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tomekkorbak

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[ "from django.conf.urls import *\nfrom ecwsp.attendance import views\n\nurlpatterns = patterns('',\n (r'^teacher_submissions/$', views.teacher_submissions),\n (r'^studentattendance/report/$', views.attendance_report),\n (r'^studentattendance/student/(?P<id>\\d+)/$', views.attendance_student),\n (r'^studentattendance/add_multiple/$', views.add_multiple),\n (r'^teacher_attendance/$', views.teacher_attendance),\n (r'^teacher_attendance/$', views.teacher_attendance),\n (r'^teacher_attendance/(?P<course_section>\\d+)/$', views.teacher_attendance),\n (r'^course_section_attendance/$', views.select_course_section_for_attendance),\n (r'^course_section_attendance/(?P<course_section_id>\\d+)/$', views.course_section_attendance),\n (r'^daily_attendance_report/$', views.daily_attendance_report_wrapper),\n)\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHyperthreading vs. SQL Server & PostgreSQL\n\nI have read that hyperthreading is a \"performance killer\" when it comes to DBs. ", "However, what I read didn't state which CPUs. ", "Further, it mostly indicated that I/O was \"cut to < 10% performance\".", "\nThat logically doesn't make sense since I/O is primarily a function of controllers and disks, not CPUs. ", "But then no one ever said bugs made sense.", "\nWhat I read also stated that SQL Server could put two parallel query ops onto 1 logical core (2 threads), thereby degrading performance. ", "I have a hard time believing SQL Server's architects would have made such an obvious miscalculation.", "\nDoes anyone have and data on how hyperthreading on current generation CPUs affects either of the RDBMSs I mentioned?", "\n\nA:\n\nWhat I read also stated that SQL\n Server could put two parallel query\n ops onto 1 logical core (2 threads),\n thereby degrading performance. ", "I have\n a hard time believing SQL Server's\n architects would have made such an\n obvious miscalculation.", "\n\nThis is not a SQL Server problem. ", "Hyper-Threading virtual cores look totally identical to real cores for the operating system - heck, even the bios. ", "You can nail a process to a processor, but the scheduler simply has no idea which of the cores of a processor is real and which is hyper threading... especially as both are tehcnically real, just share certain resources. ", "Hyper-Threading was developped by Intel to allow \"cheaper dual core processors than real ones\" by sharing certain assets between two cores each, but the cost is that the program simply has no knowledg about this.", "\nNewer Intel CPU's are better inths hardware side, so Hypewr-Threading is not assumed a bottleneck for current SQL Server anymore - running on CURRENT intel chips. ", "This because Intel made Hyperthreading better, primarily.", "\nhttp://www.microsoft.com/whdc/system/sysperf/Perf_tun_srv-R2.mspx is the current 2008 R2 tuning guide.", "\nhttp://ozamora.com/2010/09/sql-server-2008-r2-and-nehalem-processors/ has some stuff with Nehalem and SQL Server.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Effect of dysphasia and dysphagia on inpatient mortality and hospital length of stay: a database study.", "\nTo examine the effect of dysphasia and dysphagia on stroke outcome. ", "Retrospective database study. ", "Norfolk, United Kingdom. ", "Two thousand nine hundred eighty-three men and women with stroke admitted to the hospital between 1997 and 2001. ", "Inpatient mortality and likelihood of longer length of hospital stay, defined as longer than median length of stay (LOS). ", "Dysphagia was defined as difficulty swallowing any liquid (including saliva) or solid material. ", "Dysphasia was defined as speech disorders in which there was impairment of the power of expression by speech, writing, or signs or impairment of the power of comprehension of spoken or written language. ", "An experienced team assessed dysphagia and dysphasia using explicit criteria. ", "Two thousand nine hundred eighty-three patients (1,330 (44.6%) male), median age 78 (range 17-105), were included, of whom 77.7% had ischemic, 10.5% had hemorrhagic, and 11.8% had undetermined stroke types. ", "Dysphasia was present in 41.2% (1,230) and dysphagia in 50.5% (1,506), and 27.7% (827) had both conditions. ", "Having either or both conditions was associated with greater mortality and longer LOS (P<.001 for all). ", "Using multiple logistic regression models controlling for age, sex, premorbid Rankin score, previous disabling stroke, and stroke type, corresponding odds ratios for death and longer LOS were 2.2 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.8-2.7) and 1.4 (95% CI=1.2-1.6) for dysphasia; 12.5 (95% CI=8.9-17.3) and 3.9 (95% CI=3.3-4.6) for dysphagia, 5.5 (95% CI=3.7-8.2), 1.9 (95% CI=1.6-2.3) for either, and 13.8 (95% CI=9.4-20.4) and 3.7 (95% CI=3.1-4.6) if they had both, versus having no dysphasia, no dysphagia, or none of these conditions, respectively. ", "Patients with dysphagia have worse outcome in terms of inpatient mortality and length of hospital stay than those with dysphasia. ", "When both conditions are present, the presence of dysphagia appears to determine the likelihood of poor outcome. ", "Whether this effect is related just to stroke severity or results from problems related directly to dysphagia is unclear." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Syrian opposition to meet in Qatar\n\nRadio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Syrian opposition to meet in Qatar, 4 November 2012, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/509b8b152.html [accessed 4 March 2015]\n\nDisclaimer\n\nThis is not a UNHCR publication. ", "UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. ", "Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States.", "\n\nNovember 04, 2012\n\nDemonstrators hold opposition flags during a protest against Syria's President Bashar al-Assad, after Friday prayers in Binsh near Idlib on November 2.", "\n\nHundreds of Syrian opposition figures are beginning a five-day conference today in the Qatari capital Doha.", "\n\nOn the agenda is a U.S.-backed proposal to set up a new 50-member leadership team with more representatives from inside Syria.", "\n\nUnder the plan, called the Syrian National Initiative, the new leadership would include representatives of the rebels' Free Syrian army, political groups and local councils in Syria.", "\n\nBurhan Ghalioun, a senior SNC member, said on November 3 that the group is willing to consider the idea, but hasn't decided yet.", "\n\nU.S. officials have long complained that the opposition disarray has held back more robust foreign involvement behind the opposition in its fight to topple Bashar al-Assad." ]

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[ "Online now:\n\nShare and Enjoy\n\nSue Langley, a passionate gardener and photographer lives and gardens with her husband and Corgi, Maggie on 7 acres just south of Yosemite, Zone 7 at 3000 feet. ", "She also manages the Flea Market Gardening Facebook page and website.", "\n\nYour email address will not be published. ", "Required fields are marked *\n\nCurrent ye@r*\n\nLeave this field empty\n\nNotify me of follow-up comments by email.", "\n\nNotify me of new posts by email.", "\n\nAbout Sierra Foothill Garden\n\nTake a peek at my garden notebook of current happenings, my ongoing native plant ID project and also my new-found diary of our home building process, started in 2000.", "\n\nYou can follow your dream!", "\nSue Langley\n\n\"Come to the mountains and get their good tidings, Nature's peace will flow into you as sunshine flows into trees. ", "The winds will blow their own freshness into you and the storms their energy, while cares will drop off like autumn leaves. ", "~~John Muir\"" ]

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[ "Abdominal fat aspiration biopsy and genotyping of serum amyloid A contribute to early diagnosis of reactive AA amyloidosis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis.", "\nTo detect amyloid deposits in the early phase of illness, we investigated the usefulness of abdominal fat aspiration biopsy along with genotyping of serum amyloid A (SAA) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). ", "We performed abdominal fat aspiration biopsy with phenol Congo red staining and determined inflammatory markers, including CRP and SAA, in 217 patients with an RA history longer than 5 years (mean age, 64.1 +/- 10.6 years). ", "Genotypes of SAA1 and 2 were investigated in 127 patients with RA by a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. ", "In the abdominal fat aspiration biopsy 17 patients (7.8%) demonstrated amyloid deposits, which were confirmed as AA type by immunostaining on biopsied tissues from other organs, and nine of them showed no clinical symptoms ascribable to amyloidosis. ", "RA patients with amyloidosis showed significantly higher serum levels of CRP (p < 0.05) and SAA (p < 0.0001) than those without amyloidosis. ", "In the genotyping, amyloid deposition was significantly correlated with the frequency of SAA1.3 (p < 0.005 vs. 1.1, p < 0.05 vs. 1.5). ", "Comparison of inflammatory markers between the number of SAA1.3 alleles showed that the SAA/CRP ratio and SAA concentration were higher in the 1.3 homozygote than in the others (p < 0.05). ", "Two patients demonstrated amyloid deposits at the second abdominal fat biopsy one year after the first, and their SAA1 genotypes were 1.3/1.5 and 1.3/1.3. ", "In RA patients confirmed as having SAA1.3, serial examinations with abdominal fat aspiration biopsy might contribute greatly to the early detection of amyloidosis during the long-term follow-up." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "/*\r\n * Copyright 2007-2013, Plutext Pty Ltd.\r\n * \r\n * This file is part of docx4j.", "\r\n\r\n docx4j is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\"); \r\n you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. ", "\r\n\r\n You may obtain a copy of the License at \r\n\r\n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 \r\n\r\n Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software \r\n distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS, \r\n WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. ", "\r\n See the License for the specific language governing permissions and \r\n limitations under the License.", "\r\n\r\n */\r\n\r\n\r\npackage org.docx4j.wml; \r\n\r\nimport java.util.", "ArrayList;\r\nimport java.util.", "List;\r\n\r\nimport javax.xml.bind.", "Unmarshaller;\r\nimport javax.xml.bind.annotation.", "XmlAccessType;\r\nimport javax.xml.bind.annotation.", "XmlAccessorType;\r\nimport javax.xml.bind.annotation.", "XmlTransient;\r\nimport javax.xml.bind.annotation.", "XmlType;\r\n\r\nimport org.jvnet.jaxb2_commons.ppp.", "Child;\r\n\r\n\r\n/**\r\n * <p>Java class for CT_DocVars complex type.", "\r\n * \r\n * <p>The following schema fragment specifies the expected content contained within this class.", "\r\n * \r\n * <pre>\r\n * &lt;complexType name=\"CT_DocVars\">\r\n * &lt;complexContent>\r\n * &lt;restriction base=\"{http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema}anyType\">\r\n * &lt;sequence>\r\n * &lt;element name=\"docVar\" type=\"{http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/wordprocessingml/2006/main}CT_DocVar\" maxOccurs=\"unbounded\" minOccurs=\"0\"/>\r\n * &lt;/sequence>\r\n * &lt;/restriction>\r\n * &lt;/complexContent>\r\n * &lt;/complexType>\r\n * </pre>\r\n * \r\n * \r\n */\r\n@XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.", "FIELD)\r\n@XmlType(name = \"CT_DocVars\", propOrder = {\r\n \"docVar\"\r\n})\r\npublic class CTDocVars implements Child\r\n{\r\n\r\n protected List<CTDocVar> docVar = new ArrayListWml<CTDocVar>(this);\r\n @XmlTransient\r\n private Object parent;\r\n\r\n /**\r\n * Gets the value of the docVar property.", "\r\n * \r\n * <p>\r\n * This accessor method returns a reference to the live list,\r\n * not a snapshot. ", "Therefore any modification you make to the\r\n * returned list will be present inside the JAXB object.", "\r\n * This is why there is not a <CODE>set</CODE> method for the docVar property.", "\r\n * \r\n * <p>\r\n * For example, to add a new item, do as follows:\r\n * <pre>\r\n * getDocVar().add(newItem);\r\n * </pre>\r\n * \r\n * \r\n * <p>\r\n * Objects of the following type(s) are allowed in the list\r\n * {@link CTDocVar }\r\n * \r\n * \r\n */\r\n public List<CTDocVar> getDocVar() {\r\n if (docVar == null) {\r\n docVar = new ArrayListWml<CTDocVar>(this);\r\n }\r\n return this.docVar;\r\n }\r\n\r\n /**\r\n * Gets the parent object in the object tree representing the unmarshalled xml document.", "\r\n * \r\n * @return\r\n * The parent object.", "\r\n */\r\n public Object getParent() {\r\n return this.parent;\r\n }\r\n\r\n public void setParent(Object parent) {\r\n this.parent = parent;\r\n }\r\n\r\n /**\r\n * This method is invoked by the JAXB implementation on each instance when unmarshalling completes.", "\r\n * \r\n * @param parent\r\n * The parent object in the object tree.", "\r\n * @param unmarshaller\r\n * The unmarshaller that generated the instance.", "\r\n */\r\n public void afterUnmarshal(Unmarshaller unmarshaller, Object parent) {\r\n setParent(parent);\r\n }\r\n\r\n}\r\n" ]

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[ "Antietam Creek\n\nAntietam Creek is a tributary of the Potomac River located in south central Pennsylvania and western Maryland in the United States, a region known as the Hagerstown Valley. ", "The creek became famous as a focal point of the Battle of Antietam during the American Civil War.", "\n\nGeography\nThe creek is formed in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, at the confluence of the West and East Branches of Antietam Creek, about south of Waynesboro, Pennsylvania. ", " Welty's Mill Bridge crosses the East Branch of Little Antietam at Washington Township in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. ", " The stream runs for about upon its entering Washington County, Maryland. ", "The course proceeds southward in a meandering pattern, and the creek empties into the Potomac south of Sharpsburg about upstream of Washington.", "\n\nThe watershed area is and includes parts of Franklin County (106 mi2) and Washington County (185 mi2). ", "Major tributaries in Pennsylvania include the East and West Branches, Red Run and Falls Creek. ", " Major tributaries in Maryland include Little Antietam Creek, Beaver Creek, and Marsh Run. ", "Communities in the watershed include Waynesboro in Pennsylvania; and Boonsboro, Funkstown, Hagerstown, Mount Aetna, Sharpsburg and Smithsburg in Maryland.", "\n\nHistory\n\nThe term \"Antietam\" is thought to derive from an Algonquian phrase meaning \"swift-flowing stream\".", "\n\nThe creek is noted for numerous well-preserved stone arch bridges dating to the 19th century that still traverse the creek, the most famous of which is the Burnside's Bridge in the Antietam National Battlefield.", "\n\nThe creek was a major topographic feature during the Battle of Antietam or Sharpsburg, fought on September 17, 1862, near the creek's mouth. ", "Burnside's Bridge became a major focus of combat as Union forces under General Ambrose Burnside repeatedly tried to capture the bridge from Confederate forces guarding the crossing from a high bluff overlooking the creek. ", " The day of the battle is known as \"the day Antietam Creek ran red\" due to the blood of thousands of Union casualties mixing with the creek waters. ", "Both sides lost about a fourth of their number but, despite General McClellan's refusal to press on his attacks, it served as a tactical Union victory, as Lee was forced to withdraw from Maryland.", "\n\nDevelopment and water quality issues\nMost of the watershed area is relatively rural in nature, but the area surrounding Hagerstown is threatened by urban sprawl. ", " The area is also heavily cultivated, and waste runoff from farms is a growing water quality concern. ", "The Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE) has identified farm runoff as the largest source of sediment (loose soil) in Antietam Creek and its tributaries. ", "The second largest source is urban runoff. ", "MDE recommends that farmers implement best management practices on their lands to control runoff, such as installing riparian buffers.", "\n\nSee also\nList of Maryland rivers\nList of Pennsylvania rivers\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n Antietam Creek Watershed Alliance (Hagerstown area)\n Antietam Watershed Association (Waynesboro area)\n Battle of Antietam\n\nCategory:Rivers of Maryland\nCategory:Rivers of Pennsylvania\nCategory:Hagerstown, Maryland\nCategory:Rivers of Washington County, Maryland\nCategory:Rivers of Franklin County, Pennsylvania\nCategory:Tributaries of the Potomac River" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Cerebral lateralization and personality style.", "\nHysterical and obsessive-compulsive style subjects, as determined by a modified Rorschach test and the Wechslar Adult Intelligence Scale Comprehension subtest, were questioned in a face-to-face format where lateral eye movements were surreptitiously observed. ", "Only right-handed subjects were used. ", "It has been argued that lateral eye movements index immediate hemispheric activation after questions--the first such eye movement being a direction opposite to the putatively activated hemisphere. ", "There was significantly more left-looking among the hysterical subjects than among the obsessive-compulsive style subjects." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Endogenous NADPH-dependent aldose reductase activity influences product formation during xylose consumption in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "\nIntroduction of the xylose pathway from Pichia stipitis into Saccharomyces cerevisiae enables xylose utilization in recombinant S. cerevisiae. ", "However, xylitol is a major by-product. ", "An endogenous aldo-keto reductase, encoded by the GRE3 gene, was expressed at different levels in recombinant S. cerevisiae strains to investigate its effect on xylose utilization. ", "In a recombinant S. cerevisiae strain producing only xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) from P. stipitis and an extra copy of the endogenous xylulokinase (XK), ethanol formation from xylose was mediated by Gre3p, capable of reducing xylose to xylitol. ", "When the GRE3 gene was overexpressed in this strain, the xylose consumption and ethanol formation increased by 29% and 116%, respectively. ", "When the GRE3 gene was deleted in the recombinant xylose-fermenting S. cerevisiae strain TMB3001 (which possesses xylose reductase and XDH from P. stipitis, and an extra copy of endogenous XK), the xylitol yield decreased by 49% and the ethanol yield increased by 19% in anaerobic continuous culture with a glucose/xylose mixture. ", "Biomass was reduced by 31% in strains where GRE3 was deleted, suggesting that fine-tuning of GRE3 expression is the preferred choice rather than deletion." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "\n\n\n\n3 hours, Corel Painter 12\n\nI've been playing with style a lot lately. ", "I wanted to try something that was very evidently not my style. ", "It was more difficult than I thought it would be, trying to maintain someone else's character and coloring and all that. ", "Korra's design was referenced, but the pose and whatnot are from my imagination. ", "Perspective is getting fun. ", "Enjoy!" ]

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[ "Dogs are often afraid of thunder simply because they don’t know what it is. ", "Like fireworks, thunder is loud, unpredictable and often brings unexpected flashes of light. ", "There are many reasons dogs may have astraphobia, or “thunder phobia,” though.", "\n\nAstraphobia can affect both humans and animals. ", "See why dogs are scared of thunder and what you can do to ease your dog’s storm anxiety below.", "\n\nWhy are Dogs Scared of Thunderstorms?", "\n\nAccording to Dr. Ragen T.S. McGowan, Behavior Research Scientist at Purina, “depending on a dog’s personality and past experiences, different parts of a thunderstorm can cause fear or anxiety.” ", "As with fireworks, it could be the noise or the flashes of lights.", "\n\n\n\n“There’s usually more buildup before a thunderstorm than with fireworks (e.g., changes in the barometric pressure, high winds, rain, hail and/or lightning), thus dogs might learn to expect thunder,” she adds. ", "This can cause anxiety before the storm even hits.", "\n\n\n\nSome are triggered by a change in their daily routine. ", "Others have more sensitive hearing.", "\n\n\n\nMany dogs can sense the changes in air pressure or may hear the low-frequency rumblings of thunder long before humans can.", "\n\n\n\nAccording to some veterinarians, dogs may also experience shocks from the build-up of static electricity that accompanies thunderstorms.*", "\n\nHow to Calm Your Dog During a Storm\n\nIf your dog has astraphobia, or storm anxiety, there are several things you can do to help keep him calm when a storm is on the horizon.", "\n\nStay Calm: The best thing to do is to remain calm around your dog during a thunderstorm. ", "Making a big fuss around the dog only proves to him that there is a good reason to panic. “", "Dogs look at us for reassurance. ", "So, showing them we are calm and relaxed is likely to help the dog understand there is no real danger,” explains Dr. McGowan.", "\n\nThe best thing to do is to remain calm around your dog during a thunderstorm. ", "Making a big fuss around the dog only proves to him that there is a good reason to panic. “", "Dogs look at us for reassurance. ", "So, showing them we are calm and relaxed is likely to help the dog understand there is no real danger,” explains Dr. McGowan. ", "Create a Safe Space: Give your dog a safe indoor space to go when he’s scared. “", "If your dog is crate-trained, he may feel most secure in his crate with a nice chew toy to occupy his time,” says Dr. McGowan. ", "Cover wire crates with a blanket to help absorb the sound and leave the door open so he doesn’t feel trapped. ", "If your dog doesn’t have a crate or isn’t used to it, try creating a safe place. “", "Scope out a calm place in your home where you can set up your dog’s bed during the thunderstorm. ", "Consider giving him a treat-stuffed toy to make the occasion positive,” she recommends. ", "Close the blinds or curtains of any windows so he can’t see outside.", "\n\nGive your dog a safe indoor space to go when he’s scared. “", "If your dog is crate-trained, he may feel most secure in his crate with a nice chew toy to occupy his time,” says Dr. McGowan. ", "Cover wire crates with a blanket to help absorb the sound and leave the door open so he doesn’t feel trapped. ", "If your dog doesn’t have a crate or isn’t used to it, try creating a safe place. “", "Scope out a calm place in your home where you can set up your dog’s bed during the thunderstorm. ", "Consider giving him a treat-stuffed toy to make the occasion positive,” she recommends. ", "Close the blinds or curtains of any windows so he can’t see outside. ", "Distract Him: If your dog is afraid of thunder, turn on the TV or calming music to drown out the noise. ", "If he’s feeling playful, grab his toys and have some fun with him. ", "Be sure to reward him with his favorite treats, too. “", "Really, do what you can to create positive associations with the sound of thunder,” suggests Dr. McGowan.", "\n\nIf your dog is afraid of thunder, turn on the TV or calming music to drown out the noise. ", "If he’s feeling playful, grab his toys and have some fun with him. ", "Be sure to reward him with his favorite treats, too. “", "Really, do what you can to create positive associations with the sound of thunder,” suggests Dr. McGowan. ", "Prepare for the Next Storm: Try desensitizing your dog to the sounds of thunder. ", "Play those sounds quietly in the background as you play games or give him treats. “[", "Do this] around the time when good things happen, like dinner, play time or going for a walk,” explains Dr. McGowan. “", "If your dog is reacting in a positive manner, then you can gradually increase the volume of the noises at a pace that your dog is comfortable with.” ", "Over the course of a few weeks to months, this can help him associate the sounds of thunderstorms with happy times.", "\n\nTry desensitizing your dog to the sounds of thunder. ", "Play those sounds quietly in the background as you play games or give him treats. “[", "Do this] around the time when good things happen, like dinner, play time or going for a walk,” explains Dr. McGowan. “", "If your dog is reacting in a positive manner, then you can gradually increase the volume of the noises at a pace that your dog is comfortable with.” ", "Over the course of a few weeks to months, this can help him associate the sounds of thunderstorms with happy times. ", "Talk to Your Veterinarian: Your veterinarian is the best person to talk to when it comes to dogs and thunder. ", "They may recommend a vest, shirt or wrap that applies light, constant compression. ", "This can help alleviate anxiety (similar to calming a baby with swaddling). ", "If your dog’s storm anxiety is severe, ask your veterinarian for alternative remedies to help him feel calmer.", "\n\n\n\nRemember to practice positive reinforcement with your dog. ", "Don’t scold or punish him for his thunder phobia—his behavior is the result of fear, not disobedience. ", "Teaching your dog new and pleasant associations is the best way to ease his storm anxiety.", "\n\n\n\nSee our Pet Expertise page for more expert tips on dog behavior, caring for your pet and more.", "\n\n\n\n*N. Cottam, N. Dodman, 2009, Comparison of the effectiveness of a purported anti-static cape (the Storm Defender®) vs. a placebo cape in the treatment of canine thunderstorm phobia as assessed by owners’ reports, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 119 78 to 84" ]

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[ "In the previous article, we saw how we can compile the source code to a 16-bit binary executable, create an iso image with the executable stored in them and mount the iso image with VirtualBox to make its contents available in the MSDOS environment. ", "The program we’ve presented dumped the whole Interrupt Vector Table IVT and nulled its values in it to crash the system. ", "This wasn’t a particularly smart way of doing something cool, which is why we’ll now present another program that can be used to log the keystrokes typed in the MSDOS environment. ", "Now that’s something cool, isn’t it?", "\n\nWe’ll do that with the use of TSR (Terminate and Stay Resident), which is a computer system call in MSDOS that returns control to the system as if the program has quit, but keeps the program in memory, to be revived later by a hardware or software interrupt. ", "This system call can be used to create the appearance of multitasking by transferring control back to the terminated program on automatic or externally-generated events, such as pressing a certain key on keyboard [1].", "\n\nIn the MSDOS operating system, only one program can be running at any single time. ", "When the program completes, it gives control back to the DOS shell program, the COMMAND.COM using the system call “int 21”. ", "After the program terminates, all the system resources, including the memory, are freed so that they can be used again by some other process. ", "Because of this, we can’t reload the process at some near future at some specific input vector, but must instead restart it from scratch. ", "But if the program terminates with a system call “int 21”, some of the memory of the process is not freed, but can be used by the process. ", "Usually, before the program terminates with an “int 21”, it must install a few interrupt handlers, so it can be called again: this usually happens by reading the current address and storing it within the memory space of the TSR and installing a pointer to its own code; the stored address is called after the TSR has received the interrupt.", "\n\nIn this example, we’ll change the entry in the IVT table, so that we’ll be able to log the keystrokes when each key on the keyboard has been pressed: the pressed keys will be stored in a global memory. ", "The logging of the keys will be done automatically, since we’ll change the appropriate entry in the IVT table, but reading the values from memory must be done via a program, because no program exists that can be used in such a way.", "\n\nNormal Execution when Pressing a Key\n\nFirst, we must be aware of the fact that when a key on the keyboard is pressed, a maskable interrupt 9 is being invoked. ", "But why is the key press a maskable interrupt and not a nonmaskable interrupt? ", "It’s because it can be masked and the processor can execute it sometime in the future, while the nonmaskable interrupts must be handled right away. ", "You’ve probably noticed this without even realizing it. ", "Has it ever happened that you were doing something really intensive hard-drive and CPU-wise and the computer become unresponsive. ", "Then when pressing some key, like Alt-F2 to kill the process that’s causing the non-responsiveness, the key just didn’t work. ", "And soon after that, that program closed by itself. ", "Well, this is the cause of a maskable interrupts, because the previous key press is not being executed right away, but as soon as the processor had some extra time to actually execute it, it did, which consequently killed the program causing all the problems.", "\n\nBut let’s not waste any more time, let’s get back to talking about intercepting key presses. ", "So far, we know that whenever we press a key on the keyboard, the maskable interrupt 9 will be called, which will execute the Interrupt Service Routine ISR from the IVT. ", "The normal execution when pressing a key is presented on the picture below:\n\nWe have the MSDOS system running and when pressing a key, an interrupt 9 is invoked, which goes into the Interrupt Vector Table IVT and takes the address of the ISR from it. ", "Then it invokes the Interrupt Service Routine ISR of the corresponding interrupt and returns the execution to the MSDOS system, where the pressed key has been shown on the screen. ", "But this happens so fast we don’t even notice it.", "\n\nHooked Execution when Pressing a Key\n\nWe’ve already said that in MSDOS, only one program can be running at a time, so we can’t actually have a background process running and logging keystrokes. ", "Also, when the program is done with the execution, it is completely wiped form the memory. ", "This is a problem which we must somehow solve in order to be able to log the keystrokes. ", "To solve this, we must use the TSR (Terminate and Stay Resident) technique. ", "We’ve already mentioned that TSR can be used to terminate a program in such a way that it gives the control back to the MSDOS system, but doesn’t actually wipe the program from memory. ", "The program is kept in memory and its code can be called at any time we want by aninterrupt of some kind. ", "To do that, we must write a program so it will terminate with a system call “int 21”, which will keep its memory intact. ", "Before the program terminates, it must install the interrupt handlers that point to itself in order to be called again. ", "How else can the program be called again? ", "It can’t, except if we start it from the command line, but that will restart the program, not make it continue from where it left off. ", "We can instruct the program to install a hardware or software interrupt, which will make the program callable by the hardware or the currently executing program.", "\n\nWe must write a program that does the following:\n\nRead the current address of the ISR from the IVT[9]\n\nWrite a new address of the logging code ISR to the IVT[9]\n\nCall the original IVT[9] address after the logging code is done executing\n\nBasically, when the program is done executing, the end result is shown below:\n\nWhen the key is pressed, the address from IVT[9] will be read pointing to the new interrupt service routine ISR[X] that the current program has installed. ", "After executing that service routine, the original service routine ISR[9] must be called, which will also do the rest of the job (what normally happens when the key is pressed). ", "By doing that, we’ve just inserted a new ISR into the call chain, so when a key is pressed, two ISRs are actually called: one is the one we’ve provided and logs the key and the other is the original ISR.", "\n\nBut where can we save the logged keystrokes? ", "There are multiple options, but in our case we’ll be storing them in a global memory and then also write a separate program that will read those values from the memory and display them. ", "Not exactly the most convenient solution, but it works.", "\n\nWe’ve just seen what we must do in order to be able to log keystrokes. ", "But we must still execute the TSR program that does the above. ", "We can execute the program manually in order to prove a point that this is possible, but back in the day, this technique is used by viruses and no user would intentionally run such a program after each reboot (well the virus that does that can be hidden inside other files and automatically executed when those files were opened, but let’s not get into that now). ", "What we usually want to achieve is that the above procedure is done automatically, which can be achieved by running the TSR program right after the operating system has booted. ", "This can be done in various ways, but usually we want to load that in one of the programs that are always in memory and cannot be unloaded.", "\n\nWriting the Keystrokes to the Buffer\n\nWe’ve seen how we must write a program that will hook a keystroke and now we’re actually going to do it. ", "First, we must set-up the custom interrupt service routine ISR[X]. ", "Let’s present all of the program from [2] that actually hooks the ISR when a key is being pressed. ", "First, we’re using the CSEG to specify the segment if the type ‘CODE’. ", "The following other types can also be used: CODE, DATA, CONST and STACK. ", "The segment directive is used to instruct how the program is supposed to be loaded in memory. ", "In our program, we have only the ‘CODE’ segment, so this isn’t really a problem. ", "All our code is enclosed in the following:\n\nThe assume directive tells the assembler that we have loaded the specified segment registers with the segment addresses. ", "In our case, we’ve told the assembler that the CSEG segment is the code, data and stack segment. ", "The ORG instruction tells the assembler that we would like to load the program at offset 100. ", "After that, the program is starting by jumping to the _main label, which is presented below:\n\nIn the code above, we can see that we’re first creating a new stack frame by pushing the BP to the stack and changing the value of BP into SP. ", "Next, we’re moving the address of the code segment into AX and SS and changing the AX to point to the first address after the _localStk variable (because we’re adding the 0x100 value to the pointer, which is exactly the size of the _localStk data structure). ", "The stack pointer register is then changed to point to that address, which is how we’re initializing the stack.", "\n\nThe _install function should set the interrupt vectors the way we’ve described before. ", "First, we’re loading the address of the _getBufferAddr into register DX, and loading the address of the code segment into register DS and using them to set the interrupt vector. ", "The high byte of the AX register contains the 0x25 that is used to set the interrupt vector and the low byte of the AX register, which contains 0xCC and is used to set the interrupt. ", "Basically, we’re initializing the 187th interrupt vector to point to the _getBufferAddr, which has just become the ISR of the 187th interrupt. ", "This means that whenever the 187th interrupt is invoked, the code at the _getBufferAddr address will be called.", "\n\nThe next step is getting the address of the interrupt service routine of the 9th interrupt. ", "The AH=0x25 was used to set the interrupt vector and now the AH=0x35 is used to get the interrupt vector. ", "The value in the AL tells which interrupt vector we would like to set or get. ", "Essentially, we’re saying that get the address of the interrupt service routine (mov ah,35h) of the 9th vector (mov al,09h) where the action is caused with the ‘int 21h’ instruction. ", "After the ‘int 21h’ instruction, the address of the ISR is stored in the ES:BX registers, which we’re saving into the _oldISR variable. ", "The next piece of code block is exactly the same as the previous one, except that we’re getting the address of the 16th vector and saving it into the _chkISR variable. ", "The interrupt 0x9 is being invoked when the key has been pressed, while the interrupt 0x16 represents the keyboard interrupt routine.", "\n\nThe next piece of code loads the address of the _hookBIOS variable into the register DX, which is later used for setting the address of the ISR routine of the 9th vector in the IVT table. ", "After that, we’re returning from the _install function.", "\n\nConclusion\n\nWe’ve seen the basic overview of what we must do when hooking the 0x9 interrupt in the MSDOS environment. ", "In the next article, we’ll take a look at how to actually achieve that and log the keystrokes, like viruses used to do back in the days when we still used MSDOS.", "\n\nDejan Lukan is a security researcher for InfoSec Institute and penetration tester from Slovenia. ", "He is very interested in finding new bugs in real world software products with source code analysis, fuzzing and reverse engineering. ", "He also has a great passion for developing his own simple scripts for security related problems and learning about new hacking techniques. ", "He knows a great deal about programming languages, as he can write in couple of dozen of them. ", "His passion is also Antivirus bypassing techniques, malware research and operating systems, mainly Linux, Windows and BSD. ", "He also has his own blog available here: http://www.proteansec.com/.\n\nYour email address will not be published. ", "Required fields are marked *\n\nComment\n\nName *\n\nEmail *\n\nWebsite\n\nSave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.", "\n\nsix + 5 =\n\nAbout InfoSec\n\nAt Infosec, we believe knowledge is the most powerful tool in the fight against cybercrime. ", "We provide the best certification and skills development training for IT and security professionals, as well as employee security awareness training and phishing simulations. ", "Learn more at infosecinstitute.com.", "\n\nConnect with us\n\nJoin our newsletter\n\nFile download\n\nFirst Name\n\nLast Name\n\nWork Phone Number\n\nWork Email Address\n\nJob Title\n\nWhy Take This Training?", "\n\nHow will you fund your training?", "\n\nWhat is your training budget?", "\n\nInfoSec institute respects your privacy and will never use your personal information for anything other than to notify you of your requested course pricing. ", "We will never sell your information to third parties. ", "You will not be spammed.", "\n\nComments\n\nWhat is Skillset?", "\n\nSkillset\n\nPractice tests & assessments.", "\n\nPractice for certification success with the Skillset library of over 100,000 practice test questions. ", "We analyze your responses and can determine when you are ready to sit for the test. ", "Along your journey to exam readiness, we will:\n\n1. ", "Determine which required skills your knowledge is sufficient\n2. ", "Which required skills you need to work on\n3. ", "Recommend specific skills to practice on next\n4. ", "Track your progress towards a certification exam" ]

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[ "Crozscore:\n\nCrozscore:\n\nSoftware Description:\n\nAktiv Mind LMS is an online training software that enables businesses to create courses and tests in order to train their employees, or for schools to educate their students. ", "The core values at Aktiv Mind LMS are to create software that is easy to use, yet powerful enough to suit the users needs. ", "We have been lucky enough to have a strong positive response to our platform from all types of clients across many different types of industries. ", "Whether you are a small business with under 10 employees, or a large enterprise company with over 2000 employees, or an educational institution, Aktiv Mind LMS strives to provide you with the tools you need to train your employees or students.", "\n\nSoftware Description:\n\nNoplag - online plagiarism checker for writers, students, educators, companies and website owners. ", "It contains many useful features and tools. ", "It is good for businesses who deal with content writing, copywriting. ", "You can add multiple users, give them writing assignment online and check their submitted files directly at your Noplag account. ", "It is fantastic for writers, publishers and bloggers, as well as students and educators. ", "For schools, universities and colleges Noplag offers full online class management, with assignments, plagiarism reports and grading.", "\n\nWith a decade of experience in eLearning industry, we understand the hassles in online training. ", "That’s why we have carefully crafted an intuitive and easy-to-use learning platform keeping your business needs and learners in mind.", "\n\nIt is a one-stop-shop training management solution that helps you create, deliver, teach and sell your online training courses with ease, saving your time and money.", "\n\nPrimary features include:\n\nLearning Management System (LMS)\n\nBug Tracker Administration\n\nSelf-Assessment Module\n\nLearning Management System:\nOur LMS provides a comprehensive set of features which allows Businesses, Individuals and Educators/Trainers to CREATE, MANAGE and SELL their online training courses at convenience. ", "The intuitive learning platform allows you to create and manage courses, enroll users and analyze their training needs.", "\n\nBug Tracking system:\nSwiftHCM is equipped with an easy-to-use Bug Tracking system to help you manage the tickets. ", "Log and track bugs by project, incident number, user, status and severity at ease. ", "Keep your team members notified of bugs automatically and track till closed. ", "Get a consolidated view of incident details." ]

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[ "Hi Herman,\n\nThis is another turbine transaction. ", " I think there will be another turn of \nthis doc soon, but I want you to have a heads up.", "\n\nKay\n---------------------- Forwarded by Kay Mann/Corp/Enron on 04/11/2001 12:47 \nPM ---------------------------\n\n\nKay Mann\n04/11/2001 10:54 AM\nTo: Rhett Jackson/Enron@EnronXGate, Matthew F Gockerman/Enron@EnronXGate\ncc: \n\nSubject: ENA/Blue Dog: Revised Letter Agreement\n\nHi Tax Gurus,\n\nI was out when you called the other day. ", " Since then, we have another version \nof the docs anyway. ", " Would you like to schedule a time to discuss this with \nme and outside counsel?", "\n\nKay\n---------------------- Forwarded by Kay Mann/Corp/Enron on 04/11/2001 10:52 \nAM ---------------------------\n\n\n\"Keffer, John\" <JKeffer@KSLAW.com> on 04/11/2001 10:45:43 AM\nTo: \"'kay.mann@enron.com'\" <kay.mann@enron.com>\ncc: \"Reuter, Marisa\" <MReuter@KSLAW.com> \n\nSubject: ENA/Blue Dog: Revised Letter Agreement\n\n\nKay:\n\nI am attaching a blackline of the Letter Agreement that includes\nMarguerite's latest changes so that your tax/accounting specialists may\nreview Section 5(e) (which deals with deemed refunds and deemed payments).", "\nAlthough we are still reviewing the Letter Agreement and the other\ntransaction documents, we wanted to alert you to Section 5(e) so that we\ncould discuss this provision with you on the 12:30 call.", "\n\nThanks,\n\nJohn and Marisa\n\n <<2xn3RED.DOC>>\n\n\n\n Confidentiality Notice\nThis message is being sent by or on behalf of a lawyer. ", " It is intended \nexclusively for the individual or entity to which it is addressed. ", " This \ncommunication may contain information that is proprietary, privileged or \nconfidential or otherwise legally exempt from disclosure. ", " If you are not the \nnamed addressee, you are not authorized to read, print, retain, copy or \ndisseminate this message or any part of it. ", " If you have received this \nmessage in error, please notify the sender immediately by e-mail and delete \nall copies of the message.", "\n\n\n - 2xn3RED.DOC" ]

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[ "Influence of Energy Beverages on the Surface Texture of Glass lonomer Restorative Materials.", "\nThe objective of the study was to find whether energy beverages have an erosive effect, leading to a risk in the clinical performance of glass ionomer restorative materials. ", "This study evaluated the influence of energy beverages on the surface texture of glass ionomer restorative materials. ", "Glass ionomer materials used were Ionofil Plus AC, GC EQUIA, and Ketac Molar; energy beverages are Code Red, Red Bull, and Power Horse. ", "Specimens prepared were discs of 8 mm diameter and 3 mm thickness; specimens from each material were evaluated following aging with Code Red, Red Bull, and Power Horse energy beverages. ", "Distilled water was used as a control. ", "The surface roughness (Ra) was assessed by surface scanning interferometry. ", "The surface roughness values (ΔRa and Ra) were measured for each specimen. ", "The data were analyzed statistically using multiple repeated measures [analysis of variance (ANOVA)] and paired data t-test (p < 0.05 was considered as the significance level). ", "The surface roughness (ΔRa and Ra) values before and after aging using Code Red, Red Bull, and Power Horse energy beverages differ significantly for all the materials regardless of the immersion time (p < 0.05). ", "All the materials showed roughness changes after immersion periods of 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month. ", "It can be concluded that all energy beverage solutions used in this study had an adverse effect on the surface roughness degradation of the tested glass ionomers with increasing immersion time. ", "Energy beverages have an erosive effect on glass ionomer, which influences the clinical importance of the material; it also has anticarious property because it releases the fluoride." ]

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[ "The guys over at Kot-in-Action, developers of the game Steel Storm: Burning Retribution, are seeking people who want to test out the early alpha builds of a new game they are in the process of making, desribed as “Moba meets mecha”.", "\n\nIf you’re trying to get in on this (its free bro) fill out the survey here\n\nUpdate 9/28/2011 : The alpha is now released as a mod for Steel Storm, which if you have on Steam will be automatically downloaded when you next log in. ", "Read more here." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nOffset an input voltage of -2.5V - 2.5V to 0V - 5V?", "\n\nI have a circuit input which provides a voltage range of negative 2.5 volts to positive 2.5 volts. ", "How do I change this so the output voltage is 0 - 5 volts? ", "\n\nsimulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab\n\nA:\n\nThere are several ways to do this, for instance using an opamp to sum 2.5V to your signal:\n\nThis is an inverting summing amplifier, so for \\$R1 = R2 = R4\\$, the output would be \\$Vo = -(V_{AC}+V_{DC})\\$\nIf you want to keep the phase of the signal, a non-inverting summing amplifier would be like this:\n\nIn this, \\$R_3,R_4\\$ control the gain of the amplifier, and \\$R_1,R_2\\$ act as a resistor divider. ", "Analysing this, we get that the output is \\$V_{o} = V_\n{inop}(\\frac{R_3+R_4}{R_3})\\$, and from the resistor divider \\$V_{inop} = \\frac{V_{s1}R_2+V{s2}R_1}{R_1+R_2}\\$\nIf we make \\$R_2 = 2R_1 \\$ we get \\$V_{inop} = \\frac{2V_{s1}+V_{s2}}{3}\\$.\nSubstituting this in the first output equation, and making the gain \\$2/3\\$ by choosing \\$R_3 = 2R_4\\$, then the final output will be the desired \\$V_{o} = V_{s1}+\\frac{V_{s2}}{2}\\$, being \\$V_{s1}\\$ the -2.5V to 2.5V AC input signal and \\$V_{s2} = 5V\\$ in this case.", "\nIn page 6 here you can also find a few different examples to offset signals using opamps: http://www.ti.com/ww/en/bobpease/assets/AN-31.pdf\n\n" ]

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[ "Mo Bamba uses his ridiculous wingspan to swat the shot away and then stares down the shooter. (", "0:21)\n\nAUSTIN, Texas -- Mohamed Bamba is the most fascinating prospect in the 2018 NBA draft.", "\n\nHe's a cartoon character physically, with the foot speed of a wing and the go-go-gadget tentacles of an otherworldly being. ", "If the wide-shouldered 7-footer stepped into an NBA game tomorrow he'd have the longest wingspan (7-9½) and fifth-largest standing reach (9-6) in the league.", "\n\nHe stretches for highlight dunks like Michael Jordan in \"Space Jam,\" and reaches to block shots at the rim like Dhalsim jabbing opponents in \"Street Fighter.\" ", "Thanks in large part to his long arms and sharp instincts, he's one of only four players in NCAA history to average at least 13.0 rebounds and 6.0 blocks per 40 minutes through 10-plus games before turning 20 years old.", "\n\nThe other three? ", "Shaquille O'Neal (1991 and 1992), Hakeem Olajuwon (1983) and Ralph Sampson (1980).", "\n\n\"I have game-changing defensive abilities,\" Bamba said during an exclusive mid-December interview in Austin. \"", "I've really embraced that I can make plays that most people can't make. ", "As soon as I started doing that and stringing together stops, next thing you know we're dominant defensively as a team. ", "That's what I hope to bring wherever I end up long term.\"", "\n\nIt's Bamba's combination of rare physical gifts and lingering question marks that make him such a tough prospect for talent evaluators to peg. ", "Some scouts see him as a potential top pick -- Rudy Gobert with more offensive game. ", "Others view him as the type of prospect who gets a general manager in trouble -- oozing with talent and smarts yet ridden with the casual demeanor and inconsistent motor that is too often stuck in neutral." ]

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[ "OK. ", "Progress has been made. ", "It wasn't the line endings, per se, but rather some garbage apparently being added to some lines. ", "I had been using Padre since taking up Perl a couple of weeks ago. ", "After your comments, I loaded the offending file into Textpad, only to observe that the problem persisted and that the line endings looked OK (with \"view whitespace\", anyway). ", "In a rare moment of lucidity, I saved the file and reloaded it; and the problem was gone! ", "My Textpad is configured to \"strip trailing spaces\" when saving. ", "So some extraneous content, invisible, apparently existed on random lines. ", "Perl is off the hook.", "\n\nThis probably also explains some strange error messages that I've had, which were only resolved by deleting and retyping the indicated content with what was visually identical content. ", "So Perl is off the hook for that, too.", "\n\nThanks guys. ", "I probably should have thought of cleaning up the line endings earlier, but I didn't until prompted. ", "Now I'll be looking for a different editor (Win 7 64-bit).", "\n\nThe search for a comfortable editor is so tedious that when we find one, it usually has to be pried from our cold, dead hands. ", "But be aware that the authors of most modern programmer's editors know that we live in a very diverse world, and they have made great efforts to accommodate every possible text file format variation and make them all 'look' right. ", "You may encounter an editor with a default configuration that matches your assumptions about text files, but never assume these are the only configurations (or assumptions) possible." ]

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[ "Badger Books\n\nBadger Books was an imprint used by the British publisher John Spencer & Co. between 1960 and 1967. ", "Badger Books were published in a number of genres, predominantly war, westerns, romance, supernatural and science fiction. ", "The best-known author of Badger Books is Lionel Fanthorpe, who wrote a large proportion of the supernatural and science fiction titles.", "\n\nHistory\n\n\"John Spencer\" was the pseudonym of Samuel Assael (born 1920), who set up his London-based publishing company in 1947. ", "Initially Spencer's output consisted of pulp magazines, mainly in the science fiction genre (with titles like Futuristic Science Stories, Tales of Tomorrow *and Wonders of the Spaceways). ", "However, with the decline of the pulp magazine and rise of the paperback, Spencer switched to paperback publishing in the mid-1950s. ", "He used a number of imprints, including \"John Spencer\", \"Cobra\" and \"Badger\", but the last of these has become the best known. ", "The Badger Books imprint was discontinued in 1967 although Spencer continued to produce a small number of books (often reprints) until the late 1970s.", "\n\nIn common with other \"pulp\" or mass-market publishers of the time, Badger Books focused on quantity rather than quality. ", "A new title in each of the major genres appeared each month, generally written to tight deadlines by low-paid authors. ", "One of the most remarkable facts about Badger Books is that much of its outputs was produced by just two authors (using a range of house names and other pseudonyms): John Glasby (over 300 novels and short stories) and Lionel Fanthorpe (over 200 novels and stories).", "\n\nThe company was based at 131 Brackenbury Road, Hammersmith. ", "It ran on a shoestring with Mr Assael overseeing everything. ", "The accounts were overseen by Assaels partner Maurice Nahum. ", "Employees numbered only three, all young men. ", "One worked in the office with Nahum and the other two packed books. ", "David Andersen (the source of this information) worked for this company between 1961 and 1963 mostly in the office with Maurice Nahum.", "\n\nGenres\nThe bulk of Badger Books' output fell into five genres as follows:\n\nWesterns, published as \"Lariat Westerns\" (LW-1 to LW-77) and \"Blazing Westerns\" (BW-1 to B-60). ", "Many of these novels appeared under the house name \"Chuck Adams\", which was used by John Glasby and others. ", "At least two of the Chuck Adams books, and several of the other western titles, were written by E. C. Tubb, who later became better known as a science fiction author.", "\nWar stories (WW-1 to WW-163). ", "Generally set during the Second World War, most of these novels were written by John Glasby using a wide range of pseudonyms.", "\nRomance novels (RS-1 to RS-40). ", "The bulk of these were written by John Glasby under the pseudonym of D. K. Jennings.", "\nSupernatural tales (SN-1 to SN-109). ", "Most of these books were written by Lionel Fanthorpe under a variety of pseudonyms. ", "Unlike the other series (which are all novels), the SN books started out as anthologies of short stories. ", "Novels started to appear as \"Supernatural Specials\" with issues 29, 32 and 35, and then all the even-numbered issues from SN-40 onwards.", "\nScience Fiction (SF-1 to SF-118). ", "Like the SN series, the SF books were mainly written by Lionel Fanthorpe, with a few contributions by John Glasby and others. ", "Several of these books appeared under the house name of \"John E. Muller\", which was used by both Fanthorpe and Glasby.", "\n\nIn addition to these five main genres, there were several other short-lived series such as Crime stories (CS-1 to CS-13) and Spy stories (SP-1 to SP-6). ", "The latter books, dating from 1965 to 1967, were intended to \"cash-in\" on the then-current James Bond craze. ", "All six of the Spy books were written by John Glasby under the pseudonym of Manning K. Robertson.", "\n\nFurther reading\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n John Spencer & Co., Internet Speculative Fiction Database\n Wiki\n John Spencer, philsp.com\n\nCategory:British speculative fiction publishers\nCategory:Science fiction publishers\nCategory:Pulp fiction\nCategory:Publishing companies established in 1960\nCategory:British companies established in 1960" ]

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[ "/* Template for the remote job exportation interface to GNU Make.", "\nCopyright (C) 1988-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\nThis file is part of GNU Make.", "\n\nGNU Make is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the\nterms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software\nFoundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later\nversion.", "\n\nGNU Make is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY\nWARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR\nA PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the GNU General Public License for more details.", "\n\nYou should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with\nthis program. ", " If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. ", " */\n\n#include \"makeint.h\"\n#include \"filedef.h\"\n#include \"job.h\"\n#include \"commands.h\"\n\n\n/* Call once at startup even if no commands are run. ", " */\n\nvoid\nremote_setup (void)\n{\n}\n\n/* Called before exit. ", " */\n\nvoid\nremote_cleanup (void)\n{\n}\n\f\n/* Return nonzero if the next job should be done remotely. ", " */\n\nint\nstart_remote_job_p (int first_p UNUSED)\n{\n return 0;\n}\n\f\n/* Start a remote job running the command in ARGV,\n with environment from ENVP. ", " It gets standard input from STDIN_FD. ", " On\n failure, return nonzero. ", " On success, return zero, and set *USED_STDIN\n to nonzero if it will actually use STDIN_FD, zero if not, set *ID_PTR to\n a unique identification, and set *IS_REMOTE to zero if the job is local,\n nonzero if it is remote (meaning *ID_PTR is a process ID). ", " */\n\nint\nstart_remote_job (char **argv UNUSED, char **envp UNUSED, int stdin_fd UNUSED,\n int *is_remote UNUSED, pid_t *id_ptr UNUSED,\n int *used_stdin UNUSED)\n{\n return -1;\n}\n\f\n/* Get the status of a dead remote child. ", " Block waiting for one to die\n if BLOCK is nonzero. ", " Set *EXIT_CODE_PTR to the exit status, *SIGNAL_PTR\n to the termination signal or zero if it exited normally, and *COREDUMP_PTR\n nonzero if it dumped core. ", " Return the ID of the child that died,\n 0 if we would have to block and !", "BLOCK, or < 0 if there were none. ", " */\n\nint\nremote_status (int *exit_code_ptr UNUSED, int *signal_ptr UNUSED,\n int *coredump_ptr UNUSED, int block UNUSED)\n{\n errno = ECHILD;\n return -1;\n}\n\n/* Block asynchronous notification of remote child death.", "\n If this notification is done by raising the child termination\n signal, do not block that signal. ", " */\nvoid\nblock_remote_children (void)\n{\n return;\n}\n\n/* Restore asynchronous notification of remote child death.", "\n If this is done by raising the child termination signal,\n do not unblock that signal. ", " */\nvoid\nunblock_remote_children (void)\n{\n return;\n}\n\n/* Send signal SIG to child ID. ", " Return 0 if successful, -1 if not. ", " */\nint\nremote_kill (pid_t id UNUSED, int sig UNUSED)\n{\n return -1;\n}\n" ]

