id
int64
1
1.81M
tokens
sequence
ner_tags
sequence
801
[ "A", "sales", "tax", "for", "the", "FNSB", "has", "been", "voted", "on", "many", "times", ",", "but", "has", "yet", "to", "be", "approved", ",", "leading", "lawmakers", "to", "increase", "taxes", "dramatically", "on", "goods", "such", "as", "liquor", "and", "tobacco", "." ]
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802
[ "In", "2014", "the", "Tax", "Foundation", "ranked", "Alaska", "as", "having", "the", "fourth", "most", "\"", "business", "friendly", "\"", "tax", "policy", ",", "behind", "only", "Wyoming", ",", "South", "Dakota", ",", "and", "Nevada", "." ]
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803
[ "Alaska", "regularly", "supports", "Republicans", "in", "presidential", "elections", "and", "has", "done", "so", "since", "statehood", "." ]
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804
[ "Republicans", "have", "won", "the", "state", "'s", "electoral", "college", "votes", "in", "all", "but", "one", "election", "that", "it", "has", "participated", "in", "(", "1964", ")", "." ]
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805
[ "No", "state", "has", "voted", "for", "a", "Democratic", "presidential", "candidate", "fewer", "times", "." ]
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806
[ "Alaska", "was", "carried", "by", "Democratic", "nominee", "Lyndon", "B", ".", "Johnson", "during", "his", "landslide", "election", "in", "1964", ",", "while", "the", "1960", "and", "1968", "elections", "were", "close", "." ]
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807
[ "Since", "1972", ",", "however", ",", "Republicans", "have", "carried", "the", "state", "by", "large", "margins", "." ]
[ 0, 671551, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
808
[ "In", "2008", ",", "Republican", "John", "Mc", "Cain", "defeated", "Democrat", "Barack", "Obama", "in", "Alaska", ",", "59.49", "%", "to", "37.83", "%", "." ]
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809
[ "Mc", "Cain", "'s", "running", "mate", "was", "Sarah", "Palin", ",", "the", "state", "'s", "governor", "and", "the", "first", "Alaskan", "on", "a", "major", "party", "ticket", "." ]
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810
[ "Obama", "lost", "Alaska", "again", "in", "2012", ",", "but", "he", "captured", "40", "%", "of", "the", "state", "'s", "vote", "in", "that", "election", ",", "making", "him", "the", "first", "Democrat", "to", "do", "so", "since", "1968", "." ]
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811
[ "The", "Alaska", "Bush", ",", "central", "Juneau", ",", "midtown", "and", "downtown", "Anchorage", ",", "and", "the", "areas", "surrounding", "the", "University", "of", "Alaska", "Fairbanks", "campus", "and", "Ester", "have", "been", "strongholds", "of", "the", "Democratic", "Party", "." ]
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812
[ "The", "Matanuska", "Susitna", "Borough", ",", "the", "majority", "of", "Fairbanks", "(", "including", "North", "Pole", "and", "the", "military", "base", ")", ",", "and", "South", "Anchorage", "typically", "have", "the", "strongest", "Republican", "showing", ".", ",", "well", "over", "half", "of", "all", "registered", "voters", "have", "chosen", "\"", "Non", "Partisan", "\"", "or", "\"", "Undeclared", "\"", "as", "their", "affiliation", ",", "despite", "recent", "attempts", "to", "close", "primaries", "to", "unaffiliated", "voters", "." ]
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813
[ "Because", "of", "its", "population", "relative", "to", "other", "U.S", ".", "states", ",", "Alaska", "has", "only", "one", "member", "in", "the", "U.S", ".", "House", "of", "Representatives", "." ]
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814
[ "This", "seat", "is", "held", "by", "Republican", "Don", "Young", ",", "who", "was", "re", "elected", "to", "his", "21st", "consecutive", "term", "in", "2012", "." ]
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815
[ "Alaska", "'s", "at", "large", "congressional", "district", "is", "one", "of", "the", "largest", "parliamentary", "constituencies", "in", "the", "world", "by", "area", "." ]
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816
[ "In", "2008", ",", "Governor", "Sarah", "Palin", "became", "the", "first", "Republican", "woman", "to", "run", "on", "a", "national", "ticket", "when", "she", "became", "John", "Mc", "Cain", "'s", "running", "mate", "." ]
