behind the choir and its aisles to the height of the clerestories. ", "It began after the completion of the choir but ended before the final allotted section of the nave was finished. ", "Beginning in 1190, the bases of the façade were put in place, and the first traverses were completed. ", "Heraclius of Caesarea called for the Third Crusade in 1185 from the still-incomplete cathedral.", "\n\nLouis IX deposited the relics of the passion of Christ, which included the crown of thorns, a nail from the cross and a sliver of the cross, which he had purchased at great expense from the Latin Emperor Baudouin II, in the cathedral during the construction of the Sainte-Chapelle.", "\n\nThe decision was made to add a transepts at the choir, where the altar was located, in order to bring more light into the center of the church. ", "The use of simpler four-part rather than six-part rib vaults meant that the roofs were stronger and could be higher. ", "After Bishop Maurice de Sully's death in 1196, his successor, Eudes de Sully oversaw the completion of the transepts, and continued work on the nave, which was nearing completion at the time of his own death in 1208. ", "By this time, the western façade was already largely built, though it was not completed until around the mid-1240s. ", "Between 1225 and 1250 the upper gallery of the nave was constructed, along with the two towers on the west façade.", "\n\nAnother significant change came in the mid-13th century, when the transepts were remodeled in the latest Rayonnant style; in the late 1240s Jean de Chelles added a gabled portal to the north transept topped off by a spectacular rose window. ", "Shortly afterward (from 1258) Pierre de Montreuil executed a similar scheme on the southern transept. ", "Both these transept portals were richly embellished with sculpture; the south portal features scenes from the lives of St Stephen and of various local saints, while the north portal featured the infancy of Christ and the story of Theophilus in the tympanum, with a highly influential statue of the Virgin and Child in the trumeau. ", "Master builders Pierre de Chelles, , Jean le Bouteiller, and succeeded de Chelles and de Montreuil and then each other in the construction of the cathedral. ", "Ravy completed de Chelles's rood screen and chevet chapels, then began the flying buttresses of the choir. ", "Jean le Bouteiller, Ravy's nephew, succeeded him in 1344 and was himself replaced on his death in 1363 by his deputy, Raymond du Temple.", "\n\nPhilip the Fair opened the first Estates General in the cathedral in 1302.", "\n\nAn important innovation in the 13th century was the introduction of the flying buttress. ", "Before the buttresses, all of the weight of the roof pressed outward and down to the walls, and the abutments supporting them. ", "With the flying buttress, the weight was carried by the ribs of the vault entirely outside the structure to a series of counter-supports, which were topped with stone pinnacles which gave them greater weight. ", "The buttresses meant that the walls could be higher and thinner, and could have much larger windows. ", "The date of the first buttresses is not known with any great precision beyond an installation date in the 13th century. ", "Art historian Andrew Tallon, however, has argued based on detailed laser scans of the entire structure that the buttresses were part of the original design. ", "According to Tallon, the scans indicate that \"the upper part of the building has not moved one smidgen in 800 years,\" whereas if they were added later some movement from prior to their addition would be expected. ", "Tallon thus concluded that \"flying buttresses were there from the get-go.\" ", "The first buttresses were replaced by larger and stronger ones in the 14th century; these had a reach of fifteen metres between the walls and counter-supports.", "\n\nJohn of Jandun recognized the cathedral as one of Paris's three most important buildings [prominent structures] in his 1323 Treatise on the Praises of Paris:\n\nOn 16 December 1431, the boy-king Henry VI of England was crowned King of France in Notre-Dame, aged ten, the traditional coronation church of Reims Cathedral being under French control.", "\n\nDuring the Renaissance, the Gothic style fell out of style, and the internal pillars and walls of Notre-Dame were covered with tapestries.", "\n\nIn 1548, rioting Huguenots damaged some of the statues of Notre-Dame, considering them idolatrous.", "\n\n in Notre-Dame's parvis was added in 1625 to provide nearby Parisians with running water.", "\n\nKing Louis XIV, on the insistence of his father, Louis XIII, decided in 1699 to make extensive modifications to Notre-Dame. ", "He tasked Robert de Cotte with the renovation. ", "Cotte replaced the rood screen with a sumptuous and gilded wrought iron fence, opened up the choir and ambulatory, and removed the tombs in the nave. ", "New furniture was produced as well as the current high altar, depicting Louis XIV and XIII kneeling before a Pietà.", "\n\nSince 1449, the Parisian goldsmith guild had made regular donations to the cathedral chapter. ", "In 1630, it was decided that the guild would donate a large altarpiece every year on the first of May. These works came to be known as the grands mays. ", "The subject matter was restricted to episodes from the Acts of the Apostles. ", "The prestigious commission was awarded to the most prominent painters and, after 1648, members of the Academie royale.", "\n\nSeventy-six paintings had been donated by 1708, when the custom was discontinued for financial reasons. ", "Those works were confiscated in 1793 and the majority were subsequently dispersed among regional museums in France. ", "Those that remained in the cathedral were removed or relocated within the building by the 19th-century restorers.", "\n\nThirteen of the grands mays remain in Nôtre Dame:\n\nLa Descente du Saint Esprit by Jacques Blanchard – 1634\n\nSaint Pierre guérissant les malades de son ombre by Laurent de la Hyre – 1635\n\nLa Conversion de saint Paul by Laurent de la Hyre – 1637\n\nLe Centenier Corneille aux pieds de saint Pierre by Aubin Vouet – 1639\n\nLa Prédication de saint Pierre à Jérusalem by Charles Poerson – 1642\n\nLe Crucifiement de saint Pierre by Sébastien Bourdon – 1643\n\nLe Crucifiement de saint André by Charles Le Brun – 1647\n\nSaint Paul rend aveugle le faux prophète Barjesu et convertit le proconsul Sergius by Nicolas Loir – 1650\n\nLa Lapidation de saint Étienne by Charles Le Brun – 1651\n\nLa Flagellation de Saint Paul et Silas by Louis Testelin – 1655\n\nSaint André tressaille de joie à la vue de son supplicepar by Gabriel Blanchard – 1670\n\nLe Prophète Agabus prédisant à saint Paul ses souffrances à Jérusalem by Louis Chéron – 1687\n\nLes fils de Sceva battus par le démon by Mathieu Elyas – 1702\n\nThese paintings suffered water damage during the fire of 2019 and were removed for conservation.", "\n\nAn altarpiece depicting the Visitation, painted by Jean Jouvenet in 1707, was also located in the cathedral.", "\n\nThe canon Antoine de La Porte commissioned for Louis XIV six paintings depicting the life of the Virgin Mary for the choir. ", "At this same time, Charles de La Fosse painted his Adoration of the Magi, now in the Louvre. ", "Louis Antoine de Noailles, Archbishop of Paris, extensively modified the roof of Notre-Dame in 1726, renovating its framing and removing the gargoyles with lead gutters. ", "Noailles also strengthened the buttresses, galleries, terraces, and vaults. ", "In 1756, the cathedral's canons decided that its interior was too dark. ", "The medieval stained glass windows, except the rosettes, were removed and replaced with plain, white glass panes. ", "Finally, Jacques-Germain Soufflot was tasked with the modification of the portals at the front of the cathedral to allow processions to more easily enter it.", "\n\nFrench Revolution and Napoleon\n\nAfter the French Revolution in 1789, Notre-Dame and the rest of the clergy's property in France was seized and made public property. ", "The cathedral was rededicated in 1793 to the Cult of Reason, and then to the Cult of the Supreme Being in 1794. ", "During this time, many of the treasures of the cathedral were either destroyed or plundered. ", "The twenty-eight statues of biblical kings located at the west façade, mistaken for statues of French kings, were beheaded. ", "Many of the heads were found during a 1977 excavation nearby, and are on display at the Musée de Cluny. ", "For a time the Goddess of Liberty replaced the Virgin Mary on several altars. ", "The cathedral's great bells escaped being melted down. ", "All of the other large statues on the façade, with the exception of the statue of the Virgin Mary on the portal of the cloister, were destroyed. ", "The cathedral came to be used as a warehouse for the storage of food and other non-religious purposes.", "\n\nWith the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon Bonaparte restored Notre-Dame to the Catholic Church, though this was only finalized on 18 April 1802. ", "Napoleon also named Paris's new bishop, Jean-Baptiste de Belloy, who restored the cathedral's interior. ", "Charles Percier and Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine made quasi-Gothic modifications to Notre-Dame for the coronation of Napoleon as Emperor of the French within the cathedral. ", "The building's exterior was whitewashed and the interior decorated in Neoclassical, then in vogue.", "\n\nRestoration\n\nAfter the Napoleonic Wars, Notre-Dame was in such a state of disrepair that Paris officials considered its demolition. ", "Victor Hugo, who admired the cathedral, wrote the novel Notre-Dame de Paris (published in English as The Hunchback of Notre-Dame) in 1831 to save Notre-Dame. ", "The book was an enormous success, raising awareness of the cathedral's decaying state. ", "The same year as Hugo's novel was published, however, anti-Legitimists plundered Notre-Dame's sacristy and broke its stained glass windows. ", "In 1844 King Louis Philippe ordered that the church be restored.", "\n\nThe architect who had hitherto been in charge of Notre-Dame's maintenance, Étienne-Hippolyte Godde, was dismissed. ", "In his stead, Jean-Baptiste Lassus and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, who had distinguished themselves with the restoration of the nearby Sainte-Chapelle, were appointed in 1844. ", "The next year, Viollet-le-Duc submitted a budget of 3,888,500 francs, which was reduced to 2,650,000 francs, for the restoration of Notre-Dame and the construction of a new sacristy building. ", "This budget was exhausted in 1850, and work stopped as Viollet-le-Duc made proposals for more money. ", "In totality, the restoration cost over 12 million francs. ", "When Lassus died in 1857, Viollet-le-Duc was left sole architect of the project until its completion on 31 May 1864. ", "Supervising a large team of sculptors, glass makers and other craftsmen, and working from drawings or engravings, Viollet-le-Duc remade or added decorations if he felt they were in the spirit of the original style. ", "One of the latter items was a taller and more ornate spire, to replace the original 13th century spire, which had been removed in 1786. ", "The decoration of the restoration included a statue of Saint Thomas that resembles Viollet-le-Duc, as well as the sculpture of mythical creatures on the Galerie des Chimères.", "\n\nThe construction of the sacristy was especially financially costly. ", "To secure a firm foundation, it was necessary for Viollet-le-Duc's laborers to dig . ", "Master glassworkers meticulously copied styles of the 13th century, as written about by art historians Antoine Lusson and Adolphe Napoléon Didron.", "\n\nAntonieta Rivas Mercado shot herself at the altar of Notre-Dame on 11 February 1931 with a pistol that was the property of her lover Jose Vasconcelos. ", "She died instantly.", "\n\nDuring the liberation of Paris in August 1944, the cathedral suffered some minor damage from stray bullets. ", "Some of the medieval glass was damaged, and was replaced by glass with modern abstract designs. ", "On 26 August, a special mass was held in the cathedral to celebrate the liberation of Paris from the Germans; it was attended by General Charles De Gaulle and General Philippe Leclerc.", "\n\nIn 1963, on the initiative of culture minister André Malraux and to mark the 800th anniversary of the Cathedral, the façade was cleaned of the centuries of soot and grime, restoring it to its original off-white color.", "\n\nThe Requiem Mass of Charles de Gaulle was held in Notre-Dame on 12 November 1970. ", "The next year, on 26 June 1971, Philippe Petit walked across a tight-rope strung up between Notre-Dame's two bell towers and entertained spectators.", "\n\nAfter the Magnificat of 30 May 1980, Pope John Paul II celebrates Mass on the parvis of the cathedral.", "\n\nThe Requiem Mass of François Mitterrand was held at the cathedral, as with past French heads of state, on 11 January 1996.", "\n\nThe stone masonry of the cathedral's exterior had deteriorated in the 19th and 20th century due to increased air pollution in Paris, which accelerated erosion of decorations and discolored the stone. ", "By the late 1980s, several gargoyles and turrets had also fallen off or become too loose to remain in place. ", "A decade-long renovation program began in 1991 and replaced much of the exterior, with care given to retain the authentic architectural elements of the cathedral, including rigorous inspection of new limestone blocks. ", "A discreet system of electrical wires, not visible from below, was also installed on the roof to deter pigeons. ", "The cathedral's pipe organ was upgraded with a computerized system to control the mechanical connections to the pipes. ", "The west face was cleaned and restored in time for millennium celebrations in December 1999.", "\n\n21st century\n\nThe Requiem Mass of Cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger, former Archbishop of Paris and Jewish convert to Catholicism, was held in Notre-Dame on 10 August 2007.", "\n\nThe set of four 19th-century bells atop the northern towers at Notre-Dame were melted down and recast into new bronze bells in 2013, to celebrate the building's 850th anniversary. ", "They were designed to recreate the sound of the cathedral's original bells from the 17th century. ", "Despite the 1990s renovation, the cathedral had continued to show signs of deterioration that prompted the national government to propose a new renovation program in the late 2010s. ", "The entire renovation was estimated to cost €100 million, which the Archbishop of Paris planned to raise through funds from the national government and private donations. ", "A €6 million renovation of the cathedral's spire began in late 2018 and continued into the following year, requiring the temporary removal of copper statues on the roof and other decorative elements days before the April 2019 fire.", "\n\nNotre-Dame began a year-long celebration of the 850th anniversary of the laying of the first building block for the cathedral on 12 December 2012. ", "During that anniversary year, on 21 May 2013, Dominique Venner, a historian and white nationalist, placed a letter on the Church altar and shot himself, dying instantly. ", "Around 1,500 visitors were evacuated from the cathedral.", "\n\nFrench police arrested two people on 8 September 2016 after a car containing seven gas canisters was found near Notre-Dame.", "\n\nOn 10 February 2017, French police arrested four persons in Montpellier already known by authorities to have ties to radical Islamist organizations on charges of plotting to travel to Paris and attack the cathedral. ", "Later that year, on 6 June, visitors were shut inside Notre-Dame cathedral in Paris after a man with a hammer attacked a police officer outside.", "\n\n2019 fire\n\nOn 15 April 2019 the cathedral caught fire, destroying the spire and the \"forest\" of oak roof beams supporting the lead roof. ", "It was speculated that the fire was linked to ongoing renovation work.", "\n\nAccording to later studies, the fire broke out in the attic of the cathedral at 18:18. ", "The smoke detectors immediately signaled the fire to a cathedral employee, who did not summon the fire brigade but instead sent a cathedral guard to investigate. ", "Instead of going to the correct attic, the guard was sent to the wrong location, to the attic of the adjoining sacristy, and reported there was no fire. ", "The guard telephoned his supervisor, who did not immediately answer. ", "About fifteen minutes later the error was discovered, whereupon the guard's supervisor told him to go to the correct location. ", "The fire brigade was still not notified. ", "By the time the guard had climbed the three hundred steps to the cathedral attic the fire was well advanced. ", "The alarm system was not designed to automatically notify the fire brigade, which was finally summoned at 18:51 after the guard had returned from the attic and reported a now-raging fire, and more than half an hour after the fire alarm had begun sounding.", "\nFirefighters arrived in less than ten minutes.", "\n\nThe spire of the cathedral collapsed at 19:50, bringing down some 750 tons of stone and lead. ", " The firemen inside were ordered back down. ", "By this time the fire had spread to the north tower, where the eight bells were located. ", " The firefighters concentrated their efforts in the tower. ", " They feared that, if the bells fell, they could wreck the tower, and endanger the structure of the other tower and the whole cathedral. ", " They had to ascend a stairway threatened by fire, and to contend with low water pressure for their hoses. ", " As other firemen watered the stairway and the roof, a team of twenty firemen climbed up the narrow stairway of the south tower, crossed to the north tower, lowered hoses to be connected to fire engines outside the cathedral, and sprayed water on the fire beneath the bells. ", " By 21:45, they were finally able to bring the fire under control.", "\nThe main structure was intact; firefighters saved the façade, towers, walls, buttresses, and stained glass windows. ", "The Great Organ, which has over 8,000 pipes and was built by François Thierry in the 18th century was also saved but sustained water damage. ", "Because of the ongoing renovation, the copper statues on the spire had been removed before the fire. ", "The stone vaulting that forms the ceiling of the cathedral had several holes but was otherwise intact.", "\n\nSince 1905, France's cathedrals (including Notre-Dame) have been owned by the state, which is self-insured. ", "Some costs might be recovered through insurance coverage if the fire is found to have been caused by contractors working on the site. ", "The French insurer AXA provided insurance coverage for two of the contracting firms working on Notre-Dame's restoration before the blaze which devastated the cathedral. ", "AXA also provided insurance coverage for some of the relics and artworks in the cathedral.", "\n\nPresident Emmanuel Macron said approximately 500 firefighters helped to battle the fire. ", "One firefighter was seriously injured and two police officers were hurt during the blaze. ", " \n\nAn ornate tapestry woven in the early 1800s is going on public display for only the third time in recent decades. ", "The decoration was rescued from Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral after the fire.", "\n\nFor the first time in more than 200 years, the Christmas mass was not hosted at the Cathedral on 25 December 2019, due to the ongoing restoration work after the fire.", "\n\nStablization of building and reconstruction \n\nImmediately after the fire, President Macron promised that Notre-Dame would be restored, and called for the work to be completed within five years. ", "An international architectural competition was also announced to redesign the spire and roof. ", "The hasty spire competition announcement drew immediate criticism in the international press from heritage academics and professionals who faulted the French government for being too narrowly focused on quickly building a new spire, and neglecting to frame its response more holistically as an inclusive social process encompassing the whole building and its long term users. ", "A new law was immediately drafted to make Notre Dame exempt from existing heritage laws and procedures, which prompted an open letter to President Macron signed by over 1,170 heritage experts urging respect for existing regulations. ", "The law, which passed on May 11, 2019, was hotly debated in the French National Assembly, with opponents accusing Macron's administration of using Notre-Dame self-servingly for political grandstanding, and defenders arguing the need for expediency and tax breaks to encourage philanthropic giving.", "\n\nPresident Macron suggested he was open to a \"contemporary architectural gesture\". ", "Even before the competition rules were announced, architects around the world offered suggestions: the proposals included a three hundred foot spire made of carbon fiber, covered with gold leaf; a roof built of stained glass; a greenhouse; a garden with trees, open to the sky; and a column of light pointed upwards. ", "A poll published in the French newspaper Le Figaro on 8 May 2019 showed that 55% of French respondents wanted a spire identical to the original. ", "French culture minister Franck Riester promised that the restoration \"will not be hasty.\" ", "On 16 July 2019, the French Parliament passed a law requiring that the Cathedral be rebuilt exactly as it appeared before the fire.", "\n\nIn October 2019, the French government announced that the first stage of reconstruction, the stabilising of the structure against collapse, would take until the end of 2021. ", "Reconstruction could not begin before early 2021. ", "President Macron announced that he hoped the reconstructed Cathedral could be finished by Spring 2024, in time for the opening of the 2024 Summer Olympics. ", "In December 2019, Monsignor Patrick Chauvet, the Rector of the Cathedral, said there was still a 50% chance that Notre-Dame cannot be saved due to the risk of the remaining scaffolding falling onto the three damaged vaults.", "\n\nThe first task of the restoration is the removal of 250-300 tons of melted metal tubes, the remains of the scaffolding, which remained on the top after the fire, and could still fall onto the vaults and cause the collapse of the structure. ", "This stage began in February 2020 and will continue through April 2020. ", " A large crane, eighty-four meters high, was put in place next to the Cathedral to help remove the scaffolding.. The stained glass windows have been removed from the nave, and the flying buttresses have been reinforced with wooden arches to stabilise the structure.", "\n\nTowers and the spire\n\nThe two towers are high, and were the tallest structures in Paris until the completion of the Eiffel Tower in 1889. ", "The towers were the last major element of the cathedral to be constructed. ", "The south tower was built first, between 1220 and 1240, and the north tower between 1235 and 1250. ", "The newer north tower is slightly larger, as can be seen when they are viewed from directly in front of the church. ", "The contrefort or buttress of the north tower is also larger.", "\n\nThe north tower was accessible to visitors by a stairway, whose entrance was on the north side of the tower. ", "The stairway has 387 steps, and has a stop at the Gothic hall at the level of the rose window, where visitors could look over the parvis and see a collection of paintings and sculpture from earlier periods of the cathedral's history.", "\n\nThe ten bells of the cathedral are located in the south tower. (", "see Bells below)\n\nA lead-roofed water reservoir between the two towersbehind the colonnade and the gallery and before the nave and the pignonprovides water for firefighting.", "\n\nThe cathedral's flèche (or spire), which was destroyed in the April 2019 fire, was located over the transept. ", "The original spire was constructed in the 13th century, probably between 1220 and 1230. ", "It was battered, weakened and bent by the wind over five centuries, and finally was removed in 1786. ", "During the 19th-century restoration, Eugène Viollet-le-Duc decided to recreate it, making a new version of oak covered with lead. ", "The entire spire weighed 750 tons.", "\n\nFollowing Viollet-le-Duc's plans, the spire was surrounded by copper statues of the twelve Apostlesa group of three at each point of the compass. ", "In front of each group is an animal symbolising one of the four evangelists: a winged ox for Saint Luke, a lion for Saint Mark, an eagle for Saint John and an angel for Saint Matthew. ", "Just days prior to the fire, the statues were removed for restoration. ", "While in place, they had faced outwards towards Paris, except one: the statue of Saint Thomas, the patron saint of architects, faced the spire, and had the features of Viollet-le-Duc.", "\n\nThe rooster weathervane atop the spire contained three relics: a tiny piece from the Crown of Thorns in the cathedral treasury, and relics of Saint Denis and Saint Genevieve, patron saints of Paris. ", "They were placed there in 1935 by Archbishop Jean Verdier, to protect the congregation from lightning or other harm. ", "The rooster with relics intact was recovered in the rubble shortly after the 2019 fire.", "\n\nIconography – the \"poor people's book\"\n\nThe Gothic cathedral was a liber pauperum, a \"poor people's book\", covered with sculpture vividly illustrating biblical stories, for the vast majority of parishioners who were illiterate. ", "To add to the effect, all of the sculpture on the façades was originally painted and gilded. ", "The tympanum over the central portal on the west façade, facing the square, vividly illustrates the Last Judgment, with figures of sinners being led off to hell, and good Christians taken to heaven. ", "The sculpture of the right portal shows the coronation of the Virgin Mary, and the left portal shows the lives of saints who were important to Parisians, particularly Saint Anne, the mother of the Virgin Mary.", "\n\nThe exteriors of cathedrals and other Gothic churches were also decorated with sculptures of a variety of fabulous and frightening grotesques or monsters. ", "These included the gargoyle, the chimera, a mythical hybrid creature which usually had the body of a lion and the head of a goat, and the Strix or stryge, a creature resembling an owl or bat, which was said to eat human flesh. ", "The strix appeared in classical Roman literature; it was described by the Roman poet Ovid, who was widely read in the Middle Ages, as a large-headed bird with transfixed eyes, rapacious beak, and greyish white wings. ", "They were part of the visual message for the illiterate worshipers, symbols of the evil and danger that threatened those who did not follow the teachings of the church.", "\n\nThe gargoyles, which were added in about 1240, had a more practical purpose. ", "They were the rain spouts of the cathedral, designed to divide the torrent of water which poured from the roof after rain, and to project it outwards as far as possible from the buttresses and the walls and windows where it might erode the mortar binding the stone. ", "To produce many thin streams rather than a torrent of water, a large number of gargoyles were used, so they were also designed to be a decorative element of the architecture. ", "The rainwater ran from the roof into lead gutters, then down channels on the flying buttresses, then along a channel cut in the back of the gargoyle and out of the mouth away from the cathedral.", "\n\nAmid all the religious figures, some of the sculptural decoration was devoted to illustrating medieval science and philosophy. ", "The central portal of the west façade is decorated with carved figures holding circular plaques with symbols of transformation taken from alchemy. ", "The central pillar of the central door of Notre-Dame features a statue of a woman on a throne holding a scepter in her left hand, and in her right hand, two books, one open (symbol of public knowledge), and the other closed (esoteric knowledge), along with a ladder with seven steps, symbolizing the seven steps alchemists followed in their scientific quest of trying to transform ordinary metals into gold.", "\n\nMany of the statues, particularly the grotesques, were removed from façade in the 17th and 18th century, or were destroyed during the French Revolution. ", "They were replaced with figures in the Gothic style, designed by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, during the 19th century restoration.", "\n\nStained glass – rose windows\n\nThe stained glass windows of Notre-Dame, particularly the three rose windows, are among the most famous features of the cathedral. ", "The west rose window, over the portals, was the first and smallest of the roses in Notre-Dame. ", "It is 9.6 metres in diameter, and was made in about 1225, with the pieces of glass set in a thick circular stone frame. ", "None of the original glass remains in this window; it was recreated in the 19th century.", "\n\nThe two transept windows are larger and contain a greater proportion of glass than the rose on the west façade, because the new system of buttresses made the nave walls thinner and stronger. ", "The north rose was created in about 1250, and the south rose in about 1260. ", "The south rose in the transept is particularly notable for its size and artistry. ", "It is 12.9 metres in diameter; with the claire-voie surrounding it, a total of 19 metres. ", "It was given to the Cathedral by King Louis IX of France, known as Saint Louis.", "\n\nThe south rose has 94 medallions, arranged in four circles, depicting scenes from the life of Christ and those who witnessed his time on earth. ", "The inner circle has twelve medallions showing the twelve apostles. (", "During later restorations, some of these original medallions were moved to circles farther out). ", "The next two circles depict celebrated martyrs and virgins. ", "The fourth circle shows twenty angels, as well as saints important to Paris, notably Saint Denis, Margaret the Virgin with a dragon, and Saint Eustace. ", "The third and fourth circles also have some depictions of Old Testament subjects. ", "The third circle has some medallions with scenes from the New Testament Gospel of Matthew which date from the last quarter of the 12th century. ", "These are the oldest glass in the window.", "\n\nAdditional scenes in the corners around the rose window include Jesus' Descent into Hell, Adam and Eve, the Resurrection of Christ. ", "Saint Peter and Saint Paul are at the bottom of the window, and Mary Magdalene and John the Apostle at the top.", "\n\nAbove the rose was a window depicting Christ triumphant seated in the sky, surrounded by his Apostles. ", "Below are sixteen windows with painted images of Prophets. ", "These were not part of the original window; they were painted during the restoration in the 19th century by Alfred Gérenthe, under the direction of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, based upon a similar window at Chartres Cathedral.", "\n\nThe south rose had a difficult history. ", "In 1543 it was damaged by the settling of the masonry walls, and not restored until 1725–1727. ", "It was seriously damaged in the French Revolution of 1830. ", "Rioters burned the residence of the archbishop, next to the cathedral, and many of the panes were destroyed. ", "The window was entirely rebuilt by Viollet-le-Duc in 1861. ", "He rotated the window by fifteen degrees to give it a clear vertical and horizontal axis, and replaced the destroyed pieces of glass with new glass in the same style. ", "The window today contains both medieval and 19th century glass.", "\n\nIn the 1960s, after three decades of debate, it was decided to replace many of the 19th-century grisaille windows in the nave designed by Viollet-le-Duc with new windows. ", "The new windows, made by Jacques Le Chevallier, are without human figures and use abstract grisaille designs and color to try to recreate the luminosity of the Cathedral's interior in the 13th century.", "\n\nThe 2019 fire left the three great medieval rose windows essentially intact, but with some damage. ", "The rector of the Cathedral noted that one rose window would have to be dismantled, as it was unstable and at risk. ", "Most of the other damaged windows were of much less historical value.", "\n\nCrypt\n\nThe Archaeological Crypt (Crypte archéologique de l'île de la Cité) was created in 1965 to protect a range of historical ruins discovered during construction work and spanning from the earliest settlement in Paris to the modern day. ", "The crypt is managed by the Musée Carnavalet, and contains a large exhibit, detailed models of the architecture of different time periods, and how they can be viewed within the ruins. ", "The main feature still visible is the under-floor heating installed during the Roman occupation.", "\n\nOrgan\n\nOne of the earliest organs at Notre-Dame, built in 1403 by Friedrich Schambantz, was replaced between 1730 and 1738 by François Thierry. ", "During the restoration of the cathedral by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, Aristide Cavaillé-Coll built a new organ, using pipe work from the former instruments. ", "The organ was dedicated in 1868.", "\n\nIn 1904, Charles Mutin modified and added several stops; in 1924, an electric blower was installed. ", "An extensive restoration and cleaning was carried out by Joseph Beuchet in 1932. ", "Between 1959 and 1963, the mechanical action with Barker levers was replaced with an electric action by Jean Hermann, and a new organ console was installed.", "\n\nDuring the following years, the stoplist was gradually modified by Robert Boisseau (who added three chamade stops: 8′, 4′, and 2′/16′ in 1968) and Jean-Loup Boisseau after 1975, respectively. ", "In autumn 1983, the electric combination system was disconnected due to short-circuit risk.", "\n\nBetween 1990 and 1992, Jean-Loup Boisseau, Bertrand Cattiaux, Philippe Émeriau, Michel Giroud, and the Société Synaptel revised and augmented the instrument throughout. ", "A new console was installed, using the stop knobs, pedal and manual keyboards, foot pistons and balance pedals from the Jean Hermann console. ", "Between 2012 and 2014, Bertrand Cattiaux and Pascal Quoirin restored, cleaned, and modified the organ. ", "The stop and key action was upgraded, a new console was built, (again using the stop keys, pedal board, foot pistons and balance pedals of the 1992 console), a new enclosed division (\"Résonnance expressive\", using pipework from the former \"Petite Pédale\" by Boisseau, which can now be used as a floating division), the organ case and the façade pipes were restored, and a general tuning was carried out. ", "The current organ has 115 stops (156 ranks) on five manuals and pedal, and more than 8,000 pipes.", "\n\nCouplers: II/I, III/I, IV/I, V/I; III/II, IV/II, V/II; IV/III, V/III; V/IV, Octave grave général, inversion Positif/Grand-orgue, Tirasses (Grand-orgue, Positif, Récit, Solo, Grand-Chœur en 8; Grand-Orgue en 4, Positif en 4, Récit en 4, Solo en 4, Grand-Chœur en 4), Sub- und Super octave couplers and Unison Off for all manuals (Octaves graves, octaves aiguës, annulation 8′). ", "Octaves aiguës Pédalier.", "\nAdditional features: Coupure Pédalier. ", "Coupure Chamade. ", "Appel Résonnance. ", "Sostenuto for all manuals and the pedal. ", "Cancel buttons for each division. ", "50,000 combinations (5,000 groups each). ", "Replay system.", "\n\nOrganists\nThe position of titular organist (\"head\" or \"chief\" organist; French: titulaires des grands orgues) at Notre-Dame is considered one of the most prestigious organist posts in France, along with the post of titular organist of Saint Sulpice in Paris, Cavaillé-Coll's largest instrument.", "\n\n (1600–1609)\n (1609–1610)\n (1610–1616)\n Charles Racquet (1618–1643)\n (c. 1643 – 1689)\n (1689–1730)\n Guillaume-Antoine Calvière (1730–1755)\n René Drouart de Bousset (1755–1760)\n (1755–1761)\n Louis-Claude Daquin (1755–1772)\n Armand-Louis Couperin (1755–1789)\n Claude Balbastre (1760–1793)\n Pierre-Claude Foucquet (1761–1772)\n Nicolas Séjan (1772–1793)\n (1772–1783)\n Jean-Jacques Beauvarlet Charpentier (1783–1793)\n (1802–1806)\n (1806–1834)\n (1834–1840)\n Félix Danjou (1840–1847)\n (1847–1900)\n Louis Vierne (1900–1937)\n Léonce de Saint-Martin (1937–1954)\n Pierre Cochereau (1955–1984)\n Yves Devernay (1985–1990)\n Jean-Pierre Leguay (1985–2015)\n (since 1985)\n Olivier Latry (since 1985)\n (since 2016)\n\nBells\n\nThe cathedral has ten bells. ", "The bourdon, called Emmanuel, weighing at 13 tons and tuned to F sharp, has been an accompaniment to some of France's major historical events since its first 15th-century casting , such as the coronation of French kings, papal visits, and the end of conflicts such as World War I and World War II. ", "It also rings in times of sorrow like for the funerals of the French heads of state, tragedies such as the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, and on special holidays like Christmas, Easter, and Ascension. ", "It was recast at the request of King Louis XIV in 1681, and managed to escape the events of the 1789 French Revolution. ", "\n\nThere were also four bells that replaced those destroyed in the French Revolution. ", "Placed at the top of the North Tower in 1856, these ring daily for basic services, the Angelus and the chiming of the hours. ", "The first of these bells, named Angélique-Françoise, weighs in at 1,915 kg and is tuned to C sharp; the next bell is named Antoinette-Charlotte, weighing in at 1,335 kg and tuned to D sharp. ", "Then there is the bell named Jacinthe-Jeanne weighing in at 925 kg tuned to F and the fourth bell named Denise-David weighs 767 kg and just like the Grand Bell Emmanuel, it is tuned to F sharp. ", "A few years later, in 1867, a carillon of three bells in the spire with two chimes that linked to the monumental clock were put in place and another three bells were positioned in the actual structure of Notre-Dame itself, so that they could be heard inside. ", "However, unfortunately, these are at present mute, although a project is currently being looked at, and hopefully will be put into place, in order to restore the Carillon to its former glory. ", "The four bells that were put in place in 1856 are now stored, as of February 2012.", "\n\nAbout a year later, a new set of eight bells for the North Tower of Notre-Dame was being produced, along with a Grand Bell for the South Tower, just as there were originally before most were destroyed during the French Revolution. ", "The construction of bells is one of accuracy and precision to obtain the desired sound and the work has been entrusted to two separate companies, one in France for the eight bells and one in Belgium for the Grand Bell. ", "Each of the new bells is named with names that have been chosen to pay tribute to saints and others who have shaped the life of Paris and the Notre-Dame.", "\n\nEmmanuel is accompanied by another large bell in the south tower called Marie. ", "At six tonnes and playing a G Sharp, Marie is the second largest bell in the cathedral. ", "Marie is also called a Little Bourdon (petite bourdon) or a drone bell because it is located alongside Emmanuel in the south tower. ", "Built in a foundry in The Netherlands, it has engravings as a very distinctive feature, something which is different compared to the other bells. ", "The phrases \"Je vous salue Marie,\" in French, and \"Via viatores quaerit,\" in Latin, which mean \"Hail Mary\" (where the bell gets its name from the Virgin Mary) and \"The way is looking for travellers\". ", "Below the phrase appears an image of the Baby Jesus and his parents surrounded by stars and a relief with the Adoration of the Magi. ", "It is in charge of the Small Solennel, which is similar to the Great Solennel except that the ringing peal starts with the bourdon and the eight bells in the north tower. ", "This ring is heard on only 1 January (New Year's Day) at the stroke of midnight and it replaces Emmanuel for international events. ", "Like Emmanuel, the bells are used to mark specific moments such as the arrival at the Cathedral of the body of the deceased Archbishop of Paris.", "\n\nIn the North Tower, there are eight bells varying in size from largest to smallest. ", "Gabriel is the largest bell there; it weighs four tons and plays an A sharp. ", "It is named after the Archangel Gabriel, who announced the birth of Jesus to the Virgin Mary. ", "Built in a bell foundry outside Paris in 2013, it also chimes the hour through the day. ", "Like Emmanuel and Marie, Gabriel is used to mark specific events. ", "It is used mainly for masses on Sundays in ordinary times and some solemnities falling during the week in the Plenum North. ", "It shows 40 circular lines representing the 40 days Jesus spent in the desert and the 40 years of Moses' crossing the Sinai.", "\n\nAnne-Geneviève is the second largest bell in the North Tower and the fourth largest bell in the cathedral. ", "Named after two saints: St. Anne, Mary's mother, and St. Geneviève the patron saint of Paris, it plays a B and it weighs three tons. ", "It has three circular lines that represent the Holy Trinity and three theological virtues. ", "Like Emmanuel, Marie and Gabriel, Anne-Genevieve is used to mark specific moments such as the opening of the doors to the Palm Sunday mass or the body of the deceased Archbishop of Paris. ", "Also it is the only bell that does not participate in a chime called the Angelus Domini, which happens in the summer at 8am, noon and 8pm (or 9am, noon and 9pm).", "\n\nDenis is the third largest bell in the North Tower and fifth largest bell in the cathedral. ", "It is named after St. Denis, the martyr who was also the first bishop of Paris around the year 250; it weighs 2 tons and plays a C sharp. ", "This bell includes the third phrase of the Angelus, \"Behold the handmaid of the Lord\". ", "There are also seven circular lines representing the gifts of the Holy Spirit and the seven Sacraments.", "\n\nMarcel is the fourth largest bell in the North Tower and sixth largest bell in the cathedral. ", "It is named after the . ", "It plays a D sharp and weighs 1.9 tons. ", "It is named after Saint Marcel, the ninth bishop of Paris, known for his tireless service to the poor and sick in the fifth century. ", "The bell that bears his name as a tribute has engraved upon it the fourth sentence of the Angelus, \"Be it done unto me according to Thy word\".", "\n\nÉtienne is the fifth largest bell in the North Tower and seventh largest bell in the cathedral. ", "It is named after St. Étienne (English St. Stephen), the first Christian martyr. ", "It plays an E sharp and weighs 1.5 tons with its most prominent feature being its gold stripe slightly above the nameplate.", "\n\nBenoît-Joseph is the sixth largest bell in the North Tower and eighth largest bell in the cathedral. ", "The bell is named in honor of Pope Benedict XVI, using the French version of his pontifical name combined with his given name (Joseph). ", "It plays an F and weighs 1.3 tons. ", "It has two silver stripes above the skirt and one silver stripe above the nameplate. ", "This bell is used for weddings and sometimes chimes the hour replacing Gabriel, most likely on a chime called the Ave Maria.", "\n\nMaurice is the seventh largest bell in the North Tower and second smallest in the cathedral. ", "It is named after Maurice de Sully, the bishop of Paris who laid the first stone for the construction of the Cathedral. ", "It includes the inscription, \"Pray for us, Holy Mother of God\". ", "It plays a G sharp and weighs one ton. ", "It has two gray stripes below the nameplate. ", "This bell is used for weddings.", "\n\nJean Marie is the smallest bell of the cathedral. ", "Unlike Benoît-Joseph and Anne-Geneviève which have two names, it is named after Cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger, Paris' bishop from 1981 until 2005, and on it is engraved the eighth and last sentence of the Angelus: \"that we might be made worthy of the promises of Christ\". ", "It plays an A sharp and weighs 0.780 tons. ", "It has a small gray stripe above the skirt. ", "This bell is also used for weddings.", "\n\nOwnership\nUntil the French Revolution, Notre-Dame was the property of the Archbishop of Paris and therefore the Roman Catholic Church. ", "It was nationalized on 2 November 1789 and since then has been the property of the French state. ", "Under the Concordat of 1801, use of the cathedral was returned to the Church, but not ownership. ", "Legislation from 1833 and 1838 clarified that cathedrals were maintained at the expense of the French government. ", "This was reaffirmed in the 1905 law on the separation of Church and State, designating the Catholic Church as having the exclusive right to use it for religious purposes in perpetuity. ", "Notre-Dame is one of seventy historic churches in France with this status. ", "The archdiocese is responsible for paying the employees, for security, heating and cleaning, and for ensuring that the cathedral is open free to visitors. ", "The archdiocese does not receive subsidies from the French state.", "\n\nGallery\n\nSee also\n\n Architecture of Paris\n French Gothic architecture\n List of destroyed heritage\n List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region\n May (painting)\n Musée de Notre Dame de Paris\n Roman Catholic Marian churches\n Virgin of Paris\nNotre-Dame de Paris fire\n\nNotes\n\nFootnotes\n\nCitations\n\nReferences\n\nEnglish-language\n \n Davis, Michael T. \"Splendor and Peril: The Cathedral of Paris, 1290–1350.\" ", "The Art Bulletin (1998) 80#1 pp: 34–66.", "\n \n {{cite journal|last=Inglis|first=Erik|title=Gothic Architecture and a Scholastic: Jean de Jandun's Tractatus de laudibus Parisius|year=2003|journal=Gesta|volume=42|issue=XLII/1|pages=63–85|jstor=25067075|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/25067075}}\n Jacobs, Jay, ed. ", "The Horizon Book of Great Cathedrals. ", "New York City: American Heritage Publishing, 1968\n Janson, H. W. History of Art. ", "3rd Edition. ", "New York City: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1986\n Myers, Bernard S. Art and Civilization. ", "New York City: McGraw-Hill, 1957\n \n \n Wright, Craig. ", "Music and ceremony at Notre Dame of Paris, 500–1550 (Cambridge University Press, 2008)\n\nFrench-language\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Renault, Christophe and Lazé, Christophe, Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier, (2006), Gisserot; \n \n Tonazzi, Pascal. ", "Florilège de Notre-Dame de Paris (anthologie)'', Editions Arléa, Paris, 2007,\n\nOnline references\n\nStanford Libraries\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Official website of Notre-Dame de Paris also \n List of Facts about Notre-Dame de Paris\n Notre-Dame de Paris's Singers\n Official site of Music at Notre-Dame de Paris\n Panoramic view\n Further information on the Organ with specifications of the Grandes Orgues and the Orgue de Choeur\n Photos: Notre-Dame de Paris – The Gothic Cathedral, Flickr\n\n Notre Dame de Paris\nCategory:Île de la Cité\nCategory:12th-century Roman Catholic church buildings\nCategory:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1345\nCategory:14th-century Roman Catholic church buildings\nCategory:Basilica churches in Paris\nParis, Notre Dame de\nCategory:Gothic architecture in France\nCategory:Gothic architecture in Paris\nCategory:Landmarks in France\nCategory:Roman Catholic churches in the 4th arrondissement of Paris\nCategory:Burial sites of the Pippinids\nCategory:Burned buildings and structures in France\nCategory:Ruins in Île-de-France\nCategory:Monuments historiques in Paris\nCategory:Monuments of the Centre des monuments nationaux" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Lessons in Creativity, Part 3: Identity\n\nIf you’ve always felt like you totally belong in this world, and that you’ve always been doing the things you think you were meant to do, then you’re a freak of nature.", "\n\nMost of us end up trying and experimenting a lot, and even then we don’t necessarily end up finding the “perfect fit”.", "\n\nAnd until you “come into your own”, it will always be a struggle making sense of your own thoughts, actions, and beliefs. ", "It will be a struggle making sense of the world.", "\n\nBut getting to the core of who you are is critically important. ", "Dr. Gabor Maté, in his book, When the Body Says No: The Cost of Hidden Stress notes that those who struggle with identity are also prone to autoimmune disorders. ", "This is because they tend to put everyone’s needs before their own, to their own detriment.", "\n\nINFJs (“the advocate”) already have these tendencies without ever being prompted to please people; we tend to do it naturally. ", "We don’t live for a cause – we represent the cause!", "\n\n***\n\nShortly after my band broke up in 2009, I was a mess.", "\n\nMost shows would end with me feeling completely isolated and left out, regardless of what the objective reality of the situation was.", "\n\nI didn’t want to be a pest, but I would sometimes tell my band members what was going on inside my head. ", "Sometimes they would coax it out of me because I wouldn’t be in any mood to talk.", "\n\nBut the root cause was always the same – I felt like the other band members were getting all of the attention, and that I was irrelevant.", "\n\nI’m not saying that I was justified in what I was feeling. ", "But friends and relationships was one area of my life that wasn’t totally going the way I thought it should.", "\n\nIn due course, the band broke up. ", "I’m not sure if I was at fault, or if it was just that the other guys had other things they wanted to pursue. ", "It was probably a bit of both, as evidenced by the fact that two of the band members got married within a very short amount of time thereafter.", "\n\nI couldn’t totally make sense of what I was feeling, so I decided to see a psychologist. ", "That in itself wasn’t an easy decision, but I didn’t feel like there were many people I could talk to about what I was going through at that point.", "\n\nOver the course of several sessions, my psychologist said a couple of things that I still remember to this day.", "\n\nThe first was this: “It sounds like you just went through a breakup – like you were in a relationship. ", "The band was your significant other.”", "\n\nTrue, a band is a lot like marriage. ", "This is said jokingly a lot of the time, but there’s no denying that you’re committed to the members, you make important decisions together, and the music you create is a collaborative effort.", "\n\nIt was an odd thing for my psychologist to say, but it was probably true. ", "I was dealing with a lot of emotions because I really thought there was a chance at success with this band.", "\n\n“People usually settle for 80% of what they’re looking for in a partner,” he also told me.", "\n\nI should clarify that he wasn’t talking about the band at this point. ", "He felt that I should be in a real relationship, with a girl, and that if I didn’t make the effort to talk to someone I was interested in, it was a “missed opportunity” rather than “pre-ordained rejection.”", "\n\nIt was a nice way of framing it, but I wondered if he knew something I didn’t.", "\n\nLike, how would he know I wouldn’t be rejected by girls? ", "Did I really have redeeming qualities that the opposite sex would find attractive?", "\n\n***\n\nPerhaps I was spoiled by Japan.", "\n\nYou see, while I was living there, I didn’t have a whole lot of trouble making friends.", "\n\nFor them, it probably had a little bit to do with the novelty of befriending someone from overseas, someone that didn’t share the native skin, eye, or hair color.", "\n\nI lived in Japan for a total of eight and a half years with my family while going to kindergarten, all the way up through to grade eight.", "\n\nFor the first four years, we lived in an area called Akura, in a small apartment. ", "Akura had a history of breeding some great soccer players, and sure enough, many kids spent recess playing soccer.", "\n\nIt also wasn’t the nicest part of town. ", "As result, I’m pretty sure I made enemies as easily as friends while we lived there.", "\n\nBut when we moved into the mountains, in Sakasedai, I was welcomed with open arms. ", "Sure, not all of the kids liked me, but they cheered when I showed up for the first day of school – literally!", "\n\nI made a lot of friends, and it wasn’t hard work. ", "Sure, I still had a rotating circle of five or six “best friends” based on common interest, but there were very few kids with whom I didn’t meet and interact with. ", "Well, I was a little shy about the girls mind you.", "\n\n***\n\nI’m 33 now. ", "Just recently, I was asked by a customer experience manager at a bank if I was in post-secondary school. ", "I laughed.", "\n\nI still look quite young. ", "I feel young. ", "But only now do I feel like I’m truly comfortable with whom I really am.", "\n\nThis is after spending time in environments where independent thinking was simultaneously promoted and pushed down – in church, in school, at work, and in network marketing meetings. ", "God, network marketing meetings.", "\n\nMy point is this: it isn’t going to be easy if your expectations don’t match up with your natural talents, abilities, tendencies, and even your personality type.", "\n\nBut I’ve discovered that you can’t have expectations for other people – unless you’re leading them. ", "You have to make sure to voice your expectations too!", "\n\nWhen you let go of these expectations, you will put a lot of doubt, a lot of confusion, and a lot of procrastination to rest. ", "As my counselor once taught me, “unspoken expectations are premeditated resentment.”", "\n\nActions always speak louder than words. ", "If you want to know what someone’s agenda truly is, forget their words – just watch what they do next.", "\n\nI admire Derek Sivers because he’s willing to embrace his strengths and do the work that complements his personality. ", "It’s not bad to stretch yourself, and I have no doubt that Derek does, but if you’re expecting something out of yourself that you have no way of creating or providing, you can expect your identity crisis to continue.", "\n\nDavid Andrew Wiebe has built an extensive career in songwriting, live performance, recording, session playing, production work, investing, and music instruction. ", "In addition to helping musicians unlock their full potential, he also continues to maintain a performance schedule with Long Jon Lev and Adrenalize. ", "If you'd like to be notified whenever the blog is updated, click here to subscribe." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nBoton con JQuery usar atributo como nombre del boton\n\nBuenas necesito que el atributo PRECIO que este en la etiqueta A se use como VALOR en el INPUT.", "\nLogre hacerlo pero se mantiene estático, al principio lo había logrado desde el input y recorría cada botón pero al implantarlo en el proyecto donde estoy trabajando tiene que ser desde la etiqueta <a> entonces ya logre hacerlo pero caí en el mismo problema, no hace el ciclo se mantiene solo en el primer botón.", "\nAquí muestro lo que llevo, soy nuevo en la programación apenas, espero puedan ayudarme y entender lo que trato de decir, tiene que ser de ese modo porque en el proyecto donde estoy el usuario puede modificar el atributo mediante una caja de texto por ahora estoy trabajando que sean valores fijos.", "\n\n<script src=\"https://code.jquery.com/jquery-2.1.4.min.js\"></script>\r\n<a id=\"inq4\" producto=\"Producto 1\" precio=\"123\"> <input type=\"submit\" value=\"\" /></a>\r\n<a id=\"inq5\" producto=\"Producto 2\" precio=\"456\"> <input type=\"submit\" value=\"\" /></a>\r\n<script>\r\n $(document).ready(function() {\r\n $(\"input\").each(function() {\r\n $(\"input\").attr(\"value\", $(\"a\").attr(\"precio\") + ' $');\r\n });\r\n });\r\n</script>\n\nA:\n\nEn programación existe el concepto de this que en el caso de la función each() hace referencia a cada uno de los elementos de la colección capturada con $('input'). ", "De esta manera, podemos hacer que por cada <input>, busque a su padre (la etiqueta <a> en nuestro caso) y extraiga su valor del atributo precio).", "\n\n<html>\r\n <body>\r\n <script src=\"https://code.jquery.com/jquery-2.1.4.min.js\"></script>\r\n \r\n <a id=\"inq4\" producto=\"Producto 1\" precio=\"123\" > <input type=\"submit\" value=\"\"/></a>\r\n <a id=\"inq5\" producto=\"Producto 2\" precio=\"456\"> <input type=\"submit\" value=\"\"/></a>\r\n\r\n <script>\r\n $(document).ready(function() {\r\n $(\"input\").each(function() {\r\n $(this).attr(\"value\", $(this).parent().attr(\"precio\") + ' $');\r\n });\r\n });\r\n </script>\r\n </body>\r\n</html>\n\n" ]

