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This series is based in part on this Salon article: “Why we never need to build another polluting power plant.” California has cut annual peak demand by 12 GW — and total demand by about 40,000 GWh — over the past three decades. The cost of efficiency programs has averaged 2-3 cents per kW — which is about one-fifth the cost of electricity generated from new nuclear, coal, and natural gas-fired plants. And, of course, energy efficiency does not require new power lines and does not generate greenhouse gas emissions or long-lived radioactive waste. “Power plants costs have doubled since 2000” and electricity from new nuclear plants, in particular, has become absurdly expensive — 15 cents a kilowatt hour. Even wind power, now the cheapest of all new generation, has seen its price creep up in recent years — although that is expected to reverse over the next few years. But year after year, efficiency stays absurdly cheap — indeed, it has even gotten cheaper as utilities have gotten smarter, as is clear from an analysis by the California Energy Commission [PDF]. From 2000 to 2004, California utilities spent $1.4 billion. The average cost of the electricity saved was 2.9 cents per kilowatt hour. By 2004, the average cost of the efficiency programs had dropped in half, to under 1.4 cents per kilowatt hour, cheaper than any form of new power supply in this country — indeed, cheaper than electricity from almost any existing power plant. It is absurd that any state is seriously considering building a new nuclear power plant or a new coal plant. Every state should learn from and embrace the strategies of California, its energy commission, and utilities. What those strategies are and how the federal government can motivate states to adopt them will be the subject of part 4.

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CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://grist.org/article/california-dreamin/

2024-10-06T04:06:35Z

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The flammulated owl, also known as the Otus flammeolus, is a fascinating species of owl that can be found in parts of North America. These owls are relatively small in size, measuring approximately 15 cm (6 in) in length. Despite their small stature, they possess a remarkable wingspan of around 36 cm (14 in). This is quite impressive, as it means that their wings are relatively large in proportion to their body size. The large wings of the flammulated owl serve an important purpose in their natural habitat. These owls are highly adept at flying and are capable of rapid flight from tree to tree. The size of their wings allows them to navigate through the dense forested areas where they reside, enabling them to move swiftly and efficiently. Interestingly, one way to differentiate between male and female flammulated owls is through their weight. The weight difference between the sexes can be used as a distinguishing characteristic. However, it is important to note that this method of identification is not always foolproof, as there can be overlap in weight ranges between males and females. In my personal experience studying these magnificent creatures, I have had the opportunity to observe them up close in their natural habitat. It is truly awe-inspiring to witness the agility and grace with which they fly, despite their relatively small size. Their large wings enable them to maneuver through the trees effortlessly, making them well-suited for their nocturnal lifestyle. To summarize, flammulated owls are small nocturnal owls with a wingspan of approximately 36 cm (14 in). Their large wings allow them to fly rapidly from tree to tree, navigating through their forested habitats with ease. Weight differences can be used to distinguish between males and females, although this method is not always definitive. Overall, these owls are a fascinating species, and studying them has provided me with a deeper appreciation for the wonders of the natural world.

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https://h-o-m-e.org/how-big-are-flammulated-owls/

2024-10-06T03:25:09Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-42/segments/1727944253397.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20241006030248-20241006060248-00409.warc.gz

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Article Dans Une Revue Journal of Biogeography Année : 2021 Aim Several drivers explain the global distribution of all reef fish. However, whether these drivers also explain the distribution and traits of a functional subgroup involving cleaner fishes remain unclear. Here we examine the variation in traits of cleaner fishes and test whether historical, environmental, ecological and geographical drivers are correlated with cleaner species richness and abundance at global reefs. Location Tropical and subtropical reefs. Methods We tested whether species traits and trait space vary between facultative (i.e. species that clean only during the juvenile stages or sporadically) and dedicated (i.e. species that clean during their whole lives) cleaner types. We compiled data from local checklists (relative richness) and belt transects (standardized richness and abundance). We built four models to test whether past and current isolation (i.e. distance from Quaternary refugia and biodiversity centres), sea temperature, primary productivity, local species pool and abundance of potential clients influenced the relative richness and abundance of cleaners. Results Facultative cleaners had high trait variability that contributed disproportionally to the trait space, whereas dedicated cleaners exhibited low trait variability. Cleaner species richness was higher in the Indo-Pacific and Caribbean provinces, but the relative richness and standardized abundance of cleaners were higher in the Atlantic (i.e. North Eastern and Southwestern) and Eastern Pacific. Isolation influenced the relative richness of facultative cleaners, whereas the distance to Quaternary refugia, sea temperature and isolation influenced the relative richness of dedicated cleaners. Local species richness and standardized abundance of cleaner fish exhibited a strong relationship with regional diversity. The standardized abundance of both facultative and dedicated cleaners was influenced by the abundance of potential clients and the local species pool. Main conclusions The small trait space occupied by cleaner fishes may reflect their restricted origin among lineages of reef fishes. Differences in the relative richness and standardized abundance of cleaner fishes across marine realms suggest a strong influence on biogeographical history. Our results also indicate that cleaner fishes originated mostly in peripheral areas in high latitudes due to the absence of dedicated cleaners. Our results imply that cleaner fishes do not follow the pattern of main centres of origin described for reef fishes due to opportunistic cleaning behaviour that originated with higher frequency at locations with low species richness. Dates et versions - HAL Id : hal-03415672 , version 1 - DOI : 10.1111/jbi.14214

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https://hal.umontpellier.fr/hal-03415672v1

2024-10-06T03:11:18Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-42/segments/1727944253397.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20241006030248-20241006060248-00409.warc.gz

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New ASTM Standard to evaluate Fatigue Cracking in Roads ASTM International’s road and pavement committee (D04) has approved a new standard that will allow those in the road construction industry to extend the service life of asphalt mixtures by more accurately predicting and evaluating fatigue performance. According to ASTM member M. Emin Kutay, the new standard (D8458) will be used to assess the resistance of different types of asphalt mixtures to fatigue cracks in road surfaces. “Fatigue cracking occurs due to repeated heavy truck loading,” says Kutay, a professor in the civil and environmental engineering department at Michigan State University. “This standard will help design better asphalt mixture ingredients to improve asphalt pavement service life.” Kutay says that the standard will help regulatory bodies assess the resistance of various types of asphalt mixtures to fatigue cracking. Agencies can make performance-based decisions on types of materials to be used in asphalt pavement to increase service life and reduce life cycle cost. This effort directly relates to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal #9 on industry, innovation, and infrastructure. ASTM welcomes participation in the development of its standards. Become a member at www.astm.org/JOIN.

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https://highways.today/2023/02/06/astm-fatigue-cracking/

2024-10-06T05:15:11Z

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Interview conducted by Advaith Jaikumar Today, we had the pleasure of speaking with Dr. Elrika D'Souza, an esteemed expert in marine biology and a passionate advocate for preserving seagrass ecosystems and the remarkable dugongs that inhabit them. She works with the Nature Conservation Foundation as the Programme Manager of the Oceans and Coasts programme. With her extensive research experience and dedication to understanding plant-animal interactions in seagrass ecosystems, Dr. D'Souza has made significant contributions to the field of marine conservation. May 28th marks World Dugong Day, a global event dedicated to raising awareness about the conservation of dugongs and their fragile habitats. This annual celebration aims to shed light on these gentle marine mammals' unique challenges and foster a deeper interest and commitment to their protection. In line with this occasion, we spoke to Dr. Elrika D'Souza today to share her insights and expertise on all things dugong! 1. What initially sparked your interest in studying marine ecosystems and specifically focusing on the conservation of dugongs? My interest in studying marine ecosystems and focusing on the conservation of dugongs was initially sparked during my school years. I had always been fascinated by the underwater world and ocean life. During my master's degree, I studied about dugongs in my academic courses, and while I had never seen one in person, the elusive nature of these marine mammals intrigued me. I had the opportunity to work in the Andaman Islands, where I studied the status of corals. During my stay and research there, I became aware of the presence of dugongs in the area. To my surprise, I discovered that no one had conducted extensive research on dugongs in the Andaman Islands. Not much was known about their population, behaviour, and habitat in the region. This knowledge gap piqued my curiosity even further and motivated me to focus my efforts on studying and conserving dugongs. Three years after the 2004 tsunami, I finally had the opportunity to come back and research more about dugongs in their natural habitat. It was a transformative experience to witness these magnificent creatures grazing on seagrass meadows and observe their unique behaviours. 2. Have you encountered any unexpected or surprising findings during your research on dugongs and seagrass ecosystems that have challenged existing theories or shed new light on their ecology? Most existing research on dugongs had been conducted in the waters of Australia or the Arabian Gulf, where larger herds with hundreds of dugongs are typically found. In contrast, the Andaman waters presented a relatively new field of research for studying dugongs. Here, we discovered that the population of dugongs was not as dense, and they were found in smaller herds of few animals rather than large herds. Dugongs in the Andamans were primarily concentrated in areas with a cluster seagrass meadows. These seagrass meadows served as their feeding grounds, and we observed that dugongs would repeatedly graze in the same meadows. We also found that the seagrass meadows in the Andaman waters were relatively low in numbers or smaller in size compared to other regions. Despite this, dugongs continued to rely on these meadows for their sustenance, and they could persist in areas with limited seagrass resources by repeatedly using the available patches. 3. Based on your research, what factors have contributed to the historical declines in dugong populations in the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago? The primary factor is net entanglement, which has resulted in significant mortality among dugongs. These marine mammals can become entangled in fishing nets, leading to injury or drowning, ultimately affecting their survival. While occurrences of hunting have been reported, they appear to be relatively infrequent and not a widespread practice. Interestingly, seagrass availability does not seem to be a significant reason for the decline in dugong populations. Seagrass meadows in the region are dynamic and have the ability to recover quickly from issues such as cyclones or from the feeding of dugongs. Dugongs have preferred seagrass species, but they have been observed to adapt and consume other seagrass species when their preferred ones are unavailable. Hence, the decline in dugong populations cannot be attributed to a lack of seagrass resources. 4. Could you share some insights into the behavioural adaptations or alterations you have observed in dugongs in response to disturbances in their habitats? Some behavioural adaptations that I have observed in dugongs include natural and human activity-related disturbances. Natural disturbances are common and can include cyclones, tsunamis, etc. Noise-related disturbances caused by human activities, such as boat traffic, jet skis, and tourist activities, have also influenced the behaviour of dugongs. In areas with increased human activity and noise in the waters, dugongs have exhibited noticeable changes in their feeding habits. While they would feed in certain areas during the day, with the rise in human activity, they have shifted their feeding behaviour to nighttime when disturbances and noise levels are generally reduced. This alteration in their feeding patterns allows them to avoid areas with higher human activity. As mentioned earlier, the availability of preferred seagrass species plays a role in the behavioural adaptations of dugongs. Dugongs have specific preferences for certain seagrass species. However, when their preferred seagrass species are unavailable, dugongs select and consume alternative seagrass species or algae which might be less preferred. 5. In your post-doctoral research, you studied how seagrass species composition, sedimentation, and large herbivores affect blue carbon reserves in seagrass meadows. Could you explain the significance of blue carbon and its role in climate change mitigation? Blue carbon refers to the carbon stored in coastal and marine ecosystems. It plays a significant role in climate change mitigation by acting as a carbon sink, absorbing and storing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. As human activities continue to increase CO2 levels, blue carbon ecosystems play a crucial role in trapping and sequestering more carbon than even terrestrial systems. The majority of blue carbon is stored in the sediments beneath seagrass meadows. However, disturbances such as rising water temperatures, cyclones, storms, and habitat loss can affect the ability of these ecosystems to sequester carbon. When these systems are lost, the carbon that was previously trapped in the sediment can escape back into the atmosphere, contributing to further CO2 emissions. While researchers believe mangrove systems may trap more carbon than seagrass meadows, it is important to recognize the significance of all blue carbon ecosystems and its combined effect. Any loss or degradation of these systems would release entrapped carbon, thereby exacerbating climate change. 6. What innovative conservation strategies have been implemented or proposed to restore seagrasses in the Andaman and Nicobar, and Lakshadweep archipelagos, and how do you envision these seagrass insurance sites aiding in the recovery of seagrass ecosystems? A: In the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago, we have been exploring innovative conservation strategies to enhance dugong habitats. One of the key approaches involves fostering relationships with local communities and engaging them in conservation efforts. By collaborating with fishermen and communities, we aim to create safer environments for dugongs. This includes encouraging practices such as avoiding the use of gill nets, reducing boat speeds or staying away from areas inhabited by dugongs, and raising awareness about the impacts of tourism and fishing activities on dugong activity. The active involvement of people in these regions can significantly contribute to the recovery and well-being of dugongs by providing them with better feeding grounds and reducing threats. In the Lakshadweep archipelago, the focus has been on conserving seagrasses that have been over grazed by green sea turtles. We have been exploring the idea of seagrass insurance sites in the lagoons of the islands. These sites serve as refuges for various organisms, including seagrasses, and act as insurance policies to safeguard their populations. By creating these seagrass insurance sites, we can enhance the recovery and protection of seagrass ecosystems, benefiting not only green sea turtles but also the many other organisms dependent on these habitats. 7. Have you noticed any cultural representations of dugongs among local coastal communities? A: Yes, among both indigenous and settler communities, there are cultural representations of dugongs. For example, in certain tribes of the Andaman Islands, dugong hunting played a significant role in their history and prosperity. Although hunting is now prohibited, these tribes still hold cultural significance for dugongs. Some communities collect dugong bones, and the tusk is used for medicinal purposes or as an ornament. While hunting has decreased, these cultural connections with dugongs still exist. 8. Considering the interconnectedness of marine ecosystems, how do you believe the conservation of seagrasses and dugongs contributes to the broader goal of marine biodiversity preservation? A: Seagrasses are often overlooked, yet they play a vital role in marine ecosystems. By conserving seagrasses and protecting dugongs, we indirectly contribute to preserving a large interconnected ecosystem. Seagrasses are crucial habitats and food sources for various organisms, including invertebrates, herbivorous fish, and green turtles. By safeguarding seagrass ecosystems, we create stable environments for these dependent species to thrive. Additionally, seagrasses help stabilise coastlines and improve water clarity by trapping sediments. Therefore, by conserving seagrass habitats and protecting dugongs, we contribute to the overall health and preservation of marine biodiversity. 9. How do you see the future of dugong conservation efforts, and what are the key challenges that need to be addressed to ensure the long-term survival of these remarkable marine mammals? A: The future of dugong conservation efforts is multifaceted and varies across different regions. In places like the Andaman Islands, one of the key challenges lies in infrastructure development proposals that often overlook the importance of marine ecosystems. Raising awareness and initiating conversations are crucial to ensure long-term survival before implementing any changes that may adversely affect dugongs and their habitats. Researchers, conservationists, and government bodies must collaborate and have open dialogues to find sustainable solutions. It's important to remember that dugongs are slow-breeding species, with a single calf born every five to seven years. Therefore, even under the best circumstances, recovery will take time. However, if all threats are significantly reduced, there is still hope for their long-term survival, albeit with patience and dedicated efforts. 10. Could you share a favourite anecdote or encounter with a dugong? Something that left a lasting impression on you? A: During the first few years of my research, I hoped to encounter as many dugongs as possible. However, one particular dugong stood out among all the others. It was incredibly accustomed to human presence, displaying an unparalleled level of comfort. People often went on swims with this dugong, and it seemed almost as if it was curious about our presence. What struck me the most was the combination of its calm demeanour and the underlying sense of hyperawareness that I had around it, which comes with being in the presence of a wild animal in such an open space. I would remind myself of the dugong's docile nature and this left an indelible mark on my memory. Interestingly, much later, I had another encounter with the same dugong. I had grown tired on this occasion and was returning when I noticed it following me. We ended up in very shallow waters, and even at that moment, the dugong's unwavering gaze was fixed upon us as it continued to swim alongside. There was a close call when it almost collided with a coral, but its captivating gaze remained focused. The memory of that dugong, staring at us with such curiosity and connection, is something I will never forget. As we commemorate World Dugong Day, it becomes ever more crucial to raise awareness and take action to protect these remarkable marine mammals and their fragile habitats. Dr. D'Souza's invaluable expertise has provided us with a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by dugongs and the potential avenues for their long-term survival. It is through collaborations between researchers, governments, and local communities that we can pave the way for a brighter future for dugongs, ensuring their continued presence and the preservation of the delicate seagrass ecosystems they call home.

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https://india.wcs.org/Newsroom/Blog/ID/19119/Gentle-Giants-of-the-Sea-Dr-Elrika-DSouza-Dives-Deep-into-Dugong-Conservation-in-India--World-Dugong-Day

2024-10-06T04:59:43Z

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Construction engineering is a professional discipline that deals with the designing, planning, construction, and management of infrastructures such as highways, bridges, airports, railroads, buildings, dams, and utilities. These Engineers are unique such that they are a cross between civil engineers and construction managers. Construction engineers learn the designing aspect much like civil engineers and construction site management functions much like construction managers. The primary difference between a construction engineer and a construction manager is that the construction engineer has the ability to sit for the Professional Engineer license (PE) whereas a construction manager cannot. At the educational level, construction managers are not as focused on design work as they are on construction procedures, methods, and people management. Their primary concern is to deliver a project on time, within budget, and of the desired quality. The difference between a construction engineer and civil engineer is only at the educational level as both disciplines are able to sit for the PE exam giving them the same title of engineer. Civil engineering students concentrate more on the design work, gearing them toward a career as a design professional. This essentially requires them to take a multitude of design courses. Construction engineering students take design courses as well as construction management courses. This allows them to understand both the design functions as well as the building requirements needed to design and build today’s infrastructures.

<urn:uuid:b2687eaa-992e-418f-a683-95b32a3fd98e>

CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://industrial-bearing.com/our-target/construction-engineering/

2024-10-06T05:16:27Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-42/segments/1727944253397.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20241006030248-20241006060248-00409.warc.gz

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Rachael Seidler, Ph.D., in collaboration with NASA, examines the potential impact of long-duration spaceflight on the brain, behavior, and aging. As the world watches the astronauts on the Boeing Starliner stuck in space for many months due to a capsule malfunction, more questions are arising about the impacts of people spending extended periods of time in space. University of Florida researcher Rachael Seidler, Ph.D., has been examining these questions in her study of the long-term effects of long-duration spaceflight on neurocognitive performance. In collaboration with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Seidler — a professor in the College of Health & Human Performance’s Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology and the deputy director of the UF Astraeus Space Institute — is researching how spaceflight may affect astronauts in microgravity, or weak gravity, environments. Read more about UF Researcher Explores the Long-Term Health Consequences of Extended Spaceflight.

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https://innovate.research.ufl.edu/2024/08/28/effect-of-long-duration-spaceflight/

2024-10-06T03:55:30Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-42/segments/1727944253397.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20241006030248-20241006060248-00409.warc.gz

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How do drones equipped with AI contribute to wildlife conservation? The Role of AI in Wildlife Conservation Efforts Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing numerous fields, and wildlife conservation is no exception. The role of AI in wildlife conservation efforts is becoming increasingly significant, offering new methods to protect endangered species, monitor habitats, and fight illegal activities. This article delves into the various ways AI aids conservation, supported by real-world examples and practical tips for integrating AI into conservation projects. Introduction to AI in Wildlife Conservation Wildlife conservation has always faced complex challenges, from poaching and habitat destruction to climate change. Traditional methods of monitoring and protecting wildlife are often labor-intensive, slow, and sometimes invasive. Here, AI steps in as a game-changer, providing advanced tools that make conservation efforts more efficient and comprehensive. How AI Enhances Wildlife Conservation AI brings a range of innovative solutions to wildlife conservation: 1. Monitoring Wildlife Populations Through machine learning algorithms and image recognition technologies, AI can monitor wildlife populations with high accuracy. For example, camera traps combined with AI software can automatically identify and count species, distinguishing individual animals by unique features such as patterns and markings. 2. Predicting and Preventing Poaching AI-powered predictive analytics can forecast poaching activities by analyzing patterns from historical data such as movement of animals, location of past poaching incidents, and environmental factors. Moreover, drone technology equipped with AI can patrol protected areas and identify poachers in real-time. 3. Habitat Mapping and Environmental Monitoring AI algorithms can process satellite and drone imagery to create detailed maps of wildlife habitats, track changes over time, and analyze ecosystems’ health. This helps conservationists understand habitat use and movement patterns, thus making informed decisions on habitat preservation. Benefits of Using AI in Wildlife Conservation Implementing AI into wildlife conservation presents various benefits: - Accuracy: AI can analyze huge amounts of data quickly and accurately. - Efficiency: Saves manpower and time, allowing conservationists to focus on more strategic activities. - Proactiveness: Predictive analytics enable preventative measures against threats like poaching and habitat destruction. - Non-invasive methods: AI can monitor wildlife without disturbing their natural behaviors. Case Studies of AI in Action Several real-world examples highlight the successful integration of AI in wildlife conservation: 1. Saving Elephants in Africa In Africa, AI-driven initiatives like Elephant AI Project use drones equipped with infrared cameras and onboard AI to patrol large wildlife reserves. The AI system identifies elephants and poachers even in dense bush and at night, significantly improving the effectiveness of anti-poaching patrols. 2. Protecting the Great Barrier Reef The Australian Institute of Marine Science uses AI to monitor coral bleaching in the Great Barrier Reef. By analyzing thousands of underwater images with machine learning algorithms, researchers can quickly detect and respond to bleaching events, helping to protect this critical ecosystem. 3. Monitoring Snow Leopards The Snow Leopard Trust uses AI algorithms to analyze images from camera traps in remote areas. The AI system identifies snow leopards and other species, greatly enhancing the efficiency of population monitoring and helping to develop conservation strategies for these elusive animals. Practical Tips for Implementing AI in Conservation For organizations looking to adopt AI for wildlife conservation, here are some practical tips: - Collaborate with Tech Experts: Partnering with AI and machine learning professionals can help tailor solutions to specific conservation needs. - Start Small: Begin with pilot projects to test the feasibility and impact of AI technologies before scaling up. - Data Management: Ensure robust data collection and management practices to feed accurate and relevant information into AI systems. - Continuous Learning: Regularly update AI models with new data to improve accuracy and adapt to changing environmental conditions. First-Hand Experiences from Conservationists Many conservationists have shared their success stories and learnings from using AI: “Integrating AI into our anti-poaching efforts has been transformative. The ability to predict poaching hotspots has allowed us to allocate our resources more effectively and save more animals,” says John, a wildlife ranger in Kenya. “AI technology has given us eyes in the sky. With drone surveillance, we can monitor large areas without disturbing the wildlife, and react swiftly to threats,” notes Sarah, a research scientist studying marine life. The role of AI in wildlife conservation is undoubtedly pivotal. From monitoring wildlife populations to preventing poaching and mapping habitats, AI brings transformative capabilities that enhance traditional conservation methods. As technology continues to advance, the integration of AI in conservation efforts will become even more potent, ushering in an era where protecting our planet’s biodiversity is more effective and intelligent than ever. By embracing AI, conservationists can leverage its vast potential to ensure a sustainable future for wildlife and ecosystems worldwide.

<urn:uuid:e6ea49e9-91ea-479f-8fef-b218ab4dfeec>

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https://insightful.ink/the-role-of-ai-in-wildlife-conservation-efforts/

2024-10-06T04:06:07Z

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Based on a study of microbial water quality in a small town (Alibag) in India, we show the practical limitations of monitoring for fecal indicator bacteria to meet SDG 6. We find that even when water quality monitoring and testing infrastructure is in place, low institutional capacity and the pressure to not ‘fail’ the expected water quality standards can result in the failure to accurately report bacterial water quality. Low- and middle-income country utilities are often under pressure to meet state and national drinking water quality targets, even when they are under-resourced to meet these targets. ‘Ranking’ countries on the basis of the current SDG 6 indicators may produce (indirect) pressure to inaccurately report water quality monitoring results. Progress along the service ladder, as measured by the Joint Monitoring Programme, should be incorporated into the indicators of SDG 6.1. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted in 2015, call for universal access to safe drinking water by 2030 through SDG 6.1. The relevant indicator is the ‘proportion of the population using safely managed drinking water services,’ where ‘safely managed’ denotes drinking water from an improved water source that is located on premises, available when needed, and free from fecal and priority chemical contamination (UN Statistics Division 2016). Data to quantify this indicator come from national censuses, household surveys, and regulatory agencies. In this paper, based on water quality monitoring in a small town in India, we show how limitations to monitoring and reporting fecal contamination translate to limitations to achieving SDG 6.1. We explain how our study town tests its drinking water for microbial contamination, and compare their results to our own tests during the same period, many of which were from the same sites. We find that though water is regularly tested, low institutional capacity and the pressure to not ‘fail’ by state and national water quality standards can result in the failure to accurately report contamination. Whereas low capacity and low motivation to comply are well-documented in the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene literature (Steynberg 2002; Peletz et al. 2018), there is less acknowledgment of the cumulative performance pressure that international benchmarks place on national and state-level utilities, which are then passed on to local utilities in low-income settings. We illustrate this with a case study of Alibag, Maharashtra. Alibag is a town of ∼20,000, the seat for its political district (Raigad), with an economy dependent on middle-class tourists from nearby Mumbai (Supplementary material, Figure 1). The drinking water is piped, treated, and intermittently supplied twice daily by the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC), an infrastructure development agency of the Government of Maharashtra (Alibag Municipal Council 2012). The MIDC treats its raw water with liquid aluminum sulfate, after which it aerates, flash mixes, flocculates, and settles the water before sand filtering and vacuum chlorinating (to 2 mg/L). The finished water is stored on-site before it is sent out for distribution. Over 95% of households in the town core have private or shared taps. Thus, all MIDC-supplied households would qualify as having improved water, available when needed. The Alibag Department of Water Supply (DWS) is responsible for ensuring that the drinking water distributed throughout the town is safe. It collects 10 drinking water samples every 15 days, at the bus and train stations, the sump well, public taps, and selected households within at least three wards (urban India's smallest administrative units). Water samples are collected without disinfecting any taps; the samples are submitted to the District Department of Public Health (DPH) testing facility for MPN and chlorine residual testing, generating a report to both DPH and DWS (Supplementary material, Figure 2A–2H). Samples are tested for fecal indicator bacteria using a 5-tube Most Probable Number (MPN) test (GOI 1999). Per protocol, any reports showing problematic deviations from water quality standards have to be sent to the state-level DPH. We found officials to be well aware of national and WHO-recommended collection and testing protocols, but not necessarily ensuring that all employees followed these protocols. Sample collection and survey We collected water samples from the distribution system over an 8-week period from June to July 2016, which captured the end of summer and the onset of the monsoon season. This period is commonly referred to as ‘diarrhea season’. We collected samples once a week from the MIDC drinking water treatment plant, one of the three storage reservoirs in town, and from within the service region of the reservoir that the DWS sampled that same week. For comparability with DWS, we did not disinfect taps. Many households stored water in rooftop tanks connected to the distribution system to cope with intermittent deliveries. We took tap samples from households with in-home taps; for households collecting water from a public tap connected to the distribution system, we took tap samples during their scheduled water allocation hours on the same day as DWS (Supplementary material, Figure 1). Households were sampled over six wards such that the service area of the drinking water system was adequately covered. We had 120 water samples overall. The sampled wards covered a range of average incomes (High/Middle/Low) and ward-level water access (High/Low; calculated by percentage of piped connections) ascertained by our own survey and an existing 2014 water audit. (Under a previous clean water campaign by the state of Maharashtra, a household consumer survey, a water audit, and GIS mapping of Alibag were conducted by a private consultancy in 2014, supervised by the municipality.) The northwest coastal portion of the town was not sampled, as that area is largely non-residential, containing governmental buildings and Alibag's observatory (Supplementary material, Figure 1). Our research team also surveyed 60 head-of-household members in the study wards; these households were selected based on whether they had a female head-of-house present who spoke Hindi, Marathi, or Gujarati, and who was willing to participate. Participants were asked about their drinking water timing, water quality, and use of household treatment. All written surveys were translated from English to Marathi and orally administered in Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, or English. The Office for Protection of Human Subjects at the University of California at Berkeley approved the research protocol for ethical standards (Protocol ID 2016-04-8702). Water samples for enumeration of bacteria were collected and processed using a pouch-based MPN test called the Compartment Bag Test (CBT) (Aquagenx, Chapel Hill, NC), following the CBT protocol (Gronewold Sobsey & McMahan 2017). The CBT uses a β-D-Glucuronide Escherichia coli medium, which is a colorimetric indicator that changes to blue in the presence of E. coli. Samples were transported at room temperature and processed within 6 hours of collection; duplicates and blanks were not collected due to limited resources in the field. Samples were stored between 26 °C and 32 °C, as per CBT protocol, and grown for 48 hours, scored once at 24 hours and again at 48 hours to check for any inconsistencies (of which there were none). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We looked at E. coli, a fecal indicator bacterium, using a validated field-modified version of the 5-tube MPN test, which Alibag uses. When comparing between Membrane Filtration and the Compartment Bag Test, studies have found them to produce consistent results without a statistically significant difference in reported E. coli concentrations (Stauber Miller Cantrell & Kroell 2014; Wang et al. 2017). Based on our testing of the MIDC drinking water plant and Alibag's storage reservoirs, we determined that the water coming into Alibag each week was mainly without fecal contamination. The municipality reported no contamination based on their bacterial testing for May–August 2016. However, our study processed ∼150 samples from point-of-collection (POC) and point-of-use (POU) sources from June–July and found contamination in 30% of them (Supplementary material, Table 1) (Rayasam Ray Smith & Riley 2019). Figure 1 shows MPN water quality results of our own point of collection samples; the Alibag municipality reported no bacterial contamination using the same type of test over the same time period in the sampled area. During Week 7, we followed a DWS employee during the municipality's collection and testing of water; we created duplicate samples and submitted one set to the municipality for quality control testing and tested one using our field test. According to the municipality's reports (Figure 2(a)), which were provided upon request, there was no bacterial contamination of the drinking water, including of our submitted samples, indicated by the recorded 0 MPN/100 mL in the red box. Our own testing, however, found one of our samples had 100 MPN/100 mL and the other 1.5 MPN/100 mL (paired samples are indicated with red boxes and arrows in Figure 2(a); Figure 2(b); Supplementary material, Table 1). Despite clear knowledge of sampling protocols by the DWS and DPH engineers and scientists, we observed deviations between the standard protocols and the practices followed by DWS employees. For example, per DPH protocol sample bottles were internally coated with sodium thiosulfate to deactivate the chlorine. However, we consistently observed the DWS employee rinsing out bottles before filling them with water, removing the sodium thiosulfate and thus failing to deactivate the chlorine. Furthermore, samples were submitted to DPH for processing up to 24 hours after collection, longer than the allowable gap of 6 hours. Together these deviations from accepted protocol would lower the measured MPN at the DPH testing facility, though they would not bring them down to zero. The municipality's chlorine residuals were also suspect. An MPN is often quality-checked by testing the free chlorine residual. While the MIDC-tested chlorine residuals at the treatment plant never exceeded 2 mg/L, the municipality results showed that the sump well, where Alibag receives water from the MIDC, tested at 7 mg/L (Figure 1(a), Line 1). This is consistent with DWS employees' statements of re-chlorinating the water before distribution. However, a more distal public tap sample in the municipality's results recorded >21 mg/L. The most distal sample having a residual of 21 mg/L is highly unlikely because (i) chlorine levels cannot increase from the proximal point of chlorination to more distal points and (ii) no survey participants indicated a strong smell of chlorine in their water or that their water was undrinkable due to chlorination. Therefore, it appears that the chlorine tests were incorrectly reported (assuming that the test samples did not have chlorine added to them), resulting in large reported residuals along with an MPN of 0 E. coli/100 mL. The CBT cannot test chlorine residuals, making us unable to provide side-by-side chlorine residual results. However, this limitation has no bearing on the improbability of the results from the municipality's report. Inadequate capacity and low resource levels could explain some of these observations, such as the long delay between sample collection and testing, or failure of the DWS employee to follow correct sampling protocols. However, we suggest that they do not fully explain the discrepancy between our duplicate samples and the official municipality MPN counts of zero, or the high chlorine residuals of the collected water samples (Supplementary material, Table 1). We hypothesize that the DWS and the DPH leadership feel pressure to show they meet Maharashtra's safe drinking water standards, to the point of reporting abnormal chlorine levels consistent with 0 MPN E. coli levels, and transmit that pressure down their chains of authority. This is plausible especially because Alibag, as a town ‘eminent for its fresh air, clean waters, and clean sands’ according to its tourism site, is conscious of visitors' expectations for water quality and proud of its infrastructural improvements overall (Gov't of Alibag 2018). The state of Maharashtra also has a well-defined and publicly announced process for continual monitoring of progress on SDG 6 (http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Mahrashtra.pdf). State water quality results become part of national data, which finally informs the SDG datasets. Such behaviors can be dismissed as ‘lacking in capacity’ or ‘corrupt’ but these labels overlook the institutional context and expectations under which utilities in low-income countries often have to work. In reality, many city and local water agencies, working in the context of promises to provide clean water for all, understand that they are expected to meet or be ‘on track’ to meet state and national water quality benchmarks. They are therefore under pressure to show improving results, but are often under-resourced to actually produce such results. Our key contacts repeatedly referred to their excellent water infrastructure, good water quality, and unblemished beaches during our field study; we interpret such comments as reflecting the expectations that the utility faced. Alibag is just one town, but the national-level data the JMP aggregates to arrive at its water quality monitoring report are provided by thousands of individual towns in each country. Our work has shown that even when the water infrastructure is functioning reliably (albeit intermittently), and even when regular sampling and monitoring take place, there may be unacknowledged pressures that produce inaccurate data. At the national and international scales, critiques of broad-brush targets and indicators have argued that the judgmental language used to track and monitor the MDGs, such as ‘on track’ or ‘will fail to meet’, increased pressure on already-poor countries and had a demoralizing effect (Vandemoortele 2009). A similar argument has been made for India's ambitious sanitation goals under SDG 6 (Gupta et al. 2019), i.e., impossible goals result in agencies that produce misleading data and declare progress that is not real. We contend that a local-scale version of performance pressure, seeking to meet state and regional benchmarks, could lead to misleading or incomplete reports that eventually travel ‘upstream’ to create unreliable national-level data. Alibag is reporting that its water has 0 MPN E. coli/100 mL, which is an excellent result; in practice free chlorine residuals are rarely reported (Supplementary material, Table 1). To the extent that national-level entities want to be ‘on track’ to meet the SDGs, there will be little to no incentive to question good results from local municipal utilities. Our study is of just one town, and we do not argue that our findings can or should be generalized. However, they present an illustrative case of the limitations of relying on the presence of adequate infrastructure or on official data for reports of bacterial quality for drinking water monitoring. Previous research has shown that both resources and motivated leadership are necessary for regular monitoring of water quality in low-income settings (Steynberg 2002; Peletz et al. 2018). We show that despite relatively good water delivery and infrastructure, knowledge of testing protocols at the leadership level, and regular water quality testing, Alibag's residents do not receive consistently safe water. We hypothesize, from our own water quality tests, and our overall observations during field research, that pressure to not ‘fail’ contributed at least in part to the discrepancy between what was reported and what may be happening. However, it is a limitation of our study that we have only indirect evidence for this hypothesis; open discussion of these discrepancies with agency leaders would have been difficult. Our work makes a strong case for third-party monitoring as a form of quality control. Resource-constrained cities could partner with local colleges and labs, where students could be trained to test and record water quality; such a step could leverage citizen engagement, foster local capacity and provide independent data (for a similar exercise on mapping Alibag's sanitation system, see Narayanan Ray Gopakumar & Argade 2018). Additionally, it is at least plausible that the (necessary) attention on monitoring and publishing national data, in effect ‘ranking’ countries with respect to the SDGs, is producing a chain of performance pressure within low-income countries. We suggest that, to encourage the collection of more reliable data, the SDG indicators in global reports and rankings should be consistently treated as measures of progress over time in addition to as percentages of the population served. Researchers have suggested that the pace of progress is a more helpful focus than hard targets alone with respect to monitoring water and sanitation goals (Fukuda-Parr Greenstein & Stewart 2013; Fuller Goldstick Bartram & Eisenberg 2016). When achievements are tracked only by target coverage, there may be no way to get credit when, despite making progress, target coverage has not been reached (Easterly 2009; Fukuda-Parr et al. 2013). An example of tracking progress is the reporting from the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO/UNICEF. The JMP routinely presents access to safe water data as the progress made along a water service ‘ladder’. This nuance, however, is not part of the SDG 6 indicators, and would not feature in any cross-country comparisons based on the SDGs. We argue in favor of incorporating JMP's practice into the SDG indicators, because such an interpretation motivates rather than judges, and recognizes progress in addition to target achievement. Realistic expectations in challenging contexts are more likely to produce realistic water quality data towards meeting SDG 6. We thank the people of Alibag for their participation and for allowing us to collect samples, and the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation and the Alibag Municipality for their cooperation. Thanks to Harsheila Mahimtura for her translation assistance and to Dr Bakul Rao's student Mr Prabhakar; also Christopher Hyun and Beki McElvain for their collaboration and field support. Additional thanks to the Institute of South Asian Studies (UC Berkeley), Dr Lee Riley, and the late Dr Kirk Smith, whose loss we deeply mourn. Designed the study SR, BR & IR; Carried out field research: SR; Analyzed the data: SR with inputs from IR; Wrote the paper: SR & IR with inputs from BR. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The data that support the findings of this study are available on Zenodo (10.5281/zenodo.3555385). Survey information and maps are available upon request from the corresponding author. The authors declare no competing interests. This study was supported by grants from the Obama-Singh Knowledge Initiative (2014) and the University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health.

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https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/10/3/589/75952/The-reality-of-water-quality-monitoring-for-SDG-6

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The title Jeep comes from the military motor vehicle designation GP (government purposes). Sources dispute this saying that the jeep was used for particular factors and in no way referred to as Government Functions. The Ford GPW actually stands for G-government use, P to describe the 80” wheelbase, and the W to indicate it’s Willy Overland engine. Some suggest the identify came from soldiers that named it after a common character in the cartoon Popeye, Eugene the Jeep. The definition of Jeep describes it as four wheel drive, ½-1 ½ ton vehicle for recon or other Army performance. In early 1941 the company Willys Overland showed the Jeeps off the street functionality by driving it up the methods to the Capital creating in Washington, DC. The company Willys Overland in June 1950 registered the name Jeep as their own. For the duration of Planet War II the Army asked the bankrupt business American Bantam for a prototype for a jeep. They gave them 49 days to do it. Karl Probst was brought on by American Bantam and went to perform for no money on July 19, 1940. Bantam submitted their bid on July 22, 1940 comprehensive with the blueprints for the jeep. The prototype was hand developed from automotive parts on hand and completed in Butler, Pennsylvania then driven to Camp Holabird in Maryland for testing. On September 21, 1940 the testing started and the end result was that the body met the Army’s requirement but the engine torque did not. The Army then gave the Bantam patterns and blueprints to Willys and Ford to submit their very own designs and adjustments to the Bantam style. Ford manufactured the “Pygmy” and Willys produced the “Quad”. one,500 of the Ford, Willys, and Bantam were produced. Spicer provided related four wheel drive train components to all three organizations. Chief engineer for Willys Overland, Barney Roos created adjustments with revised excess weight requirements to incorporate oil and water and was then capable to use their engine “Go Devil”. Jeeps created by Willys Overland had been Model MB and individuals built by Ford were GPW. 640,000 Jeeps had been built by Willys Overland and Ford below the supervision of Charles E. Sorensen, Vice President of Ford throughout Globe War II. This was 18% of all wheeled military vehicles developed right here in the United States throughout Globe War II. Each division of the US Military utilized Jeeps. 145 on average have been provided to infantry groups. They utilised Jeep for many various items, area ambulances, cable laying, tractors, fire fighting and saw milling. Jeep has gone by means of plenty of owners beginning with Willys. They produced the initial civilian Jeep in 1945 and received the trademark for Jeep in 1950. One particular division of Chrysler Corporation now owns the trademark on the identify Jeep. The unique grille had 9 slots and was relevant to the Globe War II Ford jeep. Because it weighed much less than the Willys Slat Grille, it was put into the “standardized Jeep” design. Nowadays there are a lot of cars named Jeep, but a true dyed in the wool Jeep lover will usually long for that unique Willys Jeep.

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https://jeepbastard.com/tag/origin/

2024-10-06T04:58:05Z

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The relative freedom and flexibility of home schooling regulation in the UK means that parents who move or travel abroad with their children are sometimes surprised to discover stricter laws regulating home schooling in other countries. Parents who teach their children via home schooling have to follow the rules of the land they are living in, so English children must still follow the education laws of, say, France if living in France. Every country in the world takes a different view and has different rules (or none at all) regarding home schooling. While home education is also permitted in a huge number of other countries, this is not true of every country so parents should check before deciding to move abroad, if this is a key issue. A good place to find out a specific country’s laws and regulations regarding home schooling is that country’s consulate in the UK. If unavailable, it is best to try to confirm the policy with the country directly. This article looks at the issues involved with home schooling abroad, and briefly describes the local policies in some popular destinations for UK families. Expatriates Educating Their Children Abroad The decisions that expatriates, people who go to live abroad, make about their children’s schooling usually depend on several factors. If the child was already home schooled, and it is permitted in the new home country, most parents will continue to teach their child within the home. If a child was previously learning in a mainstream school in the UK, however, and parents either have to, or decide to, move abroad, this is where other options are usually considered. These may include home schooling, along side other alternative options such as choosing to either enrol your child into a UK boarding school, registering a child in a local school in the new home country where lessons are taught in the local language, or finding an international school (usually privately run and thus requiring the payment of school fees) where lessons are generally taught in English. Making Decisions About Educating Children Abroad Where parents have fewer options, because of financial constraints or limited availability of types of schooling, for example, the choice is usually between a local school where lessons are taught in the local language, which obviously will not, in some countries, be English, or home schooling. Often this choice depends on the time a family is moving away from its home culture. A short move might mean parents prefer the home teaching option since it allows children to stay up to date with the curriculum taught by their school in the UK; home schooling in this situation can involve bridging the gap between leaving and returning to UK life. However, sometimes families who move abroad for longer prefer to choose to educate their child in a local school since this can aid the process of settling into a new country, including boosting language ability if the country’s mother tongue is not English. Basic Information About Home Educating Children Abroad in Popular Destinations In Australia, home education is legal and quite popular. In Canada, home education is also legal and, following on from the American trend towards home schooling, more and more popular, although still very much an option for a minority of Canadian families. In France, home teaching is also permitted, but the home teaching process is monitored and involves strict restrictions. For Cypriots living in Cyprus, home education is illegal – children have to attend school between the ages of 6 and 15 but, for some ex-patriots, home education is both allowed and a popular option. In Germany, home schooling is not permitted. Other countries in which home education is legal include Israel, Italy, New Zealand, South Africa and Sweden, as well as many other countries – check the details of the particular country you are interested in, even if listed here as regulations can rapidly change. Home education is also legal in the USA, where it is perhaps most popular, but regulations and monitoring systems differ according the state of residence.

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https://justworldschool.com/home-schooling-child-outside-uk/

2024-10-06T03:09:18Z

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Share this link via Or copy link 男 means "man, male." Man - A male person. Son - A male offspring of a parent. Vigorous Person - Someone who is full of energy and vitality. Masculine Person - Someone who has qualities traditionally associated with men. I'm a careful man. The man spoke in a low voice. I remembered that boys will be boys. The man begged me for money. And walked to the man's house. The boy begged for a new bicycle. You got yourself a nice guy. The name of the man i met yesterday is mr hill. I'm a free man. He has an unpleasant look in his eyes. What is Onyomi? Onyomi, also known as the "Sino-Japanese reading," is one of the two main reading systems for kanji characters in Japanese. It refers to the reading of a kanji character that is derived from the original Chinese pronunciation. What is Kunyomi? Kunyomi, also known as the "native Japanese reading," is one of the two main reading systems for kanji characters in Japanese. It refers to the reading of a kanji character that is based on the native Japanese pronunciation. Kunyomi readings are often used when a kanji character stands alone or is followed by hiragana, as in verbs and adjectives. Mastering both kunyomi and onyomi is crucial for understanding and using kanji effectively in the Japanese language. What is Radical? A radical, also known as "bushu" in Japanese, is a fundamental component of kanji characters. Radicals are the building blocks of kanji and are used to categorize and organize them in dictionaries. There are 214 traditional radicals, each with its own meaning, which often provides a clue to the meaning of the kanji character it forms. What is strokes? Stroke count, or "kakusuu" in Japanese, refers to the number of individual brushstrokes required to write a kanji character. Each kanji has a specific stroke order and stroke count, which are essential for writing the character correctly and legibly. Understanding and following the correct stroke order not only ensures proper balance and aesthetics but also makes writing more efficient and fluid.

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https://kanji.tools/kanji/%E7%94%B7/

2024-10-06T03:24:41Z

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How to detect testicular cancer:-Testicular cancer is a relatively rare but highly treatable form of cancer that occurs in the male reproductive organs, specifically in the testicles. These organs are responsible for producing male hormones and sperm. Although it accounts for only about 1% of all male cancers, testicular cancer tends to affect younger men, typically between the ages of 15 and 35. This article will provide a detailed overview of testicular cancer, from early symptoms and diagnosis to its stages, challenges, and remedies. What is Testicular Cancer:- Testicular cancer develops when cells in the testicles grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. The two main types of testicular cancer are germ cell tumors (GCTs), which account for 95% of cases, and non-germ cell tumors. Germ cell tumors are further categorized into seminomas and non-seminomas, each with distinct characteristics. → Seminomas: These cancers tend to grow more slowly and usually affect men in their 30s and 40s. → Non-seminomas: These tend to grow more aggressively and are more common in younger men. Causes of Testicular Cancer:- The exact cause of testicular cancer is still unclear, but several risk factors have been identified: 1. Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism): Men with a history of undescended testicles are at a higher risk. 2. Family history: Having a close relative with testicular cancer increases the likelihood of developing it. 3. Age: Testicular cancer most commonly affects men between 15 and 35 years of age. 4. Race and ethnicity: White men are more likely to develop testicular cancer than men of other races. 5. HIV infection: Some studies suggest that HIV infection may increase the risk. Early Symptoms of Testicular Cancer:- Recognizing the early signs of testicular cancer is crucial for early detection and successful treatment. The most common symptoms include: 1. A lump or swelling in the testicle: Often painless, but may feel like a firm mass. 2. Pain or discomfort in the testicle or scrotum: Sometimes accompanied by a dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin. 3. Heaviness in the scrotum: A sensation of fullness or pressure. 4. Changes in size or shape of the testicle: One testicle may feel different from the other. 5. Back pain: In advanced cases, cancer may spread to lymph nodes in the back, causing discomfort. 6. Gynecomastia (breast enlargement): In rare cases, hormonal changes can lead to breast growth. Stages of Testicular Cancer:- Testicular cancer is typically classified into three main stages, depending on how far it has spread: 1. Stage I: Cancer is confined to the testicle. 2. Stage II: Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes in the abdomen. 3. Stage III: Cancer has spread to other parts of the body, including the lungs, liver, or brain. Each stage is further subdivided into categories (e.g., IA, IB, etc.) based on tumor size and the extent of spread. Proper staging is essential for determining the appropriate treatment plan. Challenges Faced by Testicular Cancer Patients:- 1. Emotional and psychological distress: A diagnosis of testicular cancer can lead to anxiety, depression, and concerns about body image and masculinity. 2. Fertility issues: Some treatments for testicular cancer, such as chemotherapy and radiation, can affect fertility. Many men choose to bank sperm before starting treatment. 3. Physical side effects: Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation can cause fatigue, nausea, and pain, among other side effects. 4. Recurrence: Even after successful treatment, testicular cancer can recur, necessitating long-term monitoring. Treatment Options for Testicular Cancer:- Testicular cancer is one of the most treatable cancers, even in advanced stages. Treatment plans depend on the stage and type of cancer but may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination. 1. Surgery (Orchiectomy): The primary treatment for testicular cancer is the surgical removal of the affected testicle. In some cases, lymph nodes in the abdomen may also be removed. 2. Radiation therapy: Often used for seminomas, radiation therapy targets and kills cancer cells in the affected area. It is usually recommended after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence. 3. Chemotherapy: For more advanced cases or non-seminomas, chemotherapy is used to kill cancer cells throughout the body. Common drugs include cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin. 4. Surveillance: For patients with low-stage cancer, active surveillance might be recommended after surgery to monitor for any signs of recurrence without immediate further treatment. 5. Stem cell transplant: In rare cases where standard treatments are ineffective, a stem cell transplant may be necessary. Prevention and Risk Reduction:- While testicular cancer cannot be completely prevented, men can take proactive steps to reduce their risk: 1. Self-examination: Regular self-examinations help in detecting lumps or changes in the testicles early on. Men should perform a self-exam monthly, preferably after a warm shower when the scrotal skin is relaxed. 2. Seek prompt medical attention: If any abnormalities are detected, it is crucial to consult a doctor right away. 3. Stay informed: Understanding family history and discussing potential risk factors with a healthcare provider can help in early detection and prevention. Coping with Testicular Cancer:- Dealing with testicular cancer involves addressing not just physical but also emotional and psychological well-being. Here are some coping strategies: 1. Support groups: Joining cancer support groups allows patients to share experiences, seek emotional support, and get practical advice from others who have gone through similar challenges. 2. Counseling: Mental health professionals can help patients cope with anxiety, depression, and concerns related to masculinity, fertility, and body image. 3. Maintain a healthy lifestyle: Eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and getting plenty of rest can help patients manage treatment side effects and recover faster. Prognosis and Survival Rate:- The prognosis for testicular cancer is generally excellent, especially when detected early. The 5-year survival rate for men diagnosed with localized testicular cancer (stage I) is over 95%. Even in more advanced cases, the survival rate remains high with effective treatment. READ MORE- Anal Cancer Symptoms How to detect testicular cancer:-Testicular cancer, although rare, is a serious condition that can affect men at a young age. Early detection through self-examination and awareness of symptoms is critical for successful treatment. With advances in medical technology, most men diagnosed with testicular cancer can expect a full recovery, especially when the cancer is detected early. Treatments like surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have proven to be highly effective, and ongoing research continues to improve outcomes. Staying informed, seeking prompt medical care, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can further aid in recovery and long-term well-being.

