app.py

import os
import numpy as np
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import gradio as gr
from torchvision.models import efficientnet_v2_m, EfficientNet_V2_M_Weights
from torchvision.ops import nms, box_iou
import torch.nn.functional as F
from torchvision import transforms
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont, ImageFilter
from data_manager import get_dog_description
from urllib.parse import quote
from ultralytics import YOLO
import asyncio
import traceback


# 下載YOLOv8預訓練模型
model_yolo = YOLO('yolov8n.pt')  # 使用 YOLOv8 預訓練模型


dog_breeds = ["Afghan_Hound", "African_Hunting_Dog", "Airedale", "American_Staffordshire_Terrier", 
              "Appenzeller", "Australian_Terrier", "Bedlington_Terrier", "Bernese_Mountain_Dog", 
              "Blenheim_Spaniel", "Border_Collie", "Border_Terrier", "Boston_Bull", "Bouvier_Des_Flandres", 
              "Brabancon_Griffon", "Brittany_Spaniel", "Cardigan", "Chesapeake_Bay_Retriever", 
              "Chihuahua", "Dandie_Dinmont", "Doberman", "English_Foxhound", "English_Setter", 
              "English_Springer", "EntleBucher", "Eskimo_Dog", "French_Bulldog", "German_Shepherd", 
              "German_Short-Haired_Pointer", "Gordon_Setter", "Great_Dane", "Great_Pyrenees", 
              "Greater_Swiss_Mountain_Dog", "Ibizan_Hound", "Irish_Setter", "Irish_Terrier", 
              "Irish_Water_Spaniel", "Irish_Wolfhound", "Italian_Greyhound", "Japanese_Spaniel", 
              "Kerry_Blue_Terrier", "Labrador_Retriever", "Lakeland_Terrier", "Leonberg", "Lhasa", 
              "Maltese_Dog", "Mexican_Hairless", "Newfoundland", "Norfolk_Terrier", "Norwegian_Elkhound", 
              "Norwich_Terrier", "Old_English_Sheepdog", "Pekinese", "Pembroke", "Pomeranian", 
              "Rhodesian_Ridgeback", "Rottweiler", "Saint_Bernard", "Saluki", "Samoyed", 
              "Scotch_Terrier", "Scottish_Deerhound", "Sealyham_Terrier", "Shetland_Sheepdog", 
              "Shih-Tzu", "Siberian_Husky", "Staffordshire_Bullterrier", "Sussex_Spaniel", 
              "Tibetan_Mastiff", "Tibetan_Terrier", "Walker_Hound", "Weimaraner", 
              "Welsh_Springer_Spaniel", "West_Highland_White_Terrier", "Yorkshire_Terrier", 
              "Affenpinscher", "Basenji", "Basset", "Beagle", "Black-and-Tan_Coonhound", "Bloodhound", 
              "Bluetick", "Borzoi", "Boxer", "Briard", "Bull_Mastiff", "Cairn", "Chow", "Clumber", 
              "Cocker_Spaniel", "Collie", "Curly-Coated_Retriever", "Dhole", "Dingo", 
              "Flat-Coated_Retriever", "Giant_Schnauzer", "Golden_Retriever", "Groenendael", "Keeshond", 
              "Kelpie", "Komondor", "Kuvasz", "Malamute", "Malinois", "Miniature_Pinscher", 
              "Miniature_Poodle", "Miniature_Schnauzer", "Otterhound", "Papillon", "Pug", "Redbone", 
              "Schipperke", "Silky_Terrier", "Soft-Coated_Wheaten_Terrier", "Standard_Poodle", 
              "Standard_Schnauzer", "Toy_Poodle", "Toy_Terrier", "Vizsla", "Whippet", 
              "Wire-Haired_Fox_Terrier"]

class MultiHeadAttention(nn.Module):

    def __init__(self, in_dim, num_heads=8):
        super().__init__()
        self.num_heads = num_heads
        self.head_dim = max(1, in_dim // num_heads)
        self.scaled_dim = self.head_dim * num_heads
        self.fc_in = nn.Linear(in_dim, self.scaled_dim)
        self.query = nn.Linear(self.scaled_dim, self.scaled_dim)
        self.key = nn.Linear(self.scaled_dim, self.scaled_dim)
        self.value = nn.Linear(self.scaled_dim, self.scaled_dim)
        self.fc_out = nn.Linear(self.scaled_dim, in_dim)