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[ "Remote access\n\nRemote access may refer to:\n\n Connection to a data-processing system from a remote location, for example, through a remote access service or virtual private network\n Remote desktop software, software allowing applications to run remotely on a server while displaying graphical output locally\n Terminal emulation, when used to interface with a remote system. ", "May use standard tools like:\n telnet, – software used to interact over a network with a computer system\n ssh – secure shell: often used with remote applications\n Activation of features of a business telephone system from outside the business's premises\n RemoteAccess, a DOS-based bulletin-board system\n Remote Database Access, a protocol standard for database access\n Remote Access (film), a 2004 Russian drama film\n\nSee also \n Remote (disambiguation)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Matisse: Master Cuts\n\nAs a new exhibition opens at the Tate Modern, Rachel Spence traces the history of Matisse's cut-outs\n\nLa Chapelle du Rosaire, in the hilltop village of Vence, 10 miles north of Nice, is the last masterpiece of the great French artist Henri Matisse. ", "Inside, he painted the tiled walls with an austere theatre of Christian figures. ", "But the real protagonist is the light from the stained-glass windows, transforming mosaics of citrus-yellow algae and azure cactus leaves into effulgent jigsaw puzzles. ", "On the afternoon I visit, the hues have the clarity of jewels: sapphire, emerald, citrine. ", "Yet early in the morning, I am told, the green softens to a milky eau-de-Nil, while yellow conjures a tropical sun.", "\n\nUnveiled in 1951, the chapel was designed by Matisse when he was in his eighties. ", "Its modernity, which shocked many at the time, was the vision of an artist who knew that it was his last chance to push his imagination. ", "Yet the chapel was also the fruit of a new technique. ", "Too frail to paint without discomfort, he had cast around in the early 1940s for a method to express himself with no loss of power. ", "He found it through cutting out painted papers.", "\n\nFor Matisse, the practice was a way of ‘making my colours sing without… rules and taboos’. ", "The use of paper liberated him from the history of painting, with its lineage of Old Masters and discipline.", "\n\nThis spring, Tate Modern is devoting an exhibition to Matisse Cut-Outs, bringing together 120 of them, from the cover he designed for the arts magazine Verve in 1937 to his final efforts in 1953. ", "Among them will be cut-outs for the chapel windows.", "\n\nBorn in Le Cateau-Cambrésis in north-eastern France in 1869, Matisse had been travelling towards the découpages all his life. ", "He exploded onto the Parisian stage in the early years of the 20th century as one of the Fauves – painters who used colour so forcefully, they were likened to wild beasts. ", "By the 1920s, he had become the only painter in France to rival Picasso. ", "Yet, unlike the Spaniard, who excavated his subjects to reveal their essences, Matisse was a master of surface, obsessed with unity between colour and line.", "\n\nHis canvases saw him hailed as Modernism’s prince of harmony, yet the act of painting was always a trauma. ", "He once said that at the age of 70, he still felt the desire to murder someone before he started a picture. ", "The cut-outs brought him release. ", "He described them as ‘the graphic, linear equivalent of the sensation of flight’. ", "When he carved, he entered a ‘cosmic space in which I was no more aware of walls than a fish in the sea’.", "\n\nHis early encounters with the medium were functional. ", "Back in 1931, struggling to balance the rhythms of a mural, The Dance, for a Philadelphia collector, Albert C Barnes, he hired a house painter to cover paper sheets and asked his assistant to cut and pin them on the wall. ", "Never intended to be part of the final work, the papers were a new way to explore colour, shape and architectural space.", "\n\nFor the next decade, Matisse would reach for his scissors when the structure of a painting defied him. ", "In 1943, with the Côte d’Azur expecting Allied bombs, he and his longtime assistant Lydia Delectorskaya left the Excelsior Regina Palace in Nice, their home since 1938. ", "They took refuge in Villa Le Rêve, a mansion in Vence. ", "With his eyesight vulnerable, Matisse closed the villa’s shutters.", "\n\nAdvertisement - Continue Reading Below\n\nDeprived of the light that had been his quasi-Vesuvian power, he started to cut in earnest. ", "The result was Jazz: arguably the finest artist’s book ever made, published in 1947 by Tériade as a series of pochoirs (stencils). ", "At Tate, not only will two early editions be on view, but also some of the original Matisse cut-outs, alongside the painter’s handwritten text. ", "Most renowned is The Fall of Icarus. ", "Both corpse and angel, the white figure floats against a black slab framed by midnight blue with daffodil-yellow stars.", "\n\nThe end of the war signalled Matisse’s moment to unleash his new work. ", "He knew the cut-outs made ideal preparatory designs for mass-produced imagery, yet was diffident at the idea of the production process. ‘", "I know that these things should remain as they are,’ he said, fearing that they would lose their ‘charm’ when they were reproduced. ", "Some works, such as the Blue Nude series of 1952 – three of which are in the Tate show – remained in their paper incarnation. ", "Others were surrendered to make way for books, ceramics, stained glass and screen prints.", "\n\nYet those last years saw Matisse devoted to his own inner deity. ", "For days he sat in bed, paper blooming from his fingers, while a team of indefatigable assistants pinned them around his walls.", "\n\nIn his quest for rhythm, tempo and contrast, he referred to cut-outs as similar to music and dance. ", "In a final interview, he compared himself to the violinist Eugène Ysaÿe as he played a Mozart sonata at the end of his life. ‘", "It seemed as if only the essence of each musical phrase remained. ", "He appeared to be playing for nobody but himself.’", "\n\nSign up to the bazaar newsletters now:\n\nPlease tick here if you would like to opt out of the Harper’s Bazaar Beauty Bulletin Newsletter.", "\nHearst: We will also let you know about discounts and great offers from us, tick this box if you'd rather not know about these.", "\nHearst Partners: would like to let you know about some of their fantastic discounts, special offers, and promotions. ", "We promise you wont be bombarded. ", "Tick here if you would like to receive these." ]

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[ "The most significant automotive launch of 2018 will not be a car, but the fulfilment of the dream for the brand conceived 88 years ago by a young Battista Farina. ", "This week Mike Hanlon spoke with Automobili Pininfarina's Chief Design Officer, Luca Borgogno and Chief Executive Officer, Michael Perschke, who were hosting the North American brand launch at a private event at the Wagner Hotel in New York.", "\n\nThe pair revealed never-before-seen designs and offered unprecedented access to the company's philosophy and product road map, along with details of the first of a product line of sustainable luxury electric cars it will be revealing in 2019, and releasing in 2020.", "\n\nNew automobile brand launches have become ever more plentiful in recent years as the digital tools have emerged to manifest and test every part of a car inside a computer, at a fraction of what such engineering would once have cost.", "\n\nDesign sketch Automobili Pininfarina PF0 Automobili Pininfarina\n\nHaving a scalpel does not make one a brain surgeon however, and the most significant automotive launch of 2018 will not be a car, but the final dream for the brand conceived 88 years ago by a young Battista Farina. ", "Battista was the tenth of eleven children, and his nickname, \"Pinin\", referred to his being the baby of the family.", "\n\nWhen he opened his own coachbuilding company, that name would become known globally, so much so that he changed his surname to Pininfarina in 1961.", "\n\nPininfarina has designed and developed cars for most of the world's largest automobile manufacturers, and many of its early designs are now worth tens of millions on the auction block. ", "The thought of what can be created by a company with such extensive experience in exquisite design is indeed tantalizing.", "\n\nAutomobili Pininfarina's Chief Design Officer Luca Borgogno and Chief Executive Officer, Michael Perschke at the Formula E Grand Prix in New York this week. ", "Automobili Pininfarina\n\n\"We can relate to Pininfarina a little bit like Elon Musk would relate to Nikola Tesla,\" says Automobili Pininfarina's Chief Executive Officer, Michael Perschke, a veteran of 14 years in management at Volkswagen and nine years at Audi.", "\n\n\"Pininfarina SPA went through many phases, including contractual manufacturing, vehicle development, design and engineering … but what we are doing right now is what Battista Pininfarina had in mind when he began his company in 1930: to build his own brand of vehicle.\"", "\n\n\"He wanted his name on the front and the back of cars, not just the side.\"", "\n\nBattista Pininfarina, Enzo Ferrari and Sergio Pininfarina circa 1955 Ferrari\n\nAutomobili Pininfarina may seem to be a brand with an 88-year heritage, but it is a start-up. ", "It comes with the massive body of work, knowledge and philosophy that constitutes the Pininfarina design heritage, and it is backed by a $20.7 billion investor in Mahindra Group, but it is a digital start-up as much as any spawned in Silicon Valley.", "\n\nRemarkably though, it begins with a globally recognizable name with all the right brand values. ", "It is a name associated with timeless elegance, superb functionality, elite luxury, and its most famous and successful client has ensured the name is recognizable by anyone who has ever admired a Ferrari.", "\n\nEnzo Ferrari and Sergio Pininfarina pictured together on the wall of the Ferrari museum in Maranello. ", "Ferrari\n\nOnly a handful of production Ferrari models since 1950 have not been styled by Pininfarina. ", "The rest of Automobili Pininfarina though, is beginning with a clean sheet, and in a world beset by digital disintermediation, that looks like a considerable advantage as there are no legacy models, business, sales, process or any other form of old world detritus to bury.", "\n\nMahindra's ingenious hero brand strategy\n\nIt is also a most ingenious new way for an automobile company to create a premium brand.", "Pininfarina SPA was purchased by Indian conglomerate Mahindra Group in December, 2015.", "\n\nAt the brand launch of Automobili Pininfarina (from left to right) Michael Perschke, Anand Mahindra, Paolo Pininfarina, Pawan Goenka Automobili Pininfarina\n\nAs the automotive arm of Mahindra Group, Mahindra & Mahindra is India's 17th largest company, but that might be misleading, as other Mahindra subsidiaries such as Kotak Mahindra Bankand Tech Mahindraare also ranked in the top 50 companies.", "\n\nMahindra & Mahindra makes cars, commercial vehicles and motorcycles and it has a large and growing share of the world's largest accessible single market at its fingertips.", "\n\nThe massive company is on a steep growth trajectory as the penetration of automobiles in India is still just getting started at 50 cars per 1,000 population. ", "That's the same penetration of cars that America had in 1916, and with a home market of 1.35 billion people, and a global market becoming increasingly available due to the efficiencies of manufacturing in unprecedented volume, reliable sales growth seems assured. ", "The cash it has stockpiled and is currently generating means it can fund any acquisition deemed necessary for the future health of the company.", "\n\nThe new Automobili Pininfarina logo Automobili Pininfarina\n\nLike most car companies, it has long wanted a flagship name – a premium brand to add undisputed credibility to the company and it initially gave serious consideration to purchasing one, actually bidding for Aston Martin, Volvo and Jaguar Land Rover before pulling out.", "\n\nThe Pininfarina logo Pininfarina\n\nCreating premiums brands from proletarian brands is not new. ", "Nissan did it with Infiniti, Toyota did it with Lexus, and Honda did it with Acura, but it took a long time and a lot of money for those brands to become established.", "\n\nBuying historical brand names and reviving them is also an established methodology. ", "BMW did it with Rolls Royce and Volkswagen did it with Bentley and Bugatti (despite owning Lamborghini and Porsche) and Daimler Benz did with Maybach.", "\n\nThe Mahindra Racing Formula E Team Mahindra Racing\n\nNow Mahindra is doing it in a very clever way, spinning a luxury car company out of Pininfarina, which it purchased for just €33 million three years ago. ", "By comparison to Volkswagen's expenditure on rebuilding the Bugatti name, the purchase of Pininfarina was almost insignificant.", "\n\nDaimler Benz similarly spent oodles on reviving the Maybach name before finally giving up. ", "Just to add the perfect ingredients to the mix, Mahindra already has a competitive Formula E team, and with the track record and elite clientele of Pininfarina well established, there's incredible potential and rock solid credibility before we have seen anything more than a design sketch.", "\n\n\"My job is really to build the company from a commercial point of view and a brand point of view,\" Perschke told NewAtlas, \"and Luca's job is to build it from an aesthetics and design point of view, of course in very close collaboration with Pininfarina Spa, but at the same time, we are creating our very own identity.\"", "\n\n\"Pininfarina has always been a B2B company, selling industrial design to car companies, yacht companies, bike companies, even to property development and furniture companies. ", "We will only market Pininfarina-branded products which happen to be cars, but at the end of the day they will be super beautiful luxury items.\"", "\n\nThis year, Automobili Pininfarina will privately show its initial design model of the PF0 (that's PF Zero) during Monterey Car Week in late August to the elite clientele who will be the company's first customers. ", "The PF0 is billed as the world's first sustainable luxury hypercar.", "\n\nThe raw numbers read thus: 2000 bhp of peak power, a 0-100 km/h (0-62 mph) time of under 2 seconds, 0-300 km/h (0-186 mph) time of about 12 seconds, a top speed of more than 400 km/h (250 mph), and almost a 500 km (310 mi) battery range.", "\n\nDesign sketch Automobili Pininfarina PF0 Automobili Pininfarina\n\nAlready the order books look promising. \"", "We expect that we will make somewhere between 100 and 150 PF0s, because we have had some very encouraging enquiries,\" says Perschke. \"", "We're saying not more than 35 to 40 cars to the United States, around 35 to Europe, 20 to 25 to the Middle East, and another 20 to 30 to the far East … Asia and China. ", "We will only be offering the car in a Left Hand Drive version, so that limits some markets which will not allow registration, or only allow very special registration.\"", "\n\nAutomobili Pininfarina CEO, Michael Perschke Automobili Pininfarina\n\nIs there scope for Automobili Pininfarina to build vehicles beyond the four-wheeled car?", "\n\n\"Let's say for the time being, say the next two to three cars, we are looking at cars. ", "You've already seen the design sketches we're about to release today and the first car is going to be hypercar for very good reasons.\"", "\n\n\"Pininfarina has already done 64 car designs for Ferrari, so we think the car and the claim to fame should be on top of a pyramid of automotive engineering and design.", "\n\n\"The next car is probably going to have more of a sporting lifestyle body style and beyond that … say five or more years down the line, there can be further potential for very innovative products ... we're not looking right now at anything with two wheels, and the two-wheeler market is not something we intend to do short term.", "\n\n\"There are some bicycles that have been branded by Pininfarina but that's Pininfarina acting as a design company.", "We are not looking at motorcycles. ", "For the time being, our products will have four wheels, but medium to long term, anything is possible. ", "In the short term, we want to create a luxury, sustainable car company.\"", "\n\nWhat types of vehicles will follow the PF0 Hypercar?", "\n\n\"It isn't an SUV as has been reported, so let's call them sport activity vehicles or maybe electric experience cars. ", "More for experience driving and less for pure track driving. ", "It will have a certain utility attached to it which is beyond purely a two-seater.\"", "\n\nWill autonomous capability or passenger limousines be part of the brand's future?", "\n\n\"Our brand positioning and the first phase of vehicles we are going to bring to the market are predominantly targeted for an owner, self driving mode … we are not at all looking at car-sharing services or self-driving lounges … at least not until maybe 2023, 24, 25.\"", "\n\n\"The hypercar will probably have level 2, plus or minus, capability on board,\" says Perschke. ", "By way of explanation, Level 1 autonomy is essentially driver assistance, and Level 2 is partial automation in that the car can steer, accelerate, and brake in certain circumstances. ", "Level 2 examples include Audi Traffic Jam Assist, Cadillac Super Cruise, Mercedes-Benz Driver Assistance Systems.", "\n\nLevel 3 involves conditional automation, where in the right conditions, the vehicle can manage most aspects of driving, including monitoring the conditions, and could prompt the driver to to take over at any time. ", "Audi's Traffic Jam Pilot is an example of this.", "\n\n\"We're thinking that the hypercar doesn't need Level 3\", says Perschke, \"because the people who buy such cars want to use the car for fun, and if they want autonomous mode, these people will have plenty of other cars in the garage to choose from.\"", "\n\n\"From our second car onwards, I think we'll be looking definitely at Level 3 capabilities.\"", "\n\nAutomobili Pininfarina's brand ambassador will be Mahindra Racing's Nick Heidfeld. ", "Mahindra Racing\n\nWill you need to have the skills of Nick Heidfeld to be able to drive it near its capabilities?", "\n\n\"I think for the owners of the first car, we'll have customers do a handover exercise with Nick Heidfeld because the PF0 will take you from standstill to 300 km/h so quickly that it is very similar to what happens when an F-16 jet fighter aircraft begins accelerating down the runway. ", "We're thinking that there is a benefit to getting some instruction and tuition from Nick on how to use it safely and appropriately. ", "All the cars beyond the first car, I don't think you'll need advanced driving instruction as much as having someone like Nick teach you a few tricks on how to get the maximum fun out of the car.\"", "\n\nFerrari does a lot more than just sell you a car, offering exclusive experience programs, track days and much more. ", "Is that going to become part of your offerings?", "\n\n\"Definitely, medium to long term. ", "Similar to Ferrari, and I don't really want to compare us to Ferrari, but we also have a racing team attached to us. ", "It doesn't have the same branding, but it is a sister company, so we can also provide some experiences around Formula E racing, and around Formula E racetracks. ", "So we do intend to develop some exclusive and very compelling experiences, but it takes time to develop these programs and we have until the end of 2020 to bake that program and do something special for our customers.", "\n\nHow much is the software part of a car now?", "\n\nLuca: \"Our car will have many possibilities that an internal combustion engine car cannot have. ", "We will have torque vectoring that is beyond the level of anything that is on the road right now because we will have an individual engine for each wheel … that doesn't mean we will have in-wheel motors … that takes the torque vectoring into a totally different league from a performance and safety viewpoint. ", "We will offer a driving experience that is another level beyond any car on the road right now.\"", "\n\nMichael: \"There are many different software and application levels. ", "There is a software element between the sensors and the driving, and there is also the integration of connectivity into the car, and there's also the integration of your consumer instrument (he holds up his smartphone), and the features and the elements and the profiles, and then of course there are many other aspects which are in the making.", "\n\n\"We don't want to reinvent the wheel, so we will look also at partnerships rather than having hundreds of engineers doing our own software programming. ", "We have had some interesting discussions with companies like Google, which has an operating system known as Android Auto, and we're having discussions with Salesforce.com to integrate personalization eco-systems and we see ourselves very much on the forefront in that we don't exist just to create our own proprietary systems, we want to integrate consumer electronics as much as possible, and optimize the usage of your personal phone with all its apps and features, rather than asking you, the user, to embed yourself into another environment, that is not compatible with your phone and home environment.\"", "\n\nMate Rimac (right) and Porsche's Lutz Meschke Porsche\n\nCroatian company RIMAC is rumored to be involved in the development of the PF0. ", "Is that correct?", "\n\n\"Mate Rimac is a friend of ours, a good friend of our brand, and yes we do talk. ", "As was reported in the media, RIMAC just gained even more credibility with Porsche taking a 10 percent share in his company, and they have some very unique capabilities.\"", "\n\n\"We know their drive train and battery pack very well, and it could be, and that's a very big could, that we will use a number of their components in our car,\" said Perschke, essentially confirming the rumors.", "\n\nAccordingly, the components pictured above, being the two front and two rear electric motors from the C-Two, the rear motors with gearbox and the RIMAC battery pack, are quite likely to be seen again when we see the PF0 in the flesh at the Geneva Motor Show in March, 2019.", "\n\nIt would appear that the componentry that has already been announced by RIMAC for its C Two electric hypercar marries up well with the specifications of the Automobili Pininfarina PF0's specifications, as both cars have almost identical performance figures quoted.", "\n\nFormula E is taking motorsport back into the center of cities and attracting a new audience Formula E\n\nThere are obviously many synergies with Mahindra's Formula E team. ", "Where does Formula E sit compared to Formula 1 in your thinking?", "\n\n\"If you look at the viewership on TV, if you look at the advertising spend, if you look at the number of manufacturers exiting Formula One and entering Formula E ... I wouldn't say Formula One is a dying format, but it has been curated for somebody who created the series to collect a lot of money from brands to bring them together to a circuit, neglecting the viewers and the audience. ", "It is pretty much a brand play, but less of a viewer play.\"", "\n\n\"If you go to a Formula E event, it is much more family oriented, it is more interactive with the audience, you can tweet, you can boost, you can involve your audience into the race … so I think Formula E is taking it to a level where you can engage the guys who come from the Playstation and other gaming platforms, and who like to be engaged with a connected series.\"", "\n\n\"There's the potential to have a lot more interaction between the driver and the audience and the media. ", "We live in digital times, and I think that Formula E is simply more relevant, because it is much more a digital format. ", "It has an offline aspect that can be super amazing, but there is also a connection between the digital elements and the offline happening.\" ", "Michael Perchke, CEO, Automobili Pininfarina. ", "Automobili Pininfarina.", "\n\n\"There's the potential to have a lot more interaction between the driver and the audience and the media. ", "We live in digital times, and I think that Formula E is simply more relevant, because it is much more a digital format. ", "It has an offline aspect that can be super amazing, but there is also a connection between the digital elements and the offline happening.\"", "\n\n\"By contrast, the Formula One Club, from an age and from a mindset point of view, is a little bit old school. ", "If you are a brand and you are entering Formula One now, for me, that statement means you are stuck with internal combustion engines. ", "If you are entering Formula E, you are saying 'I am thinking about the future.", "'Formula E is probably not yet equally as exciting as Formula One, but it is definitely the more inclusive of the two series.", "\n\n\"If you look at what happened in Zurich last month, Formula E became the first motorsport event held in Switzerland for 63 years, and 180,000 people watched the race. ", "With Formula E taking motorsport back into the center of cities, it is attracting a new audience and people who might not exactly be interested in Formula One, can get excited about Formula E. It is zero emissions and it is much less noisy.", "\n\n\"So we need to think about where we will be in 10, 15, 20 years, and I think that by then, Formula E will be what Formula One was ten years ago.\"", "\n\n\"Today, we still have most of the drivers in Formula E being ex-F1 drivers, but we will soon have heroes in Formula E who don't have a legacy in combustion engines, and have graduated from E-karting into Formula E. One day, and we've seen it beginning to happen already, drivers will graduate from Playstation straight into offline racing at the highest levels, more like the Tron story.\"", "\n\nAt the brand launch of Automobili Pininfarina Automobili Pininfarina\n\nAutomobili Pininfarina is already a sponsor of Mahindra's Formula E team. ", "Do you forsee becoming the primary brand?", "\n\n\"We have had some good discussions (he laughs). ", "Unfortunately my colleague from the Mahindra Formula E team is judged by the advertising money he collects, and I am too stingy with my budgets to consider that just yet.", "\n\n\"The first race marketing expenditure we will do is with Nick Heidfeld and he is going to be our ambassador for our race-to-road story from a technology point of view, and then the branding will be coming … (he smiles again) … after.\"", "\n\nThe raw numbers: 2000 bhp, 0-100 kmh under 2 seconds, 0-300 kmh in 12 seconds, top speed over 400 kmh, almost 500 km battery range and €2 million ... are those figures accurate?", "\n\n\"They are more or less correct. ", "Please allow us to be plus or minus 0.01 seconds on some of those because we're definitely challenging the laws of physics, but those are the numbers we want to achieve. ", "Hopefully, we land on the dot, which we'll see in the next couple of months when we do the dynamic testing.\"", "\n\nWhat levels of customization will be offered with the PF0?", "\n\n\"We have the capabilities ourselves to offer complete customization of the cars, but if we come to the limit of our capabilities and a customer wants something we cannot provide internally, there is a one-off department of Pininfarina Spa that can take it to the next level, so … will there be a spyder? ", "Maybe. ", "Will there be a monoposto? ", "It's not planned but … (he shrugs) … fair enough, if people want a monoposto … these are things we will need to address as we come down the road, but will we have a carbon package for sure. ", "Will we have infinite colors and visualization and contrast stitching and your choice of the brake caliper colors ... of course … lots of individualization is possible because at the end of the day it is no different to how our clients customize their jet, helicopter, yacht or mansion.\"", "\n\nExactly what will happen at Pebble Beach in August?", "\n\nPebble Beach will be the first time the dynamic model of the PF0 will be shown. ", "We are currently recruiting very experienced luxury retailers here in the United States and Canada, who will have the exclusive right to nominate a select number of their clients to join us at Pebble Beach, and we're expecting 150 to 180 serious prospects there to see the car, so we're quite confident that post Pebble Beach, post Europe and post Middle East and Asia, we'll clock in quite a serious number of reservations for the PF0.\"", "\n\n\"We're quite confident that when we present the car to the public in March next year, that the connoisseurs will know the product pretty well already. ", "Right now, we have people coming to our web site asking what they need to provide as evidence that they should be considered as serious buyers.", "\n\n… and exactly what is that criteria?", "\n\n\"As an idea, maybe it would be having 10 to 20 Ferraris in your collection already. ", "We're seeking people who are already associated with the Pininfarina brand and who have a compatible mindset … people who have an affinity with sustainability and future technology.", "\n\nHow is the launch of Automobili Pininfarina going to affect Pininfarina's relationship with Ferrari?", "\n\n\"That is why we have two very separate companies. ", "Automobili Pininfarina will use Pininfarina SPA just like any other automotive company does. ", "It will be an arm's length relationship. ", "We know them, they are a sister company, but we will have Chinese walls between us and them because of what they do for other brands in regards to design, and we have to pay them equally as does any other client.", "\n\n\"Ferrari is one of those clients, but so are many other automotive companies, and that is how it has been for 88 years. ", "It's similar to Porsche Engineering, which supports brands that are nearly competing brands to Porsche AG. ", "We need to be very professional. ", "My colleague at Pininfarina Spa knows that this is in some ways a balancing act, but at the same time, he knows that I can become one of his largest clients so … you know, I think we're getting it right at the moment.\"", "\n\nWe've seen the conceptual sketches. ", "What are your primary inspirations for the PF0?", "\n\n\"We want to do something that becomes a part of the legacy of the Pininfarina history. ", "Not only the cars that Pininfarina has made for Ferrari in the past, but the cars that are related to other brands as well. ", "There are a number of cars that come to mind straight away as being the biggest inspiration for the PF0.\"", "\n\nThe 512S Modulo was a concept car developed by Pininfarina in 1970 and was cited by Luca Borgogno, Chief Design Officer at Automobili Pininfarina as one of the primary inspirations for the forthcoming PF0 Hypercar. ", "The original concept car has been purchased by James Glickenhaus and completely restored by his company, Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus (pictured middle right) and will be shown at Pebble Beach in August, 2018. ", "Pininfarina and Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus\n\n\"The first is the 512S Modulo, a concept car developed in Pininfarina in 1970.\"", "\n\n\"One of the biggest inspirations we always have is the Cisitalia 202 from 1947. ", "There will be an example in Pebble Beach as a show car to illustrate our heritage. ", "The Cisitalia 202 is a car that perfectly embodies the concept of timeless beauty, which is something that we really want to apply to our cars.\" ", "Luca Borgogno, Chief Design Officer , Automobili Pininfarina Pininfarina\n\n\"One of the biggest inspirations we always have is the Cisitalia 202 from 1947. ", "There will be an example in Pebble Beach as a show car to illustrate our heritage. ", "The Cisitalia 202 is a car that perfectly embodies the concept of timeless beauty, which is something that we really want to apply to our cars.\"", "\n\n\"We don't want to overexaggerate our design. ", "We want to link as much as possible to the heritage, and make it work in harmony, functionality and beauty. ", "The Cisitalia was a car that embodied those aspects, and it was really ahead of the times even if now it looks a little bit dated, and with that kind of surface treatment, it anticipated everything that came in the sixties and even later on.\"", "\n\n\"Ideally, what we envisage, is that the PF0 will in 20 to 25 years, will become a very interesting modern classic car in the history books of modern car design for super and hyper cars. ", "That's the inspiration we have: applying modern technologies and modern business models but yet creating timeless masterpieces that our initial clients will definitely value very much.\"", "\n\n\"This is a tipping point, in making EV technology ready for the supercar league, and becoming one of the first to apply that, and to challenge the traditional combustion engine manufacturers in the supercar segment." ]

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[ "Pages\n\nFriday, December 09, 2016\n\nMother... - restaurant review\n\nFood, nurturing and sustenance seems so synonymous with mother (or parent) that even if an adult is talked to in a patronizing motherly (parentally) tone he or she is going to give in, specially when it comes to delicious food.", "\n\nMy friend chose this restaurant 'Mother' located on K street between 10th and 11th street and even before I entered to meet my friend, I saw this board and I knew its a perfect place to eat food and besides, someone please tell me, how do I refuse to go in after reading that sign...\nThe food at Mother's was simple and delicious and oh! ", "I forgot to mention, its all vegetarian as in meatless, though they do have eggs and dairy products. ", "I loved the unfussy preparations and fresh tastes.", "\nMost items on the menu are seasonal and based on the selection I assume locally sourced as well.", "\n\nAbove here is a fresh green salad with heirloom tomatoes, peaches and a dollop of burrata cheese. ", "My friend let me take a bite of it and the freshness of the meal blew me away... I plan to try making this salad at home sometime soon.", "\n\nI ordered a bun-less nut burger and it was served on a bed of arugula and topped with caramelized onion. ", "I loved the slight crunch and nuttiness of the burger but wasn't too fan of the condiments, just commercially available mustard and ketchup... It could have been something imaginative :-)\n\nThis third dish that we ordered is a vegetable curry with eggplants, zucchini, mushrooms, etc. ", "served with brown rice and a freshly cracked egg like the bibimbap. ", "I of course tried a bite of the curry and it was wonderful and the vegetables were tender but not disintegrating, I'd call that perfection.", "\n\nI loved trying this new restaurant despite being a voracious meat eater and will definitely be back...\n\nMy Etsy Shop\n\nCopyright\n\nUnless otherwise stated, all words and photos on this blog are my own. ", "If you use a photo or words, please link back to this site to provide credit. ", "Under no circumstances, should the text of this blog be copied and re-posted elsewhere unless you have permission from me to do so." ]

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[ "J-S26035-19\n\n\nNON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37\n\n COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF\n : PENNSYLVANIA\n :\n v. :\n :\n :\n GINO ANTIDORMI :\n :\n Appellant : No. ", "640 EDA 2018\n\n Appeal from the PCRA Order January 24, 2018\n In the Court of Common Pleas of Wayne County Criminal Division at\n No(s): CP-64-CR-0000334-2011\n\n\nBEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., GANTMAN, P.J.E., and PELLEGRINI*, J.\n\nMEMORANDUM BY PELLEGRINI, J.: FILED JUNE 17, 2019\n\n Gino Antidormi (Antidormi) appeals pro se from the order of the Court\n\nof Common Pleas of Wayne County (PCRA court) dismissing in part and\n\ngranting in part his first petition filed pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief\n\nAct (PCRA), 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541-9546. ", "We affirm the PCRA court’s dismissal\n\nof Antidormi’s ineffective assistance of counsel claims but remand for\n\nresentencing.", "\n\n I.\n\n This Court summarized the underlying facts of Antidormi’s convictions\n\non direct appeal:\n\n [Antidormi] was arrested following a July 21, 2011 incident on Mill\n Brook Road in Cherry Ridge Township, Wayne County,\n Pennsylvania. ", "Early on that morning, Appellant and three other\n occupants of a PT Cruiser were driving in the area and shooting\n firearms out of the vehicle. ", "In the course of these events, a bullet\n was fired into a residence located at 87 Mill Brook Road. ", "Shortly\n____________________________________\n* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.", "\n\fJ-S26035-19\n\n\n thereafter, local residents blockaded the road with their own\n vehicles and forced the joyriders to abandon their vehicle and flee\n on foot. ", "The Pennsylvania State Police were alerted that same\n morning. ", " After investigating the abandoned vehicle and\n interviewing three individuals suspected of being involved in the\n incident—Cody Reck, William Christopher Harper, and Gary\n Stephen Burton II—the Pennsylvania State Police obtained an\n arrest warrant for [Antidormi] and the three interviewees that\n same day. ", "The firearms used in the incident were recovered near\n the abandoned vehicle on or about July 23, 2011.", "\n\nCommonwealth v. Antidormi, 84 A.3d 736, 743 (Pa. Super. ", "2014).", "\n\n Antidormi was charged with, among other offenses, Persons Not to\n\nPossess Firearms. ", "He proceeded to a jury trial on that offense and was found\n\nguilty. ", "After the verdict, Antidormi pleaded guilty to Recklessly Endangering\n\nAnother Person and Criminal Mischief and was later sentenced to an aggregate\n\nsix to thirteen years’ imprisonment. ", " This Court affirmed the judgment of\n\nsentence and our Supreme Court denied allowance of appeal.", "\n\n Antidormi filed a timely pro se PCRA petition.1 Counsel was appointed\n\nand filed an amended petition that raised ineffectiveness of counsel claims\n\n\n\n\n____________________________________________\n\n\n1 The Commonwealth argues that Antidormi’s pro se PCRA petition was\nuntimely. ", "Our Supreme Court denied allowance of appeal on July 7, 2014.", "\nAntidormi’s judgment of sentence became final on October 6, 2014, which was\nthe expiration of his 90 days to seek discretionary review in the United States\nSupreme Court. ", "See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(3). ", "Antidormi had a year to file\nhis PCRA petition within the date of his judgment becoming final. ", "See 42\nPa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1). ", "Antidormi filed his PCRA petition on October 5, 2015,\nmaking the petition timely.", "\n\n\n\n\n -2-\n\fJ-S26035-19\n\n\nand a challenge to Antidormi’s sentence for his firearms conviction.2 After an\n\nevidentiary hearing, the PCRA court denied the ineffectiveness claims but\n\ngranted relief on the sentencing claim.", "\n\n Before the PCRA court resentenced Antidormi, he filed a pro se notice of\n\nappeal.3 When he returned for resentencing, the court declined to do so\n\nbecause of his appeal. ", "Antidormi later requested to proceed pro se on appeal\n\nwhich the PCRA court granted after holding a hearing pursuant to\n\nCommonwealth v. Grazier, 713 A.2d 81 (Pa. 1998). ", "He now raises four\n\nissues for our review, three of which challenge the denial of his ineffectiveness\n\nclaims while the other requests that we remand for resentencing.4\n\n\n____________________________________________\n\n\n2 Antidormi’s sentencing claim was based on our Supreme Court’s decision in\nCommonwealth v. Hale, 128 A.3d 781 (Pa. 2015) (juvenile adjudications\ncannot be considered convictions for purposes of elevating firearms\npossession to a felony). ", "Because the grading of his firearms offense was\nbased in part on a felony juvenile adjudication, Antidormi argued that his\nfirearms conviction was illegally graded.", "\n\n3 Although still represented by counsel at the time, Antidormi’s pro se notice\nof appeal was docketed. ", "See Commonwealth v. Williams, 151 A.3d 621,\n623-24 (Pa. Super. ", "2016) (Superior Court must docket pro se notice of appeal\ndespite defendant being represented by counsel). ", "The Commonwealth argues\nthat this is an interlocutory appeal over which we lack jurisdiction because\nAntidormi has not yet been resentenced. ", "However, this Court has stated that\na “PCRA court’s order granting relief with regard to sentencing and denying\nall other claims is a final appealable order” even if resentencing has not yet\noccurred. ", "Commonwealth v. Grove, 170 A.3d 1127, 1138 (Pa. Super.", "\n2017).", "\n\n4“Our standard of review for issues arising from the denial of PCRA relief is\nwell-settled. ", "We must determine whether the PCRA court’s ruling is supported\n\n\n\n -3-\n\fJ-S26035-19\n\n\n II.", "\n\n Antidormi’s first three claims allege ineffective assistance of counsel.", "\n\nOur standard of review for such allegations is well-settled:\n\n It is well-established that counsel is presumed effective, and to\n rebut that presumption, the PCRA petitioner must demonstrate\n that counsel’s performance was deficient and that such deficiency\n prejudiced him. ", "To prevail on an ineffectiveness claim, the\n petitioner has the burden to prove that (1) the underlying\n substantive claim has arguable merit; (2) counsel whose\n effectiveness is being challenged did not have a reasonable basis\n for his or her actions or failure to act; and (3) the petitioner\n suffered prejudice as a result of counsel’s deficient performance.", "\n The failure to satisfy any one of the prongs will cause the entire\n claim to fail.", "\n\nCommonwealth v. Smith, 181 A.3d 1168, 1174-75 (Pa. Super. ", "2018)\n\n(citation omitted). ", "As to the prejudice prong, this Court has explained:\n\n it must be demonstrated that, absent counsel’s conduct, there is\n a reasonable probability that the outcome of the proceedings\n would have been different. ", "If it has not been demonstrated that\n counsel’s act or omission adversely affected the outcome of the\n proceedings, the claim may be dismissed on that basis alone, and\n the court need not first decide whether the first and second prongs\n have been met.", "\n\nCommonwealth v. Perez, 103 A.3d 344, 348 (Pa. Super. ", "2014) (internal\n\ncitations omitted).", "\n\n\n\n\n____________________________________________\n\n\nby the record and free of legal error.” ", "Commonwealth v. Bush, 197 A.3d\n285, 286-87 (Pa. Super. ", "2018) (citation omitted).", "\n\n\n -4-\n\fJ-S26035-19\n\n\n A.\n\n In his first claim, Antidormi argues that counsel was ineffective for failing\n\nto have his firearms charge dismissed before trial because the Commonwealth\n\ndid not establish a prima facie case for that offense at the preliminary hearing.", "\n\nIneffective assistance of counsel claims concerning a preliminary hearing are\n\ncognizable under the PCRA. ", "See Commonwealth v. Stultz, 114 A.3d 865,\n\n882 (Pa. Super. ", "2015). ", "However, such claims must still “[demonstrate] that\n\nthere is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s error, the outcome of\n\nthe proceeding would have been different.” ", "Commonwealth v. Pierce, 786\n\nA.2d 203, 213 (Pa. 2001). ", "Because he was convicted of the firearms offense,\n\nAntidormi cannot establish prejudice. ", "By definition, a prima facie case existed.", "\n\n“[O]nce a defendant has gone to trial and has been found guilty of the crime\n\nor crimes charged, any defect in the preliminary hearing is rendered\n\nimmaterial.” ", "Commonwealth v. Sanchez, 82 A.3d 943, 984 (Pa. 2013).", "\n\nFurther, we found sufficient evidence on direct appeal to support Antidormi’s\n\nconviction for the offense. ", " See Antidormi, 84 A.3d at 756-57 (finding\n\nCommonwealth presented sufficient evidence at trial to convict for Persons\n\nNot to Possess Firearms). ", "The claim thus fails.", "\n\n B.\n\n Next, Antidormi asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective for eliciting\n\notherwise inadmissible prior bad acts evidence during the cross-examination\n\n\n\n\n -5-\n\fJ-S26035-19\n\n\nof a Commonwealth witness. ", " To address this claim, we briefly review the\n\nbackground of Antidormi’s trial.", "\n\n Antidormi was originally represented by the Public Defender’s Office and\n\nentered a guilty plea but later withdrew his plea and requested a jury trial.", "\n\nDue to a conflict with his public defender, the trial court appointed new counsel\n\nand set dates for jury selection and trial. ", "After picking a jury with his court-\n\nappointed counsel, Antidormi retained private counsel three days before trial\n\nwas set to begin. ", "On the morning of trial, Antidormi’s new counsel entered\n\nhis appearance and requested a continuance but the trial court denied it. ", "As\n\na result, Antidormi proceeded to trial with his new trial counsel.", "\n\n At trial, the Commonwealth called several Pennsylvania State Police\n\ntroopers to testify as chain of custody witnesses. ", "Antidormi’s counsel asked\n\nall of these troopers whether any of them had ever seen Antidormi possess a\n\nfirearm. ", " All of them testified that they had not except for Trooper John\n\nStrelish. ", "During his cross-examination, the following exchange took place:\n\n Q: Have you ever seen [Antidormi], say, in the past year and\n a half in possession of a firearm?", "\n\n A: I don’t recall the last time I saw him in possession of a\n firearm, if it was a year and a half.", "\n\n Q: Well, obviously, if you saw him in possession of a firearm…\n\n A: I did see him in possession of a firearm in the past.", "\n\n Q: Did you ever see… did you arrest him?", "\n\n A: Yes, I arrested him.", "\n\n\n -6-\n\fJ-S26035-19\n\n\n Q: That’s not why we are here today, right?", "\n\n A: No.", "\n\n Q: But, since that time have you ever seen him in possession\n of a firearm?", "\n\n A: No.", "\n\nSee N.T., 7/16/12, AM Session—Part 2, at 26-27.", "\n\n At the PCRA evidentiary hearing, Antidormi’s counsel testified that he\n\naccepted the case under the assumption that the trial court would continue\n\nthe trial. ", "Because the trial court did not, counsel admitted that he made errors\n\nat trial due to lack of preparation, including asking Trooper Strelish about\n\npreviously arresting Antidormi. ", "See N.T., 8/29/17, at 29-30.", "\n\n Antidormi advances two different theories for counsel’s ineffectiveness.", "\n\nAntidormi first claims that counsel was ineffective for failing to move for\n\nmistrial or, in the alternative, request a curative instruction when Trooper\n\nStrelish testified about the previous arrest. ", " Antidormi also contends his\n\ncounsel was ineffective for eliciting that he was previously arrested on a\n\nfirearms charge. ", "We find neither theory availing and address them in turn.", "\n\n First, “[i]n general, a party may not object to improper testimony which\n\nhe himself elicits.” ", "Commonwealth v. Yarris, 549 A.2d 513, 525 (Pa. 1988);\n\nCommonwealth v. Puksar, 740 A.2d 219, 227 (Pa. 1999). ", "When defense\n\ncounsel elicits the improper testimony, a trial court’s denial of mistrial will be\n\nfound to be proper. ", "See Commonwealth v. Manley, 985 A.2d 256, 270-71\n\n(Pa. Super. ", "2009). ", " Antidormi’s counsel elicited the otherwise inadmissible\n\n -7-\n\fJ-S26035-19\n\n\ntestimony about him previously possessing a firearm and then specifically\n\nasked whether it resulted in an arrest. ", " Any motion for mistrial or, in the\n\nalternative, a curative instruction would have been improper. ", " Accordingly,\n\nthis theory of ineffectiveness lacks arguable merit.", "\n\n Further, we do not find that there is a reasonable probability that the\n\noutcome of the proceeding would have been different if Antidormi’s counsel\n\nhad not elicited the testimony about his prior arrest. ", "Once Trooper Strelish\n\nindicated that Antidormi had been previously arrested for a firearms offense,\n\ncounsel quickly withdrew from the exchange and did not dwell on the prior\n\narrest. ", "Moreover, although counsel opened the door to his prior arrest, the\n\nCommonwealth did not exploit it by asking Trooper Strelish about it on\n\nredirect. ", "The Commonwealth also did not comment on the prior arrest in its\n\nclosing argument even though Antidormi’s counsel’s closing highlighted the\n\ntestimony of the troopers who had never seen Antidormi possess a firearm.", "\n\n Antidormi nonetheless argues that this lone remark was prejudicial\n\nbecause it suggested that he had previously been arrested for the same\n\noffense. ", "For support, he cites Commonwealth v. Ford, 607 A.2d 764 (Pa.\n\nSuper. ", "1992), which involved a defendant charged with arson who moved for\n\nmistrial when a witness revealed that the defendant had previously been\n\ncharged with arson. ", "This Court held that the trial court should have declared\n\na mistrial. ", " See id. at 767. ", " But Antidormi fails to acknowledge that the\n\nprejudice standard for reviewing a denial of mistrial differs from that for\n\n\n -8-\n\fJ-S26035-19\n\n\nineffectiveness of counsel. ", " For mistrial, the prejudice inquiry focuses on\n\nwhether the defendant was deprived of a fair and impartial trial and whether\n\nthe Commonwealth intentionally elicited the remark. ", "In contrast, prejudice\n\nfor ineffectiveness of counsel focuses on whether there is a reasonable\n\nprobability that the outcome of the proceeding would have been different\n\nabsent counsel’s acts or omissions. ", "As a result, Ford is of little support to\n\nAntidormi’s claim of ineffectiveness.", "\n\n Further, Antidormi does not cite any case law under the PCRA involving\n\nthe circumstances involved in this case. ", "The closest that he comes to doing\n\nso is Commonwealth v. Wetzel, 419 A.2d 541 (Pa. 1980). ", " There, our\n\nSupreme Court found defense counsel ineffective for eliciting from the victim\n\nthat the defendant was on work release from jail when he committed the\n\noffense. ", "However, Wetzel was decided before the United States Supreme\n\nCourt’s decision in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), which\n\nestablished the prejudice standard for ineffectiveness claims, as well as our\n\nSupreme Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Pierce, 527 A.2d 973 (Pa.\n\n1987), which adopted the Strickland standard. ", " Under the applicable\n\nineffectiveness standard at the time Wetzel was decided, a petitioner needed\n\nto show only that counsel’s performance was “likely to have been\n\nprejudicial.” ", " Wetzel, 419 A.2d at 542 n.1. ", " Moreover, in contrast to\n\nAntidormi’s counsel, the defense attorney in Wetzel persisted in his\n\n\n\n\n -9-\n\fJ-S26035-19\n\n\nquestioning about the defendant’s incarceration, attempting to incorporate it\n\ninto his attack on the witness’s credibility.", "\n\n C.\n\n In his third and final ineffectiveness claim, Antidormi argues that\n\ncounsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the Commonwealth’s pretrial\n\nnotice of intent to admit evidence under Pa.R.E. 404(b) through the testimony\n\nof Roseann Caridad. ", "She testified at trial that she saw Antidormi in possession\n\nof guns shortly before this incident. ", " He argues that trial counsel was\n\nineffective for failing to (1) impeach Caridad with her prior crimen falsi\n\nconviction and (2) request that the jury be given a crimen falsi instruction.", "\n\nThis claim is unreviewable.", "\n\n “Any claim not raised in the PCRA petition is waived and not cognizable\n\non appeal.” ", "Commonwealth v. Washington, 927 A.2d 586, 601 (Pa. 2007);\n\nPa.R.A.P. 302 (“[I]ssues not raised in the lower court are waived and cannot\n\nbe raised for the first time on appeal.”). ", "Antidormi’s May 9, 2017 amended\n\nPCRA petition raised five ineffectiveness of counsel claims, none of which\n\nalleged prior counsel was ineffective regarding this matter. ", "Further, at the\n\nevidentiary hearing, Antidormi did not develop any testimony from his\n\nprevious attorneys about Roseann Caridad. ", "And finally, Antidormi’s brief in\n\n\n\n\n - 10 -\n\fJ-S26035-19\n\n\nsupport of the amended petition provided no argument as to Roseann\n\nCaridad.5 As a result, the claim is waived.", "\n\n III.", "\n\n In his last issue, Antidormi requests that this Court remand to the PCRA\n\ncourt for resentencing. ", " The PCRA court granted that relief but did not\n\nresentence Antidormi due to him filing a notice of appeal. ", " Under these\n\ncircumstances, we agree that a remand is warranted.", "\n\n Order affirmed. ", "Remanded for resentencing. ", "Jurisdiction relinquished.", "\n\nJudgment Entered.", "\n\n\n\n\nJoseph D. Seletyn, Esq.", "\nProthonotary\n\n\n\nDate: 6/17/19\n\n\n\n\n____________________________________________\n\n\n5 Antidormi, recognizing that this claim was not developed below, applied for\na remand before his brief was due. ", "We denied the application without\nprejudice. ", "Antidormi’s brief argues the merits of his claim as if preserved.", "\nBecause PCRA counsel did not present this issue in the amended petition, this\nthird issue is, in substance, an allegation of PCRA counsel ineffectiveness, i.e.,\nPCRA counsel ineffectively failed to pursue this claim in the amended petition.", "\nIt is well-settled that claims of PCRA counsel ineffectiveness cannot be raised\nfor the first time on appeal. ", "See Commonwealth v. Henkel, 90 A.3d 16, 20\n(Pa. Super. ", "2014) (en banc).", "\n\n - 11 -\n\f" ]

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[ "TP53 gene status and human papilloma virus infection in response to platinum plus taxane-based chemotherapy of epithelial ovarian carcinomas.", "\nLack of symptoms in early stages of disease and resistance to chemotherapy make epithelial ovarian carcinomas one of the most lethal neoplasms among gynaecological malignancies. ", "The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of TP53 mutations, codon 72 polymorphism and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection on the response to platinum-taxane combination chemotherapy in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinomas. ", "The study was conducted on 26 ovarian carcinoma patients who received carboplatin plus paclitaxel combination chemotherapy. ", "DNA was isolated by salting-out procedure. ", "Mutations in exons 4-8 of TP53 gene were detected by PCR-SSCP and confirmed by automatic DNA sequencing. ", "Codon 72 polymorphism was assessed by the RFLP method. ", "HPV infection was detected through amplification of one part of L1 viral gene. ", "Genotyping was performed by DNA sequencing. ", "Fisher's exact and log-rank tests were used for statistical analysis. ", "TP53 mutations were present in 5/26 (19.2%) ovarian carcinomas. ", "The distribution of codon 72 TP53 genotypes was: Arg/Arg 38.5%, Arg/Pro 50.0%, Pro/Pro 11.5%. ", "HPV was present in 4/26 (15.4%) ovarian carcinomas. ", "All HPV-positive tumors were HPV16 type. ", "Patients with mutations in TP53 gene, Arg/Arg genotype of codon 72 and absence of HPV infection experienced the highest tumor response rate to platinum-taxane chemotherapy. ", "However, no significant correlation between progression free interval (PFI) and the examined biomarkers was observed. ", "Our results indicate that, based on the TP53 gene status and the presence/absence of HPV infection, the subgroups of patients having better initial response to platinum-taxane therapy could be distinguished. ", "This might contribute to more adequate treatment and individual therapeutic approach." ]

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[ "Thursday, July 25, 2013\n\nOOPs\n\nFor example, I had a discussion with a colleague once on how to represent depth in an oil well for software we were writing. ", "I said “Let’s just use a number.”", "\n\ndouble depth;\n\nMy suggestion was laughed off as hopelessly crude. ", "We need to create depth objects! ", "And not just C++ objects, COM objects! ", "We couldn’t send a double out into the world without first wrapping it in the overhead of an object." ]

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[ "UNITED NATIONS (Reuters) - U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Nikki Haley accused Russia on Monday of “cheating” on U.N. sanctions on North Korea and said Washington has “evidence of consistent and wide-ranging Russian violations.”", "\n\nSlideshow ( 5 images )\n\nThe showdown between the United States and Russia over North Korea publicly showed cracks in the unity of the 15-member U.N. Security Council, which has unanimously boosted sanctions since 2006 in a bid to choke off funding for Pyongyang’s nuclear and ballistic missile programs.", "\n\nHaley told the U.N. Security Council that Russia was helping North Korea illegally obtain fuel through transfers at sea, had refused to expel a North Korean who the council blacklisted last year and had pushed for changes to an independent U.N. report on sanctions violations to cover up breaches by Russians.", "\n\nRussian U.N. Ambassador Vassily Nebenzia said Moscow had not pressured the authors of the U.N. report and blamed Haley for heightening tensions. ", "He also pointed out that the report had determined that a specific ship-to-ship transfer of fuel by a Russian ship, cited by Haley, was not a violation.", "\n\nHaley said Washington has tracked some 148 cases this year of oil tankers delivering fuel to North Korea obtained through ship-to-ship transfers at sea in breach of a U.N. cap. ", "She did not say how many transfers may have received Russian help.", "\n\n“Russia must cease its violations of North Korea sanctions. ", "It must end its concerted effort to cover up evidence of sanctions violations,” she said. “", "Its violations are not one-offs. ", "They are systematic.”", "\n\nRussia and China have suggested the Security Council discuss easing sanctions after U.S. President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un met in June and Kim pledged to work toward denuclearization.", "\n\nHaley said that while “difficult, sensitive talks” between the United States and North Korea are ongoing, it was the wrong time to start easing sanctions on Pyongyang.", "\n\n“It is impossible to come to an agreement if you offer nothing in return for your demands,” said Nebenzia, suggesting that a confidence-building measure could be for North and South Korea to sign a peace treaty.", "\n\nChinese U.N. Ambassador Ma Zhaoxu said Beijing implements sanctions on North Korea and warned that confronting Pyongyang would be a “dead end.” ", "He called for progress in negotiations and urged the Security Council to remain united on the issue.", "\n\n“Resorting to force will bring nothing but disastrous consequences,” Ma told the council.", "\n\nU.N. political affairs chief Rosemary DiCarlo told the council that while there had been some recent positive developments, “there continue to be signs the DPRK (North Korea)is maintaining and developing its nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programs.”" ]

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[ "Stains that are not visible to the eye are often present on many types of surfaces. ", "Detection of such stains, without affecting the surface, is an important process, especially in museums, forensic labs, textile industries, etc. ", "Such stains can sometimes be located through the use of an ultraviolet light source (e.g., a black light) that emits light having a wavelength within a range 10 nm to 400 nm, depending on the composition and concentration of the stain and/or the surface.", "\nHowever, not all stains are visible using detection currently known techniques. ", "A need exists for detection of a latent stain on a surface when the nature of the stain composition and/or its concentration (e.g., relatively small) inhibits detection from other methods." ]

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[ "Opps, misspelled Cinergy.", "\n\n -----Original Message-----\nFrom: \tGermany, Chris \nSent:\tWednesday, April 17, 2002 10:16 AM\nTo:\t'jackie.adams@cingery.com'\nCc:\tKelly, Katherine L.; Dinari, Sabra L.; Mazowita, Mike; Hill, Garrick; Germany, Chris\nSubject:\tApache/Cinery volumes for May 2002 on TXU\n\nJackie\n\nFor May 2002, Ponderosa Pines is electing to take 20,000 per day. ", " Please confirm receipt of this email. ", " We are moving today so I will be out of the office for the rest of the day. ", " FYI, Sabra Dinari is the scheduler and Kathy Kelly is my backup. ", " Sabra's number is 713-853-9781 and Kathy's number is 713-853-5858.", "\n\nThanks" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAbandon gerit review but save comments\n\nSomehow the links between my git commits and my gerrit review got all messed up, and it created another review. ", " I want to keep the new one, but abandon the old one. ", " However, if I abandon the old one, I assume I will lose all of the reviewer comments on the old one. ", " Is there anyway I can abandon a review, but save the comments? ", " I suppose I could just go through the old review and copy and paste all of the comments to a file, but I would prefer not to do this.", "\n\nA:\n\nIf you abandon the old change you won't lose the comments, they'll stay forever in the abandoned change (which won't be deleted).", "\nAnyway... maybe it's better to abandon the new change (not the old one) where, I suppose, there aren't comments yet and push the commit again but to the right place (the old change).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Asclepiad\n\nAsclepiad may refer to:\n A plant of the former family Asclepiadaceae\n Asclepiad (poetry), a type of metrical line used in lyric poetry\n Asclepiad (title), an ancient Greek title of uncertain profession, most likely a physician or healing priest\n The Asclepiad, a periodical published by Benjamin Ward Richardson, 1861, 1884–1895\n\nSee also \n Asclepiades (disambiguation)" ]

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[ "IF YOU PICK UP WHILE YOU'RE HIGH AND THE COPS DRIVE BY You're gonna have a bad time\n\n143 shares" ]

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[ "<?", "php\n/*\n * Copyright 2016 Google Inc.\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\"); you may not\n * use this file except in compliance with the License. ", "You may obtain a copy of\n * the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT\n * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. ", "See the\n * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under\n * the License.", "\n */\n\nclass Google_Service_Classroom_Date extends Google_Model\n{\n public $day;\n public $month;\n public $year;\n\n public function setDay($day)\n {\n $this->day = $day;\n }\n public function getDay()\n {\n return $this->day;\n }\n public function setMonth($month)\n {\n $this->month = $month;\n }\n public function getMonth()\n {\n return $this->month;\n }\n public function setYear($year)\n {\n $this->year = $year;\n }\n public function getYear()\n {\n return $this->year;\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "Sources of mutagenicity in cooked Finnish foods.", "\nThe mutagenic activities of the alkaline fractions derived from various heat-processed, ready-made meat, fish and poultry foods were studied using the Salmonella mutagenicity assay with strain TA98 and S-9 mix to provide information about the mutagenicity of everyday Finnish foods. ", "The majority of the food samples tested were mutagenic. ", "The mutagenic activities of various commercial ready-made products. ", "Mutagenicity varied remarkably between different samples. ", "The cooking temperature clearly affected the mutagenicities of fried or reheated food samples, mutagenicity increasing with increasing temperature. ", "The results indicate that the main sources of cooked-food mutagens in everyday Finnish foods are grilled and broiled products and foods fried at restaurants and at home. ", "By comparison, commercial ready-made fried foods are only a minor source of mutagenicity. ", "Variations between equivalent food samples indicated that heat processing has a marked effect on the mutagenic activity of the product, which might therefore be reduced by modifying the cooking process." ]