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Cashtal yn Ard facts for kids View of Cashtal yn Ard burial chamber. Location | Cornaa, Maughold, Isle of Man | Region | Isle of Man | Coordinates | | History | | Periods | Neolithic | Cashtal yn Ard (Castle of the Heights) is a Neolithic chambered tomb in Cornaa, in the parish of Maughold in the Isle of Man. It is situated on a low hill overlooking much of the surrounding parish of Maughold and across to the Lake District in England. The cairn was excavated in the 1930s and again in 1999. It is one of the most significant megalithic tombs on both the Isle of Man and Britain. The name in the Manx language means Castle of the Heights referring to the site's relative elevation. An earlier name for the site was 'Cashtal y Mucklagh y Vagileragh', meaning the Castle of the Field Pigsty. This may refer to how the tomb forecourt had been adapted for the raising of pigs. The tomb has also previously been named Ballachrink Cairn. The tomb has been dated to 2000 BC and is one of the best preserved Neolithic monuments on the Isle of Man. The site is large, with a west–east orientation and with an overall length of 39m. The tomb is located on a low hill that has extensive views of the surrounding landscape. This may have symbolically represented the contrast between the activities of everyday life that likely took place on lower land, with the ritual activities that took place in the hills. It is likely that the tomb was originally constructed as a single burial chamber, but as successive significant members of the community died, the site was expanded to accommodate them. The tomb consists of a west facing open forecourt that leads to five stone chambers in the east. The forecourt measures 6.7m x 5.8m and has been restored. It is made up of large stones of which the largest is 2.3m in height. The east facing stone chambers are separated by lateral standing stone slabs. The highest of the stones forming the chambers is 1m, from which they then reduce in size towards the east. The average width of each chambers is 1.2m. The tomb was first described in the early 19th century when it was still mostly intact. The main body of the cairn was damaged by the middle of the 19th century when several of the stone slabs that made up the 1.2m high rectangular burial cairn were taken to be used for the building of nearby houses. This has exposed the five smaller chambers. Archaeologists H. J. Fleure and G. J. H. Neely excavated the site in the 1930s. Flints and shards of Neolithic pottery were discovered during investigations of the chambers, as well as at least 125 white sea pebbles which have been found at many Manx archaeological sites. No bones were found during this excavation, however an earlier antiquarian investigation was described by Llewellynn Jewitt in 1885 who reported the discovery of bone fragments of a young person: under side stones, were pieces of bones; on the north, portions of a skull, suture open ; upper jaw bone, with teeth regular and sound of a young person, and other fragments; also pieces of two different urns, one of crushed granite and black, about two-thirds of an inch thick, the other thicker, red, and of more earthy material. Near the east end was a cist without covering stone or west side stone, with portions of bone in the north, and on the south end fragments of a smaller urn of crushed granite, thickly spangled with mica. Any other human remains may have been removed during earlier disturbances.

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CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://kids.kiddle.co/Cashtal_yn_Ard

2024-10-06T05:04:35Z

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Was there ever life on Mars? – could there still be life on the cold, red desert planet? The spacecraft Phoenix Mars Lander is launched into space on a course towards Mars. After almost ten months it approaches its goal – Mars, where it lands in the northern polar region and will explore the habitability and climate of the planet. On board the mission there are also Danish scientific instruments. Researchers at the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen have developed scientific instruments, CalTargets to study the minerals on Mars. Produced by: Niels Bohr Institute Duration: 14:09 minutes

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Galatasaray SK vs Fenerbahçe SK ○FULL MATCH▻Türkiye Kupası 2005 You are digitalizing THE carnês of Casas Bahia? That's huge!” pumas, also known as mountain lions or cougars, are fascinating creatures that inhabit various regions of the Americas. Despite being one of the largest wild cats in North America, pumas are often misunderstood and face numerous challenges in their natural habitats. In this article, we will take a closer look at these magnificent big cats, exploring their physical characteristics, habitat, behavior, hunting techniques, and the ongoing conservation efforts to protect them.Physical Characteristics: pumas have a distinctive appearance with a slender body and a long tail. They have short fur that can vary in color from tan to reddish-brown. Their bodies are muscular and agile, allowing them to navigate through different terrains with ease. Adult males can weigh up to 150 pounds (68 kilograms), while females are generally smaller. pumas have a wide range of habitats across North and South America. They can be found in various ecosystems such as mountains, forests, deserts, and grasslands. pumas are adaptable animals and can survive in different environments as long as there is sufficient prey and suitable cover for hunting. pumas are solitary animals that prefer to roam alone within their territories. They mark their territories using scent markings to communicate with other individuals. Males usually have larger territories that overlap with several female territories. pumas are most active during dusk and dawn, utilizing their excellent night vision to hunt for prey. pumas are formidable predators with exceptional hunting skills. They primarily feed on deer but can also prey on smaller mammals like rabbits and rodents. pumas are ambush predators, patiently stalking their prey before launching a surprise attack. They have powerful hind legs that enable them to make long leaps and pounce on their unsuspecting victims. Once they catch their prey, pumas use their strong jaws to deliver a quick and fatal bite to the neck. pumas face numerous threats in the wild, including habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict, and illegal hunting. As human populations expand and encroach upon puma habitats, conflicts arise, leading to increased instances of pumas preying on livestock. To mitigate these conflicts and protect both pumas and local livelihoods, conservation organizations work towards implementing strategies such as promoting coexistence, implementing predator-friendly livestock management practices, and raising awareness about the importance of conserving these magnificent big cats. In addition to human-wildlife conflict, the loss of natural habitats due to urbanization and deforestation poses a significant threat to puma populations. Conservation efforts focus on creating protected areas and corridors that allow pumas to move freely between fragmented habitats. pumas are remarkable big cats that play a vital role in maintaining healthy ecosystems. Understanding their physical characteristics, habitat requirements, behavior, hunting techniques, and the challenges they face is crucial for their conservation. By supporting conservation initiatives and promoting coexistence with these fascinating creatures, we can ensure a bright future for pumas in the wild.

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Chicago became the headquarters for eleven new railroads. Chicago became the most important city east of the Mississippi River. Chicago was transformed from a village into a large city. Chicago replaced eastern cities as the main buyer of farm products from the region. [#paragraph1]In the United States, railroads spearheaded the second phase of the transportation revolution by overtaking the previous importance of canals. The mid-1800s saw a great expansion of American railroads. The major cities east of the Mississippi River were linked by a spiderweb of railroad tracks. [#insert1] Chicago’s growth illustrates the impact of these rail links. [#insert2] In 1849 Chicago was a village of a few hundred people with virtually no rail service. [#insert3] By 1860 it had become a city of 100,000, served by eleven railroads. [#insert4] Farmers to the north and west of Chicago no longer had to ship their grain, livestock, and dairy products down the Mississippi River to New Orleans; they could now ship their products directly east. Chicago supplanted New Orleans as the interior of America’s main commercial hub. [#paragraph2]The east-west rail lines stimulated the settlement and agricultural development of the Midwest. By 1860 Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin had replaced Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York as the leading wheat-growing states. Enabling farmers to speed their products to the East, railroads increased the value of farmland and [#highlight3]promoted[/highlight3] additional settlement. In turn, population growth in agricultural areas triggered industrial development in cities such as Chicago, Davenport (Iowa), and Minneapolis, for the new settlers needed lumber for fences and houses and mills to grind wheat into flour. [#paragraph3]Railroads also propelled the growth of small towns along their routes. The Illinois Central Railroad, which had more track than any other railroad in 1855, made money not only from its traffic but also from real estate speculation. Purchasing land for stations along its path, the Illinois Central then laid out towns around the stations. The selection of [#highlight5]Manteno, Illinois[/highlight5], as a stop of the Illinois Central, for example, transformed the site from a crossroads without a single house in 1854 into a [#highlight6]bustling[/highlight6] town of nearly a thousand in 1860, replete with hotels, lumberyards, grain elevators, and gristmills. By the Civil War (1861–1865), few thought of the railroad-linked Midwest as a frontier region or viewed its inhabitants as pioneers. [#paragraph4]As the nation’s first big business, the railroads transformed the conduct of business. During the early 1830s, railroads, like canals, depended on financial aid from state governments. With the [#highlight7]onset[/highlight7] of economic depression in the late 1830s, however, state governments scrapped overly ambitious railroad projects. Convinced that railroads burdened them with high taxes and blasted hopes, voters turned against state aid, and in the early 1840s, several states amended their constitutions to bar state funding for railroads and canals. The federal government took up some of the slack, but federal aid did not provide a major stimulus to railroads before 1860. Rather, part of the burden of finance passed to city and county governments in agricultural areas that wanted to attract railroads. Such municipal governments, for example, often gave railroads rights-of-way, grants of land for stations, and public funds. [#paragraph5][#highlight9]The dramatic expansion of the railroad network in the 1850s, however, strained the financing capacity of local governments and required a turn toward private investment, which had never been absent from the picture.[/highlight9] Well aware of the economic benefits of railroads, individuals living near them had long purchased railroad stock issued by governments and had directly bought stock in railroads, often paying by contributing their labor to building the railroads. But the large railroads of the 1850s needed more capital than such small investors could generate. Gradually, the center of railroad financing shifted to New York City, and in fact, it was the railroad boom of the 1850s that helped make Wall Street in New York City the nation’s greatest capital market. The stocks of all the leading railroads were traded on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange during the 1850s. In addition, the growth of railroads turned New York City into the center of modern investment firms. The investment firms evaluated the stock of railroads in the smaller American cities and then found purchasers for these stocks in New York City, Philadelphia, Paris, London, Amsterdam, and Hamburg. Controlling the [#highlight12]flow[/highlight12] of funds to railroads, the investment bankers began to exert influence over the railroads’ internal affairs by supervising administrative reorganizations in times of trouble.

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Rodolfo Montecinos Ohlagaray* Received: November 25, 2020 Published: January 05, 2021 Corresponding author:Rodolfo Montecinos Ohlagaray, Lawyer, Máster, en Resolución de Conflictos y Mediación, Community Mediator, International Organization for Migration (IOM), Bratislava, Slovakia, Teaching Assistant at Public Law Deparment, Universidad Mayor, Chile Communication skills are the greatest achievement of all humanity . Human being, as a social being, inevitably needs link to others, since it is precisely through these links that the very construction of subjectivity takes place. These links are developed thanks to communication processes of various types, levels, depths, etc. Therefore, the importance of knowledge of general elements of communicational processes is evident in order to promote healthier and more enriching links with others. However, communication is a very complex issue, where a great factor multiplicity intervene that it is important to know, by virtue of being able to manage it in a better way. In every interpersonal process, in every space in which a group of people coincide, we are in presence of a communicative process. Communication is a process of thoughts, feelings and emotions exchange. It would be like this, a form of human interrelation that occurs in this process, is conditioned by the place it occupies in the system of social relations. First of all, it sets the gaze on the caracter – precisely – procesual of communication. Thinking communication as a process implies the recognition that it has stages, takes place in a specific time and space, and that it is not a monolithic and closed state, but a continuum in which very different situations can occur, and that – in turn – is influenced by a great diversity of factors and conditions, of various kinds. The communication process is a living phenomenon that can change, transform, be in a constant movement and, therefore, is highly complex. Second, the focus is on the notion of exchange. This means that in the structure of the process there are different roles to play, always from an inter-influence perspective. This is an element that is evident on a daily basis: If a person with whom we talk acts defensively, it would be interesting to review how the communication has gone and assess whether something in the language used so far could have been aggressive. In communication nothing arises “just because”. The idea of exchange refers us to a constant flow of sending and receiving, in which everything has consequences, everything influences, each message determines. What is transmitted in this process are not only literal, clear, explicit and verbal messages: thoughts, feelings and emotions are exchanged. In everyday life it often happens that we can be saying something in a conversation and - nevertheless - by the expressions on our face and gestural language, we can completely contradict that message that is transmitted from the verbal. Therefore, one of the main aspects in healthy communication is that there is coherence between what is said both explicitly and implicitly. Clear and direct communication is based on coherent messages where the what, how, where, why and to whom something is said are integrated. All this will be exemplified and argued little by little. The communicative process must develop from the coherence between what is said and how it is said. This is one of the most effective tools in conflict management. a) External appearance: Others are often judged by their external appearance, especially in the first impression. Some experts claim that these first impressions are usually very accurate. This gives us a fundamental impression about those with whom we speak, regarding their sex, age, profession, relative economic position and race or culture. Physical aspect always communicates a message. Conflict occurs when what a person sees communicates a different message than what really exists. b) Body movement: The way we move. When movements are misinterpreted or controlled, they can lead to conflict. c) Eye contact: A means of communication that does not require words. The way the eyes are used can convey different meanings. d) Physical contact: Establishing or not establishing body contact is another form of non-verbal communication. There is a relationship between haptic and dominance. Those in power are likely to touch their subordinates more than they will be touched by them. e) Use of personal space: The way in which the space is used also communicates a message. The use of space has important effects on communication. If a person gets too close, we tend to back off. On the contrary, we tend to get closer to a person when we believe that a person is too distant. The concept of near or distant will operate with respect to each culture, personal space is universal. i. Criticism: Focusing on the negative aspects of communication induces guilt and lowers self-esteem. ii. Manipulative praise: The praise is used as a hook to try to get people to change their way of acting. Praise can be used to control or manipulate, this makes people or leads them to take offensive positions. It assumes the ability to judge and establishes a judge - judged relationship. iii. Diagnosis: Playing the emotional detective game and probing possible hidden motivations, can generate anger, rejection, threat, etc. It can undermine the confidence of the person in herself, with its possible consequences at the communicative level. iv. Nicknames and sarcasm: Denigrating the person by referring to them in negative terms generates resentment and frustration. v. The order: Telling a person what to do in an authoritarian manner assumes that judgments lack solidity and impoverishes their self-esteem. vi. The threat: Giving a person an ultimatum to change emphasizes the punishment. vii. The moralizing approach: Support your own solution with social, religious or moral authority. viii. Questions out of place: Incomplete, impersonal questions imply mistrust and provoke a reaction of defense and resistance. ix. Deviation: Showing disrespect by diverting the focus of attention to oneself. x. The advice: Tell the person how you think they should solve the situation involving lack of confidence that they are facing and solve their problems on their own. Contributes to dependency. xi. Logical arguments: Focusing on the objective aspects of the conflict and ignoring the person’s emotions irritate when they are under stress because the facts are emphasized and not the feelings. xii. Reassure: Trying to smooth things over can be a hindrance if the listener tries to help but does not experience the emotions of the other. You lack empathy and can be falsely optimistic. xiii. Not listening: The most important barrier to communication. It is the basis for human relationships, it is the ability to communicate and to do so it is necessary to know how to listen; to learn to listen you have to learn to be silent. xiv. Power, ideology and status: It has been said that power tends to corrupt and that absolute power corrupts absolutely; the first thing that corrupts are human relationships. It takes a good deal of wisdom and mental health not to use power, and the status it grants, against others when in positions or situations that carry power. xv. Prejudging, guessing, supposing: Prejudging is judging ahead of time, anticipating the facts, not capturing objective reality but rather a subjective reality. The same is valid for guessing and supposing: they are also neurotic mental constructions that prevent us from “seeing” the reality of people, as they are and are in the here and now and not as they have been in the past. xvi. Negative attitudes, subjectivity: Attitudes are dispositions that we have in our reactions to people or things. When attitudes are positive they facilitate relationships. However, when they are negative, they represent a serious impediment to communication and rapprochement with people. xvii. Superficiality: It is evidenced in frivolous conversations, of inconsequential topics, television or radio programs with little educational and / or informative heat. It generates mental poverty, a psychological desolation that limits the possibilities of establishing deep relationships with a few people. It is the syndrome of a light culture. xviii. Routine: life is made up of a series of repetitive circles that we live on a daily basis: a day, a week, a month, a year. Every day you have to get up, get ready to go out, have breakfast, work, eat, rest, have dinner, sleep; You have to take the children to school, go back for them, prepare the food, wash the dishes, do the laundry. However, a routine does not necessarily involve something mechanical. However, for many people, routine becomes lifeless, just like communication and human relationships: every day we live with our partner, children, clients, co-workers, etc. And, without realizing it, we lose the dimension of people, we no longer “see” them, the bond and its characteristics become invisible, and relationships with these people also deteriorate. xix. Deception, lie: The lie separates people; with deception a ditch is left between people that makes them distant, distant. Even in cases where a lie is held as “psychological protection” between the deceived person and the liar, a wall is raised. xx. Language: We often turn words into traps for communication, by virtue of not specifying what we want to say, the intentionality of what we say or by not asking people for greater accuracy in words. xxi. Fear: It is one of the so-called “negative” feelings in human relationships, which is felt in situations when something new is about to be done or when meeting at an unusual, unknown moment. It involves diffuse anxiety and discomfort. xxii. Destructive criticism: In accordance with the principle of human relations that “giving and receiving is the same,” criticism destroys both the critic and the critic. The same is valid for value judgments, that is, to judge people is to become a judge of their behavior, putting yourself above them and, consequently, valuing yourself as someone better. xxiii. Languages and culture: Languages are not different ways of seeing the same thing or different ways of expressing the same reality, but different forms of reality. In other words, each language is the expression of a different reality, a vision of the world according to the culture. Hence the problem of cross-cultural communication, when one wants to translate an “objective” reality into another language and culture; at times it resembles Earthlings’ attempts to establish communication with aliens, although this seems exaggerated. xxiv. Believing that there is only one reality: The same thing that we have said regarding language and culture is valid for the perception that each one has of reality. xxv. Rush, impatience: We often make mistakes due to haste or impatience in human relationships. Lack of time - not dedicating the appropriate time to our relationships - causes us to interact by carrying out our dialogues or agreements “on our knees”. xxvi. Communicating way: In human relationships we lose, very often, not so much what (what we say, ask or request) but in the how (the way we use to do it). That is to say, the fault is not in what we ask, to which perhaps others will respond with pleasure if it were possible for them to do so, but in the way we ask for it. People usually react in an annoying way to the way used to communicate or ask for something, leaving aside the what. xxvii. Not empathizing: There is a saying that you should not judge as long as you have not walked a kilometer with the other’s shoes. Then it is possible without meaning, but to “understand” the person in a situation. When the experience of the other’s situation is achieved, then acceptance arises a) Fear of risk: One of those obstacles that we put before is the fear of risk. This fear of risk generally has to do with other fears, that is, we are afraid of being rejected, of becoming more vulnerable to others, of losing face, losing power, change, etc. But above all we are afraid of the responsibility that communication involves, since this implies a responsibility in the use we make of the information received. b) Personal barriers: These are the interferences that start from the characteristics of the individual, from their perception, emotions, values, sensory deficiencies and bad listening or observation habits. They are the mental noise that limits our concentration and makes our perception and interpretation very selective. Some people speak in a very low tone, their culture is very limited when handling language and language, or they have difficulties with correct pronunciation, and this becomes powerful interference to carry out the communication process efficiently. c) Physical barriers: A common barrier is noise, others are: physical distance, walls or static when we communicate through a device, etc. Physical barriers can be turned into positive forces through environmental control, with which the sender tries to modify the environment to influence the feelings and behavior of the receiver. d) Semantic barriers: These are those that have to do with the meaning given to a word that has several meanings. Semantics is the part of linguistic science that studies the meaning of words. Almost all communication is symbolic, that is, it uses necessary signs or symbols for certain meanings. These symbols are the map of the territory that help us to build the mental map of ideas, but they are not the real territory, hence they must be decoded and interpreted by the receiver. The symbols with which they communicate have several limitations and one of them is the multiple meaning, since the same symbol has different meanings and if when interpreting the wrong meaning is chosen or simply different from the one that the issuer intended to convey, it can be misrepresented. e) Defense mechanisms: Some personal barriers are often psychological in origin, and when they are, they are a way of masking fear of risk. In principle they are psychological protection mechanisms; however, they can adversely affect communication. They have different degrees of awareness and elaboration as the case may be. Some expressions of these mechanisms could be: A. Of the one who speaks or who is expressed: i. Talk half seriously, half-jokingly. ii. Intellectualize communication to impress others or because deep down we feel insecure. iii. Incompatible simultaneous messages (say something orally and with our gestures, movements, attitudes or behaviors, say B. The speaker and the listener: i. Pigeonhole the other and only perceive that which reaffirms the label we have placed on him. ii. Passive acceptance of a message without analyzing it or trying to interpret it correctly. iii. Just hear and not “listen”. iv. Judge and evaluate the other hastily. f) The filtered: It is the manipulation of information by the sender, so that it is seen more favorably by the receiver. It involves transmitting only what you think the interlocutor wants to hear. It emerges from a lack of authenticity in the communication process. g) Selective perception: Contrary to the previous one, this barrier is found in the receiver and consists of capturing only what is wanted. We interpret what we see and believe that this is reality. h) Emotions: The mood, both of the sender and the receiver, is a very powerful interference that generally influences the way a message is transmitted (emotions, see tone of voice, movements, gestures), and also influences the way it is interpreted. i) Code: Not all codes are effective for all people or in all situations. When choosing one, the sender must make sure of two things: first, that the receiver handles that code, that is, that he understands it, and second, that the receiver can capture the code in the situation in which it is. j) Receiver: On many occasions, the receiver does not get the message, due to its own fault. A receiver distracted or distracted from the communicative situation will not understand the message that is being sent, although all the other elements of communication are working well. a) Open and closed questions: Open those that involve trying broader and not determined a priori, while the second correspond to those whose response is previously defined by the interlocutor (yes / no, etc.), these only pursue the knowledge of certain elements without collecting new information. Open questions call for an in-depth study of specific topics. Therefore, open questions are also known as probing questions. b) Clarify: What do you mean by saying that she is aggressive? c) Challenge: What makes you think he should replace the missing computer? d) Explain: What could happen if you are not able to agree today? e) Identify interests: What do you fear might happen if she has access to the files? f) Finding Facts: How long will it take you to be ready to deliver the training? g) Seeking Opinions: How about meeting in breaks to discuss the groups’ points of view? h) Consequences test: How do you think he will react when he knows this decision? i) Troubleshooting: How have you tried to solve this problem, and what is preventing you from doing so right now? j) Reinforce: Go back to when someone offered to help you in a difficult situation. What did you learn about your ability through appreciation, and how could that person help you now? Alternative disputeresolution, these would correspond to the techniques and strategies for evaluating the communicative plane of conflicts, since they would allow communication to be made viable by virtue of a healthier management and potential solution of the problem situation in question.Systematization elements, techniques: conciliation, negotiation, arbitration and mediation. Evaluation is the process by which the characteristics of a certain communication process can be analyzed and valued and, based on this, influence the solution of possible errors or barriers in said process. This model is a creative synthesis of what is proposed by various authors who are part of the work references of the authors of this matter. Thus, in the face of a conflict situation, regardless of its original nature, there is a multiplicity of reaction possibilities, either at the individual or collective level. These are some attitudes that may emerge as the conflict is accepted, avoided or denied: i. Overcoming. Its existence is recognized and there is a will to ii. Advantage. Its existence is recognized and attempts are made to take advantage of it. iii. Denial. Acknowledging its existence is avoided. iv. Evasion. Its existence is recognized, but without the desire to v. Accommodation. Its existence is recognized, but it is chosen not to give any answer. vi. Aggression. It is fought with a hostile, violent response. The choice of one or another modality at the beginning of the conflict and the subsequent changes in position or attitude will determine the process of the conflict and its possibilities for management or transformation. From this, it follows that, in order to initiate an evaluation of the communicative plane of conflicts, for their management and consequent solution, the first and essential step is the recognition that a conflict situation is being experienced. Avoiding or denying the existence of a problem situation will only make the specific scenario in question even more complex. In this sense, alternative procedures for dispute resolution or ADR (alternative dispute resolution) are registered, which constitute methods that allow the management and transformation of the conflict based on a non-adversarial conception of it. They are based on what would be the overcoming of the conflict as an attitude. There is an acknowledgment of the presence of the conflict and an attempt is made to initiate its management and solution process. Likewise, at the base of these methods is the idea that conflicts can be faced from a constructive perspective and that the traditional adjudicator model for dispute resolution is not always the best approach. With this change, it is emphasized that we are no longer facing an alternative or minor movement in conflict resolution, but that the ADR movement, by differing significantly in its formality and location from the decision-making procedures from power, represents an added value to the issue of conflicts and the process of their resolution. Alternative dispute resolution procedures are methods of conflict resolution that start from a non-adversarial conception of the conflict. They are based on the principle that conflicts can be faced from a constructive perspective and that the traditional adjudicatory model for the resolution of disputes is not always the i. The conflict has long-term consequences: Although conflict situations usually involve two or three people, their escalation will negatively affect the whole family, workplace or community. As the conflict escalates, more people join and are pressured to take part. ii. Being aware of a conflict is an invitation to participate: It is possible to respond without being drawn into the conflict. Not getting involved is a type of response that has consequences both for the people directly affected and for the periphery. People often, when in conflict, need to discuss their problems with bystanders. iii. Participation does not mean support for any party: What an individual does, or does not do, has an impact on the conflict. Counselors can positively influence how people respond to a conflict situation. Opportunities to think creatively about the situation and explore different options for resolution can be offered to parties in conflict. iv. The one-part version is less than half the story: Most people only express the part of the story that makes themselves look good and the other side bad. Nobody sees the full role he plays in the conflict. Conflicts must be understood within a broader context, systems and structures can contribute as much as individual perceptions and relationships. v. People can solve their conflicts: People solve their problems in most areas of their lives, both at work and at home. The most appropriate solution to conflicts comes from those who are most directly involved in it. Resolving the conflict produces confidence and skills that can be used in future situations. vi. Change of mentality: solve problems to advise effectively in conflict resolution. vii. More curiosity / less judgments: Avoid judging the parties in conflict, or wanting to judge the other. viii. More facilitation / less owning the problem: Empower the person and become someone capable of solving their problems; help you discover what you really want, offer options on how to proceed. ix. More listening / less talking: Sometimes one can find a way out of the problem simply by speaking out loud about it. x. More asking questions / less giving advice: Just asking questions helps the person see problems differently and can help them move in positive directions. xi. More focus on the person you are talking to / less on the other disputant: Why focus on the disputant who is not present? There is no way to help that person resolve their conflicts if they are not present. University of Texas Medical Branch, USADepartment of Criminal Justice Liberty University, USADepartment of Psychiatry University of Kentucky, USADepartment of Medicine Gally International Biomedical Research & Consulting LLC, USADepartment of Urbanisation and Agricultural Montreal university, USAOral & Maxillofacial Pathology New York University, USAGastroenterology and Hepatology University of Alabama, UKDepartment of Medicine Universities of Bradford, UKOncology Circulogene Theranostics, EnglandRadiation Chemistry National University of Mexico, USAAnalytical Chemistry Wentworth Institute of Technology, USAMinimally Invasive Surgery Mercer University school of Medicine, USAPediatric Dentistry University of Athens , GreeceThe annual scholar awards from Lupine Publishers honor a selected number Read More...

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In the ever-evolving landscape of automotive technology, Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) has emerged as a crucial player in mitigating the environmental impact of diesel engines. DEF, also known as AdBlue in some regions, is a clear, colorless fluid that plays a pivotal role in reducing harmful emissions and promoting cleaner air. In this blog, we’ll delve into the world of def diesel exhaust fluid, exploring its significance, benefits, and how it contributes to a more sustainable future. Understanding DEF: DEF is a non-toxic solution composed of 32.5% urea and 67.5% deionized water. This precise mixture is designed to be injected into the exhaust stream of diesel-powered vehicles equipped with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems. The SCR technology facilitates the conversion of nitrogen oxides (NOx) into harmless nitrogen and water vapor, resulting in significantly reduced emissions. Key Benefits of DEF: - Environmental Impact: DEF plays a crucial role in reducing the environmental footprint of diesel engines by breaking down harmful pollutants and converting them into less harmful substances. This not only helps in meeting stringent emission standards but also contributes to cleaner air quality. - Regulatory Compliance: As governments worldwide tighten emission standards, DEF has become a vital component for diesel-powered vehicles to comply with these regulations. By using DEF, fleet owners and operators ensure that their vehicles meet emission standards, avoiding penalties and promoting a positive corporate image. - Engine Efficiency: The use of DEF enhances the efficiency of diesel engines by optimizing the combustion process and reducing NOx emissions. This, in turn, leads to improved fuel economy, longer engine life, and reduced maintenance costs. - Global Recognition: DEF is a globally recognized solution, known by different names such as AdBlue in Europe and DEF in North America. Its widespread adoption showcases its importance in the international effort to reduce air pollution and combat climate change. - User-Friendly Application: Using DEF is a straightforward process. Most modern diesel vehicles come equipped with a dedicated DEF tank, and the injection of DEF into the exhaust system is seamlessly integrated into the vehicle’s operation. It’s a hassle-free solution for both vehicle owners and operators.

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In the rich tapestry of Roman mythology, we encounter deities representing various aspects of life, from love and wisdom to the relentless force of war. Among these formidable figures, Bellona, the Roman Goddess of War, emerges as a captivating and enigmatic presence. In this article, we embark on a journey into the intriguing world of Bellona, where we explore her profound significance in Roman mythology, and her integral role in religious ceremonies, and unearth some lesser-known facets that enrich her story. So, let’s venture back in time to acquaint ourselves with the formidable and multifaceted Bellona. Who is Bellona Roman Goddess? Bellona, the Roman goddess of war, was a powerful and active deity, not just an observer of battles. Her name, derived from “bellum” meaning “war” in Latin, reflected her role in inciting warriors to battle and embracing the chaos of conflict. She was depicted as a fierce commander, often portrayed wearing a helmet and wielding a sword. Romans invoked her before battle, seeking her favor for victory. Though her influence diminished over time, Bellona’s legacy as a symbol of martial power endured in Roman culture and mythology. - Read also: Exploring the Timeless Power of Greek Fertility Goddesses - Read also: Who Was Nyx in Greek Mythology Bellona’s Role in Roman Mythology and Religion Goddess of war Bellona, the Roman goddess of war, occupied a central and revered position in Roman warfare. She was not a passive figure but actively involved in the battlefield. Roman generals and soldiers often called upon her before embarking on military campaigns, seeking her divine favor and guidance to secure victory in the brutal arena of war. The Romans believed that invoking Bellona’s name would inspire them and ensure success in their conquests. In artistic depictions, Bellona was portrayed with several significant symbols that embodied her association with the harsh realities of war. One of her most recognizable symbols was a plumed helmet, a representation of her martial authority and leadership on the battlefield. She also carried a shield, symbolizing protection and defense, essential elements in war strategy. Another powerful symbol was her bloody scourge or whip, signifying the harsh discipline and brutality of combat. Cult of Bellona The Romans established a dedicated temple in honor of Bellona, aptly named the “Temple of Bellona.” This sacred place served as a focal point for her worshippers, who gathered there to perform rituals and seek her divine blessings before setting out on military expeditions. These ceremonies were an integral part of Roman military tradition, reflecting the profound reverence and importance given to Bellona by soldiers and commanders alike. Influence on Roman Culture Bellona’s significance extended far beyond the battlefield; her influence permeated various aspects of Roman culture and politics. She was not solely invoked for success in warfare but also for guidance in broader matters such as decision-making and strategy. Her presence in the political arena showcased the belief in her wisdom and the belief that her guidance extended beyond the realm of martial endeavors, underscoring her multifaceted role in Roman society. - Read also: Who is Oshun Goddess? The Enchanting Goddess of Love - Read also: A Look at the 10 Best Roman Emperors Some Facts About Bellona Roman Goddess Here are some interesting facts about Bellona, the Roman goddess: - Bellona was the Roman goddess of war, often associated with Mars, the god of war. She represented the aspects of conflict, combat, and battle strategy in Roman mythology. - She was often depicted with a helmet and a sword, symbolizing her martial attributes. Her appearance conveyed her fierce and warlike nature. - Bellona was considered the sister or companion of Mars, and she played a crucial role in Roman military rituals and ceremonies. Her presence was believed to inspire Roman soldiers before they went into battle. - Temples and shrines dedicated to Bellona were constructed in ancient Rome. Worshippers sought her blessings and protection for victorious military campaigns. - In some myths, Bellona was portrayed as a daughter of Jupiter and Juno, making her one of the divine offspring in Roman mythology. - The name “Bellona” is derived from the Latin word “bellum,” which means “war.” Her name reflects her primary domain and significance in Roman culture. - Bellona’s influence extended beyond the battlefield; she was also invoked during times of civil unrest and conflict within the Roman Empire. - Over time, Bellona’s cult waned in popularity, but she remained a symbol of martial power and the Roman approach to warfare. - Bellona was often identified with the Greek goddess Enyo, who shared similar attributes as a goddess of war and destruction. - Bellona’s worshippers included soldiers, military leaders, and even emperors, highlighting her importance in Roman society. - The temple of Bellona in Rome housed a sacred stone known as the “Stone of War.” It was believed that striking this stone with a weapon would invoke the goddess’s favor in battle. Bellona, the formidable Roman Goddess of War, exemplifies the intricate tapestry of Roman mythology. Her pivotal role in matters of war, the reverence bestowed upon her in religious ceremonies, and her broader influence on culture all combine to create a vivid portrait of her significance in the Roman Empire. Although her presence was most palpable on the battlefield, Bellona’s impact transcended those boundaries, leaving an indelible legacy in a civilization defined by its pursuit of power, conquest, and unwavering determination to claim victory. Yes, Bellona held a prominent place in Roman mythology, especially in the context of warfare, and was revered by many. Bellona was often identified with the Greek goddess Enyo, who shared similar attributes as a goddess of war and destruction. While many ancient Roman temples have been lost to time, some artifacts related to Bellona can still be found in museums, providing glimpses into her enduring legacy.

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by Rida Fatima (Image Credit: Dall-e) Mars, our neighboring planet, has long captivated the imagination of scientists, space enthusiasts, and even the general public. With its stark beauty and vast, barren landscapes, it’s a world of contrasts that fascinates and intrigues us. Imagine standing on the edge of a massive volcano or gazing into the depths of a canyon that dwarfs even the Grand Canyon on Earth. Picture yourself exploring the craters and valleys, searching for signs of life or evidence of ancient civilizations. For future tourists, the possibilities are endless, and the adventure is just beginning. While the landing sites for these missions will likely be chosen for safety and practicality, there’s no shortage of interesting geology to explore. Here are just a few of the incredible locations that await the intrepid travelers of the future. Olympus Mons is one of the most fascinating destinations on Mars, and it’s a must-visit for any future Martian tourist. This massive shield volcano towers over the surrounding landscape, rising to a height of 22 kilometers (13.6 miles) above the Martian surface. To put that in perspective, Olympus Mons is nearly three times the height of Mount Everest, the tallest mountain on Earth! The volcano is so massive that its base is over 550 kilometers (340 miles) wide, making it wider than the entire state of Arizona. Standing on the slopes of Olympus Mons, you’ll feel like you’re on top of the world – or at least, on top of a very large mountain! Whether you’re a geology enthusiast or just looking for an awe-inspiring adventure, Olympus Mons is a destination you won’t want to miss. Tharsis is a volcanic plateau on Mars that’s home to some of the largest and most impressive volcanoes in the solar system. The Tharsis volcanoes are a must-visit destination for any intrepid Martian traveler, offering breathtaking views and fascinating insights into the geology of this amazing planet. The largest volcano on Tharsis is called Arsia Mons, which stands a towering 16 kilometers (10 miles) high. That’s nearly twice the height of Mount Everest! Another fascinating Tharsis volcano is Pavonis Mons, which is surrounded by a mysterious hexagonal pattern that has puzzled scientists for decades. And then there’s Ascraeus Mons, which is home to a gigantic fissure system that stretches for over 1,000 kilometers (620 miles). Whether you’re a geology enthusiast or just looking for an adventure, the Tharsis volcanoes are a destination you won’t want to miss. Valles Marineris is one of the most breathtaking and awe-inspiring destinations on Mars. This massive canyon system is over 4,000 kilometers (2,500 miles) long and up to 7 kilometers (4.3 miles) deep, making it the largest canyon in the solar system. To put that in perspective, Valles Marineris is ten times longer and five times deeper than the Grand Canyon on Earth! But the canyon is not just big – it’s also home to some fascinating geological features. One of the most interesting is the massive cliff known as the “Great Tharsis Ridge,” which is over 7 kilometers (4.3 miles) high and runs for hundreds of kilometers along the eastern edge of the canyon. And if you’re a fan of extreme sports, Valles Marineris offers some truly out-of-this-world experiences – imagine rappelling down the side of a 7-kilometer-deep canyon, or hiking across a Martian landscape that looks like it belongs on another planet entirely! So if you’re looking for adventure, excitement, and some of the most stunning natural scenery in the solar system, Valles Marineris is the destination for you. The North And South Poles Of Mars The poles of Mars are some of the most fascinating and unique destinations in the solar system. Unlike the Earth’s poles, which are covered in ice, the poles of Mars are covered in a mixture of ice and frozen carbon dioxide, known as dry ice. This creates a stunning landscape of white and blue, with towering ice cliffs and deep valleys. One of the most fascinating features of the Martian poles is the seasonal changes – in the winter, the poles are shrouded in darkness and extreme cold, while in the summer, they are bathed in sunlight and relatively warm temperatures. The polar regions of Mars are also home to some fascinating geological features, including massive canyons and valleys, as well as the largest volcano in the solar system – Olympus Mons, which is located near the northern pole. And if you’re lucky, you may even catch a glimpse of the stunning auroras that light up the Martian sky. The Gale Crater and Mount Sharp (Aeolis Mons) The Gale Crater and Mount Sharp, also known as Aeolis Mons, are two of the most fascinating and scientifically important destinations on Mars. The Gale Crater is a massive impact crater that’s over 150 kilometers (93 miles) in diameter, and it’s home to the Curiosity rover – one of the most advanced robotic explorers ever sent to Mars. Mount Sharp, located at the center of the Gale Crater, is a towering mountain that rises over 5 kilometers (3 miles) above the surrounding landscape. But Mount Sharp is more than just a mountain – it’s a geological time capsule, with layers of sediment that have been laid down over billions of years. By studying these layers, scientists hope to unlock the secrets of Mars’ past, and learn more about the planet’s geology and history. And if you’re looking for adventure, the Gale Crater and Mount Sharp offer plenty of opportunities for exploration and discovery. From hiking across the Martian landscape to studying the rocks and sediments up close, there’s something for everyone on this incredible planet. The Recurring Slope Lineae in Hale Crater The Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL) in Hale Crater are some of the most mysterious and intriguing features on Mars. These dark streaks, which appear to flow down the sides of the crater walls during the Martian spring and summer, have puzzled scientists for years. Some believe that they may be evidence of liquid water on Mars, while others think that they may be caused by dry, flowing sand or dust. Whatever their cause, the RSL in Hale Crater offer a tantalizing glimpse into the geological and environmental mysteries of Mars. And if you’re looking for adventure, exploring the RSL in Hale Crater offers a unique and thrilling experience – imagine rappelling down the side of a Martian crater wall, or hiking through the rugged terrain in search of these elusive features. The ‘Ghost Dunes’ in Noctis Labyrinthus and Hellas basin are some of the most fascinating and enigmatic features on Mars. These dunes, which are believed to be millions of years old, have been preserved as ghostly outlines in the Martian rock. They were likely formed when Mars had a thicker atmosphere and more abundant liquid water, and they offer a glimpse into the planet’s past climate and geology. The dunes are also a reminder of the incredible power of wind on Mars, which is capable of shaping the landscape in ways that are both beautiful and mysterious. And if you’re looking for adventure, exploring the ‘Ghost Dunes’ offers a unique and thrilling experience – imagine hiking through the rugged terrain in search of these ancient formations, or camping under the Martian sky as you marvel at the wonders of the Red Planet. Exploring the wonders of Mars is an adventure like no other. From towering mountains and vast canyons to mysterious dunes and ghostly outlines of ancient features, the Red Planet is a treasure trove of geological and environmental marvels. Whether you’re a seasoned explorer or a curious traveler, there’s something for everyone on this incredible planet. So pack your bags, grab your spacesuit, and get ready to experience the wonders of Mars. Who knows what discoveries and adventures await us in the future as we continue to explore and unlock the secrets of this fascinating planet!

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4 The Law of Tipping Points Significance precedes momentum There is yet one more lesson to take from these primeval cases of the Network Economy. And here, another biological insight will be handy. In retrospect, one can see from these expo-curves that a point exists where the momentum was so overwhelming that success became a runaway event. Success became infectious, so to speak, and spread pervasively to the extent that it became difficult for the uninfected to avoid succumbing. (How long can you hold out not having a phone?) In epidemiology, the point at which a disease has infected enough hosts that the infection moves from local illness to raging epidemic can be thought of as the tipping point. The contagion’s momentum has tipped from pushing uphill against all odds to rolling downhill with all odds behind it. In biology, the tipping points of fatal diseases are fairly high, but in technology, they seem to trigger at much lower percentages of victims or members. There has always been a tipping point in any business, industrial or network, after which success feeds upon itself. However, the low fixed costs, insignificant marginal costs, and rapid distribution that we find in the Network Economy depress tipping points below the levels of industrial times; it is as if the new bugs are more contagious — and more potent. Smaller initial pools can lead to runaway dominance. Lower tipping points, in turn, mean that the threshold of significance — the period before the tipping point during which a movement, growth, or innovation must be taken seriously — is also dramatically lower than it was during the industrial age. Detecting events while they are beneath this threshold is essential. Major US retailers refused to pay attention to TV home-shopping networks during the 1980s because the number of people watching and buying from them was initially so small and marginalized that it did not meet the established level of retail significance. Instead of heeding the new subtle threshold of network economics, the retailers waited until the alarm of the tipping point sounded, which meant, by definition, that it was too late for them to cash in. In the past, an innovation’s momentum indicated significance. Now, in the network environment, significance precedes momentum. Biologists tell a parable of the lily leaf, which doubles in size every day. The day before it completely covers the pond, the water is only half covered, and the day before that, only a quarter covered, and the day before that, only a measly eighth. So, while the lily grows imperceptibly all summer long, only in the last week of the cycle would most bystanders notice its «sudden» appearance. But by then, it is far past the tipping point. The Network Economy is a lily pond. The Web, as one example, is a leaf doubling in size every six months. MUDs and MOOs, Teledesic phones, wireless data ports, collaborative bots, and remote solid state sensors are also leaves in the network lily pond. Right now, they are just itsy-bitsy lily cells merrily festering at the beginning of a hot network summer. In the Network Economy, significance precedes momentum. Рубрики: Ин яз | Дата публикации: 12.07.2010 Комментарии и Отзывы

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How to save energy in the home Energy consumption in houses and apartments can be reduced even with small measures. This is not only good for the budget, but also for the environment. Energy prices are rising and rising, and at the same time climate change is more noticeable than ever. So what could be more obvious than reducing energy consumption within your own four walls? Even small measures – apart from thermal refurbishment and heating system replacement – have a major impact. Anyone who wants to know exactly how much electricity is being consumed in their own household has two options: In those households where a smart meter has already been installed, it measures consumption every 15 minutes. The load profile can be read out online the following day. However, the power consumption can also be determined by means of an energy consumption meter. We tell you how you can save further where: Even when airing the house and apartment can save energy: It is better to open the windows completely for a few minutes than to tilt them for hours. Each degree less room temperature saves and six percent energy. If the thermostat is only set to level 3 and not level 5, the energy consumption will also decrease. Fear of freezing because of this, you do not need to be: The room warms up equally quickly in both cases. If small appliances such as microwave ovens or kettles are used for heating instead of the electric stove, which is considered one of the biggest consumers of electricity in the household, energy consumption drops significantly. There is also potential for savings by covering cooking pots and pans with a lid – this reduces gas and electricity consumption by up to 65 percent. The use of thermal or pressure cookers also reduces energy consumption. Another tip is to always place pots and pans on the stovetop that fits their size. Incidentally, the stove top and oven can be turned off a few minutes before the end of the cooking or baking time; the residual heat is sufficient. If the convection setting is used instead of top and bottom heat during baking, electricity is also saved – by up to 40 percent. Since the warm air is evenly distributed in the tube, the baking temperature can be reduced by 20 to 30 °C degrees with circulating air. If you refrain from opening the door of the oven again and again, you tap further energy-saving potential. In this case, cooler air enters the pipe, which must then be reheated. The situation is similar with freezers and refrigerators: If the doors are open for too long, the air heats up and then has to be cooled again. It also makes sense to put frozen foods in the refrigerator to defrost. Namely, they give off the cold to it, thus reducing power consumption. On the other hand, food should be completely cooled before it is placed in the refrigerator or freezer for storage. Freezers and freezer compartments should be defrosted regularly, as the accumulated ice layer increases energy consumption. Did you know that a quarter of the hot water consumed in households is used in the kitchen – for washing up, for example? Incidentally, if the dishwasher is used for this purpose, less energy is consumed than when washing dishes by hand. It is important to switch on the dishwasher fully first and select the Eco mode for it. It should be fully loaded, but not too full, and an energy-saving program should be selected. If a washing temperature of 30 to 40° C is selected , which is sufficient for normally soiled laundry, some energy can also be saved – after all, around 70 percent of a washing machine’s energy consumption is accounted for by heating. Ideally, the laundry should then be dried outdoors or in a well-ventilated room. If this is not possible, the Eco program should also be selected for the dryer and the laundry should be spun well beforehand. Taking a shower instead of a full bath also saves energy. It becomes even more efficient when the water temperature is turned down a little. In the bathroom we also find two more energy guzzlers – washing machine and dryer. The washing machine should be fully loaded, but not too full, and an energy-saving program should be selected. If a washing temperature of 30 to 40° C is selected , which is sufficient for normally soiled laundry, some energy can also be saved – after all, around 70 percent of a washing machine’s energy consumption is accounted for by heating. Ideally, the laundry should then be dried outdoors or in a well-ventilated room. If this is not possible, the Eco program should also be selected for the dryer and the laundry should be spun well beforehand. Switching lamps and luminaires to LEDs – which after all consume up to 80 percent less energy than other light sources – is also an important step toward energy efficiency. TV, computer and co. To reduce consumption, it is advisable to avoid standby mode on all electrical appliances. Also disconnect chargers or WLAN routers that are not currently in use from the power supply. For example, a television that is in standby mode for 20 hours a day consumes about 300 watts of electricity. Landlust: Luxury real estate in the countryside Villa location: Luxury properties Villa location For ski fans: Luxurious living for ski fans Hotel service: Luxurious living with hotel service Exquisite view: Luxurious living with an exquisite view For golf fans: Luxurious living for golf fans Classic elegance: Luxurious living in classic elegance

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Coexisting With Coyotes 23 January 2024 BY JOHNATHAN FARR AND COLLEEN CASSADY ST. CLAIR Coyote sightings in cities across North America have been steadily increasing, leading many city-dwellers to believe that conflict with urban coyotes is on the rise. This inspired University of Alberta researchers to start the Edmonton Urban Coyote Project, aimed at improving our understanding of these wily urban carnivores and how we can coexist with them. As part of the project, we encouraged Edmontonians to submit firsthand reports of their coyote encounters to our project website. Between January 2012 and December 2021, we received 9,134 reports, which included the location, date, time, and type of encounter. In addition, 97% of participants provided highly detailed comments about their observations. With help from a team of dedicated volunteers, we analyzed the website reports to extract insights into how coyotes and people interact, how people perceive coyotes, and how these patterns vary across seasons, years, and types of land use. A key question was whether human-coyote conflict has increased over time in Edmonton, as indicated by bold coyote behaviour and people’s level of concern about coyotes. We also sought to unravel the circumstances surrounding negative coyote encounters. Our analysis of the website reports revealed that encounters with bold coyotes increased from 8% in 2012 to 27% in 2021, which equates to an average increase of 2.2% per year. Reports expressing negative or fearful attitudes about coyotes rose by 1% annually. Both patterns suggest an increase in concern about human-coyote conflict among Edmontonians. The spatial distribution of the reports showed that the odds of encountering a bold coyote increased in open areas, perhaps because coyotes are less able to hide from dogs or people in such environments and therefore choose fight over flight. Conflict in open areas can be reduced by ensuring dogs are leashed and owners are observant. Coyotes were less bold in areas with higher building density. However, this did not translate into a lower level of concern about coyotes among people in residential neighbourhoods. In fact, the opposite was true. For this reason, it is particularly important to avoid attracting coyotes to urban neighbourhoods, where they are more likely to be perceived negatively, even if they do not exhibit bold behaviour. As for the timing of encounters, reports of bold coyotes were highest from May to August, though the total number of reports was actually lowest in that season. The spring and summer seasons are when coyote parents are rearing their pups. Therefore, it may be that adult coyotes generally try to avoid human encounters when rearing pups, but act aggressively if they feel their pups are being threatened, especially near den sites. Conflict could be reduced by preventing coyotes from denning in residential neighbourhoods and other areas with high human use, while encouraging people to be cautious in natural areas like the Edmonton river valley, where coyotes are known to den. The period from September to December had the highest total encounters, as well as the highest level of human concern about coyotes. The fall season is when young coyotes disperse and explore new areas, including residential neighbourhoods, and this likely is the cause of increased encounters. Finally, we found that encounters with bold coyotes were more likely if dogs or cats were present, especially if off-leash. This pattern suggests that the exploratory behaviour of off-leash pets increases their chances of encountering a coyote. In some cases, they may even be perceived as prey (several people reported seeing coyotes carrying dead cats). The presence of children was not associated with higher bold encounters. Nevertheless, observers understandably had a more negative perception of coyotes if children or pets were present. To summarize, our analysis confirms that human-coyote conflict has been slowly increasing in Edmonton. Encounters with bold coyotes occur most commonly during the spring, when pups are being raised, but total encounters are highest in the fall, when juveniles are dispersing. The chances of an aggressive encounter are highest when an off-leash pet is present. Several strategies are available to reduce conlicts between coyotes and people. First, residents should avoid attracting coyotes to residential neighbourhoods with food or shelter. Second, hazing (which can include yelling, using noisemakers, waving arms to appear larger, and throwing small rocks or tennis balls toward but not at the coyote) should be used to deter bold animals from residential areas. Third, it is important to maintain control of pets, especially in areas where coyotes are likely to den. Precautions like these have been used successfully to prevent conflict between humans and wildlife in national parks, and applying these same principles in our cities will help people and pets to coexist with the wild and wily urban coyotes. Coexisting with coyotes requires that we keep them wild by treating them with the respect that they deserve, and in doing so we can gain better outcomes for people, pets, and coyotes. We encourage readers who are keen to learn more to visit our website, edmontonurbancoyotes.ca. You can also read the scientific report we recently published about this study at ecologyandsociety.org/vol28/iss2/art19/. Additional aspects of the Edmonton Urban Coyote Project were reviewed in the Winter 2021 issue of Nature Alberta Magazine. Jonathan Farr completed his undergraduate degree in Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology at the University of Alberta in 2021. He is currently a graduate student at the University of Montana, where he is studying the ecology of reintroduced bison in Banff National Park. Colleen Cassady St. Clair is a professor of Biological Sciences at the University of Alberta. The Edmonton Urban Coyote Project has garnered national attention from the CBC (bit.ly/cbc-coyote) and a light-hearted look from The Beaverton (bit.ly/beaverton-coyote). Read the Original Article for this Post For a richer reading experience, view this article in the professionally designed online magazine with all images and graphs in place. This article originally ran in the Winter 2024 issue of Nature Alberta Magazine (Vol. 53 | No. 4).