    def forward(self, x):
        N = x.shape[0]
        x = self.fc_in(x)
        q = self.query(x).view(N, self.num_heads, self.head_dim)
        k = self.key(x).view(N, self.num_heads, self.head_dim)
        v = self.value(x).view(N, self.num_heads, self.head_dim)

        energy = torch.einsum("nqd,nkd->nqk", [q, k])
        attention = F.softmax(energy / (self.head_dim ** 0.5), dim=2)

        out = torch.einsum("nqk,nvd->nqd", [attention, v])
        out = out.reshape(N, self.scaled_dim)
        out = self.fc_out(out)
        return out

class BaseModel(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, num_classes, device='cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu'):
        super().__init__()
        self.device = device
        self.backbone = efficientnet_v2_m(weights=EfficientNet_V2_M_Weights.IMAGENET1K_V1)
        self.feature_dim = self.backbone.classifier[1].in_features
        self.backbone.classifier = nn.Identity()

        self.num_heads = max(1, min(8, self.feature_dim // 64))
        self.attention = MultiHeadAttention(self.feature_dim, num_heads=self.num_heads)

        self.classifier = nn.Sequential(
            nn.LayerNorm(self.feature_dim),
            nn.Dropout(0.3),
            nn.Linear(self.feature_dim, num_classes)
        )

        self.to(device)

    def forward(self, x):
        x = x.to(self.device)
        features = self.backbone(x)
        attended_features = self.attention(features)
        logits = self.classifier(attended_features)
        return logits, attended_features


num_classes = 120
device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')
model = BaseModel(num_classes=num_classes, device=device)

checkpoint = torch.load('best_model_81_dog.pth', map_location=torch.device('cpu'))
model.load_state_dict(checkpoint['model_state_dict'])

# evaluation mode
model.eval()

# Image preprocessing function
def preprocess_image(image):
    # If the image is numpy.ndarray turn into PIL.Image
    if isinstance(image, np.ndarray):
        image = Image.fromarray(image)

    # Use torchvision.transforms to process images
    transform = transforms.Compose([
        transforms.Resize((224, 224)),
        transforms.ToTensor(),
        transforms.Normalize(mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225]),
    ])

    return transform(image).unsqueeze(0)


def get_akc_breeds_link():
    return "https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/"


def format_description(description, breed):
    if isinstance(description, dict):
        # 確保每一個描述項目換行顯示
        formatted_description = "\n\n".join([f"**{key}**: {value}" for key, value in description.items()])
    else:
        formatted_description = description

    akc_link = get_akc_breeds_link()
    formatted_description += f"\n\n**Want to learn more about dog breeds?** [Visit the AKC dog breeds page]({akc_link}) and search for {breed} to find detailed information."

    disclaimer = ("\n\n*Disclaimer: The external link provided leads to the American Kennel Club (AKC) dog breeds page. "
                  "You may need to search for the specific breed on that page. "
                  "I am not responsible for the content on external sites. "
                  "Please refer to the AKC's terms of use and privacy policy.*")
    formatted_description += disclaimer

    return formatted_description

async def predict_single_dog(image):
    return await asyncio.to_thread(_predict_single_dog, image)

def _predict_single_dog(image):
    image_tensor = preprocess_image(image)
    with torch.no_grad():
        output = model(image_tensor)
        logits = output[0] if isinstance(output, tuple) else output
        probabilities = F.softmax(logits, dim=1)
        topk_probs, topk_indices = torch.topk(probabilities, k=3)
        top1_prob = topk_probs[0][0].item()
        topk_breeds = [dog_breeds[idx.item()] for idx in topk_indices[0]]
        topk_probs_percent = [f"{prob.item() * 100:.2f}%" for prob in topk_probs[0]]
    return top1_prob, topk_breeds, topk_probs_percent