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[ "Blog Archive\n\nVery Funny Jokes\n\nSaturday, December 01, 2012\n\nLOVE,[1] man's grand delusion that one woman differs from another;[2] a sea of emotions entirely surrounded by expenses;[3] what Plato described as \"a grave mental disease\";[4] something they say is blind -- it's marriage which is the real eye opener;[5] that emotion which is not true until returned;[6] what we have in common with the residents of all third-world countries;[7] is like measles -- much worse when it comes late in life;[8] the most slippery word in the human language - used by knaves to seduce, by fools for comfort, and by most men to placate the female of the species;[9] the only fire for which there is no insurance;[10] an emotion, even if un-returned, has its rainbow;[11] the crocodile in the river of desire;[12] the only game that two can play and both win;[13] the last and most serious of the childhood diseases;[14] what makes marriage possible -- habit makes it last;[15] is the wisdom of the fool and the folly of the wise;[16] a disease like measles, we all have to go through it;[17] a temporary insanity curable by marriage or the removing of the patient from the influences under which he or she incurred the disorder;[18] the only game that is never called on account of darkness;[19] the tie that blinds;[20] consists of happiness, given back and forth;[21] the only thing that has changed over the millions of years of playing this game is that trumps have changed from clubs to diamonds;[22] that which makes the world revolve:[23] is really just being stupid together;[24] a situation which happens when you think almost as much of another as you do of yourself;[25] is like a case of the measles -- all the worse when it comes later in life;[26] is a fan club with only two members;[27] the only virtue that can be divided endlessly and still not be diminished;[28] the triumph of imagination over intelligence;[29] the child of illusion and the parent of disillusion;[30] a strange feeling that comes over a man -- when he keeps wanting to call a girl by his last name;[31] is like war -- simple to begin but the devil to stop;[32] is like the action similar to an hourglass: the heart fills as the brain empties;[33] something which creates a religion that worships two fallible gods;[34] a word used to label the sexual excitement of the young, the habituation of the middle aged, and the mutual dependence of the old;[35] a situation -- when it is true, does not mean gazing into each other's eyes, but looking outward together in the same direction life beckons;[36] something which combines the two greatest powers on earth -- war and peace;[37] the balm that heals the wounds that words make." ]

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[ "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2002, Oracle and/or its affiliates. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. ", "Use is subject to license terms.", "\n *\n *\n *\n *\n *\n *\n *\n *\n *\n *\n *\n *\n *\n *\n *\n *\n *\n *\n *\n *\n */\n\npackage com.sun.jndi.url.ldaps;\n\nimport com.sun.jndi.url.ldap.*;", "\n\n/**\n * An LDAP URL context factory that creates secure LDAP contexts (using SSL).", "\n *\n * @author Vincent Ryan\n */\n\nfinal public class ldapsURLContextFactory extends ldapURLContextFactory {\n}\n" ]

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[ "Captain Fantastic Trailer Watch movie 9,412 views\n\nDeep in the forests of the Pacific Northwest, isolated from society, a devoted father (Viggo Mortensen) dedicates his life to transforming his six young children into extraordinary adults. ", "But when a tragedy strikes the family, they are forced to leave this self-created paradise and begin a journey into the outside world that challenges his idea of what it means to be a parent and brings into question everything he's taught them." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nd3.js path dom element\n\nI am creating a streamgraph, having used the example code from http://bl.ocks.org/mbostock/4060954 as a template. ", " \nI draw the streamgraph:\nvar svg = d3.select(\"#graph_area\").append(\"svg\") \n .attr(\"width\", width)\n .attr(\"height\", height)\n\n....\n\nsvg.selectAll(\"path\") \n .data(layers) \n.enter().append(\"path\") \n .attr(\"d\", function (d) {return area(d.layer);})\n\nNow it seems that I am not allowed to choose a different name from \"path\" for the DOM element here. ", " If I do, then streamgraph no longer plots. ", " Why is that?", "\nThen I want to add a legend with bullets, but they don't plot. ", " The elements show up in my web inspector (firebug), but their graphical representation is just not there. ", " I figured it might be a similar problem with the DOM element name, but I don't actually know. ", " Here is the code for my bullets:\n//draw all the legend bullets and effects\nsvg.selectAll(\"bullets\") \n .data(layers) \n.enter().append(\"bullets\") \n .attr(\"cx\", 200)\n .attr(\"cy\", function(d, i) { return 20 + i*10; })\n .style(\"fill\", function(d) { return d.color; })\n .attr(\"r\", 5)\n\nI briefly looked at API's for paths here and here, but I didn't find my answers there.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe element names you can use are defined in the SVG specification. ", "This is a specific set (e.g. path, circle) -- using anything else will work in terms of appending the element to the DOM, but the browser won't know how to interpret and render it.", "\nIt's the same way in HTML -- there's a specific set of defined element names that browsers know how to render.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "01.06.2020 - Nicole(http://portofcall.co/generic-baclofen-identification-fdgj)\nCool site goodluck tadalista canada \"In the blink of an eye, 30,000 pigs were dead,\" said John Prestage, senior vice president at Prestage, describing the first wave of devastation the virus brought to its Oklahoma operation, which raises and sells 400,000 hogs a year.", "\n\n01.06.2020 - Lucky(https://www.keratiliss.fr/ciproxin-500-mg-10-tablet-fiyat-9t31)\nInsert your card skelaxin weight gain The WiFi-friendly device also comes with an HDMI port and MicroSD slot if you'd like to display your gaming on a bit larger of a screen (up to 4K resolution supported for HDMI output) or or supplement the Shield's 16 gigabytes of internal storage with a wee bit more.", "\n\n01.06.2020 - Bradley(http://jurnal.akper-whs.ac.id/index.php/kohinoor-gold-basmati-rice-e2az)\nWill I have to work shifts? ", "activator rx 8 infrasonic By bracketing the market with multiple models, Samsung can breed deep relationships with customers, many of whom, market research shows, trade up to more expensive models as they get older. ", "Playing high and low also positions Samsung to fend off the intensifying competition from Chinese firms such as Lenovo and Huawei and literally hundreds of smaller local players.", "\n\n01.06.2020 - Kareem(http://marketingdigitalciaocr.com/is-perfopil-100-safe-k986)\nGo travelling norvasc tabletki cena In 2009, Habib Hussain, a 25-year-old member of staff at Medina Airport in Saudi Arabia, boarded a aircraft bound for Jaipur, India, on the pretence of cleaning it. ", "He hid in the loo, and was only discovered after take off when another passenger attempted to use the facilities." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nState of activity calling startActivity(Intent)\n\nCan someone help me. ", "What method of activity life cycle is called when the activity start new activity by method startActivity(Intent)? ", "I thought, that it is onPause(), but it can not be. ", "I have it override to close SQLite connection, but it not happen. ", "\nThanks\nSorry, maybe I described my problem wrong. ", "Activity A start another activity B. My question is what method of activity A is called after start activity B by method startActivity(Intent).", "\n\nA:\n\nit runs into onPause then onStop. ", "I tested it...\n\n" ]

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[ "Comparison of manual tracing versus a semiautomatic radial measurement method in temporal lobe MRI volumetry for pharmacoresistant epilepsy.", "\nThe aim of this study was to test a modified radial semiautomated volumetry technique (radial divider technique, RDT) versus the manual volumetry technique (MVT) for proportionality of temporal subvolumes in 30 patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy. ", "Included in the study were 30 patients (15 female, 15 male; mean age 39.6 years) with pharmacoresistant epilepsy (mean duration 26.6 years). ", "MRI studies were performed preoperatively on a 1.5-T scanner. ", "All image processing steps and volume measurements were performed using ANALYZE software. ", "The volumes of six subregions were measured bilaterally; these included the superior temporal gyrus (STG), middle + inferior temporal gyrus (MITG), fusiform gyrus (FG), parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), amygdala (AM), and hippocampus (HP). ", "Linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between the comparable subvolumes obtained with MVT and RDT. ", "Very high correlations (R (2) >0.95) between RDT and MVT were observed for the STG + MITG and the STG + MITG + FG, but low correlations for the PHG subvolumes and the combined PHG + HP + AM subvolumes. ", "These observations were independent of the side of the pathology and of hemisphere. ", "The two measurement techniques provided highly reliable proportional results. ", "This series in a homogeneous group of TLE patients suggests that the much quicker RDT is suitable for determining the volume of temporolateral and laterobasal temporal lobe compartments, of both the affected and the non-affected side and the right and left hemisphere." ]

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[ "Question of the Day\n\nShould President Trump pardon Michael Flynn?", "\n\nAs I often have written, Sen. Orrin Hatch, chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, is performing a needed public service by criticizing the Democrats on that committee and on the Senate floor for using filibusters to obstruct the president’s nominations of federal circuit court judges.", "\n\nBut now, Mr. Hatch himself is refusing to hold a full hearing by the Judiciary Committee on a strongly bipartisan bill to improve — not repeal — sections of the increasingly controversial USA Patriot Act.", "\n\nIntroduced by Sen. Larry Craig, Idaho Republican, and Sen. Richard Durbin, Illinois Democrat, the Security and Freedom Ensured (SAFE) Act has 18 Republican and Democratic co-sponsors in the Senate. ", "There is also a companion, bipartisan House bill (H.R. 3552). ", "Support for these bills spans the political spectrum, from the American Conservative Union to the American Civil Liberties Union.", "\n\nIn a letter to Mr. Hatch, asking that he schedule a hearing “as soon as possible,” Messrs. Craig and Durbin point out that, even before there has been a hearing, Attorney General John Ashcroft declared that President Bush would veto the SAFE Act if it’s passed. ", "This hardly reflects the executive branch’s willingness to wait for the legislative process in our rule of law.", "\n\nWhat are Messrs. Hatch and Ashcroft afraid of? ", "Let’s see.", "\n\nSection 215 of the Patriot Act has spurred particular resistance among both conservatives and liberals. ", "It provides the FBI with access, during foreign intelligence and international terrorism investigations, to an array of business records — financial reports, genetic information, library use, educational records, credit reports and medical records.", "\n\nAs Messrs. Craig and Durbin emphasize, the FBI only has to show a court that these records are “sought for” foreign intelligence and international terrorism investigations. ", "Most troubling, the senators add, is that “the FBI need not show that the documents relate to a suspected terrorist or spy.” ", "No specific individual information need be named to get the court order. ", "And once the FBI shows the certification for the search, the court has no authority to ask for anything more. ", "This does not meet the probable cause requirement of the Fourth Amendment, or even reasonable individuated suspicion.", "\n\nSection 215, accordingly, sayMessrs.", "Craigand Durbin, “gives the government too much power to seize the personal records of innocent Americans who are not suspected of involvement in terrorism or espionage.”", "\n\nThe proposed SAFE Act remediestheexecutive branch’s excessive intrusion into our privacy by requiring the FBI “to certify that there are specific and articulable facts giving reason to believe that the person to whom the records relate is a terrorist or a spy … The SAFE Act would thus prevent broad fishing expeditions.”", "\n\nIf the government is not required to search our records on the basis of individualized suspicion, then former U.S. intelligence officer Christopher Pyle (now a political science professor at Mount Holyoke College) has a chilling point: “We need a requiem mass for the Fourth Amendment, because it’s gone … buried by the Patriot Act.”", "\n\nAnother example of how the SAFE Act mends but does not break the Patriot Act involves how roving wiretaps are currently allowed under the Patriot Act. ", "Suspects do not use only one phone in a neighborhood or city. ", "Accordingly, a single judge can now authorize a wiretap that applies to any phone a suspect uses, anywhere.", "\n\nBut, as Messrs. Craig and Durbin point out to Mr. Hatch, the FBI, in using roving wiretaps for intelligence purposes, is not required to “specify the facilities to be tapped.” ", "Moreover, under the Intelligence Authorization Act of 2002, the FBI can obtain a “John Doe” roving wiretap that does not have to include the place — or the target — to be wiretapped.", "\n\nWhat the SAFE Act requires, instead, is that “law enforcement … ascertain the presence of the target before beginning surveillance and identify either the target of the wiretap or the place to be wiretapped.” ", "There would be no more “John Doe” roving wiretaps, “thereby ensuring that the government does not surveil innocent Americans who are not the target of the wiretap.”", "\n\nAn April 16 Salt Lake City Tribune editorial, addressed to Mr. Hatch, says that “it is hard to imagine that a credentialed conservative such as Utah’s senior senator would view any other federal statute, especially one as far-reaching as the law (the Patriot Act) hurriedly written in the wake of Sept. 11, 2001, as so perfectly drawn and flawlessly executed that it not only needs no revisions but also should be immune to all questions and doubts from the public it purports to protect.”", "\n\nSurely, the reasonable Sen. Hatch, whom I’ve known for many years, is not going to keep on obstructing a hearing on a clearly reasonable and SAFE Act. ", "Are you, sir?" ]

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[ "Logout?", "\n\nINFINITY GEAR\n\nExpired\n\nExpired\n\nExpired\n\nSubmitted\n\n10000\n\nApproved\n\nIn Stores\n\nThe Infinity Gear was created in about 80 hours total. ", "This project was one of my childhood dreams when it came to creating custom build anime style robots.", "\n\nThe design is based of Xenogears. ", "The structure and framework that was referenced when building the project was Weltall ID and Weltall 2 Gears. ", "I combined aspects of both models into one. ", "This allowed me to create a unique \"Gear\", Mecha, or humanoid Robot to my liking. ", "With the recent update, i leaned more toward Weltall2.", "\n\nThe primary and secondary color used in this project is obviously black and dark grey. ", "To accent these colors i choose a maroon red along with a light grey which I personally felt gave it a nice accent to the model. ", "I only used touches of the maroon red and light grey around the model to avoid overdoing it.", "\n\n//////////////UPDATE: June 7, 2013////////////////Updated images, branded the project and changed the project name to Infinity Gear. ", "I also made some small modifications to the project itself. ", "I made modifications to his shoulders, wings, torso, and feet. ", "The changes were primary for structure purposes along with some minor cosmetic changes.", "\n\nI've added a cockpit to allow Lego figures to fit inside the body of the Gear. ", "The two chest pecks turn while the front cover folds down.", "\n\nIt's Wings can expand outwards and to the side to identify which mode it's in. ", "The closed wings are considered \"Normal Mode\", while the expanded wings are \"Infinity Mode.\"" ]

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[ "Targeting angiogenesis with integrative cancer therapies.", "\nAn integrative approach for managing a patient with cancer should target the multiple biochemical and physiological pathways that support tumor development while minimizing normal tissue toxicity. ", "Angiogenesis is a key process in the promotion of cancer. ", "Many natural health products that inhibit angiogenesis also manifest other anticancer activities. ", "The authors will focus on natural health products (NHPs) that have a high degree of antiangiogenic activity but also describe some of their many other interactions that can inhibit tumor progression and reduce the risk of metastasis. ", "NHPs target various molecular pathways besides angiogenesis, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the HER-2/neu gene, the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme, the NF-kB transcription factor, the protein kinases, Bcl-2 protein, and coagulation pathways. ", "The herbalist has access to hundreds of years of observational data on the anticancer activity of many herbs. ", "Laboratory studies are confirming the knowledge that is already documented in traditional texts. ", "The following herbs are traditionally used for anticancer treatment and are antiangiogenic through multiple interdependent processes that include effects on gene expression, signal processing, and enzyme activities: Artemisia annua (Chinese wormwood), Viscum album (European mistletoe), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap), resveratrol and proanthocyanidin (grape seed extract), Magnolia officinalis (Chinese magnolia tree), Camellia sinensis (green tea), Ginkgo biloba, quercetin, Poria cocos, Zingiber officinale (ginger), Panax ginseng, Rabdosia rubescens (rabdosia), and Chinese destagnation herbs. ", "Quality assurance of appropriate extracts is essential prior to embarking on clinical trials. ", "More data are required on dose response, appropriate combinations, and potential toxicities. ", "Given the multiple effects of these agents, their future use for cancer therapy probably lies in synergistic combinations. ", "During active cancer therapy, they should generally be evaluated in combination with chemotherapy and radiation. ", "In this role, they act as biological response modifiers and adaptogens, potentially enhancing the efficacy of the so-called conventional therapies. ", "Their effectiveness may be increased when multiple agents are used in optimal combinations. ", "New designs for trials to demonstrate activity in human subjects are required. ", "Although controlled trials might be preferred, smaller studies with appropriate end points and surrogate markers for antiangiogenic response could help prioritize agents for the larger resource-intensive phase 3 trials." ]

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[ "Mens & Ladies Watch Store offer an extensive selection of Mens & Ladies Watches at up to 40% offHigh Street Prices. ", "Top brands such as Casio, Diesel, Fossil, Police and Timex are some of the watch brands on offer.", "\n\nA large wholesale clothing UK based company with a huge selection of wholesale fashion shoes, wholessale ladies clothing and wholesale dresses to choose from. ", "Visit their ladies clothing section and pick up a wholesale dress today\n\nA large variety of holiday accommodation in Ireland is available to book on the Accommodation.ie website. ", "As well as the most comprehensive selection of B&B's in Ireland we also have a choice of Self Catering Holiday Homes.", "\n\nFinding cheap hotels, staying in the most fun youth hostels and snatching up cheap flights plays a big part these days when planning any vacation. ", "Have a look at numerous budget travel tips and the top budget accommodation in cities around the world. ", "Make your bookings from a wide range of cheap accommodation such as youth hostels, budget hotels and affordable 3 and 4 star hotels. ", "Compare the cheap deals on accommodation for backpackers for top cities like Bangkok, Amsterdam, New York, London.", "\n\nThis campaign by Sport in England is a movement for the ladies of Bury to get active. ", "It's about getting together, trying something new and having a laugh while we do it. ", "Through the website you can find all types of different fitness activities. ", "These range from Zumba, Aqua Aerobics to Yoga.", "\n\nViolet May brings the beautiful to the functional world of business accessories. ", "The female product design team believed it was possible to create a range of unique, luxurious business accessories that also work beautifully.", "\n\nReba is an independent boutique in the heart of Peterborough. ", "Reba is a lifestyle boutique. ", "We stock established brands such as Lovelinks and Vivienne Westwood as well as shots of eclecticism from independent designers.", "\n\nWebotopia provides a business directory designed to promote Ammerpet Ladies Hostel companies, products and services whilst helping it's users find the Ammerpet Ladies Hostel information they need. ", "Webotopia business directory, with the help of it's dedicated support specialists and reviewers, enables delivery of Ammerpet Ladies Hostel quality content, excellent customer support as well as value added services such as content publishing and press releases for it's users." ]

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[ "Browns Corner, Northumberland County, Virginia\n\nBrowns Corner is an unincorporated community in Northumberland County, in the U.S. state of Virginia.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Virginia\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Northumberland County, Virginia" ]

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[ "\"College Medical Center is committed to providing its patients with superior service and quality of care. ", "College Medical Center fully complies with all regulations concerning patient discharge planning and transportation. ", "Patients have a right to choose their method of transportation upon discharge from the hospital.", "\n\n\n\n\"This particular patient denied College Medical Center's assistance with transportation and insisted that she be taken to her place of residence via public transportation. ", "College Medical Center timely and properly notified the patient's family member and the receiving facility where the patient had been residing that the patient was being discharged from the hospital.", "\n\n\n\n\"College Medical Center cares very much about the wellbeing of its patients and is concerned any time a patient has an unsatisfactory experience at College Medical Center. ", "Without admitting any wrongdoing, College Medical Center will be meeting with the patient's family to discuss this matter in further detail.\"", "\n\nLONG BEACH, Calif. -- A daughter has filed a complaint against College Medical Center in Long Beach after she said the center had her mother, who has dementia, dumped at her care facility late at night when it was locked.", "Around 2 a.m. on Jan. 13, security video showed 84-year-old Savina Zerbi trying continuously to get into the locked care facility where she lives. ", "Zerbi was dressed only in a bathrobe and sandals.", "Costanza Zerbi, Savina's daughter, said her mother had been taken to College Medical Center earlier in the day because she'd had a mental breakdown and threatened to hurt herself at the Regency Palms Senior Living facility.", "But after she was released, Costanza said someone put her mother in a cab, which apparently dropped her off at the door of the care facility and drove off.", "\"So I picture the fear of being completely lost and in danger multiplied by a million because she is lost and in danger in that street at night,\" Costanza said.", "At one point, Savina walked back and forth down a dark alley near the facility in an attempt to find a way in.", "Costanza said the video she obtained from the care facility left her upset and outraged. ", "She filed a complaint against the medical center with California's Department of Public Health.", "Costanza said earlier when her mother was admitted to College Medical Center, she'd tried to see her but was unable to. ", "She ended up going home to take care of her children and had no idea that her mother would later be released.", "\"She should have been released in the hands of a responsible party. ", "Even the cab driver was at risk, honestly. ", "She could have tried to disrupt his driving,\" Costanza said.", "It was unclear how her mother was able to get back into the facility safely.", "The California Hospital Association, a hospital advocacy group, could not comment on the case, but a spokesperson did say hospitals often contract with taxis and ride-share vehicles for medical transport.", "The association also said that under the law hospitals do not need to communicate a discharge plan with a living facility because it's not providing medical care and is considered residential.", "Still, Costanza is raising a red flag about what happened to her mother.", "\"Make sure your loved ones are cared for and make sure you know where you're sending them. ", "I'm really hopeful that hospitals like that are improved,\" she said.", "The College Medical Center provided Eyewitness News with a statement regarding the incident.", "The Serbi family is disputing the information and said their mother was in no position to make a decision based on her condition." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a scanning microscope used as a research tool for a biological specimen and to a specimen image obtaining method.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nHeretofore, a scanning laser microscope has been known as a scanning microscope used as a research tool for a biological specimen wherein laser light is converged on a point on a specimen, and this convergence point is scanned in a two-dimensional direction on the specimen to obtain two-dimensional luminance information on the specimen, for example, as disclosed in Jpn. ", "Pat. ", "Appln. ", "KOKAI Publication No. ", "10-10436.", "\nLaser light comprising a single beam is used for the scanning laser microscope, and since the laser light has a good convergence property, it is effective in obtaining optical information on a minute point on an XY plane of the specimen. ", "Moreover, because detection light from the specimen is detected by a confocal optical system that detects light through a pinhole located at a position optically conjugate with the convergence point in the specimen, it is possible to eliminate light from out-of-focus positions, and more accurate optical information can be obtained.", "\nTherefore, according to a confocal laser microscope, it is possible to obtain optical information on a point in a three-dimensional space of the specimen. ", "Further, laser light is scanned along the XY plane, an XZ plane, and other two-dimensional planes, and the above-mentioned information for each point can be arranged in accordance with scanned positions, so that optical slice images can be formed. ", "Moreover, a galvanometer mirror is generally used to scan a laser beam. ", "Two galvanometer mirrors are preferably combined so as to scan in XY directions, respectively, so that an imaging region is XY-scanned for each line as a raster scan of a television. ", "In the raster scan, the laser light is sequentially applied to points adjacent in an X direction, and light (fluorescence, reflected light, etc.) ", "from the specimen obtained at that moment is detected by a detector. ", "In this case, a time difference from detection of the fluorescence after application of laser light to arrival at a next point (Xn+1, Yn+1) is in an order of microsecond.", "\nMeanwhile, the confocal laser microscope is effective in a caged method and the like used for fluorescence observation. ", "Here, the caged method is an observation method wherein a caged indicator and a fluorescence indicator that is sensitive to a calcium ion concentration are injected into a specimen, and stimulating laser light is applied to a certain portion of the specimen, so that a caged radical of the caged indicator is cleaved, substances contained therein are released, and a change over time in the calcium ion concentration at that point is fluorescence-observed by application of observation excitation laser light to the specimen. ", "According to this method, for example, when a caged compound to which calcium ions are bonded is introduced into the specimen, application of UV laser for release of the caged compound at a point (Xn, Yn) causes the caged compound located at this position to be cleaved, and Ca2+ ions retained therein are released. ", "The observed specimen causes a certain reaction to the calcium ions. ", "Fluorescence generated by this reaction is detected by a detector to observe how the specimen reacts to a stimulus of the calcium ions." ]

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[ "An Introduction to Prune\n\nSnip and Clip\n\nHave more fun with your GPS data with this easy-to-use Java-based tool.", "\n\nPretty much any device with a GPS receiver can save GPS data as GPX files. ", "But what are these files good for? ", "Quite a lot, provided you have a nifty tool like Prune [1]. ", "This application looks deceptively simple, but it packs some rather useful features that can help you get the most out of your GPX files.", "\n\nConfiguring Prune\n\nPrune itself doesn't require any installation. ", "Because the application is written in Java, the only mandatory requirement is the Sun Java Runtime Environment. ", "Prune is distributed as a ready-to-use .jar archive, and you can run it by either double-clicking it or using the java -jar prune.jar command in the terminal. ", "Before you do that, though, you might want to install a few additional packages to extend Prune's default functionality. ", "For example, to enable real-time 3D display of GPS data, you should install the Java 3D libraries [2]. ", "To install the libraries, download the .bin installer and follow the instructions in the README.TXT file.", "\n\nAnother useful addition is the ExifTool utility for handling Exif data in JPEG image files. ", "Prune uses this tool to write geotags to the correlated photos. ", "The ExifTool utility is available in the repositories of many popular Linux distributions, so you can install it with the use of your distro's package manager.", "\n\nOn Ubuntu, you have to install the libimage-exiftool-perl package. ", "If you are using a standalone GPS receiver, you can use Prune to read data directly from the receiver. ", "To enable this feature, you need to install the GPSBabel tool, which is also available in the software repositories of most mainstream Linux distros. ", "Finally, if you want to be able to generate various charts, you should install the gnuplot utility.", "\n\nAlthough Prune runs perfectly with default settings, you can override them by creating a .pruneconfig configuration file in your home directory then specifying your own set of custom parameters. ", "For example, with the prune.directory parameter, you can specify the working directory:\n\nprune.directory=/home/user/gps/\n\nPrune supports several languages besides English, and with the prune.languagecode parameter, you can set the default interface language as in the following line:\n\nprune.languagecode=DE\n\nIf you prefer to use imperial units instead of metric, you can set the prune.metricunits parameter to n:\n\nprune.metricunits=n\n\nBy default, Prune uses the Mapnik OpenStreetMap server, but you can specify another server via the prune.mapserverindex parameter:\n\nprune.mapserverindex=2\n\nIn this case, 2 refers to the Opencyclemap server, which displays maps with bicycle paths.", "\n\nUsing Prune\n\nOnce it is started, Prune displays an empty canvas, so the first thing you have to do is open a GPX file (see the box titled \"What Is GPX?\") ", "by choosing File | Open file and selecting the desired GPX file. ", "To enable the background map, click on the Show map icon. ", "This displays the map either from Mapnik or from the server specified in the .pruneconfig file. ", "Also, you can switch to a different map server at any time with View | Set map background.", "\n\nWhat Is GPX?", "\n\nGPX stands for GPS eXchange Format. ", "Based on XML, this format is designed for storing and describing GPS data so it can be accessed by any application that supports the GPX format. ", "A GPX file contains, among other things, information about waypoints (sets of coordinates that identify a point in a physical space), tracks (ordered collections of points), and elevation (height above sea level). ", "If you open a GPX file in a text editor, you'll see that the file's structure consists of a number of nodes, wherein each node represents a waypoint. ", "Each node contains a waypoint latitude and longitude, a timestamp, and an elevation. ", "This information can be presented in a meaningful way by any application that provides support for the GPX format, including Prune. ", "Many GPS devices currently on the market allow you to export GPS data in the GPX format, but it's still a good idea to double-check to see whether the device you are about to buy supports GPX. ", "Otherwise, your options to get GPS data out of the device will be rather limited.", "\n\nEditing Track Points and Creating Waypoints\n\nThe GPS track displayed on the map consists of track points, and the Track details section in the left pane displays the total number of points in the current track (Figure 1). ", "Below the Track details section is a slider that lets you move from point to point.", "\n\nBy clicking on a specific point, you can view detailed information about it. (", "To zoom in and locate individual points, use the Zoom buttons on the map or the mouse scroll wheel.) ", "From here, you can view information for the selected point in the Point details section in the pane on the right. ", "This information includes latitude, longitude, altitude, time, and speed. ", "Prune also allows you to edit the point's data, which comes in handy when you need to make corrections to the track. ", "To edit the point, choose Edit | Edit point, select the property you want to edit, and press the Edit button (Figure 2).", "\n\nThe Edit waypoint name command lets you assign a name to the selected point. ", "This automatically adds the point to the Waypoints list in the left pane, which acts as a bookmark list.", "\n\nAt any time you can locate the \"bookmarked\" point on the map by selecting it in the Waypoints list. ", "The Edit menu contains a few commands that allow you to tweak the track. ", "The Compress track command, for example, allows you to streamline the track by removing redundant points, and the Delete point command lets you delete individual points on the track.", "\n\nThe Select menu has commands that allow you to specify ranges. ", "For example, if you want to know the total distance of the GPS track, choose the Select all command to select the entire track. ", "Then you can see the range information in the Range details section in the right pane.", "\n\nAlso, you can specify a range for a specific track segment, which can be useful if you need to get information about a specific part of the route (Figure 3). ", "For example, you can use this feature to compare your average speed on a flat stretch of the route to your average speed when you move uphill. ", "Speaking of uphill, the pane directly below the map contains an altitude profile of the current route, and clicking anywhere on the profile automatically selects the related point on the map.", "\n\nBuy Linux Magazine\n\nRelated content\n\nAlmost all manufacturers of GPS devices use proprietary formats to save routes, tracks, and waypoints. ", "Vendors unfortunately rarely offer Linux software for uploading and downloading or processing the data. ", "Four GPS editors keep Linux users on the right track." ]

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nMalignant melanomas are tumors with the highest rates of cardiac metastasis. ", "However, cardiac metastasis is diagnosed in less than 1% of patients with malignant melanoma because less than 10% of these patients present with cardiac symptoms.[@B1]-[@B3]\n\nIdentification of cardiac metastasis from melanoma usually means that the patient is suffering systemic metastasis. ", "Unlike typical cardiac metastasized patients, we report a first case of a patient with a metastatic malignant melanoma in the heart without an identifiable primary source or additional metastasis in Korea.", "\n\nCase\n====\n\nA 59-year-old woman was admitted for cough and pleuritic chest pain with no history of malignancy or heart disease. ", "Her initial blood pressure was 110/70 mm Hg, pulse rate 70 beats/min, respiratory rate 20/min, and body temperature was 36.1℃.", "\n\nJugular veins were not distended. ", "No hepatomegaly or audible cardiac murmurs were present. ", "Laboratory studies, including a complete blood count, liver, and chemical profiles were in normal ranges. ", "Electrocardiography revealed a normal sinus rhythm. ", "Chest radiography showed cardiomegaly without abnormal lesions in bilateral lung fields. ", "Chest computed tomography showed a large amount of pericardial effusion and a mass in the right atrium (RA) ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Transthoracic echocardiography showed a large mass measuring 42×31 mm in the RA, which did not obstruct tricuspid valve flow. ", "Her ejection fraction was normal ([Fig. ", "2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Pericardiocentesis was performed. ", "Effusion analysis showed a red blood cell count of 1.9×10^5^/mm^3^ and a white blood cell count of 3300/mm^3^ (lymphocytes, 55%; neutrophils, 14%). ", "No malignant cells in the pericardial fluid were noted. ", "Cardiac MRI also revealed a large mass surrounding ascending aorta spread into transverse sinus and around pulmonary trunk ([Fig. ", "3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nInstead of tumor resection, considering the risk of open heart surgery and poor prognosis of extensive cardiac metastasis, pericardial window operation and epicardial mass biopsy were performed to relieve symptoms and confirm the pathological diagnosis. ", "Pathological analysis including immunohistochemistry revealed the final diagnosis to be malignant melanoma ([Fig. ", "4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The primary cutaneous melanoma could not be identified despite careful dermatological examination. ", "The patient had no history of halo nevus or mole removal. ", "Positron emission tomography revealed no other distant organ metastasis except for heart and mediastinal lymph nodes.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nMalignant melanoma has aggressive biological behavior and the greatest tendency for metastasis to the heart.[@B1] Although autopsy studies reported an incidence of 50% to 71%, cardiac metastasis is diagnosed in less than 1% of patients with malignant melanoma because less than 10% of these patients present with cardiac symptoms.[@B2] Such metastases most frequently occur after multifocal hematological dissemination and may develop anywhere in the heart.[@B3] Melanotic metastases can invade the wall of any of the 4 cardiac chambers, and the RA is involved most frequently.[@B4]\n\nThe clinical signs and symptoms of cardiac metastasis are unclear and non-specific, although when present, the clinical signs and symptoms include fatigue, weakness, pericardial effusion, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, superior vena cava syndrome, right ventricular outflow and inflow obstruction, and transient ischemic attack.[@B5] However, patients with malignant melanoma who have cardiac metastases may present symptoms only caused by tumors in other organ systems. ", "Although cardiac involvement occurs during the course of the disease, it is rare that the initial manifestation is cardiac metastasis.", "\n\nA tumor\\'s anatomic location and extent of invasion determine the feasibility of surgical intervention, which should optimally be performed during the early stages of the disease.[@B6] A complete resection of an intracardiac melanoma prevents potential morbidities that are associated with progressive intracardiac growth, such as superior vena cava syndrome, right ventricular outflow and inflow obstruction, dysrhythmia, cardiac tamponade, and heart failure.[@B6] Even when total resection is not possible, conservative surgery can relieve symptoms and prevent imminent cardiac failure. ", "Conservative surgery improves the quality of a patient\\'s life, as in our patient\\'s case.", "\n\nAlthough more than 90% of melanomas have a cutaneous origin,[@B7] melanomas may sometimes present metastatically in the absence of a primary lesion, termed melanomas of unknown primary origin. ", "Most authors estimate that 2-6% of patients are diagnosed with metastatic melanoma of unknown primary site. ", "In particular, such a metastatic melanoma in the heart such as in this patient without a known primary cutaneous origin is a rare presentation and chiefly an anecdotal finding of metastatic melanoma. ", "Several reported cases can be found in the literature about cardiac involvement with cutaneous primary malignant melanoma and multiple metastasis in Korea, as well as worldwide.[@B8][@B9] As far as we know, malignant cardiac melanoma without a primary origin has not yet been reported in Korea.", "\n\nThe survival of patients with unknown primary melanoma was demonstrated to be similar to that of patients with known primary tumors when corresponding stages were compared.[@B10]-[@B12] Those patients with metastases to any other visceral sites are described to have a 1 year survival rate of 41% and a median survival of approximately 6 months.[@B11][@B13][@B14] Accordingly, we expected that the outcome of this patient might be very unfavorable. ", "Although total resection was not possible because of extensive cardiac metastasis, a pericardial window operation could resolve her symptoms.", "\n\nAfter surgery, chemotherapy was planned, including cisplatin, dacarbazine, casmustine, and tamoxifen. ", "However, the patient refused further chemotherapy after completion of two sessions. ", "The patient has survived for 14 months after diagnosis. ", "She is attending our hospital\\'s outpatient oncology department.", "\n\nAs only few reports about cardiac metastasis of malignant melanoma without cutaneous origin have been published, we are uncertain if conservative surgery is associated with prolonged survival and if the role of surgery for survival is worth further investigation.", "\n\nThe authors have no financial conflicts of interest.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\n{#F2}\n\n{#F3}\n\n{#F4}\n" ]

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[ "Hepatocyte transport of bile acids and organic anions in endotoxemic rats: impaired uptake and secretion.", "\nIn sepsis, intrahepatic cholestasis occurs frequently, suggesting impaired hepatocyte transport of bile acids and organic anions. ", "The aim of the study was to define the magnitude, time course, and the site of impaired biliary secretion in a rat sepsis model. ", "Maximal transport for two bile acids (cholyltaurine and chenodeoxycholyltaurine) and two organic anions (sulfobromophthalein and sulfolithocholyltaurine) was measured in isolated perfused livers at various times after lipopolysaccharide injection. ", "Basolateral and canalicular liver plasma membrane vesicles were used to characterize the impairment in hepatocyte transport. ", "Maximal hepatocyte transport was reduced for all compounds by 60%-81% compared with controls. ", "Bile acid-independent bile flow was reduced by 51%. ", "Impairment was maximal 12 hours after endotoxin injection and recovered thereafter. ", "In basolateral plasma membrane vesicles, sodium-dependent transport for bile acids was reduced by 36%-47%. ", "Sodium-independent transport of organic anions was reduced by 40%-55%. ", "Adenosine triphosphate-stimulated transport was greatly decreased in canalicular vesicles prepared from endotoxemic animals for all four compounds probably because of a reduced number of transport molecules, based on kinetic studies. ", "Basolateral and canalicular bile acid and organic anion transport are markedly impaired in endotoxemia. ", "These mechanisms may contribute to the cholestasis of sepsis." ]