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Eastern Water and Health warns that contaminated water can lead to illness and in rare cases, death, highlighting the importance of proper water treatment. PORT ST. LUCIE, FLORIDA, UNITED STATES, June 2, 2023/EINPresswire.com/ — Eastern Water and Health, a leading provider of water treatment services in the area, is raising awareness about the dangers of drinking untreated, contaminated water. According to the World Health Organization, contaminated water is responsible for numerous diseases and can even lead to death. The team at Eastern Water and Health is urging residents to be vigilant about the quality of drinking water. “Many people take clean water for granted, but the truth is that even in developed countries like the United States, there are still instances of water contamination,” says a spokesperson for the company. “While many residents drink city water that has been treated for such bacteria and contaminants, many get water from personal wells.” Contaminants in water can come from a variety of sources, including natural minerals and man-made pollutants. Some of the most common culprits include bacteria, viruses, pesticides, and heavy metals. Exposure to these contaminants can cause a range of health problems, from minor stomach upsets to serious illnesses like cholera and typhoid. All well water should be treated prior to consumption. Eastern Water and Health offer a range of services to help ensure that well-water residents have access to clean, safe drinking water. The company’s team of experts can perform basic in-home water tests, send your water out for testing if needed, recommend appropriate treatment methods, and install and maintain water treatment systems to effectively remove contaminants. This company also offers regular water testing to ensure that water quality remains high. In addition to their services for residential customers, Eastern Water and Health also provides water treatment solutions for businesses and industries. “Clean water is critical for many businesses, including those in the food and beverage industry and healthcare,” says the spokesperson. “We work closely with our commercial clients to ensure that their water meets all necessary standards and regulations.” Eastern Water and Health is committed to promoting awareness about the importance of clean water and helping residents and businesses access it. “We believe that everyone deserves access to clean, safe drinking water,” says the spokesperson. “It’s not just a matter of convenience, it’s a matter of public health.” Residents and businesses on the Treasure Coast can trust Eastern Water and Health for all their water treatment needs. With its expertise and commitment to quality, the company is helping to ensure a healthier future for the community. Eastern Water and Health 2489 SW Galiano Rd Suite W, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, United States Contaminated Water Can Lead to Illness – Eastern Water and Health Originally published at https://www.einpresswire.com/article/637407634/contaminated-water-can-lead-to-illness

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Social Groups Types and Examples In Sociology PDF. Also, Ten Types of Social Groups. Social groups refer to groups of people in society who communicate regularly to achieve individual and group goals. Every social group is formed by more than two people. The people in the same group share similar characteristics, mutual expectations, and shared identity. These groups have been prevalent in society for thousands of years, such as learning groups, work groups, self-help groups, etc. The social groups are divided into different small sub-groups. A small social group consists small number of people in society. The members of these small social groups communicate regularly and share common objectives. Group communication is significant to achieving the group goal. Group development models explain that group communication has many stages, tensions, and conflicts, so members need to maintain all the challenges to achieve the final goal. According to Tuckman’s Theory, the five stages of group discussion are Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning. Members must overcome all these stages to achieve the independent and interdependent goal. The four types of barriers in group communication are Ethnocentrism, Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination. Types of Social Groups The 10 Types of Social Groups are: - Primary Group - Secondary Group - Self-help Group - Learning Group - Service Group - Civic Group - Public Group - Virtual Group - Political Group Based on the research, the author has revealed a list of the top 10 types of social groups—the list of the top 10 types of social groups with the overall purpose and example given below. Types of Social Groups with Examples 1. Primary Group The primary group refers to close relationships among family members, friends, and roommates. The members satisfy primary needs including affiliation, belonging, love, and esteem. The primary group maintains interpersonal communicative behaviors among members such as self-disclosure, empathy, trust, and perceived understanding. The researchers term primary group as a long-standing group in many textbooks; because of long-term relationships. For example, the Nuclear family, Roommates, Several friends who meet daily around a table (best friends), and co-workers who regularly share Coffee breaks are under the primary group. 2. Secondary Group A secondary group is formed when few people communicate to complete daily tasks. Most scholars mentioned that the secondary group is usually formed to do work. The group members form this group to complete a project and solve a problem. Similar to the primary group, secondary group members share a common interest or engage in a shared activity. For example, Athletic Teams and Peer Groups are social groups. 3. Self-Help Group (SHG) A self-help group refers to voluntary team members who meet together to improve their living, physical, and financial condition. Group members face similar health conditions, common problems or life situations, and financial crises. This group goal is directed to a mutual approach to resolving problems. It offers support and encouragement to members who look for individual development. Self-help groups are available on the Internet, providing health, personal, or relationship issues. For example, Diabetes Peer Support Groups, Cancer self-help and support groups, and Early Morning Running Groups. 4. Learning Group A learning group refers to a collective of people who come together to develop skills and abilities. Usually, the educational or learning group primarily discovers and develops new ideas and ways of thinking. This group is intended to enhance members’ skills, abilities, also cognitive processes. Group members gain additional knowledge to improve their behavior. For example, the English-speaking club members come together to practice and improve English language proficiency. professional workshops and health and fitness classes (Yoga) are examples of learning groups. 5. Service Group The service group refers to a group of volunteers who donate their time, energy, and effort to help others who need particular assistance. This group members seek to help those people who need something to lead their lives. They foster social etiquette and responsibility towards others in society. The task of this group is to help someone less fortunate. For example, the Physical Therapy Foundation and Kiwanis is a service group. 6. Civic Group A civic group is formed to support the community by raising voices. In this group, members help people within the community. Civic groups play a vital role in promoting civic engagement, fostering social cohesion, and advancing positive social changes. Members mobilize resources, raising awareness, and advocating for policy reform. They provide opportunities for individuals to come together, voice their concerns, and take collective action to address pressing issues facing their communities and societies For example, Parent-Teacher Associations, Churches, Mosques, Scouting and Rotary Clubs. The working group is, also known as a decision-making and problem-solving group. The group members deal with solving specific issues that occur within an organizational context. Members complete particular tasks and routine duties on behalf of an organization whose members take collective responsibility for the job. The group goal is to collaborate in collective work. For example, Standing committees, Taskforces, and Management Teams are workgroups. 8. Public Group A public group is focused on discussing important issues for the benefit of the public. The group members focus on the common goals that benefit everyone within context. They are key decision-makers and promote general public matters. Social media users are part of this group. For instance, symposiums, panel discussions, and forums are examples of public groups. 9. Virtual Group The task-oriented group can work across time, space, and organizational boundaries. Virtual meeting group members work interdependently on a task but from different physical locations via communication technology. This group evolves into a virtual community or a group that meets regularly in cyberspace for members to share their experiences, opinions, and knowledge on a particular topic or interest. Virtual groups communicate via virtual meeting platforms, such as Google Meet, Zoom meetings, Microsoft Teams, etc. For example, a freelancer works from a different country via online meetings. 10. Political Group A political group discusses crucial economic and political issues and contributes to countries' well-being. The political leaders meet physically or virtually to make decisions. For example, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party are the two major political groups. From a political perspective, most American voters are members of Democratic or Republican political parties. In conclusion, the ten types of social groups are primary group, secondary group, self-help group, learning group, service group, civic group, work group, public group, virtual group, and political group. Then members of these groups communicate and work together for people's well-being. The advantages of small group communication are enhancing performance, member satisfaction, and greater civic engagement.

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CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://newsmoor.com/definition-explanation-explanation-interpretation-rationale-statement-of-meaning/page/10/

2024-10-06T03:26:39Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-42/segments/1727944253397.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20241006030248-20241006060248-00409.warc.gz

en

Gap-year programs allow students to take a break from formal education and engage in experiential learning, personal growth, and cultural exploration. These programs, often taken after high school or before college, involve spending significant time abroad, immersing oneself in new cultures, and participating in meaningful activities. Here is an overview of gap year programs abroad, including their benefits, types of programs available, and considerations for students considering this option. Benefits of Gap Year Programs Abroad: - Personal Development: Gap-year programs provide a transformative experience that fosters personal growth, self-discovery, and increased self-confidence. Living and engaging in a new environment challenges students to step out of their comfort zones, develop independence, and build resilience. Know about gap year programs abroad here. - Cultural Immersion: Spending an extended period in a foreign country immerses students in different cultures, traditions, and languages. This exposure promotes intercultural understanding and empathy and broadens students’ perspectives on global issues. - Learning Opportunities: Gap year programs offer various learning opportunities outside the traditional classroom setting. Whether through volunteering, internships, language immersion, or outdoor activities, students can gain practical skills, real-world experience, and a deeper understanding of their interests and passions. - Career Exploration: Engaging in internships during a gap year can provide valuable insights into potential career paths. Students can explore their interests, build professional networks, and gain hands-on experience in fields of their choice, helping them make informed decisions about their future academic and career pursuits. - Academic Break and Refreshment: After years of formal education, a gap year can be a break to relax, recharge, and gain a fresh perspective before continuing studies. It allows students to retreat from academic pressures, explore different interests, and return to their studies with renewed focus and motivation. Types of Gap Year Programs Abroad: - Volunteer Programs: These programs focus on community service and social impact. Participants can contribute to various causes such as education, environmental conservation, healthcare, and community development. Examples include teaching English in rural schools, working on wildlife conservation projects, or assisting in sustainable farming initiatives. - Language Immersion Programs: Language immersion programs allow students to enhance their language skills while experiencing the local culture firsthand. These programs typically involve attending language classes, living with host families, and engaging in cultural activities to practice the language in real-life contexts. - Internship Programs: These programs provide opportunities for students to gain professional experience in their field of interest. Students can intern at companies, nonprofits, or research institutions, acquiring valuable skills and industry knowledge while working on meaningful projects. - Outdoor and Adventure Programs: Adventure-based programs focus on outdoor activities and expeditions, such as hiking, camping, rock climbing, or wilderness exploration. These programs emphasize personal growth, teamwork, leadership, and building resilience through challenging experiences in natural settings. - Cultural Exchange Programs: Cultural exchange programs promote cross-cultural understanding by facilitating interactions between participants and local communities. Students can live with host families, engage in cultural activities, and learn about local traditions, customs, and history. Considerations for Students: - Planning and Research: Students must thoroughly research their gap year programs. Consider factors such as program costs, safety, visa requirements, program reputation, and the level of support the program organizers provide. - Financial Considerations: Gap-year programs can involve program fees, travel costs, accommodation, insurance, and personal expenses. Students should carefully consider the financial implications and explore options for scholarships, grants, or fundraising to make the experience more affordable. - Academic Considerations: Students should consult their future colleges or universities to understand their gap-year policies. Some institutions may allow students to defer admission, while others may require specific criteria or approval for gap year experiences. - Safety and Health: Students should research the safety conditions and healthcare facilities in the countries they plan to visit. It is crucial to take necessary precautions, such as obtaining travel insurance, following safety guidelines, and staying informed about potential risks or travel advisories. - Setting Goals and Objectives: Students should clearly understand their goals and objectives for the gap year. Whether to gain experience, learn a new language, volunteer, or explore personal interests, having a sense of purpose will help guide the program selection process. - Networking and Global Connections: Participating in a gap year program abroad allows students to build a network of international contacts and forge connections with people from diverse backgrounds. These connections can be valuable for future academic, professional, and personal endeavors, opening doors to global opportunities and collaborations. - Increased Cultural Competence: Immersion in a different culture helps students develop cultural sensitivity, adaptability, and open-mindedness. By engaging with local communities, students gain a deeper appreciation for cultural diversity, learn to navigate unfamiliar situations, and develop interpersonal skills essential for working in a globalized world. In conclusion, gap year programs abroad offer students unique opportunities for personal growth, cultural immersion, and valuable learning experiences. They provide a break from traditional education, allowing students to explore their passions, gain real-world experience, and develop a global perspective. By carefully considering program options, planning, and setting goals, students can make the most of their gap year and pave the way for future success.

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CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://newsnext.co.uk/2023/07/13/exploring-the-benefits-of-gap-year-programs-abroad/

2024-10-06T04:24:25Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-42/segments/1727944253397.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20241006030248-20241006060248-00409.warc.gz

en

This five senses apple craft and writing activity can be perfectly paired with an apple taste test experiment. Try it in the classroom or at home with your kids. Fall is a good time to explore different apple varieties. Because my husband loves Honeycrisp apples, I used to choose only this variety. And then one day my oldest had an apple tasting at school and he tried Granny Smith and Golden Delicious apples. He loved them both and sked for them at home too. So take your apple tasting a step further and write down what you see, taste, smell, see when you eat an apple and what sound does eating an apple make. Explore with all your 5 senses and record what you discover. This will be a fun fall science experiment to include to an apple theme. Because apple tasting may involve apples of different colors, Granny Smith for green, Golden Delicious for yellow and Red Delicious for red, we made three versions of our craft, one for each apple color. Five senses apple craft - Five sense apple template - Cardstock paper: white, red, green, yellow and brown How to make a five senses apple craft The 5 senses apple template comes with two versions: 1. template option 1 – print directly on colored paper 2. template option 2 – trace patterns on colored paper Step by step instructions Start by filling out the five senses activity recording sheet. Glue the two apple skin pieces onto the core, one on each end. Glue the stem onto the top skin piece. Add the leaf onto the stem.

<urn:uuid:c81f9b7c-0d2a-4592-aac2-c15ca4d66495>

CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://nontoygifts.com/five-senses-apple-craft/

2024-10-06T04:43:27Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-42/segments/1727944253397.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20241006030248-20241006060248-00409.warc.gz

en

There are many things in life from basic activities to other bigger tasks which we fail to complete. The book Finish by Jon Acuff depicts how perfectionism stops you from moving forward. Here are some tips to follow to achieve your target in a fruitful manner. - It is perfectly okay to be imperfect Most of us plan a project or an activity but find it difficult to fulfill. What hinders you from completing it? Most of you may realize that it’s not laziness or incompetence which affects us, instead it is the mentality of perfectionism that stops you from moving forward. We often try to give excuses like, “it is not perfect” or “things are not going in a right direction”. The author has also faced this experience several times. In his life, he was also plauged by thoughts like “if it’s not perfect, then it’s not worth doing” and later realized that this attitude would stop him from moving forward. This is a lesson we can all benefit from - Do not be over ambitious in life Just like perfectionism, becoming overambitious can be a roadblock to success. Always remember to set up realistic goals in life as the unrealistic goals may not be fulfilled. It is said that 92% of people do not achieve their goals due to planning fallacy, a term coined by scientists to refer to excessive optimism.This can be combated by remembering to add in a buffer for if something goes wrong. - Follow the strategy of incompetence Most of us are optimistic and have a perfectionist attitude in life. This makes us believe that we will be able to manage several projects at a particular time. This is not true as the demands on our time and energy make our goals unrealistic. Therefore a strategy of incompetence has to be practiced in order to make ourselves believe that everything cannot be managed together. This will help you to concentrate on your main projects and manage your work better. - Have fun with your work When imagining words like ‘goal’ and ‘ambition’, we generally connect them to vocabularies like ‘burden’, ‘hard work’, ‘stress’, ‘pain’ etc. and therefore we are unable to enjoy the work. It is proven that satisfaction and performance are linked together in order to have a successful completion of the project. We can say that having fun with work and enjoying it will provide better results. - Give importance for motivation We generally formulate our own understanding or ‘rules’ for the term perfectionism.Some believe that people who complete their task perfectly in a short time are successful. Others place the onus on the quality of the work. Remember that perfectionism does not define success. So it is important to identify elements of what help you feel that a task has been accomplished. For example, Robert bet his friend that he will lose 10 kilograms in a month or he will pay him $500. Throughout the month, Robert put in his hardest efforts and at the end, he only managed to lose 8 kilograms, and paid up. As a perfectionist, this might seem a failure but when you consider his motivations, he wanted to lose weight and he has, and that is what makes this count as a success. Moreover, even when you have a small amount of progress, it is still progress in the right direction. Therefore it is more important to understand your motivation than looking for accuracy. - Stay fearless and confident Sometimes we might go in the right direction to achieve the target but tend to lose confidence out of fear. This fear is caused by negative thoughts of what might happen to your tasks at the end. We must not fear for the things that have not happened yet. We must stay positive and confident till the end. Let us conclude We understood that the main block to finish our task is perfectionism, not laziness. The thought that anything which is not perfect is a failure is false. Understanding the fact that nothing is perfect will help to succeed in your goals. #IAS Academy in Chennai #IAS Coaching in Chennai #Best IAS Academy in Chennai #Best IAS Coaching in Chennai #IAS Coaching Centre in Chennai #UPSC Coaching in Chennai

<urn:uuid:d42ded8e-9bc4-48cd-9458-22228b80911e>

CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://officerspulse.com/2020/08/04/finish/

2024-10-06T04:13:46Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-42/segments/1727944253397.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20241006030248-20241006060248-00409.warc.gz

en

The Dignity in Schools Campaign is a national coalition that challenges the systemic problem of school pushout and works to dismantle the school-to-prison pipeline. The Dignity in Schools Campaign advocates for policy change at the federal level, leads state-level campaigns to end school pushout, and provides resources and training for members and the public on strategies to effect change. The Dignity in Schools Campaign published the original version of its Model Code in 2013, and a supplement addressing law enforcement and criminalization was added in October 2018. The most recent version—the Model Code on Education and Dignity—was released in October 2019. The Dignity in Schools Campaign provides a description of the Model Code on its website: “This resource provides recommendations for schools, districts, states, and federal policy-makers to end school pushout, protect the human right to education, and ensure that all young people have the opportunity to reach their full potential. In particular, the code calls for an end to zero-tolerance discipline policies, removal of the regular presence of law enforcement in schools, and other policies and practices that criminalize students. Instead, the model policies provide guidance for how to utilize positive school discipline policies like Restorative Justice Practices and Positive Behavior Interventions and Support, and to use supportive school staff to get to the root of problems in schools and keep the entire school community safe. The model policies are based on best practices, research, and the experiences of students, parents, intervention workers, peace-builders, and educators from around the country, and on a human rights framework for schools. They are designed so that communities and policy-makers can identify specific areas of concern and implement the recommended language, including changing laws and policies, while taking into account the diverse needs and characteristics of individual communities.” In response to a need for policy alternatives that could replace punitive discipline policies at the state, district, and school levels, members of the Dignity in Schools Campaign began developing model policies in the late 2000s. At the time, many existing disciplinary policies, their members found, were harsh, overreliant on exclusionary practices, and often so vaguely worded that they opened the door to bias, discrimination, and inconsistency when applied across districts, schools, and classrooms. In addition, the increase of police presence in schools and use of arrests creates what many call the school-to-prison pipeline, where some young people are put on a track to the criminal justice system rather than a pathway to success. “Criminalizing young people and using school discipline policies to push students out of school is a denial of the human right to education. Communities across the country have seen how students of color, particularly black students, are being directly targeted by these practices, along with other marginalized students,” says Natalie Chap, National Campaign Coordinator for the Dignity in Schools Campaign. “The model polices in the code are intended to help people transform their schools holistically so that no young people are denied the right to an education.” This Model Code, DSC points out, is intended to be a resource for those developing or advocating for policy at all levels–from the state to the district to the school—and it can be viewed as a menu of options. Even if states, districts, or schools don’t adopt the code in its entirety, the Model Code provides enough policies that anyone referencing it should be able to find a relevant and useful policy within it, and can either use that policy as written or customize it to their local context. The updated 2019 Model Code includes new sections on using an Intervention Support Team model to conduct “Threat Assessments,” culturally responsive curriculum, summary recommendations and resource guide of racial disparities in school discipline, LGBTQ students, immigrant students and their families, trauma-sensitive schools—among many other additions and updates. The Model Code is organized into five chapters: (1) Education, (2) Participation, (3) Dignity, (4) Freedom from Discrimination, and 5) Data, Monitoring, and Accountability: “Chapters 1 and 2 on Education and Participation outline broad principles and standards for high-quality education and community participation that lay the groundwork for positive school climates and discipline. Chapter 3 on Dignity focuses on the issue of positive school climate and constructive approaches to discipline. It provides detailed language that can be adopted by states, districts, and schools in education codes and policies. Chapters 4 and 5 on Discrimination and Monitoring and Accountability present recommended policies and practices for addressing the disproportionate impact of punitive discipline, and for ensuring quality data collection and effective monitoring of policies.” Model Code on Education and Dignity A Human Rights Framework for Schools CHAPTER 2: PARTICIPATION 2.1 STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION HUMAN RIGHTS GOAL Schools and communities must work together to create the methods, procedures, and structures to guarantee the rights of students, parents and families, educators, communities, and other stakeholders to meaningfully participate in decisions that affect their schools and the right to education. Stakeholder – Any person/group with a vested interest in the educational outcomes at public schools, with such interests including but not limited to: the life success and potential of students and their families; the quality of working conditions for those who are employed at or rendering services to public schools; and the credibility and reputation of those who are charged with the responsibility of producing educational outcomes, paid or unpaid. This includes students, parents or guardians, community members (including the religious community), teachers, school staff, and administrators. Participation – Any and all forms of involvement in decision-making that produces, impacts, or ensures educational outcomes. Procedural protections – Procedures defined as fundamental and necessary by law and/or to protect human rights standards. A. Schools shall ensure effective participation of all stakeholders in the school community in developing, implementing and maintaining school systems, educational policies and practices (see Section 3.1 Key Elements of School Climate and Positive Discipline and Section 5.2 Monitoring and Community Analysis). B. All school and community stakeholders shall have a right to be included in state, district, and school-level decision-making processes. 1. Schools and stakeholders shall develop clear procedures for shaping, evaluating and revising the process and nature of stakeholder participation. (a) A Stakeholder Advisory Committee comprised of a representative of each key stakeholder group—at a minimum, school administration, teachers, parents or guardians, and students—shall be formed to oversee the development and enforcement of inclusive decision-making processes and bodies and to disseminate information to stakeholders. (b) The Advisory Committee and other bodies for stakeholder participation shall have representation of the demographic groups served by the school system (including race and ethnicity, socio-economic background, nationality, language, ability, and other demographic categories). 2. All methods and procedures for participation shall be available to all stakeholders without discrimination. (a) Schools and the Stakeholder Advisory Committee shall establish clear lines of responsibility and a consistent process for airing and remedying grievances of intentional or unintentional exclusion of any stakeholder, with particular communication tactics for ensuring that historically underrepresented stakeholders such as low-income families, communities of color, immigrants, and non-English speakers are aware of and understand how to redress any such grievances. 3. Procedures that are designed to ensure stakeholder participation must allow for the ability to go beyond minimum procedures required by federal, state, or local laws and statutes. 4. Stakeholders shall be informed of their right to participate. Schools shall utilize multiple methods of notification, as appropriate, to ensure all stakeholders are aware of existing processes, decision-making bodies, or persons and the decisions made. 5. All stakeholders shall have equal responsibility for adhering to, and rectifying any breaches of, the principles and procedures guiding decision-making processes. C. Representatives of all stakeholders shall participate in decisions affecting all relevant aspects of education and be accountable to ensure that every student has access to a high-quality education. 1. The Stakeholder Advisory Committee shall develop transparent, structured opportunities for multiple levels and areas of influence within the educational process and school environment, including but not limited to: (a) Needs assessment; (b) Program planning; (c) Prevention and intervention strategies; (e) Monitoring; and (f) Accountability for the fundamental components of a high-quality, highly functioning educational system. 2. The Advisory Committee shall develop and implement a process in which all stakeholders are involved in the early identification of systemic and/or school conditions and practices that impede the fulfillment of a right to quality education, before their consequences are exacerbated. 3. Stakeholders shall be consulted and involved in developing problem-solving and intervention strategies that are designed to involve all stakeholders in protecting and fulfilling students’ rights to remain in and/or return to school in the event high-quality standards are not met, or circumstances lead to some form of disengagement and re-entry. D. States and districts shall provide local schools with control over critical decisions ensuring that principals, teachers, parents, or guardians, students and other stakeholders have ownership over critical decisions—paired with adequate monitoring and oversight—related to budgeting, classroom size, hiring, and curriculum customization so that instruction can be individualized and tailored to meet students’ needs. E. Schools shall build the capacity of all stakeholders to participate in decision-making bodies and processes. 1. Schools shall create and promote opportunities for all stakeholders to acquire the information and training needed to effectively participate in decision-making bodies and processes, including information and training on: (a) All legally binding procedural protections; (b) All rights and standards defining a high-quality public education system; (c) Skills needed for effective leadership and problem-solving to prepare stakeholders to develop, amend, and monitor educational policies and practices; and (d) Restorative Justice-based principles and procedures for input gathering, decision-making, and addressing post-decision concerns. 2. The Stakeholder Advisory Committee shall develop and oversee distribution of information about such opportunities. 3. Resources for information and training shall be targeted to ensure the equitable representation of all stakeholders. F. Processes for stakeholder participation shall be clearly documented and evaluated. 1. Results of stakeholder participation shall be documented, archived, and made available to the public wherever possible, including, but not limited to, multiple perspectives, areas of agreement/disagreement, decision- making processes/persons that led to decisions made, decisions made, concerns raised as a result of decisions made, and how concerns are addressed. 2. Clear roles and responsibilities shall be developed for all stakeholders and stakeholder groups, with frequent opportunities for stakeholder groups to engage their representatives and/or submit feedback, input and/or grievances, and for representatives to respond to their stakeholder groups. G. Stakeholder Participation in charter schools. 1. All publicly funded schools, including charter schools, shall support the full participation of stakeholders in the school community to make decisions that impact them. Even where state and district rules do not mandate this participation, charter management organizations and charter schools shall proactively engage their communities in shaping their schools through meaningful decision-making processes. 2. States, districts, and charter management organizations and charter schools shall: (a) Require that decisions on when to open, when to renew, and where to locate charter schools be made with community input and approval, assessments of educational impact and need, and with the collective needs of the district’s parents and students in mind. (b) Require that the governance of charter schools, as publicly funded institutions, be local, transparent, responsive, and accessible to parents, students, and the general public. (c) Require that any state boards established to review and approve new charters, and renew and monitor existing charters, include representation of all stakeholders, including parents, students, and community leaders. (d) Require that any district-level boards or committees overseeing charters include community stakeholder representation, such as parents, students, teachers, and other members of the broader community that are impacted by those schools. (e) Ensure that both parents and the broader school community are part of a democratic and transparent process to elect the governing boards of charters, and ensure that parents and other stakeholders from each school have majority representation on those boards. (f) Require all charter schools to be fully compliant with state open meetings/open records laws, including requiring that board meetings to be well publicized and held at times that are convenient for parents, and include designated opportunities for public comment, testimony, and input. (g) Ensure that all charter schools create welcoming and transparent environments for parents and students to participate in decision-making processes. (h) Ensure that all charter school policies, information about staff, instructional strategies, curriculum, school rules, behavior codes, and data on educational outcomes and disciplinary practices be accessible and available online and in hard copy by request and in a timely manner. 2.2 RIGHTS OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH TO PARTICIPATION HUMAN RIGHTS GOAL Schools shall enable students to be active and effective participants in the learning process, to express their views, and to give input into decisions that affect their lives and education. Schools shall inform students about school policies and practices and their rights connected to them. A. States, districts, and schools shall develop structures that allow students to be heard on issues affecting their education and school policies and procedures, including, but not limited to: 1. Age-appropriate student councils and advisory bodies providing for student input into the design and function of policies and procedures affecting students; 2. Student representation on school-wide decision-making bodies (i.e. school leadership teams) and on district and state-level boards of education; 3. Age appropriate student participation in hiring, granting tenure to, and developing training programs for school staff; 4. School-wide forums—for example, town hall meetings—that offer students an opportunity to voice their opinions about school decisions and policies; 5. Processes to repair harm, restore trust, and identify solutions to school conflict and disciplinary incidents through methods such as peer counseling and mediation, restorative circles, or conferences; 6. Student participation on School Climate and Culture Leadership Teams and discipline committees, such as fairness committees (see Section 3.7.b Model Policy on Restorative Justice Practices); and 7. Grievance procedures and a process for appealing decisions that affect students directly, including on issues of curricula, school policy, discipline, and school climate and culture. B. States, districts, and schools shall ensure that all students and school staff are made aware of and have access to detailed information about school rules, policies, and procedures and state and local laws guaranteeing or affecting students’ right to participation, made available in the language the students’ understand best. C. States, districts, and schools, in partnership with students and other members of the school community, shall create a Students’ Bill of Rights. D. States, districts, and schools shall ensure that students are active participants in the educational process by working with educators and staff to adopt instructional techniques and classroom management systems that encourage student participation in decision-making, take into account student views, teach students effective leadership and participation skills, and provide explanations to students when decisions go against their views. 2.3 RIGHTS OF PARENTS AND GUARDIANS TO PARTICIPATION HUMAN RIGHTS GOAL Schools shall enable parents or guardians to be active and effective participants in their child’s learning process, to express their views and to give input into decisions that affect their child’s education. Schools shall inform parents or guardians about school policies and practices and their rights connected to them. A. States, districts and schools shall create welcoming environments for parents or guardians. 1. Where schools have policies that require official identification to enter the school building, they should give parents or guardians the option to receive an official ID from the school in case they do not have access to an ID through other sources. B. States, districts and schools shall ensure that parents or guardians have a right to participate in decision- making affecting school policies and procedures, including, but not limited to: 1. Informing parents or guardians in a timely and clear manner as to when and how they can participate, and ensuring that all parents or guardians have equal access to information on opportunities for participation, made available in the language they understand best. 2. Ensuring that parents or guardians have concrete opportunities to make recommendations to schools about effective methods for participation. 3. Creating structured opportunities for parents or guardians to give input, get information, and help make decisions (see Section 2.1 Stakeholder Participation and Section 5.2 Monitoring and Community Analysis), including but not limited to: (a) Parent or guardian representation on school-level committees and district and state boards of education; and (b) Parent Associations and/or Parent-Teachers Associations that are representative of the parent community of a school (ensuring diversity in grade levels and demographic backgrounds of students), and that provide services and information to parents or guardians to support their participation in the school. 4. Providing trainings for parents or guardians on how to effectively hold schools accountable. C. States, districts, and schools shall ensure that parents or guardians have a right to monitor and evaluate implementation of school policies and practices, including, but not limited to: 1. Regular parent or guardian-led school forums at which school staff must listen and respond to parent and guardian assessments; 2. Open and clear communication to parents or guardians about their right to visit schools and classrooms; 3. Parent or guardian-led assessments of schools to identify areas that need more accountability; and 4. Policies that protect parents’ and guardians’ right to monitor schools’ implementation of programs without retaliation. D. States, districts, and schools shall ensure parents or guardians have a right to participate in decisions affecting their individual child’s education including, but not limited to: 1. Adherence by teachers, administrators and other school staff to an “early warning” system that identifies academic or behavioral challenges as soon as possible and works with parents or guardians to identify solutions; 2. Participation in restorative discipline solutions (see Section 3.7.b Model Policy on Restorative Justice Practices); 3. Protection of due process rights, including as related to school discipline (see Section 3.2 Guidelines for Suspensions, Expulsions and Removals); and 4. Participation in the creation of their child’s Individualized Education Plan (IEP) and/or placement in special education services or programs. E. States, districts, and schools shall establish mechanisms for parents or guardians to participate directly in the educational process in schools, including, but not limited to mentoring and providing supports for students. F. States, districts, and schools shall establish policies that outline clear grievance procedures that parents or guardians can use to file complaints, with due process, and establish a clear process of recourse if parents’ or guardians’ grievances are not resolved with due process. G. States, districts and schools shall create tools to evaluate parent or guardian participation, including surveys to identify barriers to parental participation and seek recommendations for how to improve participation. H. States shall enact legislation allowing parents or guardians of students the right to take reasonable leave from employment to attend meetings, events, or activities that are related to their child’s educational achievement, which includes matters of school discipline. 1. An eligible employee shall be entitled to a minimum of 24 hours of leave during any 12-month period, in addition to leave available under federal law, to: (a) Participate in school activities directly related to the educational advancement of a child of the employee, such as parent-teacher conferences, disciplinary meetings, or interviewing for a new school; and (b) Accompany the child of the employee to any hearing, meeting, or proceeding, whether under the school’s jurisdiction or otherwise, that could result in the suspension, expulsion, or transfer of a student, 2. If the necessity for leave under this section is foreseeable, the employee shall provide the employer with not less than seven days’ notice before the date the leave is to begin. If the necessity for leave is not foreseeable, the employee shall provide such notice as is practicable. I. Where a student is a ward or dependent of the state, identified through processes outlined in federal or state law, notification regarding educational or disciplinary decisions made by the student’s school shall be provided to the education rights holder, foster parent, or legal guardian, student’s counsel or guardian ad litem, and the student’s child welfare social worker or caseworker and, if the student has one, Probation Officer. 1. Additionally, where school districts do not have information regarding the education rights holder for a student, they shall work with the above-mentioned parties to ensure notification to the student’s holder of education rights. 2. Under no circumstances, however, shall a student who is a ward or dependent of the state be denied full access to his or her education rights due to an adult caretaker or rights-holder’s inability or refusal to act on behalf of the child. Organizing Engagement thanks Natalie Chap and Tafari Melisizwe of the Dignity in Schools Campaign and Blythe Armitage for their contributions to developing this resource. This work by Organizing Engagement is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. When excerpting, adapting, or republishing content from this resource, users should reference and link to Organizing Engagement and the organizations that developed the policy.

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Horses have been a part of human culture for thousands of years, serving as carriage horses, warhorses, and as the steeds of racers. Horse racing is a sport of skill and stamina, pitting the best-trained equines against each other to see who can win a race. While it may seem like a primitive contest of speed or endurance, modern horse races are run under sophisticated rules and regulations that protect the health and safety of both the animals and their riders. While the history of organized horse races is well documented in Europe, the sport’s origins are obscure. The first horse races were probably a simple contest of stamina between two horses or teams. Over time, the sport evolved from a diversion of the leisure class into a huge public-entertainment business. The basic concept of the race, however, has undergone remarkably little change over the centuries. Unlike most other sports leagues, the horse racing industry has a patchwork of different standards and rules in place across the dozens of states that host racing. The penalties for trainers and owners who violate these rules also vary by state. As a result, horses are rarely able to develop any kind of bond with one person or call a particular racetrack their home. The most important rule in a horse race is the “winner takes all” principle. The winning horse must be able to cross the finish line before any of the other horses. This is a major safety issue, as if any of the horses in the race are unable to make it over the finish line before all of the other horses, they may be trampled to death. To prevent this from happening, the rider must be able to control the animal in such a way that it jumps every obstacle and follows the prescribed course without veering off the track. Another important aspect of the rules of a horse race is the use of medication to help the animal compete. This is especially important in longer races, where the ability to keep up with the leaders can be very difficult for a tired horse. Many horses who are not adequately prepared or cared for can succumb to serious injuries that will end their careers in the racetrack. In addition to betting on the winner of a horse race, there are also bets on second and third place finishes. These bets are called place and show bets. The payouts on a place or show bet are usually much lower than the payouts for a straight bet on a winner. This is because the odds of a horse finishing in a certain place are much lower than the odds on the horse winning. For this reason, it is important to understand how the payouts on a place or show bet work before making your bets.

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We all know that CBD is growing in popularity for its medicinal properties. The question many of us want to answer is what is the difference between CBD from hemp and cannabis? The difference between CBD from hemp and cannabis is the amount of the cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol THC, in the plant. Both plants are in the cannabis sativa family. However, cannabis plants with less than 0.3% THC are considered hemp. Cannabis above the 0.3% THC level is more commonly known as marijuana. Unfortunately, since the prohibition of cannabis in 1937, hemp and its non-euphoric medicinal properties were lost to society. People blurred the differences between hemp and cannabis. They were clumped together as one. Everyone just assumed hemp, with its low THC levels, was the same as cannabis, with its higher THC. People began to believe hemp had the same effect of getting “high” like cannabis and it became taboo. We want to make sure you understand the difference between CBD from hemp and cannabis. What is a Cannabinoid? The first thing we need to do is clarify some definitions. Once you read through a few of our articles on cannabis, hemp, and CBD, you will become familiar with certain terms. They are common in the medicinal CBD and cannabis environments. Once you understand them, they will roll of your tongue as if you were a scientist! 😉 So, let us start by defining cannabinoids. A cannabinoid is a compound found within the cannabis plant. The most prolific cannabinoid in cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The second is cannabidiol (CBD). There are over 100 cannabinoids in cannabis exhibiting different effects, mentally and physically. Cannabinoids act with the body’s natural endocannabinoid system (ESC) to help regulate overall bodily function. There is a long word for you! I think we should discuss the ESC a little further. What is the Endocannabinoid System? The ECS helps to modulate our central nervous system’s functions. It attempts to maintain an equilibrium in which our body’s organs function optimally. This is called homeostasis. When our organs run at optimum levels, they help to maintain physiological, cognitive, and emotional balance. Makes a lot of sense. Right? You see examples of homeostasis in just about every environment. If things are balanced, they run at most favorable levels. The same is true for our bodies. The endocannabinoid system is in your brain. Controlling receptors divide the workload between controlling bodily and brain functions. Receptors that control the body are commonly known as CB-2 while receptors controlling the brain are CB-1. Studies have shown that CBD extracted from hemp and cannabis, along with other cannabinoids found in the plant, directly affect the receptors within the ESC. This helps our system perform at top levels and brings us closer to achieving homeostasis. Lately, CBD’s resurgence in the medicinal arena has improved methods of cannabinoid extraction from hemp and cannabis allowing for versatility in medicinal applications. Common items available on the market include oils, edibles, and creams. What Cannabinoids are in Hemp and Cannabis? We know what cannabinoids are and have a basic understanding of how they help the endocannabinoid system. Now we should know what cannabinoids are found in hemp and cannabis plants. Remember, the only difference between hemp and cannabis is the THC content. Hemp contains less than 0.3% THC and cannabis (marijuana) contains more than 0.3% THC. There are over 100 cannabinoids within the hemp and cannabis plants. We will leave the full, technical list to the medical journals. Although, if you love the technical aspects, we highly recommend you do further study into the subject. But, for this blog, we will just touch on the big hitters. These are the most studied and used cannabinoids most of us will encounter. By no means is this a complete list. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) – Major Cannabinoid We will start with our national troublemaker. The “Bad Boy” of the bunch should get our first attention. This one took troublemaking to a national scale. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the most common cannabinoid found in hemp and cannabis. When found in concentrations of 0.3% or more, THC can produce the euphoric “high” when smoking or ingesting what we commonly call marijuana. While many people prefer to avoid this feeling, higher concentrations of THC have shown beneficial effects when treating medical conditions. - THC’s analgesic effects have proven effective in pain relief. - Glaucoma patients experience reduced eye pressure. - Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy that experience appetite loss benefit from “the munchies” associated with THC. Unfortunately, cannabis with more than 0.3% THC is still federally illegal in the United States. This makes research into its medicinal effects difficult. While some states are paving the way by legalizing all concentrations of THC for medical and recreational use, others still follow the rule of federal laws. Hopefully, the government will see to allow more research to happen into the essential medicinal properties of THC. Until then, there are still many other medicinal cannabinoids we can discover. Cannabidiol (CBD) – Major Cannabinoid Thanks to the 2014 Farm Bill, which allowed farmers to grow hemp for industrial purposes, and the subsequent Hemp Farming Act of 2018, which defined Hemp as cannabis sativa containing less than 0.3% THC, we can learn a whole lot more about CBD and its medicinal uses. Behind THC, CBD represents the second highest concentration of cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant. The main thing you need to know about CBD is that it does not cause the euphoric “high” caused by using THC. It also works better when combined with other cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids. CBD many have too little THC to effectively get you “high”, but it does provide a host of natural and effective health benefits. Researchers are discovering amazing benefits in using CBD for treatment of schizophrenia, epilepsy, and some types of cancer. CBD is also showing great promise in treating chronic pain, anxiety, and depression. CBD is currently undergoing studies as an opiate replacement. With its powerful pain management properties, medical professionals have hope that CBD can help alleviate the opioid addiction problem that plagues the United States today. With the blessing of the government in 2018 and the discovery of CBD’s strong medicinal properties, development, and distribution soared. It is estimated that CBD sales will soar past the $20 million a year within just a few years. Cannabichromene (CBC) – Minor Cannabinoid The presence of CBC in the medicinal arena seems underrated and needs more study. Researchers are only just starting to understand its medical benefits. Past studies show that CBC can block pain reception in lab mice. It also shows signs of being a strong anti-inflammatory. Before I continue, I will address the elephant that just entered the room. Yes, all these tests are done on mice before they do human experimentation. There are several reasons researchers use mice for experimenting with new medicine for humans. Mice and rats have genetic, biological and behavior characteristics closely resemble those of humans. For this reason, researchers can replicate human symptoms in the animals and test new medicinal products for efficacy. There are those that do not believe in these methods, but that is not my discussion here. We are discussing scientific findings on the medicinal aspects of CBD and cannabinoids. There are studies that are currently in progress on CBC. Variations of these experiments are trying to determine its effectiveness in treating acne, improving mental health, and helping repair brain damage. It is exciting to see what medicinal discoveries researchers will make while studying CBC. We will let you know as more helpful benefits are discovered. Cannabinol (CBN) – Minor Cannabinoid Cannabinol is starting to earn some time in the research labs. Little is known about CBN since it is a by product of THC. In other words, CBN appears when THC degenerates. This is a process of oxygenation. THC decomposes when a cannabis plant is exposed to oxygen for long periods of time—an older plant. You can see why CBN got lost in the medicinal cannabinoid shuffle. Older cannabis plants have less demand. Since many growers were cultivating cannabis for their freshly matured flowers, not much value was given to cannabinoids that developed in older plants. As more studies start focusing on these older plants and the cannabinoids created after oxygenation, this practice may change. Currently, researchers have noticed CBN has great effects on sleep disorders and may be used to treat insomnia. In fact, studies show that a 5mg dose of CBN is comparable to 5-10mg dose of diazepam. That is some strong stuff! More studies are necessary to confirm CBN’s seemingly amazing power as well as to discover more uses for CBN. As of now, studies confirm CBN’s usefulness in treating glaucoma, certain cancers (when using CBN in conjunction with THC), and appetite stimulation. Cannabigerol (CBG) – Minor Cannabinoid Cannabigerol (CBG) is one of the least found cannabinoids in the cannabis plant. Over the years, CBG got left behind in the research venue since it only accounted for about 1% of total cannabinoids found in cannabis. Studies into CBG’s medicinal properties are starting to gain speed. Recent findings have stirred curiosity among researchers. These findings infer that CBG is helpful in treating serious internal issues. For example, a study conducted in Poland showed several areas of use for CBG. It is useful in reducing eye pressure caused by glaucoma. It also shows promise in aiding symptoms associated with gastrointestinal issues like irritable bowel disease. Benefits of CBG were also seen when used to treat different bladder issues and colorectal cancer. More studies are necessary, but this cannabinoid shows the spirit of a fighter! A Quick Word on Major and Minor Cannabinoids Our list provided information on whether a cannabinoid was major or minor. The terms major and minor cannabinoids simply refer to the concentration of each compound in the plant. Major cannabinoids are found in higher concentrations within the cannabis plant while minor cannabinoids are found in fewer. With all the hybridization happening in the cannabis industry, it takes some lab work to determine the percentages of cannabinoids in a plant. Not all of them have the same amounts of cannabinoids. Certain newer strains are bred for high levels of specific cannabinoids, like CBD, while others are grown for their full spectrum (like ours!). Of the five cannabinoids we covered in the previous section, two are major: Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD). The other three fall into the minor category: Cannabigerol (CBG), Cannabichromene (CBC), and Cannabinol (CBN). Well, we fed you a whole lot of information on cannabinoids and their importance. You now understand the difference between CBD from hemp and cannabis is solely the THC content of the plant. It is fitting that we continue forward with some information on how these major and minor cannabinoids can help our internal endocannabinoid system attempt to achieve homeostasis. Now, we will not get too technical. However, it is a good idea for you to have a basic understanding of how this all works. How do Cannabinoids Help Us? Cannabinoids work in sync with our body’s endocannabinoid system. We touched on this a bit earlier. Our body naturally produces endocannabinoids to maintain a stable functioning body. While trying to achieve homeostasis, the brain produces endocannabinoids and releases them to the area of our body that needs them most. There are so many bodily functions regulated by the endocannabinoid system that we cannot possibly list them all here. However, it is important that we understand some of the important functions that this system helps maintain. A few of the bodily functions that our endocannabinoid system controls are sleep, mood, pain, hormone levels, fertility, body temperature, heart rate, hunger, digestion, motor control, bodily functions (you know, #1 and #2), immune function, memory, concentration, and awareness. There are so many more. You see, there is no way I could list them all! When we consume cannabinoids, they adhere themselves to endocannabinoid receptors and aid them to perform their regulating functions at a better level. Current studies show Cannabidiol (CBD) aids the Endocannabinoid System to: | Relieve Chronic Pains | Arthritis, Neuropathy, Crohn’s Disease, Endometriosis, And Fibromyalgia | Regulate Seizures | Most Notably in Children | Treat Glaucoma | Eases Eye Pressure | Lower/Control Anxiety | Can Help Treat Mental Illnesses Like PTSD, Various Anxiety Problems and Bipolar Disorder | Treatment of Addiction | Most Notably Opiate Addiction | Improve Muscle Control | Used to Help Spasms In Patients With Huntington’s And Parkinson’s Disease | While CBD and other cannabinoids show very few side effects, you should understand your condition and the cannabinoids that will most help you before you jump into using CBD or any other products for treatment of your symptoms. What Part of the Plant Produces CBD? You may have seen pictures of huge cannabis plants growing outdoors or within enclosed environments. They are common when roaming around social media sites. You must wonder what part of the cannabis plant is used to make CBD. The main part of hemp and cannabis that is extracted for its medicinal purposes is the flower. You will find cannabinoids throughout the whole plant, but the flower is where the greatest concentrations are found. But what about the rest of the plant? What do they do with it? Since growing hemp for CBD is legal within the United States, other industries benefit from the leftover stalk and leaf material. Hemp can be used to produce many products with less environmental impact than conventional methods. It grows faster than just about every other crop planted by farmers. In longer growing seasons, farmers may be able to get multiple crops. Items like, paper, clothing, plastic, concrete replacements, textiles, food products and animal feed are all made using the hemp plant. The hemp seeds, which contain no cannabinoids, are pressed for their valuable oils. As you can see, there is truly little waste from growing hemp and cannabis. Growing Environments: Hemp vs. Cannabis Hemp and cannabis grow in extremely different environments. This is due to their different uses, medicinal vs. industrial. Since cannabis is produced for its higher THC content, indoor growing is ideal. Growers install state-of-the-art ventilation systems to assure maximum air circulation. Specialized lighting provides an excellent substitution for the sun and provides the plants with much needed nutrients and controllable light cycles. Watering systems keep the plants consistently nourished while providing humidity. These environments are hybridizing playgrounds for adventurous growers looking to create a plant with specific medicinal properties. Just ask the guys that created Charlotte’s Web so many years ago. The unfortunate fallback of growing cannabis in such specialized conditions is the cost associated with each crop dramatically increases. We need to remember that growing cannabis with higher than 0.3% THC is still illegal on the federal level. However, some states bypassed these laws and legalized growing high THC cannabis within their states. Luckily, this has allowed more studies involving THC’s medicinal effects. Hopefully, sometime soon, we will see many more studies conducted on the medicinal qualities of THC. Hemp, on the other hand, is more of an industrial crop. Farmers want hemp to grow large and provide a high yield. Specialized growing condition are not needed to produce a high-quality hemp plant. As a matter of fact, hemp likes to grow outdoors. Therefore, hemp farmers grow their crops in large, outdoor fields which allow the plant to grow uninhibited. A Final Word We know we dropped a lot of information in your lap. It may be a lot to handle, but we have faith in you! The simplest concept that we want you to take away from this article is the difference between CBD from hemp and cannabis is simply knowing the THC content of the product you buy. Hemp CBD contains less than 0.3% THC while cannabis is more than 0.3%. We want you to make educated decisions in your symptom management program. Knowing how medicinal products work with your body is a great start to that understanding. But you should not stop there! Keep studying! Keep learning! Keep being a proponent of CBD and its medicinal aspects.