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[ "August 21, 2008\n\nTHE RUSSIA-Georgia war has revealed a new balance of power in the world--and exposed the hypocrisy of U.S. politicians and the media who decry the imperialism emanating from Moscow, but embrace it when it's made in the USA.", "\n\nJohn McCain, of course, wins the prize for setting the most outrageous double standard. \"", "In the 21st century,\" he informed us, \"nations don't invade other nations.\" ", "Unless, of course, we're talking about Afghanistan or Iraq, and the invading power happens to be the United States. ", "McCain demanded an immediate pullout of all Russian forces from Georgia and insisted upon its \"territorial integrity\"--even as he claims the right for the U.S. to occupy Iraq for the next 100 years.", "\n\nThe supposedly progressive Barack Obama sounded little different. \"", "I have condemned Russian aggression, and today I reiterate my demand that Russia abide by the cease-fire,\" he said. \"", "Russia must know that its actions will have consequences.\"", "\n\nOne can imagine how a President Obama would respond if Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin or President Dimitri Medvedev declared that he wouldn't withdraw all troops from Georgia right away, but would leave behind a large occupation force in order to be \"as careful in getting out of Georgia as we were careless in getting in.\" ", "That, of course, is Obama's excuse for keeping up to 50,000 U.S. troops in Iraq for \"force protection,\" the defense of U.S. military personnel and \"anti-terrorist\" missions--the same kind of pretext that Russia used to move beyond Georgia's disputed South Ossetia region to a full-fledged invasion.", "\n\nRussian soldiers look on as Georgia burns\n\nThe media has been even more two-faced than the politicians. ", "The same news outlets that parroted the Pentagon whitewash of civilian casualties in the horrific U.S. blitz on Falluja in Iraq in 2004 or aerial bombardment of wedding parties in Afghanistan now breathlessly report on the Russian bombs and artillery shells that hit apartment buildings and markets.", "\n\nFor the U.S. media, when Washington military action causes civilian deaths--between 600,000 and more than 1 million in Iraq, according to some estimates--it's \"collateral damage,\" a regrettable but unavoidable part of modern warfare. ", "Yet when a Russian plane drops a bomb that kills innocent bystanders, it's a barbaric disregard for human life. ", "One wonders just how much more unpopular the U.S. war in Iraq would be if the media worked as hard at exposing civilian casualties in that country as it has in Georgia.", "\n\nTO POINT out this U.S. hypocrisy isn't to downplay the imperial nature of Russia's latest occupation of Georgia. ", "Georgia may have initiated the conflict by trying to smash the Russian-backed separatists among the Ossetian minority--and likely did so with a green light from the U.S. But Russia seized the opportunity to make an example of Georgia through military might--and not for the first time.", "\n\nThe Tsarist rulers of old Russia conquered Georgia more than two centuries ago. ", "After a brief interlude following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Georgia was again imprisoned in Stalin's USSR. ", "The Georgian nationalist movement revived in the 1980s despite murderous repression by the supposedly liberal Mikhail Gorbachev, the last president of the USSR.", "\n\nThe 1991 collapse of the USSR saw the non-Russian \"federal republics,\" including Georgia, gain independence. ", "With Russian imperialism in crisis, U.S. imperialism was determined to fill the vacuum, not only in Moscow's former puppet states in Eastern Europe, but in countries formerly part of the USSR.", "\n\nGeorgia, however, was slow going for the U.S. The pro-Western Georgian nationalist leader, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, pushed a \"Georgia for the Georgians\" line that frightened the 30 percent of the population that was non-Georgian--people whom Gamsakhurdia ominously referred to as \"guests.\" ", "The first non-Communist Party head of Georgia in the waning days of the USSR, Gamsakhurdia went on to revoke the autonomous status of Abkhazia and North Ossetia, which had been enshrined in the USSR's constitution. ", "Resistance from the Abkhazians and Ossetians led to civil war and ethnic cleansing and, with Russian intervention, de facto independence for both regions since 1993.", "\n\nThe situation was little changed under the regime of Eduard Schevardnadze, the former foreign minister of the USSR who returned home to Georgia to take over the presidency after Gamsakhurdia was ousted in a coup. ", "During Schevardnadze's decade in power, Russia and the U.S. jockeyed for influence in Georgia.", "\n\nWashington found a willing business partner in Schevardnadze. ", "He was in favor of an oil pipeline that would bypass Russia. ", "He was also a career Soviet politician who had run Georgia in the 1970s and who refused to take a consistent anti-Moscow line. ", "In 2003, an election year in Georgia, Schevardnadze set off alarm bells in Washington by making a deal with the Russian electrical power monopoly AES, which followed an earlier \"strategic partnership\" with the huge Russian gas company Gazprom.", "\n\nIn late 2003, the U.S., then still in the confident \"Mission Accomplished\" phase of the Iraq war, decided to up the ante. ", "It backed the U.S.-educated lawyer Mikheil Saakashvili, the leader of the mass protests of the \"Rose Revolution\" that ousted Schevardnadze after his party tried to rig parliamentary election results. ", "Modeled on the rebellion that drove Slobodan Milosevic from power in Serbia in 2000, the Rose Revolution was sustained in part by money from the foundation controlled by billionaire financier George Soros. ", "In the wake of the Rose Revolution the Soros foundation and other donors, as well as the United Nations Development Project, even paid salaries for 11,000 civil servants as part of a three-year aid program.", "\n\nThe U.S. saw the Saakashvili government as a means to accelerate its energy and defense plans for Georgia. ", "Saakashvili's presidential inauguration in 2004 was attended by then-Secretary of State Colin Powell, who announced $166 million in immediate aid as well as a three-year, $500 million aid package to promote \"economic reforms.\" ", "This was only part of a steady stream of U.S. dollars to a country of just 4.6 million people. ", "According to one study, Georgia is the second highest recipient of U.S. aid per capita in the world. ", "Meanwhile, the European Union and the World Bank pledged another $1 billion in assistance to Saakashvili's government.", "\n\nSOON, THE White House was ready to plant the U.S. flag in the heart of the South Caucasus. ", "George W. Bush visited Tbilisi in May 2005 to \"underscore his support for democracy, historic reform and peaceful conflict resolution,\" as the U.S. Embassy in Georgia put it in a press release. ", "These \"reforms,\" according to Kakha Bendukidze, the Russia-based industrial oligarch turned Georgian economy minister, meant that the Georgian state would privatize \"everything that can be sold, except its conscience.\"", "\n\nWith Saakashvili in power, Washington moved aggressively to create in Georgia a crucial gateway for oil and gas pipelines that could bypass Russia on the north and Iran on the south. ", "It was under Saakashvili that the long-sought Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) oil pipeline was finally completed in 2005, providing a means to get oil from Azerbaijan on the Caspian Sea across Georgia to a Turkish port on the Mediterranean.", "\n\nThe U.S. had to strong-arm Western oil companies into building BTC--ultimately, BP agreed to take the lead. ", "The U.S. also had to pressure the International Finance Corporation, the private development arm of the World Bank, to loan $250 million for construction of the pipeline.", "\n\n\"In the South Caucasus, U.S. and European state interests are bound up with the commercial interests of major oil companies that form the principal Caspian energy consortia,\" wrote Damien Helly and Giorgi Gogia, two experts on Georgian politics. \"", "To secure their investments in the Caspian Sea Basin, these companies have found allies among U.S. geostrategists who support a strong U.S. presence among Russia's neighbors. ", "High-level former officials such as Zbigniew Brzezinski, Brent Scowcroft, John Sununu, James Baker and Richard Cheney (when he was head of Halliburton) have all visited Baku [Azerbaijan] and the Caspian region and lobbied in favor of the oil companies.\"", "\n\nThese U.S. economic and political projects had to be secured militarily. ", "Thus, in the wake of 9/11, the U.S. began to send military advisers to Georgia. ", "That move rankled Moscow, which also accused Georgia of doing too little to stop the flow of arms and insurgents across its border into neighboring Chechnya, where separatists were fighting the Russian armed forces.", "\n\nFor Russia, Georgia was seen as a red line that the U.S. and NATO could not cross. ", "In the early 1990s, Russia had no choice but to allow the expansion of NATO to include its former satellites in Eastern Europe and the three former Soviet Republics on the Baltic. ", "But the U.S. push to include Georgia and Ukraine in the alliance--as well as efforts to place anti-missile systems in the Czech Republic and Poland--was too much for the Kremlin.", "\n\nAfter Saakashvili took over in Tbilisi, U.S.-Russian tensions over Georgia increased dramatically. ", "In 2004, NATO approved Georgia's \"Individual Action Partnership Plan,\" the first step toward membership of the alliance, and stationed a liaison officer in Tbilisi. ", "In the years since, the U.S. and Israel have sent military trainers to upgrade Georgia's military to NATO standards, and Saakashvili has showed his loyalty to the U.S. by sending 2,500 Georgian troops to participate in the occupation of Iraq. ", "By 2007, the Georgian armed forces, previously a ragtag outfit unable to defeat irregular militias in South Ossetia or Abkhazia, were well-drilled, lavishly equipped and NATO-ready. ", "The U.S. pushed for a fast-track acceptance into the alliance.", "\n\nAll that state-of-the-art weaponry, of course, is now smashed or captured by the Russian army, and the armed forces shattered by the Russian occupation. ", "What began as the latest U.S. attempt to use a small nation as an outpost of the American Empire has ended with a brutal invasion by a rival empire, one just as determined to police its own \"backyard\" as the U.S. has been in Latin America. ", "And in the wake of the Russia-Georgia war, oil-rich Azerbaijan--which has its own separatist region populated by ethnic Armenians allied with Russia--will think twice about crossing Moscow to sign up with the U.S. and NATO.", "\n\nBut the consequences of the Russian invasion go far beyond the South Caucasus region. ", "The war has exposed the expanded NATO as a hollow organization. \"", "For an organization that has come to rely heavily on words and symbolism, NATO issued a disconcertingly evasive communiqué at its emergency meeting on Georgia,\" journalist Vladimir Socor wrote. \"", "The first mention of Russia appears only in the second paragraph, and it is a positive mention: NATO 'welcomes the [armistice] agreement reached and signed by Georgia and Russia.' ", "No reference to the Russian military duress, under which this flawed armistice was 'reached.' ", "The communiqué urges prompt, good-faith implementation of the armistice, politely ignoring its loopholes.\"", "\n\nSo much for NATO's vaunted \"one-for-all, all-for-one\" principle. ", "The U.S. and NATO have bankrolled and armed a tiny nation, encouraged or tolerated a military attack that was bound to trigger a response from a neighboring great power--and, when that small country was invaded and occupied, stood back and did nothing.", "\n\nSo much for the neoconservative dream of a \"new world order\" under U.S. domination, guaranteed by pre-emptive warfare and regime change. ", "The U.S. wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were intended to allow Washington to consolidate its grip on the Middle East and project its power into the Caucusus and Central Asia. ", "Instead, the U.S. finds itself militarily overstretched, incapable of protecting its new client states and unable even to get a strong resolution out of NATO condemning Russia's invasion of Georgia--to say nothing of NATO countries' reluctance to commit troops to the losing war in Afghanistan.", "\n\nThere are other examples of waning U.S. imperial clout--the ouster of Pervez Musharraf as dictator of Pakistan being the latest serious example. ", "The cracks in the empire, in turn, are widened by the ongoing U.S. financial crisis, which is increasingly dragging down the entire world economy. ", "The entire U.S. economic model--the pro-business, free-trade neoliberal program--is being discredited. ", "The recent collapse of the latest World Trade Organization negotiations is a case in point.", "\n\nU.S. imperialism is far from a spent force, of course. ", "The country still has enormous military might and economic resources, and a President Obama would likely bring in a foreign policy and military team that's more competent than the Bush administration hacks. ", "But no matter who's in charge in the White House, the shift in the world balance of power--economically, militarily and politically--is bound to lead to further instability and crises." ]

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[ "Structure-based fragment shuffling of two fungal phytases for combination of desirable properties.", "\nAspergillus niger NRRL 3135 phytase (Anp) and Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 13073 phytase (Afp) are quite different but mutually complementary in many properties. ", "A semi-rational protein engineering strategy based on 3D structure and sequence alignment was used to take advantage of the desirable characteristics of both enzymes. ", "Each phytase was divided into seven fragments, including regions I-VII (I, 1-47; II, 59-133; III, 139-172; IV, 178-237; V, 246-329; VI338-381; VII, 404-444). ", "The equivalent regions were swapped to construct an array of chimeras. ", "Among the functional chimeras expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris, novel phytases with combinations of the most desirable properties, including heat-resistance, were obtained. ", "Correlations of individual regions with detailed differences were established by systematic evaluation of the substitutions. ", "Regions II and VI contributed to the difference in specific activity at pH 5.0. ", "Regions IV and V of Anp fully accounted for its second pH optimum at pH 2.5. ", "Most influences of substitutions were additive, except those of regions V and VI. ", "Exchanging both regions led to different impacts upon K(m) and activity at approximately pH 4.0 compared with the replacement of either." ]

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[ "1877 New Jersey gubernatorial election\n\nThe 1877 New Jersey gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1877. ", "Democratic nominee George B. McClellan defeated Republican nominee William A. Newell with 51.65% of the vote.", "\n\nGeneral election\n\nCandidates\nMajor party candidates\nGeorge B. McClellan, Democratic\nWilliam A. Newell, Republican\n\nOther candidates\nThomas B. Hoxey, Greenback Party\nRodolphus Bingham, Prohibition Party\n\nResults\n\nReferences\n\n1877\nCategory:1877 United States gubernatorial elections\nCategory:1877 New Jersey elections\nCategory:November 1877 events" ]

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[ "Employment – Wage Act – Common-law remedies\n\nWhere (1) a plaintiff, alleging that the defendant company failed to pay certain sales commissions that he earned as a sales representative, has brought a Massachusetts Wage Act claim as well as common-law claims for breach of contract, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, promissory estoppel, ‘unjust enrichment/quantum meruit’ and misrepresentation and (2) the defendant has moved to dismiss the common-law claims, those claims are not “superseded” by the Wage Act, so the motion to dismiss must be denied." ]

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[ "CNN's Anderson Cooper: US Air Flight 1549 and Bird Strikes\n\nUS Air Flight 1549, which has crashed into New York's Hudson River today may have been felled by a flock of geese in what is known as a bird strike. ", "As unreal as it sounds,CNN'sAnderson Cooper reports that there is an actual organization called Bird Strike Committee USA formed because of the bird strike problem. ", "According to Anderson Cooper:\n\nBird Strike Committee USAis a volunteer organization directed by a 10- to 15-person steering committee consisting of 2-3 members each from the Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Department of Defense, aviation industry/airlines, and airports.", "\n\nCheck out the statistics on bird strikes, it will blow your mind! ", "I am so thankful that everyone on US Air Flight 1549 is safe! ", "Did you know about bird strikes? ", "Leave it to Anderson Cooper to blog about bird strikes. ", "He totally rocks!" ]

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[ "edwin martinez gun.jpeg\n\nSyracuse police displayed a hand gun recovered from suspect Edwin Martinez, arrested downtown on Sept. 16.", "\n\n(Provided Photo)\n\nEdwin Martinez\n\nBlood splatter on the sidewalk on the 400 block of South Warren Street after the arrest of Edwin Martinez on Sept. 16.", "\n\nSyracuse, NY -- An Onondaga County judge blasted claims of Syracuse police brutality by a witness who changed his story today in court.", "\n\nState Supreme Court Justice John Brunetti said the accusations \"unjustifiably\" damaged the reputation of Syracuse police Officer Kevin Hamberger, who arrested gunman Edwin Martinez last fall on a busy downtown street.", "\n\nBrunetti went on to give Hamberger credit, saying the officer had the \"occasion to use more force than was actually used\" against Martinez.", "\n\nThe judge also ruled that Hamberger acted properly in disarming Martinez of a loaded gun last September near the Galleries of Syracuse. ", "Hamberger encountered Martinez, who was wanted on domestic violence warrants, and disarmed him during a struggle before arresting him with the help of other officers.", "\n\nBoth Hamberger and Martinez described what happened in similar ways, though Hamberger says Martinez pulled the gun and Martinez claimed the cop pulled the gun from Martinez's waistband.", "\n\nThe judge ruled that both the officer and defendant were not intentionally exaggerating the facts, but were giving versions from their own point of view.", "\n\nThe \"factually-inaccurate\" accusations that Brunetti criticized came from witnesses Mark Czajak and his girlfriend, Katherine Callahan. ", "Both were subpoenaed to court today, but only Czajak appeared.", "\n\nReached by phone this afternoon, Callahan declined comment.", "\n\nAsked about major inconsistencies in his version of what happened, Czajak testified this morning that Callahan had written a statement from his point of view and he signed it without careful review.", "\n\nBrunetti, saying he didn't want to embarrass Czajak, said he would place blame for the inconsistencies on Callahan. ", "But the judge ruled that their descriptions of what happened weren't true.", "\n\nThat vindicates both Onondaga County District Attorney William Fitzpatrick and Police Chief Frank Fowler, who publicly hailed the work of Hamberger and other officers who responded.", "\n\nHere are some of the claims Czajak made in his signed statement which were later refuted:\n\n• \"...Mr. Martinez voluntarily gave up a handgun, placing it on the ground.\"", "\n\nToday, Czajak said the officer grabbed the weapon from Martinez's waistband during the confrontation. ", "He did say \"there really wasn't much resistance from Martinez.\" (", "Hamberger claims Martinez grabbed the gun during the struggle.)", "\n\n• \"...Mr. Martinez began raising his hands in an attempt to give himself up, when he was brought to the ground with what appeared to be a taser.\"", "\n\nNo Taser was used in the incident. ", "Czajak said today that while he didn't see Martinez resist, he didn't see Martinez attempt to surrender, either.", "\n\n• \"Helpless, pinned down, and handcuffed, the officer reached for the hand gun that Mr. Martinez had placed on the ground...and began striking Mr. Martinez repeatedly on the head with it.\"", "\n\nToday, Czajak testified that near the end of the incident, another officer, not Hamberger, picked up the weapon on the ground. ", "He maintained that Hamberger struck Martinez while the suspect was on the ground.", "\n\nBut Brunetti ruled that wasn't accurate, either, because neither the officer nor Martinez described any beating on the ground.", "\n\nThe statement is written from Czajak's point of view and signed by him.", "\n\nWhile the judge discredited the witness' testimony, he did not say what punishment he felt was appropriate for Martinez.", "\n\nHe did reassure defense lawyer Nikki Platenik that he would not punish Martinez for the faulty statements made by the witnesses.", "\n\nAssistant District Attorney Rob Moran has sought a 10-year prison term on an illegal weapons charge. ", "But Brunetti noted that prosecutors were considering \"background factors\" in pushing for such a lengthy sentence when the minimum sentence is 3 1/2 years.", "\n\nThat's a reference to the fact Martinez was charged as an accomplice to a homicide but avoided murder charges in 2013 based on an order by Brunetti. ", "The judge had ruled that Martinez had satisfied a deal that spared him prosecution, which the DA's office disagreed with.", "\n\nThe judge ordered Martinez back to court Feb. 27. ", "He remains in custody." ]

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[ "Determination of hexavalent chromium and accompanying anions in one run using isocratic ion chromatography with column switching.", "\nA method for the simultaneous determination of hexavalent chromium and other inorganic anions like chloride, nitrate and sulfate in aqueous solutions was developed using isocratic ion chromatography with suppressed conductometric detection and column switching. ", "Owing to the large differences in distribution coefficient between chromate and the other species, the chromate is separated from the other anions in a first short column, whereas the other anions are led to a longer second column via a column-switching valve, and separated there. ", "Using standard anion separation conditions the length of the columns and the switching procedure were optimized. ", "The time of analysis for eight anions is less than 12 min and the method can be easily automated. ", "Detection limit and precision are not effected by the switching procedure." ]

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[ "Exploring the supernatural and other stories to keep you awake at night.", "\n\nMenu\n\nLegend Tripping\n\nIn all honesty, this is a term that I was unfamiliar with until earlier today… and no, it has nothing to do with drugs. ", "A legend trip (or ostension) is a journey made, most usually by a small group of adolescents, to a site of alleged legendary significance. ", "Basically, it’s a journey to a place of legend.", "\n\nSo what constitutes a “place of legend”? ", "This is a location in which some tragic or horrific event (supposedly) occurred where the possibility of a supernatural event or haunting is reputed to occur. ", "The thrill behind the legend being that it places you in a position where you might see or hear something unique, and through visiting that place of legend you become witness to that event and your story is added to the legend. ", "In adolescent circles you might then gain some notoriety among friends… of course, that’s not always the case but it is the idea behind the journey—It’s a rite of passage among adolescents.", "\nLegend trips are made at night and usually by foot. ", "These trips usually have at least three people on them—the person who is dared or who has dared friends to go on this journey and at least two witnesses who can later confirm the story. (", "Three is the magic number for any story to be believable.) ", "As the travelers make their journey to the location, the legend is re-told at a whisper.", "\n\nOften times, these trips require some sort of ritual be done to dare whatever haunts the location to show itself or manifest in some way as to support the claims that the location is haunted. ", "This could be something as simple chanting some sort of prose or taunting the legendary entity with words. ", "On other legend trips, a task must be completed to prove that the trip was made such as climbing a specific tombstone in front of the witnesses, sitting on a grave at a particular time or for a particular duration of time, spending the night in a specified location, making a mark on a specific item, or retrieval of an item.", "\n\nWhen the journey is over, once the task or ritual has been completed, the travelers retreat. ", "Psychologically speaking, every sound, shadow or event becomes a witness or sign that the legend is true and that the travelers were lucky to escape with their lives! ", "The success of the trip is determined in the telling or confirmation of their experience—usually with something having been witnessed to all the travelers to suggest that what was experienced during the trip really happened and also that the experience confirmed the truth of the legend. ", "Most importantly, it confirms the bravery of the travelers who have defied the entity.", "\n\nPopular culture has its own version of a legend trip in the 1999 film The Blair Witch Project, in which three college students are doing research on a haunted portion of woods wherein the Blair Witch resides. ", "The students then venture into the woods to gather information on The Blair Witch and subsequently begin to experience strange things that have been associated with The Blair Witch. ", "We know now that this legend was made up—as are the stories behind many places of legend—but there are some locations which hold some basis in fact that are still destinations for legend trips.", "\n\nLooking for Personal Stories\n\nIf any of our faithful followers or perhaps new visitors who stumble across our blog have favourite stories to share or would like to see us feature a haunted location outside the US, please send an email to the address below." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a so-called solder repairing apparatus and a method of repairing solder.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nTwo or more electronic components are mounted on a printed wiring board in a printed circuit board unit. ", "Solder is employed to mount the electronic components on the printed wiring board. ", "The solder often happens to bridge two or more electrode pads on the printed wiring board. ", "A short circuit is established in an electronic circuit on the printed wiring board. ", "Such a printed circuit board unit cannot be shipped out of a factory.", "\nIt is required to eliminate such a short circuit in the electronic circuit of the printed circuit board unit. ", "The corresponding electronic component is removed from the printed wiring board so as to eliminate the short circuit. ", "A new electronic component is then mounted on the printed wiring board. ", "Repair of the solder thus causes the replacement of the electronic components.", "\nAn operator is required to manipulate the electronic components with his/her own hands for detachment or attachment of the electronic component. ", "The operator usually uses a soldering iron to heat the electronic component. ", "The electronic component is removed during the application of heat to the electronic component. ", "A highly advanced technique is required to use the soldering iron for detachment and attachment of the electronic component of a smaller size. ", "The working efficiency gets worse. ", "In addition, the removed electronic component is inevitably wasted. ", "It is desirable to avoid the waste of the electronic component as much as possible." ]

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[ "T.I. is speaking out after his controversial comments. ", "During the latest episode of Facebook Watch's Red Table Talk, the 39-year-old rapper discusses his recent remarks about his daughter's virginity -- which...\n\nAngelina Pivarnick is officially married! ", "ET can exclusively confirm that the 33-year-old Jersey Shore Family Vacation star tied the knot to Chris Larangeira at the Park Château Estate & Gardens in East Brunswick,..." ]

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[ "Even believers can presume that God is on their side on a particular issue without due consideration. ", "Though he was not an evangelical, Abraham Lincoln’s famous words can serve us well here: “My concern is not whether God is on ...Read More\n\nDr. John MacArthur says, “Paul is forbidding women from filling the office and role of the pastor or teacher. ", "He is not prohibiting them from teaching in other appropriate conditions and circumstances” (The MacArthur Bible Commentary, p. 1,783). ", "All of ...Read More\n\nJesus’ teaching leads us to conclude that it is better not to make a vow than to swear an oath that we have no intention of keeping. ", "It also reinforces the point that oaths and vows should not be made ...Read More\n\nDr. R.C. Sproul notes that we are free today to give to a variety of Christian causes because in the new covenant there is no longer just one storehouse as under the old covenant. ", "The lion’s share of the ...Read More\n\nOne commentator has aptly said that the honor of the covenant becomes a nightmare for those who refuse to walk by faith in it. ", "We who have been marked out as the Lord’s by our baptism must forsake all other ...Read More\n\nGod said to Jeremiah, “They shall not prevail against you, for I am with you, declares the Lord, to deliver you” (Jer. ", "1:19). ", "This promise was not just for Jeremiah, but it is for all the faithful servants of God. ...", "Read More\n\nWhen Jesus says “if you love me you will keep my commandments” (John 14:15), He points out the close connection between belief and obedience. ", "Because Jesus is God, His commandments are found from Genesis 1 all the way to Revelation ...Read More\n\nSometimes we think our prayers are pointless because we know God’s mind cannot be changed. ", "Yet we do not know what the Lord has decreed, and Scripture is clear that our prayers really do have an effect in God’s plan ...Read More\n\nAtheists claim that there is not enough reason to believe God exists. ", "In Romans 1, Paul proves otherwise. ", "All men see God in creation but suppress the evidence in sin. ", "Good apologists for the Christian faith always remember that. ", "As ...Read More" ]