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", "Otherwise, use Z_NO_FLUSH for maximum compression\n // goodness.", "\n if (last)\n flushFlag = this._finishFlushFlag;\n else {\n flushFlag = this._flushFlag;\n // once we've flushed the last of the queue, stop flushing and\n // go back to the normal behavior.", "\n if (chunk.length >= ws.length) {\n this._flushFlag = this._opts.flush || binding.", "Z_NO_FLUSH;\n }\n }\n\n this._processChunk(chunk, flushFlag, cb);\n};\n\nZlib.prototype._processChunk = function(chunk, flushFlag, cb) {\n var availInBefore = chunk && chunk.length;\n var availOutBefore = this._chunkSize - this._offset;\n var inOff = 0;\n\n var self = this;\n\n var async = typeof cb === 'function';\n\n if (!", "async) {\n var buffers = [];\n var nread = 0;\n\n var error;\n this.on('error', function(er) {\n error = er;\n });\n\n assert(this._handle, 'zlib binding closed');\n do {\n var res = this._handle.writeSync(flushFlag,\n chunk, // in\n inOff, // in_off\n availInBefore, // in_len\n this._buffer, // out\n this._offset, //out_off\n availOutBefore); // out_len\n } while (!", "this._hadError && callback(res[0], res[1]));\n\n if (this._hadError) {\n throw error;\n }\n\n if (nread >= kMaxLength) {\n _close(this);\n throw new RangeError(kRangeErrorMessage);\n }\n\n var buf = Buffer.concat(buffers, nread);\n _close(this);\n\n return buf;\n }\n\n assert(this._handle, 'zlib binding closed');\n var req = this._handle.write(flushFlag,\n chunk, // in\n inOff, // in_off\n availInBefore, // in_len\n this._buffer, // out\n this._offset, //out_off\n availOutBefore); // out_len\n\n req.buffer = chunk;\n req.callback = callback;\n\n function callback(availInAfter, availOutAfter) {\n // When the callback is used in an async write, the callback's\n // context is the `req` object that was created. ", "The req object\n // is === this._handle, and that's why it's important to null\n // out the values after they are done being used. ", "`this._handle`\n // can stay in memory longer than the callback and buffer are needed.", "\n if (this) {\n this.buffer = null;\n this.callback = null;\n }\n\n if (self._hadError)\n return;\n\n var have = availOutBefore - availOutAfter;\n assert(have >= 0, 'have should not go down');\n\n if (have > 0) {\n var out = self._buffer.slice(self._offset, self._offset + have);\n self._offset += have;\n // serve some output to the consumer.", "\n if (async) {\n self.push(out);\n } else {\n buffers.push(out);\n nread += out.length;\n }\n }\n\n // exhausted the output buffer, or used all the input create a new one.", "\n if (availOutAfter === 0 || self._offset >= self._chunkSize) {\n availOutBefore = self._chunkSize;\n self._offset = 0;\n self._buffer = Buffer.allocUnsafe(self._chunkSize);\n }\n\n if (availOutAfter === 0) {\n // Not actually done. ", " Need to reprocess.", "\n // Also, update the availInBefore to the availInAfter value,\n // so that if we have to hit it a third (fourth, etc.) ", "time,\n // it'll have the correct byte counts.", "\n inOff += (availInBefore - availInAfter);\n availInBefore = availInAfter;\n\n if (!", "async)\n return true;\n\n var newReq = self._handle.write(flushFlag,\n chunk,\n inOff,\n availInBefore,\n self._buffer,\n self._offset,\n self._chunkSize);\n newReq.callback = callback; // this same function\n newReq.buffer = chunk;\n return;\n }\n\n if (!", "async)\n return false;\n\n // finished with the chunk.", "\n cb();\n }\n};\n\nutil.inherits(Deflate, Zlib);\nutil.inherits(Inflate, Zlib);\nutil.inherits(Gzip, Zlib);\nutil.inherits(Gunzip, Zlib);\nutil.inherits(DeflateRaw, Zlib);\nutil.inherits(InflateRaw, Zlib);\nutil.inherits(Unzip, Zlib);\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "//\n// Generated by class-dump 3.5 (64 bit).", "\n//\n// class-dump is Copyright (C) 1997-1998, 2000-2001, 2004-2013 by Steve Nygard.", "\n//\n\n#import \"NSObject.h\"\n\n@class NSString, NSURLRequest;\n\n@interface IMRemoteURLConnection : NSObject\n{\n NSURLRequest *_request;\n NSString *_bundleIdentifierForDataUsage;\n CDUnknownBlockType _block;\n struct _xpc_connection_s *_connection;\n BOOL _cancelled;\n BOOL _loading;\n BOOL _forceCellularIfPossible;\n int _retries;\n}\n\n@property(retain) NSString *bundleIdentifierForDataUsage; // @synthesize bundleIdentifierForDataUsage=_bundleIdentifierForDataUsage;\n@property BOOL forceCellularIfPossible; // @synthesize forceCellularIfPossible=_forceCellularIfPossible;\n- (void)cancel;\n- (void)load;\n- (void)dealloc;\n- (id)initWithURLRequest:(id)arg1 completionBlock:(CDUnknownBlockType)arg2;\n- (BOOL)_connect;\n- (BOOL)_disconnect;\n- (void)_disconnected;\n\n@end\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "\"Linda?\" \" ", "I'm gonna go run.\" \" ", "OK.\" \" ", "Morning.\" \" ", "Good morning.\" \"", "How ya doin'?\" \"(", "barking)\" \"(tyres screech)\" \" Is he out?\" \" ", "Yup.\" \"", "Good.\" \"", "Now we can talk about him.\" \"", "Oh, my God!\" \"", "Martha, his ass is hairier than yours.\" \" ", "Very funny.\" \" ", "No laughs, huh?\" \"", "The morning team has a sense of humour.\" \"", "OK.\" \"", "This is an accident victim creamed by a truck.\" \"", "Injury to C5 - anterior dislocation of the upper segment with damage to the cord.\" \"(", "PA) Dr Fletcher to ICU.\" \"", "Dr Stephen Fletcher, please come to ICU.\" \"", "John.\" \"", "I can't tell you how much it means that you found the time to be with us today.\" \"", "Everyone!\" \"", "Everyone!\" \"", "Pay attention.\" \"", "For those of you who haven't met him, this is Dr John Wiseman - the genius who saved my Allan's life.\" \"", "Here's to the doctor.\" \" ", "Dr Wiseman.\" \" ", "John, this is Dr Fry.\" \"", "My name is Esther Fry.\" \"", "Dr Fry is one of Allan's professors at the law school.\" \" ", "We were just discussing...\" \" Will Allan be able to finish his studies?\" \"", "Physically, yes, but will he want to?\" \"", "Let's not talk about this now.\" \"", "This is supposed to be a celebration.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Some celebration, huh, Doc?\" \"", "Charlie Cunningham.\" \" ", "How are you?\" \" ", "I'm Allan's c...\" \"I was Allan's coach.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Excuse me one second.\" \" ", "How are you holding up?\" \" ", "Good.\" \"", "I'm good.\" \"", "Good.\" \"", "I'd better go freshen up.\" \"", "Allan'll be here any minute.\" \"(", "car door slams)\" \" (man) He's here.\" \" (", "mother) OK, everybody quiet.\" \"", "Everybody, he's here.\" \"", "Let's all surprise him together.\" \"", "Quiet now.\" \" ", "Good luck to you.\" \" ", "Thanks.\" \"", "Allan!\" \"", "Oh, Allan!\" \"", "You're home.\" \"", "One, two, three...\" \"Surprise!\" \"", "To Allan.\" \"", "To the start of his new life.\" \"(", "applause)\" \"Hi, babe.\" \" ", "Been a long time.\" \" ", "I know.\" \"", "I should have come to visit you more at the hospital, but...\" \"I'm sorry.\" \"", "Linda, would you get this gentleman a drink?\" \"", "Double Scotch?\" \" ", "If I'm allowed.\" \" ", "Allowed?\" \"", "I'm prescribing it.\" \"", "Not in a regular glass.\" \"", "We use these.\" \"", "We never use ice cubes and if we must have alcohol, we water it down.\" \"", "Maryanne Hodges.\" \"", "I've been hired by your mother to stay and take care of you.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \" ", "Who could live that way?\" \" ", "Sshh.\" \"", "He was looking right at us.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "This is Geoffrey.\" \"", "I can't come to the phone right now, but leave a message.\" \"", "Wait for the beep.\" \"", "Geoffrey, where the hell are you?\" \"(", "bell rings)\" \" (animals squeak)\" \" Hello, babies.\" \"", "Papa's got a surprise.\" \"", "All right, ladies and gentlemen...\" \"One human brain.\" \"", "This sample comes from the main association area of the temporal cortex.\" \"", "The donor was a Jane Doe with no apparent abnormalities.\" \"", "Hello, number six.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "That's it.\" \"", "Freedom.\" \"", "Save some for the old man.\" \"", "Parnate incarnate.\" \"", "Another night without sleep.\" \"", "But sleep is just a waste of time.\" \"", "Right, number six?\" \"", "Double, double, toil and trouble...\" \"Fire burn and cauldron bubble.\" \"", "You have got to get smart on this, sugar.\" \"", "There you go.\" \"", "I know it hurts, baby, but beats going back to the jungle, doesn't it?\" \"", "Let's get our messages.\" \"", "Hey, don't you give me that.\" \"", "Get your little hinny over here or no midnight snack.\" \"", "Good girl.\" \"", "That's it.\" \" ", "Geoffrey, this is Dean Burbage...\" \" How are you doing, you psycho?\" \"", "Wednesday 6th.\" \"", "You forgot our appointment...\" \" Yes, I did.\" \" ", "I'd like to see you tomorrow...\" \"I'd like to see you dead...\" \"Wednesday 6th?\" \"(", "Linda) Geoffrey, where the hell are you?\" \"", "God...\" \"Allan.\" \"(", "tapping)\" \"Hey, come in here.\" \"", "How ya doin', Ace?\" \"", "A lot of changes here.\" \"", "I hardly recognise this place.\" \" ", "Equipped for the handicapped.\" \" ", "You'll get all the best parking spaces.\" \"", "Ones with the pictures of the wheelchairs on them.\" \" ", "I hate to think what Mother paid for it.\" \" ", "You'll pay her back.\" \"", "Lawyers get rich.\" \"", "You look like shit.\" \"", "You shooting parnate?\" \"", "That's one of the advantages of working in a chem lab.\" \"", "I finally figured it out.\" \"", "Every three days that I stay awake, I gain 24 hours.\" \"", "That's 122 days every year.\" \"", "So even if I die at 50, I will have lived 65 years.\" \"", "I'm sorry I didn't make the party.\" \"", "Linda called me - she sounded pretty crazed.\" \"", "Linda's dumping me.\" \"", "She didn't come out and say it, but I can tell.\" \"", "Allan...\" \"Linda's just not comfortable with the change yet, that's all.\" \"", "She's gonna come around.\" \"", "Hey, if she walks out on you now, fuck her.\" \"", "I can't.\" \"", "Oh, look!\" \"", "There you are with the little Palmer children.\" \"", "Patterson, Mother.\" \"", "Their name was Patterson.\" \"", "That's right.\" \"", "I'm terrible with names.\" \"", "Look, there's their house.\" \"", "Remember when Mr Patterson got transferred?\" \"", "I got the listing and had to sell the house.\" \"", "You were so angry.\" \"", "You thought I had something to do with their moving away.\" \"(", "chirping)\" \"Maryanne!\" \"", "I don't like birds in the house - the flapping.\" \" ", "Bogie?\" \"", "Bad boy.\" \" ", "Bogie?\" \"", "When he talks, he sounds just like Humphrey Bogart.\" \" (", "Bogie) Sweetheart.\" \" ", "See?\" \"", "Look!\" \"", "Halloween.\" \"", "Oh, you just refused to wear that costume we bought for you.\" \"", "You wanted to go as that robot from the movies.\" \"", "What's his name?\" \"", "Robby the Robot.\" \"", "I always wanted to be Robby the Robot.\" \"", "Guess I finally got my wish.\" \"", "Shit.\" \"", "Jesus H Christ!\" \"", "Hey!\" \"", "What do you think you're doing?\" \"", "Get the hell outta here!\" \"", "Run, you dinks!\" \"", "Shit.\" \" ", "Where's security?\" \" ", "Stop torturing animals!\" \" ", "Murderer!\" \" ", "Torturer!\" \"", "Nice toss!\" \"", "You mentally-deficient puke.\" \" ", "How're you doing?\" \" ", "Late again.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Sorry.\" \"", "Lost track of the time.\" \"", "Well...\" \"What have you got?\" \"", "Samuels has given me a brain sample from a young girl who died in surgery.\" \"", "I've made a formulation based on human memory cells and injected a monkey.\" \"", "Is the monkey responding?\" \"", "Is it any smarter than it was before it was injected?\" \"", "It's very difficult to measure.\" \"", "She was pretty smart to begin with.\" \"(", "laughs) I don't believe this.\" \"", "The worm studies reincarnated.\" \"", "Monkeys are more expensive than worms.\" \" ", "It's not costing anything.\" \" ", "It's costing time, Geoffrey.\" \"", "This programme has to start showing results.\" \"", "People who write the cheques are getting nervous.\" \"", "I've seen you on three different talk shows defending the slaughter of animals for research.\" \"", "Your work has the anti-vivisectionists ready to firebomb the college.\" \"", "That's what's making the people who write the cheques nervous.\" \"", "Our approaches are quite different.\" \"", "Unfortunately for you, I'm the head of this department.\" \" ", "Why don't you just fire me then?\" \" ", "I don't want to fire you, Geoffrey.\" \" ", "I just want to get you to produce.\" \" ", "You can't do it, can you?\" \"", "You can't fire me cos you know if anybody's gonna strike gold, it's gonna be me.\" \" ", "Yeah, yeah.\" \"", "I'm sorry.\" \"", "You'll live.\" \" (", "hissing)\" \"My ass is on the line around here, sixer.\" \"", "And yours with it.\" \"", "You'd better get smart.\" \"", "This has to work.\" \"", "Proved out 50 different ways.\" \"", "You should be playing chess with the dosage you've been getting.\" \"", "You're half human, for Christ's sake.\" \"", "Why don't you show it, huh?\" \"", "Why don't you show something?\" \"", "Up.\" \"", "Maybe these other goons are holding you back.\" \"", "Maybe that's it.\" \"", "Maybe I gotta get you out of here.\" \"(", "Peggy Lee) ♪ {y:i}Don't cry\" \"♪ There'll be another spring...\" \"Three.\" \"", "No...\" \"Four.\" \"", "Five.\" \"", "Seven.\" \"", "Fuck!\" \"", "Eight!\" \"", "Six.\" \"", "Yo, Ace!\" \"", "Ace, I'm gonna grab a brew.\" \"", "Do you want one?\" \"(", "sirens wail)\" \" Tofranil.\" \"", "Same dosage?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "Four times a day for the first two days, twice a day after that.\" \"", "So...\" \"What are your plans?\" \"", "No plans.\" \"", "I was going to fly home back to Illinois next week, but...\" \"I can't go now, not now.\" \" ", "What if Allan?\" \" ", "Tries this again?\" \"", "You're not going to prevent it by being here.\" \"", "Look at today.\" \"", "I know it might be difficult to understand, but you might actually be aggravating the situation.\" \" ", "Aggravating?\" \" ", "Go home, Dorothy.\" \"", "Go back to Illinois.\" \"", "Go back to your business.\" \"", "You'll make it easier on yourself and on Allan.\" \"", "He'll be fine.\" \"", "Clinical depression syndrome.\" \"", "Tryptizol I had him on was too weak.\" \"", "I'm switching him to Tofranil.\" \"", "Allan Mann.\" \"", "This isn't unusual.\" \"", "Six out of ten quadriplegics attempt suicide.\" \"", "And you pump them full of Tofranil.\" \"", "Have you seen Wiseman?\" \"", "He's right over there.\" \" ", "Geoffrey?\" \" ", "It's Allan.\" \"", "He tried to kill himself.\" \"", "Wait.\" \"", "You didn't know?\" \" ", "Then what are you doing here?\" \" ", "She came to pick me up.\" \"", "Well, I'll be damned.\" \"", "How do we diagnose this one, Wiseman?\" \"", "Clinical asshole syndrome?\" \"", "Clinical rat?\" \"", "Clinical snake in the grass?\" \" ", "Come on, Geoffrey...\" \" And you?\" \"", "You clinical cunt.\" \"", "OK, Scooter.\" \"", "Come on now.\" \"", "Drink.\" \"", "Drink.\" \"", "OK.\" \"", "Put your baby to bed.\" \"", "Drink.\" \"", "No, not for baby.\" \"", "Drink for me.\" \"", "Good girl.\" \"", "Open.\" \"", "Change.\" \"", "Good girl.\" \"", "Good girl.\" \"", "Change.\" \"", "Open.\" \"", "Open.\" \"", "Good girl.\" \"", "Straw.\" \"", "Good girl!\" \"", "Good girl.\" \" (", "car horn)\" \" Hey, company's here.\" \"", "Let's go.\" \"", "Cage.\" \"", "Good girl.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Get in the cage.\" \"", "Come on, honey.\" \"", "Get in the cage.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Cage.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Good girl!\" \" ", "Hi.\" \"", "I'm Melanie.\" \" ", "Hi.\" \"", "Geoffrey Fisher.\" \"", "Nice to meet you.\" \" ", "What a fabulous place you have here.\" \" ", "Thanks.\" \"", "I'm lucky to have it.\" \" ", "You wanna come in or stay out here?\" \" ", "I'll stay out.\" \"", "Although my system may go into shock - all it ever gets is fluorescent light.\" \"", "So you train monkeys?\" \"", "Exclusively for quadriplegics?\" \"", "There's no time for anything else - the programme's so popular.\" \"", "As I told you on the phone, I have a friend who would be a terrific candidate for this.\" \"", "There are a lot of candidates.\" \"", "All my monkeys are already assigned homes.\" \"", "How about if I were to donate a monkey?\" \"", "One from the lab at the college?\" \"", "Has to be a female.\" \"", "Males are too unsanitary.\" \"", "They go around peeing to mark their territory.\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "I've had my share of drenchings.\" \"", "It's all right.\" \"", "This one is a female.\" \"", "Well, I suppose if you're willing to supply the animal, it comes down to my time.\" \" ", "I could pay you.\" \"", "I don't have much...\" \" No.\" \"", "I draw a salary from a grant.\" \"", "It's just squeezing them in.\" \"", "Starting a monkey from scratch is a long process.\" \"", "This monkey's pretty well conditioned.\" \"", "She's very bright.\" \"", "She's already been through a lot of behavioural training.\" \"", "It sounds too good to be true.\" \"", "She's normal?\" \"", "She hasn't been exposed to anything weird in the lab?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "She gets a med check every day.\" \"", "She's 100%.\" \"(", "doorbell)\" \"Hey, Ace.\" \"", "I set you up with a blind date.\" \"", "I hope you don't think she's too much of a gorilla.\" \"", "My God!\" \"", "Get away from her, you little!\" \"", "I'm Melanie Parker.\" \"", "You're Allan?\" \"", "Of course - you're the only one sitting down.\" \"", "What the hell is going on here?\" \"", "She's all yours, Ace.\" \"", "A present.\" \"", "You serious?\" \"", "You're giving me a monkey?\" \" ", "How am I supposed to take care of her?\" \" ", "It's gonna take care of you.\" \"", "Wait till you see what she can do.\" \"", "Melanie's been training her.\" \"", "Here we go.\" \"", "Look at this.\" \"", "Oh...\" \" Good girl.\" \" ", "Thank you.\" \"", "She's looking for her reward.\" \"", "I'll attach a gizmo to your chair for dispensing these.\" \" ", "What's her name?\" \" ", "Number six.\" \"", "That's a shit name.\" \"", "She's a capuchin\" \" Cebus Apella.\" \"", "I've been calling her Ella.\" \"", "Ella, huh?\" \"", "It's a little better.\" \" ", "Hi.\" \"", "I'm Melanie.\" \"", "You're Allan's nurse?\" \" ", "God has given me that burden, yes.\" \"", "Could you give me a hand?\" \"", "I got a truck load out here.\" \"", "Listen.\" \"", "I kinda smuggled her out of the lab.\" \"", "Officially, she's dead, but nobody knows that - not even Melanie.\" \"", "So if you could keep that quiet, I'd appreciate it.\" \"", "Hey, Ella.\" \"", "I'd love to play with you.\" \"", "Unfortunately, I can't, but I sure would love to.\" \" ", "So what do you think?\" \" ", "I think it's gonna be great.\" \"(", "♪ \"Ain't We Got Fun\" by Peggy Lee)\" \"♪ Don't we have fun?\" \"", "♪ Tax collectors getting closer\" \" She turned it on all by herself.\" \" ", "Got good taste.\" \"", "She loaded the tape and turned it on.\" \"", "Look at her, Maryanne.\" \"", "Isn't she a riot?\" \" ", "Is that animal house-broken?\" \" ", "Pretty much.\" \"", "She'll use her cage or the toilet, which she can flush, but you'll probably step in something once in a while.\" \"", "That's one thing I don't have to worry about.\" \"", "A cripple joke!\" \"", "He made a cripple joke.\" \"", "He's cured!\" \"(", "♪ \"That's the Glory of Love\" by Peggy Lee)\" \"It's all right.\" \"", "Don't get up.\" \"", "Nice model.\" \"", "White walls and a tape deck and you could go cruising.\" \"", "This baby's gonna make my job easy.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Get away from there.\" \" ", "Does this bother you?\" \" ", "No.\" \" ", "Would you rather lie down while I work?\" \" ", "I'm fine.\" \"", "I'm gonna be knocking on you for a while.\" \" ", "Oh, help.\" \" ", "All right.\" \"", "A little rough?\" \" ", "Kind of rough.\" \" ", "OK.\" \"", "We'll try and work on that.\" \"", "Fetch.\" \" ", "We're gonna do it really easy.\" \" ", "That's better.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "That's me.\" \"", "OK.\" \"", "All right...\" \" The laser dot is the signal for Ella.\" \" ", "To do what?\" \"", "Whatever your heart desires.\" \"", "She's your slave.\" \"", "Let's give it a try.\" \"", "Try and direct the laser to the stick.\" \"", "OK.\" \"", "You got it.\" \"", "Good.\" \" ", "Bring it up.\" \" ", "My mouth.\" \"", "Mouth.\" \"", "Mouth.\" \"", "Good girl.\" \" ", "Give her a treat.\" \"", "One puff.\" \" ", "One puff.\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Good girl.\" \"", "Ella.\" \"", "Open the box.\" \"", "Change.\" \"", "Change, Ella.\" \"", "Good girl.\" \"", "OK.\" \"", "Click left, puff once.\" \"", "Now if you lose power, you got lights.\" \"", "♪ That's the story of\" \"♪ That's the glory of love\" \"♪ And as long as there's the two of us\" \"♪ We got the world and all its charms\" \"♪ And when the world is through with us... (growls)\" \"Thanks, Ella.\" \"", "Lunch is ready.\" \"", "I would love some real eats.\" \"", "Nachos with melted cheese, perhaps, Chinese take-out, a Big Mac - anything's better than the mush I get from Nurse Ratched.\" \"", "What's your all-time favourite?\" \"", "All-time favourite?\" \"", "Pasta.\" \"", "Linguine with clam sauce And a mega dose of garlic.\" \" ", "Maybe I'll make it for you some time.\" \" ", "Promise?\" \"", "Let's not call it a promise.\" \"", "If I get the chance, I'll make it.\" \"", "You don't like making promises.\" \" (", "squeaking)\" \" What?\" \"", "Ella, fetch.\" \"", "Atta girl.\" \"", "I know it's heavy.\" \"", "You can do it.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Stretch for it.\" \"", "Make it burn.\" \"", "If I'm gonna suffer this shit, you have to suffer with me.\" \"", "Worse than having an infant.\" \"", "Way to go, Ella!\" \"", "Double reward.\" \"", "No, triple reward.\" \"", "That was a biggie.\" \"(", "beeping)\" \"Maryanne, I asked you to keep this container loaded.\" \"", "Rewards for that little pest.\" \"", "When do I get my reward?\" \"", "When you die, you'll go to heaven.\" \"", "I could do us all a favour and fill it with rat poison.\" \"", "Where are the damn things?\" \"", "I'll be.\" \"", "What are you doing?\" \"", "I'm trying to get some work done.\" \"", "Ella.\" \"", "What are you doing?\" \"", "Come on.\" \" (", "♪ soft jazz)\" \" Put the lights on, give me my stick.\" \"", "I can hardly see you.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Get out of the way.\" \"", "What do you want?\" \"", "I'm gonna do it, darlin'.\" \"", "I'm gonna go back to school.\" \"", "Put my mind to it, I oughta be able to tear up the track.\" \"", "What?\" \"", "Don't you want to go to school with me?\" \"", "Ah, I know.\" \"", "Ow!\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "You don't like the beard?\" \"", "Neither do I. It's out of here, OK?\" \"", "The beard is history.\" \"", "That a deal?\" \"", "What?\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "I love you too.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "This is one thing you don't know how to do.\" \" ", "She just wants to play.\" \" ", "You spoil her, Allan.\" \"", "I want to spoil her.\" \"", "She's really...\" \" made my life...\" \" I know.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "I don't think you do know, Melanie.\" \" ", "I don't think you can know.\" \" ", "Hold still.\" \"", "She does so much for me.\" \"", "She seems to want to do things just for me.\" \"", "Look.\" \"", "Completely different guy.\" \"", "You're not gonna stop coming around now, are you?\" \"", "I mean, now that Ella's finished her basic training.\" \"", "I hate to see you disappear.\" \"", "I won't disappear.\" \"", "I'll be around.\" \"", "God, I'm sorry.\" \"", "I must have cut you.\" \" ", "It's nothing.\" \" ", "Hey!\" \"", "Get away from there.\" \"", "Don't worry.\" \" ", "Allan, hi!\" \" ", "How are you guys doing?\" \"", "Great.\" \" ", "Who's your friend?\" \" ", "This is Ella.\" \"", "That's my girl.\" \"", "Ella's your girl?\" \"", "June 12, 1984 - the Supreme Court reversed the sixth circuit court of appeal in a case involving the City of Memphis.\" \"", "What was the ruling?\" \"(", "laughter)\" \"Check it out.\" \"", "Well, Mr Mann, does your friend know the answer?\" \"", "Or do you?\" \"", "The ruling held that courts could not upset valid seniority systems to protect the rights of minority workers.\" \"(", "applause)\" \"Got one?\" \"", "Reel it in!\" \" ", "Shit.\" \"", "My fault.\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "It just wasn't meant to be.\" \"", "At least we got one on the line.\" \"", "It's not the right time of year.\" \"", "We'll come back when they're running.\" \" ", "Promise?\" \" ", "Yeah, I promise.\" \" ", "That was easy.\" \" ", "It was, wasn't it?\" \" ", "You getting cold?\" \" ", "A little.\" \"", "Let's pack it in.\" \" ", "It's pretty fancy.\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "Each card dials a number.\" \"", "Ella does it for me.\" \"", "She already knows which cards are which.\" \" ", "You're shitting me?\" \" ", "The ones I use most often.\" \"", "Telephone, Ella.\" \"", "Come on, Ella.\" \"", "Telephone.\" \"", "Telephone Geoffrey.\" \"", "Geoffrey, Ella.\" \" ", "Christ.\" \"", "You don't think?\" \" ", "I do think.\" \"", "She knows you're here so it makes no sense to call you.\" \" ", "No, no.\" \"", "There's no way, man.\" \" ", "Go outside a minute.\" \" ", "There's no way...\" \" Don't tell me you're not curious.\" \"", "Go on.\" \"", "OK, Ella.\" \"", "He's gone.\" \"", "Telephone Geoffrey.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Telephone Geoffrey.\" \"", "Come on back in!\" \"", "She did it.\" \"", "She's unbelievable.\" \"", "She's like a miniature person.\" \"", "Hi, this is Geoffrey.\" \"", "I can't come to the phone, but leave a message.\" \"", "After all that, she gets an answering machine.\" \"", "Hello?\" \"", "Who's that?\" \"", "Is that you, Burbage?\" \"", "What the hell are you doing in my lab?\" \" ", "What's all that about?\" \" ", "It's nothing.\" \"", "What's the matter?\" \"", "Same old shit.\" \"", "Boss messing with my work.\" \"", "I hate it.\" \" ", "Do you mind if I help myself to a beer?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "Go ahead.\" \"", "Ella, you wanna go grab a beer with me?\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Burbage is a schmuck, eh?\" \"", "You really are getting smart, aren't you?\" \"", "You must like it here.\" \"", "Maybe this brew of mine is finally doing its stuff.\" \"(", "shrieking)\" \" What happened?\" \" ", "Nothing.\" \"", "She cut her hand.\" \"", "She's fine.\" \"", "Ella, come on.\" \"", "Sshh...\" \"Ella.\" \"", "What's going on in there?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Geoffrey!\" \"", "What are you doing to her?\" \" ", "Ella...\" \" Geoffrey!\" \" ", "Geoffrey!\" \" ", "Ella, come on.\" \"(", "water flushes)\" \" How did you get into my laboratory?\" \" ", "Your laboratory?\" \"", "With those triple locks?\" \"", "I know paranoia runs high around the wing, but...\" \" Christ.\" \" ", "One conditions - by the carrot or by the stick.\" \"", "I prefer the stick.\" \"", "It's closer to what we encounter in real life.\" \"", "Fear of drowning, for example, concentrates the rodent mind wonderfully.\" \" ", "You really are a sadist.\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "A realist.\" \"", "Please don't smoke in here.\" \"", "Let's cut the bullshit.\" \"", "I just stopped by to tell you...\" \"I was taking inventory and I discovered that one of your monkeys died several weeks back.\" \"", "Not the one you've been injecting?\" \"", "It was one of the others.\" \"", "Ten weeks back and I still don't have a replacement.\" \"", "And you're not going to get one until you file a written report on your experiments.\" \"", "You really kill me.\" \"", "You continually ridicule my work, but you're just dying to find out if I'm on to something.\" \"", "I should have gotten that monkey - the one that died.\" \"", "For autopsy, I know.\" \"", "I sent it down.\" \"", "It never got here.\" \"", "How did you send it?\" \"", "A student.\" \"", "I don't have time for this bullshit.\" \"", "You go slice up somebody's testicles.\" \"", "You can throw away the keys to my laboratory\" \" I've had the locks changed.\" \"", "All three of them.\" \"", "Jesus!\" \"", "Will you take it easy with that thing?\" \"", "If you're gonna do a job, do it right.\" \"", "I'm sick and tired of your insults.\" \"", "I don't know what's gotten into you.\" \" ", "I work my butt off around here.\" \" ", "Bullshit!\" \"", "This place is a pigsty!\" \"", "You don't change Ella's cage or fill her food dishes.\" \"", "This is our house.\" \"", "You have been hired to perform certain functions.\" \"", "When you don't perform them, we get pissed off.\" \"", "And just who is this \"we\"?\" \" ", "Me and Ella.\" \" ", "That's what I thought you meant.\" \"", "It's unnatural - you and that monkey.\" \"", "She is just a dirty, filthy, sneaky, little beast.\" \"", "You don't like the way this place looks?\" \"", "She's the one that leaves it a mess.\" \"", "Maryanne.\" \"", "Maryanne, come back here!\" \"", "Maryanne!\" \" ", "Maryanne!\" \" (", "agitated chattering)\" \"Maryanne!\" \"", "Maryanne!\" \"", "Maryanne!\" \"", "Maryanne!\" \"", "Maryanne!\" \"", "Maryanne!\" \"", "God give me strength.\" \"", "Get rid of that bird, Maryanne.\" \"", "Get rid of that bird, or so help me, I'll...\" \"You'll what?\" \"(", "growling)\" \"Bogie?\" \"", "♪ 12 bottles of beer on the wall 12 bottles of beer\" \"♪ If one of those bottles should happen to fall\" \"♪ 11 bottles of beer on the wall\" \"♪ 11 bottles of beer on the wall\" \"Science is measurement.\" \"", "Precise measurement.\" \"", "And measurement means... repetition.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "Let's see if this will make you guys as smart as your sister.\" \"(", "screaming)\" \"(doorbell)\" \"Um...\" \"Eleven.\" \"", "Allan!\" \"", "Darling!\" \"", "Nobody answered.\" \"", "I thought something was wrong.\" \"", "Mother, I...\" \"I wasn't expecting...\" \"I know.\" \"", "I know.\" \"", "I should have phoned.\" \"", "But I knew that you would just tell me not to come and...\" \"What's the difference?\" \"", "I'm here.\" \"", "We're together.\" \" ", "I'll do that, if you want.\" \" ", "Not a chance.\" \"", "It's my pleasure.\" \"", "I'll make Grandmother's potatoes.\" \"", "Would you like that?\" \" ", "He's selfish and ungrateful.\" \" ", "Please try and find Ella.\" \"", "I'm worried.\" \"", "I left the door open when I came in.\" \"", "I hope she didn't get out.\" \" ", "She's just hiding.\" \"", "Probably in the attic.\" \" ", "Cos you're after her all the time.\" \"", "You killed my Bogie!\" \"", "Maryanne, you're confused.\" \"", "Not with his hands.\" \"", "He had his little demon do it for him.\" \" ", "Ella was in her cage.\" \" ", "I don't know how you did it, but you did!\" \"", "The two of you together.\" \"", "And now my little Bogie is gone!\" \"", "Maybe it was old age, huh?\" \"", "Maybe it was a rat that got it.\" \"", "Maybe you crushed it when you jammed your foot in the slipper.\" \"", "Who gives a shit?\" \"", "It deserved to die.\" \"", "It fucking deserved to die.\" \"", "Allan?\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "This is embarrassing.\" \"", "I'd rather Maryanne do this.\" \"", "What's the matter?\" \"", "I've never seen you naked?\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Anyway, you're stuck with me.\" \" ", "Maryanne's leaving.\" \" ", "Maryanne's leaving?\" \" ", "Uh-huh.\" \" ", "You mean while you're here?\" \"", "No, she's quitting.\" \"", "She called me last week and said she was looking for work.\" \"", "Last week?\" \" ", "Bitch.\" \" ", "Allan, it's all right.\" \"", "Actually, her timing couldn't be better.\" \"", "Her decision helped me reach a decision of my own - one that I've been procrastinating about...\" \"What is it?\" \"", "Well...\" \"I hope you approve.\" \"", "I've sold my business.\" \"", "I'm selling the house in Lake Forest.\" \"", "You're planning on moving in?\" \"", "It's the only solution, Allan.\" \"", "Don't worry.\" \"", "I'll stay out of your way.\" \"", "I know you're a very private person.\" \"", "At the same time, I'll be able to help.\" \"", "I'll be here when you need me.\" \"", "Mother...\" \"Mother, my hand moved.\" \" ", "Did you see it?\" \" ", "Allan, please...\" \"Did you see my fucking hand move or didn't you?\" \"!\" \"", "No, I did not.\" \"", "There is nothing to see.\" \"", "Your hand did not move.\" \"", "It cannot move.\" \"", "I don't like the way you're behaving.\" \"", "I don't like it at all.\" \"(", "horn)\" \"(intercom) Allan, what is it?\" \"", "Want anything?\" \"", "Uh...\" \"No.\" \"", "No, Mother.\" \"", "I'm all right.\" \" ", "Do you have to go to the bathroom?\" \" ", "No, I'm all right.\" \"", "Just leave me alone.\" \"", "Just leave me alone.\" \"", "You can get out of this cage, can't you?\" \"", "You can get out of this house.\" \"", "Ella... you little devil, you.\" \"", "Nothing.\" \"", "There's no way she could be getting out.\" \"", "She's coming in wet, covered with mud.\" \"", "Allan, look at me.\" \"", "The attic is a mess.\" \"", "Leaks in the roof.\" \"", "It's been raining in there.\" \"", "Ella is getting out of the house.\" \"", "If it's not the attic, it's some other way.\" \"", "And I'm getting out with her.\" \"", "These dreams I've been having...\" \"They're not dreams.\" \"", "It's more like experiences.\" \"", "It's like I'm in Ella's body.\" \"", "Running with her strength.\" \"", "Seeing through her eyes.\" \" ", "I'm part of her.\" \"", "She's part of me.\" \" ", "You do know that that's impossible.\" \"", "No, I don't know.\" \"", "It is not impossible.\" \"", "It's happening.\" \"", "You're talking about telepathy, Ace.\" \"", "Some sort of mind meld.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "I know there's a strong bond between you and Ella, but... paranormal contact?\" \"", "It's impossible.\" \"", "It just can't be.\" \"", "Allan, are you all right?\" \"", "Do I need to start worrying about you?\" \"", "No, I'm fine.\" \"", "Just an overactive imagination, I guess.\" \"", "My hand moved\" \" I saw it move - but Wiseman says that's impossible.\" \"", "You should always get a second opinion with something serious.\" \"", "Even with the brilliant John Wiseman.\" \" ", "Do I detect a note of sarcasm?\" \" ", "Wiseman's overconfident.\" \" ", "Sometimes he... misses things.\" \" ", "He missed something with Allan?\" \"", "I don't know, but it looks to me like you've got a congenital problem.\" \"", "This injury here was caused by the accident - it's what Wiseman repaired and it looks like a competent job.\" \"", "But I don't think this is what's causing your paralysis.\" \"", "See this?\" \"", "This abnormality doesn't look like it was caused by trauma.\" \"", "If this is the culprit... then your paralysis could have come on crossing the street, lying in bed.\" \"", "The accident could have been a tragic coincidence.\" \"", "Tragic?\" \"", "Without the accident, the docs might have looked harder.\" \"", "They probably figured you got hit by a truck, spinal damage, case closed.\" \"", "So if they... he had looked harder and he found what you found...\" \" Could he have fixed it?\" \" ", "Can you fix it?\" \"", "This is a very inexact specialty.\" \"", "Let me run some more tests before you ask me that question.\" \" (", "growling) - (thinks) Wiseman.\" \"", "That motherfucker.\" \"", "That self-satisfied son of a bitch.\" \"", "If he did this to me...\" \"If he put me through this for no fucking reason other than his own incompetence.\" \" ", "Allan.\" \"", "Don't waste your time on anger.\" \" ", "That son of a bitch.\" \"", "Ego-fucking-maniac.\" \"", "I could...\" \"I don't understand this reaction.\" \"", "You're letting bad news overshadow good.\" \"", "There's hope - not false hope, real hope.\" \"", "Just when things might turn your way, you...\" \"I don't like this change in you, Allan.\" \" ", "Dr Wiseman's office.\" \" ", "Is he there?\" \"", "We don't expect him back until Monday.\" \"", "He's taken a few days off.\" \"", "I have to talk to him.\" \" ", "Well, if it's an emergency...\" \" It is an emergency.\" \"", "OK.\" \"", "He left a number where he can be reached.\" \"", "Let me see...\" \"It's JL-5... 9-7-2-9.\" \" ", "You already have that number?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \"", "I have that number.\" \"(", "rings)\" \"Hello?\" \"", "Hello?\" \"", "Hello?\" \"(", "hangs up)\" \" Hung up.\" \" ", "Oh.\" \"", "Hate it when that happens.\" \"", "It always scares me.\" \"(", "sighing)\" \"Oh, my God.\" \"", "Both of them?\" \"", "You mean they were together?\" \"", "Oh, my God!\" \"", "What am I gonna tell Allan?\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "Allan just came in.\" \"", "Yes, I will.\" \"", "Thank you for calling.\" \"", "Allan, something terrible has happened.\" \" ", "There was...\" \" A fire.\" \" ", "Take her away.\" \" ", "Ace, Ella could not have done this.\" \"", "I think she did do it.\" \"", "I think she did it for me.\" \"", "Because I wanted it done.\" \"", "You wanted them to die in a fit of anger.\" \"", "That's a normal reaction.\" \"", "These people fucked you over.\" \"", "Now this thing happens - it's coincidence - and you're blaming it on yourself.\" \"", "It wasn't a fit of anger.\" \"", "I thought about it - of ways of doing it.\" \"", "Fire was one of those ways.\" \"", "I knew that old cabin.\" \"", "I knew that it would burn fast.\" \"", "Allan...\" \" Did you do that or did she?\" \" ", "She did it.\" \"", "She acts on her own as well.\" \"", "That worries me too.\" \"", "What she might do when she's been exposed to...\" \" Exposed to what?\" \" ", "Geoff...\" \"I've been so full of anger.\" \"", "I've had the most horrible thoughts lately.\" \"", "It's like vomiting up every resentment I ever had.\" \"", "Every ugly, vicious, sinful...\" \"That's what it is - it's sin.\" \"", "It's the desire to sin, Geoff.\" \" ", "If Ella's plugged into that...\" \" You did not cause that fire, nor did Ella.\" \"", "Animals are instinctively terrified of fire.\" \"", "They won't go near a naked flame.\" \"", "Was that an instinctive reaction?\" \"", "Or does she just know what fire can do?\" \"", "Christ.\" \"", "All right...\" \"I'll take her down to the lab and run whatever tests I can run on her.\" \"", "Though I don't expect to find sin in a urine sample.\" \"(", "whimpers)\" \" Sorry, Melanie.\" \" ", "That's...\" \" Don't bring her back.\" \" ", "I'll check with you on Monday.\" \"", "Why don't you stay here tonight?\" \"", "You could stay for the weekend.\" \"", "Different environment.\" \"", "Fresh air.\" \"", "How could you handle it?\" \"", "Just getting me in and out of bed...\" \"I've got the practice room in the barn.\" \"", "Got all the equipment.\" \"", "I think it'll be warm enough.\" \"", "Got plenty of blankets.\" \"", "We'll try to forget it.\" \"", "For two days, we will try to forget everything.\" \" ", "Deal?\" \" ", "I'll try.\" \"", "I really will try.\" \"", "I just...\" \"I can feel myself coming back to normal.\" \"", "Every minute, that rage just gets lifted away.\" \"", "Every minute you're with me or every minute you're away from Ella?\" \"", "Both.\" \"", "Bedtime?\" \"", "I'm sorry.\" \"(", "agitated chattering)\" \"I could enrol you in the college, Ella.\" \"", "These other idiots are still pissing on their feet.\" \"", "They're all getting the same dosage.\" \"", "The missing ingredient must be Allan.\" \"", "My God.\" \"", "You want it?\" \"", "What?\" \"", "No complaint?\" \"", "I've turned you into a fucking junkie.\" \"", "What else have I turned you into?\" \"", "Has this stuff plugged you into Allan somehow?\" \"", "Seven bottles of beer on the wall.\" \"", "You didn't do it, did you, Ella?\" \"", "All that stuff that Allan's been blaming on you?\" \"", "I know that you've been getting out of the house... but you couldn't have committed murder.\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "I just can't be sure.\" \"", "You weren't trying to make your hand move.\" \"", "It moved by itself.\" \"", "Spinal surgery is risky business.\" \"", "Without some proof, some more positive sign, I can't recommend taking that risk.\" \" ", "What kind of sign?\" \" ", "A voluntary movement.\" \"", "A movement you make deliberately - even if it's only a finger or a toe.\" \"", "Show me that you can do that and I'll say, \"Let's operate.\"\" \" ", "Hello, Mother.\" \" ", "Where have you been?\" \" ", "At school.\" \" ", "Where have you been all weekend?\" \"", "I tried to call you at least a dozen times.\" \"", "We decided not to answer the phone.\" \"", "Mel, don't come in.\" \"", "I just don't want any bullshit.\" \" ", "OK.\" \"", "I'll see you tomorrow.\" \" ", "Mel, don't.\" \"", "I don't want any bullshit either.\" \"", "Hi, Mrs Mann.\" \"", "How are you today?\" \"", "Burbage.\" \"", "Jesus.\" \"", "He's got it.\" \"", "He's got the serum.\" \"", "Motherfucker!\" \"", "Burbage won't learn anything.\" \"", "Not from you, you simple bastards.\" \"", "He won't learn diddly shit.\" \"", "Maybe...\" \"Maybe I still can from you, sugar.\" \"", "One bottle of beer on the wall.\" \"", "One last dose.\" \"", "Not for you this time.\" \"", "This time, it's for me.\" \"", "If this shit can plug you into Allan's head, maybe it can plug me into yours.\" \"(", "bell rings)\" \"All right, Ella.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Let's tune in.\" \"", "Let's make contact, Ella.\" \" (", "growling)\" \" It's only you and me now.\" \"", "Let me know what's on your mind.\" \"", "Come on, Ella.\" \"", "Show me.\" \"", "Show me what you can do.\" \" ", "You didn't hear from Geoffrey?\" \" ", "Why would I?\" \" ", "He...\" \"He has Ella.\" \" ", "He can keep her for all I care.\" \"", "I told him to keep her, Mother.\" \"", "I told him not to bring her back.\" \"", "She's gone.\" \"", "She did something to that girl, didn't she?\" \"", "She did something to that Melanie and she asked you to get rid of her.\" \"", "You'd do anything she asks in a minute.\" \"", "Mother, let's try and bury the hatchet.\" \"", "Look, I know I haven't been very pleasant to be around lately.\" \"", "I'm gonna try and fix that.\" \"", "Do you think you could do the same?\" \"", "What am I supposed to fix, Allan?\" \"", "What have I done?\" \"", "What have I ever done except worry about you?\" \"(", "thunder)\" \"(snarling)\" \"Mother, this business about Melanie.\" \"", "I need your support, not discouragement.\" \"", "However things turn out medically, with or without the use of my body,\" \"I'm gonna try to make it work between us.\" \" ", "Whatever you want is fine with me.\" \" ", "Oh, bullshit!\" \"", "You're so fucked up, you can't even!\" \"", "Mother, she's here.\" \"", "Ella's here.\" \"", "She's in the house.\" \"", "I think you've got a serious problem.\" \"", "I think you're going crazy on me.\" \"", "She's here.\" \"", "I can feel her.\" \"", "Filling me up with...\" \" For God's sakes...\" \" There's danger.\" \"", "The way I've been acting, these rages - Ella pulls them out of me.\" \"", "She pulls them to the surface.\" \"", "What is this?\" \"", "Is this some sort of game that you're playing?\" \"", "If you can't stand having me here, just tell me, I'll go.\" \" ", "You don't have to put me through this.\" \" ", "Mother, please stop.\" \"", "Please don't make me angry.\" \"", "I can't control it.\" \"", "It's Ella.\" \"", "She... (phone rings)\" \"If that's Melanie, tell her the monkey's here.\" \"", "Tell her to come here right away.\" \" ", "Hello?\" \" ", "Hi, Mrs Mann.\" \"", "It's Melanie Parker.\" \" ", "Can Allan come to the phone?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "He's in the bath.\" \"", "OK.\" \"", "Would you ask him to call me when he gets out?\" \"", "He's going to bed.\" \"", "Call him tomorrow in the daytime.\" \"", "Mother, I'm sorry.\" \"", "I shouldn't have shouted at you.\" \"", "I'm afraid.\" \"", "I'm afraid for you, Mother.\" \"", "If you ever tried to understand anything, try to understand this.\" \"", "I understand.\" \"", "I understand the truth.\" \"", "You've made it plain.\" \"", "I just was never willing to accept it.\" \"", "Mother...\" \"Do you have any idea how much you've made me cry?\" \"", "Do you have any idea how worthless you've made me feel?\" \"", "How alone?\" \" ", "I've given up everything for you!\" \" ", "Who asked you to give up anything?\" \"", "You don't give a shit about me or anybody else.\" \"", "You're too wrapped up in yourself.\" \"", "Your life is nothing but an empty, greedy, black hole and you've been trying to suck me into it for as long as I can remember.\" \"", "Well, I cannot stand it any more.\" \"", "I cannot stand your bullshit.\" \"", "You're a conniving, clinging, bloodsucking bitch.\" \"", "Mother...\" \"You deserve whatever you get.\" \"", "I hate you.\" \"", "I hate you.\" \"(", "growling)\" \"Did you hear that?\" \"", "Mother.\" \"", "Mother!\" \"", "Mother!\" \"", "Mother?\" \"", "Can you hear me?\" \"", "Mother, can you hear me?\" \"(", "growling)\" \"Mother, close your door!\" \"", "Lock it shut!\" \"", "Mother!\" \"", "Mother!\" \"", "Mother, can you hear me?\" \"(", "growling)\" \" Ella?\" \" (", "tapping)\" \"Geoff, she's here.\" \"", "Ella's here.\" \" ", "What's with the lights?\" \" ", "Check the breakers.\" \"", "Something happened to Mother.\" \" ", "What the hell?\" \" ", "Geoff?\" \" ", "Geoff, what is it?\" \" ", "I don't know.\" \" ", "Must be a short somewhere.\" \"", "You OK?\" \" ", "Mother.\" \"", "Upstairs.\" \"", "I'll be right back.\" \" ", "Ella's not in here, is she?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "I don't think so.\" \"", "Oh, God.\" \"", "It's me...\" \"I killed them.\" \" ", "All of them.\" \" ", "You couldn't kill anyone, Allan.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "I got 5,000 years of civilised behaviour bred into me.\" \"", "But what if I wasn't civilised any more?\" \"", "What if I was an animal?\" \"", "Free to follow my instincts.\" \"", "That's what the devil is, Geoff.\" \"", "It's instinct.\" \"", "Animal instinct.\" \"", "Lives in us all.\" \"", "Lives by its own set of laws.\" \"", "Laws of the jungle.\" \"", "You didn't do any of this, Allan.\" \"", "I did.\" \"", "Ella has been genetically altered.\" \"", "I've had her on a new drug.\" \" ", "Don't tell me this...\" \" I lost track, Allan.\" \" ", "I lost track of everything but my work.\" \" ", "Geoff, don't tell me this.\" \"", "You said she was normal - even after I told you what was happening.\" \"", "I was just part of some experiment, wasn't I?\" \"", "A guinea pig, this whole time.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "At the beginning I was really trying to help.\" \"", "What kind of experiment was it?\" \"", "What did you do to Ella?\" \"", "What did you do to me?\" \"", "Allan...\" \" You see her?\" \" ", "She didn't come back here.\" \" ", "The attic.\" \" ", "Maybe we should wait or get help.\" \" ", "I can handle her.\" \" ", "We should get help.\" \"", "Geoffrey?\" \"(", "phone rings)\" \"Ella, answer the telephone.\" \"", "Answer the telephone, Ella.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Answer.\" \"", "Ella, no.\" \"", "Stop it.\" \"", "Don't!\" \"", "Do not...\" \"Don't do it!\" \" (", "cuts off)\" \" Goddamn you, you!\" \"(", "faint ringing)\" \"Geoff!\" \"", "She's here.\" \"", "She's down here!\" \"", "Allan?\" \"", "Allan?\" \"", "Allan!\" \"", "Geoff, no.\" \"", "Just get away.\" \"", "Get help!\" \"(", "faint rattling)\" \"Jesus.\" \"", "She got me.\" \"", "You know me and needles.\" \"", "I put enough in there to bring down King Kong!\" \" ", "Geoff.\" \"", "The telephone.\" \"", "Get the phone.\" \" ", "Ace...\" \"Untangle the phone.\" \"", "We'll call for help.\" \"", "Ace, I'm sorry...\" \"I'm so sorry.\" \" ", "The telephone.\" \"", "We'll call the hospital.\" \" ", "Hospital.\" \"", "I gotta go there.\" \"", "There's no time to make a round trip.\" \"", "You can't possibly drive.\" \"", "Unhook this phone, goddamnit!\" \" ", "I gotta go...\" \" Geoff!\" \"", "Unhook the fucking phone!\" \"", "Geoffrey!\" \"", "Geoffrey!\" \"", "♪ If one of those bottles should happen to fall...\" \"Geoff!\" \"(", "Iow growling)\" \"Seven.\" \"", "Eleven!\" \"", "Eleven!\" \"", "Eleven!\" \"", "Eleven!\" \"", "No!\" \"", "God damn you!\" \"", "Eleven!\" \"", "Eleven!\" \"", "What did you do?\" \"", "Knock the breaker off?\" \"", "You little...\" \"Stop it, Ella.\" \"", "I said, stop it!\" \"", "Stop it!\" \"", "You can't fool me.\" \"", "Not with that bullshit.\" \"", "You're not gonna hurt me.\" \"", "I'm part of you.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "You wanna be the boss now.\" \"", "Is that it?\" \"", "You wanna be the brains as well as the brawn?\" \"", "No, no.\" \"", "I'm the brains in this outfit.\" \"", "I can beat you at this game, Ella.\" \"", "Know why?\" \"", "Cos I'm human.\" \"", "I'm the one who can cheat and lie...\" \"and be devious.\" \"", "Whatever it takes, fuckface.\" \"", "Whatever it takes to get us through the night.\" \"", "Hey, Ella.\" \"", "Ella, I got an idea.\" \"", "Let's have music.\" \"", "Music, Ella.\" \"", "Atta girl.\" \"", "Music.\" \"", "Oh.\" \"", "The lights, Ella.\" \"", "You need lights to have music.\" \"", "Kitchen.\" \"", "The switch is in the kitchen, baby.\" \"", "Go ahead.\" \"", "Oh, you're too savvy for that one, aren't you?\" \"", "It's OK.\" \"", "We'll try it again later.\" \"", "How about food?\" \"", "Food.\" \"", "Mmm.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "I'm hungry.\" \"", "Eat, Ella.\" \"", "Eat.\" \"", "Atta girl.\" \"", "Go ahead.\" \"", "Hey!\" \"", "Hey, over here!\" \"", "Hey!\" \"", "Over here!\" \"", "Help me!\" \"", "Help me!\" \" ", "Help me, please!\" \" (", "growling)\" \"All right.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "No more tricks.\" \"", "No more tricks, baby.\" \"", "So you're not afraid of fire.\" \"", "Thank you, Ella.\" \"", "No more food.\" \"", "No more food, Ella.\" \"", "No more food.\" \"", "Food, no.\" \"", "Ella...\" \"Let's go outside.\" \"", "Go outside.\" \"", "Run.\" \"", "Play.\" \"", "Like we used to.\" \"", "Come on, baby.\" \"", "Go outside.\" \"", "Go away.\" \"", "Take me away, Ella.\" \"", "Come on, baby.\" \"", "Take me away.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Mel, no.\" \"", "Go away.\" \"", "Go away.\" \"", "Don't come.\" \"(", "growling)\" \"Mel, go away.\" \"", "Stay away.\" \" ", "Are you all right?\" \"", "What happened?\" \" ", "Mel, get away from here.\" \" ", "Where's Geoffrey?\" \" ", "He's not here.\" \" ", "His car's outside.\" \" ", "Leave us alone.\" \"", "I don't wanna hurt you.\" \"", "I couldn't stand it if I hurt you too.\" \" ", "Mel, please go.\" \"", "Go quickly.\" \" ", "Allan, what?\" \"", "Stop it!\" \"", "Ella, no!\" \" ", "Did you do that or did she?\" \" ", "She did.\" \"", "That's right.\" \"", "She did it.\" \"", "Not you.\" \"", "You had nothing to do with it.\" \"", "Mel?\" \"", "Come on, wake up.\" \"", "Come on, Melanie.\" \"", "Wake up.\" \"", "Mel?\" \"", "Ella, no!\" \"", "Stop.\" \"", "Ella!\" \"", "Get out of there!\" \"", "Get out of there, you bitch!\" \"", "Stop it!\" \"", "Get away from her!\" \"", "Get out of there!\" \"", "Stop it, Ella!\" \"", "Come on, Mel.\" \"", "Wake up.\" \"", "Come on, Mel.\" \"", "Melanie.\" \"", "Ella, no!\" \"", "No!\" \"", "Get out of there!\" \"", "No!\" \"", "No!\" \"", "Stop it!\" \"", "Get away from me.\" \"", "Get away from me, you!\" \"", "You slime.\" \"", "You filth.\" \"", "I'm gonna take you apart.\" \"", "I'm gonna rip your fucking eyes out.\" \"", "I'm gonna tear you open and chew out your fucking heart.\" \"", "Oh, God.\" \"", "Melanie.\" \" ", "Oh.\" \" ", "Come on, Mel.\" \"", "Wake up.\" \"", "You gotta wake up, Mel.\" \"", "Ella, no.\" \"", "Ella, no.\" \"", "Bring me that needle.\" \"", "Fetch it to me.\" \"", "Come on, Ella.\" \"", "I thought we were gonna be friends.\" \"", "I thought we were gonna go run and play.\" \"", "Ella.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"(", "soft music plays)\" \"Come here, baby.\" \"", "Nice music, huh?\" \"", "Come on up here, baby.\" \"", "Come on, please.\" \"", "Come here, Ella.\" \"", "Come on next to me.\" \"", "I want you close.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Don't you love me?\" \"", "I love you.\" \"", "That's my girl.\" \"", "Come over.\" \"", "Come on and hold me.\" \"", "Hold me, baby.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "He's prepped.\" \"", "BP's stable.\" \"(", "flatline)\" \" Aagh!\" \" ", "Allan!\" \"", "It's OK.\" \"", "It's all right.\" \"", "You had a dream, that's all.\" \"", "Just a bad dream.\" \"", "I'm here.\" \"", "I'm with you.\" \"", "Your surgery's over.\" \"", "It's OK.\" \"", "Melanie...\" \" It's over?\" \"", "Really?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \" ", "They did the work on my spine?\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "What did they say?\" \"", "Do I get my body back?\" \"", "Come on, Ace.\" \"", "Let's go fishing.\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "Visiontext Subtitles:\" \"Sue Whitfield\" \"ENHOH\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenSubtitles" }

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[ "The present invention relates to screen doors such as sliding patio-type screen doors, and specifically to such a door featuring improvements for facilitating use of the door by young children.", "\nScreen doors, such as sliding patio-type screen doors are known to include a handle on at least one or both of an outer and inner surface for opening and closing the door relative to the surrounding entryway. ", "This handle is typically located at a height which may be out of the reach of a small child such as a toddler. ", "This situation creates problems for both the child and the working condition of the sliding screen door. ", "The child may try to extend his or her body to reach a typical handle by standing on the tops of his toes or increase his or her height by grabbing the screen, stepping on the frame of the screen door, or standing on the nearest object, which looks like it can be supportive. ", "Here, the child encounters obvious risks for injury through unstable support. ", "In other instances, the child may merely push on the screen cloth. ", "Further, through treatment such as this, the working condition of the sliding screen door can quickly deteriorate. ", "Alternatively, the child may simply require assistance from an adult or taller child in moving through an entryway sliding screen door, because the child cannot open the door. ", "Likewise, the child cannot independently close the door, leaving the interior accessible for unwanted insects, etc.", "\nAlternative devices have been devised for opening and closing doors, however, none considers the problems discloses above or provides a way for a child to open or close a sliding screen door, and, thus, enable independent access to an entryway for a child. ", "In U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,067,690, a device is disclosed that is attached to the bottom of a sliding screen door for opening the door with a foot. ", "While this device may be reachable by a child, it is not constructed or arranged for enabling the child to independently open and close a sliding screen door, nor does it address this problem. ", "Instead, through its configuration this reference actually creates gripping and other problems for a child trying to open or close a sliding screen door. ", "For instance, the handle may not be recognized as a handle by a child, because it is positioned so low on the door and it does not appear like a handle.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,391,674 also discloses an alternative door handle, however, this handle is mounted on a spring-closing or gravity-closing door for use by a dog or other animal. ", "This reference also fails to teach a handle for a sliding door or, more specifically, a handle placed at a prescribed height so as to be accessible by a child.", "\nAnother problem with screen doors is the fact that in some cases, children do not recognize the presence of a screen door and run into or through it causing injury to the child and/or damage to the door. ", "Additionally, it is often difficult for adults to determine when a screen door is closed because of lighting, the transparency of the screen cloth, etc.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "3,308,875 and 5,730,196 teach panels or ornaments that can be attached to a screen portion of a screen door to decorate the screen portion and have other aesthetic purposes, such as covering holes in the screen cloth, or providing privacy. ", "However, these references do not address the lack of airflow or ventilation through the panels.", "\nThus, there is a need for providing a screen door which addresses and resolves the issues identified above.", "\nThe above-listed goals are met or exceeded by the present screen door having an additional door handle, below a conventional screen door handle, which will facilitate and enable children during opening and closing of a screen door. ", "This additional handle is more readily accessible for the child during opening and closing of the screen door. ", "An additional feature of the present invention is an appliquxc3xa9 placed on a screen of the screen door at a child\"\"s-eye level may provide a visual indication of the position of the screen door and indicate to a child a relative position of the screen door, and in particular whether it is closed.", "\nMore specifically, a screen door for facilitating access through an entryway by a child includes a frame, a screen mounted to the frame, at least one adult height handle mounted on the frame at a first height from a floor adjacent to the entryway; and at least one child height handle mounted on the frame at a height below the adult height handle so that a child who cannot reach the adult height handle can reach and open and close the screen door. ", "In another embodiment, a sliding screen door is provided as described above and further including a flow-through appliquxc3xa9 applied to the screen for warning purposes. ", "In yet another embodiment, an extended door handle accessible by both a child and an adult is formed as a single unit." ]

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[ "Addiction Help for the LGBTQ Community\n\nOn This Page:\n\nEach person’s experience in life is unique, and how you process your life experiences can greatly affect your success and your stay in an addiction treatment program. ", "If you’re part of the LGBTQ community, recovery can present distinct challenges unless you’ve chosen a treatment center that’s sensitive to your specialized needs.", "\n\nThe good news is, many treatment centers are LGBTQ-friendly and seek to serve those in the LGBTQ community who are struggling with addiction and looking for a fresh and sober start to life.", "\n\nWhy Is Addiction So Common in the LGBTQ Community?", "\n\nResearch shows that addiction rates are higher in the LGBTQ community than the general population. ", "According to a recent study, 40 percent of respondents identifying as lesbian, gay or bisexual reported using illicit drugs — including illegal drugs like marijuana, cocaine and heroin as well as misuse of prescription drugs — within the last year. ", "That’s 23 percent higher than heterosexual respondents.1\n\nMany factors may contribute to this substantial difference in substance abuse rates in the LGBTQ community, such as:\n\nMinority and discrimination stress – People in the LGBTQ community often experience higher levels of anxiety and depression as a result of daily discrimination. ", "Discrimination can be formal, like in the workplace or housing market, or informal, as in social settings. ", "Either way, it’s an ongoing reality for LGBTQ individuals. ", "Even if you haven’t experienced discrimination firsthand, the reality is well-known through tragic news stories, and the fear can be just as crippling.", "\n\nLack of cultural competency – When people don’t know how to appropriately interact with you because of your sexuality, you’re often the one who bears the burden. ", "More importantly, if you’re dealing with mental health or addiction issues and the professionals in those fields aren’t well-versed in LGBTQ culture and the unique challenges you face, you may not get the help you need to sustain a long-term recovery.", "\n\nTargeted marketing – Many companies market their products specifically to LGBTQ people because they know drinking and smoking rates are higher in that community and that bars and nightclubs provide a safe social space for many LGBTQ individuals. ", "These targeted marketing strategies can perpetuate the cycle of substance abuse.2\n\nThe Benefits of an LGBTQ Treatment Program\n\nIf you already feel ostracized or oppressed, it can be overwhelming to choose an addiction treatment center that feels welcoming. ", "Addiction treatment should be a positive experience that empowers you to pursue a better life apart from drugs and alcohol. ", "That’s why finding the right facility is key.", "\n\nLGBTQ-friendly treatment centers are staffed with specially trained professionals who have a heartfelt desire to serve the unique needs of LGBTQ patients. ", "You’ll be in recovery alongside other participants who share similar experiences and can identify with the challenges you may face when it comes to work, friendships and family. ", "In specialized programs, there’s an openness to discuss the stress and stigma of LGBTQ culture, as well as a community of support to help you prepare for the challenges of re-entering everyday life while pursuing sobriety.", "\n\nHelp for the LGBTQ Community\n\nIf you or someone you love in the LGBTQ community is struggling with addiction, we can help. ", "At Michael’s House, we have helped many people overcome their addictions in a caring, non-judgmental atmosphere.", "\n\nIn one recent example, an article for the Desert Sun highlights the story of Kaitlin Riordan, a former Michael’s House patient who was able to achieve the sobriety she needed in order to complete the transition she had been desiring. ", "She says that her time at Michael’s House saved her life, and now she seeks to help others with similar struggles find freedom and health.3\n\nPlease call us anytime, 24 hours a day, to talk with an admissions coordinator about beginning your journey to freedom from addiction. ", "We want to help you heal from your addiction in a caring and understanding environment." ]