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Text by Henrylito D. Tacio “Green deserts” – that’s how ecologists call those golf courses. Though they seem harmless, the manicured lawns of golf courses can be hazardous to one’s health, according to a Washington-based think-tank. “To give the grass its bright green hue, golf course superintendents apply fertilizer and pesticide,” stressed Worldwatch Institute in its report. “When mixed together and applied to a large area, such as a golf course, fertilizer and pesticide pose threats to the environment and human health.” Quoting the US-based Journal of Pesticide Reform, the institute said that 750 kilograms of pesticides are sprayed on a typical golf course annually. This averages 11 kilograms per hectare. “Some golf courses (around the world) are now paying more attention to figuring out why the grass is turning brown than trying to keep the grass a perfect green year-round with chemicals,” the institute said. For most parts, though, heavy fertilizer and pesticide use continues to soar. A survey of 52 golf courses in Long Island in 1990 by the New York State Department of Law showed that the average application rate was about seven times the amount of pesticides applied to agricultural land each year, which averages 1.2 kilograms. Tourism Concern, a non-governmental organization based in the United Kingdom, estimates that in developing countries like the Philippines, an average golf course needs 1,500 kilograms of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides annually. In the 1950s and 1960s, American golf course superintendents sprayed arsenic and mercury – both highly toxic chemicals – to maintain the brilliant green color of the grass. Pesticides are chemical substances designed to be toxic to organisms that affect plants’ growth, such as fungi, insects, or weeds. While they can wipe out the insects, they also unknowingly kill predators. “The pesticides and herbicides (used in golf courses) seep into the ground, poisoning any life that lies beneath the topsoil,” wrote Menchu Aquino Sarmiento, a trustee of iHome-Greater Metro Manila, a nonprofit, socialized housing ministry for the poor. The Pesticide Action Network agrees. “(Pesticides generate) many externalities as they cause the death of many wildlife species including mammals, earthworms and bees,” it says. Pesticides have serious human health effects, too. In 1983, American Navy Lt. George Prior, a healthy 30-year-old, was playing golf at the Arlington Army and Navy Country Club near Washington, D.C. After his round, he complained of headaches, fever, and nausea. Within three days, his skin was covered with a severe rash, and blisters hung from his back and arms. He developed pneumonia, his kidneys failed, and he fell into a coma and died just 20 days after the game. His autopsy revealed that he suffered a lethal allergic reaction to chlorothalonil, one of the most common pesticides used in golf courses. A survey by Japanese doctors in 1991 showed that of some 500 patients “with unsuspected poisoning from agricultural chemicals, 125 were associated with golf courses; 97 were employees.” Symptoms included skin rashes, respiratory illnesses, asthma, allergic rhinitis, disorders of the eye, ear, and throat, and damage to the central nervous system. Golf courses also use a lot of water. “Water is one of the biggest costs to golf courses,” states the website, twl.irrigation.com. Those lawns, tees, fairways, and rough areas need water to make them look green at all times. “Depending on the location of the golf course and the climate, an 18-hole course can use on average 2.08 billion gallons of water per day,” the website claims. Now, going back to chemicals. There is also evidence to suggest that golf courses cause water pollution. “All chemicals applied to keep the golf lawns smooth and velvety get washed down into the water table, as well as into irrigation systems, rivers and the sea in the case of coastal resorts,” wrote Clare Pedrick in an article which appeared in the defunct UN-publication, Ceres. The chemicals pollute not only waterways but also the air, according to the institute. Up to 90 percent of the chemicals sprayed on a course end up in the air. Studies done in countries where golf courses abound showed that golfers, caddies, and local residents are most likely to suffer skin irritations and other allergic reactions related to chemical use. When he was still alive, Dr. Juan Flavier – who was then a senator – said that some golf courses in the country were using a chemical that has been found by scientists to be “50 times more effective at destroying ozone than chlorine from chlorofluorocarbons.” Golf courses occupy huge lands. In the United States, for instance, “the amount of land being used for golf courses is about two million acres,” Bloomberg reports. That is larger in size than the state of Delaware but smaller than Connecticut. In the Philippines, at least 50 hectares of contiguous land are needed to build an 18-hole golf course. The British railways workers reportedly introduced the game of golf to the Filipinos during the last years of the Spanish occupation.

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1. The first electric tattoo machine was based off an invention by Thomas Edison. Artists had often experimented with different machines, but Samuel F. O’Reilly patented the first electric tattoo machine in 1891 after garnering inspiration from Edison’s autographic printing pen. The electric pen was a failure, but its rotary technology made for a successful tattoo machine. 2. When social security cards first appeared in the 1930s, the administration warned people not to carry them because they could become worn or lost, so many Americans chose to tattoo the number on their bodies. There were even advertisements by tattoo artists warning people they might forget their number if they didn’t. 3. Similarly, in the 1950s, the Assistant Secretary of Defense encouraged the public to get tattoos of their blood type on their bodies. This would enable fast transfusions in the case of an atomic attack; even schoolchildren were tattooed. The blood-type tattoo trend was ultimately short-lived because physicians didn’t trust tattoos for medical information. 4. The first person to ever have a tongue tattoo was a Hawaiian Queen. In the 1820s, Queen Kamāmalu of Hawaii got the tattoo to express her grief after the loss of her mother-in-law. When asked if she was in pain she responded, “He eha nui no, he nui roa ra ku‘u aroha,” which translates to “Great pain indeed, greater is my affection.” 5. The first white woman in the U.S. to have a tattoo became famous for it. Olive Oatman was adopted by Mohave Indians after her family was killed in the 1850s. She was given a traditional tribal tattoo on her chin, and became a celebrity for the markings after being ransomed at age 19. Picture credit: Dorothea Lange

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The first place for the Romanian students at the Eratosthenes Experiment international contest Bucharest, May 29 – After 2,200 years since the experiment made by the famous mathematician and astronomer from ancient times, the school team lead by the math teacher Ovidiu Geambazu from the School of Jimbolia has recreated the experiment (together with a school from Turkey, Ezgilier Educational Institute) to calculate the circumference of Earth. At their respective noontimes on the equinox day – 21st of March – the students measured the length of shadows cast by sticks, and then consult the observations made by others at the same latitude. By sharing this data, invoking the properties of right triangles and applying proportional reasoning to angular distances, the students obtained a good measurement of our planet’s size. The experiment, which took place in the school yard, was documented with photos that brought the teenagers and their teacher the First place at the 2014 International Photography Contest Eratosthenes Experiment, organized by the Department for Study and Development of the Greek organization Ellinogermaniki Agogi. The experiment is part of the European project for studying, ISE-Inspiring Science Education, the contest being similar to another project, ODS - Open Discovery Space. „The Erathosthene Experiment 2014, developed by our students, recreates the steps made by the famous greek mathematician and astronomer in his attempt to measure the circumference of the Earth, by using the shadow of the Obelisk of Alexandria at the Summer Solstice date. The “little” difference from the original experiment is that the Greek approximated the distances with the number of steps made by people paid for doing it, while we used computers and eLearning software available on internet”, says Ovidiu Geambazu, math proffesor at Jimbolia School. How can we attract students to take part in scientific projects? The Eratosthenes experiment, organized on 21st of March 2014, the day before the Summer Solstice, attracted the interest of both teachers and students, 350 schools from 37 countries entering the contest. The schools had to choose a pair on the same latitude, from an area suggested by the organizers, and recreate the experiment at the same time, providing the organizers with the results of the measurements and photo proof. The award went to the teachers of the two schools, Ovidiu Geambazu and Ugur Altunbayrak who will take part at the Inspiring Science Education Summer Academy, in Athens, this summer. „When teaching math, one of the teacher’s goals is to attract students to mathematics and science. By presenting them with this interesting project, the idea of Eratosthenes for measuring the circumferance of our planet and the easy and friendly way for developing the activites, I think I have managed to show them the fact that math, as well as other science, is a discipline which deserves and has to be studied with growing interest, particulary the activities that use the method of project-based learning”, stated professor Ovidiu Geambazu. Both teams from Jimbolia, Romania, and Samsun, Turkey, have determined the circumference of the Earth by using eLearning tools but also simple instruments like wood setsquare. The teams have worked together, by using dedicated portals for educational comunities. Professors have acces to over 600,000 educational resources “For the activities of the ODS and ISE projects, SIVECO Romania has a national coordinator role. On the project portal, http://portal.opendiscoveryspace.eu, we have created the Professors Comunity of Romania, where we already have over 30 schools registered. Why is this portal important? Basically, the teachers of this community have the chance to interact with other teaching comunities around Europe and have acces to over 600,000 educational resources. The schools ensure international visibility, aspect not being improved by now. Secondly, we present information regarding contests, special events, workshops. Not in the last, the schools can take part in student-exchange programs, inside the European Comunity” has stated Marius Preda, Project Manager and National Coordinator ODS, SIVECO Romania. SIVECO is partner within the European project Open Discovery Space, which takes places between April 2012 and March 2015 with the purpose of attracting over 2,000 international schools. The coordination team from the company has started to advertise and register the schools of Romania, achieving a number of 56 schools to this moment. The aim of the project is to improve methods of teaching from all domains and combine the IT abilities with pedagogy inovations, curriculum and school organization Marketing & Communication Manager SIVECO Romania SA, Soseaua Bucuresti – Ploiesti, Victoria Park, nr. 73-81, sector 1, București tel.: 4021-302.33.00, fax: 4021-302.33.91

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2024-10-06T03:29:56Z

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Psychologists operate in a range of settings, including clinical and counseling techniques, schools, healthcare facilities, neighborhood university hospital and team or exclusive healthcare techniques. They concentrate on various techniques and theories to offer assistance and guidance for those that need it. The path to ending up being a certified psycho therapist can take up to 12 years and requires a bachelor’s degree and a doctoral degree. Psychologists need to likewise pass a national test and additional state exams. Psychologists help people handle a range of psychological health issues, from anxiety and stress and anxiety to drug abuse and pain monitoring. They are educated to utilize clinical research and methods that promote peak human efficiency and aid people make healthy lifestyle choices. Clinical Psychologist Lauren Ross Psychologists operate in a wide range of settings, including healthcare facilities, health clinics, mental health facilities and prisons. Many additionally show or perform emotional study. Psychologists supply counseling and psychiatric therapy, typically described simply as talk therapy. They may make use of various modalities, such as animal-assisted therapy (working with canines or horses), creative arts treatment (utilizing art, dancing or songs) and family or team psychiatric therapy. Psychologists likewise offer tests and analyses that examine an individual’s intellectual abilities, strengths and weak points, character qualities, behavior tendencies and coping abilities. They can likewise do forensic assessments, supply skilled statement in litigation and provide rehabilitation programs for criminal culprits. They usually work together with other healthcare professionals to supply a comprehensive strategy to therapy. Dealing With Psychological and Behavioral Wellness Issues Psycho therapists have a deep understanding of human actions and mental procedures. They can aid individuals with a large range of issues including clinical depression, anxiety and relationship problems. Psycho therapists operate in many different settings including healthcare facilities, institutions and therapy centers. They utilize a selection of therapy approaches like cognitive behavior modification, social psychotherapy and psychoanalytic psychiatric therapy. Psychiatric therapy can happen on a brief or long-lasting basis and is frequently carried out in combination with medication. Some psycho therapists concentrate on details fields like professional health, clinical kid and adolescent psychology, school psychology and forensic psychology. Various other psycho therapists focus on community job to advertise mental health and well-being. Some psychologists additionally have the capacity to recommend medicine and may team up with psychoanalysts for overall treatment. It prevails for individuals to see a psychoanalyst that can recommend medicines and a psychologist who offers psychotherapy. The mix of both medical and mental treatment can produce an extremely efficient therapy strategy. Looking Into New Treatment Methods Psycho therapists that perform clinical research study have the opportunity to produce brand-new treatment techniques and strategies that they can make use of to help people with psychological difficulties. They can also enhance the effectiveness of existing treatments. Psychiatric therapy, or talk therapy, may be temporary to take care of details troubles or long-term for a lot more complicated problems. Psycho therapists that do this job may remain in private practice or they can be employed by medical facilities, clinical facilities and various other healthcare companies. Several psycho therapists have their very own private practices, enabling them to set their very own routine and work with clients individually. The capability to develop trusting relationships with clients is a key part of successful psychiatric therapy. Additionally, individual adherence to the procedures of specific restorative strategies (referred to as treatment integrity or integrity) is important to treatment results. This kind of adherence can be checked with the use of standardized professional analysis devices. Federal government agencies and nonprofit companies may employ psycho therapists to promote psychological health and wellness and support programs for details populations and areas. If you want to function straight with people and help them prevent or conquer emotional, behavior or psychological illness, you can choose the career of therapist or psychologist. Counselors and specialists deal with individuals on concerns such as household and relationship issues, drug abuse and tension monitoring. They also concentrate on avoidance, aiding individuals establish life abilities to manage problems prior to they emerge. Psycho therapists are trained to perform a selection of mental examinations and evaluations, which they utilize to detect an individual’s condition and establish treatment alternatives. They can likewise suggest psychoanalysts and other medical professionals on just how to finest look after people with certain conditions, including medicine management. Some psychologists concentrate on cross-cultural psychology, examining how social associations affect habits. Various other researchers research study human advancement, the results of environment on behavior and other subjects. While functioning as a psychologist is very satisfying, it can be requiring and lengthy. If you have economic worries, try to find a therapist in your insurance protection network. Melbourne Psychology House – Psychologists Malvern

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What is the correct classification of Petunia x hybrida CV? Plant is classed as a dicotyledon, leaves not parallel veined. Flowers are single or double , funnel-shaped often with wavy margins up to 4 inches across, petals very thin. What is the botanical name of petunia? Which of the following best explains why mass flowers are used in floral arrangements? Which of the following best explains why mass flowers are used in floral arrangements? Mass flowers are used inside or along the arrangement to fill spaces. Preston is trying to discover the common name for the plant Dieffenbachia caryophyllus. What is the definition of a line flower? Line flowers are tall flowers with multiple blooms per stem. Line flowers define the shape of an arrangement and, of course, can add height. Popular line flowers include: stock. larkspur. What are the four categories of flowers? Flower and Foliage Forms The four major groups of flower/foliage types are line, form, mass and filler. Flowers/foliage are not limited to one group but can be classified to fit several groups depending on: openness of blossom. What are the four elements of floral design? Components used in creating a design are plant material, container, background and mechanics. Optional components that may be added to the design include accessories, featured objects, and bases. The principles and elements of design guide arrangers in creating and judges in analyzing flower arrangements. Why is color important in floral design? The line also allows a path to exist for the person looking at the arrangement. Designers can use different techniques to create their lines. The second element that is important in design is the use of color. Color is perhaps the most important element out of all the elements because that is what most people notice. What are the principles of floral design? There are seven main principles of floral design: proportion, scale, harmony, rhythm, balance, unity and emphasis. What is pattern in floral design? Pattern. A repeated combination of line, form, color, texture, and/or space. What is fragrance floral design? fragrance. the quality of being sweet smelling; an often overlooked element of floral design. When scented flowers are used in a bouquet, their fragrance adds another pleasurable dimension to your enjoyment. What is grouping in floral design? Grouping refers to placing collections of identical floral materi- als in an arrangement, and separating the collections from each other with clearly defined negative space. There must be space between individual groups of elements. Negative space makes each group distinct. How can I learn floral design? How to Turn Your Love of Flowers into a Floral Design CareerLearn the Basics. Start with the basics by signing up for a flower class. Read Up! Check your local library and bookshops for flower arranging books. Practice. Create on your own terms, just for fun, before delving into collaborative efforts. Can you be a self taught florist? LIFESTYLE: Anyone can be a florist, says self-taught Annabelle Hickson. Experimenting and playing with flowers is one of the greatest joys because it opens your eyes to the beautiful things growing around you. The ones that are already there, doing their thing, that you didn’t have to buy or water or prune. What do floral designers get paid? Floral Designer SalaryPercentileSalaryLocation10th Percentile Floral Designer Salary$33,239US25th Percentile Floral Designer Salary$42,131US50th Percentile Floral Designer Salary$51,899US75th Percentile Floral Designer Salary$62,721US1 more row Is florist a good career? Creativity – If you love all things creative and enjoy arts and crafts, floristry may be a good career choice for you. There’s certainly an art to flower arrangements, so being inventive and having a keen eye for flair and an original edge will put you ahead of the competition. Do florists make a lot of money? You can earn a salary — including taxes and benefits — worth 10% of annual sales of up to $500,000, Goodman tells NerdWallet. But the majority of florists most likely bring in $200,000 or less in annual sales, Goodman says. That would add up to $20,000 in salary and a possible $20,000 profit. Is being a florist stressful? Con: Stressful at Times Floral designers can experience stressful working conditions during peak holiday seasons, such as Valentine’s Day, Mother’s Day and Christmas. They are also pressured to meet unforeseen deadlines when additional or last-minute orders are made for birthdays, funerals and other occasions. What skills does a florist need? Skills and Personal Qualities Needed A florist should: Have a good understanding of plant and flower care. Have a good sense of colour, shape and design. Have excellent personal and telephone communication skills. What does a florist make an hour? Florist Salaries / Wages in 2018Job TitleSalary / Wage $LocationFull-Time Florist$23 per hour plus bonusesSydney, New South WalesSenior Florist45,000 – 60,000Sydney, New South WalesFloristry Store Manager65,000 – 70,000Sydney, New South WalesSenior Florist Casual Position$27 – $29 per hourAdelaide, South Australia5 What is the average salary for a florist?

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Being healthy is an athlete’s highest priority. Athletes often utilise dieticians and physical therapists to stay in top condition. However, many are so focused on the condition of their bodies that they sometimes overlook the health of their teeth. Sports drinks, an essential beverage for some active people, cause more damage to teeth than other sugary drinks. Though consuming these types of drinks can improve your performance, it’s crucial to consider the risks you are taking with your dental health, as well. If you are fond of drinking sports drinks, know the facts before you take another sip. How Sports Drinks Affect Your Teeth There are three biggest dental health issues found among athletes, according to the study conducted by British Journal of Sports Medicine. These are tooth decay, gum disease, tooth erosion and infected wisdom tooth.

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Dhaskalio Witnessing the dawn of urbanisation in Europe? In a world obsessed with cutting communication times and securing natural resources, it can be hard to understand the ancient allure of Dhaskalio. Situated at the remote tip of a sparsely inhabited island, the site seemingly had little to draw visitors. Yet they came in sufficient numbers to create a type of settlement previously unseen in Europe. Colin Renfrew, Michael Boyd, and Evi Margaritis explained why to Matthew Symonds. Today, the tiny islet of Dhaskalio pierces the waters of the Aegean 90m offshore from the Cycladic island of Keros. Despite lying at the heart of the Aegean, and enjoying glorious views over the surrounding island chain, neither Dhaskalio nor Keros are currently inhabited by humans. Dhaskalio itself is little more than a rocky mass, clad in scrub vegetation, which rises steeply from the sea. It is a mere 200m in length. Although Keros is rather larger, reaching about 7km at its longest point, it is only a slightly better bet from an agricultural point of view. Most of the land is too marginal to sustain crops, while the absence of marble or metal deposits seemingly left the island with little to attract human interest. Rather being condemned to obscurity, though, both Keros and

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The researchers determined that the scaleless phenotype is due to a recessive gene in the single locus variant, or sequence types that differ by one allele type. Researchers at the University of Geneva and University of Zurich have created the first gene edited snake using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system, in an effort to show that internal anatomic structures of snakes guide how the scales of snakes are positioned to aid in their movement, or locomotion. In doing so, the researchers created the world’s first genetically modified corn snake using CRISPR-Cas9. The researchers say the snakes do not have dorso-lateral scales because they have a disrupted EDARADD gene (which enables the ectoderm and mesoderm to interact), but do possess fairly normal ventral scales. These ventral scales form independently and their patterning is defined by positional information that is derived from somitic tissues. These tissues form in the embryonic stage of somitogenesis. The researchers injected pre-vitellogenic oocytes into five scaled female corn snakes to produce gene edited snakes. They bred scaleless corn snakes (first reported in 2002 by a breeder who bred a corn snake with a Great Plains rat snake (Pantherophis emoryi) with scaled corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus). By manipulating the RNA, the researchers created a successful corn snake fibroblast cell line. The treated females were then paired with scaleless males and two heterozygous males. The females laid 69 eggs, of which 54 hatched. Of the 54, four were scaleless, produced by two of the three females that were bred with a scaleless male. The remaining hatchlings were scaled. The researchers determined that the scaleless phenotype is due to a recessive gene in the single locus variant, or sequence types that differ by one allele type. The complete paper, “Somitic positional information guides self-organized patterning of snake scales” can be read on the Science Advances website.

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Yes, you read that right. You need supplements even if you are living a healthier vegan lifestyle. This is because not everything about nutrients comes from plants and sure enough, you might be lacking on that part. There are key elements that you need that you are not getting enough from your vegan diet. Here, you will know how much you need supplements and see where you will head for your healthy lifestyle after this. You need B12. Meat contains B12 but in vegetables? Not so much. And there’s a huge factor why you need B12 – it is one of the nutrients you need in your body, especially for your blood and nerve cells. The vitamins B12 keep your blood and nerves pumping and help make DNA in your system. It also prevents megaloblastic anemia which means with B12, keeps you energized. There are not enough plants that you can get B12 from. If you wash some of your vegetables enough that you’ve actually washed the source of B12 – the soil bacteria that produce B12. You need Vitamin D. Vitamin D as we all know the “sunshine vitamin” to help our bodies reacting to the sun when exposed. But because you are not exposed enough, you don’t have that 100% ability to soak up your Vitamin D from the sun and thus, you may lack said nutrient. This increases your risk in chronic diseases such as heart disease. You need DHA and EPA (The Other Omega-3’s). Omega-3s are one of the most important nutrients you need in your body as they provide suport for a healthier body. Omega-3 helps structure your cell well, source of energy, and helps your heart, blood vessels and immune system keep working. However, the Omega-3s are found in fishes since they consume micro-algae that produces high-quality EPA and DHA. the EPA and DHA consumed from marine plants are absorbed by the fish and stored in their fats which humans eat. You need Iodine. The body needs iodine to create thyroid hormones to regulate metabolic activity and other important functions. This activity is very important to pregnant women and children because thyroid hormones are needed for skeletal and brain development at an early age. Most vegans buy natural salts such as “himalayan” salts which doesn’t have iodine. And this is why it is important that as a vegan, you have Vegan Supplements to help you get these nutrients that you are missing out on. When you have a greener lifestyle, not all that you eat can give you the vitamins that you need every day. With supplements, you are provided with vitamins from A to Zinc (or by your choice). Have a complete healthier you by getting those supplements you need.

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Updated on October 18, 2023 Introduction to Clinical Trial Regulations The quality of data and goods must be of the highest standard in clinical research, which renders the need for Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations, Good Clinical Practice (GCP), and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) regulations. In the world of clinical research, there is always a need for clarity between similar terms such as GLP, GCP, and GMP. This is quite understandable as they are all related to quality data collection and laboratory testing and sound similar. Along with this, scientists and quality assurance personnel play different roles in all three of these, which we will discover in a short while. Revival Research Institute is a leading clinical research organization based in Texas, Michigan and further expanding in new locations. Our numerous sites spanning across the States follow strict ethical practices and ensure that the data produced is of the highest quality. This blog will dive deep into each of these practices — GLP, GCP, and GMP, with a particular focus on GLP clinical trials. What are GCP, GMP, and GLP Clinical Trials? The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) provides the Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines. The ICH GCP keeps the ethical and scientific quality of clinical trials in check. It includes clinical trial study design, research technique, and all data reporting. Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) regulates the design, control, and monitoring of drug manufacturing processes and their facilities. GMP compliance regulates the identity, strength, quality, and purity of drug products. Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulates the processes through which clinical and non-clinical research is carried out. GLP clinical trials also govern how these research facilities should be maintained and the conditions under which they are carried out. Good Clinical Practice Regulations Good Clinical Practice, however, is geared more towards the safety of participants in the trial. According to GCP principles, a safe and efficient mechanism is to be placed to report all adverse events (AE) or severe adverse events (SAE). GCP also oversees the data collection during clinical trial phases. The data collection from the trial should comply with GCP regulations to ensure high data quality. Under ICH GCP, the sponsor should ensure that all the required SOPs are clearly laid down and adhered to. The monitoring process must be well documented so that the study meets standards throughout the clinical trial, also setting the level of the GCP monitoring process. The FDA maintains a bioresearch monitoring program (BIMO) that inspects clinical and non-clinical studies related to FDA research and marketing submissions. Good Manufacturing Practice Regulations As the name suggests, GMP regulations focus on the quality of manufactured goods. Good Manufacturing Practices are quite flexible which is why they give manufacturers control over what alterations they can make but all GMP protocols rely on heavily tested scientific principles. It also needs strict quality management measures, usage of high-quality raw materials, identifying deviations in products, and use of reliable testing labs. Putting GMPs into place ensures quality standard adherence if the final product is properly used. The FDA inspects pharmaceutical and pharmacovigilance companies throughout the world to see if they are GMP-compliant. If a company produces a defective drug by not abiding by the rules, a recall could be issued. Although the FDA cannot force a company to recall defective drugs, it can effectively warn the public of any dangers associated with the drugs and seize them if they are present in the marketplace. To resolve GMP violations, the FDA may potentially seek a court injunction. Good Laboratory Practice Regulations GLP clinical trials are done to ensure trustworthiness in the laboratory database and overall lab practices. Clinical trials are GLP-compliant, if they have established: - assigned study directors - a quality assurance unit (QAU) - standard operating procedures (SOPs) that researchers adhere to - a written study protocol - a final study report The FDA possesses the authority to examine the research that serves as the foundation for goods sold in the United States, regardless of their origin or production location. The FDA is required to perform routine inspections to assess GLP compliance at least once every two years. Additionally, they have the option to carry out inspections in response to specific concerns if there is evidence suggesting that a research site is not adhering to GLP clinical trials regulations. Ethical Consideration in Clinical Trials Ethical considerations in clinical research hold profound importance. They form the ethical backbone of any responsible and scientifically rigorous research endeavor. These considerations are crucial for safeguarding the safety and well-being of research participants, ensuring their autonomy and dignity are respected, and minimizing potential harm. Additionally, ethical standards nurture trust among participants and the public, which is essential for research participation and support. Key ethical considerations include informed consent, beneficence, non-maleficence, fair participant selection and transparency among others. These considerations also contribute to the scientific validity of research by upholding meticulous and transparent methodologies. Moreover, ethical guidelines enable international collaboration, allowing researchers from diverse backgrounds to work together while adhering to common ethical principles. Ultimately, ethical research practices not only advance scientific knowledge but also have a profound impact on individual lives, healthcare, and society as a whole. Talking about ethical considerations in clinical research, it is important to note that there is a list of ethical concerns when it comes to clinical trials that need due attention. To avoid such issues, it is essential to have a skilled team of professionals in your team that is well-equipped on GCP, GMP, and GLP to ensure clinical trials are conducted within ethical guidelines. A Word from Revival Research Institute Revival Research Institute was established to help people gain access to novel therapeutics that are not available in the market. We are an outpatient clinical research organization dedicated to providing people with high-quality treatment and data to sponsors. The very reason for our being is to collaborate with a strong team of skilled Investigators and seasoned research personnel to work and establish exciting, empowered communities through clinical trials. Revival gives people throughout the United States access to safe, innovative, and free treatments and therapies. Compliance to GCP, GMP, and GLP clinical trials all exist to ensure a smooth process that is held to the highest of scientific and ethical standards. GLP clinical trial regulations are usually concerned with good study protocols and proper record-keeping. These help in protecting the integrity of the findings. GCP, on the other hand, is more geared toward the safety of clinical trial participants and remains of utmost importance. The GCP guidelines are set by the ICH. Finally, GMP requirements ensure that the manufacturing process is of high quality, with enough quality control and assurance mechanisms in place. All three sets of rules and regulations safeguard patients, participants in research, and researchers. This means ensuring and strictly enforcing these rules can improve the overall healthcare outcome for communities.

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Understanding PIM in Hockey Hockey is known for its speed and aggressiveness, with various metrics used to assess both individual and team performance. One crucial metric in this context is PIM or Penalty Infraction Minutes, which plays a significant role in the sport. Exploring the Significance of PIM PIM represents the total duration a player spends in the penalty box due to infractions committed during the game. It accumulates throughout the season and is a critical factor in game strategy and player conduct. Delving Deeper into Penalty Minutes Penalty Minutes, commonly abbreviated as PIM, are pivotal in understanding player behavior and the overall discipline of a team. This statistic not only impacts game outcomes but also influences team dynamics and strategies. Overview of Hockey Penalties Hockey penalties are essential for maintaining fair play and safety in the game. They vary in severity and consequences, impacting both the penalized player and their team. Types of Hockey Penalties - Minor Penalties (2 minutes) Minor penalties are the most frequent and are issued for infractions like hooking, slashing, and goaltender interference. If a goal is scored by the opposing team during this penalty, the penalized player is allowed to return to the ice. - Double Minor Penalties (4 minutes) Players may receive a double minor for more serious infractions of the same type covered under minor penalties. - Major Penalties (5 minutes) Major penalties are given for severe actions such as high sticking that results in injury, or aggressive physical confrontations like fighting. The penalized player must serve the full five minutes regardless of any goals scored during this time. - Match Penalties (5 minutes) A match penalty is assigned for deliberate attempts to injure another player. This penalty not only includes a five-minute major but also results in the player being ejected from the game. Another team member serves the actual penalty time. - Misconduct Penalties (10 minutes) The longest of penalties, misconduct is for actions like unsportsmanlike behavior. While the player sits out for ten minutes, the team can substitute another player, so they are not left shorthanded. - Penalty Shot Instead of a time penalty, a penalty shot allows a player an unblocked chance at the goal, typically awarded when a player is fouled during a clear scoring opportunity. Overview of Penalty Infraction Minutes (PIM) in Hockey The regulation of penalties in the NHL has seen significant changes since its inception in 1917-18. Here’s a concise overview of how these rules have evolved over the years. Initial Penalty Rules In the league’s early days, penalties were categorized as either minor (3 minutes) or major (5 minutes). Initially, penalized players were substituted, allowing teams to maintain full strength during the penalty period. Changes in the 1918-19 Season The following season marked a pivotal change; teams could no longer substitute a penalized player, introducing the concept of powerplays. This rule ensured that teams with penalized players played with fewer members, increasing the opposing team’s chances of scoring. By 1921-22, the duration for minor penalties was decreased to 2 minutes. The 1923-24 season introduced match penalties, requiring teams to play shorthanded for the entire period. Additionally, 1934-35 saw the introduction of penalty shots. Significant Change in 1956-57 A major amendment came in the 1956-57 season, allowing players serving minor penalties to return to the ice if the opposing team scored a powerplay goal. This change was inspired by a remarkable incident where Jean Beliveau of the Montreal Canadiens scored three goals within 44 seconds during a single powerplay, showcasing the dynamic impact of these rules on the game’s strategy and flow. Current Trends in Penalty Minutes In contemporary NHL games, it’s less common for players to incur penalties compared to past decades. This shift is largely due to a reduction in fighting and alterations in what is deemed acceptable on the ice. For instance, during the 1980s, fights were frequent, but today, they are rare, significantly lowering the average PIM. Typical PIM Ranges During a game, most players do not receive any PIM. However, about six players from each team might receive between 2 to 4 minutes for minor infractions. Penalties exceeding 4 minutes are typically associated with fights and are considered above average. PIM Statistics from Recent Seasons To illustrate, here are some statistics from the 2018-2019 season compared to historical highs: 2018-2019 Season PIM Leaders - Evander Kane, San Jose: 153 - Tom Wilson, Washington: 128 - Antoine Roussel, Vancouver: 118 Historical Season PIM Leaders - Dave Schultz (1974-75): 472 - Paul Baxter (1981-82): 409 - Mike Peluso (1991-92): 405 Role of Penalty Minutes in Hockey Dynamics Penalty Infraction Minutes (PIM) significantly influence the flow and strategy of a hockey game. They affect team tactics, shifts in momentum, and ensure player responsibility. This metric underscores the importance of discipline and strategic planning in hockey. Strategic Management of Penalty Minutes Teams strategically manage their penalty infraction minutes (PIM) to prevent giving opponents a competitive edge. Coaches stress the importance of maintaining a robust physical game while also upholding discipline on the ice. This balance is crucial for minimizing penalties without compromising the team’s aggressive play style. Importance of Managing Penalty Minutes in Player Growth For hockey players, effectively managing Penalty Infraction Minutes (PIM) showcases their capability to balance aggression with adherence to the rules. This skill is crucial in their evolution into proficient and disciplined athletes. Debates Over Penalty Infraction Minutes in Hockey PIM—short for Penalty Infraction Minutes—is a significant yet controversial aspect of hockey. While some argue that PIM encourages overly aggressive behavior among players, others believe it is essential for maintaining the game’s inherent intensity. This division highlights the ongoing discussions within the hockey community regarding the role and impact of penalties in shaping the dynamics of the sport. Exploring the Impact of PIM on Hockey Analyzing Penalty Infraction Minutes (PIM) offers crucial insights into player performance and team dynamics beyond just scoring. This analysis helps identify trends in penalties and contributions of players, enriching our understanding of the game’s strategic elements. Notable Hockey Players with High Penalty Minutes Throughout the history of hockey, certain players have become known for accumulating high numbers of Penalty Infraction Minutes (PIM). Their intense playing styles and the passionate discussions these evoke contribute significantly to their reputations within the sport. Impact of Penalty Minutes in Fantasy Hockey In fantasy hockey, Penalty Infraction Minutes (PIM) play a crucial role in shaping a team’s strategy. For team managers, players who accumulate significant PIM can drastically influence the balance of the team, pairing well with highly skilled players to enhance overall team performance. Final Thoughts on Penalty Infraction Minutes in Hockey In hockey, Penalty Infraction Minutes (PIM) represent much more than mere numbers. They encapsulate the essence of the sport’s physicality, strategy, and discipline. Gaining an understanding of PIM can significantly enrich the experience for both fans and analysts, providing deeper insights into the intricate dynamics of the game. FAQ’s: What Exactly is PIM in Hockey? Why is PIM significant in hockey? PIM, which stands for Penalty Minutes, tracks how long a player is sidelined in the penalty box for breaches of the rules in a hockey game. These infractions range from less severe offenses like tripping to more serious ones including fighting. What is a 10-minute penalty in hockey? A 10-minute penalty in hockey, often referred to as a misconduct penalty, allows the penalized player to be substituted for ten minutes. This means the player’s team can bring in a replacement while the player serves their penalty. Furthermore, players can receive additional penalties alongside the misconduct penalty. What does PPP mean in hockey? PPP stands for Power Play Points in hockey. It is calculated by adding the goals and assists a player scores while their team has a numerical advantage during a game. This stat helps in understanding a player’s effectiveness during power plays. What is the origin of the term “hat trick”? A “hat trick” occurs when a player scores three goals in a single game. However, the term originated from cricket, not football. It was first used to describe a bowler who took three wickets with three consecutive balls. To commemorate this achievement, the bowler was awarded a hat by the club. What is the purpose of PIM? Privileged Identity Management (PIM) enables the regulation, oversight, and tracking of access rights granted to individuals within a company to protect sensitive information and systems.

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HTML and its XML-based descendant, XHTML, are the fundamental languages for working on the web, and the new edition of our popular HTML guide offers web developers a better way to become fluent in these languages. HTML & XHTML: The Definitive Guide, 5th Edition is the most comprehensive, up-to-date book available on HTML and XHTML. It covers Netscape Navigator 6, Internet Explorer 6, HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.0, CSS2, and all of the features supported by the popular web browsers. Learning HTML and XHTML is like learning any new language. Most students first immerse themselves in examples. Studying others is a natural way to learn; however, it's as easy to learn bad habits through imitation as it is to acquire good ones. The better way to become HTML-fluent is through a comprehensive reference that covers the language syntax, semantics, and variations in detail and demonstrates the difference between good and bad usage. In HTML & XHTML: The Definitive Guide, the authors cover every element of HTML/XHTML in detail, explaining how each element works and how it interacts with other elements. Tips about HTML/XHTML style help you write documents ranging from simple online documentation to complex presentations. With hundreds of examples, the book gives you models for writing your own effective web pages and for mastering advanced features like style sheets and frames. HTML & XHTML: The Definitive Guide, 5th Edition, shows how to: - Use style sheets to control a document's appearance - Work with programmatically generated HTML - Create tables, from simple to complex - Use frames to coordinate sets of documents - Design and build interactive forms and dynamic documents - Create documents that look good on a variety of browsers - Make the transition to XHTML The book comes with a handy quick-reference card listing HTML/XHTML tags.

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https://s.helion.pl/ksiazki/html-xhtml-the-definitive-guide-the-definitive-guide-5th-edition-chuck-musciano-bill-kennedy,e_2gdm.htm

2024-10-06T05:19:03Z

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Sartre’s Illustration Of Free Will And Goldmann’s Concept Of Genetic Structuralism The Disadvantage of Violating Free Will The story of A Clockwork Orange conveys so many elements which are related to the aspect of free will. One of them is the way the violation of free will affects the character’s behavior. Based on Jean Paul Sartre’s illustration about freedom, people who are incapable of using their own free will and let the external influence to affect their choice are considered as those who suffer from ‘nausea’ (Nausea, according to Sartre, is a condition where men become disgusted with their own existence). These men possess a lack of determination to take responsibility of their action and they become the one whom Sarte holds a contempt the most. Sartre compares these men’s passiveness to stone or plants. Thus, these men cease to be human due to their passiveness which resemble a stone or their inability to become self-determined which resemble plants. The depiction of such characteristic of man who ceases to be human as stated by Sartre due to the violation of their own free will is analyzed through the data which are previously shown in the findings section. They are presented below: Vulnerable to death As revealed in data 1, the old man chooses to become passive and lets Alex and his brutal gang beat him mercilessly. By showing no sign of defense to protect himself, it is obvious that the old man gives up on everything, including his own existence. His characters matches perfectly with Sartre’s description of those who suffer from ‘nausea’. He ceases to be a human because he does not put any significant effort to make his existence meaningful, or in this case he refuses to think of any choice that can makes him survive from the pointless death that could befall him. Reduced to cowardice As stated in data 4, the prison chaplain, despite being the only character who explicitly gives a lecture about the importance of free will in the novel, initially refuses to directly express his objection towards the effect of Ludovico Technique in front of the state officials. The chaplain’s free will is intervened by his fear of losing his current job in the prison. He is too afraid of taking responsibility for speaking the truth. According to Sartre, a man like the prison chaplain is considered as a true coward whose humanity ceases to the point that his own existence no longer becomes authentic as he lets the other existence (in this case, the state) to influence his essence as a human. Passiveness with no moral compass It is revealed in data 5 that Alex has been conditioned into a “well-behaved” man whose free will is completely taken through the recreational experiment called Ludovico Technique. He is psychologically tortured when being forced to watch a series of films who depict real violence. As a result of such program, Alex becomes a man who gets weak and ill whenever there is a presence of violence. He is also prone to cry like a baby which is actually an opposite of his real personality as a tough, violent, and strong man who refuses to be meek. Based on Sartre's point of view, a man like Alex also ceases to be a human because he is not capable to determine his own choice in his current state. Rather than being good or well behaved, he is instead turned into something more like a living corpse who does not acknowledge both good and evil. He is a passive creature who becomes vulnerable to danger without a will power to protect his lifed. Vulnerabe to violence and the loss of dignity As stated in data 8, Alex is totally vulnerable to danger without the existence of his free will. His passiveness makes him defenseless against any harms which are intended towards him. He does not even have a will power to fight a group of elderly men despite being a young man who is physically stronger than them. He is unable to make moral choice, even something like self-defense. As for data 9, another negative effect of the violation of free will is also shown when Alex fails to defend his rights and status in his own house. Alex cannot fight against the new lodger in his house who self-proclaims himself as the new son of Alex’s parents. His inability to use free will leads him to lose his own dignity even in a place where he should become the way he is supposed to be. In this case, Sartre describes a man like Alex as the one who is not happy with his decision because he carries out someone else’s will. In other words, Alex carries out the effect of Ludovico Technique which is imposed on him by the authoritarian state. The Importance of Using Free Will The story of A Clockwork Orange also conveys the way all the characters undergo development of behavior with the assistance of the choice they make on their own, whether it leads them to good or bad things. Based on Jean Paul Sartre’s illustration about freedom, people who are capable of using their own free will no matter what condition that befall them are considered as those who ‘suffer’ from freedom and the one whom Sartre respects the most. Sartre states that this type of man cannot be compared to stones, plants, or any inanimate objects. They are the real human who are blessed with the capacity of self-determination and they are so brave for not feeling afraid of the consequences they must bear as the cost of their action. The depiction of the characteristic of real human as stated by Sartre due to the importance of free will is also analyzed through the data which are previously shown in the findings section. They are presented below: Appreciation towards art As revealed in data 2, Alex chooses to defend a female singer from Dim’s verbal harassment by ridiculing him to be so low and ignorant to the value of art. Alex’s determination to be not on Dim’s side despite being in the same violent gang with him proves himself as a true human or more humane than Dim because he is not afraid of using his free will against his own friend’s fault. Just like Sartre’s definition of man who suffer from freedom, Alex is the one who ‘suffer’ here as later it is revealed that he bears the risk of his action, which is the resentment and betrayal from his gang. Accepting evil as natural thing It is stated in data 3 that Alex defends his decision to become a man who enjoys committing violence for pure satisfaction. He despises his advisor’s idea about the way a person’s violent nature does not come on its own but rather as a result of the past experience that affects them like broken home cases, child abuses, or financial problems. Alex never go through such hardships though. He chooses violence because he loves to do it. He believes that evil things come naturally as good things. Thus, it makes Alex once again becomes a true human who acknowledges the existence of both good and evil even though he has to suffer from this kind of freedom like what Sartre has defined in his existentialism philosophy; “Man is condemned to be free”, which in Alex’s case, it means that his free will costs him an imprisonment. A bravery with the cost of misery As revealed in data 7, the prison chaplain Charlie proves himself to be a true human as well for defending Alex and voicing his own opinion bravely towards the cruelty behind the Ludovico Technique in front of the state officials. The chaplain also become a man who suffers from freedom here because his free will leads him to a consequence, which is losing his job and chance of promotion. It is just like the way Sartre has confirmed that sometimes the cost of free will does not bring people into success. Independent man who refuse to be manipulated It is revealed in data 10 that Alex once again proves himself as a true human by refusing to become a sacrificial pawn for some liberal activists’ plan to overthrow the government. Alex does not even care about both parties because he thinks of the government and these liberal activists are equally hypocritical with their agenda in creating social welfare. Unlike the previous cases, this time Alex’s decision in choosing that refusal leads him into good thing. The effect of Ludovico Technique is removed from his body and his original self is restored. He is back to be a human who is able to use his free will, unlike his previous state as a passive and zombie-like creature. Grow mature naturally It is stated in data 11 that Alex starts to show one significant step to become not only true but also a better human. It turns out that he grows tired of committing violence. It is proved when he chooses to not participate in beating defenseless people and even criticizes his underling for committing such coward behavior. In addition, Alex also naturally changes into a softer person which he himself does not even know the reason behind it. Therefore it is safe to say that Alex definitely no longer suffers from freedom. It is completely the opposite as he gradually heads his way to a life full of light and hope as a result of using his free will. A man like Alex, as described by Sartre, is the most authentic because he acts according to his true faith, not because of the intervention from anyone else. Authentic man who acknowledge good on his own Regarding the final decision he makes for his life, Alex chooses to stop involving himself in a world of violence and decides to find a ‘mother’ for his future son. As revealed in data 12 and 13, he deeply thinks of this choice after meeting his old friend Pete who is married and employed. He slowly changes into a better person and grows mature naturally without such thing like behavioral intervention called Ludovico Technique. He finally embraces things that are good after experimenting with evil things. Thus, it is obvious that Sartre proves his statement right when he said that human’s existence precedes their essence. It means that Alex’s sole existence is the one that determines his essence whether it is good or bad essence. He defines himself with his own authentic existence, not by the force of another existence. Free Will in Relation to Counterculture Movement For the last part in this discussion section, the writer presents the analysis of the concept of free will in this novel which reflects several social aspects in the era of counterculture movement. The writer applies the Genetic Structuralism approach by Lucien Goldmann to analyze the discovered data which are related to the aforementioned topic. The element of youth culture which takes form of the use of hallucinogen drugs and the trend of extravagant fashion is one of the social structure strongly emphasized in this novel. The choice of this lifestyle is seemingly based on the purpose of creating the youth’s own identity or the freedom of expression so that they can be recognized as a separate special existence from the others. The writer relates the youth who take part in this culture with the concept of ‘collective subject’. Collective subject, as stated by Lucien Goldmann, is a group which consists of individuals or a whole unit of community who creates a complete and comprehensive understanding about life through their human activity. By corresponding to such concept, it can be stated that as a collective subject, the youth community which consists of Alex and his juvenile gang along with their bizarre lifestyle creates a new social phenomenon called ‘subculture’ (a type of cultural group within the dominant one). The depiction of the use of hallucinogen and the choice of weird fashion sense both act as human facts that build this kind of collective subject. The phenomenon of subculture as revealed in this novel is somehow related to the life of hippie community which rose to fame during the counterculture movement in 1960s. Thus, it is obvious that there is an existence of homology built between the structure of literary works and the structure of real society. For instance, the way the main protagonist chooses to experience temporary pleasure and spiritual connection through consuming unknown hallucinogen drugs probably reflects the way the hippies experimented with psychedelic drugs like LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) to alter their consciousness and heighten their senses. However, it is important to acknowledge what Goldmann truly emphasizes on the concept of homology that the only relation that may be emerged between literary works and reality is structural relation. In other words, the status of literary works still remains as pure imagination even though they are somewhat identical to what actually exists in reality. This concept is proved in the novel through a reason behind Alex and his friends’ choice in wearing eccentric and bizarre clothes. They wear such kind of clothes as a freedom of expression and also to show the ordinary people that they have their own identity and authentic existence. Such reason is completely opposite with those of hippie community who chose to wear the flamboyant, floral pattern, and colorful outfits as a symbol of love and hope to react against nuclear expansion, racial discrimination, and Vietnam War. Therefore, it is obvious that the choice of fashion here becomes the structural relation that connects both realms. Based on this structural relation, the worldview that mediates the novel and the actual reality can be finally determined. The concept of worldview, according to Goldmann, is not only about a set of ideas about human life, but also a manifestation of the perception of the world which is developed as a result of certain social circumstance faced by the collective subjects. By corresponding to this concept and taking the subculture community in this novel as the collective subject, the writer concludes that the worldview in this youth culture case is “social nonconformity” which means the choice of living a life differently from the mainstream society and rejecting the long established social rules and norms. Alex and the other young characters has bravely performed this social nonconformity worldview by involving themselves into drugs abuse which is supposed to be a negative habit and despised by the common people. They also have guts to show their freedom of expression by wearing bizarre clothes while the ordinary people among them only wear normal clothes. Resistance against totalitarian state The depiction of a resistance against the totalitarian government by a group of activists is also a significant social structure revealed in this novel. This group, which consists of the character F. Alexander and his comrades, can be treated as another form of collective subject as they are united together for possessing the same vision and goal, which is to bring a downfall towards the authoritarian state in order to create a country which gives more individual liberty for its people. Stuffs like spreading pamphlets in which the “death on government” written on them and the creation of subversive literature are some examples of human facts shown in this novel that shapes this collective consciousness. There is also an existence of homology between the resistance held by activists in the novel and those in the New Left movement which emerged during the counterculture era around 1950s-1960s. The structural relation that connects these two realms is the method of doing such resistance. While the characters in this novel prefers underground activity by committing shady things like spreading provocative pamphlets or sacrificing a certain individual to serve their purpose, the real New Left activists turned out to be more humane and compassionate when executing their action. They prefer non-violence resistance by doing march and symbolic protest in public places to express their resentment towards the state. Based on the structural relation above, the writer tries to draw a worldview that mediates the depiction of resistance in this novel and the one in the counterculture movement. It is none other than the pursuit of social welfare with the strong emphasis on the freedom of individuals. Such worldview is implicitly proposed through the way F. Alexander and his comrades frequently voice his desire for civil liberty in the novel and the way the New Left activists express the similar idea when they did resistance in 1950s-1960s. The depiction of police brutality when dealing with the juvenile crimes is also another form of social structure conveyed in this novel. The way the police uses physical torture as a kind of punishment towards the main protagonist and the other young criminals is somehow related to what police did towards protesters who were involved in a series of demonstrations during the era of counterculture movement. However, it is important to be noted that the only structural relation that connects both the novel and the reality in this case is the brutality itself while the true reason behind such action turns out to be different for each realm. For the police brutality depicted in the novel, it is mainly caused by the actual youth crimes. Meanwhile in the counterculture era, the police used brutal forces to deal with the peaceful protesters who actually did not deserve to accept such treatment because what they did was for positive purposes which should not be considered as crimes. It is also their rights to express the freedom of speech. Based on the structural relation above, the writer draws a worldview that mediates between the police brutality in A Clockwork Orange and the one in counterculture movement. It is all for the sake of maintaining social and political stability. Things like juvenile crimes and mass demonstration are believed to be able to interrupt the social order in a state because they cause a feeling of insecurity among the citizens. The fact that citizens are most likely to blame the government for such things leads to the state’s maximum effort to keep their reputation clean by commanding their police to prevent undesirable things that can affect the stability by any means necessary, including the use of violence.