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817
[ "She", "continued", "to", "be", "a", "prominent", "national", "figure", "even", "after", "resigning", "from", "the", "governor", "'s", "job", "in", "July", "2009", "." ]
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
818
[ "Alaska", "'s", "United", "States", "senators", "belong", "to", "Class", "2", "and", "Class", "3", "." ]
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819
[ "In", "2008", ",", "Democrat", "Mark", "Begich", ",", "mayor", "of", "Anchorage", ",", "defeated", "long", "time", "Republican", "senator", "Ted", "Stevens", "." ]
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820
[ "Stevens", "had", "been", "convicted", "on", "seven", "felony", "counts", "of", "failing", "to", "report", "gifts", "on", "Senate", "financial", "discloser", "forms", "one", "week", "before", "the", "election", "." ]
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
821
[ "The", "conviction", "was", "set", "aside", "in", "April", "2009", "after", "evidence", "of", "prosecutorial", "misconduct", "emerged", "." ]
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
822
[ "Republican", "Frank", "Murkowski", "held", "the", "state", "'s", "other", "senatorial", "position", "." ]
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823
[ "After", "being", "elected", "governor", "in", "2002", ",", "he", "resigned", "from", "the", "Senate", "and", "appointed", "his", "daughter", ",", "State", "representative", "Lisa", "Murkowski", "as", "his", "successor", "." ]
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824
[ "She", "won", "full", "six", "year", "terms", "in", "2004", ",", "2010", "and", "2016", "." ]
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825
[ "<", "gallery", "mode=\"packed", "\"", "widths=\"160", "\"", "heights=\"160", "\"", "perrow=\"5", "\"", "caption=\"Alaska", "'s", "current", "statewide", "elected", "officials", "\"", ">", "File:Mike", "Dunleavy", "official", "photo", "(", "cropped", ")", ".jpg|Mike", "Dunleavy", ",", "Governor", "File:Lisa", "Murkowski", "official", "photo", "(", "cropped", ")", ".jpg|Lisa", "Murkowski", ",", "senior", "United", "States", "Senator", "File:Senator", "Dan", "Sullivan", "official.jpg|Dan", "Sullivan", ",", "junior", "United", "States", "Senator", "File:Don", "Young", ",", "official", "115th", "Congress", "photo", "portrait", "(", "cropped", ")", ".jpg|Don", "Young", ",", "United", "States", "Representative", "<", "/", "gallery", ">" ]
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826
[ "A", "party", "who", "files", "an", "appeal", "is", "called", "an", "\"", "appellant", "\"", ",", "\"", "plaintiff", "in", "error", "\"", ",", "\"", "petitioner", "\"", "or", "\"", "pursuer", "\"", ",", "and", "a", "party", "on", "the", "other", "side", "is", "called", "an", "\"", "appellee", "\"", "." ]
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827
[ "A", "\"", "cross", "appeal", "\"", "is", "an", "appeal", "brought", "by", "the", "respondent", "." ]
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
828
[ "For", "example", ",", "suppose", "at", "trial", "the", "judge", "found", "for", "the", "plaintiff", "and", "ordered", "the", "defendant", "to", "pay", "$", "50,000", "." ]
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829
[ "If", "the", "defendant", "files", "an", "appeal", "arguing", "that", "he", "should", "not", "have", "to", "pay", "any", "money", ",", "then", "the", "plaintiff", "might", "file", "a", "cross", "appeal", "arguing", "that", "the", "defendant", "should", "have", "to", "pay", "$", "200,000", "instead", "of", "$", "50,000", "." ]
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830
[ "The", "appellant", "is", "the", "party", "who", ",", "having", "lost", "part", "or", "all", "their", "claim", "in", "a", "lower", "court", "decision", ",", "is", "appealing", "to", "a", "higher", "court", "to", "have", "their", "case", "reconsidered", "." ]
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831
[ "This", "is", "usually", "done", "on", "the", "basis", "that", "the", "lower", "court", "judge", "erred", "in", "the", "application", "of", "law", ",", "but", "it", "may", "also", "be", "possible", "to", "appeal", "on", "the", "basis", "of", "court", "misconduct", ",", "or", "that", "a", "finding", "of", "fact", "was", "entirely", "unreasonable", "to", "make", "on", "the", "evidence", "." ]