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[ "A three-layer model of self-assembly induced surface-energy variation experimentally extracted by using nanomechanically sensitive cantilevers.", "\nThis research is aimed at elucidating surface-energy (or interfacial energy) variation during the process of molecule-layer self-assembly on a solid surface. ", "A quasi-quantitative plotting model is proposed and established to distinguish the surface-energy variation contributed by the three characteristic layers of a thiol-on-gold self-assembled monolayer (SAM), namely the assembly-medium correlative gold/head-group layer, the chain/chain interaction layer and the tail/medium layer, respectively. ", "The data for building the model are experimentally extracted from a set of correlative thiol self-assemblies in different media. ", "The variation in surface-energy during self-assembly is obtained by in situ recording of the self-assembly induced nanomechanical surface-stress using integrated micro-cantilever sensors. ", "Based on the correlative self-assembly experiment, and by using the nanomechanically sensitive self-sensing cantilevers to monitor the self-assembly induced surface-stressin situ, the experimentally extracted separate contributions of the three layers to the overall surface-energy change aid a comprehensive understanding of the self-assembly mechanism. ", "Moreover, the quasi-quantitative modeling method is helpful for optimal design, molecule synthesis and performance evaluation of molecule self-assembly for application-specific surface functionalization." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nWPF MenuItem and Image share same resource\n\nHow would I share an Image or BitmapImage resource between an MenuItem and an Image control.", "\nThe MenuItem has the Icon property which expects an Image while the Image has an Source property which expects an String. ", "How would i link them to the same resource if I have the following in my Page.", "Resources:\n<BitmapImage x:Key=\"imgAccept\" UriSource=\"Resources/Images/accept.png\" />\n\nThis can be set as the Source property for the Image:\n<Image Source={StaticResource imgAccept} />\n\nBut can't be used for the MenuItem Icon property:\n<MenuItem Header=\"New Entity ...\" Icon={StaticResource imgAccept} />\n\nThat shows:\nhttp://i.stack.imgur.com/m4o62.png\n\nA:\n\nTry:\n<MenuItem Header=\"New Entity ...\">\n <MenuItem.", "Icon>\n <Image Source={StaticResource imgAccept} />\n </MenuItem.", "Icon>\n</MenuItem>\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nEnvironmental pollution due to hydrocarbons, chemicals, solvents and heavy metals are very serious issues that the current world is facing. ", "They are really harmful to living organisms including human beings and also indirectly contribute to the economic losses in developing countries ([@B28]). ", "Few of these toxic compounds and xenobiotics including crude oil were naturally degraded to the extent by indigenous microorganisms through biodegradation processes ([@B23]). ", "By the biotechnological approach, these pollutant degrading microbes can be identified and effectively used to remove the said contaminants under controlled conditions to produce value added products. ", "Crude oil is one such important pollutant that contains a mixture of low-high molecular weight (MW) hydrocarbons including aromatics, alkanes, asphaltenes and resins in composites ([@B36]). ", "Although the number of physicochemical and biological methods exist in literature to remediate the contaminations ([@B24]), bioremediation is one of the best approaches, since it is more efficient, eco-friendly and cost effective than other methods ([@B28]).", "\n\nBioremediation is mainly exploiting the biological agents, i.e., bacteria, fungi, or algae, to remove the targeted hydrocarbons. ", "One of the main factors that influence the bioremediation process is the hydrophobic nature of the hydrocarbons. ", "However, the native microbes isolated from hydrocarbon contaminated environments are expected to be more robust in degradation than non-native species. ", "The native microbes can produce metabolites that can easily solubilize the hydrocarbons or other similar pollutants to make them readily available for microbial conversion; therefore, they outperform the non-native or un-adapted cultures ([@B45]). ", "Alternatively, co-cultivation of native microbes along with efficient oil degrading microbes is considered a good strategy to increase the contaminant removal in short period of time ([@B69]).", "\n\nBiosurfactants are chemically active surface compounds synthesized by specific groups of microbes that utilize different substrates like simple sugars, oils, hydrocarbons from contaminated environment. ", "They have the ability to reduce surface and interface tension amongst liquid and solid substances and leads to diffuse them as emulsions in liquids ([@B11]). ", "Biosurfactants are widely used for various purposes such as food processing industry, oil recovery process, crude oil drilling lubricants, cleaning purpose, and bioremediation of oil contaminated sites ([@B39]; [@B19]). ", "Compared to chemical surfactants, biosurfactants have potential advantages, i.e., they are eco-friendly, easily degradable, active in any extreme conditions like high salinity/temperature regions and can be produced using cheap organic sources, which facilitates commercialization ([@B17]). ", "Many recent studies report the application of biosurfactant producing microbes in the petroleum contaminated environments to remove hydrocarbon and remediate the environment ([@B25]; [@B18]). ", "Degradation of hydrocarbons in the presence of microorganisms is enhanced by the production of biosurfactant ([@B18]). ", "Many researchers have identified that *Bacillus* species are potential biosurfactant producers, biodegrading microbes and widely used, e.g., like in microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) ([@B3]; [@B4]), bioremediation purposes ([@B14]) and biodegradation ([@B56]). ", "Recently [@B19] extracted the stable biosurfactant from *Bacillus subtilis* for industrial applications. ", "Hence, the biosurfactant plays an important role in bioremediation of hydrocarbon polluted environment.", "\n\n*Bacillus subtilis* used in this study has been shown to have the highest capability to degrade hydrocarbon by synthesizing biosurfactant in the presence of crude oil as carbon source. ", "However, the production of biosurfactants at larger level still represent a challenge, due to the low production level, low activity, and long fermentation conditions. ", "The biosurfactant production should be improved at industrial level, using efficient microbial strains with higher activity. ", "The optimization of production medium with replacement substrates, the improvement of the efficiency of recovery methods and fermentation processes and the development of biosurfactant producing microorganisms, can open the way to their large scale inexpensive production throughout the enlargement of efficient processes ([@B44]).", "\n\nAn important factor that influences biosurfactant production is the carbon and nitrogen sources. ", "In addition, the optimization of other environmental factors and growth conditions such as pH, agitation, temperature, and oxygen accessibility are of interest to assess biosurfactant production throughout effects on cellular growth ([@B15]).", "\n\nBiodegradative enzymes play major role in biodegradation of hydrocarbons ([@B67]). ", "An important mechanism for alkane removal is the oxygenation of terminal methyl group. ", "While alkane-degrading microbes possess multiple genes for alkane hydroxylases, they are highly competent for degrading the extensive range of alkanes ([@B63]). ", "Alkane biodegradation is commenced by alkane hydroxylase enzyme to transform alkane to alkanols. ", "Three types of enzymes are known to degrade small, medium and high MW alkanes ([@B62]). ", "Methane monooxygenase usually hydroxylates small MW alkanes from ranges of C1--C4, whereas medium chain alkanes such as those ranged between C5--C16 are oxidized by the activity of Alk-B gene that encodes enzymes non-heme alkane monooxygenase ([@B64]). ", "Higher MW alkanes (\\>C20) are oxidized by many enzymes such as cytochrome P450s, alkane hydroxylase, flavin-binding monooxygenase, among others ([@B60]). ", "Another key enzyme that plays a lead role in the biodegradation of hydrocarbons is the alcohol dehydrogenase ([@B42]). ", "Many bacterial strains such as *Pseudomonas* sp. ", "BP10, *Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens* ([@B30]), *P. aeruginosa* PSA5, *Rhodococcus* sp. ", "NJ2 and *Ochrobactrum intermedium* ([@B42]) were reported to produce degradative enzymes during the biodegradation of hydrocarbons.", "\n\nThe main purpose of this work was to study the optimization, production, and characterization of the biosurfactant produced by the hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria *B. subtilis* A1 and its application for biodegradation of crude oil. ", "The role of the degradative enzymes in biodegradation of the crude oil was studied. ", "In this work, the functional and structural analyses of the biosurfactant were done using infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. ", "Residual crude oil in biodegradation study was quantitatively confirmed using GC-MS analysis.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods {#s1}\n=====================\n\nMicrobial Strain and Culture Conditions\n---------------------------------------\n\nIn this study bacterium *B. subtilis* A1 was used, which was isolated and identified from an Indian crude oil reservoir also crude oil used in this study was collected from same oil reservoir, the sampling site was presented in **Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}** (latitude: 10.6694 and longitude: 79.3155). ", "This strain was identified by 16S rDNA sequencing and deposited under NCBI Genbank accession number KP895564. ", "The strain was retrieved and sub-cultured in Luria--Bertani (LB) agar plates \\[g/l 10.0 tryptone, 5.0 yeast extract, 10.0 sodium chloride with 15.0 agar (Himedia, Mumbai, India)\\] and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Further optimized conditions were applied to culture preparations by single colony inoculation method using LB broth (pH: 7.0) and incubated in an orbital shaker (150 rpm) for 24 h at 37°C.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nBiosurfactant Screening\n-----------------------\n\nBiosurfactant production was aerobically carried out in 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask containing 200 ml of sterile Minimal Salt Medium (MSM) (g/l: 0.2 MgSo~4~, 0.02 CaCl~2~, 1.0 KH~2~PO~4~, 1.0 K~2~HPO~4~, 1.0 NH~4~NO~3~, and 0.5 FeCl~3~ Himedia, Mumbai, India), supplemented with 1% (v/v) sterile crude oil (0.22 μm syringe filtered). ", "In triplicate flasks, the pre-culture of *B. subtilis* A1 was inoculated (1.6 × 10^4^ CFU ml^-1^) and incubated at 37°C in an orbital shaker at 200 rpm for 7 days. ", "At the end of the incubation, the biosurfactant was extracted by centrifugation (refrigerated centrifuge, Remi-India: R-248) of culture medium at 4°C for 20 min at 3400 × *g* and the resultant supernatant was utilized for screening purposes. ", "All the assays were performed in triplicate and sterile distilled water was used as the control.", "\n\nDrop Collapse Test\n------------------\n\nDrop collapse test was performed by following the procedure described by [@B29] and [@B46] with slight modifications. ", "A drop of crude oil was applied to the glass slide, after that a drop of cell free culture broth was added onto crude oil drop and drop collapse activity was noted. ", "Biosurfactant-producing culture gave flat drops. ", "Deionized water was used as negative control and Triton X-100 (a chemical surfactant) solution used as positive control (1 mg/ml) ([@B61]).", "\n\nOil Displacement Method\n-----------------------\n\nOil displacement technique was carried out as described previously [@B22] 50 ml of distilled water was added to petri dishes followed by addition of 100 μl of sterile crude oil to the surface of the water. ", "Then, 10 μl of the culture filtrate was put on the crude oil surface. ", "The diameter of the clear zone on the oil surface was measured. ", "A negative control was maintained with distilled water (without surfactant), in which no oil displacement or clear zone was observed. ", "Triton X-100 was used as the positive control ([@B61]).", "\n\nEmulsification Activity\n-----------------------\n\nThe emulsification activity of the biosurfactant solutions was determined by measuring the emulsion index (E24) at 25°C as described by [@B65]. ", "In general, 4 ml of crude oil was poured separately into a test tube containing 4 ml of biosurfactant solution. ", "After being vigorously vortexed for 2 min, the test tube was kept for 24 h and the heights of emulsion, oil and aqueous zones were measured. ", "The emulsion index (E24) was determined as the percentage of height of the emulsified layer (mm) divided by the total height of the liquid column (mm).", "\n\nOptimization of Biosurfactant Production\n----------------------------------------\n\n### Effect of pH\n\nFor the optimization of the pH, six different pH were selected namely 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, and 10.0. ", "MSM was prepared using 1% glucose as sole carbon source and the different pH were adjusted with the help of digital pH meter using 6N HCl and 2N NaOH solutions. ", "After pH adjustment, the medium was sterilized at 121°C for 15 min. ", "Strain A1 (1.6 × 10^4^ CFU ml^-1^) was inoculated and kept at 37°C for 5 days in orbital shaker (150 rpm).", "\n\n### Effect of Temperature\n\nFive different temperature were selected for optimization namely, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60°C. ", "MSM was supplemented with 1% glucose as sole carbon source and pH was adjusted to 7.0 and sterilized at 121°C for 15 min. ", "Strain A1 (1.6 × 10^4^ CFU ml^-1^) was inoculated and kept at the different temperatures for 5 days in an orbital shaker (150 rpm).", "\n\n### Effect of Carbon\n\nCarbon substrate plays an important role in biosurfactant production. ", "Eight carbon sources were selected for optimization purposes namely crude oil, coconut oil, diesel oil, sucrose, starch, glycerol, mannitol, and maltose. ", "MSM was prepared with 1% of each carbon source and pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.0, finally sterilized at 121°C for 15 min. ", "Strain A1 (1.6 × 10^4^ CFU ml^-1^) was inoculated and incubated at 40°C for 5 days in orbital shaker (150 rpm).", "\n\n### Effect of Nitrogen\n\nNitrogen is essential for microbial development as well as for effective biosurfactant production. ", "Eight different nitrogen sources were selected for the optimization namely ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, peptone, potassium nitrate, yeast extract, and urea. ", "MSM was prepared with each separate nitrogen source (1 g/l) containing 1% of sucrose added as carbon source. ", "The pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.0 and the medium finally sterilized at 121°C for 15 min. ", "Strain A1 (1.6 × 10^4^ CFU ml^-1^) was inoculated and incubated at 40°C for 5 days in orbital shaker (150 rpm).", "\n\n### Effect of the Carbon and Nitrogen Concentration\n\nCarbon and nitrogen substrate optimized in this study was further used for optimization of the concentration required for the maximum production. ", "Both optimized carbon and nitrogen sources were added separately in the MSM at different concentration such as: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%. ", "Medium pH was adjusted to 7.0 and sterilized at 121°C for 15 min. ", "Strain A1 (1.6 × 10^4^ CFU ml^-1^) was inoculated and incubated at 40°C in orbital shaker (150 rpm) for 5 days. ", "At the end of this study all the optimized parameters such as pH (7.0), temperature (40°C), carbon and nitrogen sources with optimized concentration (2% sucrose and 3% of yeast extract) were set to synthesize biosurfactant by described earlier in this section.", "\n\nAnalysis for Optimization Conditions and Biosurfactant Extraction\n-----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAt end of each optimization studies, bacterial cells were removed from surfactant-containing medium by centrifugation using refrigerated centrifuge (Remi-India: R-248) for 20 min at 13,500 × *g* at 4°C and the supernatant was used for the emulsification activity. ", "The optimal growth conditions of the strain were confirmed by emulsification activity and bacterial biomass of each parameter. ", "Bacterial biomass was obtained as described in [@B59]. ", "Cell free supernatant collected from the optimized study was used for quantify biosurfactant. ", "Crude biosurfactant was obtained as described in [@B21]. ", "In brief, supernatant was acidified to pH 2 using HCl and left for precipitation, precipitated biosurfactant was pooled by centrifugation \\[refrigerated centrifuge (Remi-India: R-248)\\] at 7,600 × *g* for 20 min at 4°C. ", "Obtained crude biosurfactant was suspended in double-deionized water and pH was adjusted to 7.0. ", "The biosurfactant solutions were freeze-dried and the products obtained were weighed and stored at -20°C. ", "The surfactant collected in this method was considered as partially purified biosurfactant and used for the characterization purposes.", "\n\nCharacterization of Biosurfactant\n---------------------------------\n\nThe extracted biosurfactant was further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR) and gas chromatographic mass spectrum (GC-MS) methods. ", "The functional groups of the surfactant collected from *B. subtilis* A1 was qualitatively characterized by FT-IR (Perkin--Elmer, Nicolet Nexus -- 470). ", "The dried biosurfactant was ground with the addition of potassium bromide in the ratio of 1:100 and the pellet was fixed in the sample container, and analyzed in the mid IR region 400--4000 cm^-1^. For GC-MS analysis, ∼10 mg of biosurfactant was mixed with 5% HCl-methanol reagent. ", "After the reaction was quenched with addition 1 ml of sterile H~2~O, the sample was recovered with methanol and 1 μl of sample was injected into a gas chromatograph \\[Shimadzu QP2010 Ultra, Rtx-5Sil MS (30 m × 0.25 mm ID × 0.25 μm)\\]. ", "The carrier gas used was Helium, the flow rate was set as 1.5 ml min^-1^ and the working temperature of the GC injector was 260°C. ", "The gradient temperature was set as range from 60 to 260°C at a speed of 5°C min^-1^, through an isothermal phase of 10 min at the end of the analysis. ", "The electron impact ion source was sustained at 200°C. ", "Mass spectra were recorded at 70 keV. The mass spectra were obtained with a m/z range: 40--700 ultra-high resolution mode with an acquisition speed of 6 spectra/second. ", "The identification of components was done in scan mode by using NIST11 and Wiley8 library and the target mass spectra obtained from sample were compared with mass spectra obtained from the library.", "\n\nBiodegradation of Crude Oil\n---------------------------\n\nBiodegradation of crude oil was tested as described by [@B51] with slight changes in incubation period. ", "Pre-cultured *B. subtilis* A1 culture was transferred (initial load about 2.1 × 10^4^ CFU ml^-1^) to a 250 ml of Erlenmeyer screw cap flask, containing 100 ml of MSM with 1% (v/v) filter sterilized crude oil as carbon resource. ", "An un-inoculated control flask was used for monitor abiotic loss of the crude oil substrate. ", "The flasks were incubated at 37°C for 7 days at 200 rpm. ", "Both the experiments were performed in triplicate. ", "Triplicate flasks were recovered from both (inoculated and uninoculated control) systems for every day to measure the growth of total bacterial population, i.e., by conventional serial dilution method using pour plate technique with plate count agar (Himedia, Mumbai, India). ", "For determination of enzyme activity, cells were harvested every day by centrifugation \\[refrigerated centrifuge (Remi-India: R-248)\\] at 6000 × *g* at 4°C for 10 min and then used for both enzyme assays.", "\n\nAlkane Hydroxylase Activity\n---------------------------\n\nAlkane hydroxylase activity during the biodegradation study was confirmed as described in [@B30]. ", "In brief, the collected bacterial cells were rinsed twice and then re-suspended in 2 ml of 20 mM Tris--HCl buffer (pH = 7.4). ", "Bacterial cells were disrupted using sonicator and centrifuged \\[refrigerated centrifuge (Remi-India: R-248)\\] at 6000 × *g* at 4°C for 10 min. ", "The cell free supernatant was utilized for testing of alkane hydroxylase activity and absorbance was measured at 340 nm using UV--Vis spectrophotometer (JASCO V-630). ", "1 ml of testing solution contained 20 mM Tris--Hydrochloride and 0.15% CHAPS buffer (pH 7.4), 0.1 mM of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), 10 μl of hexadecane mixture (1% hexadecane diluted with 80% DMSO) and 50 μl of crude extract in 1 ml quantity. ", "The reaction was started by adding of 10 μl of hexadecane mixture. ", "The activity of the alkane hydroxylase was expressed as 1 mmol of NADH oxidized per minute.", "\n\nAlcohol Dehydrogenase Activity\n------------------------------\n\nAlcohol dehydrogenase activity during the biodegradation was measured as mentioned in [@B30]. ", "In brief, cell free supernatant was used for the assay and absorbance was measured at 340 nm using UV--Vis spectrophotometer. ", "1 ml of reaction solution contained 1 M of Tris-- Hydrochloride buffer (pH 8.8), 4 mM of NAD^+^, 100 μl of ethanol (99% pure) and 50 μl of crude extract. ", "Activity of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase was recorded as 1 mM of NADH formed per minute.", "\n\nCrude Oil Degradation Analysis\n------------------------------\n\nBiodegradation of crude oil hydrocarbons was examined by GC-MS analysis. ", "After 7 days of incubation the remaining crude oil present in the culture flask was extracted twice with an equal volume of n-hexane ([@B1]) and the solvent phase was dried in a vacuum oven at 60°C. ", "10 μl of resultant crude oil was dissolved in 990 μl of n-hexane. ", "GC-MS model Perkin Elmer, clarus 680, Elite-5MS (30m × 0.25 mm ID × 0.25 μm) was used and 1 μl of sample was injected by split mode at 10:1 ratio. ", "The carrier gas used was Helium, the flow rate was set at 1 ml min^-1^ and the working temperature of the GC injector was 250°C. ", "The gradient temperature was set as range from 60 to 300°C at a speed of 10°C min^-1^, through an isothermal phase of 6 min at the end of the analysis. ", "The mass spectra were obtained with an m/z range: 50--600 ultra-high resolution mode with an acquisition speed of 6 spectra/second. ", "The identification of components was done in scan mode by using NIST08 library and the target mass spectra obtained from sample are compared with mass spectra obtained from the library. ", "The biodegradation of crude oil hydrocarbon was expressed as the percentage (%) of crude oil degraded relative to the quantity of the remaining fractions in the suitable abiotic control samples. ", "The biodegradation efficiency percentage (BE) based on the degradation of hydrocarbons, was calculated as described in [@B41] and [@B53]. ", "Changes in functional groups of crude oil hydrocarbon during biodegradation were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy as described in the biosurfactant analysis section.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nBiosurfactant Screening\n-----------------------\n\nThe biosurfactant production of the *B. subtilis* A1 was confirmed at the end of the repeated sub-culturing and screening methods and identified *B. subtilis* A1 as an excellent biosurfactant producer. ", "In particular, the strain used in this study gave quick positive results for all biosurfactant screening methods. ", "Specifically, drops collapsed within 30 s indicating higher amount of the biosurfactant present in the solution. ", "Emulsification index was recorded as 76% for initial screening. ", "The results are found consistent with the recent report by [@B19]. ", "Biosurfactants produced by different microorganisms are substrate specific, emulsifying diverse hydrocarbons at various rates ([@B27]). ", "The present results indicate that biosurfactant produced by *B. subtilis* A1 possess emulsifying activity. ", "In the oil displacement test, a clear zone of ∼2.4 cm was visualized, followed by addition of surfactant solution in the crude oil layer. ", "These results confirmed the presence of biosurfactant in the cell free culture supernatant. ", "After the confirmation of biosurfactant synthesizing capability of the strain *B. subtilis* A1 culture condition was further optimized.", "\n\nBiosurfactant Optimization\n--------------------------\n\nAfter the initial screening for biosurfactant producing capabilities of the bacterium, *B. subtilis* A1 was further subjected to optimization studies. ", "Five different parameters were selected for optimization studies including pH, temperature and concentration of carbon and nitrogen sources. **", "Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}** shows the optimal parameters obtained for biosurfactant production by strain A1 at the different conditions assessed ([@B35]). ", "The synthesis of biosurfactant level was reported in terms of emulsification index (E24%) and cellular activity reported as biomass of the bacterial cells.", "\n\n{#F2}\n\nMany physiochemical factors such as pH, temperature, growth conditions, and agitation have been shown to strongly influence microbial growth and metabolism ([@B32]). ", "Among them, pH of the production medium is a key factor for microbial growth. ", "The optimum pH for the strain A1 was confirmed as 7.0 (E24: 70%), subsequently pH 8.0 showed a considerable effect (**Figure [2A](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ", "Similarly, the role of temperature on biosurfactant production is presented in **Figure [2B](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**. ", "The optimum temperature was confirmed as 40°C (E24: 76%). ", "Strain A1 is mesophilic bacterium, which indicates this strain exhibits effective production level at moderate temperature (30--40°C).", "\n\nAs represented in the **Figure [2C](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, eight carbon sources were screened for biosurfactant production. ", "Among the carbon sources, sucrose was found the most favorable for strain A1 (E24: 78%) ([@B38]; [@B32]) followed by crude oil (E24: 76%). ", "Similarly, the effect of the different nitrogen sources on biosurfactant production by strain A1 is presented in **Figure [2D](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**. ", "Among the eight nitrogen sources, yeast extract showed the highest E24 value (68%) ([@B33]; [@B32]) followed by Urea (E24: 59%). ", "All the optimized conditions were used to design the production medium. ", "Utilizing the optimal substrate concentrations was essential to determine biosurfactant production. ", "As demonstrated in **Figures [2E,F](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, among the given 1--5% of the carbon and nitrogen sources, 2% of the sucrose (E24:.82%) and 3% of the yeast extract (E24: 84%) were found to be the optimum concentrations for biosurfactant production by strain A1. ", "Due to the application of optimized conditions including pH, temperature and carbon and nitrogen sources, E24 values were gradually increased to maximum level in the substrates concentration optimization compared to individual optimization conditions.", "\n\nOverall, optimized conditions were used for final biosurfactant production as described earlier. ", "Biosurfactant produced by the strain A1 was measured as 4.85 g l^-1^. This found to be maximum and comparable with other literature ([@B12]; [@B14]).", "\n\nBiosurfactant Characterization\n------------------------------\n\nFourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR) was recorded for the biosurfactant and revealed the functional groups present (**Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ", "The distinctive bands at 3138 cm^-1^ designate the occurrence of -OH bonds ([@B5]). ", "The assimilation peak positioned at 1646 and 1168 cm^-1^ states the existence of ester carbonyl groups (-C = O bond in -COOH) ([@B5]). ", "The presence of peaks at 2391 cm^-1^ was likely due to the P-H~2~ stretch of phosphines in phosphoserine ([@B7]). ", "The peak at 1406 cm^-1^ corresponds to aliphatic chains (-CH~3~, -CH~2~-) of the fraction ([@B50]). ", "Medium peak was renowned at 970 cm^-1^ shows that presences of O--H bend (carboxylic acids). ", "The absorption peak at 637 cm^-1^ specifies that the presence of -CH~2~ group ([@B5]). ", "FT-IR spectra revealed a peak at 598 cm^-1^ arising from C--I (Carbon--Iodine) bond. ", "Based on this observation biosurfactant produced by *B. subtilis* A1 was categorized as lipopeptide in nature ([@B54]).", "\n\n{#F3}\n\nThe gas chromatography and mass spectrum determination further revealed (**Figures [4A--C](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) that the biosurfactant extracted from *B. subtilis* A1 was a lipopeptide. ", "Most of the compounds were fatty acids in nature such as hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (**Figure [4A](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) \\[retention time (RT): 23.14 & 25.48, MW: 270, chemical formula (CF): C~17~H~34~O~2~)\\] ([@B37]; [@B34]), 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-, methyl ester (**Figure [4B](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) (RT: 23.94, MW: 294, CF: C~19~H~34~O~2~) ([@B55]), 9-octadecenoic acid, 12-hydroxy-, methyl ester (**Figure [4C](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) (RT: 24.71 & 26.35, MW: 312, CF: C~19~H~36~O~3~) ([@B2]). [", "@B16] summarized that the biosurfactant produced by *B. subtilis* was basically lipopeptide in nature.", "\n\n{#F4}\n\nBiodegradation of Crude Oil\n---------------------------\n\n**Figure [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}** illustrates the growth status of the isolates in the presence of crude oil as sole carbon source. ", "Utilization of crude oil by biosurfactant producing bacteria was continuously monitored at the time of the biodegradation process. ", "It was visible that the inoculation of *B. subtilis* A1 in MSM broth with crude oil as the sole carbon source turns the medium more turbid within 2 days of incubation. ", "The turbidity of the medium was increased with incubation time. ", "At the end of the incubation period the residual crude oil was recovered and used for further characterization to understand the degradation products. ", "Different functional groups present in the residual crude oil were confirmed by FT-IR spectrum analysis. ", "Both degraded crude oil spectrum and abiotic control spectrum are presented in **Figure [6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}**. ", "Crude oil in abiotic control (**Figure [6A](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}**), showed distinctive bands at 2922 and 2852 cm^-1^ which belong to C--H aliphatic stretch, a strong peak at 1707 cm^-1^ which is a C = C stretch in aromatic nuclei, medium peaks at 1455 and 1360 cm^-1^ represents the C-H bend for alkanes, sharp and small peaks present at 1220 and 1092 cm^-1^, respectively, correspond to C--N stretch aliphatic amines, presence of peaks at 898 and 745 cm^-1^ is due to the presence of C--H \"oop\" 2° aromatics. ", "On the other hand, the FT-IR spectrum of degraded crude oil with *B. subtilis* A1 (**Figure [6B](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) showed a decrease in the intensity in bands at 1707, 1360, 1220, 1092, 898, and 745 cm^-1^ which indicates degradation of the respective aliphatic and aromatic compounds present in the crude oil.", "\n\n{#F5}\n\n{#F6}\n\nFurther degraded sample and abiotic control samples were qualitatively analyzed by GC-MS and were compared in **Figure [7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}**. ", "The best structural matches of GC retention data of crude oil and mass spectrum interpretation was presented in **Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}**. **", "Figure [7A](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}** shows the gas chromatogram of the abiotic crude oil samples. ", "Higher peaks were present in the control and almost all the peaks from control chromatogram disappeared in the experimental samples inoculated with *B. subtilis* A1 (**Figure [7B](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ", "Based on the primary observation it is confirmed that bacteria were capable of utilizing all these hydrocarbon components from the crude oil. ", "The biodegradation efficiency (BE) of the crude oil in presence of *B. subtilis* A1 was calculated to be 87% which was achieved within 7 days. ", "Based on the gas chromatogram analysis it is revealed that crude oil was used as a major carbon source at the hydrocarbon ranges between C~10~--C~29~. More accurately, this bacterial strain completely degraded some of the low MW compounds between C~10~--C~14~. Compounds with ranges of C~15~--C~19~ were degraded nearly 97%, other high molecular compounds are degraded about 78%. ", "This shows that *B. subtilis* A1 has a high capability to degrade the different ranges of alkanes compounds present in the crude oil.", "\n\n{#F7}\n\n###### \n\nBiodegradation efficiency (BE) of crude oil the in presence of *Bacillus subtilis* A1.", "\n\n RT Compounds Chemical formula MW RA A1 BE (%)\n ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ------------------ ----- ----- ---- --------\n 3.01 Decane, 1-Fluoro- C~10~H~21~F 160 100 0 100\n 4.35 Decane, 1-Fluoro- C~10~H~21~F 160 19 0 100\n 7.09 Decane, 1-Chloro- C~10~H~21~Cl 176 11 0 100\n 8.6 1-Decanol, 2-methyl- C~11~H~24~O 172 16 0 100\n 9.52 1-Octanol, 2-Butyl- C~12~H~26~O 186 13 0 100\n 10.01 1-Iodo-2-Methylundecane C~12~H~25~I 296 16 0 100\n 11.32 1-Iodo-2-Methylundecane C~12~H~25~I 296 27 0 100\n 12.56 Dodecane, 2-Methyl- C~13~H~28~ 184 33 0 100\n 13.72 Decane, 6-Ethyl-2-Methyl- C~13~H~28~ 184 44 0 100\n 14.83 Dodecane, 4,6-Dimethyl- C~14~H~30~ 198 69 0 100\n 15.9 Dodecane, 2,6,10-Trimethyl- C~15~H~32~ 212 72 31 57\n 16.91 Hexadecane C~16~H~34~ 226 55 13 76\n 17.87 Heptadecane C~17~H~36~ 240 61 5 92\n 18.80 Octadecane C~18~H~38~ 254 63 2 97\n 19.69 Heptadecane, 3-Methyl- C~18~H~38~ 254 69 2 97\n 20.53 Nonadecane C~19~H~40~ 268 75 2 97\n 21.35 Hexadecane, 2,6,10,14-Tetramethyl- C~20~H~42~ 282 72 8 89\n 22.14 Heneicosane C~21~H~44~ 296 77 13 83\n 22.89 Docosane C~22~H~46~ 310 69 11 84\n 23.63 Tricosane C~23~H~48~ 324 66 11 83\n 24.33 Tetracosane C~24~H~50~ 338 55 8 85\n 25.02 Tetracosane C~24~H~50~ 338 50 8 84\n 26.34 Pentacosane C~25~H~52~ 352 33 11 67\n 27.06 Hexacosane C~26~H~54~ 366 19 5 74\n 27.8 Octadecane, 9-Ethyl-9-Heptyl- C~27~H~56~ 380 13 5 62\n 28.8 Eicosane, 9-Octyl- C~28~H~58~ 394 5 2 60\n 29.9 Eicosane, 9-Octyl- C~28~H~58~ 394 5 1 80\n 30.9 Nonacosane C~29~H~60~ 408 8 1 88\n **Total biodegradation efficiency (%)** **87** \n\nRT, Retention time; MW, Molecular weight; RA, Relative abundance (%).", "\n\nDegradative Enzymes in Biodegradation of Crude Oil\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nThe alkane hydroxylase enzyme was induced in presence of *B. subtilis* A1 during the crude oil degradation (**Figure [8](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ", "Activity of the alkane hydroxylase was increased with incubation period; the maximum activity was recorded as 188 μmol min^-1^ mg^-1^ protein at 3rd day. ", "After that enzyme activity was slowly decreased with incubation period. ", "This level of enzyme activity was much higher than reported in previous studies ([@B42]). ", "Alkane hydroxylase begins the degradation of alkanes by introducing the oxygen atoms at various sites of alkane terminus ([@B31]).", "\n\n{#F8}\n\nAs reported by the [@B42], activity of the alcohol dehydrogenase was not found as high as for alkane hydroxylase during the biodegradation. ", "Activity of the alcohol dehydrogenase was gradually increased toward incubation period (**Figure [8](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ", "The maximum enzyme activity 88 μmol min^-1^ mg^-1^ protein was attained at 3rd day of incubation as similarly recorded for alkane hydroxylase enzyme. ", "After reaching the maximum activity then enzyme production was slowly declined as a decrease of the bacterial growth was observed as mentioned in the **Figure [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}**. ", "Similarly [@B49] also reported higher alkane hydroxylase activity compared to alcohol dehydrogenase during biodegradation of hexadecane by *Rhodococcus erythropolis* EK-1.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThere are many reports that support the efficiency of *Bacillus* sp. ", "on biosurfactant production and thus they have been widely used for many applications such as in oil recovery process ([@B48]), bioremediation purposes ([@B10]; [@B20]), industrial application and degradation purposes ([@B28]). ", "Among the used screening methods, oil displacement method was considerably good, since the oil displacement area (clearing zone) in this assay is directly proportional to the concentration of the biosurfactant in the solution ([@B43]). ", "Many researchers have reported the use of these screening methods to study biosurfactant production efficiency ([@B6]; [@B28]).", "\n\nMost of the bacterial strains are known to exhibit higher activities under optimal growth conditions. ", "Each and every bacterium has optimum pH level for their proficient metabolism; a minute modification in the pH level of the production medium may lead to the complete reduction of the activity. ", "In this study, biosurfactant synthesis was rigorously reduced at lower pH and the bacterial proliferation was considerably impeded. ", "This low pH developed harsh conditions for the bacterium ([@B32]). ", "In this study, the starting pH of production medium was set as more than 7, (e.g., pH: 8.0--10.0) biosurfactant production level was declined. ", "Similar results were recorded for other strains, e.g., *Streptomyces* sp ([@B32]). ", "Rhamnolipid synthesis using *Pseudomonas* spp. ", "was at its highest production at a pH range of 6--6.5 and decline harshly beyond pH 7.0 ([@B33]). ", "Similar to the pH, temperature play a key role in the bacterial activities. ", "A decrease in temperature (for instance, 20°C) makes many bacterial mesophilic strains to slow down their metabolism leading to a reduction in their regular activities. ", "Similarly, higher temperature condition such as 60°C is expected to stop the metabolism of mesophilic bacteria.", "\n\nBiosurfactants are usually a mixture of complex molecules like peptides, fatty acids, and polysaccharide that have the ability to reduce surface tension through the solubilisation of the fatty acids present in the crude oil, thus leading to proficient exploitation of hydrocarbon by microbes. ", "The growth of microbes on hydrocarbons is habitually related to the development of surfactants ([@B52]). ", "Biosurfactant production permits the utilization of hydrocarbons by microorganisms, and their succeeding development which has considerable application in the oil industry ([@B40]).", "\n\nEmulsification activity of the crude oil substrate in this study showed biosurfactant synthesis by the *B. subtilis* A1 ([@B28]). ", "Recently [@B4] reported about 50% of the emulsification activity with low biosurfactant production (0.5 g/l) by the strain *B. subtilis* B30. ", "Similarly [@B13] presented 65% of the emulsification activity by strain *Bacillus* species. [", "@B3] reported low biosurfactant yield (2.29 g/l) by the strain *B. subtilis* B20. ", "Based on these comparison strain *B. subtilis* A1 was confirmed as efficient biosurfactant producer with higher emulsification activity. ", "FT-IR analysis of the surfactant isolated from *B. subtilis* A1 exposed the existence of nine absorption peaks. ", "All the absorption peaks demonstrated the presence of fatty acids and peptides ([@B7]). [", "@B7] reported that phosphines presence in the biosurfactant produced by *B. subtilis* strain. [", "@B25] reported that the lipopeptide based biosurfactant contains fatty acids such as octadecanoic acid and 9-octadecenoic acid as major components. ", "Based on the GCMS analysis applied in this study, the predominant biosurfactant compounds are lipopeptide in nature ([@B25]). ", "Another fatty acid compound hexadecanoic acid was also detected in the biosurfactant ([@B47]).", "\n\nThe cationic moieties of the biosurfactant attract the negatively charged bacterial membrane in contact with crude oil during degradation ([@B18]). ", "Crude oil is a complex mixture of insoluble compounds, alongside n-alkanes of different chain-lengths, which are hydrophobic and cautiously disperse in water. ", "Synthesis of surface active substances from the degradation of short chain low MW hydrocarbons by microorganisms leads to the beginning of the solubilisation of crude oil and the turbidity of the culture medium. ", "The increase in turbidity could be due to many factors such as cell growth together with emulsification of the oil present in culture media and production of other extracellular molecules ([@B9]). ", "Biosurfactant synthesis is related to cellular development, as an increase in biomass concentration leads to an increase in emulsification activity. ", "In the case of growth-related biosurfactant production there is a parallel correlation between the substrate utilization, microbial growth and biosurfactant production. ", "As a consequence of this, intensifying amounts of crude oil were diffused into the culture medium, leading to a sudden increase in the culture turbidity. ", "Biosurfactant synthesized by bacteria are more proficient than chemical surfactants in increasing the solubility and well-organized biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. ", "They are also eco-friendly in nature ([@B68]). ", "In this study, the privileged production of biosurfactant by *B. subtilis* A1 was simultaneous to the consumption of accessible hydrophobic substrates by escalating the surface area of substrates and solubility. ", "Besides strain A1 was identified as efficient crude oil degrader compared to other *B. subtilis* strain. ", "Recently [@B57] achieved 80% of the degradation efficiency (10 days). ", "Similarly [@B8] reported 82% of the biodegradation efficiency using *B. subtilis* strain after the long incubation period (18 days). [", "@B26] summarized very low degradation efficiency (44.1--50.4%) using two *Bacillus* species with long incubation period (20 days).", "\n\nDegradative enzyme producing capabilities of the bacterial strain make them an efficient strain among other. ", "Recently [@B42], have reported that alkane hydroxylase enzyme play an important role in the degradation of n-hexadecane by bacterial strains *P. aeruginosa* PSA5 and *Rhodococcu*s sp. ", "NJ2. ", "These enzymes play an important role in the hydrocarbon degradation and the respective genes that encode those enzymes were identified in recent studies ([@B66]; [@B23]).", "\n\nBoth biosurfactant and enzyme production by *B. subtilis* A1 strain led to an increase in the efficiency of biodegradation in the present investigation. ", "Several studies have shown that alkanes ranged between C~14~--C~20~ were easily utilizable as energy source by most of the hydrocarbon degrading bacteria ([@B58]; [@B11]). ", "In this work we found that more than 97% of the alkanes ranged from the C~15~--C~19~ were utilized by the *B. subtilis* A1, which is due to the production of alkane hydroxylase enzyme during the degradation process. [", "@B25] identified many bacterial genera including *Achromobacter* sp., *", "Bacillus* sp., *", "Serratia* sp., *", "Sphingomonas* sp. ", "and *Micrococcus* sp. ", "as crude oil degrading bacteria and biosurfactant producers. ", "The produced biosurfactant was also described as lipopeptide in nature. ", "Recently [@B8] reported the application of the bacterial strain *B. subtilis* in bioremediation and oil recovery process by production of biosurfactant of lipopeptide nature ([@B8]). ", "The present study confirms that Gram positive *B. subtilis* A1 has the ability to produce biosurfactant of lipopeptide nature which exhibits efficient uptake of hydrocarbons in crude oil.", "\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\n*Bacillus subtilis* A1 produced high amounts of biosurfactant and degradative enzymes in presence of crude oil as a substrate. ", "Optimum growth condition was confirmed for maximum biosurfactant production such as pH 7.0, temperature is 40°C, sucrose and yeast extract acted as best carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. ", "4.85 g l^-1^ of biosurfactant was produced with optimized conditions and synthesized biosurfactant was lipopeptide in nature and exhibited high emulsification activity. ", "Biodegradation efficiency of the crude oil was 87% which was associated with high production of biosurfactant, alkane hydroxylase, and alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes. ", "This strain completely degraded the low MW hydrocarbons (C~10~--C~14~) and exhibited up to 97% degradation of high MW hydrocarbons range between C~15~--C~19~. These results illustrate that *B. subtilis* A1 is a very efficient crude oil degrading bacterium. ", "The bioavailability of the crude oil hydrocarbons may be credited to its biosurfactant synthesis abilities and emulsification capabilities as well as the key function of the degradative enzymes on the degradation of hydrocarbons. ", "This strain could be used in the bioremediation of crude oil/PAH contaminated environments.", "\n\nAuthor Contributions\n====================\n\nAll authors listed, have made considerable, direct and logical contribution to the work, and approved it for publication. ", "That is, PP, PR, KM, and AR designed the experiments. ", "PP performed the experiments and drafted the manuscript. ", "EP took contribution in data analysis and interpretation of GCMS samples. ", "LM, PR, and KM revised the manuscript and approved the final version. ", "All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.", "\n\nConflict of Interest Statement\n==============================\n\nThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.", "\n\nThis study was funded by Department of Biotechnology, Government of India (BT/RLF/Re-entry/17/2012), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (SB/YS/LS-40/2013), University Grants Commission-MRP (MRP-MAJOR-MICRO-2013-31825) and Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (EEQ/2016/000449). ", "Authors are thankful to the Editor Belinda Ferrari, University of New South Wales, Australia and the reviewers Maria Fátima Carvalho, University of Porto, Portugal Pedro Fernandes, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal for their comments have helped us to improve our manuscript considerably.", "\n\n[^1]: Edited by: *Belinda Ferrari, University of New South Wales, Australia*\n\n[^2]: Reviewed by: *Maria Fátima Carvalho, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR) and University of Porto, Portugal; Pedro Fernandes, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal*\n\n[^3]: This article was submitted to Microbiotechnology, Ecotoxicology and Bioremediation, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology\n" ]

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[ "How to pick a Watermelon\n\nHow to pick a Watermelon: Everyday I see people banging on watermelons trying to pick the best one. ", "Here's the real deal on picking the sweetest Watermelon: 1. ", "Make sure it has a prominent yellow spot. ", "This is where it sat on the ground ripening. ", "No spot = premature pick = not ripe. ", "2. ", "Look for \"webbing\". ", "This is the brown, course web looking materiel. ", "This is caused when bees pollinate the flower and scar the membranes that later forms the fruit. ", "The more pollination = more webbing = sweeter fruit. ", "3. ", "Look for black hard globs seeping out. ", "This is sugar not insects or rotting. ", "You're welcome" ]

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[ "<!", "DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head lang=\"en\">\n <title> API Documentation </title>\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.2/css/bootstrap.min.css\">\n <link href='http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>\n \n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.2/css/bootstrap-theme.min.css\">\n <script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.3/jquery.min.js\"></script>\n \n <script src=\"https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.2/js/bootstrap.min.js\"></script>\n <style type=\"text/css\">\n body {\n font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif;\n }\n .hidden {\n display:none;\n }\n pre {\n outline: 1px solid #ccc;\n padding: 5px; margin: 5px;\n }\n\n .string { color: green; }\n .number { color: darkorange; }\n .boolean { color: blue; }\n .null { color: magenta; }\n .key { color: red; }\n\n </style>\n <style type=\"text/css\">\n pre.prettyprint {\n border: 1px solid #ccc;\n margin-bottom: 0;\n padding: 9.5px;\n }\n </style>\n <script>\n \n function syntaxHighlight(json) {\n json = json.replace(/&/g, '&amp;').replace(/</g, '&lt;').replace(/>/g, '&gt;');\n return json.replace(/(\"(\\\\u[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}|\\\\[^u]|[^\\\\\"])*\"(\\s*:)?|\\b(true|false|null)\\b|-?\\d+(?:\\.\\d*)?(?:[eE][+\\-]?\\d+)?)/g, function (match) {\n var cls = 'number';\n if (/^\"/.test(match)) {\n if (/:$/.test(match)) {\n cls = 'key';\n } else {\n cls = 'string';\n }\n } else if (/true|false/.test(match)) {\n cls = 'boolean';\n } else if (/null/.test(match)) {\n cls = 'null';\n }\n return '<span class=\"' + cls + '\">' + match + '</span>';\n });\n }\n\n function spaceJson(json){\n var validJson = JSON.parse(json);\n return JSON.stringify(validJson, undefined, 4);\n }\n </script>\n\n</head>\n<body>\n<nav class=\"navbar navbar-default navbar-fixed-top\">\n <div class=\"container-fluid\">\n \n <div class=\"navbar-header\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"navbar-toggle collapsed\" data-toggle=\"collapse\"\n data-target=\"#bs-example-navbar-collapse-1\">\n <span class=\"sr-only\">Toggle navigation</span>\n <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n <span class=\"icon-bar\"></span>\n </button>\n <a class=\"navbar-brand\" href=\"#\">Gin</a>\n <p class=\"navbar-text\">Developed by Gophers at <a href=\"http://betacraft.co\">Betacraft</a></p>\n </div>\n \n \n </div>\n \n</nav>\n<div class=\"container-fluid\" style=\"margin-top: 70px;margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n <div class=\"container-fluid\">\n <div class=\"col-md-4\">\n <div class=\"panel panel-default\">\n <div class=\"panel-heading\">Base Urls</div>\n <div class=\"panel-body\">\n \n <p>Production : <strong>/api/v1</strong></p>\n \n <p>Staging : <strong>/api/v1</strong></p>\n \n </div>\n </div> \n <ul class=\"nav nav-pills nav-stacked\" role=\"tablist\">\n \n <li role=\"presentation\"><a href=\"#0top\" role=\"tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\">POST : /api/v1/admin/login</a></li>\n \n <li role=\"presentation\"><a href=\"#1top\" role=\"tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\">PUT : /api/v1/admin/change_user_role</a></li>\n \n <li role=\"presentation\"><a href=\"#2top\" role=\"tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\">PUT : /api/v1/admin/change_user_passwd</a></li>\n \n <li role=\"presentation\"><a href=\"#3top\" role=\"tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\">DELETE : /api/v1/admin/delete_user</a></li>\n \n <ul>\n </div>\n <div class=\"col-md-8 tab-content\">\n \n <div id=\"0top\" role=\"tabpanel\" class=\"tab-pane col-md-10\">\n \n \n <p> <H4> Request Headers </H4> </p>\n <table class=\"table table-bordered table-striped\">\n <tr>\n <th>Key</th>\n <th>Value</th>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Apitoken</td>\n <td> {&#34;sig&#34;: &#34;25ae3f6cdb1711e79997005056a6aba2&#34;, &#34;name&#34;: &#34;root&#34;}</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Content-Type</td>\n <td> application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r</td>\n </tr>\n \n </table>\n \n \n <p> <H4> Post Form </H4> </p>\n <table class=\"table table-bordered table-striped\">\n <tr>\n <th>Key</th>\n <th>Value</th>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>name</td>\n <td> qfeng</td>\n </tr>\n \n </table>\n \n \n \n <p><h4> Response Code</h4></p>\n <pre class=\"prettyprint lang-json\">200</pre>\n \n <p><h4> Response Headers</h4></p>\n <table class=\"table table-bordered table-striped\">\n <tr>\n <th>Key</th>\n <th>Value</th>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Allow-Credentials</td>\n <td> true</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Allow-Headers</td>\n <td> Content-Type, Content-Length, Apitoken</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Allow-Methods</td>\n <td> POST, GET, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE, UPDATE</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Allow-Origin</td>\n <td> *</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Expose-Headers</td>\n <td> Content-Length</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Max-Age</td>\n <td> 86400</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Content-Type</td>\n <td> application/json; charset=utf-8</td>\n </tr>\n \n </table>\n \n \n <p> <H4> Response Body </H4> </p>\n <pre class=\"prettyprint\" id=\"response-body-0-0\">{&#34;sig&#34;:&#34;05434ff8db0311e7afde005056a6aba2&#34;,&#34;name&#34;:&#34;qfeng&#34;,&#34;admin&#34;:true}</pre>\n <script>\n \n var responseHeader ={\"Access-Control-Allow-Credentials\":\"true\",\"Access-Control-Allow-Headers\":\"Content-Type, Content-Length, Apitoken\",\"Access-Control-Allow-Methods\":\"POST, GET, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE, UPDATE\",\"Access-Control-Allow-Origin\":\"*\",\"Access-Control-Expose-Headers\":\"Content-Length\",\"Access-Control-Max-Age\":\"86400\",\"Content-Type\":\"application/json; charset=utf-8\"};\n\n if (responseHeader[\"Content-Type\"] === \"application/json\"){\n try {\n var jsonStr = spaceJson(\"{\\\"sig\\\":\\\"05434ff8db0311e7afde005056a6aba2\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"qfeng\\\",\\\"admin\\\":true}\");\n document.getElementById('response-body-0-0').innerHTML = syntaxHighlight(jsonStr);\n } catch (e) {\n \n }\n }\n </script>\n \n <hr>\n \n \n <p> <H4> Request Headers </H4> </p>\n <table class=\"table table-bordered table-striped\">\n <tr>\n <th>Key</th>\n <th>Value</th>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Apitoken</td>\n <td> {&#34;sig&#34;: &#34;25ae3f6cdb1711e79997005056a6aba2&#34;, &#34;name&#34;: &#34;root&#34;}</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Content-Type</td>\n <td> application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r</td>\n </tr>\n \n </table>\n \n \n <p> <H4> Post Form </H4> </p>\n <table class=\"table table-bordered table-striped\">\n <tr>\n <th>Key</th>\n <th>Value</th>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>name</td>\n <td> daye</td>\n </tr>\n \n </table>\n \n \n \n <p><h4> Response Code</h4></p>\n <pre class=\"prettyprint lang-json\">400</pre>\n \n <p><h4> Response Headers</h4></p>\n <table class=\"table table-bordered table-striped\">\n <tr>\n <th>Key</th>\n <th>Value</th>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Allow-Credentials</td>\n <td> true</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Allow-Headers</td>\n <td> Content-Type, Content-Length, Apitoken</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Allow-Methods</td>\n <td> POST, GET, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE, UPDATE</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Allow-Origin</td>\n <td> *</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Expose-Headers</td>\n <td> Content-Length</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Max-Age</td>\n <td> 86400</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Content-Type</td>\n <td> application/json; charset=utf-8</td>\n </tr>\n \n </table>\n \n \n <p> <H4> Response Body </H4> </p>\n <pre class=\"prettyprint\" id=\"response-body-0-1\">{&#34;error&#34;:&#34;no such user&#34;}</pre>\n <script>\n \n var responseHeader ={\"Access-Control-Allow-Credentials\":\"true\",\"Access-Control-Allow-Headers\":\"Content-Type, Content-Length, Apitoken\",\"Access-Control-Allow-Methods\":\"POST, GET, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE, UPDATE\",\"Access-Control-Allow-Origin\":\"*\",\"Access-Control-Expose-Headers\":\"Content-Length\",\"Access-Control-Max-Age\":\"86400\",\"Content-Type\":\"application/json; charset=utf-8\"};\n\n if (responseHeader[\"Content-Type\"] === \"application/json\"){\n try {\n var jsonStr = spaceJson(\"{\\\"error\\\":\\\"no such user\\\"}\");\n document.getElementById('response-body-0-1').innerHTML = syntaxHighlight(jsonStr);\n } catch (e) {\n \n }\n }\n </script>\n \n <hr>\n \n \n <p> <H4> Request Headers </H4> </p>\n <table class=\"table table-bordered table-striped\">\n <tr>\n <th>Key</th>\n <th>Value</th>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Apitoken</td>\n <td> {&#34;sig&#34;: &#34;05434ff8db0311e7afde005056a6aba2&#34;, &#34;name&#34;: &#34;qfeng&#34;}</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Content-Type</td>\n <td> application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r</td>\n </tr>\n \n </table>\n \n \n <p> <H4> Post Form </H4> </p>\n <table class=\"table table-bordered table-striped\">\n <tr>\n <th>Key</th>\n <th>Value</th>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>name</td>\n <td> qfeng</td>\n </tr>\n \n </table>\n \n \n \n <p><h4> Response Code</h4></p>\n <pre class=\"prettyprint lang-json\">400</pre>\n \n <p><h4> Response Headers</h4></p>\n <table class=\"table table-bordered table-striped\">\n <tr>\n <th>Key</th>\n <th>Value</th>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Allow-Credentials</td>\n <td> true</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Allow-Headers</td>\n <td> Content-Type, Content-Length, Apitoken</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Allow-Methods</td>\n <td> POST, GET, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE, UPDATE</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Allow-Origin</td>\n <td> *</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Expose-Headers</td>\n <td> Content-Length</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Max-Age</td>\n <td> 86400</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Content-Type</td>\n <td> application/json; charset=utf-8</td>\n </tr>\n \n </table>\n \n \n <p> <H4> Response Body </H4> </p>\n <pre class=\"prettyprint\" id=\"response-body-0-2\">{&#34;error&#34;:&#34;API_USER not admin, no permissions can do this&#34;}</pre>\n <script>\n \n var responseHeader ={\"Access-Control-Allow-Credentials\":\"true\",\"Access-Control-Allow-Headers\":\"Content-Type, Content-Length, Apitoken\",\"Access-Control-Allow-Methods\":\"POST, GET, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE, UPDATE\",\"Access-Control-Allow-Origin\":\"*\",\"Access-Control-Expose-Headers\":\"Content-Length\",\"Access-Control-Max-Age\":\"86400\",\"Content-Type\":\"application/json; charset=utf-8\"};\n\n if (responseHeader[\"Content-Type\"] === \"application/json\"){\n try {\n var jsonStr = spaceJson(\"{\\\"error\\\":\\\"API_USER not admin, no permissions can do this\\\"}\");\n document.getElementById('response-body-0-2').innerHTML = syntaxHighlight(jsonStr);\n } catch (e) {\n \n }\n }\n </script>\n \n <hr>\n \n </div>\n \n <div id=\"1top\" role=\"tabpanel\" class=\"tab-pane col-md-10\">\n \n \n <p> <H4> Request Headers </H4> </p>\n <table class=\"table table-bordered table-striped\">\n <tr>\n <th>Key</th>\n <th>Value</th>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Apitoken</td>\n <td> {&#34;sig&#34;: &#34;25ae3f6cdb1711e79997005056a6aba2&#34;, &#34;name&#34;: &#34;root&#34;}</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Content-Type</td>\n <td> application/json\r</td>\n </tr>\n \n </table>\n \n \n \n \n <p> <H4> Request Body </H4> </p>\n <pre id=\"request-body-1-0\" class=\"prettyprint\">{&#34;admin&#34;: &#34;yes&#34;, &#34;user_id&#34;: 12}</pre>\n <script>\n \n var requestHeader ={\"Apitoken\":\"{\\\"sig\\\": \\\"25ae3f6cdb1711e79997005056a6aba2\\\", \\\"name\\\": \\\"root\\\"}\",\"Content-Type\":\" application/json\\r\"};\n\n if (requestHeader[\"Content-Type\"] === \"application/json\"){\n try {\n var jsonStr = spaceJson(\"{\\\"admin\\\": \\\"yes\\\", \\\"user_id\\\": 12}\");\n document.getElementById('request-body1-0').innerHTML = syntaxHighlight(jsonStr);\n } catch (e) {\n \n }\n }\n </script>\n \n <p><h4> Response Code</h4></p>\n <pre class=\"prettyprint lang-json\">200</pre>\n \n <p><h4> Response Headers</h4></p>\n <table class=\"table table-bordered table-striped\">\n <tr>\n <th>Key</th>\n <th>Value</th>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Allow-Credentials</td>\n <td> true</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Allow-Headers</td>\n <td> Content-Type, Content-Length, Apitoken</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Allow-Methods</td>\n <td> POST, GET, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE, UPDATE</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Allow-Origin</td>\n <td> *</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Expose-Headers</td>\n <td> Content-Length</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Max-Age</td>\n <td> 86400</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Content-Type</td>\n <td> application/json; 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charset=utf-8</td>\n </tr>\n \n </table>\n \n \n <p> <H4> Response Body </H4> </p>\n <pre class=\"prettyprint\" id=\"response-body-1-1\">{&#34;message&#34;:&#34;user role update sccuessful, affect row: 1&#34;}</pre>\n <script>\n \n var responseHeader ={\"Access-Control-Allow-Credentials\":\"true\",\"Access-Control-Allow-Headers\":\"Content-Type, Content-Length, Apitoken\",\"Access-Control-Allow-Methods\":\"POST, GET, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE, UPDATE\",\"Access-Control-Allow-Origin\":\"*\",\"Access-Control-Expose-Headers\":\"Content-Length\",\"Access-Control-Max-Age\":\"86400\",\"Content-Type\":\"application/json; charset=utf-8\"};\n\n if (responseHeader[\"Content-Type\"] === \"application/json\"){\n try {\n var jsonStr = spaceJson(\"{\\\"message\\\":\\\"user role update sccuessful, affect row: 1\\\"}\");\n document.getElementById('response-body-1-1').innerHTML = syntaxHighlight(jsonStr);\n } catch (e) {\n \n }\n }\n </script>\n \n <hr>\n \n </div>\n \n <div id=\"2top\" role=\"tabpanel\" class=\"tab-pane col-md-10\">\n \n \n <p> <H4> Request Headers </H4> </p>\n <table class=\"table table-bordered table-striped\">\n <tr>\n <th>Key</th>\n <th>Value</th>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Apitoken</td>\n <td> {&#34;sig&#34;: &#34;25ae3f6cdb1711e79997005056a6aba2&#34;, &#34;name&#34;: &#34;root&#34;}</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Content-Type</td>\n <td> application/json\r</td>\n </tr>\n \n </table>\n \n \n \n \n <p> <H4> Request Body </H4> </p>\n <pre id=\"request-body-2-0\" class=\"prettyprint\">{&#34;password&#34;: &#34;lalala&#34;, &#34;user_id&#34;: 12}</pre>\n <script>\n \n var requestHeader ={\"Apitoken\":\"{\\\"sig\\\": \\\"25ae3f6cdb1711e79997005056a6aba2\\\", \\\"name\\\": \\\"root\\\"}\",\"Content-Type\":\" application/json\\r\"};\n\n if (requestHeader[\"Content-Type\"] === \"application/json\"){\n try {\n var jsonStr = spaceJson(\"{\\\"password\\\": \\\"lalala\\\", \\\"user_id\\\": 12}\");\n document.getElementById('request-body2-0').innerHTML = syntaxHighlight(jsonStr);\n } catch (e) {\n \n }\n }\n </script>\n \n <p><h4> Response Code</h4></p>\n <pre class=\"prettyprint lang-json\">200</pre>\n \n <p><h4> Response Headers</h4></p>\n <table class=\"table table-bordered table-striped\">\n <tr>\n <th>Key</th>\n <th>Value</th>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Allow-Credentials</td>\n <td> true</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Allow-Headers</td>\n <td> Content-Type, Content-Length, Apitoken</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Allow-Methods</td>\n <td> POST, GET, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE, UPDATE</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Allow-Origin</td>\n <td> *</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Expose-Headers</td>\n <td> Content-Length</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Access-Control-Max-Age</td>\n <td> 86400</td>\n </tr>\n \n <tr>\n <td>Content-Type</td>\n <td> application/json; 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[ "You may have read the U.S. Supreme Court is going to hear a case about whether or not prayer can be uttered in town councils across America. ", "Last year, a federal appeals court ruled such a nefarious deed violated the First Amendment’s ban on an “establishment of religion.”", "\n\nIf such a ban were to be upheld, I predict it wouldn’t be long before prayer would be banned before daily sessions of Congress. ", "Even with prayer, these geniuses can’t manage a two-car funeral without blowing a few billion of our tax dollars. ", "Can you imagine what would happen to us if God turned His back on them? ", "Shudder.", "\n\nThis is where I must admit some culpability along with former Gov. George E. Perdue for interjecting prayer into the affairs of state. ", "You may recall that Georgia was in the midst of a severe drought in 2007.", "\n\nPerdue decided to take drastic action and ask for divine intervention since nothing else seemed to be working.", "\n\nHe invited the Rev. Gil Watson, the World’s Greatest Preacher, to come to the Capitol and — in the governor’s words — “pray up a storm.” ", "Why Watson?", "\n\nGiven I was Perdue’s very favorite newspaper columnist — it is only rumor he once tried to chain me to an anchor and see if I could swim across one of his concrete fish ponds — I am sure he had read of my praise for Watson's untiring but seemingly futile efforts to save my sorry soul.", "\n\nThe governor had to believe if the World’s Greatest Preacher could abide by the theological challenge of trying to convert a modest and much-beloved columnist who seems to have half the universe upset with his smart-alecky comments — although not always the same half every week — into something warm and fuzzy, surely he could manage a mere trifle like a severe drought.", "\n\nYou know the rest of the story. ", "Watson came onto parched government property and asked God to let it rain.", "\n\nBecause God likes Watson a lot, He made it rain almost immediately and six years later, it is still raining in Georgia. ", "Basements have flooded, rivers and streams have overflowed their banks, bridges have washed away, ducks are mildewed and a lot of atheists are slogging around in hip waders and cursing whatever atheists curse when they get mad.", "\n\nThe moral of this story is to be careful what you pray for. ", "Your prayers just might be answered.", "\n\nIf Watson, the World’s Greatest Preacher, could convince God to make it rain for six years, imagine what the two of them could do with Congress and the Georgia Legislature and assorted local fiefdoms. ", "It boggles the mind. ", "I suspect it would be no time before a contrite state legislator would hold a press conference and announce solemnly, “I know I’ve told you letting lizard-loafered lobbyists take me to Sea Island to play golf and sipping an occasional adult beverage in a private box at a Braves game in no way influences the way I vote on an issue of importance to them and their bosses.", "\n\n“Of course it does. ", "I was just joshing with you. ", "But, hey, you keep reelecting me and I enjoy free-loading and your view of politics can’t get any lower than it already is, so who cares? ", "Gosh, I feel so much better getting that off my conscience. ", "Now, if you will excuse me, I have a tee time.”", "\n\nThe flip side is I worry the godless may one day discover prayer really works, and I might never again hear from elitists who sniff at the notion God made the duckbilled platypus to show us He had a sense of humor. ", "Then, in case we didn’t get the point, He tossed in some armadillos for good measure. ", "To not be lectured by atheists would break my heart. ", "God bless them one and all.", "\n\nI’m not sure how the Supreme Court will rule on the matter, but I do hope that Gov. Nathan Deal doesn’t find himself ankle-deep in water at the governor’s mansion one day and order Watson to come to the Capitol and ask God to make it quit raining so much. ", "I am not anxious to see Georgia turn into the Mojave Desert and have to share a cactus with godless barbarians who think Walt Disney created the duckbilled platypus.", "\n\n*We welcome your comments on the stories and issues of the day and seek to provide a forum for the community to voice opinions. ", "All comments are subject to moderator approval before being made visible on the website but are not edited. ", "The use of profanity, obscene and vulgar language, hate speech, and racial slurs is strictly prohibited. ", "Advertisements, promotions, spam, and links to outside websites will also be rejected. ", "Please read our terms of service for full guides" ]