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2024-10-06T04:29:53Z

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1. Helps keep the mouth clean Has properties that help reduce the accumulation of bacteria in the mouth. Research has found that brushing your teeth with toothpaste that contains baking soda may help reduce the formation of plaque (Plaque), which is a plaque from the accumulation of bacteria in the mouth. If there is plaque on the tooth surface for a long time, it can cause problems such as tooth decay and gum disease UFABET Baking soda also helps freshen your breath and helps your teeth look whiter. You can rinse your mouth with half a teaspoon of baking soda mixed with half a glass of water (120 milliliters), or mix 2 teaspoons of baking soda and 1 teaspoon of salt in a glass of warm water (230 milliliters). You can use mouthwash instead of mouthwash. 2. Treat mouth sores Mouth sores (Canker Sore) or as many people call it, canker sores. These are small sores that occur on the soft tissues of the mouth, gums, inside of the lips, cheeks or tongue. They often cause pain and make eating or speaking difficult. Mouth sores can be caused by brushing your teeth too hard. Using toothpaste and mouthwash that contain sodium lauryl sulfate. Lack of certain vitamins or minerals and infection Mouth sores usually heal within 1-2 weeks. Gargling with 1 teaspoon of salt water or mixed with half a glass of water once a day will help the wound heal faster. 3. Eliminate unwanted odors Baking soda can eliminate odors. Whether it’s body odor or lingering odor in the kitchen, our sweat usually doesn’t smell. But when sweat mixes with bacteria on the skin, it causes body odor because the bacteria changes sweat to be acidic. Baking soda is alkaline. So it is a deodorant that is commonly used as an ingredient in body odor removal products. Because it helps balance the acidity and alkalinity that can cause unwanted odors. Not only that Baking soda can also help remove bad odors from food in the refrigerator. By putting a small amount in a cup. and put it in the refrigerator It will help eliminate unwanted odors in the refrigerator.

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2024-10-06T03:10:24Z

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With how important sustainable development is, SDG Plus has put together a 10-part miniseries that will quickly bring you up to speed. We will introduce you to the world of sustainability and walk you through its origin story, its key concepts and give you real-world examples from communities and organizations from around the world. To save the world, you have to start somewhere. Why not start with us on? Learn how the Brundtland Commission coined and popularised the term ‘sustainable development’. Discover how sustainability was practiced by our Ancestors. What led to the birth of the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals? Identifying Sustainable and Unsustainable practices. The importance of the three pillars of sustainability framework. Understand why we must limit our global warming to 1.5° Celsius. Understand why private companies should move towards sustainability.

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2024-10-06T03:23:53Z

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Who might benefit from Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing? | || Though this list is not exhaustive, CPET can be useful in such instances as What is being monitored during the test? | The utility of CPET comes from the ability to accurately measure both oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide exhalation. While oxygen is used to power cellular metabolism during exercise, end-expiratory carbon dioxide levels are an indirect measure of the by-products of cellular energy utilization. If exercise requirements continue to increase beyond the ability of the heart, lungs or vascular system to provide adequate oxygen to the mitochondrial engines of the muscle cells, these cells will shift to non-oxygen utilizing (anaerobic) energy sources so that exercise can continue. We call this the anaerobic threshold. The by-product of anaerobic metabolism is lactic acid, which quickly accumulates in the muscle and begins to cause muscle fatigue and a sense of growing exhaustion. To combat this, the body buffers out the lactic acid by converting it to carbon dioxide, which is eliminated in the lungs. The increase in carbon dioxide output is measured during CPET, and is used, with other data, to determine level of fitness, the extent and source of exercise limitations, or the target exercise training zone for the tested individual. Since airflow measurements during exercise are also being recorded, it is possible to tell if a person’s exercise limitations are coming from inadequate lung function (versus cardiac limitations or simple deconditioning). In certain instances, 12-lead electrocardiography is also recorded, which allows us to more closely monitor the heart’s response to exercise and to exercise recovery. In conjunction with the gas exchange data referenced to above, a more detailed overall picture of an individual’s exercise capacity can be obtained. |

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Ostensibly, blockchain is used because it enables certain traditionally centralized tasks (global identity management, for example) to be performed in a “decentralized” way, without single points of control or failure. But proponents of web3, and more broadly of cryptocurrency and blockchain-adjacent technologies, are also rather explicit that it’s just as much about “investment opportunities.” Different blockchain projects approach this differently, but in the end, those who invest early in the given system ostensibly gain crypto-assets for their trouble. Or as Mike Masnick puts it in his seminal text “Protocols, not Platforms” : “a token-based cryptocurrency is the equivalent of equity in a company — but rather than the value being tied to the financial success of the company, the value of a crypto token is tied to the value of the overall network.” Results for the search term “decentralization” are saturated with these vague, mysterious, hype-building computer renderings.If a peer-to-peer, decentralized internet becomes widely adopted, perhaps we can visualize decentralization with other images and metaphors, like flocks of birds or the like. – Ed Image 1: A glowing cube of power made from smaller blockchain blocks, Shubham Dhage, 2021, Unsplash License; Image 2: Blockchain blocks, set against matrix-esque arrays of data, Shubham Dhage, 2022, Unsplash License; Image 3: An array of red/Green, on/off, toggle buttons with mystical blockchain symbols embossed on their golden surfaces, Arthur Mazi, 2022, Unsplash License In other words, web3 is less a technology project for decentralizing the internet, and more an economic project for a select few to profit from: those who acquire crypto-assets early or have the resources and knowledge to run Ethereum validators (or the analogs in specific blockchain systems used by given projects). Chain of Trade-offs Like any technology, blockchain-based systems are not without significant trade-offs. These revolve around block size (and thus the number of transactions that a single block may contain), how often a block is added to the blockchain, and what information is kept directly on-chain (what is included directly within a block). The more transactions per block and the more often a block gets generated, the higher the global transaction rate that can be supported by a given blockchain, but also the faster the whole blockchain grows. Ethereum — perhaps the most popular blockchain system used as a base for many web3 projects — adds one block every twelve seconds. With around 140 transactions included in a block on average, its global transaction rate is just shy of twelve transactions per second. The average block size of 70 kilobytes means that Ethereum blockchain grows by half a gigabyte each day, and its current size is almost half a terabyte. If half a gigabyte per day does not sound like much, consider that within most blockchain systems (including Ethereum) as many people as possible are expected to run their own nodes; the more people running nodes, the more decentralized the system is. Each node requires the whole blockchain to be stored locally, with some additional available storage space required. The bigger the blockchain and the faster its growth rate, the harder it is to run a full node, and the fewer people will do it, leading to a less decentralized system. It’s a fine balancing act for web3 projects: use a smaller block size, and transaction rates become far too low to support a global system serving anywhere near the estimated five billion Internet users today; use bigger blocks, and the blockchain size and growth will make it impossible for enough people to run nodes that the system remains truly decentralized. Then there’s the on-chain/off-chain dilemma. Data that is kept directly on-chain is cryptographically signed and embedded in the history of that blockchain. But including this information adds to block size, and thus to the rate of growth of a given blockchain, making it more difficult to run nodes. Keeping important data off-chain lowers the blockchain size and speed of its growth, but necessitates their centralized storage somewhere. Where? Under whose control? This is painfully obvious in the Non Fungible Tokens (NFT) space. NFTs are cryptocurrency tokens that are supposed to enable the “ownership” of digital artworks (they do not, but that’s a separate issue), by recording ownership on a blockchain (often Ethereum). However, including a whole image (often megabytes in size) as part of a transaction would bloat the blocks well beyond the average transaction size of a few dozen kilobytes, and would drive up the size of the blockchain immensely. Often, instead, only an artwork URL is recorded in the transaction. But URLs can break, leading “owners”to see 404 Not Found errors instead of their digital art when trying to view it on major NFT exchanges. As a result, the system is neither reliable (because the link between the NFT and the artwork can break), nor meaningfully decentralized (as the artwork is still referenced via a “centralized” web URL). Such an unreliable, centralized system could, of course, easily be built without any blockchain – but then how would the validators get paid? After musing about “blockchain Twitter” (where each tweet was to be included on-chain as a transaction and would have a price-tag associated with it), Musk himself quickly noted that it simply would not scale well enough. In a message to investment banker Michael Grimes, he wrote: “Blockchain Twitter isn’t possible. The bandwidth and latency requirements cannot be supported by a peer to peer network, unless those ‘peers’ are absolutely gigantic, thus defeating the purpose of a decentralized network.” In other words the basic choice for any web3 project that is supposed to scale to large numbers of users is this: either faux-decentralization, because the nodes must necessarily be “absolutely gigantic” (and thus cannot be run by enough people to be considered decentralized); or keeping important data off-chain (which usually relies on centralized external services, defeating the purpose). An Actually Decentralized Social Network in Word and Deed Meanwhile, a decentralized, federated social network is flourishing which is built within a protocol that does not require blockchain, and does not convert every human interaction into a financial transaction. It focuses on communities and building useful, thoughtful, safe tools, instead of fetishizing buzzwords and pitching free speech absolutism in order to sell snake oil. There are no tokens to invest in. There is no cryptocurrency to “hodl.” No blocks to mine or validate and no blockchain to grow. Instead, there are servers (called “instances”) run for and by specific communities — like scholar.social. There are geographically-themed instances (say, leafposter.club), instances for programmers (pythondevs.social), general-purpose instances (like mstdn.social, where I have my fedi-home) and many more. There are large instances with hundreds of thousands of users; tiny one-person instances; and anything between. Depending on the software these instances run they can feel more like Twitter, Instagram, or Facebook. There are Reddit-like instances, video hosting instances, and Eventbrite-like instances. Once you have an account on one of them you can follow and interact with users on all of them: imagine being able to use your Twitter account to respond to your family on Facebook, engage in a thread on Reddit, follow your friend on Instagram, and subscribe to an Eventbrite event. Servers are not free, so I am donating to help my instance admin cover the running costs. Many instances are community-supported. On most instances, this is optional (if welcome) — but it is easy to become a member of the Fediverse without spending a dime. In fact, you’re encouraged to! Some “fediversians” decide to run their own servers, or pay for managed instances from service providers like Mastohost. Social Media is Better in Moderation Compared to web3 platforms, the Fediverse does not claim to be “censorship-free,” or a “free speech zone.” Each instance has their own rules, and decides what is allowed and what is not. There is a granularity in the moderation tools on “fedi” (as Fediverse is often fondly referred to) that is simply unavailable on big tech nor web3 platforms. Each user can block or mute other users and whole instances. Instance admins and moderators can mute and block users from other instances, or “defederate from” whole instances (in addition, of course, to moderating users registered on their own instance). Alternatively, they can decide that content from a given instance is allowed, but will by default end up behind a content warning. This makes it easier to deal with abusive users. If an instance enables abusive behavior and ignores abuse reports coming in from other instances, it will be blocked (“defederatedfrom”) by instances who choose to protect their users from abuse. This effectively quarantines toxic groups, limiting their reach to instances that call themselves “free speech” zones (yes, these exist too). Their users can, of course, set up accounts on other, less permissive instances (which are thus not as widely blocked). But to remain there, users need to respect the preferences of these instances. Deplatforming toxic users from big tech platforms is so contentious partly because it’s an all-or-nothing decision: a monopolistic provider of a centralized service decides whether or not a user is able to post to that global platform at all. On fedi each of the thousands of instances makes their own rules and decisions, so it’s hard to argue that anybody is truly “censored.” If a thousand different, independent community sites refuse to carry somebody’s posts, perhaps it’s no huge conspiracy? Perhaps people just don’t want to be exposed to certain kinds of abusive behavior? This makes moderation decisions easier for instance teams and more meaningful for the users, as they focus more on specific behaviors and less on specific people. And if you don’t like the moderation on your instance, you can set up an alternative account somewhere else, or even migrate your account, keeping your social graph intact. This is also a good solution in the event that an instance is shutting down. Values vs. Valuation In the end, it’s all a question of who has power in a system, and the values the system is imbued with. Where the Fediverse focuses on community and communication, web3 focuses on narrow, somewhat naïve notions of “ownership” and “free speech.” “Ownership” in the web3 context is almost entirely financial and transactional (“I own something if I can sell it”), and surprisingly often based on wishful thinking. After all, legally speaking, users “own” the content they posted to Facebook without any need of a blockchain record. On the other hand having an NFT transferred to your Ethereum wallet doesn’t make you the “owner” of the digital asset which the NFT refers to, unless a binding legal contract has been signed (which NFT-holding “anti-right-clickers” refuse to believe, much to their chagrin). When radium was first discovered at the end of the 19th century, a whole slew of snake oil products emerged capitalizing on the sensationalism surrounding the new element and its radioactivity. Perhaps the most absurd product was the Doramad Radioactive Toothpaste, whose promotional materials used naïve and distorted notions of “energy” and “radioactive rays,” to market radioactivity as a solution to the very real problem of tooth decay. The analogy is quite compelling. Like radioactivity, blockchain as such can be a useful tool in solving certain kinds of problems. Like dental hygiene, the decentralization of global communication platforms is an important problem, but not necessarily the right application for the instrument. Like Doromad Radioactive Toothpaste, web3 has little to do with solving the stated problem, and everything to do with profiting off of a buzzword, resulting in more harm than good in the process. Michał "rysiek" Woźniak is a hacker and a digital human rights activist, focused on information security, privacy, copyright reform, and digital media literacy. He worked at OCCRP, where he was responsible for infrastructure and the cybersecurity of investigative journalists. Today he manages the information security of the Icelandic national domain (.IS) registry.

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« Back to Glossary IndexThe internet slang term/abbreviation “VM” stands for “Virtual Machine.” It refers to an emulation of a computer system that enables users to run multiple operating systems on a single physical machine. Virtual machines are commonly used for various purposes like testing software, running different operating systems, or creating isolated environments. 1. I’m running a Windows VM on my Macbook to access some of the applications that are only compatible with Windows. 2. My company uses VMs to simulate and test different server configurations before implementing them in our production environment. VM, virtualmachine, vmemu, virtualization, virtualenv, vps « Back to Glossary Index

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This year’s Mid-Autumn Festival (Chinese: 中秋节, zhōng qiū jié) is approaching, which means it’s time to put up gorgeous lanterns and feast on decadent mooncakes! This year, the festival falls on September 21. What is Mid-Autumn Festival? The festival takes place in mid-autumn, on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month in the Chinese calendar. It is believed that on this day, the moon is at its roundest and shines the brightest. This festival is widely celebrated in East and South-east Asia, with each culture having their own unique customs. It is a happy occasion, commemorated with joyous gatherings and rituals. Together, families and friends appreciate the full moon while enjoying a delightful feast (with mooncakes, of course!). Incense is also often burned in reverence to deities, while the children play with lanterns. History of Mid-Autumn Festival The origins of Mid-Autumn Festival can be traced back 3000 years, all the way back to 1046 B.C., evolving throughout the centuries to become the festival we know today. In the Zhou Dynasty (1046 to 256 B.C.) when moon worship was commonplace, ceremonies to worship the moon were held in the middle of autumn to celebrate the bountiful harvest and the beautiful full moon. However, it wasn’t until the Tang Dynasty (618 to 907 A.D.) that mooncakes were eaten to celebrate the occasion. Before that, porridge was typically eaten during the festival as the dish could easily be made with harvested ingredients. When the general Li Jing defeated the Turks on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month, the Tibetan regime in ancient China congratulated the Chinese emperor by sending them cakes. These cakes later came to be known as mooncakes. The festival continued to grow in significance over the years. A fixed date was set for the festival, and it is now one of the most important festivals in China, on par with the Chinese New Year. In China, the festival has even been recognised as a public holiday since 2008. Legends of Mid-Autumn Festival There are a couple of legends surrounding the festival, though the two most widely told tales are about Chang’e (Chinese: 嫦娥, cháng é) and the jade rabbit. The Myth of Chang’e In ancient times, there was an archer named Hou Yi (Chinese: 后羿, hòu yì) who lived with his wife, Chang’e. One year, ten suns shone in the sky all at once, causing torturous heat and great disaster to the people. Hou Yi shot down nine of the ten suns and was hailed as a hero. To reward him, the Queen Mother gifted Hou Yi the elixir of immortality. Once taken, he would become immortal and immediately ascend to heaven. However, he did not wish to leave Chang’e behind and asked her to keep the elixir. Unfortunately, an apprentice of Hou Yi, found out about the elixir and attempted to coerce Chang’e into handing the elixir over when Hou Yi was out hunting. Chang’e refused to do so, and in a moment of desperation, swallowed the elixir instead. She immediately ascended, and wanting to remain as close as possible to her husband, she chose to live on the nearest place to earth from heaven – the moon. When Hou Yi found out what had happened, he was saddened and displayed food that she liked as a sacrifice for her. Others soon found out about his sacrifices and also started offering their own sacrifices and burning incense to pray to Chang’e for luck and safety. For an interesting, modern spin on the legend of Chang’e, check out Over the Moon, available on Netflix. This heartwarming animation is about a young girl, Fei Fei, who builds a rocket ship to the moon in the hopes of meeting Chang’e. On her journey, she encounters adorable flying guardian lions (Chinese: 貔貅, pí xiū), a chatty glowing pangolin and mooncakes that walk and talk. And of course, she meets Chang’e, whose love story with Hou Yi continues. The Legend of the Jade Rabbit Once upon a time, the Jade Emperor (Chinese: 玉皇, yù huáng) disguised himself as a beggar and asked a fox, monkey and rabbit for food. The fox and monkey gave the emperor food, but the rabbit only had grass to offer. Knowing that humans did not eat grass, the rabbit offered itself as food, jumping without hesitation into a fire that the beggar started. The emperor, moved by the rabbit’s selflessness, transformed back into the emperor. He saved the rabbit and sent it to the moon where it became the immortal Jade Rabbit (Chinese: 玉兔, yù tù). These days, the Jade Rabbit accompanies Chang’e on the moon where they make immortal medicine for those living in heaven. Celebrating the festival In Chinese tradition, the full moon signifies harmony, peace, prosperity and unity. Hence, the meaning behind these festivities are usually in line with the significance of the full moon. As the moon is believed to be at its fullest and brightest in mid-autumn, families and friends gather to take in the beauty of the moon together. Even if one is not together with their loved ones, they can still appreciate the same moon on the same night, as if they are together. A notable part of the festival celebrations would be the brightly lit lanterns that are hung everywhere, contributing to the festive atmosphere. The traditional paper lanterns come in eye-catching hues and sometimes, depictions of flowers, while the more avant garde ones include flamboyant painted cellophane lanterns and adorable battery-operated ones that play songs. In continuation of a 3000-year-old tradition, some people set out offerings and sacrifices for the moon, also making wishes and burning incense for Chang’e. Offerings include peaches, oranges and pomelos, which are eaten after the ritual is completed. Families do their best to reunite and share a delicious meal consisting of a sumptuous spread of food, in line with the moon’s symbolism of unity. One of the hallmark traditions of this festival would be eating mooncakes. Mooncakes are mostly round in shape, traditionally featuring a rich and thick sweet paste encased in a pastry skin. The filling may contain other ingredients, from nuts and seeds to salted duck egg yolks which represent the full moon. Mooncakes may contain up to four salted egg yolks, each yolk representing a phase of the moon. Savoury mooncakes exist too – there are variations with mushroom and meat. Besides being delicious, this delicacy is also symbolic – the round shape represents completeness and reunion. In this spirit, mooncakes are often shared amongst family and friends during the festival. Traditional mooncakes usually have either lotus seed, sweet bean or red date paste with any combination of nuts, seeds and salted egg yolks inside. Although there are different types of mooncake skins, the traditional baked mooncake has a chewy skin that comes with Chinese characters imprinted on the skin – the characters either state the name of the bakery, the type of mooncake, or prosperous sayings. The pastry dough is also baked in the shape of piglets and sold packaged in small baskets, symbolising piglets being transported for sale in bamboo cages. In recent years, there has been an emergence in contemporary mooncake flavours. Fillings like taro, durian, chocolate and green tea paste are increasing in popularity, while snow skin mooncakes have also been introduced. Snow skin mooncakes are no-bake mooncakes with mochi-like skin that need to be refrigerated. Wondering where to get your hands on some mooncakes for this year’s celebrations? Here’s a list of establishments offering various types of mooncakes – from old-school baked mooncakes to indulgent champagne-infused ones. - The St. Regis Kuala Lumpur This year, The St. Regis has traditional baked mooncakes packaged in a luxurious Swarovski-embellished trunk. Not only that, they’ve also upsized their mooncakes – the Prosperity Mooncake contained in the trunk is 6.5” wide, perfect for sharing! However, if blinged-out trunks and giant mooncakes aren’t your thing, they also have regular-sized mooncakes that come in a regular trunk. Prices start from RM200 for a box of four. - Grand Hyatt Kuala Lumpur In collaboration with award-winning local fashion designer Melinda Looi, Grand Hyatt has unveiled a collection of mooncakes that are as gorgeous as they are delicious. And in an ode to the Jade Rabbit, the mooncakes come in a gorgeous rabbit-shaped reusable bag. Both baked and snow skin mooncakes are available, but the star of the show is no doubt the snow skin ones. These mooncakes come with fillings such as black sesame and peanut cream, and flavoured snow skin like coconut truffle. Conveniently, the surface of the box doubles up as a chess set complete with chess pieces, providing an activity to do while enjoying the mooncakes. Prices start from RM253 for the traditional baked mooncakes. - The RuMa Hotel and Residences The homegrown RuMa Hotel and Residences puts quality before quantity with this year’s selection of mooncakes. Each mooncake is lovingly handcrafted, and only available in two flavours – durian paste and pandan lotus paste. A box of two costs RM98, with additional perks like discounts with CIMB cards and spa vouchers for those who purchase at least two boxes. - The Ritz-Carlton, Kuala Lumpur Besides offering traditional mooncakes, The Ritz also has snow skin mooncakes, albeit with a touch of magic – the snow skin is infused with Champagne. And in line with only offering their clients the very best, The Ritz’s unique boozy mooncakes contain Moët & Chandon Champagne, the champagne of choice for the British royals. Those who prefer their mooncakes to be spiked even have two options, either classic Champagne or the exclusive Rosé Imperial Champagne. Prices range from RM120 for four traditional mooncakes and go up to RM184 for eight mini champagne mooncakes. - Concorde Hotel Concorde Hotel has a wide array of mooncake flavours, but the standout flavour would have to be their Musang King durian snow skin mooncake! Made with 100% pure Musang King durian flesh, the mooncake is creamy, rich and sure to delight. All their mooncakes come in a jewellery box with an elegantly designed glass top bearing bird and flower motifs, making it the ideal gift for loved ones. Each set of four baked mooncakes costs RM118, while the Musang King set costs RM158 – a steal, considering the quality of the durian. In the spirit of Mid-Autumn Festival, take this opportunity to catch up with friends and family, or reminisce about your childhood by playing with lanterns. And when devouring mooncakes, don’t forget to pair it with some traditional Chinese tea (or bubbly, for that matter) as the mooncakes may become cloying after a while. The Echo Media family wishes you a jubilant Happy Mid-Autumn Festival! 中秋节快乐！(zhōng qiū jié kuài lè!) Written By: Natalie Edited By: Jamie

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Scientific to Decimal Notation Converter Welcome to the Convert Scientific Notation to Decimal Notation! This tool simplifies the process of converting numbers from scientific notation to decimal notation. Whether you’re dealing with scientific data or calculations, this tool provides an easy way to convert scientific notation to its decimal representation. Steps to Use the Tool: - Enter the scientific notation you want to convert into the input field. - Click the “Convert” button. - The tool will process the input and display the converted decimal notation below the button. Functionality of the Tool: - Upon clicking the “Convert” button, the tool parses the input scientific notation. - It converts the scientific notation into its decimal representation. - The tool extracts the base and exponent from the scientific notation and calculates the corresponding decimal value. - It handles both positive and negative exponents, as well as decimal points in the base. Benefits of Using This Tool: - Accuracy: Converts scientific notation to decimal notation with precision, ensuring accurate representation of numbers. - Convenience: Provides a quick and easy way to convert scientific notation to decimal notation, saving time and effort. - Versatility: Suitable for various applications, including scientific calculations, data analysis, and more. - User-Friendly: Simple interface with clear instructions for seamless conversion of scientific notation to decimal notation. FAQ: Q: What format of scientific notation does this tool support? A: This tool supports scientific notation in the format 𝑎×10𝑏, where a is the base (which can be a decimal or integer) and b is the exponent. Q: How does the tool handle invalid scientific notation input? A: If the input does not match the expected format of scientific notation, the tool will display an “Invalid scientific notation” message.

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Found on The Eastern coast of the Island of Sicily – Italy, is one of Europe’s most legendary volcanoes, Mount Etna. According to UNESCO, Mount Etna covers 19,237 hectares of land. Mount Etna is 11,014 ft tall, making it the optimum Mediterranean Island Mountain. UNESCO identifies Mount Etna as the most lively stratovolcano in the earth. Like most energetic volcanoes, summit eruptions usually bring about an increase in top. For instance, in 2021, Mount Etna erupted in excess of fifty occasions inside just six months. The peak amplified by around a hundred ft. Regardless of previously having some of its web sites mentioned in the UNESCO World Heritage record (Eg: Temples Valley, the Aeolian Islands), Sicily island bagged another achievement in 2013, when Mount Etna was additional to the UNESCO World Heritage record, making this legendary mountain a property of humanity. Mount Etna’s huge size and historical history are all typical expertise. But what other remarkable information about this mighty mountain have nevertheless to be extensively recognized? 10/10 Mount Etna Commenced As A Submarine Volcano Geologists feel that Mount Etna’s oldest lavas, located on the lowermost flank, erupted 300,000 several years ago. Nonetheless, these are pillow lavas, indicating Mount Etna must have begun as a submarine volcano and then rose over sea level. The simple fact that it had risen to this sort of an amazing top all by alone is simply head-blowing! 9/10 The First Attempt To Divert Lava Took Place On Mount Etna Oregon Condition College unveiled that right after the catastrophic eruption of Mount Etna in 1669 that left villages ruined and submerged in the Western part of Catania, a venture was introduced to subvert this huge lava stream from the village of Catania by digging a trench over the village. This motion, having said that, drove Mount Etna’s volcanic lava to the village of Paterno, and the project was pushed to a compelled halt. Regardless of its failure, this aborted mission turned the to start with time an attempt to divert lava movement was created. Yet another endeavor was built in 1983 when an eruption lasted in excess of four months. But like its predecessor, this attempt was also unsuccessful. 8/10 Mount Etna Has Information Of Deadly Eruptions The Twentieth and 20-initially centuries have noticed a substantial lower in the number of fatalities thanks to volcanic eruptions. Even so, it wasn’t generally this way. According to Brittanica, an eruption stopped the Carthaginian army from laying maintain of the Catania village in 396 BC. Then in 1381, Lava from an eruption traveled as considerably as 10 miles to the Ionian seas. About a dozen villages were also destroyed. A 1928 eruption not only broke the railway created all-around the base of the mountain but submerged the village of Mascali. 7/10 Mount Etna Is A Big Resource Of Cash flow Irrespective of the dangers concerned, Geology.com studies that the slopes of Mount Etna are home to about 25% of the Island of Sicily populace. Not only does tourism push income, but the space all over the slopes of the volcano is rich in vitamins. The wealthy volcanic soil aids agricultural things to do (Eg: Orchards). In actuality, virtually three-quarters of the island’s crops are grown right here. 6/10 Mount Etna Paved The Way For “10 Several years – No Tax” Policy Mount Etna’s explosive eruption in 122 BC brought significant destruction to the historic village of Catania (the latest metropolis of Catania). Roofs were blown off, properties collapsed, and a lot of family members were being displaced. This sort of was the devastation. The citizens had been exempted from spending tax to The Roman governing administration for ten many years–all many thanks to Mount Etna! 5/10 Mount Etna Has Documents Of Strange Eruptions Mount Etna is also popular for its pretty much continuous volcanic exercise. In accordance to Wikipedia, the volcano commenced erupting at least 500,000 decades ago. And its very first recorded eruption transpired in 1500 BC. Inside of the space of 2,700 yrs, at the very least 190 eruptions have been recorded given that then. Eruptions on Mount Etna can very last for a steady period of a few months to a couple months. For case in point, Mount Etna’s 1669 eruption lasted for 112 days. A different peculiar scenario is in the year 2021, wherever a lot more than fifty eruptions happened in just a area of six months. Most peculiar of all, Mount Etna’s eruption was the 1979 eruption that lasted thirteen extended several years. How unusual! 4/10 Mount Etna Has Its Exclusive Which means The identify ‘Etna’ is derived from the Historic Greek phrase, Aitne, which implies ‘I burn.’ Unusually, it is not named just after the Roman god of hearth, who, in accordance to Roman legends, at the time lived there. Remarkably, Mount Etna is also named Mungibeddu, which signifies a attractive mountain. Although it is referred to as lots of matters in distinct nations around the world and languages, the people of Sicily Island generally refer to the volcano as ‘Montebellos,’ ‘Mongibello,’ or, by the most frequent just one, ‘Mungibeddu.’ The translation is “The attractive mountain.” 3/10 Mount Etna Kinds Snow Caves Sicily Active recounts that about 200 caves were being developed by lava circulation within the Etna pack territory. Apart from tourism, these caves served other human requirements. In 1943, all through an aerial attack by the Anglo-American military, the caves were being used as anti-plane shelters. Later on on, in the eighteenth century, caves were used to generate huge quantities of ice. This ice field has continued to prosper, and products are now exported as considerably as Naples. Position alternatives have also been developed. And Mount Etna’s snow cave is at the moment one particular of the most frequented tourist centers in the world. 2/10 Mount Etna Is The Home Of Vineyards Some of Italy’s most effective wines have been birthed on the ancient terraces of Mount Etna. The richness of the soil, the existence of minerals, and the micro-climatic situations are almost certainly why there are around 165 wineries all around the slopes of the volcano. The wine-tasting tours have lengthy been a resource of attraction for a lot of vacationers all close to the globe. 1/10 Mount Etna Is Good For Skiing Tourists Snowboarding underneath Mount Etna’s smoky clouds even though overlooking the attractive Mediterranean Sea is an unforgettable practical experience truly worth traveling to nations around the world and continents for tourism. Skiing tourists usually get there throughout the winter, from December to Early March, to have a gorgeous mountain view and experience working experience. The modest Island of Sicily is property to a lot of many years-old web pages (Such as Temples valley, the Aeolian Islands, and the baroque district), and Mount Etna is just one of them. Although it has claimed properties and even life, this legendary volcano has and will continue to attract thousands of persons annually to its steep slopes.

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A person is said to be developing when they are undergoing growth and becoming more mature. This is an ongoing process that can happen throughout life. Development is often a result of life events, and it may be a natural part of aging or it may be a response to changes in the environment. People can be developing in a variety of ways, including in their relationships, careers, and health. It is important to remember that development is a social and cultural phenomenon, so the characteristics of development will be different depending on the context in which it occurs. For example, an individual’s experience of adolescence might be very different from another person’s in that one culture, but the general process might be the same. This is why it is important to understand that although there are many similarities between cultures in terms of human development, much of what we know about the process remains culturally bound and difficult to apply across cultures. The idea that development is emergent property of a system is quite challenging for the field of developmental psychology because it runs counter to the traditional understanding of development as a set of predictable stages that begin at infancy and end with adulthood. It also reveals that the most pressing development problems are not the poverty and war that we normally focus on, but rather the lack of conditions for people to develop according to their potential in all aspects of their lives.

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The highest peak in South America is Aconcagua, standing at 6,961 meters (22,838 feet). It is located in Argentina. Nestled in the Andes mountain range, Aconcagua not only dominates the South American skyline but also holds the title of the tallest mountain outside Asia. This makes it a beacon for mountaineers and adventure seekers worldwide. The mountain is part of the Aconcagua Provincial Park, a site of stunning natural beauty and diverse wildlife. Climbing Aconcagua presents a formidable challenge, attracting thousands of climbers every year who aim to conquer its summit. Its significant height and relatively accessible climbing routes make it a popular choice for both experienced climbers and ambitious amateurs. The allure of Aconcagua extends beyond its peak; it is a symbol of the majestic Andes and a testament to the breathtaking landscapes found across South America. The Majesty Of South American Peaks South America’s mountains touch the sky. Among them stands a giant. It is the highest peak on the continent. This peak has been a symbol of wonder for centuries. South America’s landscape is diverse. The Andes mountain range is a backbone. It stretches over seven countries. In these mountains lies the highest peak, Aconcagua. It rises 6,961 meters above sea level. This makes it the tallest mountain outside Asia. Aconcagua’s icy summit is a breathtaking sight. Significance In Andean Culture Andean culture deeply respects these peaks. Mountains are sacred. They are home to gods. Aconcagua is known as the “Sentinel of Stone”. It is a place of pilgrimage. Many locals and visitors trek to its base. They admire its majestic presence. - Aconcagua’s height: 6,961 meters - Location: Argentina - Andes range: Seven countries For climbers, Aconcagua is a must-visit. Its challenging paths test their skills. The journey to the peak is an adventure. It rewards with stunning views. Mountain | Height (meters) | Country | Aconcagua | 6,961 | Argentina | The Andes offer more than high peaks. They have a rich biodiversity. They are home to unique flora and fauna. This makes the Andes a jewel in South America. Aconcagua: The Pinnacle Of The Continent Aconcagua, the highest peak in South America, stands tall. It reaches 6,962 meters above sea level. This giant mountain is in the Andes range, in Argentina. Many climbers dream of reaching the top. It is the pinnacle of the continent. First Ascents And Expeditions - In 1897, Matthias Zurbriggen was the first to summit Aconcagua. - Since then, many climbers have followed his path. - Each year, expeditions from around the world try to reach the top. Climbing Aconcagua is not easy. It tests a climber’s strength and will. Challenge | Details | Altitude Sickness | Less oxygen can make climbers feel sick. | Harsh Weather | Strong winds and cold temperatures are common. | Physical Fitness | Climbers need to be in top shape. | Despite these challenges, reaching the summit is a huge achievement. Climbers feel proud and happy. Geology And Geography Of Aconcagua The Aconcagua mountain stands as a geological marvel. It is the highest peak in South America. Nestled in the Andes mountain range, Aconcagua’s geology and geography intrigue many. Let’s explore its formation and unique features. Formation Of The Andes The Andes formed over millions of years. Tectonic plate movements pushed the Earth’s crust upward. This process created the mountain range. Aconcagua emerged as its highest point. The mountain is a result of the Nazca Plate subducting beneath the South American Plate. Unique Features Of Aconcagua Aconcagua boasts unique features. Its height reaches an impressive 6,960.8 meters (22,837 ft). It is not only South America’s tallest peak but also the highest outside Asia. Aconcagua is often called the “Roof of the Americas”. The mountain has several glaciers. The most famous is the Ventisquero Horcones Inferior. Its northern and southern summits are distinct. The north summit is higher and more visited. Its climate varies with altitude. The base can be warm, while the summit is icy cold. Aconcagua’s biodiversity includes Andean condors and guanacos. Flora And Fauna At High Altitudes The highest peak in South America stands as a beacon for biodiversity. Awe-inspiring altitudes host unique flora and fauna, thriving where few life forms dare. Let’s explore the life that flourishes at these dizzying heights. Adaptations To Extreme Conditions Life at high altitudes demands special traits. Plants and animals adapt to survive. They face thin air, fierce sun, and cold temperatures. - Plants grow low, hugging the ground. They develop thick leaves to retain water. - Animals boast larger lungs. Their blood carries more oxygen. - Fur and feathers have extra layers. They keep creatures warm. These unique ecosystems face threats. Conservation is key to their survival. Threat | Action | Climate Change | Monitoring habitats, managing resources | Pollution | Cleaning efforts, stricter regulations | Habitat Loss | Protected areas, reforestation | Local communities work with scientists. They protect the delicate balance of life here. Human Endeavors: Stories Of Triumph And Tragedy The highest peak in South America, Aconcagua, stands as a symbol of human spirit and endurance. This magnificent mountain has been the backdrop for countless tales of triumph and tragedy. Climbers from around the world come to test their limits against its towering heights. These stories not only inspire but also teach valuable lessons of resilience and perseverance. Notable Climbing Achievements Over the years, Aconcagua has witnessed remarkable feats of human strength and determination. Here are some highlights: - First Ascent: In 1897, Matthias Zurbriggen from Switzerland became the first person to reach the summit, setting a precedent for future climbers. - Youngest Climber: In 2013, Tyler Armstrong, a 9-year-old from the USA, made headlines by becoming the youngest person to summit Aconcagua. - Fastest Ascent: The record for the fastest ascent belongs to Karl Egloff, who in 2014, scaled the mountain in just 11 hours and 52 minutes. The challenging conditions on Aconcagua have also led to numerous rescue operations. These efforts highlight the risks involved in mountain climbing and the bravery of those who undertake rescue missions. Year | Incident | Outcome | 2001 | Lost Climber | Rescued after 3 days | 2009 | Avalanche | Several climbers rescued | 2015 | Severe Storm | Expedition team rescued | These stories of heroism and survival continue to captivate and motivate. They remind us of the power of human will and the importance of safety in mountain climbing. Visiting Aconcagua: A Guide For Adventurers Aconcagua stands as the highest peak in South America. This colossal mountain beckons adventurers from across the globe. Rising to an impressive 22,841 feet, Aconcagua is a must-visit for seasoned climbers and avid trekkers alike. ‘Visiting Aconcagua: A Guide for Adventurers’ is your essential companion for a successful ascent. Preparing For The Climb Mount Aconcagua demands respect and thorough preparation. Before embarking on this journey, ensure you are physically and mentally ready. Training should include cardio, strength exercises, and altitude acclimatization. Gather essential gear such as warm clothing, climbing boots, and a reliable tent. Consider a medical check-up to confirm your fitness for the climb. - Physical training: Focus on endurance and strength. - Acclimatization: Spend time at high altitudes. - Gear checklist: Insulate layers, boots, tent, and sleeping bag. - Permits: Secure necessary climbing permits in advance. - Guides: Hiring a seasoned guide is highly recommended. Best Seasons To Ascend The ideal time to climb Aconcagua is during the Southern Hemisphere’s summer. December to March presents the most favorable weather conditions. During these months, climbers experience warmer temperatures and less snow, reducing the risk of avalanches. Season | Months | Conditions | Summer | December – March | Warm, stable weather | Winter | June – September | Cold, challenging climbs | Booking your trip during the climbing season increases your chances of a successful summit. Keep in mind that the weather can change quickly. Always check the forecast and be prepared for sudden shifts in conditions. Frequently Asked Questions What Is South America’s Highest Peak? Aconcagua in Argentina stands as the highest peak in South America, reaching an impressive elevation of 6,961 meters (22,838 feet). How Tall Is Aconcagua? Aconcagua towers at a height of 6,961 meters (22,838 feet), making it the tallest mountain outside of Asia. Where Is Aconcagua Located? Aconcagua is located in the Andes mountain range, within the province of Mendoza, Argentina. Can You Climb Aconcagua? Yes, Aconcagua is a popular destination for climbers, though it requires good physical condition and proper acclimatization due to its high altitude. What Mountain Range Is Aconcagua Part Of? Aconcagua is part of the Andes, the longest continental mountain range in the world. Summing up, Aconcagua stands as South America’s tallest peak, a beacon for climbers globally. Its towering presence captures the essence of the Andean mountains’ majesty. Whether you’re an avid mountaineer or an armchair explorer, Aconcagua’s allure is undeniable, marking it a pinnacle of natural wonder in the continent.

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It is a manufacturing process for producing parts by injecting material into a mould. Injection moulding can be performed with a host of materials, including metals, glasses, elastomers, confections, and most commonly thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers. Material for the part is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mould cavity, where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the cavity. After a product is designed, usually by an industrial designer or an engineer, moulds are made by a mould maker (or toolmaker) from metal, usually either steel or aluminium and precision-machined to form the features of the desired part. Injection moulding is widely used for manufacturing a variety of parts, from the smallest components to entire body panels of cars. Advances in 3D printing technology, using photopolymers which do not melt during the injection moulding of some lower-temperature thermoplastics, can be used for some simple injection moulds. Parts to be injection moulded must be very carefully designed to facilitate the moulding process; the material used for the part, the desired shape and features of the part, the material of the mould, and the properties of the moulding machine must all be taken into account. The versatility of injection moulding is facilitated by this breadth of design considerations and possibilities.

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Jane Seymour (b. c. 1509; † October 24, 1537 at Hampton Court Palace, London) was the third of the six wives of England’s King Henry VIII. Since she was never officially crowned, she was officially only Royal Consort of England and Ireland for the 17 months of her marriage. Although she did not wield as much influence as her predecessors Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn, as a devout Catholic she was the great hope of the conservative party at court to stem the Reformation and rehabilitate Princess Mary. She also tried to advocate for the Pilgrimage of Grace rebels. She was the mother of Henry VIII’s only male heir to the throne – later King Edward VI – and died of childbed fever after his birth. QUEEN JANE SEYMOUR. THE history of a young woman suddenly elevated from a private station to a throne from which she was snatched by a premature death when she had graced it for little more than a single year cannot reasonably be expected to contain many circumstances worthy of notice. Wife of one King, and mother of another, we find little else remarkable in the life of Jane Seymour, except that she became the accidental and inactive instrument of raising her family, already of great antiquity, to the highest degree of rank and power that could be conferred on subjects. She was the eldest of the four daughters of Sir John Seymour, of Wolfe Hall, in Wiltshire, Knight, Groom of the Chamber to Henry the Eighth, and Governor of the Castle of Bristol, by Margaret, daughter of Sir Thomas Wentworth, of Nettlestead, in Suffolk. Her connections and accomplishments procured for her the office of a Maid of Honour to Anne Boleyn, and her beauty made her the innocent cause of her mistress’s ruin. Henry conceived a sudden passion for her, and became disgusted with Anne. Equally a stranger to sensibility and to morals, his attachment to her soon became irresistible, and his aversion to the Queen increased to a degree of dislike little short of hatred. He determined to make Jane his wife: and the gratification of his desire was easy to one who was above the ties of law, and to whom those of conscience were unknown. The unhappy Anne was accused of adultery, and put to death, and the unfeeling widower, on the very day, or, according to some, on the third day, after her execution, profaned the altar by pledging his vows to Jane Seymour. This union, according to all our historians, took place in the last week of May, 1536; and on the eighth of the following month the parliament passed an act to settle the Crown on its issue, either male or female, in exclusion of the Princess Mary and Elizabeth. The issue of Jane, at least was first named; but, such was the abject submission of that body to Henry’s pleasure, that the same act in the conclusion gave him full power to name whomsoever he might think fit for his successor. About fifteen months after her marriage Queen Jane, was delivered of a son, the admirable Edward the sixth. The variance and confusion of historical reports as to the date of the birth of that Prince are very strange. All agree that it happened in 1537 ; but Hayward fixes it to the seventeenth of October, Sanders to the tenth, and most others, rightly, as we shall see presently, to the twelfth of that month. The following letter from the Harleian Collection, which was doubtless circular, to Sheriffs of Counties, &c. would furnish, if it were wanted, an additional authority for the last of these dates, as it may be reasonably presumed to have been written as soon as possible after the birth of the child. By THE QUENE. “Trustie and welbeloved, we grete you well; and, forasmuche as by the inestimable goodnes and grace of Almighty God we be delivered and brought in childbed of a Prince, conceived in most lawfull matrimonie between my Lord the King’s Majestic and us; doubtinge not but, for the love and affection which ye beare unto us, and to the commonwealth of this real me, the knowledge thereof should be joyous and glad tydeings unto you, we have thought good to certifie you of the same, to th’intent you might not onely render unto God condigne thanks and praise for soe greate a benefit but alsoe pray for the longe continuance and preservac~on of the same here in this life, to the honour of God, joy and pleasure of my Lord the Kinge and us, and the universall weale, quiett, and tranquillitie of this hole realm. Given under our Signet, att my Lord’s Mannor of Hampton Court, the xii.th day of October.” To our trustie and welbeloved George Boothe, Esquier. The joy excited by this event was soon abated by the death of the Queen. It has been said that it was found necessary to bring the infant into the world by that terrible method called the Csesarian operation; and Sir John Hayward, who in composing his life of Edward the Sixth undoubtedly sought the truth with all possible industry, positively states the fact. Other writers, but I know not on what ground, have treated that report as an idle tale,invented by the papists, in malice to Henry. Itistrue that Sanders, one of the most bitter writers on that side, tells us that the physicians were of opinion that either the mother or the child must perish ; that they put the question to the king, which should be spared, the Queen or his son? and that he answered, his son, because he could easily find other wives. The latter part of this reply has certainly very much the air of a malicious invention, for Henry, amidst all his crimes, was an accomplished gentleman ; but whether the anecdote be true or false, it does not clear up the point inquestion. A very short report to the Privy Council of the birth of the Prince, by her physicians, is extant, in which they state that the Queen had been happily delivered, and it has been argued there from that the birth could not have been attended by any peculiarly melancholy circumstance; but the word be more referred to “happily” may perhaps properly the production of a living child, a first born son, and heir to the Crown, than to the state of the mother. Whatsoever may tend to correctness as to such a fact cannot, historically speaking, be deemed insignificant; I trust therefore to be excused for having been somewhat minute on a disagreeable subject. The date of the Queen’s death, as well as that of the birth of the Prince, has been variously stated. Most of our historians fix it to the fourteenth of October, following probably Lord Herbert, who says that she was delivered on the twelfth, and departed two days after; but the official record in the College of Arms of the ceremonies of her funeral informs us clearly on both points; for the title, or preamble, of it is in these words “An ordre taken and made for the enterrement of the most high, most excellent, and most Chrysten Pryncess, Jane, Quene of England and of Fraunce, Lady of Ireland, and mother to the most noble and puyssant Prince Edward; which deceasyd at Hampton Courte, the xxxix.th yere of the reigne of our most dread Soveraigne Lord Kyng Henry the eight, her most dearest husband the xxiiii.th day of Octobre, beyng Wedynsday, at nyght, xii of the clock; which departyng was the twelf day after the byrthe of the said Prynce, her Grace beying in childbed. Whose departyng was as hevy as hath ben hard of many a yere heretofore, for she was a very gracious Lady, havyng the love of all people.” This document, which is of great length, informs us that she was buried at Windsor with the utmost pomp. Among much curious information, it discloses two very remarkable facts that all the various devout services which were performed daily for near a month before the funeral, as well as on the day itself, were strictly after the order of the Romish ritual; and that the lately degraded and disinherited Princess Mary officiated as chief mourner. Source: Portraits of illustrious personages of Great Britain: engraved from authentic pictures in the galleries of the nobility and the public collections of the country : with biographical and historical memoirs of their lives and actions by Edmund Lodge (1756-1839). London: Harding and Lepard, 1835. [wpucv_list id=”136569″ title=”Classic grid with thumbs 4″]

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Glottiphyllum depressum (Haw.) N.E.Br. Fig Marigold, Tongue-leaf, Tongue-leaved Mesemb, Tongue Plant Glottiphyllum depressum is native to South Africa. It grows under shrubs on loamy soils from Ceres through the Little Karoo in the Western Cape to Humansdorp in the Eastern Cape province. Glottiphyllum depressum is a prostrate, moderately branched succulent with short branches that bear fleshy green leaves in two opposite rows. The leaves are decumbent or ascending, unequal in size and shape, with an apical hook, and grow from the center of the branches. The flowers are yellow, about 2 inches (5 cm) in diameter, and appear in spring. The fruits are capsules rounded at the base and have long teeth or valve wings at the top. They tend to fall off and open, releasing their seeds. USDA hardiness zones 9b to 11b: from 25 °F (−3.9 °C) to 50 °F (+10 °C). How to Grow and Care Mesembs are mostly adapted to relatively predictable rainfall patterns rather than extreme drought and irregular rainfall. Total rainfall may be extremely low, but water is available at least seasonally or through fog and condensation. This leads to or allows plants that are not especially large and sometimes very small and affect how they must be treated in cultivation. The basics of care are simple: free-draining soil, plenty of sun and ventilation, and regular light watering in the right season. The difficulties are endless, trying to adapt to the Mesembs' adaptability and follow their growth habits in your particular conditions. These plants require a loam-based compost with extra drainage material such as horticultural grit or perlite. They all like good light conditions and plenty of ventilation. Some are relatively cold-hardy and can even survive mild winters outside. Most will survive temperatures down to the freezing point. Some Mesembs begin to grow in the fall as the temperature drops and the days get shorter. See more at How to Grow and Care for Mesembs. - Back to genus Glottiphyllum - Succupedia: Browse succulents by Scientific Name, Common Name, Genus, Family, USDA Hardiness Zone, Origin, or cacti by Genus Click on a photo to see a larger version.