# async def detect_multiple_dogs(image, conf_threshold=0.25, iou_threshold=0.4):
#     results = model_yolo(image, conf=conf_threshold, iou=iou_threshold)[0]
#     dogs = []
#     for box in results.boxes:
#         if box.cls == 16:  # COCO 資料集中狗的類別是 16
#             xyxy = box.xyxy[0].tolist()
#             confidence = box.conf.item()
#             cropped_image = image.crop((xyxy[0], xyxy[1], xyxy[2], xyxy[3]))
#             dogs.append((cropped_image, confidence, xyxy))
#     return dogs


# async def predict(image):
#     if image is None:
#         return "Please upload an image to start.", None, gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), None

#     try:
#         if isinstance(image, np.ndarray):
#             image = Image.fromarray(image)

#         dogs = await detect_multiple_dogs(image, conf_threshold=0.25, iou_threshold=0.4)
        
#         if len(dogs) <= 1:
#             return await process_single_dog(image)

#         # 多狗情境
#         color_list = ['#FF0000', '#00FF00', '#0000FF', '#FFFF00', '#00FFFF', '#FF00FF', '#800080', '#FFA500']
#         explanations = []
#         buttons = []
#         annotated_image = image.copy()
#         draw = ImageDraw.Draw(annotated_image)
#         font = ImageFont.load_default()

#         for i, (cropped_image, _, box) in enumerate(dogs):
#             top1_prob, topk_breeds, topk_probs_percent = await predict_single_dog(cropped_image)
#             color = color_list[i % len(color_list)]
#             draw.rectangle(box, outline=color, width=3)
#             draw.text((box[0], box[1]), f"Dog {i+1}", fill=color, font=font)

#             breed = topk_breeds[0]
#             if top1_prob >= 0.5:
#                 description = get_dog_description(breed)
#                 formatted_description = format_description(description, breed)
#                 explanations.append(f"Dog {i+1}: {formatted_description}")
#             elif top1_prob >= 0.2:
#                 dog_explanation = f"Dog {i+1}: Top 3 possible breeds:\n"
#                 dog_explanation += "\n".join([f"{j+1}. **{breed}** ({prob} confidence)" for j, (breed, prob) in enumerate(zip(topk_breeds[:3], topk_probs_percent[:3]))])
#                 explanations.append(dog_explanation)
#                 buttons.extend([gr.update(visible=True, value=f"Dog {i+1}: More about {breed}") for breed in topk_breeds[:3]])
#             else:
#                 explanations.append(f"Dog {i+1}: The image is unclear or the breed is not in the dataset.")

#         final_explanation = "\n\n".join(explanations)
#         if buttons:
#             final_explanation += "\n\nClick on a button to view more information about the breed."
#             initial_state = {
#                 "explanation": final_explanation,
#                 "buttons": buttons,
#                 "show_back": True
#             }
#             return (final_explanation, annotated_image, 
#                     buttons[0] if len(buttons) > 0 else gr.update(visible=False),
#                     buttons[1] if len(buttons) > 1 else gr.update(visible=False),
#                     buttons[2] if len(buttons) > 2 else gr.update(visible=False),
#                     gr.update(visible=True),
#                     initial_state)
#         else:
#             initial_state = {
#                 "explanation": final_explanation,
#                 "buttons": [],
#                 "show_back": False
#             }
#             return final_explanation, annotated_image, gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), initial_state

#     except Exception as e:
#         error_msg = f"An error occurred: {str(e)}"
#         print(error_msg)  # 添加日誌輸出
#         return error_msg, None, gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), None


async def detect_multiple_dogs(image, conf_threshold=0.25, iou_threshold=0.4, merge_threshold=0.5):
    results = model_yolo(image, conf=conf_threshold, iou=iou_threshold)[0]
    dogs = []
    
    image_area = image.width * image.height
    min_area_ratio = 0.005  # 最小檢測面積佔整個圖像的比例
    
    for box in results.boxes:
        if box.cls == 16:  # COCO 數據集中狗的類別是 16
            xyxy = box.xyxy[0].tolist()
            area = (xyxy[2] - xyxy[0]) * (xyxy[3] - xyxy[1])
            if area / image_area >= min_area_ratio:
                confidence = box.conf.item()
                dogs.append((xyxy, confidence))
    
    if dogs:
        boxes = torch.tensor([dog[0] for dog in dogs])
        scores = torch.tensor([dog[1] for dog in dogs])
        