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[ "Monday, August 1, 2011\n\nRunning to Z\n\nI'm going to be honest, I have no idea how this post is going to end up, maybe a ramble or maybe I will actually compose something that makes sense to others? ", "Who knows but I feel the need to write, to get some feelings of my chest as well as some updates. ", "First I will say that we are so thankful for all the support we have had so far! ", "I know a lot of people in the adoption community that have had some bad reactions to their decision to adopt and I can honestly say that we have not had that experience! ", "We are surrounded by such amazing people! ", "I know that we will have opposition for the rest of our lives but with the support system we have, I know we will get through it.", "Right now our adoption process has kinda stalled. ", "Yes we are still moving forward and nothing has really changed, it just seems that suddenly we are at a place where we have to wait. ", "We have to wait on a few things before we can keep moving and it kind of feels like our feet are glued to the ground. ", "Like no matter how hard we are trying to make a forward step, we just can't move. ", "Thankfully though I know this is just temporary. ", "I know we will very soon have the funds to send our social worker the check to pay for the home study, the doctor will re-fill out and re-sign our medical forms and Chris' social security card will arrive in the mail (well I hope it will!). ", "But until all these things happen we can't move forward with our home study and this means we must wait. ", "Anyone that knows me well knows I am horrible at waiting, seriously I'm BAD at it! ", "I'm even worse at it if I think that I could be doing something about but can't. ", "The worst part about my impatience is that I start to close up, especially to God. ", "As I pull myself further from God I realize that a lot of the feelings that God has shielded me from are starting to creep back in. ", "This scares me, I don't want to be back in that place. ", "I KNOW what God wants for our family, for our future but slowly I feel like I'm forgetting. ", "The feelings of loneliness and inadequacy have been trying to steal my joy about our future, trying to make me feel like adoption will never be \"good enough\" for me, that I will never be satisfied until I have a little baby in my tummy again. ", "This saddens me for many different reasons, I WANT to adopt and I don't want anything holding me back from our future children, future as a family and from God and His plan. ", "I want this to be more then just about us and our family! ", "I just wish I wasn't so human! ", "But even as I am writing this I can feel God's loving grace surrounding and reminding me of not only what I want but what HE wants (ha no joke the song that just came on my iPod is \"Running to You\" by Newsboys).One of the few things that does help me with waiting is to have a tangible goal. ", "Well of course with adoption there is a tangible goal, but right now the \"goal\" in my mind is a faceless, nameless child and well that hurts my heart! ", "I want so badly to see his/her face and hear their voice. ", "I'm so tired of say \"his/her\" so instead we are calling them Z! ", "Yep Z! ", "Why Z? ", "While trying for baby #2 Chris and I were pretty set on girl name and a boy name but for some reason as we have transitioned into the adoption process, I keep coming back to a different boy name, Zachary (Zoe is the same girl name but for a different reason) and finally we decided that we will keep these names when we finally bring Z home. ", "Both have great meanings and I feel are perfect for our child. ", "Zachary comes from Zachariah which means remembered by God. ", "I want our child to know that even though at one time he was an orphan, he was remembered and loved by God. ", "Zoe means life and I want my child (well all children of course) to LIVE a life of love and fulfillment!Something I keep saying and keeping trying to remind myself of, is that adoption, through God's lead, will ALWAYS happen on God's timeline. ", "Every holdup and stall is for a reason. ", "Our child will come home when God is ready for them to. ", "I can either let it hold me down or I can use this time to prepare for the race ahead of us by praying and drawing closer to God. ", "I choose to run to Z!!", "\n\n~Abbey\n\n\"For I know the plans I have for you,” declares the LORD, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.\" ", "Jeremiah 29:11\n\nNo comments:\n\nPost a Comment\n\nSubscribe to our updates!", "\n\nTotal Pageviews\n\nOur Family\n\nAbout Me\n\nI'm Abbey. ", "I'm a new mom and a wife to a wonderful man. ", "Sometimes I need to vent and other times I want to brag. ", "I love to cook and will slave over the stove all day to make a tasty dish, but if I am hungry I would much rather just go out instead. ", "Im lazy and stubborn. ", "I love to read but only about romance. ", "I love God with all my heart. ", "I am not at all perfect and I LOVE it!" ]

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[ "The Migrant Integration Policy Institute (MIPEX) publishes an annual report that evaluates policies to integrate immigrants. ", "MIPEX findings are compiled into an overall MIPEX score." ]

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[ "To link to the entire object, paste this link in email, IM or documentTo embed the entire object, paste this HTML in websiteTo link to this page, paste this link in email, IM or documentTo embed this page, paste this HTML in website\n\nATTRITION IN LONGITUDINAL TWIN STUDIES:\nA COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SEM ESTIMATION METHODS\nby\nPan Wang\nA Dissertation Presented to the\nFACULTY OF THE USC GRADUATE SCHOOL\nUNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA\nIn Partial Fulfillment of the\nRequirements for the Degree\nDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY\n(PSYCHOLOGY)\nDecember 2012\nCopyright 2012 Pan Wang\n\nThe overarching aims of this research were to find a way to evaluate assumptions about patterns of missing data and minimize adverse effects on statistical inferences and conclusions if data are missing not at random. ", "The Bayesian approach, implemented through the MCMC algorithms, provided possible bridges to these aims and received multi-phase investigations under a longitudinal twin design in this research. ", "In simulation study I and II, the performances of the Bayesian approach were compared to the direct Maximum likelihood (ML) estimation when data were missing completely at random (MCAR) or not at random (MNAR), respectively. ", "Robustness of different approaches to varying fractions of missing information was also examined. ", "The Bayesian approach, despite being less robust than ML in estimating unique environmental components and residual error, was effectively capable of capturing true models from MNAR when an appropriate logistic regression was formulated about the missingness pattern. ", "In simulation study III, the sensitivity of the Bayesian approach itself to misspecifications of the missingness pattern received further investigation. ", "The results suggested that, as long as the logistic regression equation in the Bayesian model was a saturated one taking into account as many predictors as possible, the Bayesian approach could correctly detect misspecifications with an acceptable type-I error. ", "Finally, the Bayesian model was applied to an empirical study of psychopathic traits to demonstrate the influence of MNAR data and what different conclusions from regular ML estimation it could achieve. ", "The implications of these different conclusions regarding the theory of psychopathy itself were also discussed.", "\n\nThe author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. ", "Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the author, as the original true and official version of the work, but does not grant the reader permission to use the work if the desired use is covered by copyright. ", "It is the author, as rights holder, who must provide use permission if such use is covered by copyright. ", "The original signature page accompanying the original submission of the work to the USC Libraries is retained by the USC Libraries and a copy of it may be obtained by authorized requesters contacting the repository e-mail address given.", "\n\nATTRITION IN LONGITUDINAL TWIN STUDIES:\nA COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SEM ESTIMATION METHODS\nby\nPan Wang\nA Dissertation Presented to the\nFACULTY OF THE USC GRADUATE SCHOOL\nUNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA\nIn Partial Fulfillment of the\nRequirements for the Degree\nDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY\n(PSYCHOLOGY)\nDecember 2012\nCopyright 2012 Pan Wang" ]

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[ "Archive for May, 2015\n\nWhy do people look for USA Proxy and VPN servers? ", "Well there’s a variety of reasons and now many people use phrase , just to hide their identity online. ", "Sometimes specifically for privacy reasons or often they simply need a US IP address to bypass internet blocks based on location.", "\n\nFor example if you are having a holiday in Turkey, don’t presume you can access all the same web sites that you do from the US.", "\n\nMany sites particularly media sites restrict access to US visitors, blocking any IP addresses from outside the country. ", "In addition you’ll also find that countries like Turkey heavily filter the internet too, often restricting sites like Twitter and Facebook to anyone inside the country.", "\n\nSo on the whole privacy and freedom – these are why many of us use either a US proxy or VPN everyday. ", "So what’s the difference between these two technologies and which one should I use. ", "Both perform basically the same function and can give you US IP addresses but in very different ways, which ultimately will define which is best for you.", "\n\nProxy Servers\n\nA proxy is a computer that acts as an intermediary between you an the websites you visit. ", "When you use a proxy, the traffic will appear to come from it’s IP address not yours. ", "This is why people will use a US proxy to access US only resources, a UK proxy to access the BBC and so on.", "\n\nThe two main types of proxies are as follows:\n\nHTTP proxies – designed to work for web pages i.e HTTP\n\nSocks Proxies – no specific protocol, handles all traffic.", "\n\nA few years ago, proxies were pretty much all you needed to access most sites and you could find free ones all over the internet. ", "Nowadays though most media sites can detect and block the use of proxies and there are many security issues with them too. ", "They can still work for a few sites, a proxy based in the UK will still allow you to access the majority of the BBC iPlayer application for example (need a VPN to download from the site though).", "\n\nVPN Servers\n\nVPN stands for Virtual Private Network and in some ways they perform a similar function to proxies. ", "A VPN creates a secure, encrypted tunnel between your client and a host VPN server. ", "This allows a new level of privacy as even your ISP cannot see what you do online other than your connected to a secure VPN server. ", "The main advantages are that the VPN provides a much higher level of privacy masking pretty much everything you do online from everyone. ", "They are more resource intensive though and quite costly to run and support, which is why you won’t find any free ones online.", "\n\nThe encryption layer does involve a slight overhead which can slow your connection down slightly. ", "However the better ones like Identity Cloaker compress the data as it’s being transported so can actually slightly speed up your browsing through some VPN servers.", "\n\nVPNs are much safer to use and if you have access to a VPN in the right country you should be able to access any restricted site. ", "So to be clear you’ll need to use a US VPN or proxy for sites like ABC, HBO and Hulu, but a UK one for BBC, ITV and UK TV sites. ", "Most of the major providers will provide a network of servers across the globe but you should check if you have a specific requirement.", "\n\nHere’s my two recommendations – both offer full VPNs, fast servers and access to many different countries in the basic subscription. ", "Although both supply software to connect, you can set up the VPNs manually on most other devices like tablets, smart phones and even routers.", "\n\nIDC is definitely, primarily a security product but offers both proxy and VPN modes for accessing BBC Iplayer, Hulu and all media sites. ", "They have loads of US proxy servers and even more UK based ones so if you want to watch the BBC Iplayer service then it’s probably your best option. ", "They do have lots of servers in the France, Germany, Australia, Canada and throughout Europe as well though. ", "They also don’t automatically renew your subscription either which I like.", "\n\nOVP is another great little company, I like their connection software which is easy to use. ", "Lots of US servers included in the standard subscription. ", "They also have the widest selection of servers although perhaps many won’t use most of them. ", "If you need a server in somewhere unusual they are most likely to have them. ", "The support staff know their stuff and are very helpful.", "\n\nUPDATE 08/2016\n\nNetflix have implemented a new system for blocking VPNs and it’s worked very well. ", "The vast majority of VPNs no longer work, however Identity Cloaker has updated their software to bypass the latest block. ", "So if you want access to US Netflix, you should choose Identity Cloaker, if any other VPNs now work please post a comment." ]

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[ "Introduction {#sec1}\n============\n\n2*H*-Indazoles are of considerable interest due to their medicinal chemistry applications, which include anticancer,^[@ref1],[@ref2]^ imidazoline I~2~ receptor,^[@ref3]^ and antiangiogenic^[@ref4]^ activities (Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}a). ", "Addressing this need, we recently developed the Davis--Beirut reaction,^[@ref5]−[@ref16]^ which is characterized by a noteworthy *N*,*N*-bond forming heterocyclization step, for the construction of a wide variety of 2*H*-indazoles and indazolones (Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}b).", "\n\n![(", "a) Bioactive 2*H*-indazoles. (", "b) A typical Davis--Beirut reaction proceeding through the proposed nitrosoimine intermediate.^[@ref6]^](jo-2014-01014e_0001){#fig1}\n\nIn connection with ongoing research activities addressing cystic fibrosis (CF),^[@ref17],[@ref18]^ our interest in the development of myeloperoxidase inhibitors^[@ref19],[@ref20]^ led us to explore introduction of a thioether moiety at *C3* of the 2*H*-indazole scaffold. ", "While attempts to employ RSH in the base-mediated Davis--Beirut reaction failed, we have found that a thiol tethered to the 1°-aminoalkane^[@ref7],[@ref21]^ used in the reductive amination step to construct the *o*-nitrobenzylamine intermediate (in turn, prepared from the appropriate *o*-nitrobenzaldehyde or *o*-nitrobenzyl bromide precursor) can deliver *C3 S*-substituted 2*H*-indazoles. ", "We report here the details of this investigation.", "\n\nResults and Discussion {#sec2}\n======================\n\nSulfur-containing molecules are quite relevant in medicine and in human biology.^[@ref22]−[@ref25]^ Thioethers also offer an intriguing point of diversification through easy access to higher oxidation states at sulfur. ", "The potential of sulfur-containing 2*H*-indazoles piqued the interest of Corsi and Palazzo, leading them to develop a limited and somewhat circuitous route to thiazoloindazole **1a** that proceeds by pyrolysis of 1-benzyl-3-((2-chloroethyl)thio)-1*H*-indazole (Scheme [1](#sch1){ref-type=\"scheme\"}; 40% yield).^[@ref26]^ Attempts to employ external thiols under a variety of Davis--Beirut reaction conditions (generically ^*i*^PrOH + EtSH + aq. ", "KOH) failed to deliver the thioether-containing 2*H*-indazole (e.g., the 2*H*-indazole in Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}b where the −OEt moiety would be replaced with the sought after −SEt). ", "These reaction attempts resulted primarily in nitroaryl reduction^[@ref27]^ to the corresponding aniline with only trace formation of the thia-containing 2*H*-indazole.", "\n\n{#sch1}\n\nWith this setback as a backdrop, we decided to explore the formation of 2,3-dihydrothiazolo\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole (**1a**; Scheme [2](#sch2){ref-type=\"scheme\"}) from 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and cysteamine before abandoning the thia-based Davis--Beirut reaction. ", "Condensation of these two commercially available reagents in methanol provided the requisite imine **2**, but LCMS analysis of the reaction mixture indicated the formation of a second product that was determined to be thioaminal **3**. ", "Varied reaction times, reaction conditions, and solvents (MeOH and ^*i*^PrOH) all resulted in **3** being the major product. ", "Also, attempts at reduction of this crude mixture of **2** and **3** (NaCNBH~3~ in MeOH), followed immediately by the Davis--Beirut reaction, resulted in a complex mixture of products (TLC).", "\n\n{#sch2}\n\nThese difficulties led us to pursue an alternate route wherein the sulfur moiety was initially protected. ", "While there are a number of effective thiol-protecting groups, trityl protection was selected for all of the aminothiols employed in this study for three reasons (i) the *S*-trityl group is easy to deprotect; (ii) the *S*-trityl group is stable to reductive amination conditions; and (iii) the UV activity of the S-trityl protected aminothiols, as well as their markedly different solubility characteristics, makes them easier to isolate and manipulate than their unprotected analogues. ", "In the event (Scheme [3](#sch3){ref-type=\"scheme\"}), 2-nitrobenzaldehyde in methanol reacted quickly with 2-(tritylthio)ethanamine (synthesized from cysteamine·HCl and trityl chloride in DMF)^[@ref28]^ to give an imine intermediate (not isolated) and subsequent addition of sodium cyanoborohydride delivered **4**. ", "This crude *o*-nitrobenzylamine was treated with TFA and triethylsilane^[@ref29]^ in methylene chloride to cleave the trityl protecting group (→ **5**), and then the resulting crude thiol was immediately (to minimize disulfide formation) subjected to the Davis--Beirut reaction---treatment with KOH in methanol plus 10% water at 90 °C---to deliver **1a** in 77% overall yield from 2-nitrobenzaldehyde.", "\n\n{#sch3}\n\nIt is interesting to note that Davis--Beirut reaction on the alcohol analogue of **5** (−SH replaced with −OH, **5a**) leads transiently to 2,3-dihydrooxazolo\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole (**6**), but base-mediated opening of the dihydrooxazolo ring under the reaction conditions produces 1*H*-indazol-3(2*H*)-one **7**.^[@ref12]^ While this ring-opening of **6** can be avoided by increasing steric hindrance at the electrophilic −CH~2~-- through placement of alkyl substituents at the *C2* and/or *C3* positions of **6** and by conducting the heterocyclization at 60 °C,^[@ref12]^ these modifications are not required in the formation of thiazoloindazole **1a**.", "\n\nWith the gratifying result of **4** leading to stable **1a** in hand, we next set out to prepare homologues (Scheme [4](#sch4){ref-type=\"scheme\"}a) of **1a** with six- (thiazino; **1b**) and seven-membered (thiazepino; **1c**) sulfur-containing heterocycles. ", "Applying Scheme [3](#sch3){ref-type=\"scheme\"} sequence of reactions to 3-(tritylthio)propan-1-amine delivered thiazinoindazole **1b** in 82% overall yield, whereas 4-(tritylthio)butan-1-amine delivered **1c** in 71% overall yield. ", "This last result led us to prepare the unknown oxygen analogue of **1c** for comparison (e.g., **8**; Scheme [4](#sch4){ref-type=\"scheme\"}b), which we obtained from 4-aminobutan-1-ol (→ **8**) in 44% overall yield. ", "Indeed, we observe that the *O*-analogues of **1a**, **1b**, and **1c** are obtained in lower yield than the corresponding *S*-analogues: *O*-analogues of **1a**--**c** in 24% (see **6** in Scheme [3](#sch3){ref-type=\"scheme\"}), 84%, and 44% yields (respectively) vs *S*-analogues **1a**--**c** in 77%, 82%, and 71% yields (respectively).^[@ref12]^\n\n{#sch4}\n\nNext, the scope of the sulfur-based Davis--Beirut reaction was expanded to include substituents on the carbocyclic ring of these 2*H*-indazoles. ", "These thia-based Davis--Beirut reactions proceed well with both electron-withdrawing (−COOH → **9**, −Br → **10**, −Cl → **11**, and pyridyl → **14a**,**b**; Scheme [5](#sch5){ref-type=\"scheme\"}a) and electron-donating (−OCH~2~O-- → **15a**--**c** and 8,9 di-OMe → **16**; Scheme [5](#sch5){ref-type=\"scheme\"}b) substituents as well as with both *o*-nitrobenzaldehyde and *o*-nitrobenzyl bromide precursors (Scheme [5](#sch5){ref-type=\"scheme\"}a--c). ", "Also, substitution *ortho* to the aldehyde does not dramatically affect the reaction (*ortho*-Cl → **11**). *", "o*-Nitrobenzaldehydes can also be replaced with heteroaryl nitroaldehydes (e.g., **12** and **13**) to give interesting sulfur-containing heteroaryl analogues (**14a**,**b** and **15a**--**c**) in good yields. ", "Benzo-fused analogue **17** was synthesized via trityl-protected 2-aminothiophenol (Scheme [5](#sch5){ref-type=\"scheme\"}c).^[@ref30]^ In earlier unpublished work, we found that the oxygen analogue of **17** (e.g., where \"S\" is replaced with \"O\") was not similarly accessible with 2-aminophenol; 2-(3-methoxy-2*H*-indazol-2-yl)phenol was formed instead.", "\n\n{#sch5}\n\nDiverse aminothiols are not readily available, and the literature provides few examples of diverse *S*-trityl aminoalkanes. ", "Therefore, the method devised to prepare the *S*-trityl aminoalkanes employed in this study is presented in Scheme [6](#sch6){ref-type=\"scheme\"}a (exemplified with the preparation of **22**; note that 2-(tritylthio)ethanamine,^[@ref28]^ 3-(tritylthio)propan-1-amine,^[@ref31]^ and 4-(tritylthio)butan-1-amine^[@ref31]^ were prepared as reported in the literature). ", "Since the protecting group used for the amine must be orthogonally removed vis-à-vis the *S*-trityl protecting group, phthalimide protection was selected as both its introduction \\[amine + phthalic anhydride (PAN) in refluxing xylenes\\] and its deprotection (phthalimide + hydrazine monohydrate) are well established *S*-trityl-compatible protocols. ", "From the requisite amino alcohol, amine protection (**18** → **19**; 80%), alcohol-to-iodide conversion (**19** → **20**; 76%),^[@ref32]^*S*-alkylation with triphenylmethanethiol (**20** → **21**; 55%), and hydrazinolysis (**21** → **22**; 44%) delivers the targeted *S*-trityl aminoalkane. *", "DL*-1-(Tritylthio)propan-2-amine (**22**) was subsequently employed in the Davis--Beirut sequence with *o*-nitrobenzaldehye (imine formation and reduction, trityl cleavage, and then aq. ", "KOH in MeOH) to deliver **23**---the *C3* methyl analogue of **1a**---in 66% yield (Scheme [6](#sch6){ref-type=\"scheme\"}b).", "\n\n{#sch6}\n\nHaving successfully introduced a thia moiety into the 2*H*-indazole scaffold, a contrast between these thia- (cf., **", "1a**) and oxo-bridged (cf., **", "6**) systems in terms of Davis--Beirut reaction yields is informative. ", "In fact, whereas some 2,3-dihydrooxazolo\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazoles (cf., **", "6**) and 3,4-dihydro-2*H*-\\[1,3\\]oxazino\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazoles (e.g., oxa analogues of **1b**) exhibit base and light sensitivity, the thia-2*H*-indazoles reported here are quite stable. ", "Also, while the oxo analogues can generally undergo further reaction with the alcohol solvent to form indazolones (cf., **", "6** → **7** in Scheme [3](#sch3){ref-type=\"scheme\"}), the sulfur analogues reported here do not---even at higher reaction temperatures and extended reaction times.", "\n\nIt is also noteworthy that oxo-2*H*-indazole functionalization is generally limited to conversion to the corresponding indazolone, whereas thia-2*H*-indazoles present new diversification pathways via, for example, *S*-oxidation to the corresponding sulfone. ", "Indeed, as summarized in Figure [2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, oxidation^[@ref33]^ of the thioether moiety in these thiazolo-, thiazino-, and thiazepino-2*H*-indazoles with Na~2~WO~4~·2H~2~O/30% aq. ", "H~2~O~2~/EtOAc leads cleanly and in high yield to the corresponding sulfones (**24**--**29**).", "\n\n{#fig2}\n\nConclusion {#sec3}\n==========\n\nIn summary, we have shown that the Davis--Beirut reaction affords thiazolo-, thiazino-, and thiazepino-2*H-*indazoles from *o*-nitrobenzaldehyde and *S*-trityl-protected 1°-aminoalkanes in good yields. ", "The process consists of reductive amination of the *o*-nitrobenzaldehyde-derived imine, *S*-trityl deprotection, and immediate refluxing with aqueous base in methanol. ", "The resulting thia-2*H*-indazoles are generally more stable than the corresponding oxo-2*H*-indazoles, and they can also be oxidized to the corresponding sulfones.", "\n\nExperimental Section {#sec4}\n====================\n\nGeneral Experimental {#sec4.1}\n--------------------\n\nAll solvents and reagents were purchased from commercial suppliers and used without further purification. ", "Analytical thin-layer chromatography was carried out on precoated plates (Silica gel 60 F~254~, 0.50 mm thickness) and visualized with UV light. ", "Flash chromatography was performed with 60 Å, 35--70 mm silica gel. ", "Concentration refers to rotary evaporation under reduced pressure.", "\n\n^1^H NMR spectra were recorded at 600 MHz at ambient temperature with DMSO-*d*6, MeOD-*d*4, or CDCl~3~ as solvents. ", "^13^C NMR spectra were recorded at 150 MHz at ambient temperature with DMSO-*d*6, MeOD-*d*4 or CDCl~3~ as solvents. ", "Data for ^1^H NMR are recorded as follows: chemical shift (δ, ppm), multiplicity (s, singlet; d, doublet; t, triplet; q, quartet; quint, quintet; m, multiplet), coupling constant (Hz), integration. ", "Chemical shifts are reported in parts per million relative to DMSO-*d*6 (^1^H, δ 2.50; ^13^C, δ 39.52), MeOD-*d*4 (^1^H, δ 3.31; ^13^C, δ 49.99), or CDCl~3~ (^1^H, δ 7.26; ^13^C, δ 77.16). ", "Infrared spectra were recorded on an ATI-FTIR spectrometer. ", "High-resolution mass spectra were acquired on an LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source operating in the positive ion mode. ", "Samples were introduced into the source via loop injection at a flow rate of 200 ul/min, in a solvent system of 1:1 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% formic acid.", "\n\nGeneral Procedure A: Preparation of Thiazolo-, Thiazino-, and Thiazepino-2*H*-indazoles {#sec4.2}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n2-Nitrobenzaldehyde (1.1 equiv) was dissolved in MeOH (0.4 M). ", "The requisite *S*-trityl-protected aminothioalkane (1.0 equiv) was added, and the solution was stirred until TLC showed consumption of the starting amine. ", "NaCNBH~3~ (2.0 equiv) was added portionwise, and the solution was stirred until consumption of the imine was observed. ", "The solution was evaporated, and the resulting residue was redissolved in methylene chloride. ", "The organic layer was washed twice with 1 M HCl, dried over Na~2~SO~4~, filtered, and concentrated to ∼10 mL. An equal volume of TFA was added, followed by addition of triethylsilane (3.0 equiv). ", "This solution was left to stir for 30 min and then concentrated (care was taken to vent the rotary evaporator to nitrogen to prevent disulfide formation). ", "To the remaining residue was added MeOH (0.1 M), KOH (15 equiv), and 10% v/v H~2~O. The solution was heated at reflux in a 90 °C oil bath for 3--6 h. Upon reaction completion, the MeOH was evaporated and the remaining aqueous mixture was partitioned with EtOAc. ", "The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc twice, and the resulting organic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried over Na~2~SO~4~, filtered, and concentrated. ", "Purification with silica gel chromatography provided the desired indazole.", "\n\n2,3-Dihydrothiazolo\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole (**1a**) {#sec4.3}\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nPrepared from 216 mg (0.68 mmol) of 2-(tritylthio)ethan-1-amine using General Procedure A. Purification by silica gel chromatography (20 → 50% EtOAc in hexanes) provided **1a** as a white amorphous solid in 77% yield (92 mg); ^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 7.60 (dt, *J* = 8.9, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (dt, *J* = 8.4, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (ddd, *J* = 8.4, 6.6, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (ddd, *J* = 8.4, 6.6, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (t, *J* = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (t, *J* = 7.6 Hz, 2H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 154.0, 133.1, 126.6, 120.8, 120.0, 118.0, 116.1, 50.4, 34.4. ", "HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~9~H~8~N~2~SH 177.0486; Found 177.0482.", "\n\n3,4-Dihydro-2*H*-\\[1,3\\]thiazino\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole (**1b**) {#sec4.4}\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrepared from 200 mg (0.60 mmol) of 3-(tritylthio)propan-1-amine using General Procedure A. Purification by silica gel chromatography (20 → 50% EtOAc in hexanes) provided **1b** as an amorphous tan solid in 82% yield (94 mg). ", "^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 7.58 (m, 1H), 7.49 (m, 1H), 7.27 (m, 1H), 6.99 (m, 1H), 4.55 (app. ", "t, *J* = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.23 (app. ", "t, *J* = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (app p, *J* = 6.4 Hz, 2H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 147.8, 127.0, 120.2, 119.8, 119.2, 117.0, 105.2, 48.8, 25.2, 24.8. ", "HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~10~H~10~N~2~SH 191.0643; Found 191.0648.", "\n\n2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-\\[1,3\\]thiazepino\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole (**1c**) {#sec4.5}\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrepared from 199 mg (0.57 mmol) of 4-(tritylthio)butan-1-amine using General Procedure A. Purification by silica gel chromatography (20 → 50% EtOAc in hexanes) provided **1c** as an amorphous solid in 71% yield (83 mg). ", "^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 7.68 (dt, *J* = 8.8, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (dt, *J* = 8.5, 1.1 Hz, 1H) 7.33 (ddt, *J* = 8.8, 6.8, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (ddt, *J* = 8.5, 6.8, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (m, 2H), 2.78 (m, 2H), 2.25 (m, 2H), 1.90 (m, 2H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 144.6, 128.5, 126.5, 124.0, 123.1, 120.4, 116.2, 53.7, 34.1, 32.2, 26.7. ", "HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~11~H~12~N~2~SH 205.0778; Found 205.0772.", "\n\n2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-\\[1,3\\]oxazepino\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole (**8**) {#sec4.6}\n--------------------------------------------------------------\n\n4-Amino-1-butanol (160 mg, 1.8 mmol) and 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (250 mg, 1.65 mmol) were dissolved in ^*i*^PrOH (5 mL) and stirred until TLC showed consumption of the starting material. ", "NaCNBH~3~ (310 mg, 4.94 mmol) was added portionwise, and the mixture was stirred for 20 min, at which time TLC showed consumption of the imine. ", "Isopropanol (10 mL) was added to the solution. ", "KOH (1.40 g, 25 mmol) was dissolved in a portion of water (2 mL) and added to the ^*i*^PrOH solution, which changed to a dark orange color. ", "This solution was heated at 60 °C for 8 h. The organic layer was washed twice with water and once with brine, dried over Na~2~SO~4~, filtered, and concentrated. ", "Purification by silica gel chromatography (50% EtOAc in hexanes) provided **8** as a tan amorphous solid in 44% yield (142 mg). ", "^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 7.54 (dt, *J* = 8.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (dt, *J* = 8.8, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (ddd, *J* = 8.8, 6.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (ddd, *J* = 8.5, 6.6, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (m, 2H), 4.20 (m, 2H), 2.16 (m, 2H), 1.96 (m, 2H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 148.4, 146.8, 126.5, 120.3, 118.9, 117.1, 110.0, 74.6, 52.8, 31.7, 26.1; HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~11~H~12~N~2~OH 189.1028; Found 189.1027.", "\n\n3,4-Dihydro-2*H*-\\[1,3\\]thiazino\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole-8-carboxylic acid (**9**) {#sec4.7}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n4-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzoic acid (150 mg, 0.54 mmol 1.0 equiv) and DIPEA (0.250 mL, 1.40 mmol, 2.5 equiv) were dissolved in MeOH. ", "3-(Tritylthio)propan-1-amine (480 mg, 1.40 mmol, 2.5 equiv) was dissolved in MeOH and added dropwise over 6 h to the stirring benzyl bromide solution. ", "After addition was complete, the solution was left to stir overnight. ", "The solvent was evaporated, and the remaining residue was redissolved in 10 mL of methylene chloride. ", "To this solution was added 10 mL of TFA, followed quickly by addition of triethylsilane (0.225 mL, 1.40 mmol, 2.5 equiv). ", "The solution was left to stir for 30 min. ", "The solvent was evaporated, and the residue was redissolved in MeOH. ", "KOH (484 mg, 8.63 mmol, 15 equiv) was dissolved in 10% v/v water and added to the MeOH solution. ", "This mixture was heated at reflux in a 90 °C bath for 4 h. After the solution cooled, the MeOH was evaporated and EtOAc was added to the remaining aqueous residue. ", "The aqueous layer was extracted once with EtOAc and then acidified. ", "The aqueous layer was then extracted twice more with EtOAc (these extracts were not combined with the first). ", "The organic layer was then washed with brine, dried over Na~2~SO~4~, filtered, and concentrated. ", "Purification by silica gel chromatography (AcOH in 99% EtOAc → 1% AcOH, 10% EtOH in 89% EtOAc) provided **9** as an amorphous pale yellow solid in 73% yield (98 mg). ", "IR (neat) ν~max~ 3250, 1740 cm^--1^; ^1^H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO) δ 12.04 (s, 1H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.55 (d, *J* = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, *J* = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (app. ", "t, *J* = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.33 (app. ", "t, *J* = 5.5, 5.5 Hz, 2H), 2.57 (app. ", "p, *J* = 6.3 Hz, 2H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO) δ 167.7, 146.0, 128.9, 124.6, 120.8, 119.7, 119.2, 48.8, 24.3, 23.9; HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~11~H~10~N~2~O~2~SH 235.0541; Found 235.0540.", "\n\n9-Bromo-3,4-dihydro-2*H*-\\[1,3\\]thiazino\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole (**10**) {#sec4.8}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrepared from 132 mg (0.40 mmol) of 3-(tritylthio)propan-1-amine using General Procedure A. Purification by silica gel chromatography (50% EtOAc in hexanes) provided **10** as a yellow amorphous solid in 66% yield (70 mg). ", "^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.55 (d, *J* = 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, *J* = 9.3 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (dd, *J* = 8.3, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.66 (app. ", "t, *J* = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.10 (app. ", "p, *J* = 7.1 Hz, 2H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 147.1, 129.5, 122.9, 122.3, 122.2, 119.0, 115.1, 62.0, 29.4, 27.1; HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~10~H~9~BrN~2~SH 268.9748; Found 268.9739.", "\n\n10-Chloro-3,4-dihydro-2*H*-\\[1,3\\]thiazino\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole (**11**) {#sec4.9}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrepared from 200 mg (0.60 mmol) of 3-(tritylthio)propan-1-amine using General Procedure A. Purification by silica gel chromatography (50% EtOAc in hexanes) provided **11** as a tan amorphous solid in 60% yield (81 mg). ", "^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 7.44 (d, *J* = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (dd, *J* = 8.7, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, *J* = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (app. ", "t, *J* = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.18 (m, 2H), 2.49 (m, 2H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 148.7, 127.1, 126.0, 125.7, 120.0, 118.5, 115.6, 49.2, 25.2, 24.0; HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~10~H~9~ClN~2~SH 225.0253; Found 225.0253.", "\n\n2,3-Dihydrothiazolo\\[3′,2′:1,5\\]pyrazolo\\[4,3-*b*\\]pyridine (**14a**) {#sec4.10}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrepared from 198 mg (0.62 mmol) of 2-(tritylthio)ethan-1-amine using General Procedure A. Purification by silica gel chromatography (50 → 70% EtOAc in hexanes) provided **14a** as an orange amorphous solid in 80% yield (88 mg). ", "^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 8.47 (dt, *J* = 4.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (dt, *J* = 8.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (ddd, *J* = 8.8, 4.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (app. ", "t, *J* = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 4.00 (app. ", "t, *J* = 7.7 Hz, 2H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 146.8, 134.6, 133.2, 126.4, 121.8, 105.2, 51.1, 34.4; HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~8~H~7~N~3~SH 178.0439; Found 178.0444.", "\n\n3,4-Dihydro-2*H*-pyrido\\[3′,2′:3,4\\]pyrazolo\\[5,1-*b*\\]\\[1,3\\]thiazine (**14b**) {#sec4.11}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrepared from 200 mg (0.60 mmol) of 3-(tritylthio)propan-1-amine using General Procedure A. Purification by silica gel chromatography (50 → 70% EtOAc in hexanes) provided **14b** as an amorphous yellow solid in 76% yield (87 mg). ", "^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 8.45 (dt, *J* = 4.1, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (dt, *J* = 8.8, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (ddd, *J* = 8.8, 4.1, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (app. ", "t, *J* = 4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.27 (m, 2H), 2.57 (m, 2H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 146.1, 140.9, 136.5, 126.5, 125.1, 122.2, 49.3, 24.8, 24.5; HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~9~H~9~N~3~SH 192.0595; Found 192.0605.", "\n\n7,8-Dihydro-\\[1,3\\]dioxolo\\[4,5-*f*\\]thiazolo\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole (**15a**) {#sec4.12}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrepared from 211 mg (0.66 mmol) of 2-(tritylthio)ethan-1-amine using General Procedure A. Purification by silica gel chromatography (20 → 50% EtOAc in hexanes) provided **15a** as a tan solid in 84% yield (122 mg). ", "mp decomposed at 250 °C; ^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 6.87 (s, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 5.93 (s, 2H), 4.55 (app. ", "t, *J* = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 3.88 (app. ", "t, *J* = 7.6 Hz, 2H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 151.3, 149.4, 144.8, 132.1, 111.1, 101.0, 95.0, 94.8, 50.2, 34.5 HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~10~H~8~N~2~O~2~SH 221.0384; Found 221.0384.", "\n\n8,9-Dihydro-7*H*-\\[1,3\\]dioxolo\\[4,5-*f*\\]\\[1,3\\]thiazino\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole (**15b**) {#sec4.13}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrepared from 201 mg (0.60 mmol) of 3-(tritylthio)propan-1-amine using General Procedure A. Purification by silica gel chromatography (20 → 50% EtOAc in hexanes) provided **15b** as a tan amorphous solid in 80% yield (113 mg). ", "^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 7.03 (s, 1H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 6.06 (s, 2H), 4.75 (app. ", "t, *J* = 5.9 Hz, 2H) 3.27 (m, 2H), 2.55 (m, 2H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 154.0, 146.7, 137.7, 133.6, 114.0, 102.6, 95.4, 91, 47.6, 24.6, 22.9; HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~11~H~10~N~2~O~2~SH 235.0541; Found 235.0523.", "\n\n7,8,9,10-Tetrahydro-\\[1,3\\]dioxolo\\[4,5-*f*\\]\\[1,3\\]thiazepino\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole (**15c**) {#sec4.14}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrepared from 180 mg (0.52 mmol) using General Procedure A. Purification by silica gel chromatography (20 → 50% EtOAc in hexanes) provided **15c** as an amorphous solid in 73% yield (94 mg). ", "^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 6.91 (s, 1H), 6.82 (s, 1H), 5.93 (s, 2H), 4.64, (m, 2H), 2.69 (m, 2H), 2.18 (m, 2H), 1.82 (m, 2H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 149.1, 145.7, 144.5, 126.7, 120.3, 101.0, 95.3, 94.2, 53.6, 34.4, 32.5, 27.4; HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~12~H~12~N~2~O~2~SH 249.0697; Found 249.0698.", "\n\n8,9-Dimethoxy-3,4-dihydro-2*H*-\\[1,3\\]thiazino\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole (**16**) {#sec4.15}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n1-(Bromomethyl)-4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene (276 mg, 1 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and DIPEA (0.521 mL, 3 mmol, 3.0 equiv) were dissolved in MeOH. ", "3-(Tritylthio)propan-1-amine (666 mg, 2 mmol, 2 equiv) was dissolved in MeOH and added dropwise over 6 h to the stirring benzyl bromide solution. ", "After addition was complete, the solution was left to stir overnight. ", "The solvent was evaporated, and the remaining residue was redissolved in 10 mL of methylene chloride. ", "To this solution was added 10 mL of TFA, followed quickly by addition of triethylsilane (0.470 mL, 3 mmol, 3.0 equiv). ", "The solution was left to stir for 30 min. ", "The solvent was evaporated, and the residue was redissolved in MeOH. ", "KOH (841 mg, 15 mmol 15 equiv) was dissolved in 10% v/v water and added to this MeOH solution. ", "The mixture was heated at reflux in a 90 °C bath for 4 h. After the solution cooled, MeOH was evaporated and EtOAc was added to the remaining aqueous residue. ", "The aqueous layer was extracted once with EtOAc and then acidified. ", "The aqueous layer was then extracted twice more with EtOAc (these extracts were not combined with the first). ", "The organic layer was then washed with brine, dried over Na~2~SO~4~, filtered, and concentrated. ", "Purification by silica gel chromatography (10% EtOH in EtOAc) provided **16** as an amorphous yellow solid in 75% yield (188 mg). ", "^1^H NMR (600 MHz, MeOD) δ 6.84 (s, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 4.40 (app. ", "t, *J* = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.25 (dd, *J* = 8.0, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 2.49 (m, 2H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, MeOD) δ 153.6, 148.1, 145.0, 125.6, 119.3, 117.3, 114.7, 98.1, 96.0, 56.6, 56.4, 25.8; HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~12~H~14~N~2~O~2~SH 251.0854; Found 251.0848.", "\n\nBenzo\\[4,5\\]thiazolo\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole (**17**) {#sec4.16}\n------------------------------------------------\n\nPrepared from 178 mg (0.49 mmol) of 2-(tritylthio)aniline using General Procedure A. Purification by silica gel chromatography (50% EtOAc in hexanes) provided **17** as an amorphous solid in 65% yield (71 mg). ", "^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 8.35 (d, *J* = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7,87 (m, 2H), 7.81 (d, *J* = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (t, *J* = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (t, *J* = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (t, *J* = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (t, *J* = 8.3 Hz, 1H) ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 162.4, 153.6, 149.0, 135.9, 132.4, 131.8, 131.0, 128.0, 126.6, 125.9, 124.5, 123.9, 121.6. ", "HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~13~H~8~N~2~SH 225.0486; Found 225.0482.", "\n\n2-(1-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (**19**) {#sec4.17}\n------------------------------------------------------\n\n[dl]{.smallcaps}-alaninol (1.00 g, 13.30 mmol, 1 equiv) and phthalic anhydride (2.37 g, 16.00 mmol, 1.2 equiv) were dissolved in xylenes and heated at 140 °C for 3 h. The solution was concentrated, and the resulting solid was purified by silica gel chromatography (20% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired phthalimido alcohol. ", "Isolated in 80% yield (2.18 g). ", "Spectral data were in accordance with literature values.^[@ref34]^\n\n2-(1-Iodopropan-2-yl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (**20**) {#sec4.18}\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nTriphenylphosphine (2.55g, 9.70 mmol, 2 equiv) and imidazole (67 mg, 0.99 mmol, 0.2 equiv) were dissolved in dry methylene chloride. ", "Iodine (2.50g, 9.84 mmol, 2 equiv) was added, and the solution was left to stir for 10 min. **", "19** (1.00 g, 4.87 mmol, 1 equiv) was dissolved in dry methylene chloride and added dropwise over 20 min. ", "After addition, the solution was left to stir overnight. ", "The solution was concentrated and then redissolved in EtOAc. ", "The organic layer was washed with saturated sodium thiosulfate and brine, dried over Na~2~SO~4~, filtered, and concentrated. ", "Purification by column chromatography (5% EtOAc in hexanes) provided the desired product. ", "Isolated in 76% yield (1.16g). ", "Spectral data were in accordance with literature values.^[@ref35]^\n\n2-(1-(Tritylthio)propan-2-yl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (**21**) {#sec4.19}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nTrityl mercaptan (965 mg, 3.50 mmol, 1.1 equiv) was dissolved in dry DMF and cooled to 0 °C. ", "Sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 152 mg, 3.80 mmol, 1.2 equiv) was added, and the solution was stirred for 20 min. **", "20** (1.00 g, 3.17 mmol, 1 equiv) was dissolved in dry DMF and added dropwise to the stirring solution over 10 min. ", "After addition, the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and tracked by TLC to completion. ", "The solution was partitioned between water and EtOAc. ", "The organic layer was washed with water, dried over Na~2~SO~4~, filtered, and concentrated. ", "Purification by silica gel chromatography (30% EtOAc in hexanes) provided **21** as a white amorphous solid in 55% yield (809 mg). ", "IR (neat) ν~max~ 1711, 1600 cm^--1^; ^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 7.79 (m, 2H), 7.69 (m, 2H), 7.38--7.20 (m, 15H), 4.08 (m, 1H), 3.12 (dd, *J* = 12.2, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.51 (dd, *J* = 12.2, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 1.30 (d, *J* = 6.9, 3H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 168.1, 144.7, 134.0, 132.0, 129.7, 128.0, 126.8, 123.3, 67.1, 46.9, 35.4, 18.8. ", "HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~30~H~25~NO~2~SH 464.1684; Found 464.1680.", "\n\n3-Methyl-1-(tritylthio)butan-2-amine (**22**) {#sec4.20}\n---------------------------------------------\n\nIsoindolinedione **21** (500 mg, 1.07 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was suspended in a 4:1 solution of EtOH:BuOH. ", "To this solution was added hydrazine monohydrate (6.0 equiv). ", "The mixture was heated at reflux overnight. ", "Upon cooling, a white precipitate formed. ", "The precipitate was filtered off, and the filtrate was concentrated. ", "The resulting residue was redissolved in chloroform, and the solution was left to stir for 1 h. The resulting precipitate was filtered off, and the filtrate was concentrated. ", "Purification of the residue by silica gel chromatography (10% EtOAc in methylene chloride →10% MeOH in methylene chloride) provided **22** as a white crystalline solid in 44% yield (160 mg). ", "mp 151--153 °C; IR (neat) ν~max~ 3379 cm^--1^; ^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 7.32--7.28 (m, 15H), 2.60 (m, 1H), 2.21 (m, 1H), 2.08 (m, 1H), 0.89 (d, *J* = 6.4 Hz, 3H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 144.9, 129.5, 128.5, 127.2, 66.4, 48.6, 46.6, 22.0. ", "HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M-CPh~3~+H\\]^+^ calcd for C~3~H~9~NSH 92.0534; Found 92.0524.", "\n\n3-Methyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole (**23**) {#sec4.21}\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrepared from 160 mg (0.47 mmol) of **22** using General Procedure A. Purification by silica gel chromatography (20 → 50% EtOAc in hexanes) provided **23** as an amorphous yellow solid in 66% yield (60 mg). ", "^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 7.46 (d, *J* = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (m, 1H), 6.89 (m, 1H), 5.58 (m, 1H), 4.66 (ddd, *J* = 9.5, 8.3 1H), 4.17 (dd, *J* = 9.5, 8.0, 1H), 1.71 (d, *J* = 6.4 Hz, 3H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 153.7, 151.4, 126.8, 119.4, 119.0, 117.6, 101, 85.4, 52.7, 20.9. ", "HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~10~H~10~N~2~SH 191.0643; Found 191.0644.", "\n\nGeneral Procedure B: Preparation of Sulfones {#sec4.22}\n--------------------------------------------\n\nThe indazole (1.0 equiv) was dissolved in EtOAc to 0.8 M. Na~2~WO~4~·2H~2~O (0.1 equiv) was dissolved in a small amount of water and added to the EtOAc solution. ", "A solution of 30% hydrogen peroxide (3.0 equiv) was added dropwise. ", "After addition, the mixture was stirred until starting material was consumed (tracked by LCMS and TLC). ", "The solution was cooled to 0 °C, and saturated sodium bisulfite (2 mL) was added dropwise. ", "The solution was extracted with EtOAc, and then the organic layer was dried over Na~2~SO~4~, filtered, and concentrated.", "\n\n2,3-Dihydrothiazolo\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole 1,1-Dioxide (**24**) {#sec4.23}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrepared from **1a** (50 mg, 0.28 mmol) by General Procedure B. Note that the sulfone precipitated out of solution and was analyzed without further purification. ", "Sulfone **24** was isolated as a white amorphous solid in 99% yield (58 mg). ", "IR (neat) ν~max~ 1305, 1124 cm^--1^; ^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 7.83 (dd, *J* = 8.5, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, *J* = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.83, 7.43 (ddd, *J* = 8.8, 6.8, 1.0 Hz, 1H) 7.33 (ddd, *J* = 8.5, 6.8, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (dd, *J* = 7.3, 6.1 Hz, 2H), 4.15 (dd, *J* = 7.3, 6.1, 2H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 153.2, 131.1, 127.8, 125.5, 118.7, 118.6, 115.6, 55.3, 46.3; HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~9~H~8~N~2~O~2~SH 209.0384; Found 209.0385.", "\n\n3,4-Dihydro-2*H*-\\[1,3\\]thiazino\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole 1,1-Dioxide (**25**) {#sec4.24}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrepared from **1b** (50 mg, 0.26 mmol) by General Procedure B. Sulfone **25** was isolated as an off-white crystalline solid in 93% yield (53 mg). ", "mp decomposed at 250 °C; IR (neat) ν~max~ 1342 cm^--1^; ^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 7.93 (dd, *J* = 8.5, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (d, *J* = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (ddd, *J* = 8.5, 6.8, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (ddd, *J* = 7.5, 7.0, 0.9 Hz 1H), 4.64 (dd, *J* = 6.3, 5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.55 (dd, *J* = 6.3, 5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.83 (app. ", "p, *J* = 5.9 Hz, 2H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 147.3, 130.7, 127.6, 125.3 119.3, 119.2, 117.9, 51.2, 49.6, 21.3; HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~10~H~10~N~2~O~2~SH 223.0541; Found 223.0531.", "\n\n2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-\\[1,3\\]thiazepino\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole 1,1-Dioxide (**26**) {#sec4.25}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrepared from **1c** (50 mg, 0.25 mmol) by General Procedure B. Sulfone **26** was isolated as an off-white amorphous solid in 94% yield (54 mg). ", "IR (neat) ν~max~ 1342, 1124, cm^--1^; ^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 8.11 (dt, *J* = 8.6, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (d, *J* = 8.6, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (ddd, *J* = 8.7, 6.7, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (ddd, *J* = 8.5, 6.7, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 4.96 (dd, *J* = 6.1, 5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.39 (dd, *J* = 6.1, 5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.35 (m, 2H), 1.50 (m, 2H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 147.1, 127.1, 125.8, 123.6, 119.8, 118.2, 105.2, 56.1, 54.8, 27.5 24.3. ", "HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~11~H~12~N~2~O~2~SH 237.0697; Found 237.0681.", "\n\n7,8-Dihydro-\\[1,3\\]dioxolo\\[4,5-*f*\\]thiazolo\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole 9,9-Dioxide (**27**) {#sec4.26}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrepared from **15a** (50 mg, 0.23 mmol) by General Procedure B. Sulfone **27** was isolated as a light tan amorphous solid in 91% yield (52 mg). ", "IR (neat) ν~max~ 1328 cm^--1^; ^1^H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-*d*6) δ 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 6.12 (s, 2H), 4.93 (td, *J* = 6.5, 1.0 Hz, 2H), 4.34 (td, *J* = 6.5, 1.0 Hz, 2H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-*d*6) δ 149.4, 149.2, 147.5, 130.7, 109.9, 101.8, 95.0, 93.3, 55.0, 46.2. ", "HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~10~H~8~N~2~O~4~SH 253.0283; Found 253.0277.", "\n\n8,9-Dihydro-7*H*-\\[1,3\\]dioxolo\\[4,5-*f*\\]\\[1,3\\]thiazino\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole 10,10-Dioxide (**28**) {#sec4.27}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrepared from **15b** (50 mg, 0.21 mmol) by General Procedure B. Sulfone **28** was isolated as a tan amorphous solid in 90% yield (51 mg). ", "IR (neat) ν~max~ 1320 cm^--1^; ^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 7.15 (s, 1H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 6.02 (s, 2H), 4.54 (app. ", "t, *J* = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.52 (dd, *J* = 6.3, 5.5 Hz, 2H), 2.81 (app. ", "p, *J* = 6.0 Hz, 2H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 150.3, 148.2, 145.0, 130.4, 115.7, 101.7, 95.5, 94.4, 51.2, 49.2, 21.4. ", "HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~11~H~10~N~2~O~4~SH 267.0439; Found 267.0437.", "\n\n7,8,9,10-Tetrahydro-\\[1,3\\]dioxolo\\[4,5-*f*\\]\\[1,3\\]thiazepino\\[3,2-*b*\\]indazole 11,11-Dioxide (**29**) {#sec4.28}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPrepared from **15c** (50 mg, 0.20 mmol) by General Procedure B. Sulfone **29** was isolated as a yellow amorphous solid in 90% yield (54 mg). ", "IR (neat) ν~max~ 1350 cm^--1^; ^1^H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 7.28 (s, 1H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 6.00 (s, 1H), 4.79 (dd, *J* = 5.6, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 3.34 (app. ", "t, *J* = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (m, 2H), 2.00 (m, 2H); ^13^C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl~3~) δ 149.8, 148.5, 144.3, 130.0, 120.2, 101.6, 95.0, 94.3, 56.2, 54.3, 27.6, 24.2. ", "HRMS (ESI) *m*/*z*: \\[M + H\\]^+^ calcd for C~12~H~12~N~2~O~4~SH 281.0596; Found 281.0590.", "\n\n^1^H NMR and ^13^C NMR spectra for all new compounds. ", "This material is available free of charge via the Internet at <http://pubs.acs.org>.", "\n\nSupplementary Material\n======================\n\n###### \n\njo501014e_si_001.pdf\n\nThe authors declare no competing financial interest.", "\n\nWe thank the Tara K. Telford Fund for Cystic Fibrosis Research at the University of California-Davis and the National Institutes of Health (Grants DK72517 and GM089153) for generous financial support of this work. ", "We also thank Dr. William Jewell (UC Davis Mass Spectrometry Facility) for assistance with HRMS data collection.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Yuma, a city on the U.S.-Mexico border in Arizona, declared a state of emergency Tuesday, saying it cannot handle the crush of illegal immigrants the government is being forced to release onto its streets.", "\n\nMayor Douglas Nicholls said the migrants are being released by the Border Patrol into his community faster than they can leave, and local shelters are already at capacity.", "\n\nHe warned of mobs of people “roaming the streets looking to satisfy basic human needs,” clashing with citizens looking to protect their own property.", "\n\n“There is an imminent threat on having too many migrant releases into our community,” he said. “", "It’s above our capacity as a community to sustain.”", "\n\nThe move was designed to draw the attention of the country to what locals said was an untenable situation and to beg for solutions from the federal government, which has been at a political stalemate over what to do.", "\n\nMr. Nicholls said he is trying to get other Arizona communities to issue similar declarations, hoping a critical mass of voices will cut through the partisan gridlock.", "\n\nThe migrants are overwhelmingly families and unaccompanied children from Central America. ", "They are fleeing rough conditions at home and are drawn north by lax enforcement policies that virtually guarantee they can be quickly released into communities, where most disappear into the shadows.", "\n\nOf the children and families that came in 2017, more than 98% were still in the U.S. as of the beginning of this year.", "\n\nThe Trump administration has been searching for ways to change the incentives that draw the migrants to the U.S.\n\nOn Tuesday, Attorney General William Barr announced that migrants who take the first step toward asylum claims will no longer have an automatic right to be released on bond while their cases are proceeding. ", "The ruling, though, won’t generally affect the children and families, who are quickly released under other court rulings and laws.", "\n\nAlso Tuesday, a Homeland Security Department advisory council issued an emergency report calling for the government to take new steps.", "\n\nOne solution was to set up regional processing centers along the border to centralize the flow of migrants, with new and better facilities to care for the children and families.", "\n\nThe council also pleaded with Congress to pass emergency legislation to speed up asylum cases so a decision can be issued within a month and asked for a fix to the Flores court settlement that imposes a 20-day limit on how long illegal immigrant families can be held in detention.", "\n\nIn the meantime, the council said, the administration should issue an emergency regulation allowing migrant families to be held.", "\n\nYuma sits on the line between Arizona and California, surrounded by rough, vacant terrain to its east and west. ", "That means it has become the drop-off point for thousands of illegal immigrants each week streaming into the remote parts of California and Arizona, guided by smugglers who bus them north and then leave them to walk across the border and demand attention from U.S. authorities.", "\n\nBorder Patrol agents arrest them en masse — a group of 360 people was apprehended near Lukeville, Arizona, earlier Tuesday.", "\n\nBut with no ability to hold them, agents engage in what is called “catch-and-release,” processing the migrants and then letting them go at a local bus terminal.", "\n\nCommunities along the border have issued desperate pleas for help, but Yuma’s state of emergency is the most striking reaction.", "\n\nMr. Nichollls said the local shelter’s normal capacity is 150 people but it can stretch to accommodate 250. ", "It began Tuesday with 200 people, and Border Patrol agents said they were going to deliver 120 more people during the day, putting the facility well beyond its limits.", "\n\nThe mayor said even if the city had a bigger building, the number of people swamps the capacity for volunteers and supplies — though he did issue a call for donations of coloring books, diapers, snacks and bottled water.", "\n\nHe said the issue is transportation in a town of about 100,000 people, where bus links aren’t extensive and there isn’t enough capacity to ship people out as fast as they are being dropped off by the Border Patrol.", "\n\nPresident Trump has proposed siphoning the illegal immigrants from the border into sanctuary cities elsewhere, saying it’s only right those communities step up, given their policies and proclamations about welcoming migrants. ", "That idea has ignited a firestorm in Washington, where Democrats called it unbecoming.", "\n\nYet some sanctuary cities have stepped forward to say they would embrace the migrants.", "\n\nOakland Mayor Libby Schaaf over the weekend said she would be happy to do so. “", "Oakland welcomes all, no matter where you came from or how you got here,” she wrote in response to Mr. Trump.", "\n\nPittsburgh Mayor Bill Peduto also accepted the challenge this week, saying his city “would welcome all.”", "\n\nMr. Trump cast his proposal as political payback, but others have said it’s a necessity, at least so far as releasing the migrants away from the border, where the communities are already overwhelmed.", "\n\nSign up for Daily Newsletters Manage Newsletters\n\nCopyright © 2020 The Washington Times, LLC. ", "Click here for reprint permission." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAssign variable to result of lambda expression\n\nI'd like to accomplish something like the following: \n(clientSinceChoices = Enumerable.", "Range(1949, DateTime.", "Now.", "Year - 1950)\n .Select(x => new SelectListItem() \n { \n Text = x !", "= 1949 ? ", "x.ToString() : \"Unselected\", \n Value = x !", "= 1949 ? ", "new DateTime(x, 1, 1).ToString() : null,\n Selected = () => \n {\n if (x == 1949 && !", "ClientSinceYearOnly.", "HasValue)\n return true;\n else if (ClientSinceYearOnly.", "Value == x)\n return true;\n else\n return false;\n }\n }));\n\nI want the value of Selected to be the result of the labmda expression that is defined inline. ", "I know I can accomplish this by assigning the lambda to a variable and then invoking it, but I think that defining and immediately invoking it is \"cleaner\".", "\n\nA:\n\nFirst off, to actually answer your question: you can invoke a lambda \"in place\" by casting it to a delegate:\nbool x = ((Func<bool>) ()=>true) ();\n\nBut in your code there is no need for the lambda in the first place; I don't see why you have a lambda at all. ", "You want to compute a Boolean, so compute the Boolean:\nSelected = (x == 1949 && !", "ClientSinceYearOnly.", "HasValue) || \n (ClientSinceYearOnly.", "Value == x)\n\n(Also, note that you do not have to check to see if the nullable has a value before you compare it; equality is \"lifted to nullable\" in C#.)", "\nSecond, this query is a mess because you've got a special case in there. ", "I would not write your query like this in the first place. ", "I would rather say:\nvar choices = new List<Item>();\nchoices.", "Add(new SelectListItem()\n{\n Text = \"Unselected\",\n Value = null;\n Selected = ClientSinceYearsOnly == null\n};\n\nchoices.", "AddRange(\n Enumerable.", "Range(1950, DateTime.", "Now.", "Year - 1951)\n .Select(x => new SelectListItem() \n { \n Text = x.ToString(), \n Value = new DateTime(x, 1, 1).ToString(),\n Selected = x == ClientSinceYearOnly\n });\n\nMuch clearer. ", "Or, write yourself an extension method that sticks something onto the start of a sequence:\npublic static IEnumerable<T> Prepend<T>(this IEnumerable<T> sequence, T first)\n{\n yield return first;\n foreach(T item in sequence) \n yield return item;\n}\n\nand then:\nvar choices = \n Enumerable.", "Range(1950, DateTime.", "Now.", "Year - 1951)\n .Select(x => new SelectListItem() \n { \n Text = x.ToString(), \n Value = new DateTime(x, 1, 1).ToString(),\n Selected = x == ClientSinceYearOnly\n })\n .Prepend(new SelectListItem()\n {\n Text = \"Unselected\",\n Value = null;\n Selected = ClientSinceYearsOnly == null\n });\n\nA:\n\nYou could always put the conditional in a method and invoke that:\npublic static bool ShouldBeSelected(int x)\n{\n if (x == 1949 && !", "ClientSinceYearOnly.", "HasValue)\n return true;\n else if (ClientSinceYearOnly.", "Value == x)\n return true;\n else\n return false;\n}\n\nThen you can just use it:\n (clientSinceChoices = Enumerable.", "Range(1949, DateTime.", "Now.", "Year - 1950)\n .Select(x => new SelectListItem() \n { \n Text = x !", "= 1949 ? ", "x.ToString() : \"Unselected\", \n Value = x !", "= 1949 ? ", "new DateTime(x, 1, 1).ToString() : null,\n Selected = ShouldBeSelected(x)\n }));\n\nAlso, in your case, you could use a series of logical operators since you're returning a boolean (not recommended if you don't want the future maintainers to kill you in your sleep):\n(x == 1949 && !", "ClientSinceYearOnly.", "HasValue) || (ClientSinceYearOnly.", "Value == x)\n\n" ]