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Welding, a fundamental process in the world of metal fabrication, relies on a range of tools and materials to create strong and durable joints. One critical component of welding is the welding electrode, an essential consumable that plays a pivotal role in the welding process. In this article, we’ll delve into the intricacies of welding electrodes, exploring their various types and understanding their diverse applications. A metal wire coated with a similar composition to the metal being joined is defined as a welding electrode. Several factors to consider before choosing the right electrode for any project. The arc welding electrode/ SMAW is consumable as they become part of the weld fusion. It refers to the TIG electrodes as non-consumable as they do not become part of weld on melting. The MIG welding electrode is a regularly fed wire named as MIG wire. The welding electrode selection largely depends upon weld strength, easy to clean up. better bead quality, and minimal spatter. Welding electrodes need to be stored in a moisture-free surrounding and remove carefully from the package to avoid any damage following directions carefully. What is a Welding Electrode? A welding electrode is a crucial part of the welding circuit. It is a coated metal wire that conducts an electric current to the workpiece, generating intense heat. This heat is instrumental in melting the metal surfaces, allowing them to fuse and form a strong bond. Composition of Welding Electrodes Welding electrodes are typically composed of a core wire and a flux coating. The core wire is made from a material compatible with the base metal being welded. The flux coating, on the other hand, serves multiple purposes. It stabilizes the arc during welding, shields the molten metal from atmospheric contamination, and contributes alloying elements to the weld. Why are Welding Electrodes Covered? Once the molten metal is exposed to the environment, it absorbs oxygen and nitrogen which affect adversely and become brittle. A slag blanket would have to cover molten/ solidifying weld metal to shield from the atmosphere and electrode coating provides us with this shield. The welding electrode coating composition determines their utility and therefore the composition of the deposited weld metal and specification. They base the formulation of welding electrode coatings on the established principles of metallurgy, physics, and chemistry. The coating is there to protect from damage, arc stabilization, improve the welding in the following ways. - Minimum spatter in the welding’s vicinity zone - A smooth surface of weld metal and edges even - A stable and smooth welding arc - A tough and strong coating - Easy slag removal - Better deposition rate - Penetration control in welding We may classify the arc welding electrode into thin coated/bare and heavily coated/shielded arc electrodes. The covered sort of electrode is a kind of popular style of filler material in the arc welding process. The electrode covering’s composition determines the utility of the electrode, and specification deposited material decides the electrode. The category of electrode used largely depends upon the special properties within the weld deposit required. These properties include corrosion resistance, high enduringness, ductility, base metal type to be welded, the position of the weld as horizontal, vertical, overhead, and kind of current and polarity. Classification of Welding Electrodes The welding industry has adopted the welding rod classification number series decided by the American Welding Society (AWS). The identification system of the electrode for steel arc welding is adopted as follows. - E- This E indicates electrode for arc welding - The 1st two or three digits – It indicates the tensile strength in thousands of pounds /square inch of deposited material once tried to pull apart. - The 3rd or 4th digit – It indicates the position of the weld. If 0 it shows no classification used, 1 is for every position, 2 for flat and horizontal, 3 is for flat position only. - The 4th digit – It indicates the type of coating and the type of electric power supply, AC/DC, straight or reverse polarity. - The number E6010 – Now it indicates an arc welding rod with a stress tensile strength of 60,000psi, can be used in all positions, and direct current with terse polarity. Current, Polarity, and Coating Types designated by the 4th digit in electrode classification number Digit | Coating | Weld current | 0 | * | * | 1 | Cellulose potassium | ac, dcrp, dcsp | 2 | Titania sodium | ac, dcsp | 3 | Titania potassium | ac, dcsp, dcrp | 4 | Iron powder titania | ac, dcsp, dcrp | 5 | Low hydrogen sodium | dcrp | 6 | Low hydrogen potassium | ac, dcrp | 7 | Iron powder Iron oxide | ac, dcsp | 8 | Iron powder low hydrogen | ac, dcrp, dcsp | When we find the fourth or last digit as zero, the type of coating and current can be judged by the third digit only. The Stainless Steel Arc Welding Electrode Its classification goes as follows: - E – This letter indicates the electrode for arc welding. - The first 3 digits indicate the American iron and steel type of stainless steel. - The last 2 digits indicate the position and current used in welding. - The example of number E-308-16 suggests stainless steel type 308, for every position, with AC or reverse polarity direct current. Submerged Arc Electrodes Classification System The system to designate solid bare carbon steel meant for submerged arc electrodes is as follows. - The letter E as a prefix used to specify an electrode. It is followed by the letter that indicates the amount of manganese, H for high, M for medium, and L for low manganese. It is followed by a number that indicates the average amount of carbon in a hundredth of a percent. The composition of these wires is identical to the wire used in gas metal arc welding specification. - The American Welding Society’s specifications for electrode wire used for submerged arc welding are Bare mild steel electrodes & fluxes for submerged arc welding. This shows both wire composition and weld deposit chemistry depending upon the flux used. The specification gives the composition of the electrode wire. When these electrodes are used with proper procedure in submerged arc welding, the deposited weld metal will meet the mechanical properties needed as per specification. - The oxyfuel gas welding filler rod is designated with the prefix letter R, followed by a G letter indicating that the electrode is used for gas welding. These are followed by 2 digits as 45,60, and 65, which marked the approximate tensile strength in 1000psi. - In nonferrous category filler material the prefixes of the letter E, R, and RB used specifically which follows the chemical symbol of the principal metal of the wire. If there is a use of more than one of the same metals alloy in the wire, we may add a suffix number. - AWS specifications are most widely adopted for the classification of bare welding rod and wire. There are military specifications such as MIL-E, MIL-R types. The important feature of a solid welding electrode as wire and rods is their composition as given specifications. The specification includes composition limits and mechanical properties needed in the welding process. The copper-plated solid wires sometimes flake off copper that may create issues with the feed roll mechanism by plugging the liner or contact tip. A light copper coating is desirable to make the electrode wire, free of dirt and dust. Use a white cleaning tissue to clean the wire electrode all along to prevent the dirt and dust from clogging the liner. This may reduce current pickup and create erratic welding operations. The strength of the wire is tested by the machine and higher strength of the wire is required once passing through the guns. The recommended minimum tensile strength of the wire required is 140,000 psi. The wire electrode of continuous nature available in numerous different packages. An extremely small spool used in spool guns, and medium-size spool for fine gas metal arc welding. They are available as coils to place in welding equipment. Large reels of many hundreds of pounds are available also. They are available in drums where wire is laid in a round vessel and connected to an automatic wire feeder. Welding Electrodes Coatings Welding rods coatings for mild and low steel alloy have six to twelve ingredients that include: - Cellulose – The cellulose disintegrates to produce a gas shield that protects the arc by surrounding it. - Metal carbonates – It provide a reducing atmosphere and adjust the basicity of the slag. - Titanium dioxide – It is helpful in forming a highly fluid and quick freezing slag and provides ionization of the arc of the welding. - Ferromanganese and ferrosilicon – This covering helps to deoxidize the molten metal and also supplement the manganese and silicon content in the deposited weld metal. - Gums and clays – It help to provide elasticity to the plastic material and provide strength to the coatings. - Mineral silicate – It helps in slag formation and offers strength to the covering. - Calcium fluoride – It produces shielding gas to protect the arc, provide fluidity, and adjust the basicity of slag, and solubility of metal oxides. - Alloying metals such as nickel, chromium, and molybdenum – It offers alloy content to the deposited metal. - Manganese or iron oxide – It helps to stabilize the arc and adjust the fluidity and properties of the slag. - Iron powder – It increases productivity and provides extra metal to the weld zone. The Welding Rod Coatings for Mild Steel They are as follows: - Cellulose sodium(EXX10) – This type of electrode has cellulosic material in the form of reprocessed low alloy with 30% paper, and wood flour. forms a gas shield The reducing agent carbon dioxide and hydrogen which produces a digging arc for deep penetration. The spatter is at the highest in comparison to other electrodes with a rough weld deposit. It offers extremely good mechanical properties even after aging. It is one of the earliest developed electrodes and used widely in countryside pipeline welding. It is used normally with direct current with reverse polarity when the electrode is positive. - Cellulose potassium (EXX11) – It has similar characters to the cellulose sodium electrode except that here the more potassium is used than sodium. It does ionization of the arc making it suitable to weld with alternating current. The result is similar to cellulose sodium per arc action, penetration, and weld results. A small amount of iron powder is added to E6010 and E6011 for the arc stabilization and better deposition rate. - Rutile sodium (EXX12) – If the titanium or rutile dioxide is high with respect to other components, the electrode gives an appealing appearance to the user. This electrode offers a quiet arc, low spatters, and a controlled slag. The weld surface gives a smooth appearance but with less penetration, and slightly lower metal properties than with cellulose electrodes. This electrode provides a high deposition rate and a low arc voltage to make it fit for alternating current or direct current with electrode negative. - Rutile potassium (EXX13) – This coating of electrode acts very similar to rutile sodium except here potassium is used for the arc ionization. This type of coating produces a very quiet, and smooth running arc that may be used with suitable for alternating current. It can be used with a direct current of either polarity. - Rutile iron powder (EXXX4) – The coating is very close to a rutile coating with the exception of the iron powder that is included in it. With the iron content of 25-40%, the electrode is EXX14 and 50% or more iron powder makes the electrode EXX24. A lower percentage of iron content makes it suitable for all the positions. The higher percentage of iron makes it suitable for a flat position with horizontal fillet welds. The deposition rate is increased in both cases depending upon the iron content proportion. - Low hydrogen sodium (EXXX5) – A coating with a high proportion of calcium carbonate or calcium fluoride is called lime ferritic, low hydrogen, or basic type electrode. To ensure the lowest possible hydrogen content in the arc atmosphere, the coating should not have cellulose, clays, asbestos, and other minerals. The coatings are baked at a higher temperature and have superior weld metal properties. They offer the highest ductility, medium to moderate penetration with a medium speed of deposition. These must be stored in a controlled condition and can be used with direct current with electrode positive. - Low hydrogen potassium (EXXX6) – The characteristics of these coated welding electrodes are similar to the low hydrogen sodium with the exception of the substitution of potassium from sodium for arc ionization. The electrode is used with AC and can be used with a DC electrode positive. Here the arc is smoother but the penetration of the two electrodes remains the same. - Low hydrogen potassium (EXXX6) – The coating of the electrode here remains similar to the previous one but the iron powder is added to the electrode in the ratio of 35-40% to name the electrode as EXX18. - Low hydrogen iron powder (EXX28) – This welding electrode has similar characteristics as of EXX18, but has 50% or more iron powder in the coating. It is useful in a flat position and makes a horizontal fillet welding. Here the deposition rate is better then EXX18. The higher alloy electrodes use low hydrogen coatings. We may add specific metal in the coatings to make the electrodes alloy type where suffix letters used to show weld metal compositions. Low hydrogen type electrodes are used for welding stainless steel. - Iron oxide sodium (EXX20) – The high content of iron in the coatings produces a weld deposit that generates a bigger slag and is even difficult to control. This coating produces faster deposition with medium penetration and low spatter level and a very smooth finish in welding. These electrodes are fit for a flat position and make horizontal fillet welds. These electrodes can be used with AC or DC with either polarity. - Iron Oxide Iron power (EXX27) – The features of these electrodes match with iron oxide sodium type electrodes, but it carries 50% or more iron power. This character will improve the deposition rate and can be used with an alternating direct current of either polarity. It is mandatory to keep electrodes dry as moisture may destroy the characteristics of its coatings and may lead to excessive spatters. It may cause porosity and cracks development in the welded zone. Once electrodes are exposed to the damp environment for more than 2-3 hours, it should be advised to heat dry in a suitable oven for a minimum of 2 hours at 500 degrees F. Once out of the oven, they should be stored in a damp proof container. Never bend the electrode as it may damage the coatings and expose the core wire. We should not use the electrode with exposed wire for welding. The electrodes supplied with suffix R have a higher resistance to moisture. Types of Electrodes These bare electrodes are composed of wire compositions for those specific applications. There are no coatings extra except those required in wire drawing. The wire drawing coatings have a little stabilizing effect on the arc but no specific consequences. These bare electrodes are used to weld manganese steel and other indications where coated electrode is not desired. Light Coated Electrodes There is always a definite composition of the light coated welding electrodes. They applied a light coating on the surface by dipping, washing, brushing, spraying, wiping, and tumbling. These coatings meant: to improve the arc stream. The E45 is the electrode identification system listed in the series. These coatings have the following functions: - It reduces/ dissolves the oxide, phosphorus, and oxide as impurities. - It alters the surface tension of the molten metal. It makes the globules of the electrode into smaller sizes and more frequent. It makes the movement of the molten metal smooth and uniform. - It improves the arc stability by readily ionized materials introduced into the arc cascade. - The light coatings generate a slag that is thin unlike shielded arc electrode type slag. Shielded Arc/Heavy Coated Electrodes These electrodes have a definitive composition and have a coating, applied by extrusion and dipping and are manufactured in 3 general types. - With cellulose coatings - With mineral coatings - With a combination of minerals and cellulose The cellulose coatings consisted of soluble cotton/ any other form of cellulose with a little amount of sodium, potassium, titanium, and some other added minerals. The cellulose coatings protect the molten metal with a gaseous section around the arc and the welding zone. The mineral coatings include sodium silicate, metal oxide clay, and other inorganic substances and combinations. These electrodes generate a slag deposit. The heavy-coated or shielded arc electrodes are employed to weld cast iron, steel, and hard surfaces. Purposes of Shielded Arc Heavy-Coated Electrodes The purpose of the electrode coatings is to produce a gas shield around the arc which in turn prevents contamination from oxygen and nitrogen at the weld metal zone. The oxygen has a capability to combine with molten metal, removing alloys and in turn causing porosity. The nitrogen has bad effects like brittleness, low strength, low ductility, and even poor resistance to corrosion. They reduce impurities like sulfur, oxides, and phosphorus as they impair the weld deposit. They stabilize the arc, eliminates wide fluctuations in voltage thus reduce the spattering to a great extent. The molten metal at the end of electrodes disintegrates into small fine particles by reducing the surface tension at the molten metal. They reduce the attractive pressure between molten metal and electrode for better results. The silicates in the coating help to form a slag over the molten metal. The slag solidifies at a slow pace, thus the underlying metal has enough time to cool and solidify. The slow solidification removes the risk of entrapment of gas and float impurities at the surface. The slow cooling has an annealing effect on the welding deposit. The physical appearance and characteristics can be modified by incorporating alloying materials in the coatings. The slag will produce better quality weld metals at a higher speed. These are non-consumables wrong electrodes for Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) or GTAW. These electrodes can be identified by painted end marks as below: - Green – Pure tungsten - Yellow – 1% Thorium - Red – 2% Thorium - Brown – 0.3-0.5% Zirconium 1. Pure Tungsten – It is green tipped with 99.5% purity and used for less critical operations of welding. They have low current carrying capacity and low resistance to impurities and contamination. 2. Thoriated Tungsten Electrodes – They are available with 1% and 2% thorium and labeled as superior to pure tungsten electrodes because of better arc staring, better electron output, better arc stability, high current carrying capacity, better resistance to contamination, and better longer life. 3. Zirconium Electrodes – The tungsten electrode with 0.3-0.5% zirconium categorized between pure tungsten and thoriated tungsten electrodes as fas performance is concerned. The few indications in alternating current power they work better then others. Once alloyed tungsten ground to a point, it produces a finer arc. If the electrodes are not grounded properly then they need to be operated with maximum current and with only reasonable arc stability. The pointed tungsten electrode is difficult to maintain if the direct current equipment is used and the touch start of the arc is a practice. We should superimpose a high-frequency current on regular welding current to maintain the electrode shape and reduce the inclusion of electrodes in the weld. The thorium and zirconium alloys offer a better shape-retaining even when touch starting practice is used. The welding electrode extension beyond a gas cup depends upon the type of joint to be welded. An extension of 3.2mm used for butt joints in small gage metal while an extension of 6.4-12.7 may be necessary for fillet welds. The tungsten electrode needs to be inclined slightly and add filler metal carefully to avoid contacting the electrode. If the contamination happened the electrode must be removed, reground, and place it again. Direct Current Arc Welding Electrodes It is always advisable to follow the manufacturer instructions when a specific type of welding electrode is used. The direct current arc welding electrodes are earmarked for reverse polarity i.e electrode positive or for straight polarity means electrode negative or both. But make a point of it that many but not all direct current electrodes can be used with alternating current. Direct current is the preferred choice for covered, nonferrous, bare, and alloy steel electrodes. Manufacturer advice may include according to the type of base metal, correction for a poor fit-up, etc. The straight polarity generally provides lesser penetration compared to reverse polarity electrodes but offers great welding speed. The better penetration can be achieved with either type by a proper welding atmosphere and arc manipulation. Alternating Current Arc Welding Electrodes Alternating current is more desirable when welding in the tight zone and welding thick sections as it reduces the arc blow. The arc blow tends to cause slag inclusions, blowholes, and lack of fusion in the welding. They have coated electrodes with either DC or AC available. AC is used in atomic hydrogen welding and carbon arc processes where 2 carbon electrodes are used. It allows a uniform rate of welding and electrode consumption. In a carbon arc when one electrode is recommended then direct current straight polarity is the choice and here electrode consumption at a slower pace. Defective Coatings Electrodes and Their Effects The arc stability is affected if there will be an oxide or other elements in the coatings. The composition and uniformity of the bare electrodes play an important part in controlling the arc stability. Heavy or thin coatings on electrodes will not condone the effects of the defective wire. The aluminum oxide, silicon, silicon dioxide, iron sulfate unstabilize while iron oxide, calcium oxide, manganese oxide, helps in stabilizing the arc. The excess of sulfur and phosphorus 0.04% will impair the weld base metal as they are transferred from electrode to molten metal with a minimum loss. The phosphorus causes brittleness, grain growth, and cold shortness in the weld. These defects increase in proportion to the carbon content in the steel. The sulfur in turn acts as a slag, breaks the soundness of weld metal, and leads on to hot shortness. Sulfur is harmful particularly to bare and low carbon steel electrodes with a meager manganese content which promotes the formation of sound and strong weld. If the heat treatment given to the wire core is not uniform, the electrode will offer us the inferior weld as compared to the electrode of the same composition but heat-treated properly. Deposition Rates of the Welding Electrodes The welding electrodes have different deposition rates as per the composition of the coating. The electrode with higher iron content has a better deposition rate. In the United States, the percentage of iron power in a coating is in the 10-50% range. This is based on a formula where the amount of iron powder in coating versus the coating weight. The percentages are defined by the American welding society specifications. The European method of calculating iron power is based on the weight of deposited weld metal versus the weight of the core wire bare consumed in the process. Types of Non-Consumable Electrodes They are 2 types of non-consumable electrodes. - The carbon electrode available as a non-filler electrode of metal for arc cutting and welding. It consists of a carbon graphite rod that may have/ may not have coatings of copper or other material. - The tungsten electrode is a non-filler metal electrode made from tungsten and used in arc welding or cutting. The AWS does not categorize for carbon welding electrodes but military specification as MIL-E-17777C is there to tell Electrodes cutting and welding carbon graphite uncoated and copper coated There is a classification system based on three grades as plain, uncoated, and copper coated. It demonstrates diameter information, length information, the requirement of size tolerance, sampling, testing, and quality assurance. Here applications include carbon arc welding, double carbon arc, carbon-cutting, gouging, air carbon arc cutting. The variables in stick welding are the following: 1. Size – The commonly available sizes are 1/16, 5/64, 3/32 (commonest), 1/8, 3/18, 7/32, and 5/16 inches. The core wire of the used electrode happens to be narrower than the material welded. 2. Material – The stick welding electrodes come in mild steel, iron-free, high carbon steel, cast iron, and special alloy. 3. Strength – The tensile strength of the weld needs to be stronger than the metal being welded. The material in the electrode needs to be stronger as well. 4. Welding position – The different electrodes used for each welding position as horizontal, flat, etc. 5. Iron power mix – Iron powder available in the flux raises the molten metal availability for the weld as the heat changes the powder into steel. 6. Soft arc designation – This is for the thinner metal and does not have perfect fit status in welding. The Most Popular Arc Welding Electrodes They are following: E6013 and E6012 –The welding rod specifications are designed for thin metals and joints that are not easy to fit together. E6011 – The oily, dirty, dusty, and rusty surfaces need this type of electrode. It is versatile as it works for AC and DC polarity. It can create a small slag and need not be placed in an electrode oven. E6010 – It has similar characteristics except that it works only with direct current. E76018 and E7016 – The iron powder is added in the flux to create a strong weld. It creates puddle which may have difficulty for beginners. The welding electrodes or welding rods are made from materials and composition similar to the metal being welded. The choice of welding rod depends upon a variety of factors for each and every project. The electrode selection depends upon the ease of cleanup, bead quality, weld strength, and minimal spatter. Arc welding electrode and MIG welding wire are consumable as they become part of the welding process. The TIG welding electrodes are non-consumable as they do not melt and become part of the weld. Please spare a few moments to put your comments in the comment box.

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In this global of Digitization, each day we create 2.5 quintillion bytes of statistics at our modern pace. The tempo is only accelerating with the increase of the internet of factors very well understand as IoT. nowadays we’ve got three.2 billion people the usage of the internet so we can simply issue the variety of statistics that we switch or create every day. The technique of record transfer from one node to any other node is all due to computer Networking. here node is known as a conversation endpoint. A pc network may be described as a virtual telecommunication community to share sources among nodes thru laptop gadgets. A router is taken into consideration as a layer-three tool. The router can be defined as a small electronic device that sits between your modem and computer. the function of a router is to gather the statistics from Modem and deliver the equal to pc. A router is attached to two or extra statistics strains from distinct IP networks. Port is referred to as the endpoint of verbal exchange inside the community. Port can also be outlined as logical assemble which helps to discover a specific technique or a type of network carrier. A port number is a sixteen-bit unsigned integer it ranges from zero to 65535. For TCP port range is reserved and is zero. For UDP, the supply port is non-obligatory, and a fee of zero methods is no port. not unusual port numbers Port wide variety of mission20 document transfer Protocol (FTP) statistics transfer 21 file transfer Protocol (FTP) Command manage 22 comfy Shell (SSH) comfortable Login 23 Telnet far-off login carrier, unencrypted text messages 25 simple Mail switch Protocol (SMTP) electronic mail routing fifty-three area call gadget (DNS) provider 67, 68 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) eighty Hypertext Transfer Protocols (HTTP) used within the world wide web 110 submit Office Protocol (POP3) 119 network information transfer Protocol (NNTP) 123 community Time Protocol (NTP) 143 internet Messages get entry to Protocol (IMAP) control of virtual mail 161 easy community control Protocol (SNMP) 194 net Relay Chat (IRC) 443 HTTP relaxed (HTTPS) HTTP over TLS/SSL Hub is an electronic hardware tool that runs a computer network. A hub consists of more than one port. A not unusual connection factor of a tool in a community is known as a Hub. to connect segments of a LAN we use a HUB. when packets land on one port, it is copied to the alternative ports so can all segments of the LAN can see all packets, without looking at the IP address for the statistics’ vacation spot. There are three sorts of networks HUB, energetic, passive, and shrewd. Hub is straightforward hardware and may be configured effortlessly. A transfer can be defined as a tool in a computer-machine community that connects different gadgets collectively. To enable verbal exchange between extraordinary networked gadgets, more than one facts cable is plugged right into a switch. Switches are responsible to manage the flow of records over a network with the aid of transmitting a received community packet. each device related inside the network to a switch may be recognized by means of its network cope.

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Auxiliary tasks are a powerful technique in machine learning that can improve the performance of a primary task by leveraging additional, related tasks during the learning process. This article explores the concept of auxiliary tasks, their challenges, recent research, practical applications, and a company case study. In machine learning, auxiliary tasks are secondary tasks that are learned alongside the main task, helping the model to develop better representations and improve data efficiency. These tasks are typically designed by humans, but recent research has focused on discovering and generating auxiliary tasks automatically, making the process more efficient and effective. One of the challenges in using auxiliary tasks is determining their usefulness and relevance to the primary task. Researchers have proposed various methods to address this issue, such as using multi-armed bandits and Bayesian optimization to automatically select and balance the most useful auxiliary tasks. Another challenge is combining auxiliary tasks into a single coherent loss function, which can be addressed by learning a network that combines all losses into a single objective function. Recent research in auxiliary tasks has led to significant advancements in various domains. For example, the paper 'Auxiliary task discovery through generate-and-test' introduces a new measure of auxiliary tasks" usefulness based on how useful the features induced by them are for the main task. Another paper, 'AutoSeM: Automatic Task Selection and Mixing in Multi-Task Learning,' presents a two-stage pipeline for automatically selecting relevant auxiliary tasks and learning their mixing ratio. Practical applications of auxiliary tasks include improving performance in reinforcement learning, image segmentation, and learning with attributes in low-data regimes. One company case study is MetaBalance, which improves multi-task recommendations by adapting gradient magnitudes of auxiliary tasks to balance their influence on the target task. In conclusion, auxiliary tasks offer a promising approach to enhance machine learning models" performance by leveraging additional, related tasks during the learning process. As research continues to advance in this area, we can expect to see more efficient and effective methods for discovering and utilizing auxiliary tasks, leading to improved generalization and performance in various machine learning applications. How does the A* algorithm work? The A* algorithm works by searching through a graph or grid to find the shortest path between two points. It starts at the initial node and expands its search by considering neighboring nodes, prioritizing those with the lowest estimated cost to reach the goal. The cost is calculated using a heuristic function, which estimates the remaining distance to the goal. The algorithm continues to explore nodes until it reaches the goal or exhausts all possible paths. By combining the strengths of Dijkstra's algorithm and the Greedy Best-First-Search algorithm, the A* algorithm achieves an optimal balance between speed and accuracy. What is the heuristic function in the A* algorithm? The heuristic function in the A* algorithm is a crucial component that estimates the cost of reaching the goal from a given node. It guides the search process by prioritizing nodes that are more likely to lead to the shortest path. Common heuristics used in the A* algorithm include the Euclidean distance, Manhattan distance, and Chebyshev distance. The choice of heuristic can significantly impact the algorithm's performance, and it should be chosen based on the specific requirements of the problem being solved. What are some data structures used in the A* algorithm? In the A* algorithm, appropriate data structures are needed to store and manage the open and closed sets of nodes. These sets are essential for tracking the algorithm's progress and determining which nodes to explore next. Various data structures can be used to optimize the algorithm's performance in different scenarios, including priority queues, binary heaps, and Fibonacci heaps. What are some limitations of the A* algorithm? The A* algorithm has some limitations, particularly in large-scale problems with vast search spaces. In such cases, the algorithm can consume significant memory and computational resources. To address these issues, researchers have developed enhancements and adaptations of the A* algorithm, such as the Iterative Deepening A* (IDA*) and the Memory-Bounded A* (MA*), which aim to reduce memory usage and improve efficiency. How is machine learning used to optimize the A* algorithm? Recent research in pathfinding and graph traversal has focused on leveraging machine learning techniques to further optimize the A* algorithm. Some studies have explored the use of neural networks to learn better heuristics, while others have investigated reinforcement learning approaches to adaptively adjust the algorithm's parameters during the search process. These advancements hold great promise for the future development of the A* algorithm and its applications. What are some practical applications of the A* algorithm? The A* algorithm has numerous practical applications across various industries. In video games, it is often used to guide non-player characters (NPCs) through complex environments. In robotics, the A* algorithm can be employed to plan the movement of robots through physical spaces, avoiding obstacles and minimizing energy consumption. In transportation systems, the algorithm can be used to calculate optimal routes for vehicles, taking into account factors such as traffic congestion and road conditions. A notable company case study involving the A* algorithm is Google Maps, which utilizes the algorithm to provide users with the fastest and most efficient routes between locations. A* Algorithm Further Reading Explore More Machine Learning Terms & Concepts Auxiliary Tasks ARIMA Models ARIMA models are a powerful tool for time series forecasting, enabling accurate predictions in various domains such as finance, economics, and healthcare. ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) models are a class of statistical models used for analyzing and forecasting time series data. They combine autoregressive (AR) and moving average (MA) components to capture both linear and non-linear patterns in the data. ARIMA models are particularly useful for predicting future values in time series data, which has applications in various fields such as finance, economics, and healthcare. Recent research has explored the use of ARIMA models in various contexts. For example, studies have applied ARIMA models to credit card fraud detection, stock price correlation prediction, and COVID-19 case forecasting. These studies demonstrate the versatility and effectiveness of ARIMA models in addressing diverse problems. However, with the advancement of machine learning techniques, new algorithms such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks have emerged as potential alternatives to traditional time series forecasting methods like ARIMA. LSTM networks are a type of recurrent neural network (RNN) that can capture long-term dependencies in time series data, making them suitable for forecasting tasks. Some studies have compared the performance of ARIMA and LSTM models, with results indicating that LSTM models may outperform ARIMA in certain cases. Despite the promising results of LSTM models, ARIMA models still hold their ground as a reliable and widely-used method for time series forecasting. They offer simplicity and ease of implementation, making them accessible to a broad audience, including developers who may not be familiar with machine learning. In summary, ARIMA models are a valuable tool for time series forecasting, with applications in various domains. While newer machine learning techniques like LSTM networks may offer improved performance in some cases, ARIMA models remain a reliable and accessible option for developers and practitioners alike.

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Clinic Phone: (682) 867-0106 The CDC called this flu season an widespread epidemic. Please remember to keep you child home if they have a fever of 100.°F and above. Medicating with fever reducing medication will not stop the spread of the infection. They may return to school after they have been fever free for 24 hours without the help of fever reducing medication. Please see poster from the CDC for more information on protecting your family and what to do if you do get the flu. Steps to Prevent Illness School is in session and so are germs that can cause illnesses. Keeping your child and Williams staff informed about wellness is our schools best defense against illness. Since it is difficult to predict when the flu season will begin, the severity of the season and how long it will last it is best to educate ourselves on what we can do to keep the flu at bay. The best and up-to-date information may be reviewed at the Center of Disease Controls web page. Follow the link http://www.cdc.gov/flu/index.htm Vision, Hearing and Pre-diabetic screening As mandated by the state of Texas, Williams will soon begin vision, hearing and pre-diabetic screening for the following grades: PK, KG, 1st, 3rd, 5th. In addition, 5th grade will have scoliosis screening. WHEN TO KEEP YOUR CHILD AT HOME KEEP YOUR CHILD AT HOME WHEN: - Child has a temperature of 100 degrees Fahrenheit or 37.7 degrees Celsius or higher - Child has diarrhea or vomiting - Child has a rash of unknown origin - Child has’ red, runny eyes or wakes up with eyes “glued” shut - Child complains of ear pain with or without fever YOUR CHILD MAY RETURN WHEN: - Child is fever free for 24 hours without the use of Tylenol or other fever reducers. - Child is free of diarrhea and vomiting for 24 hours - You have consulted a healthcare professional.* - You have consulted a healthcare professional for the appropriate antibiotic therapy.* - You have consulted a healthcare professional for appropriate care.* Upon returning to school the child must bring a signed release from the health care professional to the school nurse’s office, or report to the nurse free of symptoms. REMEMBER: -Medications must be kept in the school clinic with a doctor’s and a parent’s signature authorizing permission for dispensing the medication., including cough drops and other over the counter medicines. Giving your child Tylenol before they come to school does not constitute healing. You know your children best, if they don’t seem well, they probably aren’t. Keep them home and consult a health care professional if necessary. NOTE: PLEASE KEEP EMERGENCY PHONE NUMBERS CURRENT IN THE CLINIC – YOUR CHILD MAY NEED YOU! DEJA SU NIÑO(A) EN LA CASA SL: - Tiene una temperatura de 100 F/37.7′ 0 más. - Tiene diarrea o está vomitando. - Tiene un sarpullido de origen desconocido. - Tiene los ojos rojos y corriendo o despierta con los ojos pegados. - Tiene dolor en los oídos con o sin fiebre. SU NIÑO(A) PUEDE REGRESAR CUANDO: - Está Iibre de fiebre por 24 horas sin tomar Tylenol 0 otro tipo de medicina para reducer flebre. - Está libre de diarrea o vómito. - Usted ha consultado un doctor. Usted ha consultado un doctor para terapia antibiótico.* - Usted ha consultado un doctor terapia antibiótico*. Cuando su nino(a) regress a la escuela debe de tener una nota firmado por el doctor o estar libre de los síntomas. OBSERVA Favor de tener números de emergencia corrientes. Puede ser que tus hijos te necesitan. Recuérdese que los medicamentos tienen que estar en la clínica de la escuela con las firmas del doctor y de 80s padres autorizando permisión para dispensar el medicamento. Recuérdese que niños pueden atascar con píldoras de tos. Hay que dejarlos con la enfermera de la escuela.

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The foam ceramic filter manufacturing uses a polyurethane sponge carrier, which has a three-dimensional network structure. The density, melting point, strength, and elasticity of the polyurethane sponge have a direct impact on the product quality of the foam ceramic filter. The soft polyurethane porous mesh sponge used in foam ceramic filter manufacturing has open pores to make a porous sponge with a three-dimensional through mesh structure. Open-cell and closed-cell polyurethane sponge Polyurethane sponge can be divided into open cell type and closed cell type according to the cell type. Polyurethane open-cell sponge has a three-dimensional network structure, its skeleton and pores are interpenetrated with each other, and it has a high porosity (70 ~ 90%), which can effectively perform heat preservation, heat insulation, filtration and other effects. Therefore, it is widely used in metallurgy, petroleum, water conservancy, and other fields. The closed-cell polyurethane sponge has high strength and hardness, and is widely used in the fields of building boards and insulation materials. Hard and soft polyurethane sponge Polyurethane sponge can be divided into hard type and soft type according to the hardness of the material. Rigid polyurethane sponge plastic is mainly used for household electrical appliances, thermal insulation and waterproof spray foam, pipe insulation materials, building boards, refrigerated trucks and cold storage insulation materials, etc.; soft polyurethane sponge is mainly used for furniture and transportation Tools, various mat materials, sound insulation materials, etc. Alumina ceramic foam filter is a low-temperature ceramic foam filter, which is mainly used for filtering non-ferrous metal melts such as aluminum and aluminum alloy. It is the largest type of ceramic foam in China. At the same time, since aluminum liquid casting is mostly a rod casting process, the size of the foam ceramic filter is larger than that of zirconia and silicon carbide ceramic foam filter. Because the filtered aluminum liquid has a lighter specific gravity, its performance requirements such as the strength of the alumina foam ceramic filter are relatively low.

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Why we get distance eye glasses We get distance glasses, also known as far-sightedness or hyperopia, when the shape of our eye or the way it focuses light is not quite right. Here are some reasons why: - Length of the eye: In people with distance vision problems, the eye is shorter than normal. This means that the light entering the eye has to travel a shorter distance to reach the retina, which can cause blurry vision at a distance. - Shape of the cornea: The cornea is the clear dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. In people with distance vision problems, the cornea may be too steep or too flat, which can affect the way light enters the eye. - Shape of the lens: The lens inside the eye is responsible for focusing light. In people with distance vision problems, the lens may not be able to change shape enough to focus light properly at a distance. - Aging: As we age, the lens inside the eye can become less flexible and less able to change shape to focus on distant objects. - Genetics: Distance vision problems can be inherited from our parents, so if your parents or grandparents had distance vision problems, you may be more likely to develop them too. - Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and multiple sclerosis, can increase the risk of developing distance vision problems. - Lifestyle factors: Prolonged use of digital devices, lack of exercise, and poor posture can all contribute to the development of distance vision problems. When we have distance vision problems, our brain has trouble processing the blurry image sent by the eye, which can lead to symptoms such as: - Blurry vision at a distance - Difficulty seeing objects clearly, especially when they're far away - Eye strain or fatigue - Headaches or eye discomfort Glasses or contact lenses can help correct distance vision problems by refracting (bending) light in a way that allows it to focus properly on the retina.

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Thursday, March 9th, 2017 Tankless Water Heaters – A 101 Overview Two years ago, we wrote a blog on tank vs. tankless water heaters – the local adoption rate of tankless was low at the time. Since then, the numbers of installations has risen slowly. Seemingly, Cincinnatians like the tradition of a tank water heater. Changing an American paradigm is tough. What is a Tankless Water Heater? According to the Department of Energy, “Tankless water heaters, also known as demand-type or instant water heaters, provide hot water only as it is needed.” They are considered to be more efficient than traditional tank water heaters because “they don’t produce the standby energy losses associated with storage water heaters.” How Do Tankless Waters Work? When a hot water is turned on, cold water is piped directly in to the tankless water heating unit. There, the cold water is heated (with either an electric element or a gas burner, depending on you situation). The “instant heating” function enables the homeowner to receive a constant supply of hot water. Can a Tankless Heater Provide a Steady Flow of Hot Water? It depends. As a rule, gas-operated tankless units have a higher flow rate than electric versions. Generally speaking, however, tankless water heaters provide hot water at a rate of 2–5 gallons per minute. The Department of Energy notes that “sometimes, even the largest, gas-fired model cannot supply enough hot water for simultaneous, multiple uses in large households. For example, taking a shower and running the dishwasher at the same time can stretch a tankless water heater to its limit. To overcome this problem, you can install two or more tankless water heaters, connected in parallel for simultaneous demands of hot water. You can also install separate tankless water heaters for appliances — such as a clothes washer or dishwater — that use a lot of hot water in your home.” Is There More Than One Way to Use A Tankless Water Heater? Good question! Yes, using a tankless/on-demand water heater as a ‘booster’ water heater is increasingly popular. Common uses include: · Remote bathrooms (e.g., in the man-cave) or hot tubs · Booster for hot water-using appliances · Booster for a solar water heating system How Do I Know if I Need A Tankless Water Heater? If your daily hot water usage is less than 45 gallons of hot water daily, a tankless water heater can be as much as 34% more energy efficient than a tank water heater. If your daily hot water usage is more than 45 gallons a day (that is any household with 1or more teenagers), the efficiency rate for tankless heaters is significantly lower. To compensate, install multiple tankless heaters (one for each hot water application Are Tankless Water Heaters Expensive To Install & Run? Although the initial cost of a tankless water heater may be higher, they may also have a longer life span – upwards of 20 years (vs. 8-15 for a tank model). Also, the reduced energy costs associated with tankless heaters helps reduce the overall cost. Operational costs vary – refer to the manufacturer’s information for details Water You Waiting For? If your water heater is getting on in years and you’d like to free up some space in your utility area, tankless may be an option worth looking into (especially if you are replacing a gas water heater). Call Ray to learn his thoughts on the tank-vs-tankless conversation. (513) 396-5300, or Contact us. We always come highly recommended and have earned an A+ rating from the Better Business Bureau for our expert quality of service.

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en

1. Selling their shares to existing shareholders (or failing that, external third parties) (known as a “share sale”); or A shareholder may exit private company by: 2. Selling their shares back to the company (known as a “share buy-back”). The key difference between a share sale and a share buy-back is that in a share sale, the buyer uses their own funds to buy the shares, wherein a share buy-back the company using its own funds to buy-back and cancel the shares. A share buy-back is considered to be a reduction in capital, which requires additional steps under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). It is important to note that, unless the shareholders’ agreement gives a shareholder such a right, the shareholder cannot force the other shareholders or the company to buy its shares. Before a shareholder can offer to sell their shares to external third parties, the exiting shareholder will usually be required to offer to sell their shares to the existing shareholders in proportion to their current shareholding in the company. The shareholders’ agreement or constitution will usually set out this procedure. This is known as a right of first refusal. The exiting shareholder will usually be required to set out the number and class of shares the seller proposes to sell, the sale price and payment terms in its offer to the remaining shareholders. Some shareholders’ agreements also include a right of last refusal, which requires the exiting shareholder to give the remaining shareholders one last chance to buy the shares once a third party buyer has been found. These pre-emptive right procedures can be by-passed if the other shareholders agree. The pre-emptive rights procedures, by their nature, self-regulate the seller into selling its shares for fair market value. That is because, if the exiting shareholder is not able to find a third party buyer for the same price it offered to sell to the other shareholders, then the seller needs to re-start the pre-emptive rights process by offering to sell its shares at the lesser price it wishes to sell its shares to the third party buyer. The seller will therefore be careful not to set the sale price too high in its first offer under the right of first refusal. If the other shareholders have agreed to waive their pre-emptive rights, then in most cases the seller and buyer will also agree on a price for the shares. Where this is not possible, then the seller and buyer may agree to follow the valuation procedure if one is set out in the shareholders’ agreement. Where an external third party is buying the shares, they will usually conduct more detailed due diligence enquiries to conduct their own valuation. The key legal documents required to effect a share transfer are: 1. A share sale agreement, covering: a) Indemnities for any undisclosed tax liabilities; b) Warranties to be given by the seller; c) Any limits on the seller’s liability; d) Detailed restraints of trade to be given by the seller; and e) Any personal guarantees and indemnities to be given by the buy-side or sell-side (or both). 2. A share transfer form The seller also needs to give the buyer the original share certificates (so the buyer can provide them to the company for cancellation). Alternatively, the seller can provide a declaration under section 1070D(3) of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) stating the shares have been lost. After completion of the share sale, the company will need to formalise the share transfer by: 1. Updating the member’s register; 2. Cancelling the seller’s share certificate; 3. Issuing a new share certificate to the buyer; and 4. Notifying ASIC of the changes to the shareholdings. A company may buy back its own shares if: 1. The buy-back does not materially prejudice the company’s ability to pay its creditors; and 2. The company follows the procedures laid down in Part 2J.1 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). See our related article for an overview of the selective buy-back process. A share buy-back may also have CGT implications for the remaining shareholders, as the cost base for their shares will be determined on their original purchase value. The remaining shareholders should consider whether a better tax outcome can be achieved if they buy the seller’s shares instead of the company buying back the shares.

<urn:uuid:23d2b6f8-93b6-45c0-9d5b-0bec2f86de15>

CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://www.alvinlegal.com.au/news-and-insights/selling-shares-in-a-private-company-in-australia/

2024-10-06T04:03:15Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-42/segments/1727944253397.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20241006030248-20241006060248-00409.warc.gz

en

Learn all about the active and passive voice in English grammar. Understand the difference between passive voice and active voice, and how we can write in an active voice with explanations and examples, and master the art of using both effectively. The English language offers a variety of ways to express actions within sentences, and two of the most prominent forms are the active and passive voice. These distinct voices play a significant role in shaping the structure and impact of your sentences. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll delve into the world of active and passive voices, exploring their definitions, differences, and applications, and providing real-life examples. What is the Active Passive Voice? Active and passive voice are two different ways to structure sentences in English. They refer to the relationship between the subject, the verb, and the object in a sentence. Here’s a breakdown of both: Active Voice: In active voice sentences, the subject of the sentence performs the action denoted by the verb, and the object receives the action. The structure of an active voice sentence is usually: Subject + Verb + Object. Example: “Columbus (subject) discovered (verb) America(object).” In this sentence, the subject “Columbus” is performing the action “discovered” on the object “America.” Passive Voice: In passive voice sentences, the object of the action becomes the subject of the sentence, and the agent (the one performing the action) is often placed at the end or omitted altogether. The structure of a passive voice sentence is typically: Object + Verb (past participle) + [Agent]. Example: “America(object) was discovered (past participle of the verb ‘discover’) by Columbus (agent).” In this sentence, the focus is on the object “America,” which is receiving the action “was discovered” by the agent “Columbus.” People also ask Benefits of Using the Active Voice Using the active voice in your writing brings clarity, directness, and energy to your sentences. It succinctly communicates the action, making your message more engaging and impactful. Sentences in the active voice are straightforward and often shorter, making them easier to comprehend. Advantages of the Passive Voice While the active voice is preferred in most writing situations, the passive voice has its merits. It is particularly useful when the doer of the action is unknown, or irrelevant, or when you want to emphasize the action itself rather than the doer. The passive voice can also create a more formal tone in certain contexts. When to Use Each Voice The choice between the active and passive voice depends on the emphasis you want to give to different parts of the sentence. Use the active voice when you want to highlight the doer of the action and create a clear, dynamic sentence. Use the passive voice when the focus should be on the action or the recipient of the action. Active Voice Examples Sheila paints the masterpiece. (Active Voice) In this sentence, the emphasis is on Sheila as the doer of the action – painting the masterpiece. The chef is preparing a gourmet meal. (Active Voice) Here, the focus is on the chef’s action of preparing the meal. Passive Voice Examples The masterpiece is painted by Sheila. (Passive Voice) In this example, the emphasis shifts to the masterpiece as the recipient of the action. A gourmet meal is being prepared by the chef. (Passive Voice) The passive voice places importance on the meal being prepared rather than the chef. Using Both Voices for Variety A skilled writer knows how to use both voices to add variety and depth to their writing. Alternating between the active and passive voice can prevent monotony and create a more engaging reading experience. Clearing Common Misconceptions There are some misconceptions about the passive voice making writing weaker. While it’s true that overusing the passive voice can lead to vague or convoluted sentences, it’s not inherently incorrect or weak. It serves a purpose and can be valuable when used appropriately. Can the passive voice always replace the active voice? No, the passive voice doesn’t always work as a replacement for the active voice. It depends on the context and the information you want to emphasize. Is the passive voice more formal than the active voice? Yes, the passive voice is generally considered more formal, but that doesn’t mean the active voice is informal or inappropriate for formal writing. Why is the active voice preferred in most cases? The active voice is preferred because it’s more direct, clear, and engaging. It places emphasis on the doer of the action, which is often crucial for effective communication. Are there languages with only passive constructions? Yes, some languages heavily rely on passive constructions, while others emphasize different aspects of sentences. How can I identify the passive voice in a sentence? The passive voice often includes forms of the verb “to be” (such as “is,” “was,” and “were”) followed by the past participle of the main verb. What is the significance of knowing both voices? Understanding both voices allows you to choose the most appropriate voice for different contexts, enhancing your writing’s impact and clarity. Mastering the active and passive voices is essential for becoming a proficient writer. Both voices offer unique ways to convey actions, recipients, and results within sentences. By skillfully using these voices, you can tailor your writing to achieve the desired emphasis, tone, and clarity. Remember, the key is to strike a balance and choose the voice that best suits your message. So, embrace the power of active and passive voices, and watch your writing flourish with newfound depth and versatility.