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[ "Major's Hill Park\n\nMajor's Hill Park is a park in downtown Ottawa, Ontario. ", " The park stands above the Rideau Canal at the point where it enters the Ottawa River. ", " Across the canal to the west are the parliament buildings, to the north of the park is the National Gallery of Canada, and to the east are the United States embassy and the Byward Market. ", " To the south is the Chateau Laurier hotel, built on land that was once part of the park. ", "\n\nThe neighbourhood surrounding the park was once home to those who constructed the canal. ", "In particular, the area that is now the park was the official residence of the Superintending Engineer of the Rideau Canal, Lieutenant-Colonel John By until he returned to England in 1832. ", "The hill was known at the time as \"Colonel's Hill\". ", " By was replaced in 1832 by Captain Daniel Bolton who took up residence in By's house. ", " In 1838 Bolton was promoted to Major. ", " By the time he left the Bytown in 1843, the hill had become known as Major's Hill. ", "Commemorative plaques and a statue of Lieutenant-Colonel By, Major Bolton and their successors were erected in Major's Hill Park. ", "\nThe residence was destroyed by fire on October 5, 1848, though ruins survive to today. ", "The use of the area as a residence means that the park has remained a green space since the early days of Ottawa. ", " It is now managed by the National Capital Commission, which has placed historical information in the northwest corner of the park.", "\n\nDue to its central location, Major's Hill Park is frequented all year round. ", "It is frequently used as a venue for events, and is central to Ottawa's Canada Day celebrations. ", " A more recent addition to the calendar is the annual 'B In The Park', which precedes the Glengarry Highland Games. ", "Pipe bands and highland dancers from all over the world perform. ", "It is presented by the Sons of Scotland Pipe Band of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada's oldest civilian pipe band.", "\n\nEvolution of the park\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Bytown Museum page with Hill historical information\n\nCategory:Parks in Ottawa" ]

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[ "The general pediatrician: projecting future workforce supply and requirements.", "\nTrends affecting both the supply and requirements of child health physicians call into question earlier assessments about the adequacy of the general pediatric workforce. ", "To understand the effects of these trends over time, we developed a model that projects the national supply of practicing general pediatricians over a 20-year period (2000-2020). ", "The model incorporates current data on the practicing pediatrician workforce in the United States, pediatric residency graduates entering general pediatrics, and gender- and age-specific measures of productivity and of retirement or death. ", "In addition, it accounts for projected changes in the size and ethnicity of the child population and the proportion of children currently receiving outpatient care from family practitioners. ", "Time trend of the supply of general pediatricians and the number of children in the population per practicing pediatrician. ", "The baseline model projects that the number of general pediatricians will expand by nearly 25 000 by the year 2020, a 64% increase from the year 2000, whereas the child population is projected to expand by only 9%. ", "The increase was robust to sensitivity analyses measuring the impact of each of the model's variables on the future supply of pediatricians. ", "In all probable scenarios, the general pediatrician workforce will expand significantly more rapidly than the child population. ", "In addition, the trend in pediatrics is in marked contrast to the other primary care specialties. ", "Despite a number of factors that might attenuate the growth of the general pediatrician workforce, none seems sufficient to slow its expansion in relation to the pediatric population. ", "To maintain practice volumes comparable to today, pediatricians of the future may need to provide expanded services to the children currently under their care, expand their patient population to include young adults, and/or compete for a greater share of children currently cared for by nonpediatricians." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We investigate the unambiguous comparison of quantum states in a scenario that is more general than the one that was originally suggested by Barnett [*et al.*]{} ", "First, we find the optimal solution for the comparison of two states taken from a set of two pure states with arbitrary [*a priori*]{} probabilities. ", "We show that the optimal coherent measurement is always superior to the optimal incoherent measurement. ", "Second, we develop a strategy for the comparison of two states from a set of $N$ pure states, and find an optimal solution for some parameter range when $N=3$. In both cases we use the reduction method for the corresponding problem of mixed state discrimination, as introduced by Raynal [*et al.*]{}, ", "which reduces the problem to the discrimination of two pure states only for $N=2$. Finally, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for unambiguous comparison of mixed states to be possible.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'M. Kleinmann'\n- 'H. Kampermann'\n- 'D. Bruß'\nbibliography:\n- 'thebib.bib'\ntitle: On the generalization of quantum state comparison\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe laws of quantum mechanics do not allow the perfect discrimination of two non-orthogonal quantum states ${{| \\psi_1 \\rangle}}$ and ${{| \\psi_2 \\rangle}}$. Consequently, given a set of non-orthogonal states $\\{{{| \\psi_1 \\rangle}},{{| \\psi_2 \\rangle}}\\}$, it is also impossible to find out with probability one whether two quantum states, drawn from this set, are identical (namely, the total state is either ${{| \\psi_1\\psi_1 \\rangle}}$ or ${{| \\psi_2\\psi_2 \\rangle}}$) or different (i.e. the total state is either ${{| \\psi_1\\psi_2 \\rangle}}$ or ${{| \\psi_2\\psi_1 \\rangle}}$). ", "What is the optimal probability of success, when no errors are allowed? ", "This problem has been introduced by Barnett, Chefles and Jex [@Barnett:2003PLA] and is called unambiguous quantum state comparison. ", "It has been solved for the case that the [*a priori*]{} probabilities for the two ensemble states are equal [@Barnett:2003PLA]. ", "The task of determining whether $C$ given states taken from a set of $N$ pure states with equal [*a priori*]{} probabilities are identical or not has been investigated in [@Chefles:2004JPA; @Chefles:2004JMO].", "\n\nIn this article, we consider the most general case of unambiguous state comparison, also admitting mixed states. ", "We provide sufficient and necessary conditions, for which this task can succeed. ", "Furthermore, the comparison of two states drawn from a set of $N$ pure states with arbitrary [*a priori*]{} probabilities is investigated, and an optimal solution is found for the case $N=2$, as well as for a range of parameters in the case $N=3$, using the reduction techniques for mixed state discrimination developed in [@Raynal:2003PRA]. ", "This method is also applied for general N. We address the question of how much can be gained in the optimal coherent strategy (i.e. with global measurements on the two given states), as compared to the best incoherent strategy (i.e. consecutive measurements).", "\n\nOur paper is organized as follows: in section \\[s16313\\], we define the most general state comparison problem, and explain the connection to mixed state discrimination. ", "In section \\[s32551\\], we find the optimal solution for comparing two states, drawn from a set of two states. ", "In section \\[s7931\\], we develop the formalism for the comparison of two out of $N$ states, and apply it to $N=3$. In section \\[s19384\\] we derive sufficient and necessary conditions for the general task of mixed state comparison to be successful, before concluding in section \\[s29399\\].", "\n\nGeneral State Comparison {#s16313}\n========================\n\nLet us define the task of state comparison in the most general way: [*Given $C$ quantum states of arbitrary dimension, each of them taken from a set of $N$ possible (in general mixed) quantum states $\\{\\pi_1, \\dotsc, \\pi_N\\}$ that occur with corresponding [*a priori*]{} probabilities $\\{q_1, \\dotsc, q_N\\}$. Unambiguous state comparison “$C$ out of $N$” is performed by doing a measurement, which allows with probability $P$ to decide without doubt whether all $C$ states are equal, or whether at least one of them is different. ", "The best possible probability of success $P_\\mathrm{opt}$ is reached in optimal state comparison.*]{}", "\n\nA measurement is most generally described as a positive operator-valued measurement (POVM), i.e. a decomposition of the identity operator into a set of $n$ positive operators [@Peres:Book] $$F_1, \\dotsc, F_n\\ge 0, {\\quad \\mbox{satisfying} \\quad} \\sum_i F_i= {{\\mathbbm 1}}.$$ The probability for a system in a state $\\varrho_k$ to yield the outcome corresponding to $F_i$ is given by $p_k\\operatorname{tr}(F_i\\varrho_k)$, where $p_k$ is the [*a priori*]{} probability for the system being in state $\\varrho_k$. For the task of unambiguous state comparison, we need at least two measurements $F_a$ and $F_b$, having vanishing probabilities in the case where the total state is composed of different or equal states, respectively. ", "This means, that for all $(p_k, \\varrho_k) \\in \\{ (q_{i_1}\\dotsm q_{i_C}, \\pi_{i_1}\\otimes \\dotsm\n\\otimes \\pi_{i_C}) \\mid i_1, \\dotsc, i_C \\in \\{1, \\dots, N\\} \\}$ we demand\n\n\\[e6923\\] $$\\begin{aligned}\n p_k\\operatorname{tr}(F_a \\varrho_k) > 0 &\\Leftrightarrow& \\exists m\\colon \\varrho_k=\n {\\pi_{m}}^{\\otimes C} \\label{e11971},\\\\\n p_k\\operatorname{tr}(F_b \\varrho_k) > 0 &\\Leftrightarrow& \\nexists m\\colon \\varrho_k=\n {\\pi_{m}}^{\\otimes C}.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nHowever, measurements which satisfy this defining property will in general not sum up to the identity, thus admitting the inconclusive measurement $F_?= {{\\mathbbm 1}}-\nF_a- F_b$, which has to be a positive operator. ", "In order to find an [*optimal*]{} solution to the problem, one has to minimize the probability for the inconclusive answer $\\sum_k p_k\\operatorname{tr}({F_?\\varrho_k})$, or equivalently maximize the rate of success given by $$\\label{e27816}\n P= \\sum_k p_k\\operatorname{tr}((F_a+ F_b)\\varrho_k).$$\n\nThe problem of finding the optimal measurement for state comparison can be addressed by considering the optimal solution of a related problem, namely unambiguous state discrimination. ", "Here, two states $\\rho_a$ and $\\rho_b$ have to be distinguished without error, but admitting an inconclusive answer. ", "In order to see the connection between the two tasks, consider the mixed states\n\n\\[e20410\\] $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\rho_a&=& \\frac{1}{\\eta_a}\\sum_i (q_i\\pi_i)^{\\otimes C}, \\\\\n \\rho_b&=& \\frac{1}{\\eta_b}\\left(\\sum_i q_i\\pi_i\\right)^{\\otimes C}\n -\\frac{\\eta_a}{\\eta_b}\\rho_a,\\end{aligned}$$ with [*a priori*]{} probabilities $$\\eta_a= \\sum_i {q_i}^C {\\quad \\mbox{and} \\quad} \\eta_b=1-\\eta_a.$$\n\nNow, a POVM, which satisfies (\\[e6923\\]) also has $$\\label{e27918}\n F_a\\rho_b = 0 {\\quad \\mbox{and} \\quad} F_b\\rho_a= 0,$$ and furthermore the probability of success (\\[e27816\\]) which has to be optimized can be rewritten as $$P= \\eta_a \\operatorname{tr}(F_a \\rho_a)+ \\eta_b \\operatorname{tr}(F_b \\rho_b).$$ These equations are characteristic for unambiguous state discrimination. ", "Thus an optimal solution to the problem of unambiguous discrimination (UD) of $\\rho_a$ and $\\rho_b$, which in addition satisfies (\\[e6923\\]), is also the optimal solution to the related problem of unambiguous state comparison. ", "The task of optimal UD of mixed states has been studied in the literature [@Hillery:2002PRA; @Rudolph:2003PRA; @Raynal:2003PRA; @Zhang:2004QPh; @Raynal:2005QPh].", "\n\nState Comparison “two out of two” {#s32551}\n=================================\n\nWe first consider explicitly the most simple case of state comparison, namely “two out of two” with the states subject to comparison being pure states ${{| \\psi_1 \\rangle}}$ and ${{| \\psi_2 \\rangle}}$, both of which are vectors in a Hilbert space of any dimension. ", "The two states may appear with arbitrary (but non-vanishing) [*a priori*]{} probabilities $q_1$ and $q_2$. The trivial cases, where both states are co-linear or orthogonal are not considered. ", "Without loss of generality the phase between the two states can be chosen to be real, so that their overlap is determined by their relative angle $\\vartheta$, $$\\cos\\vartheta{:=}{{\\langle \\psi_1 | \\psi_2 \\rangle}}\\in \\left]0, 1\\right[.$$\n\nWe consider the related UD problem of the corresponding mixed states, which are according to the equations (\\[e20410\\]) given by\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\rho_a&=& {{\\textstyle \\frac{1}{\\eta_a}}} (q_1^2\\, {{{{| \\psi_1\\psi_1 \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle \\psi_1\\psi_1 |}}}}+\n q_2^2\\, {{{{| \\psi_2\\psi_2 \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle \\psi_2\\psi_2 |}}}}),\\\\\n \\rho_b&=& {{\\textstyle \\frac 1 2}}({{{{| \\psi_1\\psi_2 \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle \\psi_1\\psi_2 |}}}}+ {{{{| \\psi_2\\psi_1 \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle \\psi_2\\psi_1 |}}}}),\\end{aligned}$$\n\nappearing with [*a priori*]{} probabilities $$\\eta_a= q_1^2+ q_2^2 {\\quad \\mbox{and} \\quad} \\eta_b= 2 q_1 q_2.$$\n\nNote, that $\\eta_a\\ge \\eta_b$ always holds. ", "In what follows, we construct an optimal solution of this related UD problem and then show that the POVM of this solution satisfies (\\[e6923\\]), thus providing an optimal solution of the unambiguous state comparison task.", "\n\nReduction to the Non-Trivial Subspace\n-------------------------------------\n\nIt has been shown by Raynal, Lütkenhaus and van Enk [@Raynal:2003PRA] that the optimal UD of mixed states can be reduced to a subspace of the Hilbert space in such a way, that the relevant density matrices, acting on the reduced space, have equal rank and their kernels form non-orthogonal subspaces, the intersection of which is zero. ", "This is achieved in two reduction steps: In the [*first reduction step*]{}, the Hilbert space is reduced to its non-trivial part, removing that part of the Hilbert space, where no UD is possible at all. ", "We will denote this reduced space as ${{\\mathcal H}}$. It is given by the particular space, where $${{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_a}}}\\cap {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}}= 0 {\\quad \\mbox{and} \\quad} {{{\\mathcal K}_{\\rho_a}}}\\cap {{{\\mathcal K}_{\\rho_b}}}= 0$$ holds. ", "Here ${{{\\mathcal K}_{\\rho}}}$ is the kernel of $\\rho$ and ${{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho}}}$ its support, defined as the ortho-complement to the kernel [^1]. ", "Thus, ${{\\mathcal H}}$ contains only the direct sum of the support of $\\rho_a$ and $\\rho_b$, i.e. ${{\\mathcal H}}= {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_a}}}\\oplus\n{{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}}$.\n\nFor our system, we have\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_a}}}&=& \\operatorname{span}( {{| \\psi_1\\psi_1 \\rangle}},{{| \\psi_2\\psi_2 \\rangle}}),\\\\\n {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}}&=& \\operatorname{span}( {{| \\psi_1\\psi_2 \\rangle}},{{| \\psi_2\\psi_1 \\rangle}}),\\end{aligned}$$\n\nwhich already satisfy ${{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_a}}}\\cap {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}}= \\{0\\}$ due to the linear independence of ${{| \\psi_1 \\rangle}}$ and ${{| \\psi_2 \\rangle}}$. For the further calculation it is convenient to rewrite both supports in an appropriate basis of ${{\\mathcal H}}$. Therefore consider complementary normalized vectors ${{| \\overline\\psi_1 \\rangle}}, {{| \\overline\\psi_2 \\rangle}} \\in \\operatorname{span}({{| \\psi_1 \\rangle}},\n{{| \\psi_2 \\rangle}})$, which are in the same plane as ${{| \\psi_1 \\rangle}}$ and ${{| \\psi_2 \\rangle}}$, but orthogonal to the corresponding vector, i.e. ${{| \\overline\\psi_1 \\rangle}} \\perp {{| \\psi_1 \\rangle}}$ and ${{| \\overline\\psi_2 \\rangle}} \\perp\n{{| \\psi_2 \\rangle}}$. Then, an orthonormal basis of ${{\\mathcal H}}$ is given by\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{e10447}\n {{| e_{1,2} \\rangle}}&=&{{\\textstyle \\frac{1}{\\sqrt 2\\,n_\\pm}}}\n ({{| \\psi_1\\psi_1 \\rangle}}\\pm\n {{| \\psi_2\\psi_2 \\rangle}}),\\\\\\label{e10448}\n {{| e_{3,4} \\rangle}}&=&{{\\textstyle \\frac{1}{\\sqrt 2\\,n_\\pm}}}\n ({{| \\overline\\psi_1\\overline\\psi_2 \\rangle}}\\pm\n {{| \\overline\\psi_2\\overline\\psi_1 \\rangle}}),\\end{aligned}$$\n\nwith $ n_\\pm= \\sqrt{1\\pm \\cos^2\\vartheta}$. In equation (\\[e10447\\]), the $+$($-$)-sign refers to the index $1$($2$) and in (\\[e10448\\]) to $3$($4$) respectively.", "\n\nBy this choice, one immediately has ${{{\\mathcal K}_{\\rho_a}}}= \\operatorname{span}({{| e_3 \\rangle}},\n{{| e_4 \\rangle}})$ and ${{| e_2 \\rangle}}\\in {{{\\mathcal K}_{\\rho_b}}}$. Let us denote by $\\mathrm P_+=\n{{{{| e_1 \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle e_1 |}}}}+ {{{{| e_3 \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle e_3 |}}}}$ ($\\mathrm P_-= {{{{| e_2 \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle e_2 |}}}}+ {{{{| e_4 \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle e_4 |}}}}$) the projector onto that subspace, which is symmetric (antisymmetric) under exchanging ${{| \\psi_1 \\rangle}}$ and ${{| \\psi_2 \\rangle}}$. Then, due to ${{| \\psi_1\\psi_2 \\rangle}}\\in {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}}$, $${{| \\gamma \\rangle}}{:=}{{\\textstyle \\frac{\\sqrt 2}{n_+}}}\\, \\mathrm P_+ {{| \\psi_1\\psi_2 \\rangle}}=\n {{\\textstyle \\frac{\\sqrt 2}{n_+}}}\\, \\mathrm P_+{{| \\psi_2\\psi_1 \\rangle}} \\in {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}}$$ must hold, where ${{| \\gamma \\rangle}}$ is normalized and has the components $$|{{\\langle e_1 | \\gamma \\rangle}}|= {{\\textstyle \\frac{2 \\cos\\vartheta}{n^2_+}}} {\\quad \\mbox{and} \\quad}\n |{{\\langle e_3 | \\gamma \\rangle}}|= {{\\textstyle \\frac{\\sin^2\\vartheta}{n^2_+}}}.$$ Since $\\mathrm P_-+ \\mathrm P_+= {{\\mathbbm 1}}_{{\\mathcal H}}$, the second spanning vector of ${{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}}$ has to be $\\mathrm P_- {{| \\psi_1\\psi_2 \\rangle}}= -\\mathrm\nP_-{{| \\psi_2\\psi_1 \\rangle}}$. This vector, however, cannot have any component in direction of ${{| e_2 \\rangle}} \\in {{{\\mathcal K}_{\\rho_b}}}$ and therefore has to be parallel to ${{| e_4 \\rangle}}$. Thus, we finally write the non-trivial Hilbert space ${{\\mathcal H}}$ as $${{\\mathcal H}}= {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_a}}}\\oplus {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}}\n \\equiv \\operatorname{span}({{| e_1 \\rangle}},{{| e_2 \\rangle}})\\oplus \\operatorname{span}({{| \\gamma \\rangle}},{{| e_4 \\rangle}}).$$ Due to the particular choice of basis, we further find ${{{\\mathcal K}_{\\rho_b}}}=\n\\operatorname{span}({{| \\gamma^\\perp \\rangle}},{{| e_2 \\rangle}})$, where ${{| \\gamma^\\perp \\rangle}}$ is a normalized vector satisfying ${{| \\gamma^\\perp \\rangle}}\\perp{{| \\gamma \\rangle}}$ and $\\mathrm P_-{{| \\gamma^\\perp \\rangle}}=\n\\mathrm P_-{{| \\gamma \\rangle}}\\equiv 0$.\n\nOptimal Solution\n----------------\n\nIn the [*second reduction step*]{} shown in [@Raynal:2003PRA], one reduces the space by those parts, which allow perfect UD. ", "These parts are given by $${\\mathcal K^\\cap}_a{:=}{{{\\mathcal K}_{\\rho_a}}}\\cap {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}} {\\quad \\mbox{and} \\quad}\n {\\mathcal K^\\cap}_b{:=}{{{\\mathcal K}_{\\rho_b}}}\\cap {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_a}}}.$$ The Hilbert space ${{\\mathcal H}}$ can then be decomposed into $${{\\mathcal H}}= {{\\mathcal H}}'\\oplus {\\mathcal K^\\cap}_a\\oplus {\\mathcal K^\\cap}_b,$$ where ${{\\mathcal H}}'$ is conveniently chosen to be the ortho-complement of ${\\mathcal K^\\cap}_a\\oplus {\\mathcal K^\\cap}_b$. Denoting by $\\mathrm P_{{{\\mathcal H}}'}$ the projector onto ${{\\mathcal H}}'$, and further writing $\\zeta_a$, $\\zeta_b$ for appropriate normalization constants, the density matrices $$\\rho_a'= {{\\textstyle \\frac{1}{\\zeta_a}}} \\mathrm P_{{{\\mathcal H}}'} \\rho_a \\mathrm P_{{{\\mathcal H}}'}\n {\\quad \\mbox{and} \\quad}\n \\rho_b'= {{\\textstyle \\frac{1}{\\zeta_b}}} \\mathrm P_{{{\\mathcal H}}'} \\rho_b \\mathrm P_{{{\\mathcal H}}'}$$ are states acting on ${{\\mathcal H}}'$ and having [*a priori*]{} probabilities $$\\eta_a'= \\frac{\\eta_a\\zeta_a}{\\zeta} {\\quad \\mbox{and} \\quad}\n\\eta_b'=1-\\eta_a',$$ where $\\zeta{:=}\\zeta_a\\eta_a+\\zeta_b\\eta_b$. Suppose that $P'$ is the optimal rate of success for this reduced problem. ", "Then the optimal rate of success of the complete problem was shown [@Raynal:2003PRA] to be $$P_\\mathrm{opt}= 1-(1-P')\\zeta.$$\n\nIn our basis, we immediately find\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n {\\mathcal K^\\cap}_a&=& \\operatorname{span}({{| e_3 \\rangle}},{{| e_4 \\rangle}})\\cap {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}}\n =\\operatorname{span}({{| e_4 \\rangle}}),\\\\\n {\\mathcal K^\\cap}_b&=& \\operatorname{span}({{| \\gamma^\\perp \\rangle}},{{| e_2 \\rangle}})\\cap {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_a}}}\n =\\operatorname{span}({{| e_2 \\rangle}}),\\end{aligned}$$\n\nsince ${{| \\gamma \\rangle}} \\nparallel {{| e_3 \\rangle}}$ and ${{| \\gamma^\\perp \\rangle}} \\nparallel\n{{| e_1 \\rangle}}$ holds.", "\n\nNow the optimization problem can be reduced to ${{\\mathcal H}}'=\n\\operatorname{span}({{| e_1 \\rangle}},{{| e_3 \\rangle}})$. Since the remaining problem is two-dimensional, it can be considered as the well-known discrimination of pure states. ", "Indeed, the problem reduces to the UD of\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\rho'_a&=& {{\\textstyle \\frac{1}{\\zeta_a}}} \\mathrm P_+\\rho_a\\mathrm P_+= {{{{| e_1 \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle e_1 |}}}}, \\\\\n \\rho'_b&=& {{\\textstyle \\frac{1}{\\zeta_b}}} \\mathrm P_+\\rho_b\\mathrm P_+= {{{{| \\gamma \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle \\gamma |}}}}.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nCalculating the normalization factors $\\zeta_a= \\operatorname{tr}(P_+ \\rho_a)$ and $\\zeta_b=\n\\operatorname{tr}(P_+ \\rho_b)$, one obtains $\\zeta_a= \\zeta_b= \\zeta= {{\\textstyle \\frac 1 2}}n_+^2$ and thus the [*a priori*]{} probabilities of the reduced problem remain unchanged, $\\eta'_a\\equiv \\eta_a$ and $\\eta'_b\\equiv \\eta_b$. Jaeger and Shimony have derived [@Jaeger:1995PLA] the optimal UD of two pure states with an unbalanced probability distribution. ", "Using their result for the discrimination between ${{| e_1 \\rangle}}$ and ${{| \\gamma \\rangle}}$, the optimal rate of success for UD of $\\rho_a$ and $\\rho_b$ calculates to $$\\label{e26445}\n P_\\mathrm{opt}=\\left\\{\\begin{array}{lc}\n {\\displaystyle}1-2\\sqrt{\\eta_a\\eta_b}\\cos\\vartheta & \\quad\\mbox{if (\\ref{e26601})}\\\\\n {\\displaystyle}{{\\textstyle \\frac{n_-^2}{n_+^2}}}\n \\left(1-{{\\textstyle \\frac{\\eta_b}{2}}}\\sin^2\\vartheta\\right)&\\quad\\mbox{else,}\n \\end{array}\\right.$$ where (\\[e26601\\]) is the condition $$\\tag{$\\ast$}\\label{e26601}\n \\cos\\vartheta< \\sqrt{\\frac{\\eta_a}{\\eta_b}}\n \\left(1- \\sqrt{\\frac{\\eta_a-\\eta_b}{\\eta_a}}\\right).$$\n\nFurther, the optimal POVM of the reduced problem is given by $$F'_a= \\alpha {{{{| \\gamma^\\perp \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle \\gamma^\\perp |}}}} {\\quad \\mbox{and} \\quad} F'_b=\\beta {{{{| e_3 \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle e_3 |}}}}.$$ In the region, where (\\[e26601\\]) holds,\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\alpha&=& \\frac{1-\n \\sqrt{\\frac{\\eta_b}{\\eta_a}}\n |{{\\langle e_1 | \\gamma \\rangle}}|}{|{{\\langle e_3 | \\gamma \\rangle}}|^2},\\\\\n \\beta&=& \\frac{1-\n \\sqrt{\\frac{\\eta_a}{\\eta_b}}\n |{{\\langle e_1 | \\gamma \\rangle}}|}{|{{\\langle e_3 | \\gamma \\rangle}}|^2},\\end{aligned}$$\n\nand $\\alpha= 1$, $\\beta= 0$ elsewhere. ", "The optimal measurement of the full problem is then given by $$F_a= F'_a+ \\mathrm P_{{\\mathcal K^\\cap}_b} {\\quad \\mbox{and} \\quad} F_b= F'_b+ \\mathrm P_{{\\mathcal K^\\cap}_a},$$ where $\\mathrm P_{{\\mathcal K^\\cap}_b}\\equiv {{{{| e_2 \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle e_2 |}}}}$ and $\\mathrm P_{{\\mathcal K^\\cap}_a}\\equiv\n{{{{| e_4 \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle e_4 |}}}}$. The fact that the projectors ${{{{| e_2 \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle e_2 |}}}}$ and ${{{{| e_4 \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle e_4 |}}}}$ have to be part of the optimal POVMs $F_a$ and $F_b$, respectively, was already obvious from the structure of the kernels and supports, since ${{| e_2 \\rangle}}$ and ${{| e_4 \\rangle}}$ are orthogonal and part of either ${{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_a}}}$ or ${{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}}$.\n\nNow one easily verifies, that condition (\\[e6923\\]) holds for this measurement, by noting that $|{{\\langle \\psi_1\\psi_1 | e_2 \\rangle}}|^2=\n|{{\\langle \\psi_2\\psi_2 | e_2 \\rangle}}|^2>0$ and $|{{\\langle \\psi_1\\psi_2 | e_4 \\rangle}}|^2=\n|{{\\langle \\psi_2\\psi_1 | e_4 \\rangle}}|^2>0$. Thus we have found the optimal solution for unambiguous two-dimensional state comparison. ", "Furthermore, as we discuss in the following, this solution is [*always*]{} better then a separable measurement on both states, which becomes manifest by the fact, that $F_a$ and $F_b$ are not separable, i.e. the partial transpose fails to be positive semidefinite.", "\n\nDiscussion\n----------\n\nIn the literature, an optimal solution for the problem of state comparison has only been found for the case of equal probabilities. ", "Barnett, Chefles and Jex [@Barnett:2003PLA] showed, that in this case the optimal rate of success is given by $P= 1- \\cos\\vartheta$, which is our result for $q_1= q_2= {{\\textstyle \\frac 1 2}}$. This particular result was also obtained by Rudolph, Spekkens and Turner [@Rudolph:2003PRA], by providing a general upper and lower bound for the rate of success of an UD of mixed states. ", "Their upper bound matches our result only in situations, where (\\[e26601\\]) holds. ", "On the other hand, their lower bound turns out to match our optimal result for all parameters and thus our calculation has proven, that their lower bound is indeed optimal for the UD of $\\rho_a$ and $\\rho_b$.\n\nLet us compare our result with the naïve incoherent strategy, where both states are measured consecutively. ", "The straightforward approach of the optimal POVM $\\{\\widetilde F_1, \\widetilde F_2, \\widetilde F_?\\}$ for unambiguous discrimination between ${{| \\psi_1 \\rangle}}$ and ${{| \\psi_2 \\rangle}}$, leads to\n\n\\[e20301\\] $$\\begin{aligned}\n F^\\mathrm{sep}_a&=& \\widetilde F_1\\otimes \\widetilde F_1+\n \\widetilde F_2\\otimes \\widetilde F_2, \\\\\n F^\\mathrm{sep}_b&=& \\widetilde F_1\\otimes \\widetilde F_2+\n \\widetilde F_2\\otimes \\widetilde F_1.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nThis naïve method is indeed the [*optimal*]{} separable measurement, as shown in appendix \\[a348\\]. ", "It has a rate of success given by the square of the success probability for unambiguous discrimination of ${{| \\psi_1 \\rangle}}$ and ${{| \\psi_2 \\rangle}}$, i.e. [@Jaeger:1995PLA] $$P_\\mathrm{sep}= \\left\\{ \\begin{array}{ll}\n (1-2\\sqrt{q_1q_2}\\cos\\vartheta)^2 & {\\quad \\mbox{if (\\ref{e31616})} \\quad} \\\\\n q_\\mathrm{max}^2\\sin^4\\vartheta & {\\quad \\mbox{else,} \\quad}\n \\end{array}\\right.$$ where $q_\\mathrm{max}$ is the maximum of $q_1$ and $q_2$, and (\\[e31616\\]) is the condition $$\\tag{$\\ast\\ast$}\\label{e31616}\n \\cos\\vartheta< \\sqrt{\\frac{1-q_\\mathrm{max}}{q_\\mathrm{max}}}.$$ In\n\n(1,0.5)\n\n(-1.04,0.27) (-0.46,-0.02)[(0,0)[$\\cos\\vartheta$]{}]{}\n\nFIG.", " \\[2oo2\\_gain\\]\n\nwe show the gain $P_\\mathrm{opt}- P_\\mathrm{sep}$, which of course is always positive or zero. ", "This gain has its absolute maximum of $\\frac 1 4$ at $q_1= {{\\textstyle \\frac 1 2}}$ and $\\vartheta= {{\\textstyle \\frac{\\pi}{3}}}$. While for fixed angles the maximum gain is always at $q_1= {{\\textstyle \\frac 1 2}}$, one finds for fixed [*a priori*]{} probabilities, that at some regions there are two maxima. ", "The maximum in low values of $\\cos\\vartheta$ appears, where (\\[e31616\\]) holds without having (\\[e26601\\]) satisfied. ", "Also note, that the gain function is asymmetric in $\\cos\\vartheta$, while it is symmetric in $q_1$. In\n\n(1,0.61804)\n\n(-1.04,0.34) (-0.46,-0.02)[(0,0)[$\\cos\\vartheta$]{}]{} (-0.30,0.42)[(0,0)[$q_1={{\\textstyle \\frac 1 2}}$]{}]{}\n\n(1,0.61804)\n\n(-1.04,0.34) (-0.46,-0.02)[(0,0)[$\\cos\\vartheta$]{}]{} (-0.30,0.42)[(0,0)[$q_1\\rightarrow 1$]{}]{}\n\nFIG.", " \\[2oo2\\_q1\\]\n\n, the gain of the coherent versus the incoherent strategy is illustrated for the parameters $q_1={{\\textstyle \\frac 1 2}}$ and $q_1\\rightarrow 1$.\n\nState Comparison “two out of $N$” {#s7931}\n=================================\n\nNext, we investigate the problem of unambiguous state comparison “two out of $N$” for pure states. ", "As shown by Chefles [*et al.*]{} [", "@Chefles:2004JPA] for equal probabilities and in section \\[s19384\\] for arbitrary probabilities, this can only work if all $N$ states are linearly independent, thus spanning an $N$-dimensional Hilbert space. ", "Again this unambiguous state comparison is related to the UD of\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\rho_a&=& {{\\textstyle \\frac{1}{\\eta_a}}} \\sum_i^N q_i^2{{{{| \\psi_i\\psi_i \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle \\psi_i\\psi_i |}}}}, \\\\\n \\rho_b&=& {{\\textstyle \\frac{1}{\\eta_b}}} \\sum_{i\\ne j}^N q_iq_j{{{{| \\psi_i\\psi_j \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle \\psi_i\\psi_j |}}}},\\end{aligned}$$\n\nhaving [*a priori*]{} probabilities $${\\textstyle}\\eta_a=\\sum q_i^2, \\quad \\eta_b= \\sum_{i\\ne j} q_iq_j.$$\n\nWe immediately obtain\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_a}}}&=&\\bigoplus_i \\operatorname{span}({{| \\psi_i\\psi_i \\rangle}}),\\\\\n {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}}&=&\\bigoplus_{i\\ne j}\\operatorname{span}({{| \\psi_i\\psi_j \\rangle}}) \\nonumber\\\\\n &=&\\bigoplus_{i> j} \\operatorname{span}({{| \\psi_i\\psi_j \\rangle}}\\pm{{| \\psi_j\\psi_i \\rangle}}).\\end{aligned}$$\n\nDue to linear independence ${{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_a}}}\\cap {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}}= \\{0\\}$ holds and thus the first reduction step yields ${{\\mathcal H}}= {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_a}}}\\oplus\n{{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}}$. Note, that the dimension of ${{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_a}}}$ is now in general much smaller then the one of ${{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}}$, because $\\dim {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_a}}}= N$ while $\\dim {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}}= N^2-N$. In what follows we show in a constructive way, that the $N$-dimensional state comparison in general is related to such an UD of mixed states, which cannot be reduced to UD of pure states.", "\n\nThe second reduction step can be performed as follows. ", "The antisymmetric subspace ${{\\mathcal H}}^-= \\bigoplus_{i> j} \\operatorname{span}( {{| \\psi_i\\psi_j \\rangle}}-\n{{| \\psi_j\\psi_i \\rangle}})$ is part of ${\\mathcal K^\\cap}_a\\equiv {{{\\mathcal K}_{\\rho_a}}}\\cap {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}}$, since $${{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_a}}} \\perp {{\\mathcal H}}^- {\\quad \\mbox{and} \\quad} {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}} \\supset {{\\mathcal H}}^-.$$ Further, ${{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_a}}}$ is part of the symmetric subspace ${{\\mathcal H}}^+=\n\\bigoplus_{i\\ge j} \\operatorname{span}({{| \\psi_i\\psi_j \\rangle}}+ {{| \\psi_j\\psi_i \\rangle}})$ and thus, due to ${{\\mathcal H}}^-\\perp {{\\mathcal H}}^+$, we have the orthogonal decomposition $${\\mathcal K^\\cap}_a= {{\\mathcal K^\\cap}_a}^- \\oplus {{\\mathcal K^\\cap}_b}^+,$$ with ${{\\mathcal K^\\cap}_a}^-{:=}{{\\mathcal H}}^-$ and ${{\\mathcal K^\\cap}_a}^+{:=}{{\\mathcal H}}^+ \\cap\n{{{\\mathcal K}_{\\rho_a}}}$. In order to obtain ${{\\mathcal K^\\cap}_a}^+$, let $C_{ij} {:=}{{\\langle \\psi_i | \\psi_j \\rangle}}$ be the Hermitian overlap matrix and $A_{ij}$ be a lower triangular coefficient matrix. ", "Then ${{\\mathcal K^\\cap}_a}^+$ is given by all vectors $\\sum_{i>j}A_{ij} ({{| \\psi_i\\psi_j \\rangle}}+ {{| \\psi_j\\psi_i \\rangle}})$, which satisfy $$\\begin{aligned}\n &\\forall k& {{\\langle \\psi_k\\psi_k |}}\n \\sum_{i>j}A_{ij}({{| \\psi_i\\psi_j \\rangle}}+ {{| \\psi_j\\psi_i \\rangle}})= 0\n \\nonumber\\\\\n \\Leftrightarrow\n &\\forall k& \\sum_{i>j} C_{ki}A_{ij}C_{kj}= 0 \\nonumber\\\\\n \\Leftrightarrow\n &\\forall k& [CAC^T]_{kk}= 0.\\end{aligned}$$ This set of [*linear*]{} equations may eliminate up to $N$ out of $N(N-1)/2$ coefficients $A_{ij}$, thus $${{\\textstyle \\frac{N(N-1)}{2}}}\\ge \\dim({{\\mathcal K^\\cap}_a}^+) \\ge \\max\\{{{\\textstyle \\frac{N(N-3)}{2}}},0\\}.$$ The space ${\\mathcal K^\\cap}_b\\equiv {{{\\mathcal K}_{\\rho_b}}}\\cap {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_a}}}$ on the other hand is given by all vectors out of ${{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_a}}}$, which are orthogonal to ${{| \\psi_i\\psi_j \\rangle}}+ {{| \\psi_j\\psi_i \\rangle}}$ for all $i>j$. With a diagonal coefficient matrix $B$ this yields $$\\forall i>j\\quad [CBC^T]_{ij}=0.$$ Thus, we have $$\\label{e18720}\n N\\ge \\dim {\\mathcal K^\\cap}_b\\ge \\max\\{{{\\textstyle \\frac{N(3-N)}{2}}},0\\}.$$ Since the dimension of the reduced Hilbert space is given as $\\dim {{\\mathcal H}}'=\n\\dim {{\\mathcal H}}-(\\dim{{\\mathcal K^\\cap}_a}^- +\\dim{{\\mathcal K^\\cap}_a}^+)- \\dim{\\mathcal K^\\cap}_b$, we finally arrive at the main result of this section, $$0\\le \\dim {{\\mathcal H}}' \\le \\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}\n 2 &\\mbox{if}\\quad N=2\\\\2N &\\mbox{if}\\quad N>2.", "\n \\end{array}\\right.$$ The case $N= 2$, considered in section \\[s32551\\], turns out to play a special role, since here always $\\dim {\\mathcal K^\\cap}_b>0$ holds, cf. (", "\\[e18720\\]). ", "We point out that these bounds are tight. ", "This can be directly verified by considering a system of states with equal overlap, i.e. a system with $$\\label{e4706}\n \\quad \\cos\\vartheta{:=}{{\\langle \\psi_i | \\psi_j \\rangle}} \\in [0,1[\n \\quad \\forall i\\ne j.$$ Then for the trivial case (i.e. $\\vartheta= {{\\textstyle \\frac{\\pi}{2}}}$) $\\dim {{\\mathcal H}}'=0$ holds, while the upper bound is reached whenever $\\vartheta< \\frac \\pi 2$. Thus state comparison for two out of three states may already lead to a non-trivial UD problem, as illustrated in the following.", "\n\nExample: “two out of three” {#example-two-out-of-three .unnumbered}\n---------------------------\n\nAs an example of a case, where state comparison does not reduce to UD of pure states, $N= 3$ is considered. ", "We specialize to the case where the states ${{| \\psi_1 \\rangle}}$, ${{| \\psi_2 \\rangle}}$ and ${{| \\psi_3 \\rangle}}$ subject to comparison satisfy (\\[e4706\\]) with $0<\\vartheta< \\frac \\pi 2$ and assume all [*a priori*]{} probabilities to be equal, $q_1= q_2= q_3= \\frac 1 3$.\n\nThe previous discussion of the related UD problem showed, that this related problem can be reduced to a Hilbert space ${{\\mathcal H}}'$ of dimension $\\dim\n{{\\mathcal H}}'=\\dim {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_a}}}+ \\dim {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}}= 3+3$. Since $N= 3$ this has the consequence, that ${{\\mathcal K^\\cap}_a}^+= {\\mathcal K^\\cap}_b= \\{0\\}$. Thus, ${{\\mathcal H}}'$ exactly consists of the symmetric subspace of ${{\\mathcal H}}\\equiv {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_a}}}\\oplus\n{{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}}$, i.e. ${{\\mathcal H}}'={{\\mathcal H}}^+$. However, for the remaining UD problem, no general optimal solution is known and we thus calculate the tightest upper and lower bounds for the rate of success known so far, i.e. the lower bound provided by Rudolph [*et al.*]{} [", "@Rudolph:2003PRA] and the upper bound shown by Raynal and Lütkenhaus [@Raynal:2005QPh]. ", "These bounds together with the rate of success for the separable measurement are shown in\n\n(1,0.61804)\n\n(-1.04,0.34) (-0.46,-0.02)[(0,0)[$\\cos\\vartheta$]{}]{}\n\nFIG.", " \\[2oo3\\]\n\n. ", "Again, the incoherent measurement is always worse then the measurement used to construct the lower bound. ", "In addition one finds, that for $$\\cos\\vartheta \\le \\frac{\\sqrt 2-\\sqrt{\\sqrt 2}}{2-\\sqrt 2}$$ (i.e. $\\vartheta/\\pi \\apprge 0.375$) the lower and upper bound coincide, revealing the [*optimal*]{} solution of UD of $\\rho_a$ and $\\rho_b$ in that region to be $$P_\\mathrm{opt}= 1-\\frac{\\sqrt{8}}{9}(4\\cos\\vartheta-\\cos^2\\vartheta).$$ One can also show, that in this region the optimal measurement satisfies the defining property (\\[e6923\\]) and thus also solves the problem of optimal state comparison.", "\n\nMixed State Comparison {#s19384}\n======================\n\nIn this section we investigate, in what situations a measurement can exist, which satisfies the defining property (\\[e6923\\]). ", "We have the following\n\nUnambiguous state comparison “$C$ out of $N$” for a set of mixed states $\\{\\pi_1,\\dotsc,\\pi_N\\}$ with arbitrary, but non-vanishing [*a priori*]{} probabilities, can be realized iff $\\forall \\,i$ $$\\label{e295}\n {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\pi_i}}} \\nsubseteq \\sum_{k \\ne i} {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\pi_k}}}.$$\n\n#### Proof. {#", "proof. ", ".unnumbered}\n\nFor the [*if*]{} part it is enough to show, that there is a POVM, given by $\\{\\widetilde F_1, \\dotsc, \\widetilde F_N, \\widetilde F_?\\}$, such that $$\\label{e28546}\n \\operatorname{tr}(\\widetilde F_i \\pi_j)>0 \\quad\\Leftrightarrow\\quad i=j.$$ In order to construct such an POVM, denote by $\\mathrm P_i$ the projector onto the ortho-complement of $\\sum_{k \\ne i} {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\pi_k}}}$. Then from equation (\\[e295\\]) it follows, that there is at least one vector ${{| \\varphi \\rangle}} \\in\n{{{\\mathcal S}_{\\pi_i}}}$, such that ${{| \\phi_i \\rangle}}{:=}\\mathrm P_i {{| \\varphi \\rangle}}$ satisfies ${{\\langle \\phi_i | \\phi_i \\rangle}}= 1$. These vectors ${{| \\phi_i \\rangle}}$ by construction satisfy ${{\\langle \\phi_i |}}\\pi_i{{| \\phi_i \\rangle}}> 0$ for each $i$, while ${{\\langle \\phi_i |}}\\pi_j{{| \\phi_i \\rangle}}= 0$ for all $j\\ne i$. The choice $\\widetilde F_i={{\\textstyle \\frac{1}{N}}} {{{{| \\phi_i \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle \\phi_i |}}}}$ satisfies (\\[e28546\\]) and further has $\\widetilde F_?={{\\mathbbm 1}}- \\sum_i \\widetilde F_i \\ge 0$. Indeed, for any ${{| \\psi \\rangle}}$ out of the complete Hilbert space, $${{\\langle \\psi |}} \\widetilde F_?{{| \\psi \\rangle}} = {{\\langle \\psi | \\psi \\rangle}}-\n {{\\textstyle \\frac{1}{N}}} \\sum_i|{{\\langle \\phi_i | \\psi \\rangle}} |^2 \\ge 0$$ holds by virtue of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality.", "\n\nFor the [*only if*]{} part we use, that any unambiguous state comparison measurement solves (not necessarily in an optimal way) the related unambiguous state discrimination problem. ", "However, assuming that for some $i$: $$\\label{e21927}\n {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\pi_i}}}\\subset \\sum_{k\\ne i} {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\pi_k}}},$$ we show, that no UD measurement can satisfy $\\operatorname{tr}(F_a {\\pi_i}^{\\otimes C})>0$, thus being a contradiction to (\\[e11971\\]).", "\n\nIn order to show this contradiction, note, that for positive operators $A$ and $B$,\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n {{{\\mathcal S}_{A+ B}}}&=& {{{\\mathcal S}_{A}}}+ {{{\\mathcal S}_{B}}},\\\\\n {{{\\mathcal S}_{A\\otimes B}}}&=& {{{\\mathcal S}_{A}}} \\otimes {{{\\mathcal S}_{B}}}.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nFurther we use a Lemma, shown by Raynal, Lütkenhaus and van Enk in [@Raynal:2003PRA], which states, that $\\operatorname{tr}(AB)= 0$, iff ${{{\\mathcal S}_{A}}} \\perp\n{{{\\mathcal S}_{B}}}$. Now, assuming (\\[e21927\\]), it follows that $${{{\\mathcal S}_{{\\pi_i}^{\\otimes C}}}}= {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\pi_i}}}^{\\otimes C}\\subset \\sum_{k \\ne i}\n {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\pi_k}}}\\otimes\n {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\pi_i}}}^{\\otimes (C-1)}\\subset {{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}}.$$ However, by the Lemma of [@Raynal:2003PRA], the requirement $\\operatorname{tr}(F_a\n\\rho_b)= 0$ (cf. (", "\\[e27918\\])) is equivalent to ${{{\\mathcal S}_{F_a}}}\\perp\n{{{\\mathcal S}_{\\rho_b}}}$. This implies ${{{\\mathcal S}_{F_a}}}\\perp {{{\\mathcal S}_{{\\pi_i}^{\\otimes C}}}}$ or equivalently $\\operatorname{tr}(F_a{\\pi_i}^{\\otimes C})=0$ and completes the proof.[$\\blacksquare$]{}\n\nFor the comparison of qubits this proposition implies that unambiguous comparison “$C$ out of $N$” can only be realized for $N=2$ and [*pure states*]{}. ", "For unambiguous state comparison “$C$ out of $N$” of pure states in any dimension, Proposition 1 reduces to the result of Chefles [*et al.*]{} [", "@Chefles:2004JPA]. ", "They found that state comparison can only be realized for linearly independent states. ", "Another direct consequence from Proposition 1 is the fact that density matrices which contain a proportion of the identity (e.g. by being sent through a depolarising channel, or by adding white noise in an experiment) can never be compared unambiguously.", "\n\nConclusions {#s29399}\n===========\n\nWe have addressed the question of unambiguous state comparison with general [*a priori*]{} probabilities. ", "Our method consists of reducing the corresponding problem of unambiguous mixed state discrimination to a non-trivial subspace [@Raynal:2003PRA]. ", "We analytically solve the case for comparing two states drawn from a set of two states, finding the optimal POVMs and the optimal rate of success. ", "There is a considerable gain of the optimal coherent strategy over the best incoherent strategy. ", "While this case reduces to the discrimination between two pure states, the comparison of two states drawn from a set of three states is shown to lead to a non-trivial mixed state discrimination task. ", "So far, the optimal solution is only found for certain parameter ranges.", "\n\nThe more general task of comparing two states from a set of $N$ states is exceedingly difficult. ", "No general solution to this problem exists. ", "Here, we have presented an upper bound for the dimension of the reduced Hilbert space. ", "This bound is shown to be reached for states with equal overlap. ", "We have also provided a necessary and sufficient condition for unambiguous comparison of mixed states to be possible.", "\n\n[*Note added:*]{} While completing this manuscript, we learned about related work by Herzog and Bergou [@Herzog:2005QPh], who found the same expression as equation (\\[e26445\\]) for optimal unambiguous state comparison of two states drawn from a set of two states.", "\n\nOptimal separable measurement “two out of two” {#a348}\n==============================================\n\nThis appendix is dedicated to show that with the naïve measurement given in equation (\\[e20301\\]), indeed the optimal separable solution was found. ", "That is, the optimal [*separable*]{} unambiguous state comparison measurement for two states drawn from a set of two pure states $\\{{{| \\psi_1 \\rangle}}, {{| \\psi_2 \\rangle}}\\}$ is solved in an optimal way by performing optimal unambiguous state discrimination in each subsystem.", "\n\nA general element of a separable POVM $\\{F_x\\}$ is of the form $$F_x= \\sum_{i,j} c_{x,ij} F_{x,i}^{(1)}\\otimes F_{x,j}^{(2)},$$ where the non-negative coefficients $c_{x,ij}$ account for the relative contribution of each of the terms containing the positive local POVM elements $F^{(k)}_{x,i}$.\n\nFirst we show, that in our case no measurement outcome of either subsystem can be used to adapt the measurement of the other. ", "Consider without loss of generality, that a measurement first takes place in subsystem $1$ and yields with probability $p^{(1)}_{x,i}$ the outcome $(x,i)$. This measurement is applied to the global state $\\rho{:=}\\eta_a \\rho_a +\\eta_b \\rho_b= (q_1\n{{{{| \\psi_1 \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle \\psi_1 |}}}} + q_2 {{{{| \\psi_2 \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle \\psi_2 |}}}})^{\\otimes2}$ and yields in subsystem $2$ $$\\operatorname{tr}_1((F_{x,i}^{(1)}\\otimes {{\\mathbbm 1}}) \\rho)= p^{(1)}_{x,i}\n (q_1 {{{{| \\psi_1 \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle \\psi_1 |}}}} + q_2 {{{{| \\psi_2 \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle \\psi_2 |}}}}),$$ which is, up to the factor $p^{(1)}_{x,i}$ independent of the outcome $(x,i)$. Thus the local measurements can be optimized in each subsystem separately, and one is free to choose the same (optimal) measurement in both systems due to the symmetry of $\\rho_a$ and $\\rho_b$. Therefore we can drop the upper label $(k)$ on the local measurement elements in the following.", "\n\nFurthermore one is forced to choose these measurements to be UD measurements. ", "Indeed, $\\operatorname{tr}(F_a \\rho_b)= \\operatorname{tr}(F_b \\rho_a)= 0$, only if for each $x\\in \\{a,b\\}$ and for all $l$, either $\\operatorname{tr}(F_{x,l} {{{{| \\psi_1 \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle \\psi_1 |}}}})= 0$ or $\\operatorname{tr}(F_{x,l}\n{{{{| \\psi_2 \\rangle}}\\!{{\\langle \\psi_2 |}}}})= 0$. We prove this statement by contradiction: Suppose, that at least one term ($c_{a,ij} F_{a,i}\\otimes F_{a,j}$) of $F_a$ contains at least one local POVM element $F_{a, m}$ (where $m\\in \\{i,j\\}$), having a non-vanishing expectation value for both states, i.e. $${{\\langle \\psi_1 |}}F_{a,m} {{| \\psi_1 \\rangle}} >0 {\\quad \\mbox{and} \\quad}\n {{\\langle \\psi_2 |}}F_{a,m} {{| \\psi_2 \\rangle}} >0.$$ It follows that $$\\operatorname{tr}((c_{x,ij} F_{a,i}\\otimes F_{a,j})\\rho_a) >0$$ and $$\\operatorname{tr}((c_{x,ij} F_{a,i}\\otimes F_{a,j})\\rho_b) >0,$$ which is in contradiction to $\\operatorname{tr}(F_a \\rho_b)= 0$. An analogous argument holds $F_b$.\n\nWithout loosing any information, a UD measurement can always be reduced to have the measurement elements $\\{F_1,F_2,F_?\\}$, with ${{\\langle \\psi_2 |}} F_1\n{{| \\psi_2 \\rangle}}= {{\\langle \\psi_1 |}} F_2 {{| \\psi_1 \\rangle}}= 0$. In order to make this a valid choice for the local measurements of unambiguous state comparison, in addition the conditions (\\[e6923\\]) have to be satisfied, i.e. $$\\alpha{:=}{{\\langle \\psi_1 |}}F_1{{| \\psi_1 \\rangle}} > 0{\\quad \\mbox{and} \\quad}\n \\beta{:=}{{\\langle \\psi_2 |}}F_2{{| \\psi_2 \\rangle}} > 0.$$\n\nFrom the consideration above, we find that $F_a$ and $F_b$ are of the form $$\\begin{aligned}\n F_a&=& F_1 \\otimes F_1+ F_2 \\otimes F_2, \\\\\n F_b&=& F_1 \\otimes F_2+ F_2 \\otimes F_1.\\end{aligned}$$ The optimal separable state comparison corresponds to $F_1= \\widetilde F_1$ and $F_2= \\widetilde F_2$ as above defined (\\[e20301\\]). ", "Thus we have shown, that in this case the optimal separable unambiguous state comparison strategy is indeed given by consecutive optimal UD measurements.", "\n\nLet us mention that for the optimal UD measurement the conditions $\\alpha >0$ and $\\beta >0$ do not always hold: in those situations, where condition (\\[e31616\\]) is not satisfied, $\\alpha= 0$ or $\\beta= 0$. But changing $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ (under the constraint ${{\\mathbbm 1}}- F_1 -F_2\\ge 0$) infinitesimally, affects the probability of success only infinitesimally. ", "In this limit, we consider the optimal unambiguous state discrimination measurement as a valid choice for $F_1$ and $F_2$.\n\nWe conjecture that also in the more general scenario of unambiguous state comparison of “C out of N” states, the best separable measurement is given by performing unambiguous state discrimination in each subsystem. ", "However, the proof by contradiction given above for “two out of two” cannot be generalized in a straightforward way for the operator $F_b$. We leave the generalization as an open question for future work.", "\n\n[^1]: Since a density matrix is Hermitian, in particular the support of a density matrix is identical to its range.", "\n" ]