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[ "Standard proof environment \\begin{proof}[source] ... \\end{proof} with\nhalmos at end\n\nAlgorithm environments\n\n\\bibalias{foo}{bar} makes \\cite{foo} act like \\cite{bar}.", "\nUseful with large bibliographies like geombib.", "\n\nLots of other\nTEX hax.", "\n\njeffeproc.sty:\nPackage for two-column proceedings papers. ", "Unlike similar\npackages from ACM and SIAM, this one actually works! ", "Margins\nset according to ACM/IEEE/SIAM guidelines; other space\nparameters smaller than standard latex. ", "Optional 1 inch space\nbelow first column for publisher-supplied copyright notice.", "\nOptions for ACM- or SIAM-style section headers. ", "Options to\nset bibliography in smaller type.", "\n\nRemoves any limitation on the number of authors that can\nappear on the title page. (", "ACM imposes a hard-wired limit\nof three authors. ", "No, really.)", "\n\nRemoves all hardwired Times and Helvetica fonts, except\nin the required copyright\nstatement and\noptionally in the title, authors, and affiliations.", "\n(Some HaXing is still required to make that look good,\nbut that should be fixed Real Soon Now).", "\n\nMakes footnotes smaller than normal text (but not smaller\nthan small text)\n\nI recommend using jeffe.sty to\nredefine ACM's ugly captions, theorems, and proofs.", "\nImminentize the eschaton at your own risk!", "\n\nmyconcrete.sty:\nUse the Concrete Math text fonts. ", "Especially useful with\neuler.sty, which sets up the AMS\nEuler math fonts. ", "Unfortunately, this style only works with\nthe type-3 concrete fonts available with most standard TeX\ndistributions, so you can't use it with pdflatex. (", "Type-1\nversions of these fonts are available as part of the\nCM-Super font package, but this package is not\ncompatible with them.)", "\n\nscribe.sty:\nPackage for scribe notes, loosely based on the MIT/Berkeley\nscribe note style but rewritten from scratch. ", "Here are some sample scribe notes (and\ntheir latex source), which\nreveal the secret origin of the typesetter's chant: Lorem\nisum dolor sit amet...\n\nabuser.bst:\nBibTeX style mostly stolen from David Eppstein. ", "Supports the\nurl field, with angle brackets as per AMA guidelines. ", "Works\naround geom.bib's confusion about volume and number for\nproceedings papers. ", "Requires url.sty." ]

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[ "Abnormal slow wave mapping (ASWAM)--A tool for the investigation of abnormal slow wave activity in the human brain.", "\nSlow waves in the delta and theta frequency range, normal signs of deactivated networks in sleep stages, are considered 'abnormal' when prominent in the waking state and when generated in circumscribed brain areas. ", "Structural cortical lesions, e.g. related to stroke, tumors, or scars, generate focal electric and magnetic slow wave activity in the penumbra. ", "Focal concentrations of slow wave activity exceeding those of healthy subjects have also been found in individuals suffering from psychiatric disorders without obvious structural brain damage. ", "Hence, identification and mapping of abnormal slow wave activity might contribute to the investigation of cortical indications of psychopathology. ", "Here I propose a method for abnormal slow wave mapping (ASWAM), based on a 5 min resting magnetoencephalogramm (MEG) and equivalent current dipole fitting to sources in the 1-4 Hz frequency band (delta) in anatomically defined cortical regions. ", "The method was tested in a sample of 116 healthy subjects (59 males), with the aim to provide a basis for later comparison with patient samples. ", "As to be expected, delta dipole density was low in healthy subjects. ", "However, its distribution differed between genders with fronto-central>posterior dipole density in male and posterior dominance in female participants, which was not significantly related to either age or head size. ", "Results suggest that this method allows the identification of ASWA, so that comparison against Z-scores from a larger normal control group might assist diagnostic purposes in patient groups. ", "As specific distributions seem to reflect differences between genders, this should be considered also in the analysis of patient samples." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nng build --prod command fails with the message: \"FATAL ERROR: CALL_AND_RETRY_LAST Allocation failed - JavaScript heap out of memory\"\n\nWhile building Angular 4 application with the command:\nng build --prod\nI am receiving the error message: \"FATAL ERROR: CALL_AND_RETRY_LAST Allocation failed - JavaScript heap out of memory\"\nThe full error message is:\n\n 92% chunk asset optimization\r\n<--- Last few GCs --->\r\n\r\n 118862 ms: Mark-sweep 636.4 (717.1) -> 636.0 (717.1) MB, 949.7 / 0.0 ms [allocation failure] [GC in old space requested].", "\r\n 119770 ms: Mark-sweep 636.0 (717.1) -> 636.0 (717.1) MB, 908.3 / 0.0 ms [allocation failure] [GC in old space requested].", "\r\n 120673 ms: Mark-sweep 636.0 (717.1) -> 639.2 (705.1) MB, 902.1 / 0.0 ms [lastresort gc].", "\r\n 121592 ms: Mark-sweep 639.2 (705.1) -> 643.0 (705.1) MB, 919.1 / 0.0 ms [lastresort gc].", "\r\n\r\n<--- JS stacktrace --->\r\n\r\n==== JS stack trace =========================================\r\n\r\nSecurity context: 0427B80D <JS Object>\r\n 1: reduce_vars [042081D9 <undefined>:~8085] [pc=33877059] (this=0D827DD5 <an AST_SymbolRef with map 127AC9C9>,tw=2A3BE0B1 <a TreeWalker with map 12716AED>,descend=0C1795B5 <JS Function noop (SharedFunctionInfo 08B51CAD)>,compressor=1066\r\nFAE5 <a Compressor with map 117D74D1>)\r\n 2: visit [042081D9 <undefined>:~8175] [pc=376ADA83] (this=2A3BE0B1 <a TreeWalker with map 12716AED>,node=0D827DD5 <an AS...\r\n\r\nFATAL ERROR: CALL_AND_RETRY_LAST Allocation failed - JavaScript heap out of memory\n\nThis application has been built before many times with no problems. ", "Only today have I started getting this error. ", "No updates to node.js have been done since the last time the app has been built.", "\nNode.js version is 6.11.0\nMany people say it can be the memory allocation issue. ", "I have tried this suggestion but it did not fix the issue.", "\n\nA:\n\nAfter digging through many web pages with people having similar issues, I tried the following:\nng build --prod --aot false\nand it worked. ", "aot stands for ahead-of-time compilation in this case I believe. ", "I still have no clue why this fix worked but it did.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "The Encounter\n\nMajor Clanet’s head felt like it had split in half. ", "He forced his eyes open and saw his android navigator standing above him. “", "What happened?” ", "he asked.", "\n\nThe android extended a hand and helped the human to his feet. “", "We delivered the supplies to the station, and were returning to Earth. ", "During reentry, there was a structural failure of the right hand glide wing. ", "We began to tumble violently. ", "You blacked out. ", "Seconds before the shuttle exploded, aliens beamed us onto their spacecraft.”", "\n\n“Aliens? ", "What makes you think it was aliens?”", "\n\n“Teleportation technology does not exist on Earth, so I concluded extraterrestrials were involved.”", "\n\n“Right,” Clanet reluctantly acknowledged. “", "Well, when taken prisoner, our first duty is to escape. ", "Are we still in space?”", "\n\n“No. ", "I believe the ship has landed.”", "\n\nClanet surveyed the small room. ", "There were four walls; two curved and two straight. ", "A convex wall contained a large door with a vertical handle near the right hand side. ", "The opposite wall was concave, and contained a similar door, but the handle was horizontal and crossed the mid-height of the door. “", "Assuming the ship is cylindrical,” Clanet concluded, “the concave wall must contain the door to the outside.” ", "He walked over to the door and pushed against the handle with all his strength, but nothing happened. “", "Damn, it’s locked. ", "I guess we’ll have to go inboard, and fight our way out. ", "We need to find some kind of weapon.”", "\n\n“I don’t think that will be necessary, Major Clanet? ", "The aliens saved our lives, there is no reason to assume that they intend to harm us.”", "\n\n“First of all, they saved my life, you’re not alive. ", "You’re just a sophisticated GPS unit. ", "Secondly, I’m the one that does the thinking. ", "That’s what humans do best.” ", "Clanet strode over to the convex wall and grabbed the door’s vertical handle and pulled; first with one hand, then with two. ", "The door didn’t budge. “", "Damn, both doors are locked.”", "\n\nThe android walked over to the door and placed his index finger on the vertical handle. “", "It has been my experience,” he lectured, “that human arrogance hampers your ability to reason. ", "Your species assumes that your physiology is the pinnacle of evolution. ", "Hence, you built robots in your image, even though there are more efficient design options. ", "You also assume that aliens must look like you; with two legs, two arms, two hands, and opposable thumbs. ", "Therefore, you conclude that a vertical handle must always be pulled.” ", "The android gave a slight push with his finger and the door swung open.", "\n\nThe android entered first, followed by Clanet. ", "The adjacent room was clearly the bridge. ", "It contained approximately thirty robots of varying sizes and configurations. ", "A few were scurrying about, but most were occupied at the numerous work stations. ", "A tall, bobble-head robot, with four snake-like arms appeared to be directing activities from the center of the bridge. ", "It finally noticed the two newcomers and quickly motored toward them on a pair of rapidly rotating tank treads. ", "It agilely banked around several crisscrossing robots, and came to a screeching stop a few feet away. “", "Good, good, you appear to be functional. ", "We are very pleased to make your greeting. ", "We look forward to a great friendship between our two worlds.” ", "The alien robot suddenly stopped its rambling and turned toward Major Clanet. ", "Its optical scanner panned the human from head to toe. “", "Ah,” it said as he turned back toward the android, “I see that your companion is biological. ", "Is it a servant, or a pet?”" ]

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[ "Samsung TVs are already some of the most popular options for high-end home theater systems and the company is now using its television-making prowess to help people with disabilities live more normal lives. ", "A new project by a Samsung team in Switzerland could yield the first smart TV that can be controlled with thoughts.", "\n\nAs CNET reports, Samsung has partnered with Swiss scientists to bring the system to life. ", "Called “Project Pontis,” the ultimate goal is to build a brain/software interface that will allow individuals with movement disabilities to control television features like channel switching and volume control with their brains rather than their bodies.", "\n\nBrain-controlled gadgets aren’t entirely new — you can even buy simple brain-controlled “Mindflex” games made by Mattel if you want to play around with the technology in your own home — but the Project Pontis system is obviously much more robust.", "\n\nAt present, the system combines brain-monitoring sensors and eye-tracking hardware to identify what selections the individual intends to make. ", "Going forward, the partnership hopes to make the system smart enough to accept commands via brain commands alone, meaning that you’d only need to think about changing the volume for the action to be performed.", "\n\nNow, before you go thinking this is the ultimate accessory for a lazy channel surfer or Netflix binge-watcher, it’s important to note that this is all aimed specifically at aiding those with severe disabilities. ", "Samsung hasn’t even hinted at the idea that this would be a commercially available product. ", "That being said, if the technology reaches a point where it’s essentially plug-and-play, it’s hard to imagine Samsung or another company wouldn’t at least test the waters with everyday consumers.", "\n\nIn any case, the project is still in a relatively early stage, with Samsung forecasting new prototype testing sometime in early 2019. ", "If a thought-controlled TV ever does arrive, it likely won’t be for quite a while." ]

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[ "During the next few weeks while Lamb of God is gearing up for several dates overseas in August, vocalist Randy Blythe is busy gearing up for the release of his upcoming memoir. ", "The memoir, which puts emphasis on the past year of his life, is an incredible, harrowing, heartbreaking, and redemptive story told in Blythe’s already well-recognized writing style. ", "It seems that almost every major media outlet has attempted to righteously cover the story of Blythe’s arrest, incarceration, trial, and acquittal for manslaughter in the Czech Republic last year, but now, the man at the center of it all unveils the truths of the ordeal, personally detailing every aspect in his own words. ", "No ghost-writers, no co-authors, just Randy Blythe, himself.", "\n\nRandy Blythe is pleased to announce that the rights to this currently untitled memoir, which is slated to hit stores in the spring of 2014, have been sold to Executive Editor Ben Schafer at Da Capo Press by Marc Gerald at The Agency Group. ", "Da Capo Press is a member of American publishing company the Perseus Books Group. ", "Da Capo Press is an excellent home for Blythe’s memoir, as they are already recognized internationally as the publishers of several other memoirs by heavy metal greats like Tony Iommi, Corey Taylor, Rex Brown, and Al Jourgensen.", "\n\n“While I’ve dreamed of being a published author almost since I began to read, I never imagined my first book would center around such a sad topic. ", "Sometimes though, life unexpectedly provides you a story that needs to be told,” states Blythe. “", "I believe this one does (for several different reasons, not just for the benefit of myself), so I will tell it with the respect and dignity all involved deserve. ", "This will be a good read, I promise you, and I hope some good comes of it.”", "\n\n“I knew that Randy was a master vocalist and lyricist but it turns out he is a vivid and visceral prose writer as well,” adds Da Capo Press Executive Editor Ben Schafer. “", "Regarding his arrest and trial in the Czech Republic, Randy handled a frightening and heartbreaking situation with courage, grace, and humility, and we at Da Capo Press are honored to have the opportunity to have a part in telling his story.”", "\n\nMore details are set to be announced soon in regards to Randy Blythe’s memoir. ", "For more information on Da Capo Press, please visit www.dacapopress.com.", "\n\nvlk/\n\nTags: 2013" ]

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[ "Last updated on .From the section Sunderland\n\nStewart Donald has invested more than £10m in Eastleigh since 2011\n\nProspective new Sunderland owner Stewart Donald has cleared another obstacle to his impending purchase by agreeing the sale of non-league club Eastleigh.", "\n\nDonald must sell Eastleigh before he can complete his takeover of League One-bound Sunderland.", "\n\nIt is understood the sale will now be ratified by the National League.", "\n\nProviding there are no problems, Donald could be in a position to take control at Sunderland at some point next week.", "\n\nThe news comes as Sunderland published annual accounts showing the football club's debt rose to £125.7m.\n\nFigures show the debt of the club's parent company also rose from £137.3m to £161.7m, of which just under £91m was owed to outgoing Sunderland owner Ellis Short.", "\n\nFinancial details of Donald's purchase of the club have not been revealed but it is understood Short has agreed to clear the debt in order to push through the sale.", "\n\nThe accounts to 31 July 2017 cover Sunderland's relegation from the Premier League.", "\n\nThey suffered a second successive relegation this season as they finished bottom of the Championship and will play in the third tier of English football for only the second time in their history next season.", "\n\nTurnover rose by £18.3m to £126.4m thanks to the new Premier League TV deal.", "\n\nSunderland also revealed their highest paid director - understood to be chief executive Martin Bain - received £1.24m.\n\nThe club reported a pre-tax loss of £9.9m, a figure which was helped by the £25m sale of England goalkeeper Jordan Pickford to Everton." ]