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832
[ "The", "appellant", "in", "the", "new", "case", "can", "be", "either", "the", "plaintiff", "(", "or", "claimant", ")", ",", "defendant", ",", "third", "party", "intervenor", ",", "or", "respondent", "(", "appellee", ")", "from", "the", "lower", "case", ",", "depending", "on", "who", "was", "the", "losing", "party", "." ]
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833
[ "The", "winning", "party", "from", "the", "lower", "court", ",", "however", ",", "is", "now", "the", "respondent", "." ]
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834
[ "In", "unusual", "cases", "the", "appellant", "can", "be", "the", "victor", "in", "the", "court", "below", ",", "but", "still", "appeal", "." ]
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
835
[ "An", "appellee", "is", "the", "party", "to", "an", "appeal", "in", "which", "the", "lower", "court", "judgment", "was", "in", "its", "favor", "." ]
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 453247, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
836
[ "The", "appellee", "is", "required", "to", "respond", "to", "the", "petition", ",", "oral", "arguments", ",", "and", "legal", "briefs", "of", "the", "appellant", "." ]
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837
[ "In", "general", ",", "the", "appellee", "takes", "the", "procedural", "posture", "that", "the", "lower", "court", "'s", "decision", "should", "be", "affirmed", "." ]
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838
[ "=", "=", "=", "Global", "use", "=", "=", "=", "The", "vast", "majority", "of", "refined", "asphalt", "is", "used", "in", "construction", ":", "primarily", "as", "a", "constituent", "of", "products", "used", "in", "paving", "and", "roofing", "applications", "." ]
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839
[ "According", "to", "the", "requirements", "of", "the", "end", "use", ",", "asphalt", "is", "produced", "to", "specification", "." ]
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840
[ "This", "is", "achieved", "either", "by", "refining", "or", "blending", "." ]
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
841
[ "It", "is", "estimated", "that", "the", "current", "world", "use", "of", "asphalt", "is", "approximately", "102", "million", "tonnes", "per", "year", "." ]
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842
[ "Approximately", "85", "%", "of", "all", "the", "asphalt", "produced", "is", "used", "as", "the", "binder", "in", "asphalt", "concrete", "for", "roads", "." ]
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 12064, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
843
[ "It", "is", "also", "used", "in", "other", "paved", "areas", "such", "as", "airport", "runways", ",", "car", "parks", "and", "footways", "." ]
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
844
[ "Typically", ",", "the", "production", "of", "asphalt", "concrete", "involves", "mixing", "fine", "and", "coarse", "aggregates", "such", "as", "sand", ",", "gravel", "and", "crushed", "rock", "with", "asphalt", ",", "which", "acts", "as", "the", "binding", "agent", "." ]
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845
[ "Other", "materials", ",", "such", "as", "recycled", "polymers", "(", "e.g", ".", ",", "rubber", "tyres", ")", ",", "may", "be", "added", "to", "the", "asphalt", "to", "modify", "its", "properties", "according", "to", "the", "application", "for", "which", "the", "asphalt", "is", "ultimately", "intended", "." ]
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846
[ "A", "further", "10", "%", "of", "global", "asphalt", "production", "is", "used", "in", "roofing", "applications", ",", "where", "its", "waterproofing", "qualities", "are", "invaluable", "." ]
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847
[ "The", "remaining", "5", "%", "of", "asphalt", "is", "used", "mainly", "for", "sealing", "and", "insulating", "purposes", "in", "a", "variety", "of", "building", "materials", ",", "such", "as", "pipe", "coatings", ",", "carpet", "tile", "backing", "and", "paint", "." ]
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848