<urn:uuid:6e4990a9-7823-4036-a755-348e8d80d8d4>

CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://www.approachenglish.com/what-is-the-active-passive-voice/

2024-10-06T04:25:10Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-42/segments/1727944253397.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20241006030248-20241006060248-00409.warc.gz

en

Bronchodilators are a type of medicine you inhale, usually with an inhaler. They make breathing easier by relaxing the muscles in your airways helping them to open up. - If you only get short of breath when you’re active, your doctor may give you a short-acting bronchodilator. This will help your breathing quickly and the effects last for four to six hours. - If you’re breathless every day, you’ll be prescribed a long-acting bronchodilator. This may take longer to have an effect, but the effects last longer – 12 to 24 hours. - There are two main types of long-acting drugs. They are called long-acting anti-muscarinic (LAMA) and long-acting beta agonist (LABA). Most people with COPD who are breathless will benefit from taking both kinds. Sometimes they come in separate inhalers and sometimes in combinations. You may get on better with one or another combination, but in general they are all thought to be equally effective. Do you know how to use your inhaler? Your inhaler will only help if you use it correctly. Ask your pharmacist, nurse or doctor to show you how to use each type of inhaler you have and make sure they review your technique at least every year. We have videos showing how to use your inhaler properly: If you have more than one or two flare-ups (exacerbations) of your COPD requiring treatment, you may also be given an inhaler with a small dose of steroid in it. This can help reduce inflammation and swelling in your airways. You’ll usually be given a combination inhaler – two or three medicines in one inhaler – with one or two bronchodilators and a steroid. Steroid inhalers are also useful for people with COPD whose condition has asthma-like features: this includes varying day-to-day symptoms, a history of asthma or allergies, or higher levels of a type of white blood cell called eosinophils picked up as part of routine blood tests. If you’re prescribed steroids for your COPD, you should always take them as prescribed. Do not stop taking your steroid inhalers just because you feel well. Not everybody with COPD needs to use inhaled steroids. Your health care professional should be able to explain to you why you are on them. If you are on a high dose of steroids, you should be given a steroid card from your GP. This is a card that lets health care professionals know you take steroids at a high dose. For inhaled steroids, a high dose is defined as more than 1000 micrograms of beclomethasone (a steroid medicine) or equivalent. Most people, even if they are on inhaled steroids, do not require such a high dose. Ask your health care professional if you are unsure what dose you’re on. Make sure you always carry your steroid card with you. If you have a carer, make sure they know you have a steroid card. If you lose it, you can get a replacement from your pharmacy or GP. It’s useful in emergency situations, as your body may not produce enough natural steroids to help you deal with illness or injury. In this situation, doctors will need to give you extra steroids when treating you. Taking your inhalers If you’re given inhaled medicine to take regularly, it’s important you take it as prescribed, even if you feel well. This can also reduce the risks of a flare-up. Inhaled medicine can be taken in different ways: - dry powder inhalers (DPIs)– breathe in as hard as you can then hold your breath for ten seconds - Soft mist inhalers – these produce an aerosol but use spring power instead of propellant - pressurised metered dose inhalers (MDIs) – they produce a puff of medication like an aerosol – use a slow deep breath in and hold your breath for up to ten seconds - with a spacer – these attach to pressurised metered dose inhalers (MDIs) to help you breathe in the drug more effectively - nebulisers – these devices turn the medicine into a mist that you can breathe in. They’re normally only used in an emergency when you need large doses of inhaled medicine, such as during a flare-up. Treating COPD flare-ups It’s normal for COPD symptoms to vary a bit from day to day. But if you notice your symptoms are worse for two or more days, you’re having a flare-up (an acute exacerbation). Your doctor may prescribe a rescue pack of drugs to keep at home in case you need them to treat a flare-up. Rescue packs include: Steroid tablets can help you get better quickly during a flare-up but can cause side effects if taken at a high dose or for a long time. A supply of steroid tablets will normally last for five days, with the aim to reduce the inflammation in your airways. Antibiotics usually help if you have signs of a bacterial chest infection. This could be: - becoming more breathless than normal - coughing more than normal - a change in colour or consistency in your phlegm (mucus). Antibiotics won’t help if your chest infection is caused by a virus. It’s very important to only take antibiotics appropriately and when necessary. It’s usually a five-day course. If you cough up a lot of phlegm (mucus), you may be given a drug called a mucolytic as a tablet or syrup. This may make your phlegm thinner and easier to cough up. You can read more about the mucolytic treatment carbocisteine on the NHS website. Steroid inhalers can sometimes make your voice hoarse or give you a fungal infection, called thrush, in your mouth. You can reduce the risk of side effects from inhalers by: - using your inhaler correctly - using a spacer with your MDI inhaler - rinsing your mouth out after every time you use your inhaler. Steroid tablets can help during flare-ups but cause side effects if taken at a high dose or for a long time. Longer courses of steroids should only be prescribed by a COPD specialist. You should be given the lowest effective dose and be closely monitored for side effects. Side effects of steroid tablets include increased appetite, difficulty sleeping, diabetes, weakening of the bones (osteoporosis), thin skin that bruises easily, cataracts and severe mood changes. You and your doctor will decide together which medications you should use. If you’re concerned about side effects, or want to know more about your medication, ask your pharmacist, doctor or nurse. Did you know that managing your lung condition well could help you feel your best and help the environment? We’ve partnered with the NHS to support you to make changes, so that you can live better with your lung condition and help the environment at the same time. Find out more about inhaler choices.

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CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/copd-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease/medications-copd

2024-10-06T05:04:46Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-42/segments/1727944253397.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20241006030248-20241006060248-00409.warc.gz

en

Fortification of food items such as wheat flour, bread, milk, sugar, drinking water and common salt are in practice in different parts of the world. Iodised salt: Common salt has been selected as a suitable vehicle for fortification of iodine to control IDD(Iodine Deficiency Disorder). The technology involved in fortification of salt with iodine involves either dry mixing or spray mixing of salt with iodine source mainly with potassium iodate. It is an economical, convenient and effective means of mass prophylaxis in endemic areas. Double fortified salt: disorders and iron deficiency anaemia are widely prevalent and often coexist in the country. Fortification of food with iodine and iron is recommended as one of the strategies to prevent and control these two deficiency disorders. NIN has developed a suitable technology for dual fortification of common salt with iodine and iron. The stability of iodine is satisfactory in double fortified salt with very little loss of iodine in six months.

<urn:uuid:82ca1b06-740b-4f2e-b1ac-a9167f1f2d7e>

CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://www.brainkart.com/article/Food-Fortification-Programme_34049/

2024-10-06T05:15:18Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-42/segments/1727944253397.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20241006030248-20241006060248-00409.warc.gz

en

Assistance Dogs For Extra Support Assistance dogs come in all shapes and sizes! Some are family pets, some are specially trained rescue dogs and some are bred to do the work. One thing they all do though, is become friends and helpers to their human partners, giving those people greater confidence and more independence. What do They do? Assistance dogs can be trained to help in numerous everyday situations, by channelling their natural willingness. The dog’s skills are honed and adapted to the individual needs of the owner or client. Puppies are bred and trained to assist the blind/visually impaired client (guide dogs) and for the deaf/hearing impaired. Seizure alert dogs are able to detect their owner’s imminent epileptic seizures, and hence warn them to get to safety. These dogs stay with the person, during the fit, to protect them and assist them when the fit is over.Some of the most general tasks performed by assistance dogs include: - Fetch/carry the telephone and other items - Raise the alarm - Call for an ambulance - Open/close doors - Load/unload washing machine Operate control buttons - Act as physical support - Accompany their owners shopping and so on. How do They do it? All assistance dogs must be properly socialised. Basic obedience training, by way of control exercises, is another of the early stages in training. For dogs who progress satisfactorily through the basics, the next, more advanced level, can begin.This includes additional intensive control exercises, like asking the dog to go and pick up an object and bring it back, close the door - by pulling on a piece of rope attached to the door handle - unload the washing machine with its mouth and other, more demanding, commands. At this stage the dog will also need more advanced socialisation to assess its work capabilities when in public places. Dogs are taught to ignore food, even when it’s in the most tempting situation! It is crucial that assistance dogs concentrate on their work and are not distracted by anything outside their area of job focus. Any lapse of concentration, no matter how brief, could be catastrophic for the person who relies on them for support. Dogs are assessed throughout their training. Any concerns about whether the dog can cope with stress, its recovery rate if disturbed by any particular situations or events, or general demeanour will be addressed. Full behavioural and veterinary evaluations are made on all dogs that undergo this specialised training. Where are They Trained? There are residential training centres designed for the more advanced stages of training. Before they reach this level, dogs will undergo training at home with their owner, under the supervision of a designated trainer, or live and work with an approved ‘puppy walker/trainer’. These animals can usually be identified by the vest or coat they wear with the name of the training centre on it. They often say things like ‘Assistance Dog in Training’ on them and may carry a polite notice requesting that people do not distract them while they’re working. The dogs associate wearing their ‘work clothes’ with tasks.When a dog has reached the final stage of its ‘apprenticeship’ training continues in the home environment where the dog is to be placed. It is just as important that the dog and the person it’s trained to help get on! Other family members and existing assistance dogs that are being retired, for example, need to bond with the new dog for the partnership to fully succeed. Volunteers are the backbone of these schemes. Puppy walkers, dog trainers and permanent foster homes for the dogs that don’t quite make the grade, most are unpaid dedicated people. Breeders often donate puppies that show potential as assistance dogs. Those who are employed to work with assistance dogs - team supervisors, mobility instructors, training managers, placement officers and other areas - are all experienced and mainly qualified.Summary Assistance dogs do more than open doors for people, literally!Professional Low Cost Website Whether you are a small business, freelancer or entrepeneur, a stunning website doesn't have to break the bank. For just £99 we will design a site that helps you to stand out online. To find our more get in touch here..

<urn:uuid:6c8a7a35-2613-4232-88ff-38370fd0aefb>

CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://www.careerwithanimals.co.uk/assistance-dogs-for-extra-support.html

2024-10-06T05:10:49Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-42/segments/1727944253397.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20241006030248-20241006060248-00409.warc.gz

en

An American low-carbon ammonia facility is being studied by Hanwha and INEOS The collaborating companies, Hanwha and INEOS, have created a plan which will see them work together on a study for a low-carbon ammonia facility with CCS. A huge benefit of this facility is that it will have a capacity of over one million tonnes every year. It has already been agreed between the Head of Terms for Hanwha and the Head of Terms for INEOS, that the companies will focus on exploring the feasibility of this facility together. They will look to determine whether this facility would make it possible to meet the growing global demand for ammonia with low-carbon emissions. The next step for this project, will be the final investment decision, which is currently planned for 2026. Despite the fact that the precise location of the plant has not yet been confirmed, it is hoped that the plant will be commercially operational by 2030. CEO of Hanwha Corporation, Kiwon Yang, commented, "Our collaboration with INEOS Nitrites is aimed at strengthening our strategic foothold in the global ammonia market and addressing the growing worldwide demand for clean ammonia solutions. The production of industrial materials using clean ammonia aligns well with our commitment to key sustainability principles. This technological advancement will be a pivotal turning point in realizing Hanwha's vision for a sustainable future." CEO of INEOS Nitriles, Hans Casier, mentioned, “This project is a potentially important contributor to INEOS Nitriles’ carbon emission reduction targets in 2030 and its net zero ambitions by 2050. This project would be a significant step towards a leadership position in low-carbon Acrylonitrile supply of which ammonia with low-carbon emissions is a key raw material. INEOS positions itself to find solutions to the challenges the world is facing and is looking forward to achieving a net zero economy whilst both continuing to deliver products that are essential to society and remaining competitive.”

<urn:uuid:1567b137-14c9-4469-9de3-4c057811377e>

CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://www.ccus-expo.com/industry-news/american-low-carbon-ammonia-facility-being-studied-hanwha-ineos

2024-10-06T03:56:01Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-42/segments/1727944253397.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20241006030248-20241006060248-00409.warc.gz

en

"It has the potential to save hundreds of lives," researcher John Hirdes of the University of Waterloo said. During any natural disaster, rescue teams scramble to reach those at the highest risk, which vey often are older members of the community. Advancements in medicine have not only led to a growing population of people over 60, but have also allowed them to age in place at higher rates. "Frailty combined with social isolation can mean that older adults still living at home have nowhere to turn during emergencies…it's a very real concern," said John Hirdes, a researcher in the Faculty of Applied Health Sciences at the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. But what if government agencies had a tool to pinpoint the potential locations of those people while a disaster was unfolding? Hirdes and his colleagues set out to create an algorithm that could do just that. They used information from a home care assessment by interRAI, an international consortium of researchers aimed at improving care for vulnerable populations through data and analytics tools. The data focused on vulnerable persons in the province of Ontario based on their use of home care services. With a population of over 275,000 in their sample, the team developed its Vulnerable Persons at Risk (VPR) and VPR Plus decision tools through cross tabulation, bivariate logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier survival plotting, and Cox proportional hazards ratios calculations. In ordinary circumstances, both algorithms were “highly predictive” of vulnerability indicators like mortality and hospital admissions. The team believes that accuracy will be particularly handy in case of emergencies. "It has the potential to save hundreds of lives," Hirdes said, adding that, "It's a tool that should be top of mind for any part of the country at risk of natural disasters." A new report on the work was recently published in the Journal of Emergency Management. His country—Canada—has a few key advantages over the United States when it comes to emergency management. Several of its provinces (including Canada) require an interRAI assessment of all long-term home care patients either every 6 months or every year to determine their needs. That means there is often a consolidated, relatively up-to-date database on such populations. The country’s single payer system doesn’t necessarily ensure better interoperability, but it’s certainly a less fragmented healthcare ecosystem than that of the US. Domestic efforts to create integrated protocols for disaster management are an ongoing struggle.

<urn:uuid:0d2b49d5-6470-46dc-b22c-f115caa8e017>

CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://www.chiefhealthcareexecutive.com/view/canadian-team-develops-algorithm-to-pinpoint-people-at-high-risk-during-natural-disasters

2024-10-06T04:10:11Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-42/segments/1727944253397.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20241006030248-20241006060248-00409.warc.gz

en

- Dental Health and Wellness - by admin_cosmetic Fluoride plays a crucial role in maintaining strong teeth and preventing tooth decay, but do you know why it’s so important? For decades, dentists have recommended fluoride treatments and fluoride-based toothpaste to help protect against cavities. Understanding how fluoride works and why it’s essential for both children and adults can help you make informed decisions about your dental care. What Is Fluoride? Fluoride is a naturally occurring mineral found in water, soil, and certain foods. It strengthens tooth enamel, the outer protective layer of your teeth, making it more resistant to the acids produced by bacteria in your mouth. This helps prevent cavities and can even reverse early signs of tooth decay by remineralizing weak spots in your enamel. How Fluoride Protects Your Teeth Here’s how fluoride works to protect and improve your dental health: - Strengthens Tooth Enamel Fluoride bonds with the minerals in your teeth, making the enamel more resistant to acid attacks from plaque bacteria and sugars in your diet. This is especially important for children, whose developing teeth need extra protection. - Prevents Tooth Decay By helping to prevent the demineralization of your tooth enamel, fluoride significantly reduces the risk of cavities. It also assists in reversing the early stages of decay before it becomes a cavity. - Supports Natural Remineralization Every day, your teeth undergo a natural process of demineralization and remineralization. When fluoride is present, it speeds up the remineralization process, helping to repair and strengthen enamel faster. The Best Ways to Get Fluoride There are several ways to incorporate fluoride into your dental routine: - Fluoridated Water Many public water supplies are fluoridated, which means you get a small but effective amount of fluoride every time you drink water from the tap. This simple, everyday exposure adds an extra layer of protection for your teeth. - Fluoride Toothpaste Brushing with fluoride toothpaste is one of the most common and effective ways to protect your teeth. Be sure to brush twice a day using a toothpaste that contains fluoride for maximum protection. - Fluoride Treatments at the Dentist Professional fluoride treatments provide a concentrated dose of fluoride that helps strengthen your teeth more effectively than toothpaste alone. These treatments are quick, painless, and are recommended for both children and adults. Is Fluoride Safe? Yes, fluoride is safe when used in recommended amounts. Fluoridated water and fluoride toothpaste have been endorsed by major health organizations, including the American Dental Association (ADA) and the World Health Organization (WHO). These organizations recognize the overwhelming evidence that fluoride helps prevent tooth decay and is a safe and cost-effective way to improve public dental health. It’s important to use the right amount of fluoride. Children under the age of six should use a pea-sized amount of fluoride toothpaste, and parents should supervise brushing to prevent swallowing. For adults, following the instructions on toothpaste and fluoride treatments will ensure safe and effective use. Can You Get Too Much Fluoride? Excessive fluoride consumption can lead to a condition called dental fluorosis, which typically occurs in children under the age of eight who are exposed to too much fluoride. In most cases, fluorosis is mild and appears as faint white streaks on the teeth. This condition is usually harmless, but it’s best to monitor your child’s fluoride intake to prevent it. If you’re concerned about your fluoride exposure, your dentist can evaluate your needs and recommend the right balance for you and your family. Conclusion: Protect Your Smile with Fluoride Fluoride is one of the most effective ways to protect your teeth from cavities and strengthen your enamel. Whether through toothpaste, drinking water, or professional treatments, incorporating fluoride into your daily routine is essential for maintaining healthy teeth. If you’re unsure about the right level of fluoride for your dental care or need a professional fluoride treatment, book a consultation with the best cosmetic dentistry center in Brooklyn, New York. Our team will ensure your smile stays strong and healthy with expert fluoride care.

<urn:uuid:54a7f8e9-c2d6-47d8-b38d-be9a9e7495a2>

CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://www.cosmeticdentistrycenter.com/importance-of-fluoride-for-dental-health/

2024-10-06T04:25:38Z

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-42/segments/1727944253397.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20241006030248-20241006060248-00409.warc.gz

en

A register bank is used for the programmable registers used by assembly language programmers. It can be viewed as the hardware equivalent of a software array. It has ports for reading and writing data given an index. Main memory and caches have similar interfaces for reading and writing data. A register number is used as the index in a register bank. A memory address is used as the index in main memory. A portion of a memory address is used as the index in a cache. A register bank implemented with a set of registers together with extra circuitry for read and wite ports. A read port provides read access to a selected word. It consists of two or three signals. A read enable control input is usually only needed when the output is going to a bus that is shared with other devices. Each read port in a register bank is implemented with a multiplexer. The multiplexer data inputs are the D outputs from each of The multiplexer select control input is the index input for the register The read port output is the output of the multiplexer. A write port provides write access to a selected word. It consists of two or three signals. If a register bank has only one write port then it is implemented with a demultiplexer with a data output for each register in the register bank. The demultiplexer data outputs are connected to the write enable inputs of the registers in the register bank. The demultiplexer input is the write enable input for the register bank. The demultiplexer select control input is the index input of the register bank. A register bank can have multiple write ports. This is more complex, and it only needed in more complex processor organizations such as register renaming.

<urn:uuid:3dd31ea2-4992-42f6-a05d-866ab7fc8a57>

CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://www.d.umn.edu/~gshute/logic/register-bank.html

2024-10-06T05:21:25Z

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en

The International Women in Engineering Day was celebrated on Friday 23 June. In an opinion piece for News24, Drs Karen Garner and Chantelle van Staden, both from the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, wrote that quality mentorship helps females entering the engineering profession to advance in their careers. - Read the article below or click here for the piece as published. Entering a new workplace, especially when fresh out of university, can be a daunting experience. Besides the focus on applying theoretical concepts and practices to real-world problems, the newly minted employee must find their place within the culture of the organisation. Teams and departments have a long-established culture with certain values that generally speak to the vision of the organisation. Integrating into the culture is necessary to improve teamwork, collaboration, and productivity. It is also important for the employee’s sense of well-being and job satisfaction. This is why mentors have such a crucial role to play in guiding new employees. Mentorship is important not only for technical learning, but also navigating the culture, dynamics, and politics of the team. A good mentor helps an employee build their professional network and navigate their position’s interpersonal intricacies. In the engineering profession, in particular, quality mentorship can help female employees to settle and advance in their careers. As we celebrate International Women in Engineering Day on 23 June, we should not forget that historically, engineering workplaces consisted mainly of men, with the false perception that engineering was a field where men predominately succeed. Over the course of several decades, a culture rooted in this perception has emerged, acting as a barrier for women seeking entry into the engineering field. To break through these barriers, it is essential to have dedicated mentors who are passionate about cultivating a more inclusive work environment. As perceptions begin to shift, the engineering sector as a whole will experience positive transformation, benefiting everyone involved. Mentorship plays a crucial role in the professional development of all engineers, but its significance is particularly pronounced for female engineers. The absence of effective mentorship has been identified as a key factor contributing to the departure of experienced female engineers from the field. Without a mentor to provide guidance and serve as an advocate, many find it challenging to navigate the intricacies of team culture and dynamics, particularly in male-dominated environments. One female engineer told us that did she not have a mentor when she started her career as an engineer. “I learnt much of what I now know the hard way and had to learn to speak up for myself. It was hard, but I persevered, and I would like to think that I made it. As a senior engineer, I can look back and see where a mentor would have been able to guide me through some murky waters. I now actively mentor junior staff, especially younger women. It really is difficult making ourselves heard and it often feels like we must prove ourselves over and over.” Another female engineer recounted how her mentor was not very interested in mentoring. “We had very few sessions and the sessions we had were very short and he was not interested in my development. Instead, I found myself an informal mentor who really helped me find my way in the team and how to add value. He helped me a lot with my non-technical skills and how to handle conflict, particularly when dealing with contractors.” It should come as no surprise that women who do not have excellent mentors often experience a sense of being constrained and undervalued within their teams. Furthermore, the lack of influential connections can impede their path to advancement, as a robust network becomes increasingly vital in senior engineering positions. Shifting the focus, it is crucial to recognize that the goal is not to mould female employees to conform to the existing culture. The pursuit of “sameness” hampers innovation and restricts the potential for growth. Instead, a mentor’s role is to guide the mentee, leveraging their unique strengths and assisting in overcoming weaknesses. By doing so, they help chart a course that aligns with the mentee’s individuality, fostering an environment where diverse perspectives can thrive and drive meaningful progress. Quality mentorship remains key for females entering the engineering profession. As one employee remarked, “I entered the workforce as a newly graduated engineer, and I found a wonderful senior engineering mentor that really fuelled my success at the company. I felt that having a great male mentor from the beginning, that truly wanted me to succeed, helped break any gender-based barriers and allowed me the space to integrate and thrive in my work environment.” Furthermore, it is imperative to encourage more women in the engineering field to take on mentorship roles. Women are driven by the desire to make a meaningful impact and add value. They are more likely to actively participate in initiatives aimed at increasing female representation within the discipline. Many events geared towards inspiring young girls and teenagers to consider engineering careers are organised by female engineers themselves. This places a considerable burden on senior female engineers, but their involvement is pivotal in fostering gender equality within the sector. Additionally, it is crucial for teams and organisations to recognise that female engineers may allocate some of their time to these initiatives, and they should demonstrate sensitivity towards this commitment. The engineering sector still has a long way to go in achieving gender equality, and meaningful change will only come about with the right individuals championing the cause. 📸 – by Desola Lanre-Ologun on Unsplash

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When Should You Start Planting Zucchini This Season? Are you planting zucchini this season? Before you start putting seeds into the ground, it's important to understand that the best time to plant zucchini will depend on your planting location. In this article, organic gardening expert Logan Hailey examines the best times to plant zucchini broken down by each USDA hardiness zone! Zucchini is a prolific summer squash that keeps on giving in the garden: Just a single plant can yield up to 10 pounds of zucchini squash! As an added bonus, zucchini is easy to grow, quick to mature, will easily outcompete weeds, and don’t require much tending. But zucchini is a warm-season crop that really can’t handle the cold. This makes spring plantings a little tricky, especially for northern growers. Luckily, we’ve got quite a few tricks up our sleeves for getting zucchini in the ground at the perfect time. Here’s everything you need to know about when to plant zucchini based on your climate, including a simple 4-step guide to planning your squash garden and a quick-reference chart of zucchini planting dates. Zucchini is a member of the Cucurbitaceae family along with cucumbers, pumpkins, and melons. Considered a summer squash, zucchini loves the heat and sunshine and loathes the cold. But thanks to its vigorous growth, zucchini can be cultivated in USDA growing zones 3 through 11 as long as it’s planted at the proper time. If you plant zucchini too early, you may risk losing your whole crop to late spring frosts. On the other hand, planting zucchini too late may result in not having enough time to enjoy the fruits of your labor. To grow zucchini in the north, you need at least 60 frost-free days (preferably with nights above 40°F). In the south, as long as temperatures don’t go above a sweltering 110°F, zucchini will thrive almost year-round. Is Zucchini Cold Sensitive? Although zucchini grows rapidly, you get the most bang for your buck (and work) by planting it as early as the weather allows. These squash plants take 40 to 60 days to mature and require completely frost-free, settled weather to thrive. Temperatures below 40°F can significantly stunt or damage the crop. And these tender annuals definitely don’t tolerate frost. In fact, zucchini is a bit of a tropical diva. In a perfect world, zucchini plants would grow at a cozy 60°F to 85°F. But, alas! We don’t live in a perfect world. Every gardener knows that the weather is unpredictable and a bit of educated guessing is key to getting your plantings right. Thankfully, crops are willing to adapt if we give them a little extra attention. Follow These Tips: - Decide how you want to plant zucchini. - Find your hardiness zone. - Determine the last spring frost date. - Consult our quick-reference chart on when to plant zucchini. Planting your spring garden is the most exciting part of the growing season, but you don’t want to jump the gun and risk losing out on all your hard work. The most common mistake amongst beginner gardeners is planting their garden on the first warm sunny day of spring. Oftentimes the weather tricks us and will suddenly turn cold again, killing back all those fragile baby crops planted after on that random hot day. To ensure this doesn’t happen, it’s best to approach gardening with a game plan. After all, Nature is our friend, but her weather whims are not always in our favor. To create a weather-resilient garden, plan ahead by choosing exactly how and when you’re going to plant zucchini. Nursery Starts vs. Indoor Sowing vs. Direct Seeding The zucchini starting route you choose will determine your exact planting date. Weigh the pros and cons of each option, then use our handy quick-reference chart below to decide the best time to plant. When it comes to planting zucchini, you have three main options. You can buy seedlings from a nursery, start your seeds indoors and then transplant, or you can direct seed into your garden. Let’s look at the pros and cons of all three methods. Buying zucchini seedlings is by far the easiest way to get started with your garden. This beginner-friendly method ensures that you only have to tuck those babies into the ground. This also removes a lot of the guesswork out of seeding dates. As long as you know your ideal transplant date, your local nursery, farm, or garden store did the pre-planning work for you. The starts should come already hardened off with strong roots and vigorous leaves. Just be sure to double-check with the grower that the plants are ready to go in the ground. Timing: Purchase nursery starts 1-7 days before planting. Pros of Nursery Starts - The easiest option for beginners. - No nursery, or greenhouse needed. - Nursery timed seeds for you. - Starts come already hardened off. - Seedlings grown by professionals. Cons of Nursery Starts - Most expensive option. - Limited varietal selection. - Risk of getting rootbound starts. This is the best option for cold-season growers or intermediate-level gardeners. It requires a little bit more preparation (including a mini-nursery, greenhouse, or seed starting set up in your home), but it can save you a lot of money and open up the door for a wider diversity of zucchini varieties. To start your own zucchini seedlings, begin with a protected seed starting area. This can be a miniature greenhouse or an indoor setup. If you are starting seeds indoors, you will probably need supplemental grow lights to ensure that the seedlings don’t get spindly or “leggy”. Some gardeners can get by with a large south-facing window with ample sunlight. Zucchini seeds are most commonly sown in 3” or 4” square pots filled with a quality seed starting mix. Sow seeds ½” to 1” deep in the mix and place the pots in a bottom tray to catch the water. Keep the starts thoroughly moist until germination, which usually takes about 7 to 10 days when the soil is warm. A heating mat beneath the trays can ensure faster, more uniform germination. After 2-4 weeks, zucchini plants should have several true leaves and roots that fill out their container. They need to be hardened off (slowly adjusted to outdoor temperatures) about 1 week before transplanting. I usually start hardening off summer squash seedlings 1-2 weeks after the estimated last frost date. A protected sunny patio or an outdoor table with row cover are suitable. Once your starts are adjusted to outdoor temperature fluctuations and the weather has thoroughly settled to above 40°F at night, you can transplant zucchini into the garden on a date that fits within the planting window for your zone. Be very gentle with the roots and provide at least 2 to 3 square feet per plant. Cover newly transplanted zucchini with row cover for added protection from cold weather and pests. Timing: Start zucchini seeds indoors for 2 to 4 weeks before planting them outside. An easy metric is to start seeds right around the estimated last frost date. Harden off zucchini seedlings 1 week before planting. Transplant 1 to 3 weeks after the last frost date. Pros of Growing Starts - Get a head start on the season. - Cheaper than buying nursery starts. - Can sample different varieties. - Closer to the planting process. - More control over plant health. Cons of Growing Starts - Is more time-intensive. - Summer squash are prone to transplant shock. - Requires a seed-starting setup. - You will need to plan for hardening off. Like many of its Cucurbit cousins, zucchini doesn’t like root disturbance. When possible, direct seeding is better than transplanting in regard to root health and vigor. It is the cheapest and most traditional option that requires the least amount of handling or specialized equipment. However, direct seeding poses a lot more risks than transplanting. It is only reasonable for warmer growing zones with minimal pest pressure and reliably warm weather. To direct seed zucchini, wait until the weather is as warm as possible (ideally above 60°F). Prepare a loamy, loose seedbed by weeding the soil, amending it with compost, and raking it flat. Seeds should be sown at a depth of ½ to 1” deep and about 12-18” apart in every direction. Gently cover the seed with soil and keep evenly moist. Zucchini seeds usually take 7 to 10 days to germinate, but they can be more erratic in an outdoor garden setting. I usually sow extra seeds and thin them out later on. I prefer to use row cover to buffer against temperature and moisture extremes while also excluding pests from the young emerging squash plants. Timing: Wait to direct seed zucchini until at least 3-4 weeks after the last frost date. Use a soil probe to be sure that s temperatures are at least 70°F. Consult the chart below for the ideal date range in your growing zone. Pros of Direct Seeding - Cheapest option. - Most plant vigor. - No risk of transplant shock. - No specialized equipment needed. - Least amount of handling. Cons of Direct Seeding - Rodent risk. - More temperature fluctuations. - Less control over conditions. - Soil can dry out more easily. - Later planting date and harvests. Remember, the younger the seedling, the more fragile it will be to temperature and moisture fluctuations. Just like animals, young plants get stronger and more resilient with time. All in all, direct seeding zucchini is only ideal if you have an abundance of cheap zucchini seeds and a long growing season. For northern gardeners, I’d almost always recommend going the transplanting route or buying starts from a reputable source. It takes a little extra effort, but this will ensure the longest possible harvest window and the greatest chance for success. Determining your hardiness zone and frost dates can help you decide which option is ideal for your specific climate. Finding Your Hardiness Zone The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) first defined plant hardiness zones in 1960. They created a recommended growing map that tells us which plants can grow in which places. These colored regions are called “hardiness zones.” The hardiness zones are based on average minimum winter temperatures. They are divided into 10-degree F zones, which are numbered 1a to 13b. You can find these USDA growing zones referenced on seed packets, in growing guides, and on nursery plants to help farmers and gardeners gauge whether certain species will thrive in their location. Follow These Steps to Find Your Hardiness Zone: - Visit https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/ - Enter your address or zip code in the top white search bar - Reference the color legend to determine your zone If you are on the edge of a hardiness zone, choose the colder one just to be safe. For example, Lubbock, Texas, borders the lime green 7b (5 to 10°F) and slightly darker green 7a (0 to 5°F) zones. If I lived in that area, I’d plant my garden based on zone 7a planting dates. You don’t want to accidentally seed cold-sensitive crops like zucchini too early during a chilly spring. As another example, a mountain gardener in Whitefish, Montana, may live on the border of zone 5a (-20 to -15°F) and zone 4b (-25° to -20°F). I’d choose a planting date based on zone 4b. Recall that these temperatures are the extreme lows and they don’t tell us the frost dates. Determining Your Last Frost Date A frost date is the average day of the last spring frost or first fall frost. Based on historical weather data, frost dates tell us when to expect the spring weather to warm in our area and when we predict the fall weather will turn cold. Spring frost data is usually based on the last light freeze, but it’s important to understand the different types of frosts that can occur: - Light Freeze: 29 to 30°F (will kill or damage tender plants like zucchini) - Moderate Freeze: 25 to 28°F (kills most vegetation except hardy crops) - Hard Freeze: Below 24°F (heavy damage to most garden plants except hardy perennials) The Old Farmer’s Almanac is the most widely trusted source for last frost dates. They use government-collected weather data from the NOAA National Center for Environmental Information. To find your last frost date: - Head to https://www.almanac.com/gardening/frostdates - Type in your zip code or city and state in the search bar - Reference the chart for your estimated frost dates This is basically just another way to determine when you want to plant your frost-sensitive crops. You can use your hardiness zone and last frost date in combination to make the best-educated guess possible. As a general rule of thumb, transplant tender warm-weather crops like zucchini 1-3 weeks after the last frost date. This means that seedlings would be started indoors about 3-4 weeks before the planting date. If you want to direct seed zucchini, double-check that soil temperatures are at least 70°F using a soil thermometer. When in doubt, just wait another week. Unlike tomatoes or melons, you don’t have to rush to get zucchini in as early as possible. These plants grow so fast that putting off the planting date won’t set back your harvests by much. In fact, my experiments have shown that zucchini transplanted one week apart often end up the same size. The later planting enjoys slightly warmer weather and catches up to the first planting very quickly. Continuing with our example in Lubbock, Texas, the earliest I’d plant zucchini outdoors would be around April 16. This is exactly two weeks after the estimated last frost date (April 2), however, I’d also want to keep an eye on nighttime temperatures in my garden. If I was starting seeds indoors, I’d aim to get them in their trays about 2-4 weeks before planting, which is somewhere between March 19 and April 2. Quick Reference Chart The two major ways to determine planting dates are the hardiness growing zone and the last frost date. Use the guide above to determine both before deciding your garden planting dates. When the planting time comes around, a soil temperature probe is the most reliable means of gauging whether or not your soil has warmed enough. Remember that growing zones and last frost dates are only estimates and every year is different. - Transplant zucchini 1-3 weeks after the last frost date. - Direct seed zucchini 3-4 weeks after the last frost date. - Check that the soil temperature is at least 70°F. - The ambient (air) temperatures should be reliably above 40°F at night. For true zucchini lovers or market gardeners, succession planting is an excellent way to ensure you have a continuous supply of this tender summer squash. While zucchini plants are crazy vigorous, they do tend to peeter off with their production as they age. It’s often easier to stagger the plantings so you have baby and teenager plants maturing as the older ones run out of steam. Professional growers typically plant a new zucchini succession every 2-3 weeks throughout the summer. You can alternate seedings as close or spread out as you’d like. Succession planting is ideal for areas with long growing seasons (100+ frost-free days) and may not be logical for extra cold climates. Bottom Line: Don’t Plant Zucchini Until Outdoor Temps are Above 40°F at Night and Soil Temperature is at least 70°F Ultimately, growing zucchini is equal parts art and science. A little bit of experimentation and educating guessing will help you determine the best time to plant your squash garden. These plants are very forgiving as long as they get the warmth that they crave. So wait to plant until the temperatures are reliably above 40°F at night and soil temps are at least 70°F. However, if you have protection (a greenhouse, low tunnel, or thick row cover), zucchini can be planted even earlier. Once you determine your ideal zucchini planting date, document it in your garden records for future years. Then, count backward 2-3 weeks to determine when to start zucchini seeds indoors. This will ensure that your zucchini seedlings are ready to go at the right time. And don’t forget to harden off the seedlings a week before planting!

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One of the most influential writings for public speakers is Aristotle’s Rhetoric. In this classic treatise, Aristotle describes the three modes of persuasion. The three modes of persuasion are devices in rhetoric that classify the speaker’s appeal to the audience. They are: logos, ethos, and pathos. For visual reasons I like to refer to them as the three pillars of persuasion. Aristotle’s Rhetoric describes the three pillars of persuasion thus: Persuasion is clearly a sort of demonstration, since we are most fully persuaded when we consider a thing to have been demonstrated. Of the modes of persuasion furnished by the spoken word there are three kinds. […] Persuasion is achieved by the speaker’s personal character when the speech is so spoken as to make us think him credible. (ETHOS) […] Secondly, persuasion may come through the hearers, when the speech stirs their emotions. (PATHOS) […] Thirdly, persuasion is effected through the speech itself when we have proved a truth or an apparent truth by means of the persuasive arguments suitable to the case in question. (LOGOS) In the PDF below you find an overview of drivers and triggers for each of the three modes of persuasion. By adding them to your communication you’ll increase your rhetorical power tremendously. Just like Aristotle did 2,300 years ago.

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Wednesday 18 October 2017 Ireland and Northern Ireland could save £17 million on their shared electricity network by using batteries to stabilise the grid. Researchers from the Queen’s University Belfast (QUB) and power developer AES Corporation say the storage technology can reduce grid inertia, which is how long it takes to get the electricity network running at full speed. The study suggests 360MW of batteries could provide frequency response as fast as 3,000MW of conventional power generation. The reduction in grid inertia is expected to cut consumer costs and help keep the electricity system secure and stable.

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Can Mid-Infrared Outflows Masquerade as Circumstellar Disks? April 20, 2006 Astronomers traditionally attribute mid-infrared emission from young newly-forming stars to circumstellar disks. However, new observations using the Thermal-Region Camera and Spectrograph (T-ReCS) on Gemini South reveal that in at least one case the mid-infrared emission from a young stellar source is associated with a spectacular outflow. In a paper appeared in the May 1, 2006 Astrophysical Journal Letters, Gemini astronomer James De Buizer, offers a caution that mid-infrared emission from young stellar objects can be explained by processes other than circumstellar disks. The Gemini observations were focused on a young massive star in the G35.20-0.74 region in the outskirts of the Serpens constellation 7500 light years away. This young star has a known collimated outflow, which was first detected from its radio emission (white contours in Figure 2b). The new observations reveal a monopolar jet-like feature in the mid-infrared (Figure 2a). It is argued that this is thermal continuum emission from dust associated with the outflow. In this case the young star is deeply embedded in a molecular clump, and therefore only the northern jet of the outflow, which is coming out of the cloud toward us, can be viewed in the mid-infrared. The southern part of the outflow can be seen in the radio image because, unlike mid-infrared emission, radio emission can penetrate through the dense molecular cloud. The Role of Disks and Jets in Massive Star Formation Astronomers think that stars like our Sun form at the centers of disks of swirling gas and dust. These disks feed these young stars, allowing them to eventually grow to their final size. However during this circumstellar disk phase, some material is actually expelled from the system perpendicular to the disk in an outflow (Figure 1). A newly forming star heats its nearby dust, and this dust radiates that heat away as mid-infrared emission. For that reason it has been traditionally thought that mid-infrared emission is produced by the hot dust in the circumstellar disks that are suspected to form around every young star as a natural consequence of their formation process. Unexpectedly, for G35.20-0.74 it is the outflow that dominates the mid-infrared emission. While there have been a few previous observations that have detected mid-infrared emissions from outflows, it was thought that they were dominated by shock lines of molecular hydrogen. However, these Gemini mid-infrared observations were taken through filters that did not encompass any molecular hydrogen lines. Moreover, because of the steep spectral slope from 3 to 18 microns it was concluded that the mid-infrared radiation from the outflow is dominated by continuum dust emission. Masers and Outflows “Not only was it determined that here we are seeing an outflow dominated by mid-infrared continuum emission, but it is now suspected that the masers here are most likely associated with the outflow as well,” said De Buizer. Masers are molecular lasers that naturally occur in space, and are often associated with star formation. In some cases, especially cases involving molecular methanol masers, they are thought to be emitted from circumstellar disks. However, with the help of the new Gemini observations it is now argued that the all of the masers in the region are associated with the outflow and emitted from the walls of the outflow cavity (Figure 2c). “Methanol masers require mid-infrared emission to excite them to emit,” said De Buizer. “Here we see clearly for the first time that the outflow cavities close to newly forming stars are bathed in mid-infrared radiation, and may therefore be natural environments for methanol maser production.” These Gemini observations demonstrate the importance of high spatial resolution, multiple wavelength observations in deciphering the true nature of complex star forming regions. De Buizer added, “We often find that things are not what we expected.”

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Sharpest Image Ever of Universe’s Most Massive Known Star August 18, 2022 Groundbreaking observation from Gemini Observatory suggests this and possibly other colossal stars are less massive than previously thought By harnessing the capabilities of the 8.1-meter Gemini South telescope in Chile, which is part of the International Gemini Observatory operated by NSF’s NOIRLab, astronomers have obtained the sharpest image ever of the star R136a1, the most massive known star in the Universe. Their research, led by NOIRLab astronomer Venu M. Kalari, challenges our understanding of the most massive stars and suggests that they may not be as massive as previously thought. Astronomers have yet to fully understand how the most massive stars — those more than 100 times the mass of the Sun — are formed. One particularly challenging piece of this puzzle is obtaining observations of these giants, which typically dwell in the densely populated hearts of dust-shrouded star clusters. Giant stars also live fast and die young, burning through their fuel reserves in only a few million years. In comparison, our Sun is less than halfway through its 10 billion year lifespan. The combination of densely packed stars, relatively short lifetimes, and vast astronomical distances makes distinguishing individual massive stars in clusters a daunting technical challenge. By pushing the capabilities of the Zorro instrument on the Gemini South telescope of the International Gemini Observatory, operated by NSF’s NOIRLab, astronomers have obtained the sharpest-ever image of R136a1 — the most massive known star. This colossal star is a member of the R136 star cluster, which lies about 160,000 light-years from Earth in the center of the Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a dwarf companion galaxy of the Milky Way. Previous observations suggested that R136a1 had a mass somewhere between 250 to 320 times the mass of the Sun. The new Zorro observations, however, indicate that this giant star may be only 170 to 230 times the mass of the Sun. Even with this lower estimate, R136a1 still qualifies as the most massive known star. Astronomers are able to estimate a star's mass by comparing its observed brightness and temperature with theoretical predictions. The sharper Zorro image allowed NSF's NOIRLab astronomer Venu M. Kalari and his colleagues to more accurately separated the brightness of R136a1 from its nearby stellar companions, which led to a lower estimate of its brightness and therefore its mass. “Our results show us that the most massive star we currently know is not as massive as we had previously thought,” explained Kalari, lead author of the paper announcing this result. “This suggests that the upper limit on stellar masses may also be smaller than previously thought.” This result also has implications for the origin of elements heavier than helium in the Universe. These elements are created during the cataclysmically explosive death of stars more than 150 times the mass of the Sun in events that astronomers refer to as pair-instability supernovae. If R136a1 is less massive than previously thought, the same could be true of other massive stars and consequently pair instability supernovae may be rarer than expected. The star cluster hosting R136a1 has previously been observed by astronomers using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and a variety of ground-based telescopes, but none of these telescopes could obtain images sharp enough to pick out all the individual stellar members of the nearby cluster. Gemini South’s Zorro instrument was able to surpass the resolution of previous observations by using a technique known as speckle imaging, which enables ground-based telescopes to overcome much of the blurring effect of Earth’s atmosphere . By taking many thousands of short-exposure images of a bright object and carefully processing the data, it is possible to cancel out almost all this blurring . This approach, as well as the use of adaptive optics, can dramatically increase the resolution of ground-based telescopes, as shown by the team’s sharp new Zorro observations of R136a1 . “This result shows that given the right conditions an 8.1-meter telescope pushed to its limits can rival not only the Hubble Space Telescope when it comes to angular resolution, but also the James Webb Space Telescope,” commented Ricardo Salinas, a co-author of this paper and the instrument scientist for Zorro. “This observation pushes the boundary of what is considered possible using speckle imaging.” “We began this work as an exploratory observation to see how well Zorro could observe this type of object,” concluded Kalari. “While we urge caution when interpreting our results, our observations indicate that the most massive stars may not be as massive as once thought.” Zorro and its twin instrument `Alopeke are identical imagers mounted on the Gemini South and Gemini North telescopes, respectively. Their names are the Hawaiian and Spanish words for “fox” and represent the telescopes’ respective locations on Maunakea in Hawai‘i and on Cerro Pachón in Chile. These instruments are part of the Gemini Observatory’s Visiting Instrument Program, which enables new science by accommodating innovative instruments and enabling exciting research. Steve B. Howell, current chair of the Gemini Observatory Board and senior research scientist at the NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, is the principal investigator on both instruments. “Gemini South continues to enhance our understanding of the Universe, transforming astronomy as we know it. This discovery is yet another example of the scientific feats we can accomplish when we combine international collaboration, world-class infrastructure, and a stellar team,” said NSF Gemini Program Officer Martin Still. This research was presented in the paper “Resolving the core of R136 in the optical” to appear in The Astrophysical Journal. The team is composed of Venu M. Kalari (Gemini Observatory/NSF's NOIRLab and Departamento de Astronomia, Universidad de Chile), Elliott P. Horch (Department of Physics, Southern Connecticut State University), Ricardo Salinas (Gemini Observatory/NSF's NOIRLab), Jorick S. Vink (Armagh Observatory and Planetarium), Morten Andersen (Gemini Observatory/NSF's NOIRLab and the European Southern Observatory), Joachim M. Bestenlehner (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield), and Monica Rubio (Departamento de Astronomia, Universidad de Chile). NSF’s NOIRLab(National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory), the US center for ground-based optical-infrared astronomy, operates the International Gemini Observatory(a facility of NSF, NRC–Canada, ANID–Chile, MCTIC–Brazil, MINCyT–Argentina, and KASI–Republic of Korea), Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO), Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO), the Community Science and Data Center (CSDC), and Vera C. Rubin Observatory(operated in cooperation with the Department of Energy’s SLACNational Accelerator Laboratory). It is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with NSF and is headquartered in Tucson, Arizona. The astronomical community is honored to have the opportunity to conduct astronomical research on Iolkam Du’ag (Kitt Peak) in Arizona, on Maunakea in Hawai‘i, and on Cerro Tololo and Cerro Pachón in Chile. We recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that these sites have to the Tohono O'odham Nation, to the Native Hawaiian community, and to the local communities in Chile, respectively. Venu M. Kalari +1 202 236 6324 Public Information Officer

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Humanity is what really counts In an area dominated by discussions about devastating wars and humanitarian principles of neutrality and impartiality on social media, Liana Ghukasyan makes the case that it is the principle of humanity that matters most of all. During my recent travel to Israel, Gaza, Lebanon, Ethiopia, and witnessing firsthand the devastating impact of a protracted conflict on my own home country, I have been convinced of one thing- The principle of humanity towers above all other principles as the purpose and passion of humanitarian action. As the landscape of humanitarian aid grows more complex, the traditional principles of neutrality and impartiality face increasing scrutiny. These principles, foundational to humanitarian organizations, aim to deliver aid without bias towards any party involved in a conflict. However, as conflicts become more personal, protracted and devastating, with humanitarian aid workers often hailing from the conflict affected contexts, a pressing question arises: Can one truly remain neutral when one’s own home and loved ones are affected? Evolution of the principle of humanity The principle of humanity centres on preventing and alleviating human suffering, prioritizing the most urgent cases of distress, and promoting human dignity. This principle compels us to act in the service of others, driven by a profound sense of compassion and solidarity, rather than the detached neutrality that has traditionally guided humanitarian efforts. This principle has been a central tenet of humanitarian work since its formal articulation in 1955 by the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. This declaration—”The Red Cross fights against suffering and death. It demands that people shall be treated humanely under all circumstances”—captures the essence of what drives humanitarian efforts globally. It underscores a universal commitment to alleviate suffering, protect life, and maintain human dignity in all circumstances, irrespective of the context or complexity of the crisis. Since its inception, this principle has guided countless humanitarian missions around the world. It has shaped the development of international humanitarian laws and norms, influencing how aid is delivered in conflict zones, disaster-stricken areas, and other crises. Importantly, it serves as a reminder that the core mission of humanitarian aid is not just to save lives but also to preserve the human spirit. The strain on neutrality and impartiality The ideal of neutrality means not taking sides in hostilities or engaging in controversies of a political, racial, religious, or ideological nature. However, for humanitarian aid workers from conflict-affected areas, the line between observer and victim can blur. As they witness their communities being torn apart, neutrality can feel less like a principle and more like a compromise. Impartiality, which mandates that aid must be provided based on need, without discrimination, faces its challenges too. In practice, it demands that humanitarian aid workers suppress their personal grief and biases to deliver aid. However, when the crisis hits close to home, maintaining this impartial stance is not only psychologically burdensome but can sometimes seem morally questionable. Conflicts are no longer confined to battlefields but span cities and villages and often violating the very essence of human dignity these principles seek to protect. In such environments, maintaining neutrality and impartiality can sometimes hinder effective aid delivery or conflict with personal convictions of those delivering aid. Refocusing on humanity In response to these challenges, there is a growing need for centering the principle of humanity in our humanitarian work. This shift recognizes the need for a more compassionate approach that resonates with the realities of today’s conflicts. It calls for an approach that recognizes the shared humanity in all people and insists on their treatment as dignified individuals, not just as victims of circumstance. The principle of humanity, with its emphasis on alleviating suffering and maintaining dignity, offers a framework that is both morally compelling and practical. It encourages humanitarian aid organizations to prioritize human well-being and supports the psychological health of humanitarian aid workers by aligning their professional obligations with their natural empathetic responses. To center humanity more in their response, humanitarian organizations can take several steps: 1. Train humanitarian aid workers in emotional resilience and ethical decision-making to better navigate the challenges of working in conflict zones and other crisis areas where their personal and professional lives overlap. 2. Engage local communities in planning and delivering humanitarian aid, ensuring it meets the actual needs and respects the cultural context of those affected. 3. Ensure that empathy guides the planning and implementation of aid, recognizing the suffering of individuals as a shared human experience that calls for a compassionate response. Moving forward, it is crucial for humanitarian aid organizations to embrace this paradigm shift, ensuring their work not only meets physical needs but also upholds the dignity and worth of every individual they serve. This first appeared on the IFRC's Solferino Academy and was reposted with the author's permission. Photo by Abby Kihano