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[ "Hello, we’re back to our Cosplayer Interview Series. ", "Today would be special you want to know why? ", "We’ll get to know one of the biggest cosplayer stars in the Czech Republic. ", "I’m very honored to present to your her cosplay creations/works. ", "Featuring primarily her Overwatch, Diablo3 and Star Wars Cosplay.", "\n\nOur featured cosplayer has indeed a different level of presentation. ", "I don’t say that others aren’t, however, this particular cosplayer has that huge flare of talent when it comes to her passion which is Cosplay.", "\n\nOverwatch and Diablo3 Cosplay\n\nHer name is Germia, she has a pile of various cosplay creations. ", "Some of which are characters from Smite, League of Legends, Van Helsing (Movie) and many more. ", "The latest one is Xena The Warrior Princess.", "\n\nSince my partner and I eventually became a fan/supporter of her. ", "It’s an immense feeling to have her here on the blog.", "\n\nThank you again Ms. Germia for letting us know more about you, for sharing your humble beginnings, and your story! ", "We’ll surely continue to support you and looking forward to meeting you one day.", "\n\nLet’s welcome her! ", "Buckle up and we’ll plunge into Germia’s world!", "\n\nStar Wars Cosplay\n\nHi, My name is Germia and I am from the Czech Republic in Central Europe. ", "I am a passionate gamer, crafting and gaming streamer, mainly a cosplayer known for bringing strong female characters to live and European cosplay champion for 2016.", "\n\nIn my short career as a cosplayer, I had a chance to travel around Europe to either compete or judge and host at Cons and events such as Magic Monaco, Dutch Comic Con, MCM London Comic Con, Anniverture Comic Con Bulgaria, Unicon Latvia and many more.", "\n\nI started making cosplays for about three years now and I made my first cosplay of Vayne from League of Legends as an idea how to promote my gaming team ESuba (I was also a semi-professional CS: GO Player).", "\n\nIt was for me the way how can I repay to my team who took good care of me and it was mainly a big challenge to do a high-quality costume – I like challenges. ", "Even though posting some WIP of unfinished cosplay I had already such a positive feedback from people around and I had so much fun doing it, that I decided to continue making more costumes.", "\n\nFirst Convention\n\nI actually went to a convention with my fellow gamer. ", "I was wearing Vayne from Leagues of Legends (LoL) and she was dressed in cosplay of Engineer from TF2 she made. ", "We both were really scared to go since it was kinda weird to dress in costumes like that, but we both met a group of people dressed as characters from the game and had a lot of fun.", "\n\nI accidentally entered a competition, that I won, so that was kinda surprising for me too. ", "After that convention I was very warmly accepted by other League of Legends (LoL) cosplayers like Ketrin Cosplay (she is one of the best people I know and she is my friend till now )\n\nI can’t tell you that we plan a group costume together right now and since that time I got to know more and more people from community.", "\n\nCostume/Gear/Props/Armor\n\nI don’t have a costume that is simply just sewn stuff without any armor or props and I do not have any costume that is simply an armor without the sewn stuff. ", "I always try to use as many techniques I can, so I can tell, that all my costumes are sewed in a way (I have about 9-12 now if you want to count original ideas).", "\n\nI’ve learned a lot since I didn’t have a sewing machine for a long time and for example my biggest sewing project Ravenborn Leblanc was sewn in hand. ", "I make my life harder every time I see some kind of a pattern on a fabric because I’m always trying to do high-quality stuff.", "\n\nSo I make embroidery such as my Paladin cape, Anna Valerious jacket, & Auriel fabric details. ", "But I like to make armor the most, so my costumes are mainly armored. ", "I have so many techniques I use – foam smiting, thermoplastics, and 3D printing.", "\n\nAnd I do not have any favorite costume, I like all of them from different reasons. ", "I love my Demon Hunter, cause it is one of the more comfortable costumes, I like my Pharah, cause people love her and I love her character, I love my Paladin for fantasy-medieval style.", "\n\nWorst Experience\n\nOh, it is really hard, I had some negative experiences, but nothing major. ", "Maybe I share the experience from Gamescom – it is just about letting a resting cosplayer be for a while and not take pictures of him/her.", "\n\nIt is really hard to be a cosplayer at Gamescom. ", "Just to get inside you have to undertake several kilometers long waiting line. ", "Let your props be explored and taken away from you. ", "Then go to overcrowded space where you can’t even dress up, there are no places to rest or sit down, no benches or chairs.", "\n\nSo you sit down on a floor totally exhausted, take down half of your constricting costume, sweat all over your body and send your helper (if you’re so lucky to have one) to buy you an overpriced drink while you try to gather some will and power to go on. ", "And people come and in that state take pics of you. ", "How ridiculous is that!", "\n\nAdmiration\n\nI actually have some cosplayers I was inspired by, but I do not have any cosplay idol or how it is called. ", "I like going my way and not trying to imitate others. ", "So I have to mention two cosplayers, that inspired me when I was starting and getting more knowledge about cosplay itself.", "\n\nFirst one was Chrix Design, she is always making high quality work, she doesn’t hesitate to go over the top (she did Marv from Home Alone, how awesome is that?) ", "but the thing I admire the most is how she can use everyday stuff in her costumes she proves, that you can do quality work even with basic materials and things and I love that concept!", "\n\nThe second cosplayer is Kamui cosplay, I like how she is trying to give back to the community and I think she is one of the few “cosplay stars”, that got famous not because of her body, but because of the work of her and her husband. ", "She proves, that it could be done even without showing a lot of naked bodies.", "\n\nDefinition of Cosplayer\n\nDefining that word is really hard. ", "I have to admit I am not a typical cosplayer. ", "I’m more of a costume maker with love for the characters and a gamer next to it.", "\n\nI think people cannot tell apart prop/costume maker, cosplayer, costume model and erotic model when speaking about cosplayers. ", "For me, a cosplayer is someone in a costume with a love for the character.", "\n\nAchievements\n\nThe highlight of my “cosplay career” would be the win of Eurocosplay where I represented my country. ", "It was really important not only for me but for the Czech Cosplay Community as a whole because it kinda is (was) the most watched and most important contest for us.", "\n\nEveryone in the country rooted for me and were very happy for me and I felt, that for one time, out community was really unified. ", "I actually don’t have one clear goal. ", "Till my Eurocosplay success.", "\n\nIt was for me getting to represent my country there. ", "After I achieved it, it was to place until the 10th place.", "\n\nNow I would love to visit Blizzcon for one time, I would love to compete on ECG and try to visit so many places and conventions around the world.", "\n\nPiece of Advice\n\nI have to admit it is really hard to give advice to people, who are getting into cosplay because each cosplayer has different motivation why he/she cosplays. ", "I wrote a lot of articles about how to make costumes, what materials to use or how to manage the social site, how to dress properly or how not to lose motivation.", "\n\nCheck out the article that Germia wrote\n\nMaybe what could be a little unexpected for someone who starts is the amount of money put into making costumes. ", "You really have to count on a lot of spending and no or only a little money flowing back.", "\n\nOpen Message\n\nI will be so happy if you join me on my social channels to speak about cosplay and especially about cosplay making or visit me in any event with your work!", "\n\nThank you so much for this interview.", "\n\nI’m sure about a lot of events this year, but so far only a few I can share with you (because of it’s a secret). ", "I will be totally on our biggest Con in CZ Animefest and maybe I will have a panel or compete there. ", "I want to visit Gamescom again, this time better prepared (be prepared too!)", "\n\nThere will be a lot of gaming related local events in Autumn like ForGames in Prague or MČR in Brno.", "\n\nAll my social media have actually the same name just type DATgermia and I will pop up.", "\n\nYou can follow me on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Google, and YouTube.", "\n\nYou can also become one of Germia’s Patrons, visit her Patron Account and admire her exclusive creations!", "\n\n\n\nThrough my costumes, I am trying to portray strong female characters mainly from games. ", "I always concentrated on an honest and good craftsmanship and creative approach to cosplay. ", "I love to work with a lot of different materials and I’m always trying to find a way, how to work more efficiently, be more creative and work with the best/cheap material alternatives or how to use everyday stuff in the costumes. —", "Germia\n\nGermia\n\nShop your Favorite Anime Collections here:\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Rep. Johnson, colleagues call on Trump administration to support human rights and restoration of constitutional order in Bolivia\n\nWASHINGTON, D.C. – On Friday, Rep. Hank Johnson and 13 House members sent a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo calling on the Trump Administration to support democracy and human rights in Bolivia. ", "The nation’s death toll continues to climb, and the country has descended into political turmoil since its contested elections held on October 20, 2019.", "\n\nThe letter states that the events leading to President Evo Morales’ resignation and exile bear “the hallmarks of a military coup d’état”, and criticizes the Administration’s statements welcoming Morales’s departure, while recognizing Senator Jeanine Áñez as president, despite the unconstitutional manner in which she assumed power. ", "Congressman Johnson expressed dismay that the Department of State has failed to condemn the killing of numerous protesters by state security forces, and the racist attacks targeting indigenous peoples and their traditions.", "\n\n“I am appalled by the Trump Administration’s reaction to the emerging crisis in Bolivia,” Rep. Johnson said. \"", "Rather than supporting a military coup, our government should make it clear that the unconstitutional removal of an elected president is unacceptable, as is the persecution of individuals based on their race or political affiliations. ", "This Administration is once again showing that it has nothing but disdain for democracy and human rights when they get in the way of President Trump's agenda.”", "\n\nThe letter expresses alarm that the de facto government of Bolivia has issued a decree protecting military units that engage in violent repression and threaten to prosecute journalists and political leaders for “sedition.” ", "It encourages the Trump Administration to reverse course and push for restoration of constitutional rule, including holding new elections in which every voter and every candidate can safely and freely participate.", "\n\nIn addition, the letter expresses concern regarding unsubstantiated and misleading statements made by Organization of American States (OAS) officials shortly after the October 20 elections which “contributed to further polarization at a moment in which violent politically motivated incidents were taking place throughout the country.” ", "Johnson and his colleagues call on the Administration to “assess the merits of OAS officials claims before repeating them.”", "\n\nJohnson was joined on the letter by Congressmembers Ilhan Omar, Susan Wild, Raul Grijalva, Jan Schakowsky, Jared Huffman, Deb Haaland, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, James McGovern, Jesus G. “Chuy” Garcia, Bobby L. Rush, Ayanna Pressley, Alan Lowenthal and Eleanor Holmes Norton.", "\n\nFull text of the letter in English and Spanish below:\n\nMike Pompeo\n\nSecretary of State\n\nU.S. Department of State\n\n2201 C Street NW\n\nWashington D.C. 20520\n\nSecretary Pompeo,\n\nWe are deeply concerned that recent statements and actions on the part of senior Trump Administration officials are contributing to an escalating political and human rights crisis in the Plurinational State of Bolivia following contested elections held on October 20, 2019.", "\n\nOn November 10, Bolivia’s democratically elected president, Evo Morales, announced that he was stepping down after the commander of Bolivia’s armed forces called on him to resign. ", "In a live television broadcast, Morales stated that a coup was underway and that he was resigning in order to avoid further bloodshed and unrest. ", "Other resignations of top officials followed, resulting in a dangerous constitutional power vacuum. ", "On November 12, opposition Senator Jeanine Añez declared herself President of Bolivia, in violation of Bolivia’s constitution. ", "She received immediate support from the high command of the country's armed forces.", "\n\nOver the last week, Morales allies have faced attacks, and threats and protests have been violently repressed by security forces, resulting in numerous deaths and injuries according to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. ", "Bolivia’s de facto authorities have issued a decree exempting members of the military from prosecution as they engage in the violent suppression of demonstrations. ", "Morales meanwhile has received asylum in Mexico and pro-Morales legislators and journalists have been threatened with arrest for “sedition.”", "\n\nGiven this context, we are troubled by statements from Administration officials, including President Trump, that welcome these developments in Bolivia that bear the hallmarks of a military coup d’état. ", "On November 11, the White House released a statement saying that “Morales’s departure preserves democracy” and that “we are now one step closer to a completely democratic, prosperous, and free Western Hemisphere.” ", "On November 12, Assistant Secretary for Western Hemisphere Michael G. Kozak recognized Senator Añez as “interim constitutional president of Bolivia.” ", "Senior Trump Administration officials have failed to denounce violent attacks by security forces, even as demonstrations made up largely of indigenous Bolivians have been fired at with live ammunition.", "\n\nWe urge you to consider an immediate change in course and to take action to support democracy and human rights in Bolivia. ", "While there is legitimate debate surrounding Morales' decision to run for a fourth term, it is simply not acceptable for the U.S. administration to welcome the forced removal of a democratically-elected leader before the end of their mandate. ", "Our government should call for the prompt restoration of constitutional order, and for an immediate end to all persecution and attacks targeting leaders and supporters of Evo Morales and his political party. ", "Additionally, we call for the adoption of protective measures for those facing threats.", "\n\nYour Administration should support calls for dialogue mediated by the United Nations and other international bodies. ", "It should also support new elections and work with other countries in the region to ensure adequate conditions that guarantee that every voter and every candidate can safely and freely participate in the next election campaign and electoral process. ", "The legitimacy of Bolivia’s government will depend on whether former President Morales’ party, which continues to be supported by millions of Bolivians, can fully participate in these elections.", "\n\nWe wish to also express our concern regarding statements made by officials from the Organization of American States (OAS), a multilateral organization that receives the majority of its funding from the U.S. government. ", "In particular, unsubstantiated and misleading statements made by the OAS electoral mission in Bolivia on October 21, which subsequently were echoed by the State Department, contributed to further polarization at a moment in which violent politically-motivated incidents were taking place throughout the country. ", "United States officials should exercise greater caution and assess the merits of Organization of American States officials’ claims before repeating them, particularly when post-election tensions are high.", "\n\nFinally, we are deeply dismayed that the Administration has failed to denounce racist attacks targeting Bolivia’s indigenous communities and their symbols, such as the Wiphala pan-indigenous flag which is one of the country’s official flags. ", "Evo Morales was Bolivia’s first indigenous president and Bolivia’s 2009 constitution enshrines rights and protections benefiting indigenous peoples that experienced centuries of oppression and racist discrimination. ", "Self-declared interim President, Jeanine Áñez has a history of appalling statements about indigenous people, including tweeting comments that refer to indigenous religious rituals as “satanic”, and after supplanting former President Morales, she declared that “The bible has returned to the palace”. ", "Your Administration should be publicly critical of attacks and racist hate speech targeting members of indigenous communities and call for the constitutional rights of Bolivia’s peoples to be respected.", "\n\nBolivia’s escalating crisis threatens to spiral into violent internal conflict. ", "The Administration’s current approach is dangerously misguided and could well contribute to a further breakdown in the rule of law in Bolivia and a full-blown humanitarian emergency, with large migrant outflows. ", "We strongly urge you to revise this approach and support the prompt restoration of constitutional order, dialogue between opposing political factions, fair and inclusive elections and respect for the human and cultural rights of all Bolivians.", "\n\nSincerely,\n\nRep. Hank Johnson\n\nRep. Ilhan Omar\n\nRep. Susan Wild\n\nRep. Raul Grijalva\n\nRep. Jan Schakowsky\n\nRep. Jared Huffman\n\nRep. Deb Haaland\n\nRep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez\n\nRep. James McGovern\n\nRep. Jesus G. “Chuy” Garcia\n\nRep. Bobby L. Rush\n\nRep. Ayanna Pressley\n\nRep. Alan Lowenthal\n\nRep. Eleanor Holmes Norton\n\nMike Pompeo\n\nSecretario de Estado\n\nDepartamento de Estado de EE.UU.", "\n\n2201 C Street NW\n\nWashington D.C. 20520\n\nSecretario Pompeo,\n\nNos preocupa profundamente que las recientes declaraciones y acciones de altos funcionarios del Gobierno del presidente Donald Trump estén contribuyendo al incremento de una crisis política y de derechos humanos en el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, luego de las controvertidas elecciones celebradas el 20 de octubre de 2019.", "\n\nEl 10 de noviembre, el presidente democráticamente electo de Bolivia, Evo Morales, anunció que dimitía después de que el comandante de las Fuerzas Armadas de Bolivia le pidiera que renunciara. ", "En una transmisión televisiva en vivo, Morales declaró que se estaba produciendo un golpe de Estado y que renunciaba para evitar más derramamiento de sangre y mayores disturbios. ", "Le siguieron otras renuncias de altos funcionarios, lo que resultó en un peligroso vacío de poder constitucional. ", "El 12 de noviembre, la senadora opositora, Jeanine Añez, se declaró presidenta de Bolivia, en violación de la Constitución boliviana. ", "Recibió el apoyo inmediato del alto mando de las Fuerzas Armadas del país.", "\n\nDurante la última semana, simpatizantes de Morales han sufrido ataques y amenazas, y protestas han sido violentamente reprimidas por las fuerzas de seguridad, lo que ha resultado en numerosas muertes y heridos, según la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. ", "Las autoridades de facto de Bolivia han emitido un decreto que exime a los militares de ser procesados por su participación en la represión violenta contra las manifestaciones. ", "Mientras tanto, Morales recibió asilo en México, y legisladores y periodistas pro Morales han sido amenazados con ser arrestados por “sedición”.", "\n\nDado este contexto, nos preocupan las declaraciones de funcionarios del Gobierno, incluido el presidente Donald Trump, acogiendo con beneplácito estos acontecimientos en Bolivia que encarnan las características de un golpe de Estado militar. ", "El 11 de noviembre, la Casa Blanca emitió un comunicado expresando que “la partida de Morales preserva la democracia” y que “ahora estamos un paso más cerca de tener un hemisferio occidental completamente democrático, próspero y libre”. ", "El 12 de noviembre, el subsecretario del Hemisferio Occidental, Michael G. Kozack, reconoció a la senadora Añez como la “presidenta constitucional interina de Bolivia”. ", "Altos funcionarios del Gobierno de Trump han fallado en denunciar los ataques violentos de las fuerzas de seguridad, incluso cuando manifestaciones conformadas principalmente por indígenas bolivianos han sido disparadas con munición real.", "\n\nLe instamos a considerar un cambio inmediato en el curso de estas acciones y a tomar medidas para apoyar a la democracia y a los derechos humanos en Bolivia. ", "Si bien existe un legítimo debate en torno a la decisión de Morales de postularse a un cuarto periodo presidencial, simplemente no es aceptable que el Gobierno de EE.UU. ", "acoja con satisfacción la destitución forzada de un líder elegido democráticamente antes del final de su mandato. ", "Nuestro Gobierno debería pedir la pronta restauración del orden constitucional y el fin inmediato de toda persecución y ataques a líderes políticos y simpatizantes de Evo\n\nMorales y de su partido. ", "Además, solicitamos la adopción de medidas de protección para quienes enfrentan amenazas.", "\n\nEste Gobierno debería apoyar los llamados al diálogo con una mediación liderada por las Naciones Unidas y otros organismos internacionales. ", "También debe apoyar nuevas elecciones y trabajar con otros países de la región para asegurar condiciones adecuadas que garanticen que cada votante y cada candidato puedan participar de manera segura y libre en la próxima campaña y proceso electoral.", "\n\nLa legitimidad del Gobierno de Bolivia dependerá de si el partido del expresidente Morales, que sigue siendo apoyado por millones de bolivianos, pueda o no participar plenamente en las próximas elecciones.", "\n\nTambién deseamos expresar nuestra preocupación por las declaraciones hechas por funcionarios de la Organización de Estados Americanos (OEA), una organización multilateral que recibe la mayoría de sus fondos del Gobierno de Estados Unidos. ", "En particular, nos preocupan las declaraciones infundadas y engañosas vertidas por la misión electoral de la OEA en Bolivia el 21 de octubre, de las que posteriormente el Departamento de Estado se hizo eco, contribuyendo a una mayor polarización en un momento en el que ocurrían incidentes violentos por motivos políticos en todo el país. ", "Los funcionarios de Estados Unidos deben actuar con mayor precaución y evaluar los fundamentos de las afirmaciones de los funcionarios de la Organización de los Estados Americanos antes de repetirlas, particularmente cuando existen álgidas tensiones postelectorales.", "\n\nFinalmente, estamos profundamente consternados por que este Gobierno no haya condenado los ataques racistas contra las comunidades indígenas de Bolivia y contra sus símbolos, como la bandera panindígena Wiphala, que es una de las banderas oficiales del país. ", "Evo Morales fue el primer presidente indígena de Bolivia y la Constitución de 2009 de Bolivia consagra derechos y protecciones que benefician a los pueblos indígenas que por siglos han sido oprimidos y discriminados de manera racista. ", "La autoproclamada presidenta interina, Jeanine Áñez, tiene un historial de declaraciones deplorables acerca de los pueblos indígenas, incluidos comentarios en Twitter refiriéndose a los rituales religiosos indígenas como “satánicos”; mientras que luego de suplantar al expresidente Morales, declaró que “la Biblia vuelve al Palacio”. ", "El Ejecutivo estadounidense debería criticar públicamente los ataques y los discursos racistas de odio contra miembros de las comunidades indígenas y exigir que se respeten los derechos constitucionales de los pueblos de Bolivia.", "\n\nLa creciente crisis de Bolivia amenaza con convertirse en un violento conflicto interno. ", "El enfoque actual del Gobierno estadounidense está peligrosamente equivocado y bien podría contribuir a un mayor colapso del estado de derecho en Bolivia y a una emergencia humanitaria en toda regla, con grandes éxodos de migrantes. ", "Le recomendamos encarecidamente que revise este enfoque y apoye la pronta restauración del orden constitucional, el diálogo entre los grupos políticos opuestos, unas elecciones justas e inclusivas y el respeto a los derechos humanos y culturales de todos los bolivianos.", "\n\nAtentamente,\n\nRep. Hank Johnson\n\nRep. Ilhan Omar\n\nRep. Susan Wild\n\nRep. Raul Grijalva\n\nRep. Jan Schakowsky\n\nRep. Jared Huffman\n\nRep. Deb Haaland\n\nRep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez\n\nRep. James McGovern\n\nRep. Jesus G. “Chuy” Garcia\n\nRep. Bobby L. Rush\n\nRep. Ayanna Pressley\n\nRep. Alan Lowenthal\n\nRep. Eleanor Holmes Norton\n\n###" ]

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[ "The impact of social cognitive and personality factors on teachers' reported inclusive behaviour.", "\nInclusive education of children with intellectual disabilities (ID) is intended to maximize their educational experience within the mainstream school setting. ", "While policy mandates inclusion, it is classroom teachers' behaviours that determine its success. ", "This study provided a novel application of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in this setting. ", "It examined the effect of TPB variables and personality on reported inclusive teaching behaviours for learners with ID. ", "The sample comprised 145 primary school teachers (85% female) from mainstream schools across Scotland. ", "Participants completed a TPB questionnaire assessing attitudes (instrumental and affective), subjective norms (injunctive and descriptive norms), perceptions of control (self-efficacy and controllability), and behavioural intentions towards using inclusive strategies. ", "The Big Five Personality Index, measuring extraversion, conscientiousness, openness, neuroticism, and agreeableness, was also completed. ", "Teaching practices were reported 2 weeks later. ", "Instrumental attitudes, descriptive norm, self-efficacy, and neuroticism predicted teachers' intentions to use inclusive strategies. ", "Further, conscientiousness had indirect effects on intentions through TPB variables. ", "These intentions, however, did not predict reported behaviour expected by TPB. ", "Instead, self-efficacy was the only significant predictor of reported behaviour. ", "This study demonstrates the application of TPB to an educational setting and contributes to the understanding of teachers' reported use of inclusive strategies for children with ID." ]

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[ "---\n\n- include: create_users_and_groups.yml\n\n- include: setup_virtualenv.yml\n\n- include: setup_git_repo.yml\n tags: deploy\n\n- include: setup_django_app.yml\n tags: deploy\n \n- include: setup_supervisor.yml\n\n- include: set_file_permissions.yml\n tags: deploy\n\n- include: setup_cron_jobs.yml\n when: setup_cron_jobs\n tags: cron\n" ]

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[ "/**\r\n * Copyright (c) 2007, Sun Microsystems, Inc\r\n * All rights reserved.", "\r\n *\r\n * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\r\n * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions\r\n * are met:\r\n *\r\n * * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright\r\n * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.", "\r\n * * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above\r\n * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following\r\n * disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided\r\n * with the distribution.", "\r\n * * Neither the name of the TimingFramework project nor the names of its\r\n * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived\r\n * from this software without specific prior written permission.", "\r\n *\r\n * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS\r\n * \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT\r\n * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR\r\n * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT\r\n * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,\r\n * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT\r\n * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,\r\n * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY\r\n * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT\r\n * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE\r\n * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", "\r\n */\r\n\r\nimport java.awt.", "AlphaComposite;\r\nimport java.awt.", "Color;\r\nimport java.awt.", "Dimension;\r\nimport java.awt.", "Graphics;\r\nimport java.awt.", "Graphics2D;\r\nimport java.awt.image.", "BufferedImage;\r\nimport java.awt.", "Point;\r\nimport javax.swing.", "JComponent;\r\nimport javax.imageio.", "ImageIO;\r\nimport javax.swing.", "JFrame;\r\n\r\n/**\r\n * This class does the work of rendering the current view of the\r\n * racetrack. ", " It holds the car position and rotation and displays\r\n * the car accordingly. ", " The track itself is merely a background image\r\n * that is copied the same on every repaint.", "\r\n * Note that carPosition and carRotation are both JavaBean properties, which\r\n * is exploited in the SetterRace and MultiStepRace variations.", "\r\n *\r\n * @author Chet\r\n */\r\npublic class TrackView extends JComponent {\r\n \r\n BufferedImage car;\r\n BufferedImage track;\r\n Point carPosition;\r\n double carRotation = 0;\r\n int trackW, trackH;\r\n int carW, carH, carWHalf, carHHalf;\r\n\r\n /** Hard-coded positions of interest on the track */\r\n static final Point START_POS = new Point(450, 70);\r\n static final Point FIRST_TURN_START = new Point(130, 70);\r\n static final Point FIRST_TURN_END = new Point(76, 127);\r\n static final Point SECOND_TURN_START = new Point(76, 404);\r\n static final Point SECOND_TURN_END = new Point(130, 461);\r\n static final Point THIRD_TURN_START = new Point(450, 461);\r\n static final Point THIRD_TURN_END = new Point(504, 404);\r\n static final Point FOURTH_TURN_START = new Point(504, 127);\r\n \r\n /** Creates a new instance of TrackView */\r\n public TrackView() {\r\n try {\r\n car = ImageIO.read(TrackView.class.getResource(\"images/beetle_red.gif\"));\r\n track = ImageIO.read(TrackView.class.getResource(\"images/track.jpg\"));\r\n } catch (Exception e) {\r\n System.out.println(\"Problem loading track/car images: \" + e);\r\n }\r\n carPosition = new Point(START_POS.x, START_POS.y);\r\n carW = car.getWidth();\r\n carH = car.getHeight();\r\n carWHalf = carW / 2;\r\n carHHalf = carH / 2;\r\n trackW = track.getWidth();\r\n trackH = track.getHeight();\r\n }\r\n \r\n public Dimension getPreferredSize() {\r\n return new Dimension(trackW, trackH);\r\n }\r\n \r\n /**\r\n * Render the track and car\r\n */\r\n public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {\r\n // First draw the race track\r\n g.drawImage(track, 0, 0, null);\r\n \r\n // Now draw the car. ", " The translate/rotate/translate settings account\r\n // for any nonzero carRotation values\r\n Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g.create();\r\n g2d.translate(carPosition.x, carPosition.y);\r\n g2d.rotate(Math.toRadians(carRotation));\r\n g2d.translate(-(carPosition.x), -(carPosition.y));\r\n \r\n // Now the graphics has been set up appropriately; draw the\r\n // car in position\r\n g2d.drawImage(car, carPosition.x - carWHalf, carPosition.y - carHHalf, null);\r\n }\r\n \r\n /**\r\n * Set the new position and schedule a repaint\r\n */\r\n public void setCarPosition(Point newPosition) {\r\n repaint(0, carPosition.x - carWHalf, carPosition.y - carHHalf,\r\n carW, carH);\r\n carPosition.x = newPosition.x;\r\n carPosition.y = newPosition.y;\r\n repaint(0, carPosition.x - carWHalf, carPosition.y - carHHalf,\r\n carW, carH);\r\n }\r\n \r\n /**\r\n * Set the new rotation and schedule a repaint\r\n */\r\n public void setCarRotation(double newDegrees) {\r\n carRotation = newDegrees;\r\n // repaint area accounts for larger rectangular are because rotate\r\n // car will exceed normal rectangular bounds\r\n repaint(0, carPosition.x - carW, carPosition.y - carH,\r\n 2 * carW, 2 * carH);\r\n }\r\n \r\n}\r\n" ]

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[ "Please turn on JavaScript. ", "Media requires JavaScript to play.", "\n\nThe largest exhibition of mummies ever assembled has opened in Los Angeles.", "\n\nMummies of the World features a never-before-seen collection of 150 human and animal mummies and related artefacts from five continents.", "\n\nAs well as displaying the mummies, which have been donated by European museums, the exhibition highlights the work done using modern scientific techniques to date and analyse the remains.", "\n\nPeter Bowes went along to the California Science Center to find out more." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAre header file names such as bits/vector.tcc standard compliant?", "\n\nIn my code base, I 'hide' implementation details of heavily templated code in .tcc files inside a bits sub-directory, i.e.\n// file inc/foo.h:\n#ifndef my_foo_h // include guard\n#define my_foo_h\nnamespace my {\n /* ... */ // templated code available for user\n}\n#include \"bits/foo.tcc\" // includes implementation details\nnamespace my {\n /* ... */ // more templated code using details from foo.tcc\n}\n#endif\n\n// file inc/bits/foo.tcc:\n#ifndef my_foo_tcc // include guard\n#define my_foo_tcc\n#ifndef my_foo_h\n# error foo.tcc must be #included from foo.h\n#endif\nnamespace my { namespace details {\n /* ... */ // defails needed in foo.h\n} }\n#endif\n\nOf course, there must only be one file bits/foo.tcc in the include path. ", "Otherwise, there will be a clash and (hopefully) a compilation error. ", "This just happened to me with bits/vector.tcc, which is included from gcc's (4.8) vector but also my own header (using #include \"bits/vector.tcc\" and not #include <bits/vector.h>).", "\nMy question: is this formally a bug of gcc (since it uses a name bits/vector.tcc which is not protected by the standard) or correct, i.e. even formally my fault? ", "If the latter, what names for header files are guaranteed to be okay to use?", "\n(note I don't want to hear obvious advices of how to avoid this).", "\n\nEdit The problem is that the header file vector provided by the standard library (shipped by the compiler) has a preprocessor directive #include <bits/vector.tcc> which causes the preprocessor to load my file rather than that provided with the standard library.", "\n\nA:\n\nHere's what the C++11 standard [cpp.include] has to say about this:\n\n1 A #include directive shall identify a header or source file that can be processed by the implementation.", "\n2 A preprocessing directive of the form\n# include < h-char-sequence> new-line\n\nsearches a sequence of implementation-defined places for a header identified uniquely by the specified sequence\n between the < and > delimiters, and causes the replacement of that directive by the entire contents\n of the header. ", "How the places are specified or the header identified is implementation-defined.", "\n3 A preprocessing directive of the form\n# include \" q-char-sequence\" new-line\n\ncauses the replacement of that directive by the entire contents of the source file identified by the specified\n sequence between the \" delimiters. ", "The named source file is searched for in an implementation-defined\n manner. ", "If this search is not supported, or if the search fails, the directive is reprocessed as if it read\n# include < h-char-sequence> new-line\n\nwith the identical contained sequence (including > characters, if any) from the original directive.", "\n\nIn other words, #include < > is intended for searching for headers only. ", "A header is one of the things provided by the standard library. ", "I say \"things\" because the standard doesn't specify what it is - it doesn't have to a file at all (although all compilers I know implement headers as files).", "\n#include \" \" is intended for \"everything else\" - in terms of the standard, they're all \"source files,\" although in general speech we usually refer to files intended for being #included as \"header files.\" ", "Also note that if no such source file is found, a (standard library) header will be searched for instead.", "\nSo, in your case:\n\nThe standard doesn't say anything about files like bits/vector.tcc; in fact, it doesn't say anything about any files. ", "All of this falls under the \"implementation-defined\" heading as is thus up to your compiler and its documentation.", "\nAt the same time (thanks to @JamesKanze for pointing this out in the comments), the standard clearly specifies what #include <vector> should do, and never mentions that it could depend on a file's presence or absence. ", "So in this regard, gcc loading your bits/vector.tcc instead of its own is a gcc bug. ", "If gcc loaded its own bits/vector.tcc instead of yours, it would be within its \"implementation-defined\" scope.", "\n#include \"vector\" is primarily intended to include a source file named vector. ", "However, if no such file is found, the effect is the same as including the standard header <vector> (which causes class template std::vector to be considered defined).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "James O’Keefe’s Project Veritas hit the Claire McCaskill campaign today with a second undercover video, this one on abortion, and it is even more damning than the first.", "\n\nIn this one, McCaskill staffer Nicholas Starost tells an undercover journalist, “Planned Parenthood will never donate money to Claire even though she’s very pro-choice because they don’t want to ostracize those pro-life democrats that might not vote for her, if there’s Planned Parenthood funding her.”", "\n\nStarost likely meant “alienate” not “ostracize,” but the point is clear. ", "This is a point he reiterates later in the video. ", "The journalist asks, “So, they just, they just funnel [the money] through Emily’s List?” ", "Says Starost, “Probably. ", "They go through other means to get us that money.”", "\n\nStarost clarified that Planned Parenthood funneled money to the campaign “through like different organizations.” ", "He added that voters would not see through the subterfuge “unless they go like deep, deep, deep down into a campaign, like finance, which most people just do not.”", "\n\nWhen asked if the campaign’s goal was to get the money without attaching Planned Parenthood’s name to the contribution, Starost said, “Yup… It’s f***ing beautiful… It’s great when it works for us and not against us.”", "\n\nTo corroborate Starost’s claims, the Project Veritas journalist turned to senior staffer Grace Richardson. “", "I’m still trying to wrap my head around that, that . . . ", "thing Nick [Starost] was talking about the other day, that Planned Parenthood won’t donate to us,” he asked Richardson.", "\n\n“I think it’s the same with Obama not endorsing any red state Democrats,” Richardson answered. “", "It’s so like . . . ", "It’s so that that the Democrat isn’t coming off as too leftist establishment.”", "\n\n“But we’re still going to support abortion, right?” ", "asked the journalist.", "\n\n“Yes. ", "Yeah, 100 percent,” said Richardon. “", "It’s more of like [Planned Parenthood] not… They go through other means to support and give money.”", "\n\nThis strategy is an open secret at McCaskill headquarters. ", "Staffer Darcy Becker confirmed that Planned Parenthood avoids making direct contributions for one reason: “They know it’s a tough state to win for a Democrat, and they don’t want to hurt her chances of winning it by donating money.”", "\n\nAs to why McCaskill must conceal her progressive leanings, staffer Melissa Balke volunteered, “because she would completely isolate the moderate Republicans.” ", "Again, Balke likely meant “alienate” when she said “isolate.”", "\n\nThe McCaskill staffers may be weak on vocabulary, but they are strong on loyalty to a fully deceptive cause, namely McCaskill’s “100 percent” support of abortion." ]

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[ "The creators of South Park have issued an irreverent mock apology to the Chinese government after reports that the show has been censored on Chinese streaming services and social media.", "\n\nThe statement from Trey Parker and Matt Stone made fun of censorship of comparisons of Xi Jinping, the Chinese President, with Winnie the Pooh, and called out the National Basketball Association (NBA) for apologising over the support expressed by one of its officials for the Hong Kong protest movement.", "\n\n“Like the NBA, we welcome the Chinese censors into our homes and into our hearts. ", "We too love money more than freedom and democracy. ", "Xi doesn’t look just like Winnie the Pooh at all,” read a statement issued by the South Park Twitter account.", "\n\n“Tune into our 300th episode this Wednesday at 10! ", "Long live the Great Communist Party of China! ", "May this autumn’s sorghum harvest be bountiful! ", "We good now China?”", "\n\nThe American satirical animation series, famed for taking swipes at global events and society without fear or favour, reportedly incurred the wrath of China’s fierce censors over a recent episode “Band in China” which critiques the way Hollywood allegedly tries to mould its content to avoid offending Beijing." ]

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[ "“I’ve traveled the world, (but) I never thought of myself different than anyone in the room. ", "I’ve never been too cocky about it, or talked about it.”", "\n\nNow, he's trying to do his own thing.", "\n\n“I’ve always wanted to carve my path,” Stewart said. “", "I didn’t want to be Rod Stewart’s son who really does nothing. … ", "I wanted to do my own thing, get out of California, meet new people, like the boys.”", "\n\nStewart, who said he fell in love with the game as a 3- or 4-year-old attending Rangers games, turned heads in Spokane at 15 after earning an invitation to a WHL identification camp, where he won a 1 1/2 mile run.", "\n\n“That was very impressive,” general manager Tim Speltz said. “", "His fitness test was unbelievable, which tells you there’s an athlete there or a guy who’s worked very hard.”", "\n\nThe 6-1, 180-pounder is a smart, defense-first forward who easily won respect and friends in the locker room, according to coach Don Nachbaur.", "\n\nMeanwhile, Hunter, who dated NHL players Jarrett Stoll and Sean Avery in the past, followed her son to Washington and supports him wholly.", "\n\n“I love it up there,” she said. “", "I want to be a part of it as much as I can. … ", "to see him reaching his goal and his dream. ", "Seeing all the kids, because it’s such a team sport … is what’s really impressive and cool. ", "You do what you can with your kids. ", "Liam’s as happy as anything up there.”" ]

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[ "Marguerita Time\n\n\"Marguerita Time\" is a single by the British rock band Status Quo, from their 1983 album Back to Back. ", "The single was also issued in a Christmas double pack that included \"Caroline\"/\"Joanne\".", "\n\n\"Nobody but Francis [Rossi] wanted to record it,\" recalled bassist Alan Lancaster. \"", "All it did was advertise that we were a bunch of nerds.\"", "\n\nThe song was reprised, in 2014, for the band's thirty-first studio album Aquostic (Stripped Bare). ", "It was featured in the ninety-minute launch performance for the album at London's Roundhouse on 22 October, broadcast live by BBC Radio 2 as part of their In Concert series.", "\n\nDexys Midnight Runners covered the song on the B-side of their single \"This is What She's Like\". ", "This recording was included on some reissues of the band's Too-Rye-Ay album.", "\n\nTrack listing \n \"Marguerita Time\" (Rossi/Frost) (3.27)\n \"Resurrection\" (Bown/Parfitt) (3.46)\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Status Quo (band) songs\nCategory:1983 singles\nCategory:Songs written by Francis Rossi\nCategory:1983 songs\nCategory:Vertigo Records singles" ]

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[ "import { PureComputed } from '@devexpress/dx-core';\nimport { AppointmentId, AppointmentChanges, Changes } from '../../types';\n\nexport const changedAppointmentById: PureComputed<\n [Changes, AppointmentId], AppointmentChanges\n> = (changes, appointmentId) => (\n { [appointmentId]: changes }\n);\n" ]