        # 應用 NMS
        keep = nms(boxes, scores, iou_threshold)
        
        merged_dogs = []
        for i in keep:
            xyxy = boxes[i].tolist()
            confidence = scores[i].item()
            merged_dogs.append((xyxy, confidence))
        
        # 後處理：分離過於接近的檢測框
        final_dogs = []
        while merged_dogs:
            base_dog = merged_dogs.pop(0)
            to_merge = [base_dog]
            
            i = 0
            while i < len(merged_dogs):
                iou = box_iou(torch.tensor([base_dog[0]]), torch.tensor([merged_dogs[i][0]]))[0][0].item()
                if iou > merge_threshold:
                    to_merge.append(merged_dogs.pop(i))
                else:
                    i += 1
            
            if len(to_merge) == 1:
                final_dogs.append(base_dog)
            else:
                # 如果檢測到多個重疊框，嘗試分離它們
                centers = torch.tensor([[((box[0] + box[2]) / 2, (box[1] + box[3]) / 2)] for box, _ in to_merge])
                distances = torch.cdist(centers, centers)
                
                if torch.any(distances > 0):  # 確保不是完全重疊
                    max_distance = distances.max()
                    if max_distance > (base_dog[0][2] - base_dog[0][0]) * 0.5:  # 如果最大距離大於框寬度的一半
                        final_dogs.extend(to_merge)
                    else:
                        # 合併為一個框
                        merged_box = torch.tensor([box for box, _ in to_merge]).mean(dim=0)
                        merged_confidence = max(conf for _, conf in to_merge)
                        final_dogs.append((merged_box.tolist(), merged_confidence))
                else:
                    # 完全重疊的情況，保留置信度最高的
                    best_dog = max(to_merge, key=lambda x: x[1])
                    final_dogs.append(best_dog)
        
        # 擴展邊界框並創建剪裁的圖像
        expanded_dogs = []
        for xyxy, confidence in final_dogs:
            expanded_xyxy = [
                max(0, xyxy[0] - 20),
                max(0, xyxy[1] - 20),
                min(image.width, xyxy[2] + 20),
                min(image.height, xyxy[3] + 20)
            ]
            cropped_image = image.crop(expanded_xyxy)
            expanded_dogs.append((cropped_image, confidence, expanded_xyxy))
        
        return expanded_dogs
    
    # 如果沒有檢測到狗狗，返回整張圖片
    return [(image, 1.0, [0, 0, image.width, image.height])]

# async def predict(image):
#     if image is None:
#         return "Please upload an image to start.", None, gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), None

#     try:
#         if isinstance(image, np.ndarray):
#             image = Image.fromarray(image)

#         dogs = await detect_multiple_dogs(image)
        
#         # 如果沒有檢測到狗狗或只檢測到一隻，使用整張圖像進行分類
#         if len(dogs) <= 1:
#             top1_prob, topk_breeds, topk_probs_percent = await predict_single_dog(image)
#             if top1_prob >= 0.5:
#                 return await process_single_dog(image)
#             else:
#                 dogs = [(image, 1.0, [0, 0, image.width, image.height])]

#         # 多狗情境處理保持不變
#         color_list = ['#FF0000', '#00FF00', '#0000FF', '#FFFF00', '#00FFFF', '#FF00FF', '#800080', '#FFA500']
#         explanations = []
#         buttons = []
#         annotated_image = image.copy()
#         draw = ImageDraw.Draw(annotated_image)
#         font = ImageFont.load_default()

#         for i, (cropped_image, _, box) in enumerate(dogs):
#             top1_prob, topk_breeds, topk_probs_percent = await predict_single_dog(cropped_image)
#             color = color_list[i % len(color_list)]
#             draw.rectangle(box, outline=color, width=3)
#             draw.text((box[0], box[1]), f"Dog {i+1}", fill=color, font=font)