[ "Asphalt", "is", "applied", "in", "the", "construction", "and", "maintenance", "of", "many", "structures", ",", "systems", ",", "and", "components", ",", "such", "as", "the", "following", ":", "*", "Highways", "*", "Airport", "runways", "*", "Footways", "and", "pedestrian", "ways", "*", "Car", "parks", "*", "Racetracks", "*", "Tennis", "courts", "*", "Roofing", "*", "Damp", "proofing", "*", "Dams", "*", "Reservoir", "and", "pool", "linings", "*", "Soundproofing", "*", "Pipe", "coatings", "*", "Cable", "coatings", "*", "Paints", "*", "Building", "water", "proofing", "*", "Tile", "underlying", "waterproofing", "*", "Newspaper", "ink", "production", "*", "and", "many", "other", "applications", "The", "largest", "use", "of", "asphalt", "is", "for", "making", "asphalt", "concrete", "for", "road", "surfaces", ";", "this", "accounts", "for", "approximately", "85", "%", "of", "the", "asphalt", "consumed", "in", "the", "United", "States", "." ]
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849
[ "There", "are", "about", "4,000", "asphalt", "concrete", "mixing", "plants", "in", "the", "US", ",", "and", "a", "similar", "number", "in", "Europe", "." ]
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850
[ "Asphalt", "concrete", "pavement", "mixes", "are", "typically", "composed", "of", "5", "%", "asphalt", "cement", "and", "95", "%", "aggregates", "(", "stone", ",", "sand", ",", "and", "gravel", ")", "." ]
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851
[ "Due", "to", "its", "highly", "viscous", "nature", ",", "asphalt", "cement", "must", "be", "heated", "so", "it", "can", "be", "mixed", "with", "the", "aggregates", "at", "the", "asphalt", "mixing", "facility", "." ]
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852
[ "The", "temperature", "required", "varies", "depending", "upon", "characteristics", "of", "the", "asphalt", "and", "the", "aggregates", ",", "but", "warm", "mix", "asphalt", "technologies", "allow", "producers", "to", "reduce", "the", "temperature", "required", "." ]
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853
[ "The", "weight", "of", "an", "asphalt", "pavement", "depends", "upon", "the", "aggregate", "type", ",", "the", "asphalt", ",", "and", "the", "air", "void", "content", "." ]
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854
[ "An", "average", "example", "in", "the", "United", "States", "is", "about", "112", "pounds", "per", "square", "yard", ",", "per", "inch", "of", "pavement", "thickness", "." ]
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855
[ "When", "maintenance", "is", "performed", "on", "asphalt", "pavements", ",", "such", "as", "milling", "to", "remove", "a", "worn", "or", "damaged", "surface", ",", "the", "removed", "material", "can", "be", "returned", "to", "a", "facility", "for", "processing", "into", "new", "pavement", "mixtures", "." ]
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856
[ "The", "asphalt", "in", "the", "removed", "material", "can", "be", "reactivated", "and", "put", "back", "to", "use", "in", "new", "pavement", "mixes", "." ]
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857
[ "With", "some", "95", "%", "of", "paved", "roads", "being", "constructed", "of", "or", "surfaced", "with", "asphalt", ",", "a", "substantial", "amount", "of", "asphalt", "pavement", "material", "is", "reclaimed", "each", "year", "." ]
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858
[ "According", "to", "industry", "surveys", "conducted", "annually", "by", "the", "Federal", "Highway", "Administration", "and", "the", "National", "Asphalt", "Pavement", "Association", ",", "more", "than", "99", "%", "of", "the", "asphalt", "removed", "each", "year", "from", "road", "surfaces", "during", "widening", "and", "resurfacing", "projects", "is", "reused", "as", "part", "of", "new", "pavements", ",", "roadbeds", ",", "shoulders", "and", "embankments", "." ]
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859
[ "Asphalt", "concrete", "paving", "is", "widely", "used", "in", "airports", "around", "the", "world", "." ]
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860
[ "Due", "to", "the", "sturdiness", "and", "ability", "to", "be", "repaired", "quickly", ",", "it", "is", "widely", "used", "for", "runways", "." ]
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861