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[ "Walter White was affectionately called “ Mr NAACP ” by African Americans during his lifetime. ", "Walter White who dedicated his whole life to the upliftment of his people; has become the ‘ forgotten man of African American history ‘.", "\n\nIn 2014 I read on the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)’s web site a quote by Carter G. Woodson about those who have no record of what their forebears have accomplished, will lose the inspiration that comes from that knowledge of their accomplishments.", "\n\nThe NAACP is more guilty of this than any other organization.", "\n\nThe only historical person in the NAACP known by most African Americans is Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois .", "\n\nBut Dr Du Bois , was never the leader of the NAACP.", "\n\nWalter White the Caucasian looking African American man, was the leader of the NAACP from 1931 until his death in 1955.", "\n\nThe majority of African Americans today, don’t know anything about Walter White.", "\n\nI recently read a biography and also his autobiography and a few books written by Walter White.", "\n\nI was surprised by the things he accomplished as the leader of the NAACP.", "\n\nHe was a blonde haired, blue eyes, and very proud of his African ancestry.", "\n\nHe was the leader of the NAACP for over 20 years.", "\n\nHe was born in Georgia to very light complexion African American parents.", "\n\nWalter White in a family photo\n\nDuring the 1930s, his father died, when he was taken to a ‘ whites ‘ only hospital after a traffic accident.", "\n\nWhen the hospital staff discovered he was of African descent; they had him transported to the ‘ negro ‘ hospital without treating him.", "\n\nBecause of the delay in treatment he died soon after.", "\n\nWalter White played a significant role in every achievement made for African Americans during the 1930s, 1940s, and early 1950s; up until his death in 1955.", "\n\nHe personally lobbied members of the US Congress and Senate for many years without success to pass an Anti-Lynching Bill.", "\n\nHe risked his life on numerous occasions to find out first hand, about many lynchings in America.", "\n\nBecause of his Caucasian looking appearance, he gathered first-hand information, from many people who were either witnesses or participants of these lynchings.", "\n\nDuring one visit to a town where a lynching had taken place; he was told by a Caucasian man that they had found out that a negro posing as a ‘white’ was going to be identified and killed.", "\n\nThe man didn’t realise that he was talking to the man who was supposed to be killed later that day.", "\n\nWalter White quickly left town before they discovered his true identity.", "\n\nWALTER WHITE AND HOLLYWOOD\n\nDuring the 1940s he spoke to the heads of the major Hollywood studios about the negative images being portrayed in films about African Americans.", "\n\nThey pledged that they would make changes in the way that African Americans were portrayed.", "\n\nLater actors like Sidney Poitier and Harry Belafonte were the results of this pledge, the studio chiefs had made to Walter White.", "\n\nWALTER WHITE ARMY RESEARCHER\n\nDuring WWII there were many racial incident at many of the locations where African American military men were stationed.", "\n\nNot just racial animosity from the local civilian Caucasians; but also from fellow military members of the Caucasian race.", "\n\nOn many military installations; large scale fighting erupted between the races.", "\n\nHe made a fact finding trip during WWII to the countries in Europe and Asia where African American military men and women were deployed.", "\n\nHe was tasked with finding a solution to the racial friction between the races.", "\n\nHe then inform General Eisenhower and other top military brass of his findings and his thoughts of a possibly solution.", "\n\nHe contributed to the creation of the Tuskegee Airmen , and because of his friendship with First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, he made sure that the Tuskegee Airmen were involved in the fight against fascism in Africa and Europe.", "\n\nLater he was instrumental in the ending of racial separation in the military .", "\n\nThe US military became integrated, like it was during the American Revolutionary War , against Britain in the 18th century.", "\n\nAlso he fought for the right, of African Americans becoming member of the major Unions.", "\n\nHe organized Marian Anderson’s concert on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC , after the racist members of the Daughters of the American Revolution had objected to her performance at their building, and many other things that cannot be written here.", "\n\nWalter White speaking to military members during WWII Walter White speaking to military members during WWII\n\nHe was close personal friend of Eleanor Roosevelt the wife of the President of the USA and thus had the ear of her husband, President Roosevelt .", "\n\nWalter White and Eleanor Roosevelt and President Truman\n\nHe was affectionately called Mr. NAACP by the majority of African Americans.", "\n\nOne prominent and wealthy racist Caucasian woman once told him that he was a fool for identifying himself as an African American when he could easily pass for a Caucasian.", "\n\nHe said her remark was so idiotic that he didn’t even bother to give her a reply.", "\n\nMany people don’t understand the significant of Walter White’s life.", "\n\nHe could have done what many other light complexion African Americans did in the past (and some are still doing now ); that is go somewhere where he was not know and pretend to be a Caucasian.", "\n\nMany Caucasian racists hated him because he did not do that.", "\n\nThey felt that he should have been proud of his Caucasian appearance; and just be selfish and make his own life comfortable.", "\n\nHe was a contradiction to their claims of Caucasian supremacy .", "\n\nHe was proud of his African ancestry; and he was doing everything he could to stop discrimination against his people.", "\n\nHe was like Prophet Moses who was raised in the ‘ household of Pharaoh ‘.", "\n\nBut his heart and mind was always with his people .", "\n\nAs I said above: Walter White risked his life many times by going to cities and town; where there had been lynchings of African Americans.", "\n\nHe got first hand information from ordinary Caucasians; some of whom may have participated in the lynchings.", "\n\nThey spoke openly to him because they thought he was a Caucasian, just like them.", "\n\nFor the past 60 years; for whatever reasons, the NAACP has chosen to ignore Walter White and the major contributions he made towards the upliftment of our people.", "\n\nFor the past 60 years the NAACP have treated him as an insignificant person in the history of the NAACP and African Americans.", "\n\nThe majority of African American today don’t know anything about him.", "\n\nWe all know and love W.E.B. Du Boise but we know nothing about Walter White.", "\n\nIn fact many of us erroneously believe that Du Boise was the leader of the NAACP during that era, when in fact he was just the editor of the NAACP newsletter, The Crisis .", "\n\nDid Walter White become the forgotten man of African American history, because of his Caucasian appearance?", "\n\nEven during his lifetime many people didn’t believe that he was really of African descent.", "\n\nMaybe the NAACP became ashamed of Walter White during the “ black and beautiful’ era of the late 1960s.", "\n\nMaybe they thought that, Walter White looked too much like a Caucasian to be looked up to as a ‘ black hero ‘.", "\n\nRoy Wilkins then assistant to Walter White, and Thurgood Marshall\n\nI believe that because of the ingratitude shown by the NAACP towards Walter White and not recognizing and preserving his memory, the NAACP will soon vanish as a credible organization in the eyes of African Americans.", "\n\nThe NAACP should have invested funds into making movies to inform the people about the lives of all those wonderful leaders ( Ida B. Wells , James Weldon Johnson , W.E.B. Dubois , Walter White ) of the NAACP who risked their lives for many, many years; to help promote the rights of our people.", "\n\nIf the NAACP does not even have the courage and insight to promote their past leaders; then, how do they expect us to take them for anything other than clowns who like to dress up and go to their annual fancy, Image Awards ball.", "\n\nIN ADDITION THE NAACP NEEDS A NAME CHANGE.", "\n\nI suggested that instead of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP);\n\nThe name should be changed to the National Association for the Advancement of Poor People (NAAPP) 🙂\n\nAfter all, helping poor people of all races within our country was the direction that Dr Martin Luther King was heading in ; when he was murdered in 1968.", "\n\nI SENT THAT SUGGESTION TO THE NAACP IN 2009; BUT THEY IGNORED IT.", "\n\nI also made the same suggestion to the Congressional Black Caucus , to change their name to the Congressional Caucus for Poor People ; but they also ignored my suggestion\n\nSee the excerpt of an article from Time Magazine about Walter White, below this picture of the NAACP members at their fancy dress ball.", "\n\n(The following as taken from Time.com)\n\nIn the dated language of the day, his obituary in the New York Times referred to him as “a Negro by choice,” explaining:\n\nOnly five-thirty-seconds of his ancestry was Negro. ", "His skin was fair, his hair blond, his eyes blue and his features Caucasian.", "\n\nHe could easily have joined the 12,000 Negroes who pass the color-line and disappear into the white majority every year in this country.", "\n\nBut if Walter White was a “Negro by choice,” it wasn’t a choice made arbitrarily—and his first-hand knowledge of the facts of life for African Americans was personal, deep and real.", "\n\nBoth of his parents had been born into slavery, and although they went on to earn college degrees and pursue middle-class careers as a postal worker (his father) and teacher (his mother), they endured ruthless discrimination throughout their lives.", "\n\nAs TIME elaborated in 1938:\n\n[White] remembers that his father’s house was almost burned down during an Atlanta race riot in his childhood.", "\n\nHe recalls too that his father died in agony when the surgeons of the white ward of an Atlanta hospital, to which he had been mistakenly taken for an emergency operation, balked upon learning his race and insisted on shipping him in the rain to the Negro ward across the street.", "\n\nWhile he was a highly esteemed activist and a powerful champion of anti-lynching legislation, he was occasionally rebuffed in the black community by those who mistook him for a white outsider.", "\n\nIn his autobiography, A Man Called White\n\nThe man lashed out bitterly, saying, “Why don’t you look where you’re going? ", "You white folks are always trampling on colored people.”", "\n\nWhite knew as well as anyone that his life would have been vastly simpler if he had capitalized on his skin color and, as the Times put it, “disappear[ed] into the white majority.”", "\n\nBut he refused to turn his back on his heritage — or on those who couldn’t so easily disappear from the injustices of the Jim Crow era.", "\n\nAs he put it in his book:\n\n“ I am not white . ", "There is nothing within my mind and heart which tempts me to think I am .", "\n\nYet I realize acutely that the only characteristic which matters to either the white or the colored race—the appearance of whiteness—is mine.", "\n\nThere is magic in a white skin; there is tragedy, loneliness, exile, in a black skin.”", "\n\nThrough his activism White helped ease some of that tragedy, loneliness, and exile.", "\n\nAfter he died, TIME called him a “dogged lobbyist” who had “a major hand in virtually every civil-rights law enacted” during his NAACP leadership.", "\n\nIndeed, TIME concludes that 1955 obituary with the observation, “ As Walter White died, his old enemy Jim Crow was dying too .”", "\n\nRead a 1938 profile of Walter White, here in the TIME archives: Black’s White\n\nREAD ALSO:\n\nWE ARE COMMITTING A MAJOR ERROR, IN CALLING CAUCASIANS ‘WHITE.’", "\n\nSEEING THEMSELVES AS THE “WHITE RACE,” IS ONE OF THE REASONS WHY MANY CAUCASIANS CONTINUE TO BELIEVE, THAT THEY ARE A SUPERIOR RACE.", "\n\nClick below to ‘read’ the article.", "\n\nRead the auto-biography of my first 13 years, living in America , after leaving Jamaica\n\nThis is a review of this book by a customer on Amazon UK :\n\n“I thought this was a very good book. ", "It is about a Jamaican who went to the USA, when he was 12 years old.", "\n\nThe books is about his experience of low-self esteem, and feelings of inferiority; from being in a country where the majority of people were Caucasians.", "\n\nIt tells about him joining the Nation of Islam , under the leadership of the Honourable Elijah Muhammad , 5 years after leaving Jamaica.", "\n\nThen how he came to realise that what he was taught in the Nation of Islam ; was not true Islam.", "\n\nMy wife also though it was a good book. ", "However she said that the author should not have gone into so much intimate details, about his sexual encounters.”", "\n\nPaperback:" ]

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[ "plattandmatter\n\nplattandmatter\n\nOur goal is to build interest and equity in the pieces through a strong focus on craft and form. ", "Rather than starting with precious materials that are given worth through economy, we use materials like stainless steel that function well from an engineering perspective and it is through manipulation that value is added to the work.", "\n\nOur use of uncut, commonplace stones is meant to bring attention to, and question the value we place on certain materials. ", "There is such an intense history of heat, pressure, time and cosmic events that define the composition of each molecule and the way they are arranged. ", "Their structure defines its physical properties; the way the material reflects and refracts light, and the planes at which the stone is more susceptible to break. ", "It is when thinking about the essence–the real makeup–of materials that we should think about why it is that we place such different values to materials that do not directly affect our survival.", "\n\nWe have created a world of bright and shiny objects because of their rarity in prehistorical nature, we are wired to be attracted to bright these objects and therefore have created a modern world flooded with these materials.", "\n\nThe collection is intended to elicit a different perception of beauty: the recognition of the underlying reality of things we frequently encounter." ]

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[ "IRELAND HAS A newspaper problem.", "\n\nAll the members of the National Newspapers of Ireland (NNI) – as well as dozens of other regional newspapers – have agreed a common position. ", "They say that they own rights in links to newspaper websites. ", "They say they can set the prices for those links. ", "The price list they’ve supplied starts at €300 every year for one link and goes up to €1,250 for up to 50 links on a site. ", "You’ll be glad to hear they say the price for more than 50 links is negotiable.", "\n\nYou might have seen a link ridiculing this position from Graham Linehan on Twitter, or on tech megasite BoingBoing.com. ", "Perhaps you follow international Professors of Journalism like Jay Rosen of NYU or Jeff Jarvis of CUNY or George Brock of London City University and saw them express their astonishment?", "\n\nAlternatively you might have heard about the story from the New York Observer, or theGuardian, or Techcrunch, or TechDirt, or MediaGazer or Forbes or any of the other news sources which covered the story.", "\n\nYou might even have read the letters – here and here - or our article about it on McGarr Solicitors’ website.", "\n\nThe one place you won’t have read about the Irish newspapers’ demands is in an Irish newspaper. ", "Nor will you have read about the fact that the NNI, representing all the national newspapers – including the Irish Times, the Irish Independent and the Examiner – sought in 2012 to have a specific new law created to outlaw linking to articles. ", "You won’t have read it, because not one Irish newspaper printed a drop of ink on this story. ", "Kardashian Baby? ", "News. ", "Efforts to outlaw how the internet works? ", "Not news.", "\n\nOn those efforts, here’s what the NNI looked for in the middle of 2012:\n\nNNI proposes that, in fact, any amendment to the existing copyright legislation with regard to deep-linking should specifically provide that deep-linking to content protected by copyright…is unlawful.” – ", "Section 7 National Newspapers of Ireland Further Submission to the Copyright Review Committee\n\nThe fact that any such law would effectively destroy the structure of the web in Ireland appears not to matter to the newspapers. ", "If I cannot link to any site I wish without first getting either permission or buying a license at €300 a link, I won’t be doing a lot of linking. ", "A web without links is just a lot of unconnected documents. ", "Or, if you prefer, a bit like a newspaper.", "\n\nThe fact that the NNI are looking for this law to be brought in is an implicit admission that there is no such statutory regime in place right now to justify their demands for money from my client, Women’s Aid.", "\n\nYes, that’s right. ", "Women’s Aid. ", "A charity to assist women who are victims of domestic violence. ", "They had linked to some newspaper articles that had dealt with their fundraising efforts. ", "They were contacted by the newspaper’s Licensing organization, called Newspaper Licensing Ireland. ", "They were told:\n\nA license is required to link directly to an online article even without uploading any of the content directly onto your own website.", "\n\nThen they were sent the price list, above.", "\n\nMcGarr Solicitors agreed to act for Women’s Aid pro bono and then exchanged letters with the newspapers’ agent. ", "We wanted to know what the statutory basis for that claim was.", "\n\nDespite writing back three times, the newspapers’ rep never cited the statutory basis for the assertion that links required either permission or a license.", "\n\n‘The silence has spoken volumes’\n\nWhich brings us up-to-date and leaves us with that newspaper problem I mentioned at the start. ", "Because, you see, this is news now only because McGarr Solicitors – who on an average day are mostly just representing people hurt in road accidents or injured at work – had access to Twitter and a website to tell our client’s story.", "\n\nWhat should have happened was that professional print journalists would turn their attention to the behavior of their own industry in an adult manner.", "\n\nAfter all, it is an article of faith in reputable journalism that the Commercial side of a newspaper will never be allowed to dictate or interfere with the Editorial side.", "\n\nThe silence has spoken volumes.", "\n\nNewspapers should be committed to giving a space for all of society’s voices to be heard. ", "Instead they have inverted that role and are seeking to outlaw the free exchange of ideas and information. ", "It is shameful.", "\n\nYou’ll notice that I haven’t linked to the Irish Independent, the Irish Times or the Irish Examiner in this article. ", "That is because those newspapers sent legal letters toTheJournal.ie in 2011 telling them they were not allowed to link to articles on their sites.", "\n\nThat is a taste of the internet our newspapers would like to see imposed on everyone in Ireland.", "\n\nLike I say, Ireland has a newspaper problem.", "\n\nRead the original version of this post here." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nFile upload in django giving IntegrityError\n\nI have made some custom fields in my user model of django,what i was trying to do is to offer the user to set his/her profile by submitting those fields.although my custom model is working fine.since I can edit or add those fields in my admin site mode.", "\nBut when I try to submit that form as a user, it gives an error like this:-\nException Type: IntegrityError\nException Value: UNIQUE constraint failed: blog_profile.user_id\n\nmy models.py:-\nclass Profile(models.", "Model):\n user = models.", "OneToOneField(User,unique=True,on_delete=models.", "CASCADE,default=1)\n bio = models.", "TextField(max_length=500,null=True,blank=True)\n location = models.", "CharField(max_length=30,null=True,blank=True)\n birth_date = models.", "DateField(null=True,blank=True)\n pic=models.", "FileField(default='/user.png',null=True,blank=True)\n\n@receiver(post_save, sender=User)\ndef create_user_profile(sender, instance, created, **kwargs):\n if created:\n Profile.objects.create(user=instance)\n\n@receiver(post_save, sender=User)\ndef save_user_profile(sender, instance, **kwargs):\n instance.profile.save()\n\nforms.py:-\nclass ProfileForm(forms.", "ModelForm):\n class Meta:\n model=Profile\n fields = ['bio','location','birth_date','pic']\n\nviews.py:-\ndef set(request):\n if request.user.is_authenticated():\n if request.method == 'POST':\n form=ProfileForm(request.", "POST,request.", "FILES)\n if form.is_valid():\n item=form.save(commit=False)\n item.pic=request.", "FILES['pic']\n item.save()\n return redirect('/blog')\n else:\n return HttpResponse('Invalid')\n else:\n form=ProfileForm()\n return render(request,'blog/set.html',{'form':form})\n\nMy template for set is:-\n{% extends 'blog/base.html' %}\n{%block body%}\n<div class=\"container\">\n <div class=\"row\">{{hell}}\n <div class=\"col-md-6 col-md-offset-3\">\n <div class=\"alert alert-success\" role=\"alert\"><strong>Well Done!</strong> {{user.username}} You Have Succesfully Registered!</div>\n </div>\n </div>\n <form method=\"POST\" enctype=\"multipart/form-data\">{% csrf_token %}\n\n {{form.as_p}}\n <input type=\"submit\" value=\"Edit\">\n </form>\n</div>\n{%endblock%}\n\nThis is my attempt please help me i am new to all of these stuffs thanks in advance.", "\n\nA:\n\nMost likely you already have profile with that user id in the database. ", "Because the relation is one-to-one. ", "One profile can only have one and only one user. ", "When you save the form, if the profile already exist then you should update instead of create.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Alphaflexiviridae\n\nAlphaflexiviridae is a family of viruses in the order Tymovirales. ", "Plants and fungi serve as natural hosts. ", "There are currently 51 species in this family, divided among 6 genera. ", "Diseases associated with this family include: mosaic and ringspot symptoms.", "\n\nTaxonomy\nGroup: ssRNA(+)\n\nStructure\nViruses in Alphaflexiviridae are non-enveloped, with flexuous and Filamentous geometries. ", "The diameter is around 12-13 nm. ", "Genomes are linear, around 5.4-9kb in length. ", "The genome codes for 1 to 6 proteins.", "\n\nLife cycle\nViral replication is cytoplasmic, and is lysogenic. ", "Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. ", "Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. ", "Positive stranded rna virus transcription is the method of transcription. ", "Translation takes place by leaky scanning. ", "The virus exits the host cell by tripartite non-tubule guided viral movement.", "\nPlants and fungi serve as the natural host. ", "The virus is transmitted via a vector (insects). ", "Transmission routes are vector and mechanical.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Viralzone: Alphaflexiviridae\n ICTV\n\n*\nCategory:Virus families" ]

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[ "(1) \"Public records\" include any writing containing information relating to the conduct of government or the performance of any governmental or proprietary function prepared, owned, used or retained by any state or local agency regardless of physical form or characteristics.(2) \"Writing\" means handwriting, typewriting, printing, photostating, photographing, and every other means of recording any form of communication or representation, including letters, words, pictures, sounds, or symbols, or combination thereof, and all papers, maps, magnetic or paper tapes, photographic films and prints, magnetic or punched cards, discs, drums and other documents.(3) \"Community College District No. ", "23\" is an agency organized by statute pursuant to RCW 28B.50.040 and shall hereinafter be referred to as the \"district.\" ", "Where appropriate, the term district also refers to the board of trustees and employees of the district.[Statutory Authority: Chapter 28B.19 RCW. ", "WSR 89-12-057 (Resolution No. ", "89-5-4), § 132Y-320-020, filed 6/6/89.]", "\n\nTerms of Use\n\nRead the Terms of Use Agreement to see the terms that apply to your use of our products (including this website).", "\nOur service is entirely run by computer algorithms. ", "Translations are not human-vetted. ", "There may be inaccuracies in information due to our algorithmic extraction of information. ", "Always consult the official source when making use of legal information." ]

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[ "A Sandwich Loaf today with pumpkin and Cinnamon. ", "Pumpkin puree adds moisture, softness and flavor to the bread and the cinnamon swirls make make it irresistible. ", "Super soft Easy and simple Pumpkin Cinnamon Swirl Bread.", "\n\nJump to Recipe\n\nSlice, toast, slather some vegan butter, a generous sprinkle of powdered sugar or maple and serve. ", "Or make french toasts or french toast bake. ", "The dough can also be converted into Pumpkin Cinnamon rolls. ", "Dress with a vegan cream cheese frosting or pumpkin spice caramel.", "\n\nLast day to enter my holiday giveaway, where I am giving away 120 things including my book, food processor, spice tiffins, copper serving vessels, coupons and more.", "\n\nMore Breads and Pumpkin things\n\nSteps:\n\nMake the sponge and let it sit for an hour.", "\n\nAdd the rest of the dry ingredients and knead into a smooth dough.", "\n\nRoll the dough out. ", "sprinkle sugar and cinnamon.", "\n\nRoll and seal the edge.", "\n\nPlac ein parchment lined bread pan.", "\n\nBake until golden.", "\n\nCool completely and slice with a serrated knife." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nShow specific range in graphic\n\nI'm just starting with matplotlib. ", "For example, having the following code:\nimport pylab\n\nx = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]\ny = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]\n\npylab.plot(x, y)\npylab.axhline(0, color=\"black\")\npylab.axvline(0, color=\"black\")\n\npylab.show()\n\nShows from 0 to 8 (Y) and 0 to 7 (X). ", "Is there anyway to specify the range of the values showed in the axes? ", "For example, from -5 to 3 and from -5 to 3. ", "It doesn't matter if the function line is out of that range.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can use pylab.{x|y}lim(min, max):\nimport pylab\n\nx = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]\ny = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]\n\npylab.plot(x, y)\npylab.axhline(0, color=\"black\")\npylab.axvline(0, color=\"black\")\n\n# Here we go:\npylab.xlim(-5, 3)\npylab.ylim(-5, 3)\n\npylab.show()\n\nEdit: I agree with @tcaswell. ", "You should use the pyplot package instead:\nimport numpy as np\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n\nx = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]\ny = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]\n\nplt.plot(x, y)\nplt.axhline(0, color=\"black\")\nplt.axvline(0, color=\"black\")\n\nplt.xlim(-5, 3)\nplt.ylim(-5, 3)\n\nplt.show()\n\n" ]

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[ "Hong Kong Velodrome\n\nHong Kong Velodrome is a velodrome in Tseung Kwan O, Hong Kong. ", "It has a 250-metre cycling track and spectator facilities for 3,000 people. ", "It opened in December 2013 next to the Tseung Kwan O Sports Ground.", "\n\nHistory\nThe Hong Kong government agreed to build the velodrome after Wong Kam-po won the gold medal for the men's road race in the 2006 Asian Games at Doha, amid concerns that athletes who represent Hong Kong had to rely on training facilities in China. ", "Construction of the HK$1.1 billion venue got the legislative go-ahead in January 2010 and work began two months later.", "\n\nOn 5 November 2012, Chief Secretary Carrie Lam kicked off construction of the Tseung Kwan O Velodrome, as it was then known. ", "The velodrome occupies 6.6 hectares, and cycling helmets inspired its wavy rooftop design. ", "Mrs Lam officiated at the ceremony marking the start of construction.", "\n\nThe velodrome officially opened on 30 December 2013. ", "The inaugural international event, the 2014 Hong Kong International Track Cup (a UCI class-one event), was held 10–12 January 2014.", "\n\nOn 3 March 2014, Lleyton Hewitt, Tomas Berdych, Sam Stosur and Li Na played in the BNP Paribas Showdown exhibition tennis matches at the Velodrome, all 3,000 tickets were sold out. ", "Li and Stosur were complimentary about the unusual location for a tennis event, which featured ground-level VIP seating on either side and spectator stands at both ends inside the 250-metre cycling track.", "\n\nOn 2 May 2015, the International Cycling Union (UCI) awarded the final leg of its 2015–16 UCI Track Cycling World Cup to Hong Kong, The Cycling Association of Hong Kong hosted a round of the World Cup for the first time on 16–17 January 2016. ", "Racing took place at the Hong Kong Velodrome.", "\n\nIn March 2016 the UCI announced that the Hong Kong Velodrome had been selected as the venue for the 2017 UCI Track Cycling World Championships.", "\n\nFacilities\n\nVelodrome\nThe velodrome comprises a 250-metre long, 7-metre wide wooden cycling track surrounded by 2,000 fixed seats and 1,000 retractable seats. ", "Supporting facilities include changing rooms, a press conference room, drug testing rooms, and a pressroom.", "\n\nSports centre\nThe space within the centre of the cycle track forms a multi-purpose area for basketball, volleyball, badminton, gymnastics and other sports, but the space is closed to the public whenever the cycling track is being used.", "\n\nThe remainder of the public sports centre is located on the ground floor, beneath the cycle track level, comprising a table tennis room, a dance room, a fitness room, activity rooms, and a children's playroom.", "\n\nTown park\nThe Hong Kong Velodrome Park is a 5.3-hectare park surrounding the velodrome building. ", "The park includes grassy lawns, a restaurant, artificial lakes, a concrete skatepark, a jogging track, chess tables, an amphitheatre, and a climbing wall.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nTown Park, Indoor Velodrome-cum-sports Centre in Area 45, Tseung Kwan O P & T Group.", "\nTown Park, Indoor Velodrome-cum-Sports Centre. ", "Area 45, Tseung Kwan O.\n\nCategory:Tseung Kwan O\nCategory:Indoor arenas in Hong Kong\nCategory:Sports venues in Hong Kong\nCategory:Cycle racing in Hong Kong\nCategory:Velodromes in China\nCategory:Sports venues completed in 2013\nCategory:Cycling venue stubs" ]

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[ "package io.jboot.admin.base.common;\n\n/**\n * ztree 基本model\n * \n * @author Rlax\n * \n */\npublic class ZTree implements java.io.", "Serializable {\n\n\tprivate static final long serialVersionUID = 6625307952110627894L;\n\tprivate Long id;\n\tprivate Long pId;\n\tprivate String name;\n\tprivate boolean open = true;\n\tprivate boolean checked = false;\n\tprivate boolean chkDisabled = false;\n\n\tpublic ZTree(Long id, String name, Long pid) {\n\t\tthis.id = id;\n\t\tthis.name = name;\n\t\tthis.pId = pid;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setDisCheck(boolean b) {\n\t\tif (b) {\n\t\t\tchecked = true;\n\t\t\tchkDisabled = true;\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tchkDisabled = false;\n\t\t\tchecked = false;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\t\n\t/**\n\t * 选取\n\t */\n\tpublic void checked() {\n\t\tthis.checked = true;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic Long getId() {\n\t\treturn id;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setId(Long id) {\n\t\tthis.id = id;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic Long getpId() {\n\t\treturn pId;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setpId(Long pId) {\n\t\tthis.pId = pId;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic String getName() {\n\t\treturn name;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setName(String name) {\n\t\tthis.name = name;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic boolean isOpen() {\n\t\treturn open;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setOpen(boolean open) {\n\t\tthis.open = open;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic boolean isChecked() {\n\t\treturn checked;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setChecked(boolean checked) {\n\t\tthis.checked = checked;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic boolean isChkDisabled() {\n\t\treturn chkDisabled;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setChkDisabled(boolean chkDisabled) {\n\t\tthis.chkDisabled = chkDisabled;\n\t}\n}\n" ]

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[ "Diagnosing and treating disease often involve accessing internal tissues of the human body. ", "Once the tissues have been accessed, medical technology offers a wide range of diagnostic tools to evaluate tissues and identify lesions or disease states. ", "Similarly, a number of therapeutic tools have been developed that can help surgeons interact with, remodel, deliver drugs to, or remove tissues associated with a disease state so as to improve the health and quality of life of the patient. ", "Unfortunately, gaining access to and aligning tools with the appropriate internal tissues for evaluation or treatment can represent a significant challenge to the physician, can cause serious pain to the patient, and may (at least in the near term) be seriously detrimental to the patient's health.", "\nOpen surgery is often the most straightforward approach for gaining access to internal tissues. ", "Open surgery can provide such access by incising and displacing overlying tissues so as to allow the surgeon to manually interact with the target internal tissue structures of the body. ", "This standard approach often makes use of simple, hand-held tools such as scalpels, clamps, sutures, and the like. ", "Open surgery remains, for many conditions, a preferred approach. ", "Although open surgical techniques have been highly successful, they can impose significant trauma to collateral tissues, with much of that trauma being associated with gaining access to the tissues to be treated.", "\nTo help avoid the trauma associated with open surgery, a number of minimally invasive surgical access and treatment technologies have been developed. ", "Many minimally invasive techniques involve accessing the vasculature, often through the skin of the thigh, neck, or arm. ", "One or more elongate flexible catheter structures can then be advanced along the network of blood vessel lumens extending throughout the body and its organs. ", "While generally limiting trauma to the patient, catheter-based endoluminal therapies are often reliant on a number of specialized catheter manipulation techniques to safely and accurately gain access to a target region, to position a particular catheter-based tool in alignment with a particular target tissue, and/or to activate or use the tool. ", "In fact, some endoluminal techniques that are relatively simple in concept can be very challenging (or even impossible) in practice (depending on the anatomy of a particular patient and the skill of a particular physician). ", "More specifically, advancing a flexible guidewire and/or catheter through a tortuously branched network of body lumens might be compared to pushing a rope. ", "As the flexible elongate body advances around first one curve and then another, and through a series of branch intersections, the catheter/tissue forces, resilient energy storage (by the tissue and the elongate body), and movement interactions may become more complex and unpredictable, and control over the rotational and axial position of the distal end of a catheter can become more challenging and less precise. ", "Hence, accurately aligning these elongate flexible devices with the desired luminal pathway and target tissues can be a significant challenge.", "\nA variety of mechanisms can be employed to steer or variably alter deflection of a tip of a guidewire or catheter in one or more lateral directions to facilitate endoluminal and other minimally invasive techniques. ", "Pull wires may be the most common catheter tip deflection structures and work well for many catheter systems by, for example, controllably decreasing separation between loops along one side of a helical coil, braid, or cut hypotube near the end of a catheter or wire. ", "It is often desirable to provide positive deflection in opposed directions (generally by including opposed pull wires), and in many cases along two orthogonal lateral axes (so that three or four pull wires are included in some devices). ", "Where additional steering capabilities are desired in a single device, still more pull wires may be included. ", "Complex and specialized catheter systems having dozens of pull wires have been proposed and built, in some cases with each pull wire being articulated by a dedicated motor attached to the proximal end. ", "Alternative articulation systems have also been proposed, including electrically actuated shape memory alloy structures, piezoelectric actuation, phase change actuation, and the like. ", "As the capabilities of steerable systems increase, the range of therapies that can use these technologies should continue to expand.", "\nUnfortunately, as articulation systems for catheters get more complex, it can be more and more challenging to maintain accurate control over these flexible bodies. ", "For example, pull wires that pass through bent flexible catheters often slide around the bends over surfaces within the catheter, with the sliding interaction extending around not only bends intentionally commanded by the user, but also around bends that are imposed by the tissues surrounding the catheter. ", "Hysteresis and friction of a pull-wire system may vary significantly with that sliding interaction and with different overall configurations of the bends, so that the articulation system response may be difficult to predict and control. ", "Furthermore, more complex pull wire systems may add additional challenges. ", "While opposed pull-wires can each be used to bend a catheter in opposite directions from a generally straight configuration, attempts to use both together—while tissues along the segment are applying unknown forces in unknown directions—may lead to widely inconsistent results. ", "Hence, there could be benefits to providing more accurate small and precise motions, to improving the lag time, and/or to providing improved transmission of motion over known catheter pull-wire systems so as to avoid compromising the coordination, as experienced by the surgeon, between the input and output of catheters and other elongate flexible tools.", "\nAlong with catheter-based therapies, a number of additional minimally invasive surgical technologies have been developed to help treat internal tissues while avoiding at least some of the trauma associated with open surgery. ", "Among the most impressive of these technologies is robotic surgery. ", "Robotic surgeries often involve inserting one end of an elongate rigid shaft into a patient, and moving the other end with a computer-controlled robotic linkage so that the shaft pivots about a minimally invasive aperture. ", "Surgical tools can be mounted on the distal ends of the shafts so that they move within the body, and the surgeon can remotely position and manipulate these tools by moving input devices with reference to an image captured by a camera from within the same workspace, thereby allowing precisely scaled micro-surgery. ", "Alternative robotic systems have also been proposed for manipulation of the proximal end of flexible catheter bodies from outside the patient so as to position distal treatment tools. ", "These attempts to provide automated catheter control have met with challenges, which may be in-part because of the difficulties in providing accurate control at the distal end of a flexible elongate body using pull-wires extending along bending body lumens. ", "Still further alternative catheter control systems apply large magnetic fields using coils outside the patient's body to direct catheters inside the heart of the patient, and more recent proposals seek to combine magnetic and robotic catheter control techniques. ", "While the potential improvements to control surgical accuracy make all of these efforts alluring, the capital equipment costs and overall burden to the healthcare system of these large, specialized systems is a concern.", "\nIn light of the above, it would be beneficial to provide new and improved devices, system, and methods for driving elongate flexible structures. ", "It would also be beneficial to provide improved medical devices, systems, and methods, particularly those that involve the use of elongate flexible bodies such as catheters, guidewires, and other flexible minimally invasive surgical tools. ", "It would be desirable to take advantage of recent advances in microfluidic technologies and fabrication techniques to provide fluid drive systems having a relatively large number of fluid channels that could be used to control catheters and other elongate flexible structures within a patient, or that could otherwise be used to accurately control flow to and/or within a multi-lumenal shaft, ideally without having to resort to large, expensive systems having large numbers of motors or the like." ]

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[ "Q:\n\n> Find x, which satisfies the equation: $\\sqrt{1-\\cos (x)}+\\sqrt{1+\\cos (x)}=\\sqrt 3$; SOLVED\n\n* EDITED *\nSince I don't wan't to many \"votes down\" on my question; thereof I re-wrote my question in MathJax: \nI'm currently studying for an admission test and have encountered the following problem;\n\nFind x, which satisfies the equation:\n $\\sqrt{1-\\cos (x)}+\\sqrt{1+\\cos (x)}=\\sqrt 3$;\n$ -\\pi < x < \\pi $. ", "\nThereafter, calculate the sum of all squares of the specific x:s that have satisfied the above equation. ", "\nC.A : $ \\frac{13\\pi ^2}9 $\n\nI'm really not sure how to handle this problem. ", "There are no direct-applicable rules that can compress expressions similar to the L.H.S in this problem. ", "I have noticed the conjugates, but when I extend the expression, there seems to be a dead end? ", "Am I missing something crucial?", "\nI'm thankful for every proposed clue to solve this problem!", "\n// \n\nA:\n\nFind x, which satisfies the equation:\n $\\sqrt{1-\\cos (x)}+\\sqrt{1+\\cos (x)}=\\sqrt 3$;\n\nNote that both sides are non-negative so you can square both sides:\n$$1-\\cos x+1+\\cos x +2\\sqrt{(1-\\cos x)(1+\\cos x)} = 3$$\nNow $(1-\\cos x)(1+\\cos x) = 1-\\cos^2x = \\sin^2 x$, so with $\\sqrt{\\sin^2x}=\\left|\\sin x \\right|$, you have:\n$$2+2 \\left|\\sin x \\right| = 3 \\iff \\left|\\sin x \\right| = \\tfrac{1}{2} \\iff \\sin x = \\pm\\tfrac{1}{2}$$\nCan you take it from here? ", "Mind the interval you're solving this equation on.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "My five most useful packing tips for frequent travelers. ", "Packing is always stressful. ", "Even though I’ve packed for trips to over 100 countries on seven continents, it is always stressful and I keep learning ways to make it easier. ", "Also check out: Ten Mistakes..." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAzure CDN - Invalid characters when add content-types\n\nFrom the documentation:\n\nThe text field can contain a comma-separated list of content-types that should be enabled for compression via http Accept-Encoding/Content-Encoding.", "\n\nOn the Troubleshoot page - there is even screenshot with content-types added.", "\nBut when I'm trying to add new types (image/jpeg, application/javascript) - I have an error:\n\n\"Invalid characters. ", "Characters allowed are alphanumeric, -, +, . ", "and\n /.\"\n\nWhat I'm doing wrong here?", "\n\nA:\n\nRemove the space following each comma.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Sen. Lindsey Graham Lindsey Olin GrahamLincoln Project mocks Lindsey Graham's fundraising lag with Sarah McLachlan-themed video The Hill's Morning Report - Sponsored by Facebook - Republicans lawmakers rebuke Trump on election Trump dumbfounds GOP with latest unforced error MORE (R-S.C.), the chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, on Monday urged President Trump Donald John TrumpFederal prosecutor speaks out, says Barr 'has brought shame' on Justice Dept. ", "Former Pence aide: White House staffers discussed Trump refusing to leave office Progressive group buys domain name of Trump's No. ", "1 Supreme Court pick MORE to release as much information as possible about what he said to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky regarding Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden Joe BidenFormer Pence aide: White House staffers discussed Trump refusing to leave office Progressive group buys domain name of Trump's No. ", "1 Supreme Court pick Bloomberg rolls out M ad buy to boost Biden in Florida MORE.", "\n\nGraham, a staunch Trump ally, says the president would help himself by being as transparent as possible about whether he urged the Ukrainian leader to investigate the business ties Hunter Biden, former Vice President Joe Biden’s son, had with Ukrainian gas company, Burisma Holdings.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nTrump’s conversation came to public attention last week after an unnamed whistleblower alerted the intelligence community’s inspector general, Michael Atkinson, that Trump made a promise to a foreign leader in a phone call.", "\n\n“I would urge him to continue to be as transparent as possible and tell us as much as he can without compromising executive privilege so that we can understand what happened,” Graham said in an interview with conservative radio host Hugh Hewitt on Monday.", "\n\n“I would just urge the president — you know, he’s talking openly about the conversation — to release as much as possible,” he added.", "\n\nGraham predicted that more transparency would only put pressure on Biden to explain his son’s role as a paid board member of Burisma and whether Ukrainian officials or businessmen used him to gain influence in the Obama administration.", "\n\n“And here’s what I think: I think you’re going to find more about that phone call in the coming days. ", "You’re going to be surprised about the level of transparency regarding that phone call. ", "And in turn, that should put pressure on the system to find more about what Joe Biden was talking about,” Graham told Hewitt.", "\n\nTrump on Sunday acknowledged to reporters that he discussed Biden with Zelensky, explaining, “We don’t want our people like Vice President Biden and his son creating to the corruption already in the Ukraine.”", "\n\nGraham has also called for a broader Department of Justice investigation into attempts by Ukraine to influence the 2016 election in favor of then-Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton Hillary Diane Rodham ClintonBloomberg rolls out M ad buy to boost Biden in Florida Hillicon Valley: Productivity, fatigue, cybersecurity emerge as top concerns amid pandemic | Facebook critics launch alternative oversight board | Google to temporarily bar election ads after polls close Trump pledges to make Juneteenth a federal holiday, designate KKK a terrorist group in pitch to Black voters MORE.", "\n\n“Now it’s time for all things Ukraine to be looked at,” Graham said.", "\n\n“There’s all kind of allegations about the Ukraine dumping information into the legal system and political system in 2016 about Manafort,” Graham added, referring to former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort Paul John ManafortFBI official who worked with Mueller raised doubts about Russia investigation Our Constitution is under attack by Attorney General William Barr Bannon trial date set in alleged border wall scam MORE, who was sentenced to prison for bank and tax fraud.", "\n\nTrump defender and lawyer Rudy Guliani has raised questions about whether Ukraine revealed information about Manafort’s business dealings in a bid to help Clinton defeat Trump.", "\n\nSerhiy Leshchenko, a Ukrainian journalist and member of Ukraine’s Parliament who revealed payments between former Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych and Trump, denied the charge in an op-ed published by The Washington Post Saturday.", "\n\n“My desire to expose Manafort’s doings was motivated by the desire for justice,” he wrote. “", "Neither Hillary Clinton, nor Joe Biden, nor John Podesta, nor George Soros asked me to publish the information from the black ledger.\"", "\n\nOther Republican senators, however, have raised concerns about reports that Trump may have pressured Ukraine to investigate Biden.", "\n\n“If the president asked or pressured Ukraine’s president to investigate his political rival, either directly or through his personal attorney, it would be troubling in the extreme. ", "Critical for the facts to come out,” Sen. Mitt Romney Willard (Mitt) Mitt RomneyCrenshaw looms large as Democrats look to flip Texas House seat The Hill's Morning Report - Sponsored by Facebook - Republicans lawmakers rebuke Trump on election Trump dumbfounds GOP with latest unforced error MORE (R-Utah) tweeted.", "\n\nSen. Pat Toomey Patrick (Pat) Joseph ToomeyAppeals court rules NSA's bulk phone data collection illegal Dunford withdraws from consideration to chair coronavirus oversight panel GOP senators push for quick, partial reopening of economy MORE (R-Pa.) on Sunday said on NBC’s “Meet the Press” that it is “not appropriate” for a candidate to ask a foreign leader for assistance." ]