#             breed = topk_breeds[0]
#             if top1_prob >= 0.5:
#                 description = get_dog_description(breed)
#                 formatted_description = format_description(description, breed)
#                 explanations.append(f"Dog {i+1}: {formatted_description}")
#             else:
#                 dog_explanation = f"Dog {i+1}: Top 3 possible breeds:\n"
#                 dog_explanation += "\n".join([f"{j+1}. **{breed}** ({prob} confidence)" for j, (breed, prob) in enumerate(zip(topk_breeds[:3], topk_probs_percent[:3]))])
#                 explanations.append(dog_explanation)
#                 buttons.extend([gr.update(visible=True, value=f"Dog {i+1}: More about {breed}") for breed in topk_breeds[:3]])

#         final_explanation = "\n\n".join(explanations)
#         if buttons:
#             final_explanation += "\n\nClick on a button to view more information about the breed."
#             initial_state = {
#                 "explanation": final_explanation,
#                 "buttons": buttons,
#                 "show_back": True
#             }
#             return (final_explanation, annotated_image, 
#                     buttons[0] if len(buttons) > 0 else gr.update(visible=False),
#                     buttons[1] if len(buttons) > 1 else gr.update(visible=False),
#                     buttons[2] if len(buttons) > 2 else gr.update(visible=False),
#                     gr.update(visible=True),
#                     initial_state)
#         else:
#             initial_state = {
#                 "explanation": final_explanation,
#                 "buttons": [],
#                 "show_back": False
#             }
#             return final_explanation, annotated_image, gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), initial_state

#     except Exception as e:
#         error_msg = f"An error occurred: {str(e)}"
#         print(error_msg)  # 添加日誌輸出
#         return error_msg, None, gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), None
        

# async def process_single_dog(image):
#     top1_prob, topk_breeds, topk_probs_percent = await predict_single_dog(image)
#     if top1_prob < 0.2:
#         initial_state = {
#             "explanation": "The image is unclear or the breed is not in the dataset. Please upload a clearer image of a dog.",
#             "buttons": [],
#             "show_back": False
#         }
#         return initial_state["explanation"], None, gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), initial_state

#     breed = topk_breeds[0]
#     description = get_dog_description(breed)

#     if top1_prob >= 0.5:
#         formatted_description = format_description(description, breed)
#         initial_state = {
#             "explanation": formatted_description,
#             "buttons": [],
#             "show_back": False
#         }
#         return formatted_description, image, gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), gr.update(visible=False), initial_state
#     else:
#         explanation = (
#             f"The model couldn't confidently identify the breed. Here are the top 3 possible breeds:\n\n"
#             f"1. **{topk_breeds[0]}** ({topk_probs_percent[0]} confidence)\n"
#             f"2. **{topk_breeds[1]}** ({topk_probs_percent[1]} confidence)\n"
#             f"3. **{topk_breeds[2]}** ({topk_probs_percent[2]} confidence)\n\n"
#             "Click on a button to view more information about the breed."
#         )
#         buttons = [
#             gr.update(visible=True, value=f"More about {topk_breeds[0]}"),
#             gr.update(visible=True, value=f"More about {topk_breeds[1]}"),
#             gr.update(visible=True, value=f"More about {topk_breeds[2]}")
#         ]
#         initial_state = {
#             "explanation": explanation,
#             "buttons": buttons,
#             "show_back": True
#         }
#         return explanation, image, buttons[0], buttons[1], buttons[2], gr.update(visible=True), initial_state

# def show_details(choice, previous_output, initial_state):
#     if not choice:
#         return previous_output, gr.update(visible=True), initial_state

#     try:
#         breed = choice.split("More about ")[-1]
#         description = get_dog_description(breed)
#         formatted_description = format_description(description, breed)
#         return formatted_description, gr.update(visible=True), initial_state
#     except Exception as e:
#         error_msg = f"An error occurred while showing details: {e}"
#         print(error_msg)  # 添加日誌輸出
#         return error_msg, gr.update(visible=True), initial_state