[ "Mastic", "asphalt", "is", "a", "type", "of", "asphalt", "that", "differs", "from", "dense", "graded", "asphalt", "(", "asphalt", "concrete", ")", "in", "that", "it", "has", "a", "higher", "asphalt", "(", "binder", ")", "content", ",", "usually", "around", "7–10", "%", "of", "the", "whole", "aggregate", "mix", ",", "as", "opposed", "to", "rolled", "asphalt", "concrete", ",", "which", "has", "only", "around", "5", "%", "asphalt", "." ]
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862
[ "This", "thermoplastic", "substance", "is", "widely", "used", "in", "the", "building", "industry", "for", "waterproofing", "flat", "roofs", "and", "tanking", "underground", "." ]
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863
[ "Mastic", "asphalt", "is", "heated", "to", "a", "temperature", "of", "and", "is", "spread", "in", "layers", "to", "form", "an", "impervious", "barrier", "about", "thick", "." ]
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864
[ "A", "number", "of", "technologies", "allow", "asphalt", "to", "be", "mixed", "at", "much", "lower", "temperatures", "." ]
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865
[ "These", "involve", "mixing", "with", "petroleum", "solvents", "to", "form", "\"", "cutbacks", "\"", "with", "reduced", "melting", "point", "or", "mixing", "with", "water", "to", "turn", "the", "asphalt", "into", "an", "emulsion", "." ]
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866
[ "Asphalt", "emulsions", "contain", "up", "to", "70", "%", "asphalt", "and", "typically", "less", "than", "1.5", "%", "chemical", "additives", "." ]
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867
[ "There", "are", "two", "main", "types", "of", "emulsions", "with", "different", "affinity", "for", "aggregates", ",", "cationic", "and", "anionic", "." ]
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868
[ "Asphalt", "emulsions", "are", "used", "in", "a", "wide", "variety", "of", "applications", "." ]
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869
[ "Chipseal", "involves", "spraying", "the", "road", "surface", "with", "asphalt", "emulsion", "followed", "by", "a", "layer", "of", "crushed", "rock", ",", "gravel", "or", "crushed", "slag", "." ]
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870
[ "Slurry", "seal", "involves", "the", "creation", "of", "a", "mixture", "of", "asphalt", "emulsion", "and", "fine", "crushed", "aggregate", "that", "is", "spread", "on", "the", "surface", "of", "a", "road", "." ]
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871
[ "Cold", "mixed", "asphalt", "can", "also", "be", "made", "from", "asphalt", "emulsion", "to", "create", "pavements", "similar", "to", "hot", "mixed", "asphalt", ",", "several", "inches", "in", "depth", ",", "and", "asphalt", "emulsions", "are", "also", "blended", "into", "recycled", "hot", "mix", "asphalt", "to", "create", "low", "cost", "pavements", "." ]
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872
[ "Synthetic", "crude", "oil", ",", "also", "known", "as", "syncrude", ",", "is", "the", "output", "from", "a", "bitumen", "upgrader", "facility", "used", "in", "connection", "with", "oil", "sand", "production", "in", "Canada", "." ]
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873
[ "Bituminous", "sands", "are", "mined", "using", "enormous", "(", "100", "ton", "capacity", ")", "power", "shovels", "and", "loaded", "into", "even", "larger", "(", "400", "ton", "capacity", ")", "dump", "trucks", "for", "movement", "to", "an", "upgrading", "facility", "." ]
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874
[ "The", "process", "used", "to", "extract", "the", "bitumen", "from", "the", "sand", "is", "a", "hot", "water", "process", "originally", "developed", "by", "Dr", ".", "Karl", "Clark", "of", "the", "University", "of", "Alberta", "during", "the", "1920s", "." ]
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875
[ "After", "extraction", "from", "the", "sand", ",", "the", "bitumen", "is", "fed", "into", "a", "bitumen", "upgrader", "which", "converts", "it", "into", "a", "light", "crude", "oil", "equivalent", "." ]
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876
[ "This", "synthetic", "substance", "is", "fluid", "enough", "to", "be", "transferred", "through", "conventional", "oil", "pipelines", "and", "can", "be", "fed", "into", "conventional", "oil", "refineries", "without", "any", "further", "treatment", "." ]