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[ "House GOP leaders: Speaker John Boehner, Rep. Paul Ryan,\n\nRep. Jeb Hensarling, Rep. Eric Cantor and Rep. Cathy McMorris Rodgers. (", "Jonathan Ernst/Reuters)\n\nHouse GOP leaders: Speaker John Boehner, Rep. Paul Ryan,\n\nRep. Jeb Hensarling, Rep. Eric Cantor and Rep. Cathy McMorris Rodgers. (", "Jonathan Ernst/Reuters)\n\nWhile the House Republicans gear up for Wednesday's Affordable Care Act repeal vote, the public face of their temper tantrum, behind the scenes they're challenging the rule-making for the law, all to make sure that as few people as possible actually get health insurance through the law. ", "While Republican governors are vowing to not expand Medicaid and to not set up health insurance exchanges in their states, Republicans in Congress are trying to keep the federal government from providing financial assistance to low-income people on the exchanges it sets up.", "\n\nRepublicans say a strict reading of the the law only allows the subsidies to be provided in states that set up their own exchanges, not in the federal exchanges. ", "The White House and the IRS (which is writing the rules for the subsidies) argue that the intent of the law is clear: The subsidies are get insurance for anyone who doesn't qualify for Medicaid and who can't afford the full price of premiums.", "\n\n\n\nThe dispute has huge practical implications. ", "The Congressional Budget Office predicts that 23 million uninsured people will gain coverage through exchanges and that all but five million of them will qualify for subsidies, averaging more than $6,000 a year per person. ", "Subsidies, in the form of tax credits, will be available to people with incomes from the poverty level up to four times that amount ($23,050 to $92,200 for a family of four).", "\n\nRepublicans don't want any people who can't afford health insurance now to have it. ", "Period. ", "No Medicaid, no help getting insurance. ", "They've introduced legislation in the House to nullify the rule the IRS created for the subsidies, and if they are defeated there, Republicans governors could very well sue over this issue.", "\n\nThis is how they fight back, how they make sure that the law, even if implemented, fails. ", "They're sabotaging it by trying to keep as many people as possible uninsured, to keep health care costs for the entire nation as high as possible. ", "Just for politics. ", "If that means people have to continue to die because they don't have insurance, so be it." ]

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[ "couple\n\nEven though the macaron hype might be dying in Singapore, we recently came across The M Plot which offers macarons that are handcrafted with a unique flavour selection, ranging from Classic Dark Chocolate to their signature – Salted Egg Yolk x Curry.", "\n\nIf classic shots of Singapore's skyline and landmarks aren't your thing, keep reading. ", "So we're here to save your Instagram feed from being #basic. ", "We found a couple of Instagram-worthy places along the Downtown Line so you can up your photography game." ]

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[ "Estrogen-induced pancreatitis.", "\nAcute pancreatitis in a patient on oral contraceptive therapy is reported, and the relationship of estrogen administration to hyperlipemia and pancreatitis is discussed. ", "A 23-year-old white woman was admitted to a hospital with epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting. ", "Three previous episodes of abdominal pain had been diagnosed as acute pancreatitis. ", "On the present and previous admissions, she had just completed a cycle on her combination norethindrone 1 mg, mestranol 8 micrograms contraceptive. ", "Laboratory results showed mild leukocytosis and elevated concentrations of blood glucose, alkaline phosphatase, serum amylase, and urine amylase. ", "Serum cholesterol and triglycerides were elevated, and lipoprotein electrophoresis showed a type IV pattern. ", "Abdominal sonogram revealed a normal pancreas, and all other test results were normal. ", "The patient was treated with i.v. ", "fluid replacement, dimenhydrinate, and meperidine hydrochloride. ", "Within 72 hours she was asymptomatic, and serum amylase, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentrations had decreased. ", "She was discharged with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis secondary to oral-contraceptive-induced hyperlipidemia. ", "Oral contraceptive therapy was not resumed. ", "Predisposing factors, symptoms, and laboratory findings associated with estrogen-induced acute pancreatitis are presented, and the mechanisms through which serum lipid elevations and subsequent pancreatitis occur are discussed. ", "Monitoring serum lipid concentrations before and during estrogen therapy is recommended. ", "Research suggests that patients who are over 40 years old or have family histories of hyperlipemia are at particular risk, and that estrogen therapy should be discontinued if pancreatitis occurs." ]

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[ "a 1 day Machine Learning and art day\n\n\n\n\n\nThe theme is art and machine learning. ", "Machine Learning is used for all sorts of industries such as predicting prices and increasing conversion rates, but there is a whole new area being opened up thanks to deep learning and generative modeling. ", "All of a sudden people are talking about computers generating art and music that almost look like it came from a human!", "\n\n\n\n\n\nThis unconference is not specifically around deep learning, but all machine learning techniques." ]

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[ "Improving performance through self-assessment.", "\nWakefield and Pontefract Community Health NHS Trust uses the European Business Excellence Model self-assessment for continuous improvement. ", "An outline of the key aspects of the model, an approach to TQM, is presented. ", "This article sets out the context that led to the adoption of the model in the Trust and describes the approach that has been taken to completing self-assessments. ", "Use of the model to secure continuous improvement is reviewed against Bhopal and Thomson's Audit Cycle and consideration is given to lessons learned. ", "The article concludes with a discussion on applicability of the model to health care organisations. ", "It is concluded that, after an initial learning curve, the model has facilitated integration of a range of quality initiatives, and progress with continuous improvement. ", "Critical to this was the linking of self-assessment to business planning and performance management systems." ]

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[ "Strategies to revive neighbourhood shops\n\nClearing out the louts, setting up savvy services and rallying round the community are top of a ‘shopping list for success’ that can transform run down neighbourhood shops into parades to be proud of, Communities Secretary Eric Pickles has said. ", "He is publishing a new guide that gives hands-on practical advice and insights on how to restore local shops into vibrant business areas that are full of local character and sit at the heart of neighbourhood communities. ", "This builds on the high street review by Mary Portas and the announcement of 12 ‘Portas Pilots’.", "\n\nNew research shows that local shopping parades - traditionally a neighbourhood preserve of convenience shops, greengrocers, newsagents and cafés - are crucial to the economy. ", "These micro businesses hire on average less than ten employees each, but still account for over half a million local jobs across England. ", "These vital local shops are facing mounting challenges from lack of investment, anti-social behaviour and competition from online shopping and mega-store discounts. ", "For example in the past ten years out-of-town retail spending rose by almost 30 per cent while neighbourhood stores only increased by 18 per cent.", "\n\nThe new guide Parades to be Proud of: Strategies to support local shops sets out ‘a shopping list for success’ for village or neighbourhood communities and shop owners to think about to rejuvenate their local shopping parades. ", "It recommends:\n\nMaking parades safer - many local shopping parades have become rundown and magnets for anti-social behaviour like intimidating shoppers, littering or graffiti that affects footfall. ", "Shop owners and councils should work together to find ways to buy lighting, CCTV, shop front awnings or shutters or work with the police to set up neighbourhood watch schemes will all help increase street safety.", "\n\nRestoring pride in parades - in order to continue to thrive, local businesses need to think creatively and innovatively about how to enhance their shops. ", "A collective focus on the parade’s selling points, sharing advertising costs, or maximising the impact of personalised face-to-face services and local knowledge can all help restore its reputation.", "\n\nRallying round the community - working with community organisations to champion local events like street fairs or running community services will attract local residents and help make the parade the hub of the community.", "\n\nThe guide makes it clear that local shop parades have not been forgotten and that their role in the community remains vital. ", "It sets out the Government support on offer to this specific type of local shop including:\n\nCommunity Right to Bid which allows local people to step in and save treasured local shops, giving parades the reassurance they can get community support if needed;\n\ndoubled small business rate relief from £6,000 to £12,000 for two and a half years is available to half a million firms with the average tax benefit is around £1,650. ", "Inflation increases on bills can be spread over three years;\n\ncouncils can offer extra business rate discounts that can be targeted towards local shop parades as a result of the Localism Act. ", "The Act has also made it easier for local firms to claim the relief they are entitled to;\n\n12 new Portas Pilots will share in £1.2 million to rejuvenate their high streets and reinvigorate businesses to drive local growth. ", "Local shop parade representatives are encouraged to join their ‘Town Team’ ahead of a second round of pilots in July. ", "In addition a £1million Future High Street X-Fund will go to the best Town Team schemes;\n\nlocal parades can participate in their Neighbourhood planning forum which gives communities control over how their areas develop. ", "These can make the sure the local shops are factored into the future development and benefit from simplified planning like change of use rules; and\n\na multi-million Community Action Against Crime Innovation Fund is helping local groups and communities to tackle local crime problems. ", "Community Safety or Crime Reduction Partnerships operate in many communities and can offer support or advice. ", "The Association of Business Crime Partnerships has produced crime reduction guides for retailers.", "\n\nIn addition the Government is also offering wider support through:\n\na £200 million growth Accelerator fund to help up to 26,000 of England’s brightest small businesses achieve their ambition and potential, as well as an £82.5 million Start Up Loan scheme so 18-24 year old can get loans up to £2,500, with a repayment period of up to five years, to support and training to start a business;\n\na £500,000 fund for Business Improvement Districts is available to help town centres access loans for their set-up costs.", "\n\nBackground information\n\n1. ", "The Parades to be Proud of: Strategies to support local shops guide is provides local people and shop owners, who are best placed to find solutions to local issues, with the tools and the strategies to rejuvenate their shop parades. ", "This report is published here: www.communities.gov.uk/publications/regeneration/paradesstrategies\n\nDetails of the twelve town centres across the country that will have a unique opportunity to revitalise their high streets after being selected to be the first Portas Pilots, including the second round competition, are available here: www.communities.gov.uk/news/newsroom/2136594" ]

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[ "Electric cars: Juiced up and ready to go\n\nPicture the scene&colon; in downtown New York City, all-electric cars glide through streets in a zero-emission transport revolution. ", "Polluting, inefficient gasoline and diesel vehicles are nowhere to be seen – or heard. ", "The only things getting in the way of these smooth, noiseless vehicles are the horse-drawn trams.", "\n\nThat’s right, we’re talking about the past. ", "The electric car had its heyday over a century ago. ", "Its brief reign came to an end in 1912, when gasoline-powered Cadillacs began to come fitted with starter motors. ", "That did away with the inconvenient crank handle needed to get their engines going, and they could run for 100 miles or more on a tank on fuel. ", "The all-electric car’s battery would run out before you reached the city limits. ", "It was no contest.", "\n\nNow, in the first decade of the 21st century, history is about to go into reverse. ", "The climate crisis is prompting thoughts of an all-electric economy, of which electric cars will be a vital part. ", "The idea has been taking shape in engineering labs and on the roads for a while (New Scientist, 20 September 2008, p 26), and now fresh impetus is finally coming from on high. “", "Our dependency on oil is dangerous and short-sighted,” US energy secretary Stephen Chu wrote in Newsweek in April. “", "We must… move toward running new vehicles on electricity and to generating that electricity from clean, renewable sources like solar and wind power.”", "\n\nAdvertisement\n\nThere’s just one rather large obstacle remaining – and it’s the same one that stalled the electric …" ]

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[ "<?", "php\n\n/*\n * This file is part of the Prophecy.", "\n * (c) Konstantin Kudryashov <ever.zet@gmail.com>\n * Marcello Duarte <marcello.duarte@gmail.com>\n *\n * For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE\n * file that was distributed with this source code.", "\n */\n\nnamespace Prophecy\\Prediction;\n\nuse Prophecy\\Call\\Call;\nuse Prophecy\\Prophecy\\ObjectProphecy;\nuse Prophecy\\Prophecy\\MethodProphecy;\nuse Prophecy\\Argument\\ArgumentsWildcard;\nuse Prophecy\\Argument\\Token\\AnyValuesToken;\nuse Prophecy\\Util\\StringUtil;\nuse Prophecy\\Exception\\Prediction\\NoCallsException;\n\n/**\n * Call prediction.", "\n *\n * @author Konstantin Kudryashov <ever.zet@gmail.com>\n */\nclass CallPrediction implements PredictionInterface\n{\n private $util;\n\n /**\n * Initializes prediction.", "\n *\n * @param StringUtil $util\n */\n public function __construct(StringUtil $util = null)\n {\n $this->util = $util ?: ", "new StringUtil;\n }\n\n /**\n * Tests that there was at least one call.", "\n *\n * @param Call[] $calls\n * @param ObjectProphecy $object\n * @param MethodProphecy $method\n *\n * @throws \\Prophecy\\Exception\\Prediction\\NoCallsException\n */\n public function check(array $calls, ObjectProphecy $object, MethodProphecy $method)\n {\n if (count($calls)) {\n return;\n }\n\n $methodCalls = $object->findProphecyMethodCalls(\n $method->getMethodName(),\n new ArgumentsWildcard(array(new AnyValuesToken))\n );\n\n if (count($methodCalls)) {\n throw new NoCallsException(sprintf(\n \"No calls have been made that match:\\n\".", "\n \" %s->%s(%s)\\n\".", "\n \"but expected at least one.\\n\".", "\n \"Recorded `%s(...)` calls:\\n%s\",\n\n get_class($object->reveal()),\n $method->getMethodName(),\n $method->getArgumentsWildcard(),\n $method->getMethodName(),\n $this->util->stringifyCalls($methodCalls)\n ), $method);\n }\n\n throw new NoCallsException(sprintf(\n \"No calls have been made that match:\\n\".", "\n \" %s->%s(%s)\\n\".", "\n \"but expected at least one.\",", "\n\n get_class($object->reveal()),\n $method->getMethodName(),\n $method->getArgumentsWildcard()\n ), $method);\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "Devon Shepard\n\nDevon K. Shepard is an American television writer and producer. ", "His television credits, include Weeds, Everybody Hates Chris, One on One, All About the Andersons, Cedric the Entertainer Presents, The Wayans Bros., MADtv, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Crash and among other series.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nCategory:American television producers\nCategory:American television writers\nCategory:Male television writers\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Place of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)" ]