# # 介面部分
# with gr.Blocks() as iface:
#     gr.HTML("<h1 style='text-align: center;'>🐶 Dog Breed Classifier 🔍</h1>")
#     gr.HTML("<p style='text-align: center;'>Upload a picture of a dog, and the model will predict its breed, provide detailed information, and include an extra information link!</p>")
    
#     with gr.Row():
#         input_image = gr.Image(label="Upload a dog image", type="pil")
#         output_image = gr.Image(label="Annotated Image")
    
#     output = gr.Markdown(label="Prediction Results")
    
#     with gr.Row():
#         btn1 = gr.Button("View More 1", visible=False)
#         btn2 = gr.Button("View More 2", visible=False)
#         btn3 = gr.Button("View More 3", visible=False)
    
#     back_button = gr.Button("Back", visible=False)
    
#     initial_state = gr.State()
    
#     input_image.change(
#         predict,
#         inputs=input_image,
#         outputs=[output, output_image, btn1, btn2, btn3, back_button, initial_state]
#     )

#     for btn in [btn1, btn2, btn3]:
#         btn.click(
#             show_details,
#             inputs=[btn, output, initial_state],
#             outputs=[output, back_button, initial_state]
#         )

#     back_button.click(
#         lambda state: (state["explanation"], 
#                        state["buttons"][0] if len(state["buttons"]) > 0 else gr.update(visible=False),
#                        state["buttons"][1] if len(state["buttons"]) > 1 else gr.update(visible=False),
#                        gr.update(visible=state["show_back"])),
#         inputs=[initial_state],
#         outputs=[output, btn1, btn2, btn3, back_button]
#     )

#     gr.Examples(
#         examples=['Border_Collie.jpg', 'Golden_Retriever.jpeg', 'Saint_Bernard.jpeg', 'French_Bulldog.jpeg', 'Samoyed.jpg'],
#         inputs=input_image
#     )

#     gr.HTML('For more details on this project and other work, feel free to visit my GitHub <a href="https://github.com/Eric-Chung-0511/Learning-Record/tree/main/Data%20Science%20Projects/Dog_Breed_Classifier">Dog Breed Classifier</a>')

#     if __name__ == "__main__":
#         iface.launch()


async def predict(image):
    if image is None:
        return "Please upload an image to start.", None, [], gr.update(visible=False), None

    try:
        if isinstance(image, np.ndarray):
            image = Image.fromarray(image)

        dogs = await detect_multiple_dogs(image)
        
        if len(dogs) <= 1:
            return await process_single_dog(image)

        color_list = ['#FF0000', '#00FF00', '#0000FF', '#FFFF00', '#00FFFF', '#FF00FF', '#800080', '#FFA500']
        explanations = []
        buttons = []
        annotated_image = image.copy()
        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(annotated_image)
        font = ImageFont.load_default()

        for i, (cropped_image, _, box) in enumerate(dogs):
            top1_prob, topk_breeds, topk_probs_percent = await predict_single_dog(cropped_image)
            color = color_list[i % len(color_list)]
            draw.rectangle(box, outline=color, width=3)
            draw.text((box[0], box[1]), f"Dog {i+1}", fill=color, font=font)

            breed = topk_breeds[0]
            if top1_prob >= 0.5:
                description = get_dog_description(breed)
                formatted_description = format_description(description, breed)
                explanations.append(f"Dog {i+1}: {formatted_description}")
            else:
                dog_explanation = f"Dog {i+1}: Top 3 possible breeds:\n"
                dog_explanation += "\n".join([f"{j+1}. **{breed}** ({prob} confidence)" for j, (breed, prob) in enumerate(zip(topk_breeds[:3], topk_probs_percent[:3]))])
                explanations.append(dog_explanation)
                buttons.extend([f"Dog {i+1}: More about {breed}" for breed in topk_breeds[:3]])

        final_explanation = "\n\n".join(explanations)
        if buttons:
            final_explanation += "\n\nClick on a button to view more information about the breed."
        