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[ "By Lee Kyung-min\n\n\n\nTens of thousands of secondary school students may not be able to wear school uniforms for the upcoming semester, as suppliers based in the Gaeseong Industrial Complex (GIC) are unable to deliver the goods in time after the complex was shut down due to strained inter-Korean relations.", "\n\n\n\nThose students may have to wait for up to two more months to buy new uniforms, while the new semester begins on March 2.", "\n\n\n\nA day after South Korea announced the shutdown of the inter-Korean industrial park on Feb. 10, North Korea expelled all South Korean workers from the complex.", "\n\n\n\nAccording to Mansun, a uniform subcontractor to Hyungji Elite, the largest school uniform manufacturer here, more than 80,000 sets of uniforms were left behind in its factory in Gaeseong.", "\n\n\n\n\"When we were forced out, we were not allowed to take our products with us,\" an official from Mansun said. \"", "Not only us but three other subcontractors for school uniform manufacturers were prevented from bringing the products, causing the uniform supply shortage.\"", "\n\n\n\nCurrently, their factories here are operating round the clock to meet the demand at the earliest possible date, he said.", "\n\n\n\n\"For uniform manufacturers, February is the busiest time of the year, a month before students go back to school. ", "We are doing our best to help mitigate students' and parents' inconvenience,\" he said.", "\n\n\n\nHyungji Elite provides uniforms to 679 schools nationwide, accounting for 16 percent of the total.", "\n\n\n\nParents expressed frustration as the soured inter-Korean relations are affecting their children's school life.", "\n\n\n\n\"Children are meant to start the new semester with brand new clothes and new sprit. ", "This nonsense is negatively affecting children,\" one parent said.", "\n\n\n\nIn response, the Ministry of Education recommended schools allow students to dress casually until they are able to buy the full uniform set.", "\n\n\n\n\"We requested schools to submit a report if students have to come to school not properly dressed due to the GIC shutdown,\" a ministry official said.", "\n\n\n\n\"Until students are able to do so, we recommend that schools allow a casual dress code,\" the official said. \"", "We have been collecting opinions and reports from schools since last Friday, and we will help minimize confusion.\"", "\n\n\n\nThe ministry is considering holding a campaign to encourage students to wear secondhand uniforms from their seniors who have outgrown them or graduated.", "\n\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhy can't we vote for queries on data explorer?", "\n\nSome queries are just plain wrong or unrecoverably badly written.", "\nI'd like to be able to downvote these as a warning to others that might try to use them.", "\nI'd also like to be able to upvote good queries. ", "Although I can favourite them, that's not the opposite of a downvote, and should be reserved for \"very good\" queries IMHO.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe answer basically boils down to that the mechanism for identifying good queries (or warning others away from bad ones) hasn't really evolved along with the way queries now exist in Data Explorer.", "\nAs Shadow Wizard mentioned, favoriting is kind of meant to surface good queries to the top, but it's not necessarily the best indicator now. ", "That said, there's some improvements to how queries are organized that I'd like to address before worrying about that (and maybe one of these days support for comments will be added, which might help).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Health Tip – Sept. 10 – Good Seated Posture\n\nSince many of us sit at a desk for hours each day, good posture can big difference in how you feel. ", "Good posture should be natural, but you may feel stiff at first if you’ve forgotten how it feels to sit up straight. ", "Here’s what you should do:\n\n1. ", "Sit up with your back straight and your shoulders back. ", "Your butt should touch the back of your chair.", "\n2. ", "All three curves of your back should be there when you sit. ", "A small, rolled-up towel or lower back support can help you keep those curves.", "\n3. ", "Make sure your body weight is over both hips equally.", "\n4. ", "Bend your knees at a right angle. ", "Keep knees even with or a little higher than your hips. ", "Do not cross your legs and keep your feet flat on the floor.", "\n5. ", "Try not to sit in the same position for more than 30 minutes.", "\n6. ", "Adjust your chair and desk height so you can set up close to your work. ", "Tilt your work toward you. ", "Rest elbows and arms on your chair or desk. ", "Keep your shoulders relaxed.", "\n7. ", "If your chair rolls or pivots, don’t twist at the waist while sitting. ", "Turn your whole body.", "\n8. ", "When you stand, move to the front of the seat. ", "To stand up, straighten your legs. ", "Then stretch your back by doing 10 standing backbends." ]

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[ "Art Stevens\n\nArthur \"Art\" Stevens (May 1, 1915 – May 22, 2007) was an animator, director and producer for Walt Disney Productions.", "\n\nCareer\nArt Stevens was an animator at Walt Disney Productions during the Golden Age of American Animation. ", "Stevens began his career Inbetweening on the 1940 film Fantasia. ", "After doing in-between work on several films, he received his first screen credit in 1953 as a character animator on Peter Pan. ", "During his career, Stevens contributed to the storyboards and animation in many Disney cartoon shorts and feature films including Ward Kimball's critically acclaimed 1950s television documentaries Man in Space, Man and the Moon and Mars and Beyond. ", "Stevens was also an animator on the Oscar-winning shorts Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom (1953) and It's Tough to Be a Bird (1969).", "\n\nIn 1977, Stevens co-directed The Rescuers. ", "He then co-produced and co-directed The Fox and the Hound (1981) and contributed story work during early production of The Black Cauldron (1985).", "\n\nStevens retired in 1983 after forty-three years at the Disney animation studio.", "\n\nPersonal life\nStevens was born in Roy, Montana. ", "He was married to his wife, Penny, for 68 years, with whom he had two sons Craig and Kent. ", "Stevens died of a heart attack in Studio City, California in 2007.", "\n\nFilmography as director\nThe Rescuers (1977)\nThe Fox and the Hound (1981)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1915 births\nCategory:2007 deaths\nCategory:American animators\nCategory:American film producers\nCategory:American animated film directors\nCategory:American animated film producers\nCategory:Walt Disney Animation Studios people\nCategory:Artists from Montana\nCategory:Film directors from Montana" ]

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[ "An anti-prostitution activist in Oklahoma has used an unmanned aerial vehicle to help make one of the first \"john\" arrests with the aid of a drone.", "\n\nBrian Bates is a private investigator and operator of JohnTV, a website that offers videos of suspected johns soliciting sex. ", "He tracked a woman he called a \"known prostitute,\" to an industrial, low-income area of Oklahoma City that has a reputation for prostitution encounters, according to Ars Technica.", "\n\n\"There was a vehicle that had stopped and picked up a female that I knew to be a prostitute,\" Bates told KWTV.", "\n\nBates often uses a camcorder to catch such acts, but this time, he said, he used a drone to follow the john's car because he believed that a second, lookout car driven by a \"violent pimp\" was nearby.", "\n\n\"I was fully prepared to just use my camcorder, but it appeared she was being followed by her pimp,\" Bates said.", "\n\nThe drone footage, taken in March 2015, shows Bates locating the john's white pickup truck. ", "The drone is lowered down above the windshield of the vehicle. ", "The john, leaning over the passenger, notices the drone. ", "He quickly sits up and drives out of the tire yard where the vehicle was parked.", "\n\n\"I've actually caught several people on this piece of property,\" Bates told News 9.", "\n\n\"It got footage, that otherwise, I don’t think I would've gotten,\" Bates said of the drone. \"", "They were parked in an area where they could've seen any one walking up on them.\"", "\n\nRead more\n\nBates offered the video to law enforcement, who arrested the john, Douglass Blansett, and sex worker Amanda Zolicoffer. ", "Oklahoma County prosecutors charged both of them for engaging in an act of lewdness, a misdemeanor.", "\n\nThe video was first posted publicly in August.", "\n\n\"The use of drones by law enforcement and civilians alike is an emerging area of the law,\" said First Assistant District Attorney Scott Rowland, adding that private citizens have more leeway than law enforcement to use drones in cases like this.", "\n\n\"When a civilian uses a drone and then provides the video to law enforcement, there are no search and seizure or other Constitutional issues, because the Constitution does not protect against the actions of private persons – only government actors,\" he said.", "\n\nBlansett pleaded not guilty to the charges on Wednesday. ", "Zollicoffer has also pleaded not guilty to the charges. ", "She is due in court on December 9, while Blansett will appear in court on January 7.", "\n\nBates has tracked and videoed sex workers and johns since 1996, according to his website. ", "Prostitution, he says, is “the world’s oldest form of abuse.”", "\n\n\"JohnTV focuses its efforts on public, forced and organized prostitution,\" the site says. \"", "JohnTV takes no stance against, and supports the decriminalization of, 100% consensual, private and unorganized prostitution.\"" ]

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[ "A Book, An Album, A Film, A Movement\n\nA Book, an Album, and a FilmThree creative pieces inspired by the surprising and subversive announcements known as The Beatitudes, working together to inspire us all.", "\n\nOriginal paintings, creative writing & storytelling, and a collaborative album of original music challenges us to breathe in the nearness of God when we are at the bottom of life. ", "Stu Garrard invites us back on the hill in the twenty-first century…to look beyond ourselves and towards a life connected with others and the amazing good news that God is on our side.", "\n\nA Book, An Album, A Film, A Movement\n\nA Book, an Album, and a FilmThree creative pieces inspired by the surprising and subversive announcements known as The Beatitudes, working together to inspire us all.", "\n\nOriginal paintings, creative writing & storytelling, and a collaborative album of original music challenges us to breathe in the nearness of God when we are at the bottom of life. ", "Stu Garrard invites us back on the hill in the twenty-first century…to look beyond ourselves and towards a life connected with others and the amazing good news that God is on our side.", "\n\nThe Book\n\nThe BOOKA disruptive and surprising journey through the Beatitudes.", "\n\nMost of the time, life doesn’t work out like we expect it will. ", "We spend time and energy trying to climb some sort of spiritual ladder, oblivious to the fact that God is fully present with us right here and now.", "\n\nWe want answers to our problems, yet what is offered is presence.", "\n\nWords from the Hill turns each beatitude on its head to see the unexpected beneath the understood―diving into the story of a woman on death row to speak about mercy, personal stories from the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to talk about peace, and much more. ", "Stu Garrard has walked with these people in their stories, and he vulnerably offers his own as he unpacks the Good News of the Beatitudes.", "\n\nThe Book\n\nThe BOOKA disruptive and surprising journey through the Beatitudes.", "\n\nMost of the time, life doesn’t work out like we expect it will. ", "We spend time and energy trying to climb some sort of spiritual ladder, oblivious to the fact that God is fully present with us right here and now.", "\n\nWe want answers to our problems, yet what is offered is presence.", "\n\nWords from the Hill turns each beatitude on its head to see the unexpected beneath the understood―diving into the story of a woman on death row to speak about mercy, personal stories from the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to talk about peace, and much more. ", "Stu Garrard has walked with these people in their stories, and he vulnerably offers his own as he unpacks the Good News of the Beatitudes.", "\n\nThe Film\n\nThe FILMFilmed in recording studios and on location in the USA, UK, India and The Holy Land, the film — View From The Hill is a unique visual experience of the journey, stories and songs that make up The Beatitudes Project. ", "We get to meet the artists, see the album being created and are introduced to some of the people who’s extraordinary stories help us see these announcements with fresh understanding.", "\n\nThe Film\n\nThe FILMFilmed in recording studios and on location in the USA, UK, India and The Holy Land, the film — View From The Hill is a unique visual experience of the journey, stories and songs that make up The Beatitudes Project. ", "We get to meet the artists, see the album being created and are introduced to some of the people who’s extraordinary stories help us see these announcements with fresh understanding.", "\n\nThe Movement\n\nThe Movement\n\nMore than three creative works, the Beatitudes Project is a movement of people inspired afresh by Jesus' challenging message. ", "We have heard the call to reach out to “the other”; to embrace the outcast; to believe that the world can be changed for the better.", "\n\nThe organizations listed below are paving the way in this people movement, and we heartily commend them to you.", "\n\nThe Movement\n\nThe Movement\n\nMore than three creative works, the Beatitudes Project is a movement of people inspired afresh by Jesus' challenging message. ", "We have heard the call to reach out to “the other”; to embrace the outcast; to believe that the world can be changed for the better.", "\n\nThe organizations listed below are paving the way in this people movement, and we heartily commend them to you.", "\n\nThe world is hungry.", "\n\nThe world is hungry, but the emptiness goes far beyond the table. ", "The need is physical and spiritual. ", "People hunger for opportunity, starve for resources, and have been stripped of value. ", "These injustices keep us up at night. ", "IT’S NOT OK.", "\n\nHoly Troublemakers\n\nJeremy Courtney is a prime example of a holy troublemaker, and his NGO reflects that. ", "The Preemptive Love Coalition works in dangerous parts of the world bringing hope and practical solutions to refugees and others.", "\n\nLove Heals\n\nThistle farms is a powerful global community of women healing from prostitution, trafficking and addiction. ", "We employ 50 survivors through our social enterprises: thistle farms home & body, thistle stop cafe, and an artisan studio. ", "Thistle farms global helps employ more than 1,500 women. ", "Our national network welcomes more than 30 sister organizations.", "\n\nBlessed are the makers of the peace\n\nPeace-making is not peace-talking or peace-keeping. ", "Our vision is a world in which leaders and their communities claim the requisite drive, expertise and relationships to effectively and relentlessly wage peace. ", "In the Holy Land, we envisage a time beyond the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, when diverse communities of American peacemakers will stand with both Palestinians and Israelis to sustain security, dignity and freedom for all.", "\n\nBook Stu for your event\n\nStu is touring and speaking with The Beatitudes Project. ", "Maybe you would like to host a Film Screening, or invite Stu to speak at your church or University or event of some kind. ", "Maybe you would like to host a whole day seminar event including song performances, speaking, Q&A and a Film Screening. ", "Simply click the link in logo and talk to Jim Chaffee. ", "Can't wait to hear from you!!" ]

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[ "Officials of the Catholic church in Ireland object to a new law that mandates the reporting of child abuse. ", "From the BBC:\n\nThe Irish Children's Minister Frances Fitzgerald said that priests who are given admissions of child abuse during the sacrament of confession will not be exempt from new rules on mandatory reporting. ", "During his homily to worshippers at Knock shrine in County Mayo, on Sunday, the archbishop of Armagh and primate of all Ireland said: \"Freedom to participate in worship and to enjoy the long-established rites of the church is so fundamental that any intrusion upon it is a challenge to the very basis of a free society.\"", "\n\nThe discussion seems to center on future abuses revealed during confession, but I wonder if it's really about the ongoing use of the sacrament to hide internal discussions of undisclosed abuses from the possibility of legal scrutiny.", "\n\nChild protection measures apply regardless of religious rules [BBC]" ]

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[ "Schools are a place to foster lifelong learning skills. ", "Upon graduation, students continue to learn through the news. ", "What skills and abilities are needed, then, to become news literate? ", "By relying on in-depth interviews ..." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nData to long for column columname at row1\n\nThis text i want to save in mysql table column \n\nThe Institute of Corporate Planning is well reputed institute providing higher\n education in the field of Management and Computer Science. ", "Presently, the \n institute using manual system for administrative work which resulting in\n in consistency and time consuming. ", "So to overcome this problem the institute \n decided to develop the integration of various departments for office automation, \n being You as ERP consultant discuss the pre-implementation and post- implementation\n key success factors. ", "Also prepare the detail report about the ERP implementation.", "\n\nI want to store this entire text into one column but it give error. ", " \nData too long for column columname at row1. ", " \n\nSo which data type I can use in mysql to store such long text. ", " \n\nA:\n\nYou can try TEXT, MEDIUMTEXT or even LONGTEXT.", "\nSee that link: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/choosing-types.html\nOr else: http://help.scibit.com/mascon/masconMySQL_Field_Types.html\n\n" ]

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[ "5 Inspirational Stories Of Girls In STEM – Or “STEEM” – Fundraising For Good\n\nIt’s exciting to see the movement to support girls in STEM steadily growing across the country. ", "Being a female founder from the Silicon Valley, I hope the emphasis on “STEM” one day becomes “STEEM” (Science, Technology, Engineering, Entrepreneurship and Math).", "\n\nBy Andrea Lo (Co-Founder & CEO, Piggybackr)\n\nI started my own company, Piggybackr, in late 2011 after wondering why young people were fundraising all the time, yet still using the most traditional offline methods to fund their initiatives (think candy bars and cookie dough) while the rest of the world was having great success building support online.", "\n\nAfter spending a year researching the space and what was preventing youth from being successful online, we built Piggybackr to teach young people how to take action and help their teams and communities raise money in a more fun, instructional and effective way.", "\n\nFor the holiday giving season, we’ve highlighted five of our favorite projects by young women at the front lines of “STEEM.”", "\n\nIf you feel inspired by these young women, share their stories and consider supporting their initiatives!", "\n\nPiggybackr Project #1 – Robotics Student Challenge\n\nEmma Dumont is a high school student from Burbank, CA. ", "She’s a member of her high school’s robotics team and plans to major in mechanical engineering so she can work in the medical field and develop robotic prosthesis. ", "Emma proves to us that girls building stuff = super cool.", "\n\nShe is currently fundraising for $500 by December 31, 2012 to build the robot and compete in the robotics competition next year.", "\n\nPiggybackr Project #2 – Teddy Bears For Boston Police To Give Kids\n\n15 year-old Deryn Susman from Central Massachusetts started her own organization called NCCES Helps BOPS. ", "She got the idea after learning that stuffed animals are scientifically proven to calm kids. ", "Her organization raises money to put teddy bears in the hands of kids during stressful or traumatic times.", "\n\nPiggybackr Project #3 – Rock n’ Roll Robotic\n\nThe Rock n’ Roll Robotics are a team of Girl Scouts participating in the FIRST Tech Challenge. ", "They want to prove that they can do things that have been generally male-dominated like system design, computer programming, and electrical engineering. ", "Here’s to Girl Scouts shattering stereotypes.", "\n\nThe team is currently fundraising for $10,000 by January 1, 2013 to build the robot and compete in the robotics competition next year.", "\n\nSarah is college student at UC Berkeley. ", "She is President of Society of Women In Science (SWIS), a professional development club for undergraduate women in STEM. ", "They are working to reverse the grim statistics of women in STEM by helping support members in their career aspirations.", "\n\n12 year-old Alanna from Ohio got her start painting the nails of special needs girls at the hospital where her mom worked as a nurse. ", "After seeing the tremendous impact she was making, Alanna started her own non-profit Polished Girlz to get more girls involved. ", "Polished Girlz teams are now sprouting up around the country and proving that you’re never too young to give back!", "\n\nShe is currently fundraising for $10,000 by January 7th, 2013 to provide the Polished Girlz with needed nail supplies and help parents offset transportation costs to local hospitals and organizations serving children with special needs.", "\n\nHere’s to our budding engineers, scientists, and founders!", "\n\nWomen 2.0 readers: What would you use Piggybackr for is the fundraising platform for empowering youth was around when you were a kid? ", "Let us know in the comments.", "\n\nAbout the guest blogger: Andrea Lo is Co-Founder and of Piggybackr, a fundraising platform that teaches young people how to raise money and connect with sponsors by using technology and business skills. ", "She has been fundraising since she was 7 years-old. ", "Andrea speaks on topics of youth empowerment, entrepreneurship, and fundraising. ", "She is a recent graduate of the AngelPad accelerator, a mentorship program founded by Thomas Korte and other ex-Googlers to help startups. ", "Follow her on Twitter at @andreatlo." ]

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[ "[Urinary tract infections in newborns].", "\nThe retrospective analysis had been performed on 3480 newborns weighted more than 1001 g, over the period of thirty one months. ", "There was evaluated the frequency (1.25%), and clinical manifestation of the disease in newborns. ", "Male and full term infants suffered from the disease more frequently then other evaluated infants. ", "About half of cases were asymptomatic in the beginning of disease, and in the majority part of them, course of illness were non-characteristic. ", "There was observed generalised oedema and swellings, irritability, intensive jaundice, dehydration, fever and poor peripheral perfusion. ", "Laboratory findings manifested: anemia, hypoglycemia, higher WBC, metabolic acidosis, and especially hyperbilirubinemia, and in urine: pyuria and proteinuria mainly. ", "In most cases of the disease urea and creatinine level in the serum were normal. ", "The most dominant pathogenic agent was E. coli (above 72%)." ]

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[ "1. ", "FIELD OF THE INVENTION\nThe field of the present invention is wheel suspension systems for automobiles and particularly, is improvements of wheel suspension systems comprising a pair of upper and lower control arms linked at their leading ends to a knuckle for carrying a wheel, the upper and lower control arms being pivotally connected at one side of their base ends to a vehicle body for vertical swinging movement and being connected at the other side of their base ends to a pair of upper and lower support arms projectingly provided on a support shaft which is supported on the vehicle body through elastic members to extend longitudinally thereof.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nA wheel suspension system similar to the above has already been proposed by the present applicant, as shown in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. ", "106119/88.", "\nIn such wheel suspension system, the support shaft is required to have a higher torsional rigidity, because it receives a large torsional load from the upper and lower support arms, particularly during braking. ", "Thereupon, it is thought that the support shaft needs to be formed with a larger diameter to enhance its torsional rigidity. ", "However, the entire support shaft having a larger diameter is not preferred, because it causes an increase in weight." ]

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[ "The present invention relates to an implement for applying various liquids such as inks, correcting liquids, oil paints, water paints, nail enamels and the like.", "\nSuch implements heretofore generally known comprise, for example, an ink stirring ball accommodated in a container having an ink reservoir, and an applicator attached to the forward end of the container and provided with a valve for regulating the flow of ink. ", "When to be used, the implement is shaken in its entirety to agitate the ink within the reservoir for application.", "\nAlthough such an implement is provided with the regulating valve, an excessive amount of ink is liable to flow toward the applicator to run out dropwise. ", "This problem must be eliminated.", "\nAs means for overcoming this problem, Examined Japanese Utility Model Publication SHO 45-22651, for example, discloses a valve provided between a pen core and the interior of a container and biased by a spring so as to usually block a channel between the pen core and the interior of the container. ", "When the container is shaken immediately before use, a ball accommodated in the container pushes the valve open, feeding ink from the interior of the container to the pen core. ", "With this construction, the pen tip is not supplied with any ink in the usual state but is replenished with the ink in small portions only when the container is shaked to open the valve.", "\nExamined Japanese Utility Model Publication SHO 62-29103 discloses a container provided at its forward end with a subchamber in communication with the interior of the container through a restraining portion. ", "When the pen tip is pressed for use against the portion to which ink is to be applied, thereby pressing the container from outside, the ink is forced out from the container into the subchamber. ", "With this construction, the ink within the container is temporarily held in the subchamber instead of flowing out directly from a forward end opening of the container. ", "This precludes the ink from flowing out in a large quantity instantaneously when the valve is opened.", "\nExamined Japanese Utility Model Publication SHO 61-14472 further discloses an implement which comprises a small chamber positioned at the forward end thereof and accommodating an applicator, a container in communication with the chamber through an opening, and a ball for closing the communication opening during use. ", "When the user shakes the implement in its entirety up and down, the ball moves to agitate a liquid in the container, permitting the liquid to flow into the small chamber. ", "The ball closes the communication opening during use to thereby restrict the amount of liquid flowing out from the forward open end of the container.", "\nExamined Japanese Utility Model Publication SHO 45-24976 further discloses a construction wherein a ball is provided between a pen core and a container and biased rearward against a valve seat by a spring to usually hold the pen out of communication with the interior of the container by the contact of the ball with the seat. ", "The container is shaken immediately before use to move the ball and open the valve, whereby ink is fed from the container to the pen core.", "\nNevertheless these conventional implements have the following problems to be obviated.", "\nWith the implements disclosed in the above publications SHO 45-22651 and SHO 45-24976, the pen tip is held out of communication with the interior of the container by the valve in the usual state, so that when the implement is left unused for a long period of time, the ink on the pen is prone to increase in viscosity and will not run out smoothly.", "\nIn the case of the implement disclosed in the publication SHO 62-29103, the amount of ink to be forced into the subchamber varies with the pressure applied to the container. ", "This greatly varies the quantity of ink to be applied and makes it difficult to apply the ink uniformly. ", "Moreover, it is difficult to press the container by pressing the pen tip against the contemplated portion during application. ", "Another problem therefore remains in that the implement is not easy to use.", "\nThe implement disclosed in the publication SHO 61-14472 is adapted to regulate the flow of liquid from the main liquid chamber to the small chamber by the ball but still has the likelihood that a large quantity of liquid will run out from the small chamber during application." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nNot authorized to control networking\n\nI have Ubuntu 13.04 Gnome with Mate. ", "\nIf I click on the networking icon on the top tool bar and try to do something like add a never before used Wifi or simply click Hardwire Connection 1 when I have changed to a new network, I get 'Connection activation failed. (", "32) Not authorized to control networking.'", "\nMy presumption is that I have lacking some group attribute for my user or else there is some security setting.", "\nI can make the changes if I log in as root instead of myself.", "\nWhat must be tweaked to allow my user name the privileges to handle this?", "\n\nA:\n\nTo fix this problem, it should be enough to add your user to the network or netdev group. ", "To do it, you can use the GUI in the settings menu (that cog in the top right), or just type something like this in a terminal:\nsudo usermod -G netdev -a yourusername\n\nRemember to logout/login again to update your user privileges.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "A rising composer of American music, Jonathan Kolm's works have been heard around the country and abroad. ", "His music combines emotional intensity and rich harmonic colors and has been recognized with many awards and prizes in national competitions." ]

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[ "e -6845 by 5.", "\n-1369\nWhat is 168 divided by 4?", "\n42\nCalculate 3 divided by 45.", "\n1/15\nWhat is 224 divided by -56?", "\n-4\nWhat is -6444 divided by -4?", "\n1611\nWhat is 81 divided by 2?", "\n81/2\nWhat is 175 divided by 15?", "\n35/3\nWhat is 180 divided by -60?", "\n-3\nDivide 14646 by -2.", "\n-7323\nWhat is 9036 divided by -1506?", "\n-6\nCalculate -52 divided by -113.", "\n52/113\n-5814 divided by 1938\n-3\n-456 divided by 114\n-4\nCalculate 40 divided by 1.", "\n40\nDivide -91 by 91.", "\n-1\n-11 divided by -1\n11\n78 divided by 26\n3\nDivide -8 by 87.", "\n-8/87\n7480 divided by 1870\n4\nDivide 239 by 5.", "\n239/5\nCalculate 320 divided by 32.", "\n10\nWhat is -260 divided by 260?", "\n-1\n173 divided by -6\n-173/6\nCalculate -124 divided by 31.", "\n-4\n131 divided by 1\n131\n-2052 divided by 6\n-342\nWhat is 480 divided by -40?", "\n-12\nDivide 118 by 59.", "\n2\nDivide 1 by 180.", "\n1/180\n175 divided by 12\n175/12\nDivide -2 by 132.", "\n-1/66\n9 divided by -43\n-9/43\nDivide 3 by -303.", "\n-1/101\nWhat is 62 divided by -2?", "\n-31\n2051 divided by 7\n293\n-2 divided by 89\n-2/89\nCalculate 35 divided by -199.", "\n-35/199\nCalculate 2244 divided by -187.", "\n-12\nWhat is 8610 divided by 1722?", "\n5\n1 divided by 935\n1/935\n1740 divided by 435\n4\n63 divided by -9\n-7\nWhat is 1 divided by -2?", "\n-1/2\nCalculate -1320 divided by -60.", "\n22\nWhat is 230262 divided by 6?", "\n38377\nWhat is 985 divided by 2?", "\n985/2\n-535 divided by 107\n-5\nCalculate 3612 divided by -1806.", "\n-2\nWhat is -27 divided by -584?", "\n27/584\nDivide 418 by 4.", "\n209/2\nCalculate -3706 divided by 34.", "\n-109\nDivide 3400 by 8.", "\n425\nCalculate 894 divided by -5.", "\n-894/5\n-430 divided by 215\n-2\nCalculate -861 divided by -1.", "\n861\nCalculate -2 divided by 74.", "\n-1/37\nWhat is -22 divided by 1?", "\n-22\nWhat is 172 divided by 16?", "\n43/4\n5 divided by 877\n5/877\n-27136 divided by 4\n-6784\nDivide 1 by 40.", "\n1/40\n316 divided by -4\n-79\nWhat is -2401 divided by -2401?", "\n1\n-5 divided by 161\n-5/161\nDivide -470 by 94.", "\n-5\nWhat is -5 divided by 23?", "\n-5/23\n-189 divided by 63\n-3\nWhat is 3156 divided by 3156?", "\n1\nCalculate 240 divided by 60.", "\n4\n2 divided by 1645\n2/1645\nCalculate 4 divided by -6.", "\n-2/3\nCalculate 284 divided by -66.", "\n-142/33\nWhat is -32 divided by 8?", "\n-4\nWhat is -58 divided by 29?", "\n-2\n4 divided by 838\n2/419\nDivide 5640 by 2820.", "\n2\nCalculate 4548 divided by 4.", "\n1137\nWhat is -9 divided by 1?", "\n-9\nWhat is -38 divided by 38?", "\n-1\nCalculate -2 divided by 168.", "\n-1/84\nWhat is -5 divided by -388?", "\n5/388\nDivide 5064 by 3.", "\n1688\nCalculate -5580 divided by -10.", "\n558\nDivide 17766 by 63.", "\n282\nWhat is 126 divided by 14?", "\n9\nCalculate -69 divided by 4.", "\n-69/4\nCalculate 842 divided by 3.", "\n842/3\nCalculate 160 divided by 5.", "\n32\nWhat is -290 divided by -14?", "\n145/7\nCalculate 639 divided by 9.", "\n71\n-19 divided by 6\n-19/6\n2842 divided by 2\n1421\nWhat is -16 divided by -9?", "\n16/9\nCalculate -8060 divided by 20.", "\n-403\nDivide -246 by -82.", "\n3\nDivide 9 by -100.", "\n-9/100\n-27865 divided by 1\n-27865\nWhat is 1735 divided by 3?", "\n1735/3\nWhat is -348 divided by 29?", "\n-12\nWhat is 6204 divided by -6?", "\n-1034\n1572 divided by 6\n262\nWhat is -380 divided by -1?", "\n380\n-1138 divided by 1\n-1138\nDivide -5 by -146.", "\n5/146\nDivide -8 by 648.", "\n-1/81\nWhat is 13 divided by -11?", "\n-13/11\nWhat is 852 divided by -3?", "\n-284\nCalculate -17 divided by 31.", "\n-17/31\nDivide -3664 by -2.", "\n1832\nCalculate 243 divided by 27.", "\n9\nWhat is -31 divided by 17?", "\n-31/17\n-1812 divided by -3\n604\nDivide -2 by -40.", "\n1/20\nWhat is 312 divided by 1?", "\n312\nCalculate -4 divided by 40.", "\n-1/10\nCalculate -1 divided by 1172.", "\n-1/1172\n-1655 divided by -5\n331\nWhat is -193 divided by -4?", "\n193/4\nDivide 34 by 1.", "\n34\n-4 divided by 32\n-1/8\nWhat is -429 divided by 11?", "\n-39\nCalculate 105 divided by 105.", "\n1\nCalculate -1415 divided by 1415.", "\n-1\nWhat is 82 divided by 41?", "\n2\nCalculate 3453 divided by 3.", "\n1151\nCalculate -3864 divided by -23.", "\n168\nCalculate 108 divided by 36.", "\n3\nWhat is -489 divided by 48?", "\n-163/16\nCalculate 100 divided by -20.", "\n-5\n1 divided by 158\n1/158\n1 divided by 784\n1/784\nCalculate -10 divided by 12.", "\n-5/6\n-2 divided by 372\n-1/186\nCalculate -12000 divided by 3000.", "\n-4\nWhat is 195 divided by -15?", "\n-13\nDivide 2 by 5396.", "\n1/2698\nCalculate 770 divided by -70.", "\n-11\nDivide -260 by -5.", "\n52\nDivide -3 by -79.", "\n3/79\nWhat is -3 divided by 21?", "\n-1/7\n-19 divided by -12\n19/12\nCalculate -24 divided by 24.", "\n-1\nCalculate 279 divided by -4.", "\n-279/4\n2418 divided by 3\n806\nWhat is 1950 divided by -1?", "\n-1950\n-4928 divided by -88\n56\nCalculate -624 divided by 156.", "\n-4\nCalculate 4 divided by 52.", "\n1/13\n5 divided by 10\n1/2\n-335 divided by 67\n-5\n1460 divided by -1460\n-1\nDivide 0 by 19.", "\n0\nCalculate 112 divided by 5.", "\n112/5\n-544 divided by 16\n-34\n-392 divided by 7\n-56\nWhat is 58 divided by 11?", "\n58/11\nDivide -1683 by 3.", "\n-561\n1960 divided by 140\n14\nDivide 1398 by -3.", "\n-466\n-4668 divided by 3\n-1556\n-3240 divided by -180\n18\n-540 divided by -45\n12\nCalculate 1 divided by -45.", "\n-1/45\nDivide 1262 by 631.", "\n2\nCalculate 13 divided by 605.", "\n13/605\nCalculate 25 divided by 6.", "\n25/6\nWhat is -447 divided by 1?", "\n-447\n-1985 divided by 5\n-397\nCalculate -322 divided by 46.", "\n-7\nWhat is -593 divided by -6?", "\n593/6\nWhat is 648 divided by -36?", "\n-18\nDivide 3978 by -6.", "\n-663\nWhat is 4 divided by -1959?", "\n-4/1959\nWhat is 127428 divided by -6?", "\n-21238\n45 divided by 108\n5/12\nDivide 3 by 1.", "\n3\nDivide -1 by 71.", "\n-1/71\n831 divided by -5\n-831/5\nCalculate -12 divided by -60.", "\n1/5\nWhat is -465 divided by -155?", "\n3\nCalculate 1599 divided by -3.", "\n-533\nDivide -22 by 1.", "\n-22\nCalculate 26505 divided by 5301.", "\n5\nDivide -14 by -32.", "\n7/16\nDivide -346 by 173.", "\n-2\n50 divided by -13\n-50/13\nWhat is -396 divided by -2?", "\n198\n-9128 divided by 14\n-652\n-7003 divided by 4\n-7003/4\nWhat is 10626 divided by 21?", "\n506\n14 divided by 2\n7\nDivide 790 by 5.", "\n158\nWhat is -966 divided by 5?", "\n-966/5\n-1 divided by -13\n1/13\nDivide 235 by -47.", "\n-5\n-3896 divided by -1\n3896\n-304 divided by -152\n2\nCalculate -92 divided by 15.", "\n-92/15\nWhat is -3 divided by 1145?", "\n-3/1145\nWhat is 2610 divided by -435?", "\n-6\n-159 divided by 53\n-3\nCalculate -378 divided by 18.", "\n-21\nDivide 4 by 79.", "\n4/79\nDivide -33507 by -3.", "\n11169\nCalculate 127 divided by -14.", "\n-127/14\nDivide 1630 by -2.", "\n-815\nWhat is -6 divided by 20?", "\n-3/10\nCalculate -2 divided by -610.", "\n1/305\nCalculate 4 divided by -302.", "\n-2/151\nCalculate 1516 divided by 4.", "\n379\nCalculate -165 divided by 15.", "\n-11\nDivide 4 by -6.", "\n-2/3\nWhat is 29 divided by 13?", "\n29/13\n12264 divided by 168\n73\n-130 divided by -5\n26\n4224 divided by -22\n-192\nCalculate -8136 divided by 6.", "\n-1356\nDivide 1 by -101.", "\n-1/101\nDivide 1 by -25.", "\n-1/25\nWhat is -19872 divided by -6?", "\n3312\n882 divided by -6\n-147\nCalculate 0 divided by 21.", "\n0\nWhat is 3 divided by -1339?", "\n-3/1339\nDivide 0 by 5335.", "\n0\n12642 divided by 42\n301\n-2616 divided by -3\n872\nWhat is 2112 divided by -2?", "\n-1056\nWhat is 392 divided by -2?", "\n-196\nDivide -12 by -1.", "\n12\nCalculate 0 divided by -4087.", "\n0\nWhat is 34 divided by 5?", "\n34/5\nCalculate 2180 divided by 545.", "\n4\n20400 divided by 6\n3400\nWhat is 1243 divided by 113?", "\n11\n16636 divided by 2\n8318\n-49 divided by -6\n49/6\nWhat is 94 divided by 1?", "\n94\n-105 divided by 5\n-21\n1196 divided by 46\n26\n-314 divided by -157\n2\nCalculate -1896 divided by 8.", "\n-237\n192 divided by -5\n-192/5\nCalculate 5 divided by -4636.", "\n-5/4636\nDivide -1836 by -6.", "\n306\nCalculate -20 divided by 11.", "\n-20/11\nWhat is -4 divided by -5?", "\n4/5\nWhat is -2 divided by 49?", "\n-2/49\nDivide -197 by -1.", "\n197\nWhat is -11560 divided by 4?", "\n-2890\n690 divided by -2\n-345\nWhat is 5 divided by 60?", "\n1/12\nDivide 28 by 1.", "\n28\nWhat is 10 divided by 135?", "\n2/27\nDivide -498 by -2.", "\n249\n1065 divided by 6\n355/2\nWhat is -122 divided by -2?", "\n61\n-4 divided by -307\n4/307\nWhat is -2 divided by -287?", "\n2/287\nDivide -9 by -26.", "\n9/26\nCalculate 23 divided by 24.", "\n23/24\nWhat is 0 divided by 165?", "\n0\n107 divided by 14\n107/14\nCalculate 330 divided by 15.", "\n22\nCalculate 914 divided by -6.", "\n-457/3\nCalculate 14 divided by 2.", "\n7\n0 divided by -1169\n0\n-1 divided by 65\n-1/65\n5 divided by 5\n1\n-18738 divided by -27\n694\nCalculate 830 divided by 5.", "\n166\nCalculate -6 divided by -3.", "\n2\nDivide 0 by 259.", "\n0\nWhat is -5 divided by -1694?", "\n5/1694\n108 divided by 27\n4\nDivide -877 by -5.", "\n877/5\nWhat is 7488 divided by -936?", "\n-8\n-70 divided by -415\n14/83\n4 divided by 148\n1/37\nWhat is 165 divided by -55?", "\n-3\nDivide 7935 by 2645.", "\n3\nWhat is 475 divided by -95?", "\n-5\n-6 divided by -16\n3/8\n8959 divided by 31\n289\nWhat is -1140 divided by -570?", "\n2\nCalculate -16244 divided by -524.", "\n31\nCalculate -5670 divided by -1890.", "\n3\n352 divided by -88\n-4\nCalculate -3 divided by 4.", "\n-3/4\nCalculate -165 divided by 55.", "\n-3\nDivide -2701 by -1.", "\n2" ]

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[ "Brussels (AFP) - The EU said Thursday it was taking court action against Germany for failing to force luxury automaker Daimler to use a new air-conditioning coolant deemed less likely to cause climate change.", "\n\nTemperatures have reached boiling point over the long-running coolant row that has seen Daimler, the Mercedes-Benz builder, claim the new refrigerant makes cars more likely to explode in a crash.", "\n\nGermany, Europe's top in car manufacturing, could face heavy fines if it is found to have infringed European Union laws.", "\n\nThe decision adds to the pressure on a German auto industry that is already feeling the heat from a separate pollution cheating scandal that has engulfed carmaker Volkswagen.", "\n\nThe European Commission, the powerful executive arm of the 28-nation EU, said in a statement that it had decided to refer Germany to the bloc's top court over the Daimler issue.", "\n\n\"The Commission alleges that Germany has infringed EU law by allowing the car manufacturer Daimler AG to place automobile vehicles on the EU market that were not in conformity with the (mobile air conditioning) directive, and failing to take remedial action,\" it said.", "\n\nThe EU warned Germany in September 2014 that it could end up in court if it did not act.", "\n\n\"Despite contacts between the Commission and the German authorities in the context of the infringement procedure, Germany has not taken any further steps,\" the European Commission said.", "\n\n- R134a or R1234yf? -", "\n\nSince 2013 EU regulations have demanded that car makers use a refrigerant called R1234yf on the grounds that it produces far less greenhouse gases than older coolants.", "\n\nBut Daimler is sticking to an older substance, called R134a, as it claims studies show the new one catches fire more easily and puts cars at a greater risk of explosion in case of a crash.", "\n\nThe makers of R1234yf, US chemicals giants Dupont and Honeywell, reject Daimler's claims.", "\n\nGermany gave the auto giant special permission to keep using the older coolant, despite initial approval of the new one by the German Automakers Association, VDA, of which Daimler is a member.", "\n\nStory continues\n\nThe EU warned Germany in September 2014 that it could end up in court if it did not act.", "\n\n\"Despite contacts between the Commission and the German authorities in the context of the infringement procedure, Germany has not taken any further steps,\" the European Commission said.", "\n\nBrussels dismissed Daimler's claims about the inflammability of the new coolant.", "\n\n\"These concerns were not shared by any other car manufacturer,\" it said, adding that they were also rejected by the German auto authority and the European Commission.", "\n\nThe case has caused tensions between Germany and other countries on the continent over the way that the auto industry is regulated.", "\n\nFrance's government controversially banned the sale of the latest models of some top-end Mercedes cars in July 2013 because they contain the old coolant.", "\n\nThe EU initially backed France and other countries supported an EU-wide block on the cars, but a French court overturned the ban a month later." ]

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[ "// NeL - MMORPG Framework <http://dev.ryzom.com/projects/nel/>\n// Copyright (C) 2010 Winch Gate Property Limited\n//\n// This source file has been modified by the following contributors:\n// Copyright (C) 2010 Robert TIMM (rti) <mail@rtti.de>\n//\n// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\n// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as\n// published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the\n// License, or (at your option) any later version.", "\n//\n// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the\n// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.", "\n//\n// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License\n// along with this program. ", " If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.", "\n\n#import <Cocoa/Cocoa.h>\n\n#ifdef NL_STATIC\n#ifdef USE_OPENGLES\nusing NL3D::NLDRIVERGLES::CDriverGL;\n#else\nusing NL3D::NLDRIVERGL::CDriverGL;\n#endif\n#else\nusing NL3D::CDriverGL;\n#endif\n\n@interface CocoaApplicationDelegate : NSObject\n#ifdef NL_MAC_VERSION_10_6_UP\n<NSApplicationDelegate>\n#endif\n{\n\tCDriverGL* _driver;\n}\n\n-(id)initWithDriver:(CDriverGL*)driver;\n-(NSApplicationTerminateReply)applicationShouldTerminate:(NSApplication *)sender;\n\n@end\n" ]