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877
[ "By", "2015", "Canadian", "bitumen", "upgraders", "were", "producing", "over", "per", "day", "of", "synthetic", "crude", "oil", ",", "of", "which", "75", "%", "was", "exported", "to", "oil", "refineries", "in", "the", "United", "States", "." ]
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878
[ "In", "Alberta", ",", "five", "bitumen", "upgraders", "produce", "synthetic", "crude", "oil", "and", "a", "variety", "of", "other", "products", ":", "The", "Suncor", "Energy", "upgrader", "near", "Fort", "Mc", "Murray", ",", "Alberta", "produces", "synthetic", "crude", "oil", "plus", "diesel", "fuel", ";", "the", "Syncrude", "Canada", ",", "Canadian", "Natural", "Resources", ",", "and", "Nexen", "upgraders", "near", "Fort", "Mc", "Murray", "produce", "synthetic", "crude", "oil", ";", "and", "the", "Shell", "Scotford", "Upgrader", "near", "Edmonton", "produces", "synthetic", "crude", "oil", "plus", "an", "intermediate", "feedstock", "for", "the", "nearby", "Shell", "Oil", "Refinery", "." ]
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879
[ "A", "sixth", "upgrader", ",", "under", "construction", "in", "2015", "near", "Redwater", ",", "Alberta", ",", "will", "upgrade", "half", "of", "its", "crude", "bitumen", "directly", "to", "diesel", "fuel", ",", "with", "the", "remainder", "of", "the", "output", "being", "sold", "as", "feedstock", "to", "nearby", "oil", "refineries", "and", "petrochemical", "plants", "." ]
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880
[ "Canadian", "bitumen", "does", "not", "differ", "substantially", "from", "oils", "such", "as", "Venezuelan", "extra", "heavy", "and", "Mexican", "heavy", "oil", "in", "chemical", "composition", ",", "and", "the", "real", "difficulty", "is", "moving", "the", "extremely", "viscous", "bitumen", "through", "oil", "pipelines", "to", "the", "refinery", "." ]
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881
[ "Many", "modern", "oil", "refineries", "are", "extremely", "sophisticated", "and", "can", "process", "non", "upgraded", "bitumen", "directly", "into", "products", "such", "as", "gasoline", ",", "diesel", "fuel", ",", "and", "refined", "asphalt", "without", "any", "preprocessing", "." ]
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882
[ "This", "is", "particularly", "common", "in", "areas", "such", "as", "the", "US", "Gulf", "coast", ",", "where", "refineries", "were", "designed", "to", "process", "Venezuelan", "and", "Mexican", "oil", ",", "and", "in", "areas", "such", "as", "the", "US", "Midwest", "where", "refineries", "were", "rebuilt", "to", "process", "heavy", "oil", "as", "domestic", "light", "oil", "production", "declined", "." ]
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883
[ "Given", "the", "choice", ",", "such", "heavy", "oil", "refineries", "usually", "prefer", "to", "buy", "bitumen", "rather", "than", "synthetic", "oil", "because", "the", "cost", "is", "lower", ",", "and", "in", "some", "cases", "because", "they", "prefer", "to", "produce", "more", "diesel", "fuel", "and", "less", "gasoline", "." ]
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884
[ "By", "2015", "Canadian", "production", "and", "exports", "of", "non", "upgraded", "bitumen", "exceeded", "that", "of", "synthetic", "crude", "oil", "at", "over", "per", "day", ",", "of", "which", "about", "65", "%", "was", "exported", "to", "the", "United", "States", "." ]
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885
[ "Because", "of", "the", "difficulty", "of", "moving", "crude", "bitumen", "through", "pipelines", ",", "non", "upgraded", "bitumen", "is", "usually", "diluted", "with", "natural", "gas", "condensate", "in", "a", "form", "called", "dilbit", "or", "with", "synthetic", "crude", "oil", ",", "called", "synbit", "." ]
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886
[ "However", ",", "to", "meet", "international", "competition", ",", "much", "non", "upgraded", "bitumen", "is", "now", "sold", "as", "a", "blend", "of", "multiple", "grades", "of", "bitumen", ",", "conventional", "crude", "oil", ",", "synthetic", "crude", "oil", ",", "and", "condensate", "in", "a", "standardized", "benchmark", "product", "such", "as", "Western", "Canadian", "Select", "." ]