        initial_state = {
            "explanation": final_explanation,
            "buttons": buttons,
            "show_back": bool(buttons)
        }
        return final_explanation, annotated_image, buttons, gr.update(visible=bool(buttons)), initial_state

    except Exception as e:
        error_msg = f"An error occurred: {str(e)}"
        print(error_msg)  # 添加日誌輸出
        return error_msg, None, [], gr.update(visible=False), None

async def process_single_dog(image):
    top1_prob, topk_breeds, topk_probs_percent = await predict_single_dog(image)
    if top1_prob < 0.2:
        initial_state = {
            "explanation": "The image is unclear or the breed is not in the dataset. Please upload a clearer image of a dog.",
            "buttons": [],
            "show_back": False
        }
        return initial_state["explanation"], None, [], gr.update(visible=False), initial_state

    breed = topk_breeds[0]
    description = get_dog_description(breed)

    if top1_prob >= 0.5:
        formatted_description = format_description(description, breed)
        initial_state = {
            "explanation": formatted_description,
            "buttons": [],
            "show_back": False
        }
        return formatted_description, image, [], gr.update(visible=False), initial_state
    else:
        explanation = (
            f"The model couldn't confidently identify the breed. Here are the top 3 possible breeds:\n\n"
            f"1. **{topk_breeds[0]}** ({topk_probs_percent[0]} confidence)\n"
            f"2. **{topk_breeds[1]}** ({topk_probs_percent[1]} confidence)\n"
            f"3. **{topk_breeds[2]}** ({topk_probs_percent[2]} confidence)\n\n"
            "Click on a button to view more information about the breed."
        )
        buttons = [f"More about {breed}" for breed in topk_breeds[:3]]
        initial_state = {
            "explanation": explanation,
            "buttons": buttons,
            "show_back": True
        }
        return explanation, image, buttons, gr.update(visible=True), initial_state

def show_details(choice, previous_output, initial_state):
    if not choice:
        return previous_output, gr.update(visible=True), initial_state

    try:
        breed = choice.split("More about ")[-1]
        description = get_dog_description(breed)
        formatted_description = format_description(description, breed)
        return formatted_description, gr.update(visible=True), initial_state
    except Exception as e:
        error_msg = f"An error occurred while showing details: {e}"
        print(error_msg)  # 添加日誌輸出
        return error_msg, gr.update(visible=True), initial_state

with gr.Blocks() as iface:
    gr.HTML("<h1 style='text-align: center;'>🐶 Dog Breed Classifier 🔍</h1>")
    gr.HTML("<p style='text-align: center;'>Upload a picture of a dog, and the model will predict its breed, provide detailed information, and include an extra information link!</p>")
    
    with gr.Row():
        input_image = gr.Image(label="Upload a dog image", type="pil")
        output_image = gr.Image(label="Annotated Image")
    
    output = gr.Markdown(label="Prediction Results")
    
    button_container = gr.Column()
    
    back_button = gr.Button("Back", visible=False)
    
    initial_state = gr.State()
    
    def create_buttons(button_texts):
        with button_container:
            button_container.clear()
            buttons = [gr.Button(text) for text in button_texts]
        return buttons

    input_image.change(
        predict,
        inputs=input_image,
        outputs=[output, output_image, button_container, back_button, initial_state]
    )
    
    def on_button_click(button_text, output, state):
        return show_details(button_text, output, state)
    
    button_container.select(
        on_button_click,
        inputs=["selected", output, initial_state],
        outputs=[output, back_button, initial_state]
    )
    
    def go_back(state):
        buttons = create_buttons(state["buttons"])
        return state["explanation"], gr.update(visible=state["show_back"]), state

    back_button.click(
        go_back,
        inputs=[initial_state],
        outputs=[output, back_button, initial_state]
    )
    
    gr.Examples(
        examples=['Border_Collie.jpg', 'Golden_Retriever.jpeg', 'Saint_Bernard.jpeg', 'French_Bulldog.jpeg', 'Samoyed.jpg'],
        inputs=input_image
    )
    
    gr.HTML('For more details on this project and other work, feel free to visit my GitHub <a href="https://github.com/Eric-Chung-0511/Learning-Record/tree/main/Data%20Science%20Projects/Dog_Breed_Classifier">Dog Breed Classifier</a>')

if __name__ == "__main__":
    iface.launch()