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[ "\n911 F.Supp. ", "1524 (1995)\nWilliam A. HOLBROOK, Plaintiff,\nv.\nCITY OF ALPHARETTA, GEORGIA, Mayor Jimmy Phillips, Individually, and in His Official Capacity as Mayor, Billy Hunter, Individually, and in His Official Capacity as Councilman, Sandra B. Johnson, Individually, and in Her Individual Capacity as Councilwoman, Bill Keeton, Individually, and in His Official Capacity as Councilman, Arthur Letchas, Individually, and in His Official Capacity as Councilman, Earl Mitchell, Individually, and in His Official Capacity as Councilman, Sergeant Jim Mulvihill, Individually, and in His Official Capacity as Sergeant in the City of Alpharetta Police Department, and Chief E.L. Waters, Individually, and in His Official Capacity as Police Chief of the City of Alpharetta Police Department, and Gordon Dillon, Individually, and in His Official Capacity as Police Chief of the City of Alpharetta Police Department, Defendants.", "\nCivil No. ", "1:92-CV-252-JEC.", "\nUnited States District Court, N.D. Georgia, Atlanta Division.", "\nMarch 31, 1995.", "\n*1525 *1526 David C. Ates, Kirwan, Parks, Chesin & Remar, Atlanta, GA, Steven Keith Leibel, Steven K. Leibel & Assoc., ", "Atlanta, GA, for Plaintiff.", "\nBeverly Holland Pritchard, Benton J. Mathis, Jr., Drew, Eckl & Farnham, Atlanta, GA, Lori V. Winkleman, Office of State Atty. ", "General, Atlanta, GA, Charles S. Thomas, Bovis, Kyle & Burch, Atlanta, GA, for Defendant.", "\n\n\n*1527 ORDER\n\nCARNES, District Judge.", "\nThis case is presently before the Court on Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment regarding plaintiff's claims of violation of Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12101 (\"ADA\"), Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973,[1] 29 U.S.C. § 794 (\"Section 504\"), and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. ", "Specifically, plaintiff claims that defendants violated these statutes by refusing to assign cases to plaintiff, by failing to provide reasonable accommodations to plaintiff, by failing to promote plaintiff to a sergeant position and by constructively discharging plaintiff. ", "The Court has reviewed the record and the arguments of the parties and, for the reasons set out below, grants Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment.", "\n\nI. Procedural background\nThis case has a long and complicated procedural background. ", "Initially, plaintiff filed a complaint in which he claimed violations of Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, the Georgia Equal Employment for the Handicapped Act, and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. ", "On March 29, 1993, this Court granted summary judgment for defendants on (1) plaintiff's Title II ADA claims; (2) plaintiff's claim under the Georgia Equal Employment for the Handicapped Act; and (3) plaintiff's 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim for retaliation against him in violation of his First Amendment rights for filing the ante litem notice against the city. ", "At that time, this Court denied summary judgment on plaintiff's Section 504 claim.", "\nPlaintiff then moved to amend his complaint, which motion was granted as unopposed on July 20, 1993. ", "Plaintiff's amended complaint consists of the following claims: (1) refusal to assign plaintiff cases in violation of Title I of the ADA and Section 504; (2) failure to provide reasonable accommodations in violation of Title I of the ADA and Section 504; (3) constructive discharge in violation of the ADA and Section 504; (4) a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 as a result of defendants' alleged violation of the ADA and Section 504; (5) a state law claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress; and (6) a state law claim of negligent supervision. (", "Amended Complaint [50] at 16-23). ", "Defendants then moved for summary judgment on all of plaintiff's claims.", "\nIn its Order of September 30, 1994, this Court granted summary judgment for defendants in their individual capacities on the 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim, as well as both state law claims. ", "The Court concluded that it would reconsider its prior holding regarding the Section 504 claim and granted defendants' request for oral argument concerning all claims of violation of Section 504 and Title I of the ADA. ", "On October 26, 1994, oral argument was held. ", "Subsequent to that oral argument, both parties have submitted briefs and defendants have renewed their motion for summary judgment on all remaining claims. ", "The claims before the Court at this time are as follows:\n(1) failure to promote plaintiff in violation of Section 504;\n(2) refusal to assign plaintiff cases in violation of Title I of the ADA and Section 504;\n(3) failure to provide reasonable accommodations in violation of Title I of the ADA and Section 504;[2] and\n(4) constructive discharge in violation of the ADA and Section 504\n(5) violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 by defendants in their official capacities.", "\n*1528 The Court notes that Title I of the ADA did not become effective until July 26, 1992. ", "42 U.S.C. § 12112, Historical and Statutory Notes. ", "Therefore, any allegedly discriminatory action occurring before July 26, 1992 will violate only Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and not Title I of the ADA.", "\n\nII. ", "Factual background\nAs this is a motion for summary judgment by the defendants, this Court is required to view the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, in this case, plaintiff. ", "Accordingly, the majority of the factual background comes directly from plaintiff's depositions, affidavits and statements of material facts.", "\n\nA. Plaintiff's medical condition\nPlaintiff William Holbrook was employed as a detective with the Alpharetta Police Department. ", "In 1987 while on his way to work, plaintiff was involved in an accident that left him with a severe visual impairment. (", "Pl.", "Statement of Mat.", "Facts [64] at Ex. ", "B. Aff. ", "of William Holbrook ¶ 3.) ", "Plaintiff was hospitalized for at least a month and possibly a month and a half. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook, June 4, 1992, at 38 (hereinafter \"Dep. ", "of Holbrook I\").) ", "Plaintiff was unable to work for ten months. (", "Id. at 43.) ", "During the entire period, plaintiff received his full salary and benefits from the City of Alpharetta. (", "Id. at 41.) ", "A workers' compensation claim was filed and plaintiff received salary benefits from workers' compensation that he turned over to the City of Alpharetta. (", "Id.) Plaintiff's medical bills exceeded $97,000.00 and he did not have to pay any of these medical bills. (", "Id. at 40-42.)", "\nAfter the accident, plaintiff developed diabetic retinopathy. (", "Dep. ", "of Ralph C. DiIorio, M.D., at 12.) \"[", "D]iabetic retinopathy is a condition where the blood vessels of the retina are affected by an underlying diabetic condition.\" (", "Id.) The retinal blood vessels undergo changes which can range from minor changes such as dot hemorrhages,[3] to severe changes such as the formation of new blood vessels where blood vessels normally do not exist. (", "Id.) These new blood vessels can cause multiple bleeding episodes, multiple scarring episodes inside the retina and ultimately can cause the retina to detach. ", "In plaintiff's case, the retinas in both of his eyes detached and he had to undergo surgery to reattach the retinas. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at 44.)", "\nDr. DiIorio, who examined plaintiff during the course of this litigation, stated that plaintiff's right eye has a \"catastrophic loss of vision\" and the left eye has \"very severe damage from diabetic retinopathy.\" (", "Dep. ", "of DiIorio, at 13.) ", "As part of his examination, Dr. DiIorio measured the confrontation fields, or visual fields, in plaintiff's eyes. ", "This examination is done by having the patient look directly at the doctor. ", "The doctor then holds his hand up at various spots in the peripheral visual field to see if the patient can count the fingers that are up and identify where they are. (", "Id. at 19.) ", "The doctor marks the results of this examination on the chart under \"Confrontation Fields.\" (", "Id. at Ex. ", "3.) ", "Under the heading \"Confrontation Fields\" are two circles, one for each eye. ", "When completing the chart, the doctor marks off the part of the field which is absent. (", "Id. at 19.) ", "In plaintiff's case, Dr. DiIorio described the chart as indicating that in the \"right eye [the visual field] was totally absent as one might expect because he sees nothing out of the right eye.\" (", "Id. at 19-20.) ", "Regarding the left eye, Dr. DiIorio described the chart as indicating that the left eye field is \"severely restricted and [the] central area here remains.\" (", "Dep. ", "of DiIorio, at 20.) ", "Essentially, the picture of the left eye on the chart looks like a donut. (", "Id. at Ex. ", "3.) ", "The \"hole\" of the donut is the range of vision remaining in plaintiff's left eye.", "\nAdditionally, in his left eye, plaintiff has an additional \"fairly large hole\" in his iris. (", "Id. at 24-25.) ", "The iris is the colored part of the eye. ", "The iris normally has one hole in it which is called the pupil. (", "Id. at 24.) ", "Plaintiff's additional hole in his iris was made to access the inside of his eye during prior surgery. (", "Id.) Dr. DiIorio opined that having two holes in an iris can cause glare and a \"double vision type of sensation.\" (", "Dep. ", "of DiIorio, at 24.) ", "Dr. DiIorio did not, however, *1529 make any determination as to whether plaintiff suffered from either glare or double vision. (", "Id. at 25.)", "\nWhen wearing his contact lens, plaintiff's vision in his left eye is either 20/70 or 20/50. ", "Dr. DiIorio measured his vision as 20/70. (", "Id. at Ex. ", "2.) ", "In his deposition, plaintiff states his vision is 20/50. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at 39-40.) ", "Plaintiff also has no depth perception because he sees out of only one eye. (", "Dep. ", "of DiIorio, at 30.)", "\n\nB. The Alpharetta Police Department\nThe City of Alpharetta Police Department has approximately twenty-eight officers. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at 137.) ", "Since plaintiff's return to work after the accident, the police department has assigned as many as five officers, including supervisors, to the detective division. (", "Id. at 155.) ", "Usually, however, three officers are assigned to the detective division, one detective sergeant and two detectives. (", "Id. at 134.) ", "Because the detective division is so small, the detectives in the detective division do not specialize in certain types of crime, but are required to investigate any type of crime that needs investigating. (", "Id. at 238.)", "\nSince plaintiff's accident, the police department has had three different chiefs. ", "When plaintiff returned to work following his accident, Chief Abernathy was the chief. ", "In 1991, Chief Abernathy was replaced by Chief Waters. ", "In 1992, Chief Waters was replaced by Chief Dillon.", "\n\nC. Plaintiff's return to work\nAfter the accident, the Alpharetta Police Department permitted plaintiff to return to work. ", "Prior to the accident, plaintiff was a narcotics detective. ", "After the accident, plaintiff was unable to drive and therefore was assigned to the detective division as a detective only. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at 50.) ", "His duties were mainly office work and he handled cases which could be handled by telephone or within the office, such as domestic cases. (", "Id. at 50-51, 65.) ", "Plaintiff states that he did not have a problem with the limited duties at that time. (", "Id. at 55.)", "\nWhen plaintiff first returned to work following his accident, he was assigned a partner, Detective Garren, for approximately a year. (", "Id. at 133.) ", "No other detective in the detective division had an assigned partner. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at 133-34.)", "\nPlaintiff has not driven since his accident. ", "When plaintiff first returned to work, he still had a Georgia Driver's License; however, he did not drive because his vision problem precluded him from driving. (", "Id. at 58.) ", "Currently, plaintiff does not have a Georgia Driver's License and has not applied for a new license. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook, August 12, 1993, at 14 (hereinafter \"Dep. ", "of Holbrook II\").) ", "On June 4, 1992, plaintiff stated that he was reluctant to obtain a driver's license, not only because of his vision, but also because \"I would be scared if I would hit someone or someone would hit me.\" (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at 125.) ", "On August 12, 1993, however, plaintiff stated that, if his visual acuity were ever improved enough to obtain a driver's license, he would try to apply for a new license. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook II, at 14.)", "\nAfter plaintiff had been working for a while, his physician, Dr. Donnelly, wrote a letter to the City of Alpharetta stating that plaintiff could perform duties other than desk duties. (", "Id.) Plaintiff was then gradually given assignments which required that he go out of the office. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at 57-58.) ", "Because plaintiff could not drive, however, another detective was always required to leave his duties and transport plaintiff whenever the latter had an assignment outside the office. (", "Id.)\nIn addition to providing transportation for plaintiff whenever he left the office to perform tasks for the detective division, on-duty employees also assisted plaintiff in getting to and from work. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at 59.) ", "An officer or other on-duty police department employee would come and pick plaintiff up to take him to work and also take him home from work. (", "Id.) At other times, plaintiff would provide his own transportation. (", "Id.)\nAfter the accident and during the period when plaintiff was investigating cases outside the office, generally he would investigate crime scenes with another detective, but occasionally, he went to crime scenes by himself. *", "1530 (Id. at 78-79.) ", "For example, he went to natural deaths by himself. (", "Id. at 81.)", "\nIn November of 1991, the police department hired Sergeant Mulvihill as the supervisor for the detective division. ", "Plaintiff states that Sergeant Mulvihill reduced his assignments sometime in January of 1992 and that he was not assigned any cases requiring field work. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at 207-08.) ", "In his affidavit, plaintiff states that he has only been assigned \"at most\" four cases since December 13, 1991.[4] (Pl.", "Statement of Material Facts [64] at Ex. ", "B., Affidavit of Holbrook, ¶ 21.) ", "According to plaintiff, Sergeant Mulvihill did this because he and the Chief concluded that permitting plaintiff to perform field work created too great a risk of subjecting the City to liability. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at 208.)", "\n\nD. On-call status\nOccasionally, the detective on-call is called to a crime scene at night. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at 136.) ", "All detectives other than plaintiff drive themselves to a crime scene in a city vehicle. (", "Id. at 137.) ", "Prior to the accident, plaintiff would drive himself to a crime scene in a city vehicle. (", "Id. at 137.) ", "After the accident, plaintiff could respond only with the assistance of a patrol officer, who would pick plaintiff up at his residence. (", "Id. at 136.) ", "During evening and night hours, the police department has four patrol officers on a shift. (", "Id.) The patrol officer who was directed to pick up plaintiff would have to leave his or her assigned patrol area, go to plaintiff's house and transport him to a crime scene. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at 139.) ", "No detective other than the plaintiff requires transportation by a patrol officer to crime scenes. (", "Id. at 141-42.) ", "Of course, because another detective had to accompany plaintiff on calls to a crime scene, essentially two detectives always had to be on call whenever plaintiff was on call. ", "Sometime after November, 1991, plaintiff was taken off on-call status by Sergeant Mulvihill because plaintiff could not respond to initial calls without assistance. (", "Id. at 143.)", "\n\nE. Incidents after plaintiff's return to work\nAfter plaintiff's accident, an incident occurred at night when a number of detectives and officers were required to surround a house to try to flush an alleged perpetrator out of the house. (", "Id. at 215.) ", "Plaintiff was not permitted to participate in this incident because the superior officer, Sergeant Brannon, was concerned about plaintiff's safety. (", "Id. at 216.) ", "Specifically, Sergeant Brannon was afraid that plaintiff might not adequately be able to see where he was going. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at 216.) ", "Very angry at Sergeant Brannon because of this decision, plaintiff placed his badge on the Sergeant's desk. (", "Id. at 217.) ", "Later in his deposition, however, plaintiff agreed that the Sergeant's concern was legitimate as plaintiff could not see as well as others in dark conditions at night. (", "Id.) Plaintiff also conceded that, even now, it would be risky for him to participate in a nighttime exercise such as that incident. (", "Id. at 218.)", "\nAnother incident occurred when plaintiff accompanied Detective Garren to serve an arrest warrant on a suspect at the suspect's home. (", "Id. at 219.) ", "The suspect was not home, but plaintiff had a conversation with the suspect's mother in the doorway to the house. ", "The mother extended her hand to shake plaintiff's hand. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at 219.) ", "Plaintiff did not see her hand. ", "The mother asked plaintiff if it was against his policy to shake hands with people. ", "Plaintiff replied that he did not see her hand. (", "Id.) Plaintiff then shook hands with the mother. ", "Later, plaintiff discussed the incident with Detective Garren. ", "Plaintiff told him that he did not see the mother's hand because she was facing his right side. (", "Id.)\nFinally, an incident occurred when plaintiff went to a business burglary with Sergeant Mulvihill. ", "Sergeant Mulvihill was fingerprinting *1531 an object that was on the ground and he testified that plaintiff \"about fell completely over me, tripped right over me.\" (", "Dep. ", "of Mulvihill, June 3, 1992, at 37.) ", "In his first deposition, plaintiff was asked about this incident.", "\nQ. Was there a time during this investigation that Sergeant Mulvihill was finger-printing an object that was on the ground, laying on the ground?", "\nA. Yes, sir.", "\n. ", " . ", " . ", " . ", " .", "\nQ. At any time during this investigation did you stumble over Sergeant Mulvihill, did you bump into him, do you recall?", "\nA. I don't recall stumbling over him.", "\nQ. Did you bump into him?", "\nA. I don't recall, but there's a possibility.", "\nQ. Do you recall whether or not you bumped into him when he was fingerprinting this object that was on the ground?", "\nA. I don't believe I did, sir.", "\nQ. Do you frequently bump into objects or people?", "\nA. Frequently, no.", "\nQ. Is it a regular occasion any more so than before your accident?", "\nA. More so after my accident, yes, sir.", "\nQ. Because you can't see as well now?", "\nA. Yes, sir.", "\n(Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at 118-119.)", "\n\nF. Aimpoint 3000 scope\nAll Alpharetta police officers must carry weapons while on duty and must qualify on their weapons yearly. ", "Since his accident, plaintiff has used a specially mounted scope on his nine-millimeter Beretta weapon to qualify with his weapon. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at 173-74.) ", "The Aimpoint 3000 scope has a red dot that plaintiff fixes upon the target. ", "The scope does not give plaintiff an expanded field of view nor does it enlarge the image. (", "Id. at 181.) ", "Plaintiff purchased this scope himself and had a gun shop mount the scope on his weapon. (", "Id. at 175.) ", "The scope operates on batteries which plaintiff changes on a regular basis, approximately every three to four months. (", "Id. at 182-83.)", "\nEven though the scope has a red dot that plaintiff aims at his target, plaintiff must still \"acquire his target.\" (", "Id. at 185.) ", "Acquiring a target is the process of determining what it is that the shooter will shoot. ", "For example, if two people are both standing ten feet apart from each other, the shooter must decide whether to shoot at person A or person B.\nOn April 7, 1992, Chief Waters distributed an order stating that all officers should remove any modifications to their weapons for the next qualification test, which was three weeks from his order. ", "Plaintiff asked for permission to use his sight during the qualification, but the Chief denied his request. ", "Plaintiff moved for a temporary restraining order to enjoin defendants from requiring him to qualify without the sight. ", "A \"duty judge\" of this Court granted plaintiff's temporary restraining order, and plaintiff did not take the qualification test. ", "The case was then assigned to this court, and this court dissolved the temporary restraining order on October 8, 1992, meaning that the defendants could require plaintiff to submit, without the aid of a sight, to a firearms qualification examination. ", "In its Order of March 29, 1993, this Court also denied plaintiff's request for a preliminary injunction to prevent defendants from prohibiting plaintiff's use of a sight on his firearm on an upcoming firearm qualifications examination. (", "Order [45] at 20.)", "\nIn October of 1992, plaintiff passed the Department's firearms qualifications examination without the use of the Aimpoint 3000 scope.[5] After that, plaintiff again requested that he be assigned cases, be assigned duties and be allowed to function as a Detective within the Police Department. (", "Pl.", "Amended Compl. ", "at 19.) ", "Plaintiff's requests were denied.", "\n\nG. Requests for promotion\nUnder Chief Abernathy, plaintiff twice applied for a promotion to detective sergeant in *1532 letters dated January 9, 1990 and January 4, 1991. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at Ex. ", "1-2.) ", "When plaintiff first applied for a promotion, the detective division had three detectives, including plaintiff, and one lieutenant. (", "Id. at 155.) ", "The detective sergeant had been transferred out of the detective division. (", "Id. at 156.) ", "Chief Abernathy advised plaintiff that there was not enough money in the budget to promote someone to detective sergeant. (", "Id. at 157.) ", "The position of detective sergeant was not filled that fiscal year.", "\nWhen plaintiff submitted his second request for a promotion on January 4, 1991, there was no open position available in the detective division; however, in the uniform division, a sergeant had been promoted to lieutenant. (", "Id. at 161.) ", "Plaintiff was told that the position of sergeant was not being filled because the department was too top-heavy. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at 164.) ", "No position of sergeant was posted in the department.", "\nSometime after Chief Waters became the chief, plaintiff met with him and another detective to discuss the possibility of a promotion to either of two positions: an \"office supervisor, sergeant in detectives, [or] a field supervisor, sergeant in detectives.\" (", "Id. at 144.) ", "According to plaintiff, Chief Waters suggested the promotion \"[d]ue to my — I guess my inadequacies of being able to go out in the field.\" (", "Id.) In his conversation with Chief Waters, plaintiff stated, \"I was aware of my capabilities of not being able to perform some tasks.\" (", "Id.) Plaintiff viewed the office supervisor position as a position where he would handle paperwork and advise people regarding the proper course of action when they came to the police station with a complaint. (", "Id.) According to plaintiff, this position would not involve any field investigation, but would involve some criminal investigation, such as interviewing witnesses or suspects who came to the station. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at 145-46.) ", "The \"position\" of an office supervisor in detectives would have been a new position and would have required a restructuring of the department. (", "Id. at 148.) ", "The position was never created.", "\nIn November of 1991, defendants hired Sergeant Mulvihill into the position of detective sergeant. ", "Sergeant Mulvihill was hired from outside of the City of Alpharetta and had prior supervisory experience. ", "The city handbook states that \"[a]s far as practical, vacancies shall be filled by promotion of employees of the City of Alpharetta. ", "All vacancies shall be announced to City employees. ...\" (", "Pl.", "Statement of Mat.", "Facts [64] at Ex. ", "E.) The defendants did not post the job opening and therefore, plaintiff did not apply for the position, nor was he considered for the position.", "\n\nH. Job descriptions\nThe City of Alpharetta has promulgated job descriptions for the positions of detective and detective sergeant. ", "The relevant parts of the job description for detective are as follows.", "\nEXAMPLES OF WORK\n1. ", "Apprehension activity both during preventative patrol and in response to calls for service.", "\n2. ", "Responsible for responding to the initial call in those situations mandating a plainclothes unit.", "\n3. ", "Preliminary investigation activity — interviews, inquiries.", "\n4. ", "Evidence collection — maintenance of evidence chain.", "\n5. ", "Administrative activity. ", "In addition to case load evaluation and management, this includes service to the public and other activities not immediately directed to assigned cases.", "\n6. ", "Follow-up activities — arrest, reports, and court preparation.", "\n7. ", "Reviews incident reports of assigned cases.", "\n8. ", "Obtains search warrants, arrest warrants, etc., ", "as necessary.", "\n9. ", "Works with all other law enforcement agencies on a wide spread of criminal activities.", "\n10. ", "Writes supplemental reports on all cases he/she has cleared or not cleared.", "\n\n*1533 11. ", "A detective unit regardless of rank when called upon by a U.P.D.[6] officer at a crime scene is in charge of that crime scene at the time he/she arrives, and all information relating to that crime scene that the investigating U.P.D. officer has, will be turned over at that time.", "\n12. ", "Any other duties and responsibilities that are assigned by the C.I.D.[7] Commander.", "\n DESIRABLE KNOWLEDGE,\n SKILLS, AND ABILITIES\n Knowledge of Georgia Law and City Ordinances.", "\n Knowledge of Patrol area.", "\n Skill in the use of firearms.", "\n Skill in report writing.", "\n Ability to communicate effectively with the\n public.", "\n Ability to stay calm in stressful situations.", "\n . ", " . ", " . ", " . ", " .", "\n NECESSARY SPECIAL\n REQUIREMENTS\n GA Drivers License.", "\n GA Post[8] Certified.", "\n Certified in the use of firearms.", "\n(Pl.", "Statement of Material Facts [64] at Ex. ", "B, Att. ", "1.)", "\nPlaintiff contends that he can perform all but two of the duties of a detective either with no accommodation or with existing accommodations which he has provided to the City at no cost. (", "Id. at ¶ 19-21.) ", "The two duties that plaintiff admits he cannot perform without any or existing accommodations are evidence collection and responding to the initial calls in those situations mandating a plainclothes unit. (", "Id. at ¶ 20.)[9] Specifically, plaintiff states that\n[w]ith respect to evidence collecting, it is beyond dispute that Plaintiff is able to gather all evidence at a crime scene with the exception of fingerprint samples and fiber evidence. ", "With respect to responding to initial calls in those situations mandating a plainclothes unit, Plaintiff is unable to do such without the help of a driver. ", "However Plaintiff has been allowed in the past to respond to these calls with another Detective or by way of another unit dispatched to the call.", "\n(Id.)\nThe relevant parts of the job description for detective sergeant are as follows.", "\nEXAMPLES OF WORK\n1. ", "Assignment and supervision of subordinates workload by priority.", "\n2. ", "Assessment of work quality and quantity and compliance to departmental rules.", "\n3. ", "Initiation of disciplinary action, conduct, field training and efficiency within C.I.D.\n4. ", "Is the training officer for new officers assigned to C.I.D.\n5. ", "Keeping apprised on unsolved cases and persons sought.", "\n6. ", "Maintenance of good morale and proper conduct.", "\n7. ", "Notifies the C.I.D. Commander if supplies get low in relation to the C.I.D. operation.", "\n8. ", "Evaluation of performance of subordinates.", "\n9. ", "Investigations into criminal activity within the City.", "\n10. ", "The location/interview/interrogation of victims, suspects, and witnesses.", "\n11. ", "Making arrest for violation of laws or ordinances (either on scene apprehension or by warrant.)", "\n12. ", "Maintaining records of investigation and preparing detailed offense and case reports.", "\n\n*1534 13. ", "Assisting prosecuting attorneys in preparing cases for court.", "\n14. ", "Cooperation with Local, State, and Federal law enforcement officials in relation to the investigation of a wide variety of criminal offenses.", "\n15. ", "Going to the crime scene and doing necessary paperwork, evidence collection, and photographs.", "\n16. ", "Taking evidence to State Crime Lab.", "\n17. ", "Any other duties and responsibilities that are assigned by the C.I.D. Commander.", "\n DESIRABLE KNOWLEDGE,\n SKILLS, AND ABILITIES\n Knowledge of GA Law and City Ordinances.", "\n Knowledge of Patrol area.", "\n Skill in the use of firearms.", "\n Skill in report writing.", "\n Ability to communicate effectively with the\n public.", "\n Ability to stay calm in stressful situations.", "\n . ", " . ", " . ", " . ", " .", "\n NECESSARY SPECIAL\n REQUIREMENTS\n GA Drivers License.", "\n GA Post certified.", "\n(Pl.", "Statement of Material Facts [64] at Ex. ", "B, Att. ", "2.)", "\nWith regard to the duties of a detective sergeant, plaintiff states he can perform all but two duties of the detective sergeant position either with or without reasonable accommodation. ", "The two duties that plaintiff admits he cannot perform are evidence collection, as discussed earlier, and taking evidence to the State Crime Lab. (", "Id. at ¶ 24.)", "\n\nI. P.O.S.T. investigation\nChief Waters requested that P.O.S.T., the Georgia Peace Officers Standards and Training department which certifies police officers, conduct an investigation to determine if plaintiff was fit for duty in light of his eye condition. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at 251.) ", "In a letter on May 22, 1992, the Director of P.O.S.T.'s Certification Division concluded that the investigation should be administratively closed.[10] (Pl.", "Statement of Material Facts [64] at Ex. ", "J.) An attachment to the letter, however, erroneously notes that plaintiff has \"passed the vision requirements for a driver's license.\" (", "Id.)\n\nJ. Notice to City of claim and subsequent events\nOn December 12, 1991, pursuant to GA. ", "CODE ANN. § ", "36-33-5, plaintiff sent defendants notice of a claim for adjustment of damages incurred as a result of allegedly discriminatory actions taken by the City of Alpharetta. ", "Specifically, plaintiff alleged that sometime in December of 1991 defendants took away his duties and responsibilities as a detective, refused to assign him cases, and assigned him menial tasks. (", "Pl.", "Amended Compl. [", "50] at 18-19.) ", "Plaintiff also alleges that defendants issued him a negative work performance appraisal on January 27, 1992. (", "Pl.", "Statement of Material Facts [64] at Ex. ", "B Aff. ", "of William Holbrook ¶ 23.) ", "On January 30, 1992, plaintiff filed this suit against the City of Alpharetta and other defendants.", "\n\nK. Resignation and rehabilitation scholarship\nIn October of 1992, while still employed with the City, plaintiff submitted an application for a federal rehabilitation services scholarship to pursue a full-time program of study at the University of Georgia. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook II, at 8.) ", "On December 2, 1992, plaintiff submitted his letter of resignation to Chief Dillon. (", "Dep. ", "of Holbrook II, at Ex. ", "3.) ", "Chief Dillon did not immediately accept his resignation and offered to let him revoke his resignation prior to December 15, 1992. (", "Id. at Ex. ", "4.) ", "Plaintiff did not revoke his resignation, received the rehabilitation services scholarship, began his course work at the University of Georgia in January of 1993, and *1535 is currently enrolled at the University of Georgia. (", "Id. at 5.) ", "Although the timing of plaintiff's resignation suggests that the impetus for his resignation was the receipt of a full college scholarship, plaintiff argues that he was constructively discharged by defendants.", "\n\nIII. ", "Legal Discussion\n\nA. Summary judgment standard\nSummary judgment is not properly viewed as a device that the trial court may, in its discretion, implement in lieu of a trial on the merits. ", "Instead, Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure mandates the entry of summary judgment against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of every element essential to that party's case on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. ", "Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. ", "2548, 2552, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). ", "In such a situation, there can be no genuine issue as to any material fact, as a complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the non-moving party's case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial. ", "Id. at 322-23, 106 S.Ct. ", "at 2552-53.", "\nThe movant bears the initial responsibility of asserting the basis for his motion. ", "Id. at 323, 106 S.Ct. ", "at 2552-53; Apcoa, Inc. v. Fidelity Nat'l Bank, 906 F.2d 610, 611 (11th Cir.1990). ", "However, the movant is not required to negate his opponent's claim. ", "The movant may discharge his burden by merely \"`showing' — that is, pointing out to the district court — that there is an absence of evidence to support the non-moving party's case.\" ", "Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325, 106 S.Ct. ", "at 2554. ", "After the movant has carried his burden, the non-moving party is then required to \"go beyond the pleadings\" and present competent evidence[11] designating \"`specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.'\" ", "Id. at 324, 106 S.Ct. ", "at 2553 (quoting FED.R.CIV.P. 56(e)). ", "While the court is to view all evidence and factual inferences in a light most favorable to the non-moving party, Samples v. City of Atlanta, 846 F.2d 1328, 1330 (11th Cir.1988), \"the mere existence of some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment; the requirement is that there be no genuine issue of material fact.\" ", "Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S.Ct. ", "2505, 2510, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).", "\nA fact is material when it is identified as such by the controlling substantive law. ", "Id. at 248, 106 S.Ct. ", "at 2510. ", "An issue is genuine when the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmovant. ", "Id. at 249-50, 106 S.Ct. ", "at 2510-11. ", "The nonmovant \"must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.... Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no `genuine issue for trial.'\" ", "Matsushita Electric Indus. ", "Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586-87, 106 S.Ct. ", "1348, 1356, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986) (citations omitted). ", "An issue is not genuine if it is unsupported by evidence, or if it is created by evidence that is \"merely colorable\" or is \"not significantly probative.\" ", "Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50, 106 S.Ct. ", "at 2510-11. ", "Thus, to survive a motion for summary judgment, the non-moving party must come forward with specific evidence of every element material to that party's case so as to create a genuine issue for trial.", "\n\nB. ADA and Section 504 claims\n\n1. ", "Plaintiff's Grievance\nIn order to recover under either the ADA or Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, plaintiff must be a \"qualified individual with a disability\" or \"otherwise qualified.\" ", "42 U.S.C. § 12112(a); 29 U.S.C. § 794(a). ", "Under both statutes, to be considered a qualified individual, plaintiff must be able to perform the essential functions of the position, with or without reasonable accommodations. *", "1536 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8).[12] A reasonable accommodation should impose no undue hardship to the employer. ", "Moreover, an employer is only required to make reasonable accommodations when the reasonable accommodations will enable the employee to perform the essential functions of the job. ", "If the employee is unable to perform the essential functions of the position with reasonable accommodations, then the employer has no duty to eliminate the essential functions of the position or to hire someone else who can perform those functions for the employee. ", "See Larkins v. CIBA Vision Corp., 858 F.Supp. ", "1572, 1585 (N.D.Ga.1994) (Evans, J.) (granting summary judgment for defendant because plaintiff could not perform two essential functions of job with or without reasonable accommodation).", "\nPlaintiff contends that he is a qualified individual with a disability. ", "Under the ADA, the term qualified individual with a disability means\nan individual with a disability who satisfies the requisite skill, experience, education and other job-related requirements of the employment position such individual holds or desires, and who, with or without reasonable accommodation, can perform the essential functions of such position.", "\n29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(m). ", "Both parties agree that if plaintiff is not a qualified individual for the position of detective, then plaintiff will not be a qualified individual for the position of detective sergeant. ", "Therefore, the Court's analysis will focus only on the position of detective.", "\nThroughout this litigation, it has been difficult to discern plaintiff's grievance against the City of Alpharetta. ", "At the time of his tragic accident, the City kept plaintiff on the payroll for ten months while he recuperated. ", "Likewise, when he was able to return to work, the defendants allowed him to remain on the payroll, without any diminution in his salary, even though plaintiff was unable to perform essential functions of his detective's position and even though, with a detective force usually of only three officers, plaintiff's inability to perform fully as a detective meant that one of the two other detectives had to be pulled off other tasks to perform some of plaintiff's duties. ", "Indeed, it was the plaintiff who finally resigned his position; throughout this litigation, the City of Alpharetta has never made any attempt to discharge plaintiff as a result of plaintiff's inability to function fully as a detective.", "\nIn the typical ADA or Rehabilitation Act claim, the employer has discharged an employee because the employer believes that the employees' disability prevents him from performing essential functions of the job; in such cases, the employee sues, arguing either that he could perform all the essential functions of the job or that he could perform such functions, if only the employer would make reasonable accommodations to allow him to do so. ", "Here, as noted, the City never discharged plaintiff or reduced his salary. ", "Instead, the City kept him on, at the same salary, allowing him to perform office duties that the City believed he was able to perform, given his significant impairment of vision. ", "Plaintiff's complaint thus appears to be that the City discriminated against him because they did not permit him to continue to be assigned the same tasks that he was assigned prior to suffering the accident that left him blind in one eye and with a severely reduced range of vision in the other eye. ", "Specifically, plaintiff argues that the City discriminated against him, as a result of his disability, by not allowing him to conduct field investigations.", "\nIt is true that in the first few years following plaintiff's accident, the City permitted him to participate in field investigations of crimes.[13] The City was able to do so, however, *1537 only by the expenditure of additional manpower, significant to a City with a small detective force, who performed essential functions that plaintiff could not perform. ", "Specifically, plaintiff admits that he could not perform all evidence collection, as a result of his visual impairment. ", "As evidence collection is a crucial function for a detective investigating a crime, this inability on plaintiff's part made it necessary for the City to send a second detective along on any criminal field investigation[14] to which plaintiff was sent. ", "With a small detective squad, the City of Alpharetta typically sent only one detective to the site of an investigation; plaintiff was the only detective whose presence at a scene required that an additional detective be sent.", "\nPlaintiff argues, however, that while he could not collect fiber or fingerprint evidence, he could collect other evidence. ", "No matter what other evidence the plaintiff may have been able to collect, however, his inability to collect all evidence made it necessary for the City always to send a second detective on any investigation in which plaintiff was involved. ", "Moreover, the Court concludes that plaintiff describes too narrowly the problems for the City that his participation in an investigation could cause. ", "An investigating agent must not only collect the evidence that he observes, but must also possess the ability to thoroughly examine a crime scene to insure that he has identified all relevant evidence and can describe credibly the location of all evidence, in relation to other evidence. ", "Plaintiff's severe limitations of vision, as well as some of the incidents that occurred when he did go out on investigations, make it clear that the City could not be certain that a crime scene, or area of a crime scene, to which plaintiff has been assigned would have been investigated thoroughly for the identification of all evidence and description of the crime scene.", "\nIn addition, it is the duty of an investigating detective not only to uncover and to seize all evidence at a crime scene, but also to testify credibly about the evidence seized and about the thoroughness of the investigation. ", "Unless a second detective followed behind plaintiff throughout his investigation of a crime scene, it is clear that, as a witness at a trial, plaintiff would be subject to very damaging cross-examination by a criminal defense attorney as to the thoroughness of his investigation and as to the accuracy of his testimony about his observations of the crime scene. ", "Moreover, even with the presence of a second detective, the City held legitimate concerns that, with his vision impairment, plaintiff's presence at the crime scene could, itself, compromise the integrity of the investigation or cause a disturbance of the crime scene.[15] In addition, although the City of Alpharetta apparently has less violent crime than some other jurisdictions, an investigator must also be prepared to deal with and apprehend violent offenders at the scene of an investigation. ", "As noted above, plaintiff's superiors were concerned about his ability to handle himself, particularly in the evening hours, in situations where the police might have to defend themselves or encounter an offender. ", "The need to monitor plaintiff's safety in such a situation could compromise the other detective or officers' ability to adequately handle the situation.", "\nFinally, plaintiff's inability to participate in the investigation of a crime scene without the assistance of a second detective also affected the number of days that other detectives were required to be on call during their off-duty hours. ", "Prior to plaintiff's accident, it appears that each of the three detectives were generally on call every third day. ", "After plaintiff's accident, during the period of time that he did participate in investigations with the assistance of a second detective, then presumably the two remaining detectives had to be on call every two days.", "\nWith regard to his inability to collect all evidence at crime scenes, plaintiff responds that, in the past, defendants have sent a second detective to perform the investigative duties that plaintiff could not perform and *1538 that defendants have not shown why a continuation of these \"accommodations\" would constitute an undue hardship. ", "In making this argument, plaintiff confuses the concept of \"essential function\" with the concept of \"reasonable accommodation.\" ", "Thus, if the City's furnishing of a second detective to perform tasks assigned to plaintiff constituted a \"reasonable accommodation\" in the past, the City would be required to show why a continuation of this accommodation created an undue hardship. ", "If, however, the tasks that the second detective had to perform for plaintiff were, themselves, essential functions of a detective's job, then the fact that the City had decided to cease assigning someone else to do plaintiff's work would not require any showing of undue hardship on its part. ", "For the reasons discussed below, the Court concludes that the collection of evidence is an essential function of a detective's position in the City of Alpharetta Police Department.", "\n\n2. ", "Essential functions\nIt is undisputed in this case that plaintiff cannot collect certain types of evidence at a crime scene. ", "Plaintiff argues that this duty is not an essential function of a detective position. ", "Under the ADA, essential functions are defined as the fundamental job duties of the position and do not include the marginal functions of the position. ", "29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(n). ", "There are three identified job functions that may be considered essential for the purposes of the ADA: (1) the reason the position exists is to perform the function; (2) there is a limited number of employees available among whom the performance of the job function can be distributed; and (3) the function is highly specialized so that the incumbent in the position was hired for his or her expertise or ability to perform the particular function. ", "29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(n)(2)(i)-(iii).", "\nWith regard to the first factor, plaintiff asserts that the position of detective exists to solve crimes. ", "Plaintiff argues that a detective need not be able to solve every crime committed in the City of Alpharetta. ", "The Court agrees that no detective will be able to solve every crime committed in Alpharetta. ", "Every detective, however, should have the ability to collect all the evidence present at any particular crime scene to which he is assigned in order to enhance the likelihood of solving the crime. ", "Moreover, a detective must also be able to testify credibly about the thoroughness of his investigation; a detective with a visual problem as severe as plaintiff's would always be subject to damaging cross-examination concerning his ability to observe and identify all relevant evidence on a scene.", "\nThe second factor indicates that a function may be essential because of the number of employees available. ", "In this case, the City has only three detectives. ", "Accordingly, there are clearly a limited number of detective employees available to the City of Alpharetta Police Force. ", "Plaintiff contends, however, that the City should shuffle its assignments of detectives in a way that will avoid having plaintiff assigned to cases requiring the collection of evidence, such as fiber and fingerprints. ", "This Court cannot agree.", "\nIn the first place, the City cannot always know in advance of a particular investigation, whether it will require the collection of fiber or fingerprint evidence. ", "Moreover, even if the City could comfortably ascertain that information in advance, it has a force of only three detectives. ", "Requiring one of its two other detectives to leave another investigation or to leave their other assigned tasks to help plaintiff perform his assigned investigations reduces by a third the available detectives for a particular investigation. ", "If only two of the three detectives are able to collect all types of evidence, then the city effectively has only two detectives, not the three it is paying, to perform those functions. ", "Indeed, the City felt it necessary to send a second detective along on all investigations to which plaintiff was assigned, not just those in which it could be anticipated that fingerprint or fiber evidence would have to be collected. ", "Moreover, as noted above, even if plaintiff is able to collect some evidence, he could be subject to cross-examination at trial about the thoroughness of any investigative efforts.", "\nFinally, with regard to the third factor, the function of collecting evidence is highly specialized. ", "Detectives receive training in how *1539 to collect different types of evidence. (", "See Dep. ", "of Holbrook I, at 258 (discussing training in collection of blood splatters and footprints)). ", "In sum, upon analysis of all three factors, the Court concludes that the collection of evidence is an essential function of a detective's position.", "\nIn addition to identifying the three types of job functions that should be considered essential for a particular job, regulations promulgated pursuant to the ADA also identify seven types of evidence that indicate what functions are essential:\n(1) The employer's judgment as to which functions are essential;\n(2) Written job descriptions prepared before advertising or interviewing applicants for the job;\n(3) The amount of time spent on the job performing the function;\n(4) The consequences of not requiring the incumbent to perform the function;\n(5) The terms of a collective bargaining agreement;\n(6) The work experience of past incumbents in the job; and/or\n(7) The current work experience of incumbents in similar jobs.", "\n29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(n)(3)(i)-(vii). ", "These factors likewise support an inference that the collection of evidence is an essential function of a detective's position.", "\nWith regard to the second factor, the written job description indicates that a detective is responsible for the collection of all evidence. ", "With regard to the third and fourth factors, the amount of time and the adverse consequences of not requiring an employee to perform the function, plaintiff argues that detectives spend very little time investigating crimes that require the collection of evidence. ", "Additionally, plaintiff argues that the City suffered no adverse consequences by allowing plaintiff to work only certain types of crimes.", "\nAssuming that detectives for the City spend a relatively small portion of their time collecting evidence, the significance of the function nevertheless far outweighs the amount of time actually spent performing the function. ", "The Technical Assistance Manual gives two particularly appropriate examples:\nAn airline pilot spends only a few minutes of a flight landing a plane, but landing the plane is an essential function because of the very serious consequences if the pilot could not perform this function.", "\nA firefighter may only occasionally have to carry a heavy person from a burning building, but being able to perform this function would be essential to the firefighter's job.", "\nTITLE I OF THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT EEOC's TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE MANUAL 90:0516.", "\nLike the pilot and the firefighter, a detective may spend only a small amount of his or her time collecting evidence at crime scenes. ", "Because the goal of a detective's investigation is to solve the crime and to uncover adequate evidence to cause a jury to convict the perpetrator, the consequences of not collecting evidence or of having one's credibility on the integrity of the investigation effectively attacked at trial are clearly catastrophic.", "\nWith regard to factor six and seven — the work experience of past and present incumbents — and factor one — the employer's judgment concerning the essentialness of the function — plaintiff contends that, because he was permitted to work as a detective without performing certain functions for several years, the defendants' argument that the detectives of the City of Alpharetta must perform all functions and investigatory work is highly suspect. ", "The Court does not agree.", "\nFirst, plaintiff has supplied the Court with no evidence indicating that any other detective, past or present, was permitted to work only certain types of cases. ", "The EEOC Technical Assistance Manual states that \"[t]he work experience of previous employees in a job and the experience of current employees in similar jobs provide pragmatic evidence of actual duties performed.\" ", "TITLE I OF THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT EEOC's TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE MANUAL 90:0516. ", "Plaintiff was the only detective who did not work all types of cases, could not collect evidence, and did not drive. ", "Thus, *1540 plaintiff's situation is unique in the history of the Alpharetta Police Department.", "\nThat the City required another detective to accompany plaintiff on any investigation does not suggest that those functions that plaintiffs was unable to perform were non-essential, but instead indicates defendant's awareness that plaintiff could not perform these functions and that they were sufficiently important to require the attention of one of the two remaining detectives on staff. ", "That an employer utilizes for several years an alternative method for the performance of certain tasks that a disabled employee cannot perform might weaken an argument that use of this alternative method poses an undue hardship for the employer; it does not, however, suggest that the task, itself, is not essential. ", "Indeed, plaintiff's approach could have the unfortunate effect of discouraging employers' willingness to be flexible in trying to accommodate disabled employees or applicants. ", "A generous employer may wish, initially, to forego certain tasks that a disabled employee cannot perform, in an effort to assess whether the employee's total performance is otherwise satisfactory or cost-effective for the business. ", "Plaintiff would argue that such conduct by the employer constitutes a waiver forever of a contention that the function is essential. ", "The likely consequence of plaintiff's approach is that it would encourage employers to be rigid in their insistence that a disabled employee be able to perform all enumerated \"essential\" tasks and would discourage efforts to give a disabled person a chance to see if he can perform a particular job.", "\nIn this case, it appears that the City of Alpharetta treated plaintiff very kindly in the aftermath of his tragic accident. ", "Superiors who had worked with him for years and who presumably felt great sympathy for the unfair fate that plaintiff had suffered permitted him to return to the police department and never reduced his pay, transferred him or demoted him. ", "The City attempted to allow him to work as a detective, as fully as he was able to do so. ", "It tried to protect plaintiff by assigning him a partner, even though there were only three detectives in the entire squad and no other detective had ever had a partner. ", "When a new chief and a new supervisor arrived at the police department, however, they concluded that plaintiff could not perform essential duties required of an investigative detective and, accordingly, they would not permit plaintiff to handle field investigations. ", "That the new management decided that it was no longer appropriate to have a second employee perform certain designated duties of plaintiff's position does not reflect a change of opinion on the essentialness of these tasks, but instead an unwillingness to expend additional manpower for an employee who cannot handle all his duties.[16] Accordingly, after analyzing the factors and evidence of essential functions, this Court concludes that the collection of evidence is an essential function of the detective position with the Alpharetta Police Department. ", "Because the City arguably could have terminated plaintiff from his detective's position as a result of his inability to perform an essential function, it likewise had the right to insist that plaintiff not involve himself in tasks that required the performance of those functions that he could not carry out.", "\n\n3. ", "Reasonable accommodations\nPlaintiff argues that even if he could not perform certain essential functions, his employer was required to make reasonable accommodations to permit him to perform these functions. ", "Plaintiff argues that accommodation can be made for the plaintiff's disability \"by the mere shuffling and reassignment *1541 of cases.\" (", "Pl.", "Supp.", "Brief [78] at 17.) ", "During oral argument, plaintiff's counsel explained to the Court that this case \"revolves around assignments.... in the past he was given assignments, that he was able to perform all the essential functions thereof, and that he can continue to do all the essential functions of a detective's position.\" (", "Transcript, Oct. 26, 1994, at 40.)", "\nThe ADA requires an employer to make \"reasonable accommodations to the known physical or mental limitations of an otherwise qualified individual with a disability.\" ", "42 U.S.C. § 12112(b)(5)(A). ", "The ADA defines reasonable accommodation as including \"[j]ob restructuring; part-time or modified work schedules; reassignment to a vacant position; acquisition or modifications of equipment or devices.\" ", "42 U.S.C. § 12111(9)(A). ", "Essentially, plaintiff is arguing that defendants should accommodate him by restructuring his job duties so that he does not have to work certain types of cases: i.e., those that would require the collection of certain types of evidence. ", "But, as noted above, the City cannot always know in advance what kinds of cases will require the collection of which types of evidence. ", "Moreover, as noted above, plaintiff has been unduly narrow in articulating his difficulties in performing investigative functions. ", "That is, because of its legitimate concerns about plaintiff's inability to handle totally any particular criminal investigation, the City had to send a second detective along with plaintiff on all criminal investigations. ", "Accordingly, plaintiff's true position is that the City must reasonably accommodate him by sending a second detective along on any investigative assignment, even though the City does not otherwise send two detectives to a crime scene.", "\nThe EEOC Technical Assistance Manual provides an example of a job restructuring type of reasonable accommodation: \"restructuring a job by reallocating or redistributing marginal job functions.\" ", "TITLE I OF THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT EEOC's TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE MANUAL 90:0521. ", "Additionally, the regulations promulgated pursuant to the ADA provide some guidance on the issue of job restructuring.", "\nAnother of the potential accommodations listed is \"job restructuring.\" ", "An employer or other covered entity may restructure a job by reallocating or redistributing nonessential, marginal job functions....\nAn employer or other covered entity is not required to reallocate essential functions. ", "The essential functions are by definition those that the individual who holds the job would have to perform, with or without reasonable accommodation, in order to be considered qualified for the position. ", "For example, suppose a security guard position requires the individual who holds the job to inspect identification cards. ", "An employer would not have to provide an individual who is legally blind with an assistant to look at the identification cards for the legally blind employee. ", "In this situation the assistant would be performing the job for the individual with a disability rather than assisting the individual to perform the job.", "\n\n29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(o) (Appendix) (emphasis added).", "\nCourts interpreting the ADA have also concluded that an employer need not restructure the essential functions of the job as a reasonable accommodation. ", "See Larkins v. CIBA Vision Corp., 858 F.Supp. ", "1572, 1583 (N.D.Ga.1994) (Evans, J.) (\"The ADA, however, does not require Defendant to eliminate an essential function of the ... position to accommodate Plaintiff.\"); ", "Ethridge v. Alabama, 860 F.Supp. ", "808, 816 (M.D.Ala.1994) (\"Thus, although a disabled employee must be reasonably accommodated in order to perform the essential function, an employer need not hire an employee who cannot perform the essential function even with reasonable accommodation.\"); ", "Henchey v. Town of North Greenbush, 2 A.D. Cases 1232, 1237-38, 831 F.Supp. ", "960 (N.D.N.Y.1993) (\"while reasonable accommodation `may include such adjustments as ... job restructuring' ... it does not entail the elimination of any of the job's essential functions.... However, `job restructuring' may include the shifting of nonessential duties to other employees.\"). ", "With regard to Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, the Supreme Court has stated that \"[w]hen a handicapped person is not able to *1542 perform the essential functions of the job, the court must also consider whether any `reasonable accommodation' by the employer would enable the handicapped person to perform those functions.\" ", "School Bd. ", "of Nassau County, Fla. v. Arline, 480 U.S. 273, 287 n. 17, 107 S.Ct. ", "1123, 1131 n. 17, 94 L.Ed.2d 307 (1987) (emphasis added).", "\nThus, while the ADA and § 504 would require an employer to restructure the marginal functions of a job as a reasonable accommodation, neither statute requires the employer to restructure the job so that the individual with a disability does not have to perform essential functions. ", "Just as an employer who advertises a security guard position is not required to hire blind applicant if the latter's hiring requires the assignment of a second individual to perform the inspection of identification cards that is an essential function of the security guard position, neither § 504 or the ADA require the City of Alpharetta to assign a second detective to perform plaintiff's essential duties.[17]\n\n4. ", "CONSTRUCTIVE DISCHARGE\nAs noted, in December of 1992, plaintiff resigned, arguing that the City's failure to allow him to conduct field investigations constituted a constructive discharge of him. ", "Having concluded that plaintiff was not a qualified individual with a disability for a detective's position, this Court concludes that defendants likely could have legally discharged plaintiff from that position. ", "Moreover, with regard to plaintiff's claim of constructive discharge, the Court finds that plaintiff has not met the standard of showing that the employer made his working conditions so intolerable that he was forced to resign. ", "Buckley v. Hospital Corp. of America, Inc., 758 F.2d 1525, 1530 (11th Cir.1985). ", "In this case, it is undisputed that plaintiff's base salary, title and benefits were never changed after his accident. ", "Plaintiff's only reduction in pay after his accident was when he was taken off the on-call list and therefore did not receive overtime pay for on-call work. ", "While plaintiff may not have liked his modified assignments or reduced responsibilities, no reasonable person would have felt compelled to resign as plaintiff did. ", "See Frazer v. KFC Nat'l Management Co., 491 F.Supp. ", "1099, 1106 (M.D.Ga.1980) (finding no constructive discharge when plaintiff was offered position involving less responsibility but receiving same pay and benefits or another equally attractive job offer or franchise opportunity), aff'd without opinion, 636 F.2d 313 (5th Cir.1981). ", "See also Garner v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 807 F.2d 1536 (11th Cir. ", "1987) (affirming no constructive discharge when plaintiff returned to work after maternity leave, was assigned dissimilar and lesser *1543 position as floater with no reduction in her hourly rate, and resigned after one full day back at work). ", "Accordingly, the Court grants defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment on all claims alleging violations of the ADA and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act.", "\n\nC. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim\nPlaintiff has alleged a claim of violation of his \"rights secured under the Federal Rehabilitation Act of 1973, ... and the Americans with Disabilities Act, for which 42 U.S.C. § 1983 provides a remedy.\" (", "Pl.", "Amended Compl. [", "50] at ¶ 52.) ", "Defendants have already been granted qualified immunity in their individual capacities in this Court's prior Order of September 30, 1994. ", "This Court stated that the claims of violations of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against defendants in their official capacities remain viable. ", "Claims against defendants in their official capacities are claims against the municipality, in this case the City of Alpharetta, of which the individual defendants are agents. ", "Owens v. Fulton County, 877 F.2d 947, 951 n. 5 (11th Cir.1989).", "\nAt the outset, the Court questions whether plaintiff may maintain a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violations of the ADA and the Rehabilitation Act. ", "See Lussier v. Dugger, 904 F.2d 661, 671 n. 12 (11th Cir.1990) (\"If Lussier is entitled to relief under § 794 itself, there seemingly will be no need to consider whether such entitlement would also enable him successfully to claim under § 1983 for a § 794 violation.\"); ", "Kraft v. Memorial Medical Center, Inc., 807 F.Supp. ", "785, 787 (S.D.Ga.1992) (\"Arguably, in the Eleventh Circuit, the Rehabilitation Act may not be the basis of a § 1983 `laws' claim.\"). ", "But see Bodiford v. State of Alabama, 854 F.Supp. ", "886 (M.D.Ala. ", "1994) (holding that plaintiff may maintain his § 1983 claim based upon violation of the Rehabilitation Act); Christopher N. v. McDaniel, 569 F.Supp. ", "291, 298 (N.D.Ga. ", "1983) (Ward, J.) (holding that \"claim under § 1983 is generally sustainable\" in conjunction with Rehabilitation Act claim). ", "See generally Conlon v. City of Long Beach, 676 F.Supp. ", "1289, 1298 n. 12 (E.D.N.Y.1987) (reviewing decisions regarding whether statutory remedies of Section 504 are sufficiently complete to foreclose resort to Section 1983).", "\nDefendants argue that plaintiff may not pursue a § 1983 claim based upon an alleged violation of the ADA because the ADA has an express statutory provision for enforcement which limits the powers, remedies and procedures of the ADA to those set forth in Title VII. ", "See 42 U.S.C. § 12117. ", "Defendants further argue that Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act also creates a comprehensive remedial framework similar to that established by Title VII and the ADA and thus, an alleged violation of the Rehabilitation Act may not serve as the basis for a § 1983 claim. ", "While this Court agrees with defendants' position, it need not rest its holding upon this. ", "Because this Court has previously determined that defendants did not violate either the ADA or Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, consequently, defendants have not violated any federal law for which 42 U.S.C. § 1983 can provide redress. ", "Accordingly, this Court grants defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment on the claim based on 42 U.S.C. § 1983.[18]\n\nCONCLUSION\nThis dismissal of plaintiff's law suit must come as another disappointment to a person who has had more than his share of undeserved disappointments in the last few years. ", "The Court's decision that the defendant's actions do not violate federal law does not diminish its sincere regret at the unfortunate accident that plaintiff suffered or its admiration for the courage that plaintiff has demonstrated in the aftermath of the accident. *", "1544 While he was employed by the police department, plaintiff was apparently a hard working and willing employee. ", "After the accident, Mr. Holbrook could have sought a disability release or could have gladly accepted the reduced assignments given to him as a result of his severe vision impairment. ", "Instead, he sought to perform all the duties that he had performed prior to his accident, when the performance of some of those duties clearly must have presented real challenges and hardship to him. ", "That he wanted to work just as he had in the past speaks volumes about plaintiff's tenacity, diligence, and courage. ", "That his employer did not share plaintiff's optimism about his ability to perform some of these functions, however, does not render the employer in violation of the ADA or the Rehabilitation Act.", "\nFor all the foregoing reasons, defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED.", "\nSO ORDERED.", "\nNOTES\n[1] The Rehabilitation Act is referred to by courts in many ways. ", "For example, it may be referred to as Section 504, or 29 U.S.C. § 794, or the Rehab Act, or the Vocational Rehabilitation Act. ", "The act is officially titled \"Vocational Rehabilitation and Other Rehabilitation Services\" and begins at 29 U.S.C. § 701.", "\n[2] Originally, plaintiff argued that defendants failed to permit him to use his Aimpoint 3000 scope on his weapon as a reasonable accommodation. ", "Plaintiff, however, has qualified with his weapon without the use of his scope. ", "See discussion infra regarding Aimpoint 3000 scope. ", "During oral argument, plaintiff's counsel stated that the issue of the use of the scope as a reasonable accommodation is \"irrelevant\" since the plaintiff qualified on the Standard Georgia Double Action Pistol Range Test and is able to carry a weapon. (", "Hr'g Tr. ", "Oct. 26, 1994, at 28.)", "\n[3] Dot hemorrhages are little, small hot hemorrhages on the retina. (", "Dep. ", "of DiIorio, at 12.)", "\n[4] Plaintiff's supervisor, Sergeant Mulvihill testified that plaintiff had been assigned four or five cases \"that could be handled right there in the office, [with] a phone call where I knew that Detective Holbrook wouldn't have to get in a car ... [or] physically confront somebody\" after December, 1991. (", "Dep. ", "of Mulvihill, June 3, 1992, at 70.) ", "Mulvihill also testified that plaintiff put together a photo file of arrest pictures for the department after November of 1991. (", "Dep. ", "of Mulvihill, August 12, 1993, at 10-11.)", "\n[5] As mentioned earlier, plaintiff's passing of the firearms course without the aid of the scope made the issue of the use of the Aimpoint 3000 scope as a reasonable accommodation irrelevant. (", "See Hr'g Tr. ", "Oct. 26, 1994, at 28 (Plaintiff's counsel stated that no accommodation was necessary since plaintiff passed the test).)", "\n[6] U.P.D. means Uniform Police Division.", "\n[7] C.I.D. means Criminal Investigation Division.", "\n[8] P.O.S.T. means Peace Officer Standards and Training.", "\n[9] Further, it would also appear that plaintiff's vision deficiencies would make it difficult for him to apprehend suspects, as is a requirement of the detective position.", "\n[10] The Court is uncertain what the significance of this finding is. ", "In oral argument, plaintiff's counsel contends that P.O.S.T. found that the plaintiff was qualified. ", "Defendants, on the other hand, contend that, while P.O.S.T. did not revoke the plaintiff's certification, it made no determination as to whether the plaintiff was able to perform the essential duties of a detective in the City of Alpharetta Police Department.", "\n[11] The non-moving party may meet its burden through affidavit and deposition testimony, answers to interrogatories, and the like. ", "Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. ", "at 2553.", "\n[12] The Rehabilitation Act states that \"[t]he standards used to determine whether this section has been violated in a complaint alleging employment discrimination under this section shall be the standards applied under title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12111 et seq.....\" 29 U.S.C. § 794(d)). ", "Consequently, the references in this Order to the ADA and to the regulations promulgated pursuant to the ADA apply to plaintiff's Rehabilitation Act claims, as well as to his ADA claims.", "\n[13] Plaintiff asserts \"that for a number [of] years subsequent to the acquisition of his disability Defendants continually provided accommodations for Plaintiff through the shifting of duty assignments, providing transportation....\" (Pl. ", "Supp.", "Brief [78] at 18.)", "\n[14] The Court recognizes that plaintiff did investigate natural deaths without the assistance of another detective, however, no evidence is before the Court indicating that plaintiff performed criminal field investigations alone.", "\n[15] See discussion regarding essential functions infra.", "\n[16] Do the ADA and § 504 mean that employers are required to accept, in perpetuity, less than a full performance of all essential functions of a job, because at some time in the past they may have permitted less than full performance? ", "Suppose a company has three employees who are required to produce three widgets and three wodgets a day. ", "Assume that two of those employees always produce their daily quota, but that one of the employees, who has contracted an ADA disability during the term of his employment, has produced only three widgets and no wodgets a day since the onset of his disability because he was unable to produce wodgets, even with reasonable accommodation. ", "If new management buys the company, can it insist that all employees produce their required quota of products? ", "The plaintiff would answer, \"No.\" ", "This Court disagrees.", "\n[17] The City also argues that plaintiff cannot perform a second essential function of his job: that is, he cannot drive, as is explicitly required of all persons holding a detective's position. ", "The City requires that a detective be able to drive because in order to investigate a crime scene and collect evidence, the detective must first be able to get to the crime scene. ", "Indeed, the job description for detective lists a Georgia Driver's License as a \"NECESSARY SPECIAL REQUIREMENT\" for this position.", "\n\nPlaintiff has not driven since the accident, does not currently hold a Georgia Driver's License, and does not intend to obtain a driver's license unless his visual acuity improves. (", "See Dep. ", "of Holbrook II, at 14.) ", "Thus, for this reason alone, plaintiff does not meet the stated requirements of a detective's position.", "\nOne could argue that the ability to drive is not the essential function involved in the requirement, but instead that the implicit objective is the ability to reach a crime scene promptly. ", "The Court does not reach the question whether, as a reasonable accommodation, the City could be required another officer to go to plaintiff's house and pick him up whenever he was needed at the scene of a crime. ", "Such a requirement creates difficulties for the defendant that arguably render such an accommodation unreasonable. ", "That is, the need to pick up plaintiff would always delay the driving officer in his ability to get to the crime scene quickly or, if the defendant feels it has to have one office report promptly to the scene, it would be required to assign one officer to get to the scene as quickly as possible and a second, possibly unnecessary officer, to pick up plaintiff. ", "While such an accommodation might not be unreasonable in a large police force, it could pose problems in a force as small as the City of Alpharetta's.", "\nBecause the Court has already concluded that the plaintiff cannot perform an essential function of his position — the investigation of and collection of evidence at a crime scene — with any accommodation, the Court does not reach the question whether the plaintiff could perform an another function of his job — the ability to arrive at a crime scene quickly — with reasonable accommodation.", "\n[18] Although not argued by defendants, this Court also finds no evidence in the record before it to indicate that the City of Alpharetta had a policy, custom or practice of violating the ADA or Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. ", "In order to impose liability on a municipality such as the City of Alpharetta, the plaintiff must provide evidence that the City had such a discriminatory policy, custom or practice. ", "See Monell v. Dept. ", "of Social Servs., ", "436 U.S. 658, 694, 98 S.Ct. ", "2018, 2037-38, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978). ", "As no such evidence has been presented to the Court, this Court finds that this is an alternate ground for granting summary judgment to the defendants on this claim.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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