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[ "About the Authors\n\nLucy Calkins\n\nLucy Calkins is the Founding Director of the Reading and Writing Project at Teachers College, Columbia\nUniversity. ", "For more than thirty years, the Project has been both a think tank, developing state-of-the-art\nteaching methods, and a provider of professional development. ", "As the leader of this renowned organization,\nLucy works closely with policy makers, school principals, and teachers to initiate and support\nschoolwide and system-wide reform in the teaching of reading and writing. ", "Lucy is also the Robinson\nProfessor of Children’s Literacy and the co-director of the Literacy Specialist program at Teachers College,\nColumbia University. ", "Lucy’s many books include the seminal texts The Art of Teaching Writing and The Art of Teaching Reading, as well as the Units of Study for Teaching Reading (Grades K–8), Units of Study in Opinion/ Argument, Information, and Narrative Writing (Grades K–8), the Up the Ladder writing units (Grades 3–6), and the Units of Study in Phonics (Grades K–2).", "\n\nIn addition, thousands of teachers regard the Teachers College\nReading and Writing Project as a continual source of professional\nrenewal and education. ", "Well over 200,000 teachers have attended\ntheir week-long institutes. ", "Twice a year, thousands of participants\nreconvene at TCRWP’s Saturday Reunions.", "\n\nCo-Authors\n\nAngela Báez\n\nAngela Báez is a staff developer at TCRWP. ", "A primary classroom teacher for more than a decade, she now works alongside teachers and administrators in classrooms across the nation. ", "She leads workshops and summer institutes at Teachers College on early literacy instruction. ", "Angela is passionate about mindful ways to talk with children and about ways in which the subtleties of our language can grow attentive, independent, and self-motivated learners. ", "She believes that a sound education supports the social and emotional, as well as academic, realms of experience. ", "She infuses her teaching of reading with her deep love of books, and of children themselves, most especially her own young reader, Grace.", "\n\nAllyse Bader\n\nAllyse Bader is a staff developer at TCRWP, teaching at the Foundational Skills Institute and Writing Coaching Institute, leading full-day conferences, teaching advanced sections at summer institutes, and facilitating lead-teacher study groups. ", "Allyse began her career in early childhood education as a first grade teacher in the South Bronx while attending and later graduating from the Literacy Specialist Program at Teachers College. ", "She continued teaching for several more years at PS 59 in Manhattan and fell in love with Kindergarten while teaching in Larchmont, NY. ", "Allyse works across several states where she collaborates with teachers, coaches, and administrators, supporting their Pre-K through third grade literacy work. ", "She has most recently embraced her newest role as a loving mother to a baby girl named Charlotte Rae, living in NYC with her husband Ray and French bulldog Eli.", "\n\nLindsay Barton\n\nLindsay Barton is a staff developer at TCRWP. ", "She works with primary teachers in New York City and across the country, sharing her passion for the power of observation and all that it teaches us about young readers. ", "Yes it's true - she loves running records and is on a mission to get others to feel the same. ", "Lindsay began her career in education at the Eliot-Pearson Department of Child and Human Studies at Tufts University, where she taught young children at the department lab school for several years. ", "She worked as a bilingual Kindergaten teacher in Costa Rica, and before joining the Project, she was a teacher of a mixed-age first and second grade classroom in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ", "She has presented at literacy conferences, taught at summer institutes around the nation, and recently completed a second degree in the Literacy Specialist Program at Teachers College. ", "Next to working with children, and learning alongside teachers, Lindsay loves most to be outdoors hiking, skiing, and biking.", "\n\nEmma Coufal Bemowski\n\nEmma Coufal Bemowski is a staff developer at TCRWP, where she works with teachers and school leaders in New York City and across the country. ", "In her work, Emma draws on her experience as a Kindergarten teacher in Oakland, CA, where she taught in both English and Spanish and had extensive experience working with emergent bilingual students. ", "She earned a Masters degree in Urban Education Policy and Administration from Loyola Marymount University and a Literacy Specialist degree from Teachers College, Columbia University. ", "Emma believes in teaching as an act of social justice and is deeply committed to working with teachers to build classroom communities that are culturally sustaining, developmentally appropriate, and filled with joy and love.", "\n\nGrace Chough\n\nGrace Chough is a Lead Staff Developer at TCRWP. ", "In her work at the Project, she supports teachers, coachs, and administrators throughout New York City, across the U.S., and in Shanghai, China. ", "Grace works cloesly with schools to create lasting structures that promote a culture of learning that leads to best practices in literacy. ", "In this endeavor she draws on her MEd from Teachers College in the English Education Department, and her work as an instructor at Teachers College, working with Lucy as a teaching assistant in a writing instruction course and teaching seminars for student teachers. ", "Grace has led a teacher leadership group focusing on literature and qualitites of good writing and presented at institutes in New York and around the country on teaching reading and writing. ", "She is most inspired when she is in the midst of children, teachers, coaches, and principals, making meaning out of their reading, writing and teaching lives.", "\n\nKatie Clements\n\nAs a staff developer at TCRWP, Katie Clements supports teachers, coaches, and administrators across the nation. ", "She leads advanced sections at the Project's renowned summer institutes, and year-long study groups for lead teachers. ", "Katie has been an adjunct instructor at Teachers College, teaching graduate courses in literacy education. ", "She has a deep interest in building student agency, fostering independent thinkers and problem-solvers. ", "In all her work, Katie draws on her experience as an upper-grade teacher at PS 321 in Brooklyn.", "\n\nAnna Cockerille\n\nAnna Cockerille, co-author of Bringing History to Life, was a teacher and a literacy coach in New York City and in Sydney, Australia before joining the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project as a staff developer and writer. ", "One of her primary focuses was content area literacy, where she helped shape the TCRWP’s work integrating best practices in literacy instruction into social studies. ", "Anna also has been a researcher for Lucy Calkins, contributing especially to Pathways to the Common Core: Accelerating Achievement and Units of Study in Opinion, Information, and Narrative Writing. ", "In her current role as editor at Heinemann, Anna’s projects have included Units of Study for Teaching Reading, K-5; Units of Study for Teaching Reading, Middle School Grades; and Units of Study in Phonics, K-2. ", "Anna also writes regularly for the Heinemann blog. ", "Her passions also include writing for children. ", "Her latest title, Soap Box Rosie, will be published in 2019.", "\n\nRebecca Cronin\n\nRebecca Cronin is a Lead Staff Developer at TCRWP, teaching specialty courses, leading full-day conferences, teaching at the Conferring and Small Group Institute and the Units of Study in Phonics Institute, and joining with her colleagues to staff both the reading and the writing summer institutes. ", "Rebecca began her career in education as an early childhood specialist and then co-director of Pastures Child Center, located on a 2,000-acre sheep ranch in Bodega, CA. ", "Her passion in early childhood education brought her to the kindergarten and first-grade classrooms of PS 28 in Manhattan. ", "Her work has taken her to Asia, South America, and Europe, as well as across the U.S.—always she works alongside teachers, coaches, and administrators to develop state-of-the-art literacy practices. ", "Rebecca is also the proud mother to Kyla, who is herself a literacy coach.", "\n\nM. Colleen Cruz\n\nIn addition to being the author of The Unstoppable Writing Teacher, M. Colleen Cruz is the author of several other titles for teachers, including Independent Writing and A Quick Guide to Helping Struggling Writers, as well as the author of the young adult novel Border Crossing, a Tomás Rivera Mexican American Children's Book Award Finalist. ", "Colleen was a classroom teacher in general education and inclusive settings before joining the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project where she is Director of Innovation. ", "Colleen presently supports schools, teachers and their students nationally and internationally as a literacy consultant.", "\n\nKatrina Davino\n\nKatrina Davino is a staff developer at TCRWP. ", "A former Kindergarten and first grade teacher, Katrina is known for her commitment to joyful teaching and finding space for all children—their quirks, their interests, and their cardboard creations. ", "She is passionate about the intersection between play, reading, and writing, and draws from this to promote high expectations for children across all aspects of their development. ", "In addition to her work in classrooms alongside kids and their teachers, Katrina teaches institutes and specialty courses at TCRWP. ", "She supports schools nationally and internationally to cultivate environments geared towards agency, joy, and access for all of our youngest learners.", "\n\nJennifer DeSutter\n\nJennifer DeSutter is a staff developer at TCRWP. ", "She works with K-5 teachers in New York City and in schools and districts across the country to develop best practices in literacy. ", "Jennifer began her career teaching in New York City, working specifically with students with IEPs and English Language Learners. ", "She enjoys working alongside administrators, coaches, and lead teachers to develop schoolwide goals to improve student achievement and teacher practice. ", "When she's not in a school, you can find her exploring Brooklyn or practicing yoga.", "\n\nMary Ehrenworth\n\nMary Ehrenworth, Deputy Director of the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project, works with schools and districts around the globe, and is a frequent keynote speaker at Project events and national and international conferences. ", "Mary’s interest in critical literacy, interpretation, and close reading all informed the books she has authored or coauthored in the Units of Study Reading and Writing series, as well as her many articles and other books, including The Power of Grammar and Pathways to the Common Core: Accelerating Achievement.", "\n\nStacey Fell\n\nFor many years, Stacey Fell was an English teacher as well as a literacy coach at MS 131, a middle school in lower Manhattan. ", "After completing her EdD in Curriculum and Teaching at Columbia University’s Teachers College, Stacey joined the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project as a staff developer. ", "She has worked closely with middle school educators throughout New York City and Seattle to create thriving reading and writing workshops for young adolescents.", "\n\nCurrently, Stacey teaches 8th grade Humanities at Tompkins Square Middle School, a progressive middle school in New York City’s East Village. ", "Stacey has published several journal articles and was a contributing author to Forever After: New York City Teachers on 9/11.", "\n\nElizabeth Franco\n\nElizabeth Franco is a staff developer, researcher, and writer-in-residence at the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project, Columbia University. ", "Her passion is for finding ways to make reading and writing both playful and rigorous. ", "Liz is known especially for her state-of-the-art work making tools that help youngsters work with more independence. ", "She supports lead teachers in their own professional development work and teaches advanced sections at TCRWP summer institutes.", "\n\nShana Frazin\n\nAs a senior staff developer at the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project, Shana Frazin works closely with administrators, coaches, teachers, and kids across New York City, the country, and the world. ", "She has led leadership groups on strong readers and higher level comprehension as well as taught institutes on the teaching of reading, writing, and content area. ", "Prior to joining the Project, Shana taught third, fourth, and fifth grades in Pasadena and Los Angeles Unified School districts, and was a faculty member at Pacific Oaks College. ", "Her “Once Upon a Time” began in Rockford, IL and she is currently authoring her very own “Happily Ever After” in New York City with her dog Floyd.", "\n\nBrooke Geller\n\nBrooke Geller is a Senior Lead Staff Developer at the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project. ", "Brooke holds a MSEd with a concentration in Reading with distinction. ", "She also holds a MS in Educational Leadership and a Supervisory Certificate. ", "Brooke is especially dedicated to mentoring staff developers and teacher leaders, and teachers advanced sections at TCRWP summer institutes. ", "Brooke draws on her interest in teaching children and adults in her staff development work across the U.S. and internationally.", "\n\nValerie Geschwind\n\nValerie Geschwind taught both primary and upper grades and was an inclusive classroom teacher prior to joining the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project as a staff developer. ", "Valerie has presented on the role of talk in the classroom and wrote an article on this topic for Heinemann's Digital Campus. ", "She was also a member of the role action-research plays on student growth and teacher happiness. ", "Valerie works with teachers in New York City and around the country, promoting a growth mindset in students and play as a teaching tool.", "\n\nCory Gillette\n\nCory Gillette is the Literacy Coordinator for Darien Public Schools in Connecticut. ", "She previously worked for Teachers College Reading and Writing Project for over ten years as a staff developer, presenter and reading researcher. ", "Cory played a lead role, while at the Project, in a think tank on whole-book assessments, and was involved in developing performance assessments for nonfiction reading. ", "Cory has a post-master’s degree in educational leadership from Stony Brook University as well as a master’s degree in elementary education from the University of Pennsylvania.", "\n\nBarbara Golub\n\nBarbara Golub, currently an independent literacy consultant, was a Staff Developer at the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project for four years, and before that, a teacher at PS 158 in Manhattan. ", "While at the Project, Barb led work that revolved around both vocabulary instruction and the tools that support student independence. ", "Barb has provided professional support to schools in New York City, across the country, and around the world, including Sweden and India.", "\n\nAmanda Hartman\n\nAmanda Hartman, Deputy Director for Primary Literacy at the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project at Columbia University, heads up TCRWP’s K–2 reading, writing, and coaching institutes, and presents at conferences around the world. ", "Amanda is the author or coauthor of books in the Units of Study for Teaching Reading series, the Units of Study in Opinion, Information, and Narrative Writing series, and the Units of Study in Phonics series. ", "She has also authored the video, Up Close: Teaching English Language Learners in Writing Workshops and is the coauthor of One-to-One: The Art of Conferring with Young Writers (all published by Heinemann).", "\n\nLizzie Hetzer\n\nLizzie Hetzer is a staff developer at TCRWP. ", "Lizzie works to promote student achievement and equity in schools in low-income areas, support students with special needs, and enhance learning for students who are new to the English language. ", "She enjoys leading TCRWP courses and institutes for literacy coaches, where she works with leaders to create safe and joyful spaces for professional learning and risk-taking. ", "Prior to joining the Project, Lizzie was a special education teacher and literacy coach in Brooklyn, NY. ", "She holds Masters degrees in Educational Theatre and Teaching Students with Disabilities, and was a Reynolds Fellow in Social Entrepreneurship at New York University during her graduate studies.", "\n\nKelly Boland Hohne\n\nKelly Boland Hohne is a Writer in Residence and Senior Research Associate at the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project, earned her Ed.", "D. in Curriculum and Teaching from Teachers College while working at the Project. ", "Kelly is part of the leadership team for a think tank, sponsored by the Council of Chief School Officers, in which researchers from both CBAL, the research arm of ETS, and the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project study learning progressions in argument writing. ", "In all of her work, Kelly draws on her experience as a classroom teacher at PS 6, one of the TCRWP’s mentor schools.", "\n\nChristine Holley\n\nChristine Holley is a Senior Lead Staff Developer at TCRWP. ", "In this role, she works with teachers and school leaders in a score of schools across New York City and beyond; including Sweden, Shanghai, and Tokyo. ", "Christine is especially known for helping teachers lead assessment-based instruction, including small-group work, and for using drama, stroytelling, and the arts to bring literature to life. ", "She leads advanced sections at the TCRWP's renowned summer institutes, and courses for literacy coaches. ", "Before joining the Project, Christine taught PreK and Grade 1 at PS 126 in New York City and in Santa Monica, CA. ", "She earned her MA in education from Fordham University through the Ennis William Cosby Scholarship Program. ", "Her work with lead professor Joanna Uhry helped her gain skills needed to support children struggling with literacy.", "\n\nHavilah Jespersen\n\nHavilah Jespersen first fell in love with teaching reading as a Reading Recovery teacher, where she developed a passion for working with struggling readers and became an advocate for great literacy instruction in every classroom. ", "She went on to earn her MA in the Literacy Specialist Program at Teachers College, and intern as a staff developer with the TCRWP. ", "Havilah has extensive experience as a classroom teacher of grades 1-6 in Canada and at international schools in China. ", "She currently works as a literacy coach supporting PreK through Grade 6 teachers in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.", "\n\nGerrit Jones-Rooy\n\nGerrit Jones-Rooy is a Research Specialist and Literacy Specialist & Project Developer with the Consortium for Policy Research in Education. ", "He previously worked as a Staff Developer and Instructional Coach with the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project. ", "Before working for the Project, Gerrit worked as a Teach for America Corps member in rural Louisiana and as a reading and writing teacher and curriculum author at KIPP New Orleans. ", "He later received his MA from Teachers College in Curriculum and Teaching.", "\n\nDee Kloss\n\nDee Kloss is a literacy consultant. ", "Dee provides ongoing professional development to independent and public schools. ", "She coaches teachers across the country as they launch and refine their reading and writing workshops. ", "In addition, Dee served TCRWP as a member of the Units of Study Implementation Team and as a presenter at summer institutes.", "\n\nMonique Knight\n\nMonique Knight was a staff developer at the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project where she worked in schools as diverse as the Promise Academy in Harlem, international schools in France, the Westminster Charter School in Buffalo, suburban schools in Westchester County and on Long Island, and public schools across New York City. ", "Monique has a special interest in integrating literacy and science education. ", "She has led summer institutes across the nation, and teacher-research projects with the TCRWP.", "\n\nHareem A Khan\n\nHareem Atif Khan teaches in the Literacy Specialist program at Teachers College. ", "She is also a staff developer in schools in New York City and worldwide. ", "Before joining Teachers College and the Reading and Writing Project, Hareem was a teacher-educator and curriculum developer, beginning her career in schools in rural and urban Pakistan. ", "She holds an Ed.", "M. from Teachers College and an M.Sc. ", "in International Relations from Quaid-E-Azim University, Islamabad. ", "Hareem has helped develop many of the Units of Study over the years, including coauthoring.", "\n\nLauren Kolbeck\n\nA former staff developer at the TCRWP, Lauren Kolbeck has pioneered work in content literacy. ", "She participated in a think tank on the intersection of science and literacy, and helped to pilot new methods and materials in content literacy. ", "Lauren has a special interest in reading–writing connections in the K–2 grades. ", "She has worked with schools across the US and internationally, and has spoken at national conferences. ", "Before joining the Project, Lauren taught Pre-K through Grade 3 at PS 29 in Brooklyn.", "\n\nCelena Dangler Larkey\n\nAs a child, Celena Dangler Larkey had a hard time distinguishing the fine line between fiction and nonfiction and sometimes (on purpose) wove the two together. ", "She grew up amid a large family of storytellers and entertainers and this background served her well as she became a teacher, writing mentor, and eventually a lead staff developer for TCRWP. ", "A graduate of Trine University and Indiana University, Celena holds a Masters degree as a Literacy Specialist and in Educational Leadership. ", "She leads large-group and advanced sections at the TCRWP Reading and Writing Summer Institutes as well as at the Coaching and Content Area Institutes. ", "She is a speaker at national conferences and delivers keynotes to primary teachers, and her work has taken her across the United States and around the world. ", "When not in schools, Celena spends time with her (grown) son Gabe, husband Jason, and their three dogs.", "\n\nNatalie Louis\n\nNatalie Louis is a Senior Lead Staff Developer at the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project at Columbia Unniversity. ", "She loves teachers. ", "Her deepest desire is to make teaching and learning rigorous and fun for both children and teachers. ", "Natalie leads advanced sections at the TCRWP's summer institutes and does data-obsessed staff development locally, nationally, and internationally. ", "Natalie also participates in Thursday Study Groups, where she gets the chance to learn in the company of smart and deeply passionate colleagues. ", "Before joining the Project, Natalie taught grades 1-3 in the New York City public schools. ", "She earned her MA in Teaching and Curriculum from Teachers College and her Reading Specialist license from Fordham University through the Ennis William Cosby Scholarship Program. ", "Her work with lead professor Joanna Uhry helped her gain the skills to support children struggling with literacy. ", "Her very first teaching experience involved teaching ESL to children in the Federated States of Micronesia as a Peace Corps Volunteer. ", "When Natalie is not in her beloved NYC, she is chasing frogs with her boys at her camper, tucked deep in the New Jersey Pine Barrens.", "\n\nAlicia Luick\n\nGrowing up as the daughter of a 54-year teaching veteran, Alicia Luick honed her passion for education and teaching at an early age, focusing on improving educational practices and methodologies one classroom at a time. ", "Prior to joining TCRWP as a lead staff developer, she spent many years teaching and coaching in northern New Jersey. ", "Alicia has presented at national conventions such as NCTE and NCSS and leads small- and large-group as well as advanced sections at reading and writing summer institutes in New York and around the world. ", "She holds two Masters degrees from Fordham University: the first in Curriculum and Instruction and the second in Administration and Supervision. ", "Alicia was one of the pioneers of TCRWP’s Writing Toolkit Institute and has presented extensively on creating and using tools with all learners. ", "When not supporting teachers, coaches, and administrators, Alicia can be found singing in churches and temples and on stages worldwide.", "\n\nAlexandra Marron\n\nAlexandra Marron is a Staff Developer, Researcher, and Writer-In-Residence at the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project. ", "Her responsibilities include leading a yearlong study group for master teachers, presenting at conferences, teaching sections at the TCRWP summer institutes, and above all helping teachers and principals in a dozen schools lead state-of-the-art reading and writing classrooms. ", "Ali has played a leadership role in developing learning progressions in argument writing, and co-leads a study group on the subject, sponsored by the Council of Chief School Officers, involving ETS and TCRWP. ", "Ali graduated from Columbia University. ", "Prior to joining the TCRWP, she taught at PS 6, one of the Project’s mentor schools, and while there contributed to the book Practical Punctuation: Lessons on Rule Making and Rule Breaking in Elementary Writing (Heinemann 2008).", "\n\nMarjorie Martinelli\n\nMarjorie Martinelli is coauthor—with Kristine Mraz—of Smarter Charts and the new Smarter Charts for Math, Science, and Social Studies. ", "Their popular blog chartchums keeps teachers in touch with ongoing and relevant classroom issues and ways to use charts as a support. ", "Chartchums is also on Facebook and on Twitter @chartchums! ", "While in schools as consultants with the Reading and Writing Project, the teachers they’ve worked with have begged them to write a how-to book about the amazing charts they introduce to consulting classrooms. ", "Smarter Charts was that guide, and Smarter Charts for Math, Science, and Social Studies extends that work across the teaching day. ", "She is Senior Research Associate and Co-Director of Reading Rescue at the Reading and Writing Project where for the past ten years she has lead numerous leadership groups and presented at many national and international educational conferences. ", "Prior to joining the Reading and Writing Project, Marjorie was a New York City public school teacher, a teacher-researcher, and an adjunct teacher at Bank Street College of Education. ", "She has an MA in Early Childhood and Elementary Education from New York University and is a contributing author to Lucy Calkins’ Units of Study for Teaching Writing. ", "She is also the author of two Brain Quest Math decks for first and second grade. ", "Listen to an interview with Marjorie and Kristi, the Chartchums, on Education Talk Radio.", "\n\nCasey Maxwell\n\nCasey Maxwell is a primary grades staff developer at TCRWP. ", "In this role, Casey supports schools throughout New York City and the U.S. in developing reading and writing workshops that are rigorous, responsive, student-centered, and joyful. ", "She also leads summer institutes and workshops on children’s literature and early literacy instruction. ", "Casey is passionate about the power of workshop teaching to reach all learners, and helps teachers to develop classroom strategies to support the wide variety of readers and writers in their classrooms. ", "In all of her work, Casey draws on her ten years of experience teaching primary grades in NYC, along with her love of books and deep enjoyment of young children’s amazing sense of humor.", "\n\nCornelius Minor\n\nCornelius Minor is a Brooklyn-based educator. ", "He works with teachers, school leaders, and leaders of community-based organizations to support equitable literacy reform in cities (and sometimes villages) across the globe. ", "Whether working with educators and kids in Los Angeles, Seattle, or New York City, Cornelius uses his love for technology, hip-hop, and social media to bring communities together. ", "As a staff developer with the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project, Cornelius draws not only on his years teaching middle school in the Bronx and Brooklyn, but also on time spent skateboarding, shooting hoops, and working with young people.", "\n\nJulia Mooney\n\nJulia Mooney is Writer in Residence at the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project, where she collaborates with Lucy Calkins and a team of writers on K–8 literacy curricula, learning progressions, performance assessments, and other major projects. ", "She holds a BA in English from Stanford University. ", "At Teachers College, Julia has helped organize and TA courses by children’s book authors James Howe and Sarah Weeks. ", "Julia is coauthor of Constructing Curriculum: Alternate Units of Study for Teaching Reading, Grades 3-5 (Heinemann 2010) and of other books in the Units of Study series.", "\n\nElizabeth Moore\n\nElizabeth Moore holds an EdM in Curriculum and Teaching from Teachers College, Columbia University, where she has worked for a decade as a staff developer at the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project. ", "In that role, she has helped whole schools lift the level of their reading and writing instruction. ", "Beth has led much of the TCRWP’s work in a number of areas including spelling, phonics, vocabulary, and content literacy, and is a contributing author to many of the Project’s resources and materials. ", "She has also helped the NYC Department of Education with performance assessments in reading. ", "Beth now lives in Jericho, Vermont, but maintains her close affiliation with the TCRWP.", "\n\nMarie Mounteer\n\nMarie Mounteer is a staff developer with the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project. ", "She works to help teachers and students learn to find the joy of literacy, and believes literacy is a right, not a privilege, and a tool that empowers, engages, and fights injustice. ", "Her passion is helping students who are working to become multilingual, and she helped develop and run the Project’s ELL Institute, as well as its Coaching of Writing Institute. ", "Always seeking ways to help teachers reconnect with their craft, she has lead specialty groups and homegrown institutes at TCRWP designed to grow teachers' learning. ", "Marie holds a Masters degree in Elementary Education and a Special Education Certificate.", "\n\nKristine Mraz\n\nKristine Mraz is coauthor—with Christine Hertz—of the new Kids First from Day One, which provides a practical blueprint for increasing the child-centeredness of your teaching practice. ", "She and Christine previously teamed up for the bestselling A Mindset for Learning (coauthored with Christine Hertz), which provides practical and powerful strategies for cultivating optimism, flexibility, and empathy alongside traditional academic skills.", "\n\nKristi teaches Kindergarten in the New York City Public schools. ", "In addition to writing and teaching, she consults in schools across the country and as far away as Taiwan. ", "She primarily supports teachers in early literacy, play, and inquiry based learning. ", "On the off chance she has free time, you'll find Kristi reading on a couch in Brooklyn with her husband and with baby Harry. ", "You can follow all of her adventures on twitter @MrazKristine or on her blog kinderconfidential.wordpress.com.", "\n\nMike Ochs\n\nMike Ochs taught in New York City, Washington, DC, and Mississippi before joining TCRWP as a staff developer. ", "He has led site-based staff development in schools across the country, helping hundreds of teachers build strong reading and writing workshops. ", "Mike is especially dedicated to the work of helping all kids become engaged and thoughtful readers of informational texts, and is himself a writer of nonfiction texts for children. ", "Mike has also contributed to many publications for teachers, including several books in the Units of Study series.", "\n\nBrianna Parlitsis\n\nBrianna Parlitsis began her career in education as a research fellow at the Institute for Child Development, where she worked on studying best practices for students with disabilities. ", "She then moved to New York City where she taught in NYC public schools and received her M.Ed. ", "from Teachers College before joining TCRWP as a staff developer. ", "Brianna has a special interest in data and working with teachers in high-needs schools who are supporting large populations of high-need students. ", "Brianna supports schools across the New York City metropolitan area, and also on accasion across the country and around the globe, to find ways to give readers and writers roots and wings. ", "She speaks often at conferences and is part of the faculty at the TCRWP summer institutes. ", "She has also choreographed many successful flash mobs at institutes around the country.", "\n\nStephanie Parsons\n\nStephanie Parsons is a literacy consultant, a former staff developer with Lucy Calkins and the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project, and a former teacher. ", "She loves working alongside teachers and children to discover new ways of teaching. ", "She hopes you will feel the power of transformative teaching along with your students. ", "After attending Yale University and Teachers College at Columbia University, she became a first grade teacher at P.S. 321 in Brooklyn. ", "She is now a reading and writing staff developer working with elementary schools in New York City and across the country.", "\n\nLaurie Pessah\n\nLaurie Pessah is a Senior Deputy Director at the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project, where she has responsibility for staffing the Project’s work with several hundred schools in New York City and around the country. ", "Coauthor of the DVD A Principal’s Guide to Leadership in the Teaching of Writing: Helping Teachers with Units of Study (Heinemann 2008), Laurie has special responsibility for leading the TCRWP’s work with school leaders and supporting staff developers. ", "In this capacity, Laurie leads study groups, institutes, and a calendar of conference days for superintendents, principals, and assistant principals. ", "She also has a longstanding special interest in primary-level reading and writing workshops.", "\n\nAlissa Reicherter\n\nAs a staff developer at TCRWP, Alissa Reicherter works with teachers and coaches in New York as well as across the country. ", "She received her MSEd from Hunter College's Literacy Education Program. ", "Alissa has a deep interest in empowering students to read and write so they can build more equitable and just communitites. ", "In all of her work, she draws on her experiences teaching in general- and special-education settings in New York City public schools. ", "Alissa enjoys immersing herself in new cultures, a passion which inspired her to teach abroad in Panama, Tanzania, and Nicaragua.", "\n\nAudra Robb\n\nAudra Robb, Associate Director for Middle Schools at the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project, develops and pilots performance assessment tools aligned to state standards; provides staff development to schools in New York City and across the country; and leads workshops on incorporating poetry into ELA and content-area curriculum. ", "Audra taught middle school English Language Arts in New York City before joining the Project.", "\n\nKate Roberts\n\nKATE ROBERTS is a national literacy consultant, top-selling author, and popular keynote speaker. ", "She taught reading and writing in Brooklyn, NY and worked as a literacy coach before joining the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project in 2005, where she worked as a Lead Staff Developer for 11 years. ", "Kate's latest book, A Novel Approach, asks how we can teach whole class novels while still holding onto student centered practices like readers workshop. ", "She is also the co-author of Falling in Love with Close Reading (with Christopher Lehman), DIY Literacy (with Maggie Beattie Roberts), and she co-wrote two Units of Study books on Literary Essay. ", "Her work with students across the country has led to her belief that all kids can be insightful, academic thinkers when the work is demystified, broken down and made engaging. ", "To this end, Kate has worked nationally and internationally to help teachers, schools, and districts develop and implement strong teaching practices and curriculum.", "\n\nMaggie Beattie Roberts\n\nMaggie Beattie Roberts began her teaching career in the heart of Chicago and then pursued graduate studies as a Literacy Specialist at Teachers College, Columbia University. ", "She worked as a staff developer for the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project for nearly ten years where she led research and development in digital and media literacy, as well as differentiated methods of teaching and content area literacy.", "\n\nMaggie is currently a national literacy consultant, guest teacher, author, and frequent presenter at national conferences. ", "She is committed to helping teachers tap into the power of their own deep engagement in reading and writing, and leads school-wide staff development around the country. ", "She is happiest teaching alongside teachers in their classrooms. ", "She is co-author of the popular book, DIY Literacy: Teaching Tools for Differentiation, Rigor, and Independence (with Kate Roberts), and authored several Heinemann Unit of Study books on the teaching of writing. ", "Her latest article, Thinking While Reading: The Beautiful Mess of Helping Adolescents Learn and Celebrate How Their Minds Work (co-authored with Kristen Robbins Warren), is featured in the December 2016 issue of NCTE's middle school journal, Voices from the Middle. ", "You can learn more about Maggie’s work, as well as access videos and other resources, at KateAndMaggie.com.", "\n\nRachel Rothman-Perkins\n\nRachel Rothman-Perkins is a Lead Staff Developer at TCRWP and leads study groups, workshops and advanced sections at summer institutes on assessing and teaching foundational skills in addition to her professional development work in schools. ", "At the Project, she is known for her leadership in phonics, spelling, vocabulary, and assessment-based instruction in the primary grades. ", "Rachel’s passion for teaching and school leadership began when she was a classroom teacher at Gilder Elementary School in San Jose, CA, and in her studies in San Jose State University’s MA program in Literacy Education. ", "She is an ardent student, tackling inquiry topics and developing deep knowledge through a succession of apprenticeships that have allowed her to push back the frontiers of her thinking.", "\n\nShanna Schwartz\n\nShanna Schwartz is the K-2 Senior Lead Staff Developer at TCRWP. ", "In this role, she provides leadership throughout the organization. ", "She pilots performance assessments, mentors junior staff and graduate students, advances work at mentor schools, leads the Project's distance learning project for K-2 teachers, and supports study groups for principals, assistant principals, and literacy coaches. ", "Shanna has years of experience developing both reading and writing curricula at TCRWP and with schools across the country and around the world. ", "She is never happier than when she is thinking about books with children and then studying that thinking with educators.", "\n\nJulie Shepherd\n\nJulie Shepherd is a middle school teacher. ", "She spent five years teaching 8th grade Social Studies and Humanities at IS 289 in lower Manhattan. ", "While there, she developed text sets that have been used by many other educators in NYC. ", "Her classroom was frequently used as a Project lab site for NYC teachers and visiting educators from across the country. ", "Julie earned her Master’s Degree in Secondary Education from Simmons College in Boston. ", "She currently teaches 7th grade Humanities in South Portland, Maine.", "\n\nAbby Oxenhorn Smith\n\nAbby Oxenhorn Smith worked as a K–2 teacher at PS 116 in Manhattan for seven years. ", "In that capacity, she was a teacher-researcher with the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project. ", "Many teachers and principals visited Abby’s classroom, and her teaching was videotaped for the DVD Big Lessons from Small Writers: Teaching Primary Writing (Heinemann 2005). ", "She also has worked as a literacy coach, and has led sections at the TCRWP summer institutes. ", "Abby also can lead reading and writing workshops at home as well as at school, as she is the mother of second grade triplets.", "\n\nEmily Butler Smith\n\nEmily Butler Smith (EdD) is the Associate Director for Professional Development at the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project. ", "Emily’s research interests have focused on reading–writing connections and content literacy. ", "As part of her doctoral work at Teachers College, Emily became a resident researcher in an inclusive third grade classroom, tracking the development of a few writers across a semester, in particular analyzing ways in which their study of mentor texts lifted the level of their writing and their understandings of writing. ", "Emily leads an ongoing collaboration between the TCRWP and The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation devoted to the teaching of history and literacy. ", "Emily draws on all of this in her staff development work across the US and internationally.", "\n\nKristin Smith\n\nAs a staff developer at TCRWP, Kristin Smith works with many schools in New York and across the country. ", "She has a deep interest in working with students and teachers to develop reading and writing identities while fostering strong classroom communities where all students are afforded opportunities to succeed. ", "Kristin received her MEd from Teachers College in the Literacy Specialist Program, and has since worked as an instructor, teaching graduate reading courses. ", "In all of her work, Kristin draws on her teaching experiences in West Windsor-Plainsboro, New Jersey and in the South Bronx, New York. ", "In her spare time, you can find Kristin scouring travel books with her husband Bill, planning their next adventures.", "\n\nJanet L. Steinberg\n\nJanet Steinberg was a teacher and a data specialist in the Bronx before joining the Project as a data specialist and staff developer. ", "She has a deep interest in using data to support instruction, and in finding principled ways to respond to the pressures around us without losing our way in the dark. ", "She has special expertise in content-area literacies, especially in history, in Teacher Effectiveness work, in supporting high-needs students, and in using a knowledge of high-stakes assessments to allow us to be in a position to influence policy. ", "That position of influence comes, in part, from achieving on measures that others deem inportant, and Janet has a laser-like focus on doing that, while holding tight to the principles and the rigor and authenticity of reading and writing workshop instruction.", "\n\nEmily Strang-Campbell\n\nEmily Strang-Campbell is a staff developer at the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project. ", "In that role, she supports schools across New York City, New Jersey, and the nation. ", "Before joining the Project, Emily’s classroom at The Clinton School for Writers and Artists was frequently used as a Project lab site for NYC teachers and visiting educators from across the country. ", "Her students’ writing and performance work is featured in several TCRWP projects and videos. ", "Emily earned her Master’s Degree from New York University, with a dual certification in Educational Theatre and English in the secondary classroom. ", "She also received her MFA in Theatre Arts from Brooklyn College.", "\n\nDani Sturtz\n\nDani Sturtz is a Staff Developer at TCRWP. ", "She works with students, teachers, coaches, and principals locally, nationally, and internationally. ", "Dani teaches calendar days and institutes at the Project during the year, as well as summer institutes around the world. ", "She holds an MA degree as a Reading Specialist from Teachers College, Columbia University. ", "Prior to joining TCRWP, Dani was a classroom teacher in Rockland County, NY and in New York City. ", "When not inside a classroom, you'll find Dani running in Central Park or along the West Side Highway running path.", "\n\nAnnie Taranto\n\nAnnie Taranto is a staff developer at the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project, and a graduate of the Literacy Specialty Program at TC. ", "As a staff developer, Annie works with teachers, coaches, and principals in a score of schools in New York City and across the nation, as well as in Asia. ", "She has a deep interest in helping teachers tap into their powers as readers and writers, and is especially known for her summer institute sections and conference days.", "\n\nSarah Picard Taylor\n\nSarah Picard Taylor is a Lead Staff Developer at TCRWP. ", "She works with teachers in the primary grades in NY area schools and across the country to transform their teaching of reading and writing. ", "Sarah teaches at summer institutes, leads specialty courses in schools, and teaches in lab site classrooms to help teachers see the full potential of their students and workshop teaching. ", "Before joining the Project, she taught in an inclusive classroom in New York City and also as a Reading Specialist in WI. ", "Sarah's other love is her own young writer and reader, Maggie.", "\n\nKathleen Tolan\n\nFor more than 20 years, Kathleen Tolan was a Senior Deputy Director of the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project. ", "She had special responsibility for the Project’s work with reading instruction, organizing instruction for staff developers and the Project’s four summer institutes. ", "She was also instrumental in the creation of the content literacy institutes and coaching institutes. ", "Kathleen provided staff development at schools in the South Bronx, Harlem, Manhattan, and Scarsdale. ", "A coauthor of numerous books in the Units of Study for teaching reading and writing series, she is also featured in many of the TCRWP’s online videos. ", "Throughout her career, Kathleen remained a consummate professional and a champion for kids and for literacy.", "\n\nTaryn Vanderburg\n\nTaryn Vanderburg is a Staff Developer at TCRWP. ", "Taryn consults at hundreds of schools throughout the country, and is a frequent presenter at summer institutes. ", "She also contributed to the Units of Study. ", "Taryn is a former primary grade teacher who has spent her life focused on finding ways to help schools grow powerful readers and writers.", "\n\nAmy Ludwig VanDerwater\n\nAuthor of Poems Are Teachers: How Studying Poetry Strengthens Writing in All Genres and co-author of Poetry: Big Thoughts in Small Packages, Amy Ludwig VanDerwater also writes books for children. ", "Her titles include Forest Has a Song, Every Day Birds, Read! ", "Read! ", "Read!, ", "and With My Hands, and her poems appear in many anthologies. ", "A graduate of Teachers College, Columbia University, former fifth grade teacher, and writing teacher of 20 years, Amy leads school assemblies, offers writing workshops for all ages, and speaks frequently at conferences. ", "She makes her home in Western New York, sharing snips of life at her popular classroom blog www.poemfarm.amylv.com and on Twitter @amylvpoemfarm.", "\n\nKatherine Wears\n\nKatie Wears brings years teaching in primary classrooms and working as a literacy coach to her current role as a staff developer at TCRWP. ", "In this capacity, Katie helps schools throughout the country develop coherent, joyful approaches to teaching reading and writing. ", "For Katie, the challenge is not just to play Johnny Appleseed, carrying great ideas from one site to another, but also to help schools themselves become centers for professional inquiry. ", "Her greatest challenge, then, is always to figure out ways to tap into the passions and dreams and talents of teachers with whom she is so fortunate to work. ", "At Teachers College, Katie teachers advanced sections at summer institutes and leads study groups for literacy coaches as well as for teachers. ", "She works closely with students from Teachers College's Literacy Specialist Program who apprentice with her. ", "Those who know Katie know all about her role as the proud aunt to three enthusiastic super readers: Owen, Keegan, and Parker; and of her love for the North Country and its teachers and kids.", "\n\nLindsay Wilkes\n\nLindsay Wilkes is a former staff developer at TCRWP. ", "In that role, she supported schools in New York City and across the country. ", "Prior to joining the Project, Lindsay received her undergraduate and graduate degrees from Hofstra University's School of Education and Columbia University's Teachers College, respectively. ", "She then went on to teach at PS 58, one of the Project's mentor schools. ", "Lindsay strives to increase engagement, independence, and joy in the classroom - helping teachers and children discover a love of reading and writing, and of teaching and learning.", "\n\nKaty Wischow\n\nAs a Senior Staff Developer at the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project, Katy Wischow supports elementary and middle schools not only in New York City but also across the nation and the world. ", "She has been an adjunct instructor at Columbia University’s Teachers College, teaching graduate courses in literacy education. ", "Katy earned her MA in the Literacy Specialist Program at Teachers College and taught for many years in Newark, NJ. ", "Katy is passionate about curriculum development, using the arts to develop literacy, and creating strong cultures of talk in classrooms.", "\n\nPablo Wolfe\n\nPablo Wolfe trains teachers in Workshop model teaching methods as a Staff Developer for the TCRWP. ", "Before joining the Project, he taught at I.S. 392 in Brooklyn, and School of the Future in Manhattan, where he was also Department Head and a mentor for aspiring teachers. ", "Pablo believes strongly in the role of educators as agents of social change and strives to thread that belief through his writing and staff development." ]

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[ "President Trump Donald John TrumpBiden on Trump's refusal to commit to peaceful transfer of power: 'What country are we in?' ", "Romney: 'Unthinkable and unacceptable' to not commit to peaceful transition of power Two Louisville police officers shot amid Breonna Taylor grand jury protests MORE on Thursday expressed his condolences after one cadet died and 22 people were injured in a vehicle training accident at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point.", "\n\n\"So sorry to hear about the terrible accident involving our GREAT West Point Cadets. ", "We mourn the loss of life and pray for the injured. ", "God Bless them ALL!\" ", "Trump tweeted from Ireland.", "\n\nSo sorry to hear about the terrible accident involving our GREAT West Point Cadets. ", "We mourn the loss of life and pray for the injured. ", "God Bless them ALL! — ", "Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) June 6, 2019\n\nNews of the fatal accident broke shortly before Trump flew from D-Day ceremonies in France to Ireland, where he is spending the night at one of his properties to cap off a weeklong trip to Europe.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nWest Point said in a statement that one cadet died and 20 cadets and two soldiers were wounded in a light medium tactical vehicle accident off of Route 293 in New York.", "\n\nThe injured were transported to hospitals, and details of the accident are under investigation, West Point said.", "\n\nNew York Gov. Andrew Cuomo Andrew CuomoOn The Money: House panel pulls Powell into partisan battles | New York considers hiking taxes on the rich | Treasury: Trump's payroll tax deferral won't hurt Social Security OVERNIGHT ENERGY: California seeks to sell only electric cars by 2035 | EPA threatens to close New York City office after Trump threats to 'anarchist' cities | House energy package sparks criticism from left and right EPA threatens to close New York City office after Trump threats to 'anarchist' cities MORE (D) praised the cadets and soldiers for their service.", "\n\n\"These courageous cadets and soldiers represent the best of New York State and our country, and we owe them a debt of gratitude for their bravery in choosing to serve our country and protect our freedoms,\" Cuomo said in a statement. \"", "This incident is made all the more heart wrenching as we commemorate the 75th anniversary of D-Day today, a day where we remember those who gave their lives for our country.\"" ]

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[ "Question\n\nAssume you are given a string, write a function that can remove consecutive repeated words in the string and return it. ", "For example,\n\n\"Beginning with the first first first first manned Gemini mission in March 1965, commemorative commemorative medallions were prepared for the astronauts at their request. ", "It is unclear who prepared these early medallions only only, only that each individual box containing a medallion bore the word Fliteline.\"", "\n\nto\n\n\"Beginning with the first manned Gemini mission in March 1965, commemorative medallions were prepared for the astronauts at their request. ", "It is unclear who prepared these early medallions only, only that each individual box containing a medallion bore the word Fliteline.\"", "\n\nMake sure you preserving punctuations in the right positions.", "\n\nSolution\n\nI have written following Java code with various methods that solve variations of above question -\n\nNote\n\nCouple of points to note. ", "Prefer removeConsecutiveDuplicatesBetter approach as it does not keep all data in memory. ", "So lets say you have a huge file you need to do this operation on you read it line by line and then tokenize it to further process it.", "\n\nAlso note HashSet has add method which returns false if data is already present in the set.", "\n\nStack method is more if you want to retain the duplicate consecutive words which are farthest in a line. ", "Irrespective of your approach you need to take care of following -\n\nDon't keep all the data in the memory (data can be very huge). ", "Using Stack may led to overflow.", "\n\nUse minimum space and more efficient lookup. ", "Hashset internally used HashMap to keep the data hence put/get is ~O(1).", "\n\nAvoid String concatenation. ", "Use StringBuilder instead.", "\n\nAs you must have already noticed above approaches do not take care of punctuations. ", "You will need separate processing for that." ]

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[ "A wide variety of viral conditions affect living organisms. ", "Many viral conditions affect the majority of humans, or other mammals, at some time in their lives. ", "Other viruses affect a smaller but significant number of humans at some time. ", "Many of these viruses must fuse with a host cell membrane in order to infect the cell and reproduce. ", "Enveloped viruses include a fusion protein that changes conformation from a native form to a fusogenic form. ", "This promotes fusion of the viral membrane with the host cell membrane, resulting in injection of viral contents into the host cell.", "\nInfluenza pandemics recur on an annual basis worldwide. ", "Vaccination programs aimed at curtailing the spread of the disease are hampered by the fast mutation rate of antigenic sites on the virus. ", "Medical practices abroad permit use of the drugs amantadine and rimantadine to treat influenza A infections. ", "However, due to the potential for undesirable side effects, use in the United States is recommended only for the population deemed most at risk. ", "The cost of millions of lives and billions of dollars each winter underscores the urgent need for development of safe and effective anti-influenza drugs.", "\nAnalysis of the replication pathway of the orthomyxovirus reveals a number of steps that can be targeted for antiviral therapy. ", "Successful infection requires host cell recognition, delivery of the infectious genome into the host cell cytoplasm, replication of the viral genes and proteins, and escape of progeny viruses. ", "Any of these steps is potentially susceptible to intervention. ", "However, the antiviral strategy must be specific for influenza proteins or processes in order to avoid adventitious inhibition of normal cellular functions.", "\nEarly events in the viral life cycle leading to the deposition of the viral genes inside the cell are shown schematically in FIG. ", "1. ", "Referring to FIG. ", "1, infection begins by binding between the hemagglutinin glycoprotein 1 protruding from the viral envelope 2 and sialic acid residues of cellular receptors 3, which triggers endocytosis (at B). ", "As the virus is endocytosed via the normal cellular pathway it encounters progressively decreasing pH. At a threshold pH specific to the particular strain of influenza, fusion between the viral membrane and the endosomal membrane is initiated (at C). ", "This fusion event results in release of the infectious genome 5 into the cell cytoplasm 6 (at D), where successive steps of the replication cycle can occur. ", "M. Kielian and S. Jungerwirth, \"Mechanisms of Enveloped Virus Entry into Cells,\" Mol. ", "Biol. ", "Med. ", "7:17-31 (1990); Simons, K., Garoff, H. and Helenius, A., \"How an animal virus gets into and out of its host cell,\" Sci. ", "Am. ", "246: 58-66 (1982).", "\nThe critical role of membrane fusion in infection makes it an attractive target for inhibition. ", "To date, this route of antiviral chemotherapy has been largely unexplored. ", "Inhibition of fusion has the advantage of interfering with an early step in replication, prior to penetration of the virus into the host cell. ", "As it does not aim to inhibit an enzymatic activity or to mimic any ligands, the chance of fortuitous inhibition of unintentional targets is minimized. ", "Since fusion is a step common to the replication of all enveloped viruses, this antiviral strategy can potentially be applied to a host of other viral diseases, including those caused by togaviruses, rhabdoviruses, paramyxoviruses, herpes viruses, and retroviruses.", "\nExamination of fusion in more detail reveals it to be a protein-mediated event triggered by the viral hemagglutinin. ", "Hemagglutinin is a trimer of identical subunits. ", "Each monomer is composed of two polypeptide chains, HA1 and HA2, which are generated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor, HA0. ", "The polypeptides comprising the monomer are covalently linked by a single disulfide bond but the three monomers of a trimer are stabilized by noncovalent interactions only. ", "Wilson, I. A., Skehel, J. J. and Wiley, D. C., \"Structure of the hemagglutinin membrane glycoprotein of influenza virus at 3 .ANG. ", "resolution,\" Nature 289: 366-73 (1981). ", "The chains in the trimer are sometimes described as the A, C and E chains (HA1 chains in each monomer) and B, D, and F chains (corresponding HA2 chains).", "\nResidues 1-24 at the amino terminus of HA2 play a critical role in fusion. ", "This segment, known as the fusion peptide, has been proposed to form a sided helix in which one face of the helix is composed primarily of hydrophobic amino acids. ", "White, J. M., \"Viral and cellular membrane fusion proteins,\" Ann. ", "Rev. Physiol. ", "52: 675-97 (1990). ", "While the function of the fusion peptide is not clearly understood, current evidence suggests it aids fusion by interacting with the target membrane. ", "Stegmann, T., Delfino, J. M., Richards, F. M. and Helenius, A., \"The HA2 subunit of influenza hemagglutinin inserts into the target membrane prior to fusion,\" J. Biol. ", "Chem. ", "266: 18404-10 (1991). ", "The fusion peptide is the most highly conserved region among influenza virus hemagglutinins sequenced to date, and hydrophobic or sided fusion peptide sequences have been identified in the fusion proteins of a wide variety of enveloped viruses. ", "White, J. M., loc. ", "cit.", "\nUpon exposure to low pH, hemagglutinin undergoes an irreversible conformational change that is a prerequisite for fusion. ", "The conformational change most likely involves a rearrangement of domains rather than major secondary structural alterations since circular dichroism measurements reveal only minor differences between the neutral and low pH forms. ", "Studies of the conformational change have been facilitated by isolation of the soluble ectodomain of the integral membrane glycoprotein. ", "This proteolytic fragment, BHA, is generated by bromelain cleavage of hemagglutinin at a site adjacent to the transmembrane domain. ", "BHA has been identified as a reliable model for the complete protein (HA) in many assays not requiring membrane attachment. ", "See White, J. M. and Wilson, I. A., \"Anti-peptide antibodies detect steps in a protein conformational change: low pH activation of the influenza virus hemagglutinin,\" J. Cell Bio. ", "105: 2887-96 (1987). ", "The term \"hemagglutinin\" is used to mean both HA, the intact integral membrane protein, and BHA, its proteolytic fragment lacking the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains.", "\nPrevious studies on HA and BHA have shown that the low pH form of hemagglutinin may be distinguished from the neutral pH form immunologically, biochemically and biophysically. ", "Only the low pH conformation is susceptible to cleavage by trypsin and by proteinase K. The low pH form of BHA has increased hydrophobic character, observed by binding to liposomes, partitioning into detergent solution or aggregation in aqueous solution. ", "Low pH and native hemagglutinin have also been distinguished by electron microscopy.", "\nThe crystal structure of neutral pH BHA from the X31 strain of influenza (A/Hong Kong/1968; H3N2) has been solved to 3 .ANG. ", "resolution. ", "Wilson, I. A., et al., ", "loc. ", "cit. ", "Referring to FIG. ", "2, tracings of the .alpha.-carbon backbones of both the trimer (left) and monomer (right) are shown. ", "The figure illustrates the bromelain cleavage site 11, the C-terminus 13 of chain HA1, and fusion peptide between 14 and 15. ", "Each monomer has been described as comprising three domains: a globular head domain 12 containing the sialic acid binding site, a narrow stem composed primarily of residues of HA2, and a connecting hinge region. ", "The fusion peptides of native hemagglutinin are buried in the trimer interface of the stem region. ", "The conformational change is thought to release the fusion peptides from their unexposed location, freeing them to mediate fusion.", "\nSince membrane fusion depends on the conformational change, inhibition of fusion peptide exposure should prevent fusion and all successive steps of viral replication. ", "Therefore, the antiviral strategy was to identify a small molecule that could bind to the native form of hemagglutinin and stabilize that conformation over any fusogenic conformation. ", "A new class of such inhibitors may provide safe and effective drugs." ]

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[ "Cardiopulmonary exercise test in chronic heart failure: beyond peak oxygen consumption.", "\nPatients with cardiovascular diseases commonly present with exercise intolerance, clinically manifest as shortness of breath and fatigue, and these symptoms have important prognostic implications. ", "Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is a well-established method for evaluation of cardiopulmonary diseases. ", "It provides an objective assessment of maximal aerobic capacity (peak VO(2)), estimates prognosis, and allows the physician to discriminate among many subtle and often overlapping etiologies. ", "This review focuses on the evaluation of important exercise parameters, in addition to the peak VO(2), during cardiopulmonary exercise testing." ]

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[ "Mark O'Connor (footballer)\n\nMark Andrew O'Connor (born 10 March 1963) is an English former footballer who played in the Football League for Queens Park Rangers, Exeter City, Bristol Rovers, Bournemouth and Gillingham.", "\n\nPlaying career\nO'Connor was born in Rochford and began his career with Queens Park Rangers. ", "He made only three appearances for Rangers in three seasons, and the 1983–84 campaign he spent out on loan at Exeter City. ", "He joined Bristol Rovers in the summer of 1984. ", "O'Connor earned one cap for the Republic of Ireland U21 side against England in 1985. ", "He spent one and half years at Eastville Stadium making 99 appearances scoring 13 goals before leaving for Bournemouth in March 1986. ", "O'Connor spent five seasons at Dean Court making 148 appearances and helped the Cherries win the Third Division title in 1986–87. ", "He then went on to play for Gillingham and then made a return to Bournemouth before ending his career back at Gillingham helping the side gain promotion in 1995–96. ", "He broke his leg against Fulham on 25 November 1996 in a tackle with Martin Thomas which resulted in his retirement from playing just over a year later.", "\n\nCoaching career\nAfter ending his playing career in 1998 he moved into coaching with manager Tony Pulis at Gillingham whom he played with at Bournemouth. ", "He moved with Pulis to Portsmouth in June 2000 and became their academy manager where he remained until 2005 when he linked up again with Pulis at Plymouth Argyle. ", "He spent a season at Plymouth before moving back to Stoke City with Pulis to become one of his first-team coaches alongside former teammate Adrian Pennock in June 2006. ", "He left Stoke at the end of the 2012–13 season. ", "On 22 July 2013 O'Connor joined Bristol City as their under-21 manager.", "\n\nIn January 2015 O'Connor joined West Bromwich Albion to work again with Pulis and Kemp.", "\n\nCareer statistics\nSource:\n\nA.  The \"Other\" column constitutes appearances and goals in the Football League Trophy and Full Members Cup.", "\n\nHonours\n Bournemouth\n Football League Third Division champions: 1986–87\n\n Gillingham\n Football League Third Division runner-up: 1995–96\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1963 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:English footballers\nCategory:Gillingham F.C. players\nCategory:Bristol Rovers F.C. players\nCategory:Queens Park Rangers F.C. players\nCategory:Exeter City F.C. players\nCategory:A.F.C. Bournemouth players\nCategory:Republic of Ireland under-21 international footballers\nCategory:Plymouth Argyle F.C. non-playing staff\nCategory:Stoke City F.C. non-playing staff\nCategory:West Bromwich Albion F.C. non-playing staff\nCategory:Association football midfielders" ]

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[ "Asen Karaslavov\n\nAsen Karaslavov (; born 8 June 1980 in Asenovgrad) is a former Bulgarian footballer who plays as a defender.", "\n\nCareer\n\nBotev Plovdiv\nKaraslavov began his career with Asenovets, before he was scouted by Botev Plovdiv in 1994. ", "He joined the first team of Botev after the 1999–00 winter break, in January 2000. ", "Karaslavov made his professional debut on 5 April 2000 in the Bulgarian Cup match against Neftochimic Burgas, coming on as a substitute for Kostadin Vidolov. ", "He made his A PFG debut on 20 May, in a 1–0 home loss against Chernomorets Burgas. ", "Karaslavov would play five more matches that season.", "\n\nThe 2000–01 season saw Karaslavov breaking into the starting lineup on a regular basis under managers Marin Bakalov, Dimitar Mladenov and Dinko Dermendzhiev. ", "He scored his first A PFG goal for Botev on 5 August 2000 in a 3–1 home victory over Hebar Pazardzhik. ", "During the season, he earned 22 appearances, scored two goals.", "\n\nSlavia Sofia\nIn 2001 Karaslavov signed a three-season deal with Slavia Sofia. ", "He made his team debut on 3 August 2001 in a 0–1 away victory over Cherno More Varna. ", "He took over the captaincy of Slavia when Dimitar Rangelov was transferred in 2006, a responsibility he held until leaving the club in 2007.", "\n\nGreuther Fürth\nIn 2007 Karaslavov transferred to SpVgg Greuther Fürth.", "\n\nBotev Plovdiv\nOn 19 June 2012, Karaslavov re-signed for Botev Plovdiv on a 2+1 year contract. ", "On the eve of the 2012–13 season, he was selected for captain of the team. ", "Karaslavov made his second Botev debut in a 3–0 win against Slavia Sofia on 11 August. ", "He retired at the end of the season because of having too many injuries and became director of football.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1980 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Bulgarian footballers\nCategory:Bulgaria international footballers\nCategory:Association football defenders\nCategory:PFC Botev Plovdiv players\nCategory:PFC Slavia Sofia players\nCategory:SpVgg Greuther Fürth players\nCategory:First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players\nCategory:2. ", "Bundesliga players\nCategory:Bulgarian expatriate footballers\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Germany" ]

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[ "UNITED NATIONS — After grappling with a fundamental deadlock between rich and poor nations over climate change, a high-level United Nations panel on Friday proposed a smorgasbord of ways to raise $100 billion annually to help developing countries cope with global warming.", "\n\nThe standoff over who should pay the bill for environmental degradation has bedeviled efforts to forge an international agreement to address climate change. ", "The panel did not fully answer the question, but said potential revenue sources included raising up to $10 billion from some manner of tax on airline flights and international shipping, $10 billion from a tax on financial transactions and $10 billion taken from the fuel subsidies provided by some developed nations.", "\n\nThe solutions face considerable hurdles, not least the United States’ resistance to putting a market price on carbon emissions, a cornerstone of the panel’s report.", "\n\n“We have narrowed down the different options,” Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg of Norway, co-chairman of the panel, said in an interview. “", "We have not made a blueprint where we solve all issues related to climate financing.”" ]

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[ "8 Dec 2013\n\nCreating a drop-down list in Excel\n\nMost of my colleagues in office, often come up asking how to create a drop-down list in Excel.", "\nSeemingly simple though it may be, with more and more functions being embedded in Excel, I even sometimes tend to forget which tools is under which section.", "\nYou may ask, why a drop-down!! ", "To have uniform data, a standard form has to be created, which should in turn have standard answers, such as a day of the week, or a month. ", "A drop-down box with pre-filled selections would be handy in such cases.", "\n\nA rectangular group of cells (of any size or form) is called a range, in Excel.", "\nConsidering that a particular column is expected to have a list of pre-determined values, lets get along with creation of a drop-down in Excel.", "\n\nSteps to create a drop-down\n1) Select the cells that will be the contents of the drop-down list. ", "If you wish to have more than one cell to display the same list, just select them all now instead of setting them individually.", "\n2) Click and drag to select a range; hold down Ctrl while you click to select non-adjacent cells.)", "\n3) Select the cell where you want the drop-down list.", "\n4) On the Data tab, in the Data Tools group, click Data Validation\n\n4) Select \"List\" from the Allow items.", "\n\n5) Go to \"Source\" field and select the data of the Drop-down, by dragging. ", "Make sure that the In-cell\ndropdown check box is selected.", "\n\n6) To specify whether the cell can be left blank, select or clear the Ignore blank check box.", "\n7) You can set stricter rules/ restrictions while data selection by displaying an error message.", "\nClick the Error Alert tab, and make sure that the Show error alert after invalid data is entered check box is selected.", "\n8) Select one of the following options for the Style box:\nTo display an information message that does not prevent entry of invalid data, click Information.", "\nTo display a warning message that does not prevent entry of invalid data, click Warning.", "\nTo prevent entry of invalid data, click Stop.", "\nType the title and text for the message (up to 225 characters).", "\n9) Finally, click OK\n10) Drop-down list will be created at the cell." ]

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[ "Search\n\nPath\n\nRESEARCH\n\nParis Covered in Smog\n\nOn Wednesday, December 7, 2016, the air quality monitoring organization Airparif announced the longest and most intense peak of winter pollution in the Paris region in more than 10 years. ", "What is this pollution? ", "How does it form? ", "Sébastien Payan, professor-researcher in Atmospheres, Environments and Space Observation Laboratory (LATMOS: under the co-supervision of UPMC/CNRS/UVSQ), sheds some light on the subject.", "\n\nUnlike the ozone pollution peak in Paris this summer, the smog (a thick brownish haze) currently observed in Île-de-France is due to the accumulation of fine particles. \"", "They are aerosols, particles suspended in the air,\" explains Sébastien Payan. \"", "In town, they are mainly produced by the combustion created by vehicles. ", "Using wood for heating, certain industrial installations, or the application of fertilizers also play an important role in this phenomenon. ", "The resurgence of these emissions, combined with anticyclonic conditions, favor the accumulation of fine particles. ", "They are concentrated in a thin layer of stagnant air above the ground.”", "\nA meteorological disturbance, such as rain or wind would make it possible to return to normal by dispersing this layer of aerosols. ", "The particles would again get mixed with the air, or would be washed into the ground by the rain. ", "The current cold weather also resulted in a greater than usual emission of wood-based particles. ", "The production of pollutants is more condensed, hence more visible and detrimental to health. \"", "Fine particles can cause serious respiratory problems by deeply nesting in the pulmonary alveoli.\" ", "The emergency measures taken by police headquarters should make it possible to temporarily limit the combustion by reducing traffic by 50%. \"", "However, only 5% of the most polluting vehicles account for 20% of car pollution. ", "It should also be possible to qualify the type of vehicle,\" says Prof. Payan." ]

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[ "Cleanroom Wipers\n\nThe cleanroom wipe is historically the most effective and commonly used tool for the removal of contaminants, particulate, and residual material in critical manufacturing, production, and pharmaceutical compounding environments. ", "Learn about cleanroom wipe applications, cleanliness, materials, and essential properties, and how they relate to industrial requirement like ESD-safe properties and heavy duty manufacturing. ", "Learn more." ]

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[ "I'm visually impaired and just installed Ubuntu 16.04. ", "I'm trying to use compizconfig's Enhanced Desktop Zoom. ", "It almost works, but it won't magnify anything when the mouse gets to the edges/corners of the screen. ", "In the 'main' part of the screen it works fine. ", "I can zoom on different windows and things, but any time the mouse goes to the icon sidebar, for example, nothing happens.", "\n\nI've been googling and messing with all the config options for several hours with no luck so far.", "\n\nAny suggestions?" ]

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