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887
[ "This", "sour", ",", "heavy", "crude", "oil", "blend", "is", "designed", "to", "have", "uniform", "refining", "characteristics", "to", "compete", "with", "internationally", "marketed", "heavy", "oils", "such", "as", "Mexican", "Mayan", "or", "Arabian", "Dubai", "Crude", "." ]
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888
[ "Asphalt", "was", "used", "starting", "in", "the", "1960s", "as", "a", "hydrophobic", "matrix", "aiming", "to", "encapsulate", "radioactive", "waste", "such", "as", "medium", "activity", "salts", "(", "mainly", "soluble", "sodium", "nitrate", "and", "sodium", "sulfate", ")", "produced", "by", "the", "reprocessing", "of", "spent", "nuclear", "fuels", "or", "radioactive", "sludges", "from", "sedimentation", "ponds", "." ]
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889
[ "Bituminised", "radioactive", "waste", "containing", "highly", "radiotoxic", "transuranic", "elements", "from", "nuclear", "reprocessing", "plants", "have", "been", "produced", "at", "industrial", "scale", "in", "France", ",", "Belgium", "and", "Japan", ",", "but", "this", "type", "of", "waste", "conditioning", "has", "been", "abandoned", "because", "operational", "safety", "issues", "(", "risks", "of", "fire", ",", "as", "occurred", "in", "a", "bituminisation", "plant", "at", "Tokai", "Works", "in", "Japan", ")", "and", "long", "term", "stability", "problems", "related", "to", "their", "geological", "disposal", "in", "deep", "rock", "formations", "." ]
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890
[ "One", "of", "the", "main", "problem", "is", "the", "swelling", "of", "asphalt", "exposed", "to", "radiation", "and", "to", "water", "." ]
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891
[ "Asphalt", "swelling", "is", "first", "induced", "by", "radiation", "because", "of", "the", "presence", "of", "hydrogen", "gas", "bubbles", "generated", "by", "alpha", "and", "gamma", "radiolysis", "." ]
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892
[ "A", "second", "mechanism", "is", "the", "matrix", "swelling", "when", "the", "encapsulated", "hygroscopic", "salts", "exposed", "to", "water", "or", "moisture", "start", "to", "rehydrate", "and", "to", "dissolve", "." ]
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893
[ "The", "high", "concentration", "of", "salt", "in", "the", "pore", "solution", "inside", "the", "bituminised", "matrix", "is", "then", "responsible", "for", "osmotic", "effects", "inside", "the", "bituminised", "matrix", "." ]
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894
[ "The", "water", "moves", "in", "the", "direction", "of", "the", "concentrated", "salts", ",", "the", "asphalt", "acting", "as", "a", "semi", "permeable", "membrane", "." ]
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895
[ "This", "also", "causes", "the", "matrix", "to", "swell", "." ]
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896
[ "The", "swelling", "pressure", "due", "to", "osmotic", "effect", "under", "constant", "volume", "can", "be", "as", "high", "as", "200", "bar", "." ]
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897
[ "If", "not", "properly", "managed", ",", "this", "high", "pressure", "can", "cause", "fractures", "in", "the", "near", "field", "of", "a", "disposal", "gallery", "of", "bituminised", "medium", "level", "waste", "." ]
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898
[ "When", "the", "bituminised", "matrix", "has", "been", "altered", "by", "swelling", ",", "encapsulated", "radionuclides", "are", "easily", "leached", "by", "the", "contact", "of", "ground", "water", "and", "released", "in", "the", "geosphere", "." ]
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899
[ "The", "high", "ionic", "strength", "of", "the", "concentrated", "saline", "solution", "also", "favours", "the", "migration", "of", "radionuclides", "in", "clay", "host", "rocks", "." ]
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900
[ "The", "presence", "of", "chemically", "reactive", "nitrate", "can", "also", "affect", "the", "redox", "conditions", "prevailing", "in", "the", "host", "rock", "by", "establishing", "oxidizing", "conditions", ",", "preventing", "the", "reduction", "of", "redox", "sensitive", "radionuclides", "." ]
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