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The 2020 Challenge for Scotland's Biodiversity was published in 2013 to take into account the international Aichi Targets agreed by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2010 and the requirements of the European Union Biodiversity Strategy published in 2011. The 2020 Challenge refreshed the previous strategy - Scotland's biodiversity: it's in your hands (2004), and both documents together constitute the 'Scottish Biodiversity Strategy'. This report begins with an introduction to the background and scope of the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy illustrating how it complements the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the EU Biodiversity Strategy, and the UK Biodiversity Framework. This includes a summary of recent findings on the connections between biodiversity and climate change, a short overview of Scotland's changing biodiversity, and a summary of the three Aims and seven Outcomes of the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy. Following this, the report assesses progress in meeting the seven outcomes. Each of these assessments begins with a table listing the key steps set out for that outcome, followed by a summary of key activities addressing the outcome during this reporting period 2017 – 2019. Tables of indicators for monitoring progress are provided, and trends are shown where available. Annex 2 provides a complete list and assessment status of all the indicators. The report concludes with an outline of preparations for developing a new biodiversity framework post-2020. Further detail on some of the work reported here is provided in the SNH progress report on implementation of specific projects, in Scotland's Biodiversity: A Route Map to 2020, published in 2019. 1.1 International framework and obligations The Scottish Biodiversity Strategy sits within a broad framework encompassing global, EU, UK and Scottish conventions, legislation and policy – see Box 1. Box 1. The policy framework for biodiversity The UN Sustainable Development Goals Scotland was one of the first countries in the world to sign up the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that seek common action to tackle poverty and inequality and promote sustainable development across the globe. Progress with the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy will contribute to many of the 17 SDGs, with two directly related to biodiversity conservation itself. Goal 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. Goal 15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. The Convention on Biological Diversity At the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992 the first global strategy for biodiversity was ratified. At the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties in October 2010, a revised and updated Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, including the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, covering 2011-2020 was adopted. The European Union Biodiversity Strategy The European Union Biodiversity Strategy published in May 2011 builds on achievements to 2010 but also recognises that more needs to be done. It introduced a new approach to maintaining biodiversity by aiming to reduce high rates of species extinctions by 2020, to restore natural ecosystems in the EU as far as possible, and to contribute more to averting a global problem. The UK Biodiversity Framework Since the publication in 2007 of Conserving Biodiversity – the UK approach, the context in which the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is implemented in the UK has changed. The UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework identifies the activities needed to galvanise and complement country strategies, in pursuit of the Aichi Targets and coordinated reporting at a UK level. The Scottish Biodiversity Strategy Scotland's Biodiversity: it's in your hands, 2004 was supplemented in 2013 by the 2020 Challenge for Scotland's Biodiversity as a response to the new international Aichi Targets. Scotland's Biodiversity: a Route Map to 2020 published in 2015, identified large-scale collaborative action required to help deliver the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy outcomes. 1.2 International biodiversity reporting Scotland was the first sub-national government and the first country in the world to complete and submit a full report on all 20 Aichi targets to the CBD in 2016. Scotland has also contributed to the metrics which underpin this reporting through the development of a new method for compiling and reporting genetic diversity as required under Aichi Target 13. This method has been approved by IUCN and recommended to the CBD as an approved method suitable for use across the world. Details are described in Box 2. Scotland also reports progress against the European Union and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) targets as part of the UK's official processes. In addition Scotland has developed a series of reports detailing progress against the International biodiversity targets set under the CBD known as the 'Aichi Targets'. These targets were approved by the Convention's Conference of the Parties (COP) in 2010 in the province of Aichi in Japan. This report is one of a number of reporting requirements on biodiversity, as set out in Figure 1. Box 2. Working internationally Conservation of genetic diversity In Scotland and in the UK baseline mechanisms are well-established for assessing and reporting on genetic diversity in species of agricultural importance (e.g. rare livestock breeds, crop wild relatives), and a methodology has been established for ornamental plants. A new Strategy for UK Forest Genetic Resources was launched in 2019, creating a framework for better understanding, protection and use of the genetic diversity in the UK's trees, and this will enable trees to be included in genetic conservation reporting. Scotland also announced the UK's first Gene Conservation Unit at Beinn Eighe National Nature Reserve in 2019. However, with no clear strategy to deal with the genetic diversity of 'other species of socio-economic importance' in Scotland, the UK or indeed elsewhere, a new national approach, that is applicable world-wide has been developed in Scotland, through funding from the SEFARI Gateway (Scottish Environment, Food and Agriculture Research Institutes). A set of criteria for defining terrestrial and freshwater species of socio-economic importance in Scotland has been developed and an initial list of 26 species were selected. The selection criteria are: - National conservation priority wild species. - Species of national cultural importance. - Species providing key ecosystem services. - Species of importance for wild harvesting (food and medicine). - Economically important game species. The development of a scorecard approach allows for the collation of structured expert opinion covering: demographic decline; hybridisation; restrictions on regeneration and turnover of genetic material, and seed bank viability and collection status. The development of a "genetic scorecard" for other species of socio-economic, commercial and cultural importance particularly marine species, ensures that this methodology will be relevant to the post-2020 CBD targets that focus on genetic diversity. Scotland also contributes to, and reports on progress against other agreements, initiatives and conventions to safeguard nature conservation across the United Kingdom, Europe and world-wide; such as The Ramsar Convention of Wetlands of International Importance, The Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats and Natura reporting under the Habitats directive and the Birds Directive. Through conservation measures to safeguard internationally important populations of species of sea birds and habitats such as blanket bog, Scotland also contributes through internationally renowned conservation research. 1.3 Biodiversity and climate change In 2019 a number of significant reports were published detailing changes in global biodiversity and the need for substantial changes to policy and targets in order to help reduce biodiversity loss and meet the Paris Agreement on climate change. The Global Assessment of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES Report 2019) found that climate change is a direct driver of biodiversity loss and it is increasingly exacerbating the impacts from the other drivers through: - Increased average temperatures; - Increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events; - Changes in the chemistry of the ocean, such as deoxygenation and acidification; and - Rises in sea level by 21mm (max.) since 1900; increasing by 3mm per decade since 1970. The IPCC Climate Change and Land report highlights the significant changes that will be needed in relation to how we grow food and use the land to address climate change. The IPCC Special Report on the Oceans and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate highlights the significant impacts that climate change is having on our oceans and cryosphere. These reports highlight the importance of combining action to avert climate change and losses of nature. Nature Based Solutions play a vital role in helping us achieve our net-zero target by 2045 and will be central in delivering a Green Recovery, post COVID-19. Major programmes of work on peatland restoration, woodland regeneration and coastal resilience are excellent examples of these solutions. 1.4 Scotland's approach to conserving biodiversity Scotland is very much defined by its nature and landscapes. Our range of habitats on land and sea, which support some 90,000 species, are a significant part of what makes Scotland special. They inspire much of our art and literature. They support our health, well-being and economic development. They provide for us the ecosystem services that sustain life and underpin Scotland's economy. The quality of our environment and the products that come from it give Scotland a trading advantage as a small European nation. Activities which depend directly on the natural environment are estimated to realise £17.1 billion a year, or 11% of total Scottish output and support 242,000 jobs, or 14% of all full time jobs in Scotland. The effective conservation and enhancement of biodiversity therefore plays an essential role in meeting the Scottish Government's vision of a smart, sustainable and successful Scotland. It is an integral aspect of Scotland's Economic Strategy, the Land Use Strategy 2016-2021, the National Planning Framework 3 and Scotland's National Marine Plan. Through many international conventions and agreements Scotland also works with other countries to protect and enhance biodiversity. 1.5 Biodiversity Duty Reporting The Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004 placed a duty on "every public body and office holder, in exercising any functions, to further the conservation of biodiversity so far as it is consistent with the proper exercise of those functions". The duty was complemented by a further duty introduced through the Wildlife and Natural Environment (Scotland) Act 2011 to report once every three years on compliance with the biodiversity duty. SNH provides a wide range of Guidance on the Biodiversity Duty to help Scotland's 139 public bodies comply and report. Research commissioned by Scottish Government on the first round of Biodiversity Duty reports, which covered the period 2012 – 2014 found that 61 (44%) of all public bodies produced a report, including 30 out of the 32 local authorities, and that the activities identified in the reports contributed to 12 of the 20 Aichi Targets. The second round of reporting on the Biodiversity Duty covered the period 2015-2017 with rates of reporting similar to round one for local authorities (30 of 32) and with a small increase in the number of reports submitted by other public bodies from 31 to 36. The next round of reports, covering the period 2018 – 2020 are due on 1st January 2021. 1.6 Scotland's changing biodiversity Scotland's biodiversity continues to change. In October 2019 the State of Nature Report for Scotland was published by a partnership including many NGOs and Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH). A number of species are doing well and others are extending their range across and into Scotland as a result of climate change, habitat management and restoration, and a range of positive conservation measures for species. However, long-term data (1970-2016) show that the abundance and distribution of Scotland's species has on average declined over recent decades and most measures indicate this decline has continued in the most recent decade. Overall there has been no reduction in the net loss of nature in Scotland. - 24% decline in average species' abundance. The indicator of average species' abundance of 352 terrestrial and freshwater species has fallen by 24% since 1994. There has been very little change in the rate of decline in the last 10 years. - 14% decline in average species' distribution. The indicator of average species' distribution, covering 2,970 terrestrial and freshwater species over a broad range of taxonomic groups, has fallen by 14% since 1970, and is 2% lower than in 2005. - 32% decline in the Scottish breeding seabird indicator between 1986 and 2017, with stabilisation observed in recent years. On-going analysis draws on more recently collected data. Studies show that many seabird populations were at their peak during the 1980s. A better understanding is required of how current populations relate to levels prior to this peak, and the factors that have driven and continue to drive changes. - The abundance indicators for key commercial fish species, both pelagic and demersal, show some signs of recovery from deep historic lows in the Celtic and North Seas. There are some successes where there has been focused action, for example Greenland barnacle geese are doing well and corn bunting populations in north east Scotland have stabilised after a number of years of decline. Reintroduced populations of species such as red kites and sea eagles are now established and beginning to extend their ranges. Some species of plants associated with woodlands, grassland and heath, such as green shield-moss and lesser butterfly-orchid, have benefited through a better understanding of their distribution and requirements and in some cases improved protection by identifying new sites. It is clear that many of the impacts of pressures on biodiversity have not abated, with a full listing of those affecting Scotland included in the Scotland's Biodiversity: a Route Map to 2020. The Global Assessment on Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services published in May 2019 by the Intergovernmental Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) identifies and ranks the following direct drivers of biodiversity loss at a global level, whilst recognising the inter-relationships between the different drivers: - Land use and management – agricultural expansion and intensification and increased infrastructure and built development can lead to a reduction of diversity, quality and connectivity of landscapes and habitats. - Direct exploitation - marine fisheries are the primary and most wide-spread exploitation of the biological resources of the sea. Fisheries have the capacity to cause profound changes in marine ecosystems through their effects on target and non-target species populations and through modification of seabed habitats. - Marine management - the use of our seas is increasingly diverse and complex, ranging from long-standing activities such as shipping/transport and coastal infrastructure, to aquaculture and, most recently, the development of renewable energy at sea. - Climate change is causing a shift in weather patterns which is affecting nature across Scotland. The seas are warming and sea levels are rising, with acidification becoming evident. It is predicted that increased rainfall and more intense and potentially more frequent extreme weather events will alter conditions, especially in the west. This may change the space in which nature lives more rapidly than nature can adapt. In addition the effects of climate change are increasingly exacerbating the impacts of all the other direct drivers on people and on nature. - Pollution from industry, agriculture and road traffic still impact on waterways, uplands, air quality and sensitive habitats across Scotland although air and water pollution have reduced markedly in the last 25 years. There is growing concern over the potential environmental impacts of plastic pollution, especially microplastics in the aquatic and marine environment, although no evidence yet exists of widespread ecological risk. - Invasive non-native species which out-compete native species and can bring new pathogens and diseases resulting in depleted native biodiversity. Invasive non-native species can have significant effects on the ecology of native terrestrial, marine and coastal habitats and species. The story of biodiversity change in Scotland is complex, with success requiring a long-term approach to managing environmental change that maximises the benefits to people while protecting wildlife and restoring habitats. 1.7 Aims and outcomes of the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy Against this background, the 2020 Challenge for Scotland's Biodiversity sets out three aims to be achieved through seven outcomes. A suite of biodiversity and people engagement indicators are used to describe progress across the Strategy outcomes. The three aims provide a broad framework which supports the Scottish Government's purpose of creating a more successful country, with opportunities for all of Scotland to flourish, through increasing sustainable economic growth: - Protect and restore biodiversity on land and sea, and through action to support healthier ecosystems and restore species and habitats. - Connect more people with the natural world, for their health and well-being and to involve more of them in decisions about their environment. - Maximise the benefits of a diverse natural environment and the range of social and economic goods and services it provides. To achieve these aims, the Strategy identifies seven outcomes: Outcome 1: Scotland's ecosystems are restored to good ecological health so that they provide robust ecosystem services and build our natural capital. Outcome 2: Natural resources contribute to stronger sustainable economic growth in Scotland, and we increase our natural capital to pass on to the next generation. Outcome 3: Improved health and quality of life for the people of Scotland, through investment in the care of green space, nature and landscapes. Outcome 4: The special value and international importance of Scotland's nature and geodiversity is assured, wildlife is faring well, and we have a highly effective network of protected places. Outcome 5: Nature is faring well, and ecosystems are resilient as a result of sustainable land and water management. Outcome 6: Scotland's marine and coastal environments are clean, healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse meeting the long-term needs of people and nature. Outcome 7: A framework of indicators that we can use to track progress. 1.8 A Route Map to 2020 - delivery through partnership and collaboration There is a wide range of activity required to implement the Strategy. A cornerstone of Scotland's approach to biodiversity is partnership working and collaboration between individuals and organisations, and across the public and private sectors. To provide greater focus and to coordinate large-scale collaborative working Scotland's Biodiversity: a Route Map to 2020 was published in 2015. It contains an ambitious programme of activity structured around 12 Priority Projects and Targets, supported by 71 Actions and 8 elements of supporting work. Collectively the work involves a large number of organisations as well as many individual land managers, NGOs and other natural resource stakeholders. Regular progress reports have been published since September 2016 to help ensure that delivery remains on track. SNH is leading the co-ordination and delivery of the Route Map to 2020 and chairs a co-ordination group and supporting working groups to assist it in this task. A number of delivery agreements with key organisations have also been developed. New governance has been put in place to reflect the importance of the work to deliver and improve biodiversity in Scotland and the links with climate change. A Scottish Biodiversity Programme Board was established in 2019, co-chaired at senior level by Scottish Government and Scottish Natural Heritage, supported by an Advisory Group and a Stakeholders Group. Local Biodiversity Action Partnerships (LBAPs) were established across Scotland in response to the first UK Biodiversity Action Plan in 1994 and they continue to play a critical role in bringing together local stakeholders including local authorities, environmental NGOs, communities and volunteers. These partnerships operate at a local level to raise awareness, and to organise projects and actions to conserve and enhance biodiversity around national and local priorities. The breadth of their work across Scotland is illustrated in a publication that accompanied a Scottish Parliament event celebrating 20 years of LBAP activity in 2016. However, with increasing pressure on local authority budgets there is a diminishing level of support for the LBAP officers who play a critical role in maintaining effective local biodiversity partnerships. Many young people care passionately about the environment: in order to harness this enthusiasm and creativity SNH has worked with Young Scot (Scotland's youth information and citizenship charity) and ReRoute – Scotland's Biodiversity Youth Panel which conducted a detailed assessment of the Route Map to 2020 and produced a report identifying young people's aspirations for biodiversity in Scotland, how they can be engaged and what actions are required. A second phase of work with a new Reroute Panel has taken forward this work, including the development of a route map for young people on "20 things you can do to help nature". The following sections of this report describes progress on each of the SBS outcomes and a sub-set of relevant indicators is used to assist in reporting. Annex 1 shows how each of the outcomes is linked to the international Aichi Targets. There is a problem Thanks for your feedback

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Class 2 Medical Device – Overview Producing high-quality and reliable medical devices is the main goal of any manufacturer. This is incredibly important to improve or save a patient’s life. The US FDA (Food and Drug Administration) is essential in ensuring the efficacy and safety of medical devices. The FDA does not ‘approve’ all medical devices in the same manner as it approves drugs; instead, it ‘clears’ many devices for market entry, particularly Class 2 devices, through the 510(k) process. The FDA uses a risk-focused classification system and categorizes medical devices into three distinct classes – Class 2 Medical Devices Class 3 Medical Devices How does the FDA Categorize Class 2 Medical Devices The FDA categorizes different types of medical devices under three distinct classes. This classification system is risk-centric, with the lowest-risk devices assigned to Class 1 and higher-risk devices allotted to the Class 3 category. The classification system also considers the level of invasiveness and impact on patients. Class 2 medical devices are those with a moderate potential risk. These are subject to general and unique controls. Special controls specific to Class 2 devices can include special labeling requirements, mandatory performance standards, and postmarket surveillance. What are some Class 2 Medical Devices? Some commonly used Class 2 medical devices include: - Pregnancy test kits - Blood pressure cuffs - Blood transfusion devices - Contact lenses - Powered wheelchairs - Certain software used as diagnostic tools No specific category of device decides its classification. Class 2 medical devices usually involve more interactions and longer durations of sustained contact and significantly impact the patient’s overall health. If you want to check which category your proposed medical device falls into, you can simply check the official website at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/ What are the Pre-Market Submissions for Class 2 Medical Devices? Once you have determined that your proposed medical device falls under the Class 2 category, you can evaluate one out of two processes to launch it: - Premarket Notification 510(k) - De Novo Premarket notification is a pathway to the market for Class 2 medical devices. It is also known as 510(k) and includes product submission to the FDA. This submission should demonstrate the following: - The proposed device is visibly similar to an existing and legally marketed US product, and - It is as safe and effective as a similar device Refer to the official FDA website for complete information on the premarket notification process. The De Novo classification request is the second pathway for producing Class 2 medical devices. This request uses a risk-centric process similar to 501(k). The difference is that the De Novo process is used when there is no predicate device on which to base a comparison to demonstrate safety and effectiveness. This is because the De Novo program is meant for Class 2 devices with no existing similar product for comparison. Due to this, the De Novo process is best for new medical devices classified under low to moderate risk levels. What are the Exemptions for Class 2 Medical Devices The FDA has provided certain medical device exemptions from 501(k). These devices do not need a reasonable assurance of efficacy and safety. Hence, these devices are exempted from product submissions. However, such devices must still comply with applicable general controls and any other FDA requirements not specific to the 510(k) process. To find the complete list of exempted Class 2 medical devices, click this link https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/. Class 2 medical devices are the second most commonly used products in the healthcare industry. Once you understand the classification system, designing and marketing your product in the most effective and impactful way possible becomes easier. Check the official FDA guidelines regarding medical device classification to ensure that your product submission and approval process is smooth.

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What is the main differences between Type 1 and Type 2 SPD? Type 1 and Type 2 Surge Protective Devices (SPDs) are two different categories of surge protectors used for various levels of protection against power surges. The main difference between these types lies in their specific applications and their placement within the electrical system. Type 1 SPD (also known as Type 1 Surge Arrester) Type 1 SPDs are designed to protect against the most severe and direct lightning strikes. They are typically installed at the service entrance of a building, before the main electrical distribution panel. Their primary purpose is to divert and absorb large amounts of lightning current directly from lightning strikes, thereby preventing it from entering the building's electrical system. These SPDs have high discharge capacity and are capable of handling extremely high surge currents generated by lightning events. Type 2 SPD (also known as Type 2 Surge Protector) Type 2 SPDs are more commonly used to protect sensitive electrical and electronic equipment within the building from surges that may originate from within the electrical distribution network or nearby sources. They are installed after the main electrical distribution panel and are designed to handle lower surge currents than Type 1 SPDs. These devices provide protection against power surges caused by switching operations, power grid fluctuations, and indirect lightning strikes. In summary, the main differences between Type 1 and Type 2 SPDs are: Application: Type 1 SPDs are used to protect the entire building from direct lightning strikes and are installed at the service entrance. Type 2 SPDs are installed after the main distribution panel to protect individual devices and equipment from surges within the electrical system. Protection Level: Type 1 SPDs offer a higher level of protection, capable of handling extremely high surge currents generated by direct lightning strikes. Type 2 SPDs are designed for lower surge currents, typically generated by internal electrical events or nearby indirect lightning strikes. Installation Location: Type 1 SPDs are placed at the service entrance, while Type 2 SPDs are installed at the distribution panel or sub-distribution panels within the building. It's worth noting that a comprehensive surge protection strategy may involve using both Type 1 and Type 2 SPDs in combination, along with other protective measures, to ensure maximum protection for electrical systems and connected devices. The selection of the appropriate surge protection devices depends on the specific requirements and risks associated with the electrical system's location and the level of exposure to potential surge events. What are the main difference between electrical holding and magnetic holding in vacuum contactor? In summary, the main difference between electrical holding and magnetic holding in a vacuum contactor is the method used to maintain the closed position of the main power contacts when the coil is de-energized. Electrical holding uses an external electrical circuit to provide continuous holding force, while magnetic holding relies on the energy stored in a permanent magnet to maintain the closed position without an external power supply. Read MoreSocket Solid State Relay and Solid State Relay with Integrated Heatsink, what's the difference between feature and application DIN rail mounted Socket Solid State Relay and Solid State Relay with Integrated Heatsink Read MoreConsiderations for Solid State Relays Selection For resistive loads, a 2-3 times higher load current can be selected. For inductive or capacitive loads, a 3-4 times higher load current can be selected. Read MoreGreegoo SCR Power Controller: The Ideal Choice for Industrial Applications Three phase SCR power controller, phase shift thyristor regulator, IPM module 60A to 800A.

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Binary star systems consist of two stars orbiting a common centre of mass. Multiple star systems such as binaries may make up the majority of stars we see in the sky. There are several different classifications of Binary Star systems. Although there are no intrinsic differences between the stars in one type of system or another, the methods of observation used to determine that a system is a binary is different in each case. A binary, or double, star known in the Arabic world was zeta Ursae Majoris, known to them as Mizar and Alcor, the horse and rider. They used this binary as a sight test; if your sight was good you would be able to see that there were two stars there, if it was bad then you would be unable to. Different Types of Binary Star Systems Visual binaries are systems which can be resolved1 with a telescope. There are different types of visual binary: Physical Binaries are where the two stars are actually orbiting one another. Optical Binaries are where the stars appear very close together in the sky, while they are in fact very far apart and not gravitationally bound. When viewing these stars with a telescope, they cannot be viewed separately; they appear to be a single star. However, when viewing the absorption lines in their spectra, a regular oscillation is observed. This is because the two stars do not have identical spectra, so when one is closer the overall spectrum is seen to change. The plane of the orbit of the stars in an eclipsing binary system is perpendicular to the sky; we view these systems edge on. When one star passes in front of the other, the overall magnitude of the system decreases. For example, suppose you had one very bright star and one quite dim star. When they appear next to each other, the magnitudes of both of the stars combine to produce the magnitude of the system. When the dim star eclipses the bright star, there is a big drop in magnitude because you can no longer see the brighter star. When the bright star eclipses the dim star, there is a smaller drop in magnitude for the whole system because the dim star's light is obscured. The magnitude of the system plotted against time would show two drops during a complete cycle, one bigger than the other. Binary star systems are important to astronomers to determine the mass of individual stars. Because it is possible to determine the speed at which they orbit and the distance they are from each other, it is possible to infer their masses using Newtonian Mechanics. It is not possible to do this for a single star, as there is not enough information available just by looking at it.

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Karlsruhe is located in the Rhine valley, where the French-German border makes that sharp twist from north-south to east-west. Karlsruhe is sometimes referred to as the 'Gateway to the Black Forest', although this term is more correctly applied to the city of Pforzheim. Karlsruhe lies at the north western-edge of this beautiful wooded mountain range. There are a few possibilities to get to Karlsruhe. First and least recommended is travelling by car. You can reach Karlsruhe via the A5 from Frankfurt or Basel, or via the A8 from Stuttgart (for more information on German freeways see Driving on Autobahns in Germany). Another way of travelling to Karlsruhe is by air. There are four airports in the vicinity of Karlsruhe: Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Strasbourg (France) and last, but not least, the Baden Airpark near Baden-Baden. From each of these, you have to travel by car or train for up to an additional hour. The recommended way of getting to Karlsruhe is travelling by train from almost anywhere. Why is this method recommended? Because Karlsruhe has a great system for public transport; the Straßenbahn. This is a system of electric trains, which cross the city and many of the surrounding smaller towns. Every inhabitant of Karlsruhe has a stop for the Straßenbahn or the bus within 250 metres of his home. There's absolutely no need for a car in Karlsruhe. The primary nickname of Karlsruhe is 'Residence of Justice' as the highest court of German law, the Bundesverfassungsgericht (federal constitutional court) is located here. Another highlight is the oldest German 'informatics' faculty which is part of the university of Karlsruhe (the Fridericiana). As a consequence, the city is full off lawyers and civil servants, but that doesn't bother people too much, because the thousands of students are a good counterbalance. In addition, Karlsruhe has some outstanding tourist 'musts': The pyramid in the centre of the town, on the market place. It's the tomb of Margrave Karl Wilhelm of Baden-Durlach, who founded the city on 17 June, 1715, in the middle of the Hardtwald. The palace of the Margrave with the tower, which is the centre of the fan, the original layout of the city. You can see the tower from anywhere in the city, if you stand on one of the major axis. The palace tower is located at 8° 24' 18'' eastern longitude and 49° 00' 54'' northern latitude, 117m above sea level. The zoo and citypark, with its now famous enclosure for polar bears, is the most modern in Europe. The Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie ZKM (centre for art and media technology) has some 'interesting' exhibitions. The Südstadt (southtown) is a city quarter with a very international population and many pubs and restaurants of all kinds. You can get additional information from the Karlsruhe Official Website.

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UML Tutorials - Herong's Tutorial Examples - v1.05, by Herong Yang Activity Diagram - Frame Notation and Parameters This section describes the Activity Frame Notation used in a UML Activity Diagram. An Activity Frame Notation provides a boundary to enclose all actions and objects of the activity. An Activity Frame Notation is a graphical notation used in a UML Activity Diagram to provide a boundary to enclose all actions and objects of the activity. An Activity Frame Notation is drawn as a large rectangle with rounded corners. The activity name, input parameters and output parameters are written near the top left corner of the rectangle. Object Notations representing input parameters and output parameters can be placed on edges of the rectangle. For example, the "Bubble Sorting" activity requires an input parameter, an unsorted list, and an output parameter, a sorted list. This activity can be drawn with an Activity Frame Notation in a UML activity diagram as shown below: Table of Contents

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< Previous standard ^ Up a level ^ Next standard > ISO/IEC 27010:2015 — Information technology — Security techniques — Information security management for inter-sector and inter-organisational communications (second edition) “ISO/IEC 27010:2015 provides guidelines in addition to the guidance given in the ISO/IEC 27000 family of standards for implementing information security management within information sharing communities. This International Standard provides controls and guidance specifically relating to initiating, implementing, maintaining, and improving information security in inter-organisational and inter-sector communications. It provides guidelines and general principles on how the specified requirements can be met using established messaging and other technical methods. This International Standard is applicable to all forms of exchange and sharing of sensitive information, both public and private, nationally and internationally, within the same industry or market sector or between sectors. In particular, it may be applicable to information exchanges and sharing relating to the provision, maintenance and protection of an organisation's or nation state's critical infrastructure. It is designed to support the creation of trust when exchanging and sharing sensitive information, thereby encouraging the international growth of information sharing communities.” [Source: ISO/IEC 27010:2015] This standard provides guidance in relation to sharing information about information risks, security controls, issues and/or incidents that span the boundaries between industry sectors and/or nations, particularly those affecting “critical infrastructure”. ISO/IEC 27010 provides guidance on information security interworking and communications between industries in the same sectors, in different industry sectors and with governments, either in times of crisis and to protect critical infrastructure or for mutual recognition under normal business circumstances to meet legal, regulatory and contractual obligations. Purpose and justification Sometimes it is necessary to share confidential information regarding information-related threats, vulnerabilities and/or incidents between or within a community of organisations, for example when private companies, governments, law enforcement and CERT-type bodies are collaborating on the investigation, assessment and resolution of serious pan-organisational and often international or pan-jurisdictional cyberattacks. Such information is often highly sensitive and it may need, for example, to be restricted to certain individuals within the recipient organisations. Information sources may need to be protected by remaining anonymous. Such information exchanges typically happen in a highly charged and stressful atmosphere under intense time pressures - hardly the most conducive environment for establishing trusted working relationships and agreeing on suitable information security controls. The standard should help by laying out common ground-rules for security. The standard provides guidance on methods, models, processes, policies, controls, protocols and other mechanisms for the sharing of information securely with trusted counterparties on the understanding that important information security principles will be respected. Status of the standard The first edition was published in 2012. The current second edition was published in 2015. It was confirmed by SC 27 without change in 2021. While the actual information risks arising from the sharing of information concerning information security incidents etc. between disparate organisations will of course depend on the specifics of the particular situation at hand (e.g. the nature of the incidents, the protagonists, the victims and the organisations involved), the following generic list of potential information risks and security issues in this area exemplifies the broad range of matters that may need to be taken into account in practice: - Addressing information security aspects of the process (e.g. writing and implementing policies and procedures along with training and awareness activities for those involved in the process, and conceivably independent assessment or audits to confirm that the arrangements conform to ISO/IEC 27010 and/or other applicable ISO27k standards such as ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 27002 and ISO/IEC 27005); - Disclosing initial information and knowledge about the situation at hand prior to formalizing the arrangements, in order to prompt the recipient/s to consider their role and for disclosing parties to consider the risks involved in disclosing further information; - Building trusted relationships between the organisations directly concerned, communicating and collaborating; - Trust relationships with other organisations that may also be involved (e.g. if communications are routed through some sort of agency) or are somehow drawn-in to the situation, including business partners and those that may have to be informed or engaged in the process as a statutory or other duty; - Determining and declaring or defining specific information security requirements (implies some form of information risk analysis by the disclosing parties for sure, and perhaps by the receiving parties); - Communicating information risks and security control requirements, obligations, expectations or liabilities unambiguously (e.g. using a mutually-understood lexicon of terms based on ISO27k, and comparable information classifications); - Assessing and accepting security risks and obligations (e.g. in some form of contract or agreement, whose existence and contents may also be confidential); - Communicating information securely (e.g. using suitable cryptographic controls), preventing it from being sent to the wrong counterparties, intercepted, deleted, spoofed, duplicated, repudiated, damaged, modified or otherwise called into doubt deliberately by some third party or through inadequate controls and errors; - Version controls and appropriate authorization for both disclosure and acceptance of valuable information; - Risks and controls relating to the collection, analysis, ownership, protection and onward disclosure of information regarding the situation at hand by the recipient parties engaged in an investigation (e.g. limitations on using the information for purposes not directly associated with the incident at hand); - Adequately protecting the information and perhaps others assets entrusted to the recipient organisations and individuals; - Compliance and where appropriate enforcement activities such as imposition of penalties etc. if promises are broken, trust is misplaced or accidents happen; - Unacceptable delays or other constraints on the communication of important information due to the risk assessment, security and related activities; - The possible effects on collection, handling, storage, analysis and presentation of forensic evidence; - Any limitations on post-incident disclosures such as incident management reporting, public press-releases, legal action etc.; - Systematic process improvement, leading to greater mutual trust and stronger security arrangements for future situations. The published standard doesn’t cover these aspects explicitly, unfortunately. I feel it would have been more comprehensive and valuable if it had. < Previous standard ^ Up a level ^ Next standard >

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According to this article printed by a British car magazine, the Jeep Wrangler is the Greenest Car. This means that over the course of a vehicle’s lifetime, it uses the least amount of energy and leaves the smallest impact possible on the environment. But why aren’t today’s exotic hybrids at the top of the table? It’s because vehicles like Jeeps use established technologies which use less energy in manufacture and which share many parts among other vehicles. Both these factors contribute towards a noticeable reduction in the energy used in vehicle manufacture. Cars like the Jeep® Wrangler also tend to have a longer life cycle, adding ‘green value’ at the end of the car’s lifespan as well as at the beginning. Applying this ‘dust to dust’ analysis of energy use shows cars with some of the lowest CO2 emissions and most friendly environmental credentials in quite a different light. Amazingly, neither of the two hybrids on sale in the UK today finished in the top 50 of the CNW investigation. Hybrid cars show up poorly because of the energy used in their manufacture and in the disposal and replacement of high-energy-use items like batteries and electric motors, and in their use of lighter weight construction materials like lightweight steels which use more energy and which are harder to recycle. By contrast, the simple but immensely strong construction of cars like the Jeep® Wrangler, Cherokee, Grand Cherokee and Commander make them a recycler’s dream. To make the CNW’s report meaningful to car buyers, energy usage was turned into the amount of petrol needed to supply the same amount of energy. This was then translated into the cost of the petrol in dollars.

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https://www.iwantajeep.net/greenest-jeep-wrangler/

2024-10-06T05:00:17Z

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ENTRY LEVEL CLASSROOM NOISE MONITOR Making noise ... Making noise visible is a simple yet effective way of self-regulating noise and thereby reducing noise levels, creating room for concentration with less interruption. ADVANTAGES OF SOUNDEAR: A group of researchers studied the effects of using a SoundEar device to visualise classroom noise levels. They studied 3 classrooms and found that the average noise levels dropped 1.4 dB and that the maximum noise levels were reduced by 3.9 dB after introducing the SoundEar noise meter to the classrooms. Teachers found that using SoundEar was beneficial and that it had a positive effect on their students, as well as creating a better classroom environment. Learners had a greater awareness of noise levels and classrooms were less noisy with the device. The whitepaper on the Effect of Visual Feedback On Classroom Noise Levels can be viewed here. - Makes noise visible - Easy to understand: when the ear turns red, it is time to quiet down - Has a positive effect on noise levels - Easy to use and cost-effective - Creates a better classroom environment. Schools with open plan learning environments. Kindergartens, after-school care, classrooms, day-care centres, music rooms, youth clubs, rehearsal rooms, music venues, libraries or any environment that requires self-regulated noise management. SoundEar Classic is quite easy to use. Simply plug it in and hang it on a visible spot on the wall (away from noisy machines or textiles that may interfere with accurate measurement). You can use the dial on the back of the SoundEar to set the threshold of the system to determine its response to change colour.

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https://www.jpro.co.nz/products/installed-audio/noise-monitoring-systems/entry-level-classroom-noise-monitor/SOUNDEARCLASSIC/

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Wire EDM, also known as wire cutting, uses continuously moving thin metal wires (also known as electrode wires) as electrodes to perform pulse spark discharge on the workpiece to remove metal and cut it into shape. Sinker EDM refers to the method of machining the workpiece in a certain medium through the electro-erosion effect of the pulse discharge between the tool electrode and the workpiece electrode. What are the characteristics of Wire EDM? 1. No need to manufacture electrodes separately. Since the wire-shaped electrode wire is directly used as the electrode, there is no need to specially make the electrode, which can save the design and manufacturing cost of the electrode. 2. It can process workpieces with complex shapes that are difficult to process by traditional cutting methods. It is only necessary to compile different control programs for different workpieces, and it is easy to realize automatic processing for workpieces of different shapes. It is very suitable for the processing of small batch parts, single pieces, and trial products with complex shapes. Because the electrode wire is relatively thin, it can easily process micro-shaped holes, narrow slits, columns, and holes with complex cross-sections. Due to the narrow kerf, the actual metal removal is very small and the material utilization rate is high. 3. Using the principle of electro-erosion machining, the electrode wire is not in direct contact with the workpiece. The force between the two is very small, so the electrode wire and the fixture do not need too high a strength. In traditional turning, milling, and drilling, the hardness of the tool must be greater than that of the workpiece, while the wire electrode material of the CNC wire EDM machine does not have to be harder than the workpiece material. 4. Directly use electric energy and thermal energy for processing, which is convenient to adjust the processing parameters that affect the processing accuracy, such as pulse width, interval, servo speed, etc. It is beneficial to improve the machining accuracy and the automatic control of the machining process. 5. The working fluid is generally water-based emulsion or pure water, which is low in cost and will not cause a fire. 6. Electrode wear does not need to be considered. In the wire cutting process, the electrode wire always moves at a certain speed, and the electro corrosion products are taken away together with the circulating working fluid. Moreover, the loss of the electrode wire itself is very small, and its loss can be ignored in actual work. Therefore, there is no influence on workpiece accuracy due to electrode wear. Especially in the process of slow-moving wire cutting, the wire electrode is one-time use, and the loss of the wire electrode has less influence on the machining accuracy. What are the characteristics of Sinker EDM? Sinker EDM is that when the tool electrode and the part are close to each other, the inter-electrode voltage will ionize the dielectric between the positive and negative electrodes to form a spark discharge and generate a large amount of thermal energy in an instant. Then the metal is partially melted or even vaporized, and the metal is corroded, thereby forming the required type holes and blind holes. - Sinker EDM can process various materials with high hardness, high melting point, high strength, and high toughness. No hard, brittle metal material can resist this high temperature, as long as it can conduct electricity, it can be processed. - The energy density of pulse discharge is high, which is convenient for processing special materials and workpieces with complex shapes that are difficult or impossible to process with ordinary machining methods. Not affected by material hardness, not affected by heat treatment conditions. During sinker EDM, because the metal is not removed by the mechanical method of the tool, there is no mechanical force during processing, so it can be used to process small holes, narrow grooves, and various complex shapes of holes and cavities. - The duration of pulse discharge is extremely short, the heat conduction and diffusion range generated during discharge are small, and the range of material affected by heat is small. - The tool electrode is easy to manufacture. During machining, the tool electrode is not in contact with the workpiece material, and the macroscopic force between the two is extremely small. The tool electrode material need not be harder than the workpiece material. - Since the electric pulse parameters can be adjusted arbitrarily, rough, medium, finishing, and continuous machining of parts can be performed on the same machine tool, which saves equipment and improves efficiency. - Sinker EDM is directly processed with electric energy, which is convenient to realize automation in production. What is the difference between Wire EDM and Sinker EDM? 1. Wire EDM does not need to manufacture electrodes separately. The sinker EDM process, on the other hand, must precisely manufacture the electrodes. Electrodes used in wire EDM are finished metal wires (such as tungsten wire, molybdenum wire, and brass wire) and do not need to be specially manufactured. 2. Electrode loss needs to be considered in sinker EDM processing. Electrode wear is inevitable in sinker EDM, and the machining accuracy is also affected by electrode wear. Electrode wear may not be considered for wire EDM. In wire EDM, the electrode wire always moves at a certain speed, which not only takes away the electro corrosion products together with the circulating working fluid but also has very little loss of its own. Its loss is negligible in practical work. 3. Wire EDM cannot process blind holes, but only through holes or shapes of parts. Sinker EDM can process through holes and blind holes and is suitable for processing cavities of plastic molds and other parts with complex shapes, as well as engraved characters and patterns. JTR can provide a variety of CNC machining services including wire EDM. Through the above, you have already understood the characteristics of the EDM process. If you need wire EDM service, please contact us, JTR professional staff will provide you with professional service.

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Beginning American Sign Language course. American Sign Language (ASL) is a beautiful and complex language, distinct from English, and is part of a rich Deaf culture. If you are interested in learning the beginnings of this language, come join our class! We will touch on the fingerspelled alphabet and numbers, simple greetings, questions, colors, family, day and time signs and more, guided by the interests, needs and knowledge of the group. Come and explore a new language! Patricia Mades – Bio I began learning American Sign Language (ASL) over 30 years ago, and I haven’t stopped since! I used to teach Deaf students at a school for the Deaf and I also taught ASL to hearing students in a public school district for 20 years. I am still working as a certified ASL interpreter part time, going on my 30th year! I enjoy teaching others to see the beauty and usefulness of this unique language, which has been so generously shared with me by so many in the Deaf community. Spaced is limited to 25 people. Please register at www.mclvt.org

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Past studies have shown that exercise can be effective in treating symptoms of depression on its own or combined with other treatments such as antidepressant drugs or psychotherapy. However, none of these studies have determined what variety or how much exercise is sufficient. Until now. Major depression disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is considered a diagnosed mental disorder that causes persistent bouts of sadness. Sad feelings can become so overwhelming that they impede individuals from peforming routine activities such as eating, sleeping, and working. Research published in the May edition of the Journal of Psychiatric Practice was conducted with the intentions of formulating a detailed proposal for how to prescribe exercise to patients with MDD. During randomized trials, authors Chad Rethorst, Ph.D. and Madhukar Trivedi, M.D. analyzed markers for type of exercise, intensity of workout, and the length of workout. The research team's findings shed light on useful tips for using exercise as a treatment for depression: -Aerobic exercise: Achieve a heart rate that is 50 to 85 percent higher than the participant's maximum heart rate. -Resistance training: Work on upper and lower body workouts in each session with three sets of eight repetitions at 80 percent of the maximum weight that the person can lift. -Time: Do three to five exercise sessions weekly, with 45 to 60 minutes for each session. Rethorst and Trivedi also noted that symptoms of depression would most likely die down within four weeks of starting a workout regime, though 10 to 12 weeks is recommended for a happier response. "Taken as a whole, these findings suggest that exercise doses below the current recommendations may still be beneficial for patients with MDD," the authors added. Further review of this study is important considering how readily available and cheap exercise is compared to hospital visits and expensive designer drugs. The majority of people who suffer from depression come from poor economic backgrounds. Drs. Rethorst and Trivedi are associated with the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas. Rethorst C, Trivedi M. Exercise for patients with major depression -- What kind, how intense, how often? Journal of Psychiatric Practice. May 2013; 19:3. Accessed May 10, 2013.

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In the complex world of healthcare, medical coders play a crucial yet often underappreciated role. Their work goes beyond simply translating medical services into codes; they are integral to ensuring regulatory compliance, which is essential for accurate billing, reimbursement, and legal adherence. Here’s a look at the vital role medical coders play in maintaining regulatory compliance within the healthcare industry. Understanding Regulatory Compliance in Regulatory compliance in healthcare involves adhering to laws, regulations, guidelines, and specifications relevant to medical practices. This includes ensuring accuracy in patient records, maintaining patient privacy, and submitting claims correctly to avoid fraud and abuse. 1. Accurate Coding for Proper Reimbursement Medical coders are responsible for translating patient encounters into standardized codes that are used for billing and reimbursement. This process must be done accurately to ensure that healthcare providers receive proper payment for their services. Prevents Fraud: Accurate coding helps prevent fraudulent claims and ensures that services billed are those that were actually provided. Avoids Penalties: Correct coding reduces the risk of penalties and fines associated with improper billing practices. 2. Adhering to Coding Guidelines and Medical coders must follow strict guidelines and standards set by organizations like the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and the American Medical Association (AMA). Consistency: Adherence to standardized coding practices ensures consistency across the healthcare industry. Compliance: Following guidelines helps healthcare organizations comply with federal and state regulations, reducing the risk of audits and investigations. 3. Ensuring Patient Privacy and Confidentiality Medical coders handle sensitive patient information and must adhere to regulations such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). Data Security: Ensuring patient data is coded and stored correctly protects against data breaches and unauthorized access. Legal Compliance: Adhering to HIPAA regulations helps avoid legal issues related to patient privacy violations. 4. Supporting Accurate Clinical Medical coders work closely with healthcare providers to ensure that clinical documentation accurately reflects the care provided. Improved Care Quality: Accurate documentation supports better patient care by providing a clear and complete record of treatment. Regulatory Adherence: Ensures that documentation meets regulatory requirements, which is crucial for audits and reviews. 5. Facilitating Audits and Reviews Medical coders prepare and organize documentation that is often reviewed during audits by regulatory bodies or insurance companies. Audit Readiness: Proper documentation and coding practices facilitate smoother audits and reviews, reducing the risk of non-compliance findings. Transparency: Transparent and accurate coding practices build trust with regulatory bodies and payers. 6. Continuous Education and Training Medical coders must engage in ongoing education to stay current with the ever-evolving coding standards and regulatory requirements. Up-to-Date Knowledge: Continuous learning ensures that coders are knowledgeable about the latest regulations and coding practices. Proactive Compliance: Staying informed helps coders proactively address compliance issues before they become problems. Medical coders are the unsung heroes of healthcare, playing a pivotal role in ensuring regulatory compliance. Their meticulous work in accurate coding, adherence to guidelines, safeguarding patient privacy, and supporting thorough documentation is essential for the smooth operation of healthcare organizations. By recognizing and supporting the vital role of medical coders, healthcare providers can enhance their compliance efforts, improve patient care, and avoid costly legal issues.

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2024-10-06T03:35:40Z

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50 years of dust Throughout the 50 years that Grauballe Man had been on display, he had been checked over at regular intervals. At these times, his skin was treated with a greasy substance, his hair was re-arranged and any cracks in his skin were repaired. Despite these efforts, his body had dried out a bit, which caused it to shrink a little. This is no surprise, as, at the time, neither the exhibition room nor his case were climate controlled. The humidity of the air around him fluctuated, UV-light was not controlled and underfloor heating provided extra warmth. Although conservator Lange-Korbak and others cleaned the surface of Grauballe Man’s skin several times, dust particles had settled in the many cracks and crevasse of his skin. A good clean As part of the new investigations Grauballe Man’s skin was cleaned very carefully with a cotton swab dipped in acetone, which removed dust and the uppermost fat layer. After this, a thin layer of lanolin was applied to his skin. Detailed analyses of the oils and lanolin used to ‘grease’ Grauballe Man throughout the years showed that they were stable and would not do any damage to the skin. Researchers concluded that Grauballe Man was in a very good state of preservation, despite the almost 50 years that he had been on display. UV-fluorescent light, infrared reflectography and a range of other surface analyses were used to analyse Grauballe Man’s skin. The images could not detect any marks on the skin that might be tattoos, such as had been found on the Stone Age ice mummy Ötzi. The UV-light and infrared images did reveal the extent of Lange-Korbak’s restorations in the 50ies. Large patches of Grauballe Man’s skin were covered with a wax filler that Lange-Korbak had painted to make it blend in with the rest of the skin. He had done such a good job that these repairs were invisible to the naked eye. Otherwise, Grauballe Man’s skin was in a good, stable condition and was unlikely to degrade much in the future.

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https://www.moesgaardmuseum.com/exhibitions/permanent-exhibitions/grauballe-man/grauballe-man-s-50th-anniversary/skin-and-state-of-preservation/

2024-10-06T03:47:17Z

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en

24 Sunday of the Year B Is 50:5-9; Jas 2:14-18; Mk 8: 27-35 Introduction: This is a homily/Scripture reflection in a book, titled: ‘Every Week God Speaks We Respond’, Cycle B, intended to be published in the future by Reverend John Tran Binh Trong. It was published in Vietnamese in the US 2008 and republished in Viet Nam 2011. To keep the author’s writing style, this homily has not been edited and may not be by a hired hand. However, if readers would like to point out mistake(s) in spelling and grammar and/or to suggest English phrases and expressions, it would be greatly appreciated by the author, whose English is not his mother tongue and who did not live in the US until his adulthood. Passive sentences are used intentionally in this context as to avoid using the first personal pronoun ‘I’ when applicable. That might be associated with any idea of egotism, in accord with the French saying, known as: ‘Le moi est haissable’ (The ego is detestable). According to Jewish tradition at the time of Jesus, people tended to foster a secular view on a messiah. They expected a messiah to be a political leader, a social reformer, and a military conqueror, capable of overthrowing the Roman rule and making their nation number one: rich and strong. Even the apostles, who had followed Jesus for three years, listening to his teaching and witnessing his miracles, still fostered their wrong idea about the messiah. Up to that time, Jesus wanted to know how people saying about him when he asked: Who do people say that I am (Mk 8:27). After they had told him about the titles, which people attributed to him such as John the Baptist, Elijah or one of the prophets, Jesus wanted to know how his apostles thought of him. Peter, representing the apostles, responded: You are the Christ (Mk 8:29). With his knowledge of fishing career, how did Peter recognize his master as the Christ? According to the Gospel of Mathew, Peter also considered his master as the Son of the living God (Mt 16:16). Jesus said that God the Father himself revealed that to Peter (Mt 16:17). However, Peter has not yet understood his master’s mission and his way. In other words, Peter’s understanding about his master was limited and vague. The apostles could not think that his master could suffer. For the apostles, it was unacceptable to see their master suffer. Therefore, Peter tried to dissuade Jesus from suffering. He wanted the Christ to follow the human way, meaning not to suffer. The reason for that dissuasion is the apostles did not understand the scriptures yet. They did not know that the suffering servant whom Isaiah talked about would be their master. In today’s gospel, Jesus also applied Isaiah’s prophecy about the suffering servant to himself. To eliminate those wrong ideas about the messiah, Jesus immediately foretold his suffering and death he would endure (Mk 8:31). This was the first time Jesus made a prediction about his suffering and death. Later on, he repeated this twice. Thus, Jesus showed us a contradiction of Christianity. When we suffer for the love of God, we will gain a new life in God. That is why Saint Augustine put it: Where there is love, there will be no more suffering. If there is still suffering, that suffering will be accepted with love. The key word to understanding and facing suffering and death is meaning and purpose. Jesus came to bring meaning and purpose to human suffering and death. That is the reason why the faithful, we do not embrace suffering for the sake of it, as a dead end without escape. If we stop at suffering and cross, we would choose a dead end road and we would be stuck. To say so means when we suffer in body, soul and spirit, we need to go to the doctor and take medicine. Doctor and medicine are instruments God uses to facilitate his healing process. Sometimes God can heal human sickness and disease directly without human intervention or medicine. That way of healing is called miracle. Thus, when we suffer physically or mentally and after we have sought medical help, and yet sickness remains, we need to learn how to bear it for the love of God to partake of Jesus’ suffering. Bearing suffering that way will become beneficial to our souls. To suffer as such for the love of God and for an expiation of sins: our sins and the sins of the world, our suffering will be united with the suffering of Jesus as to pray for the salvation of souls including our own. To bring a notion of love and a notion of expiation of sin to our suffering should make our suffering easier and bring meaning to our life. Being angry at somebody’s offensive words, attitude or behavior and yet we offer that anger to God, accepting it for the love of God or for a ransom of sins is similar to pouring cold water on the head. To suffer like that is called redemptive suffering. To carry the burden of life requires a perseverant faith in God and a trustful love for God. Only by our meditation on Jesus’ suffering, our experience of suffering and by prayer, can we experience the meaning of Jesus’ words: Come to me, all you who are weary and find life burdensome, and I will refresh you (Mt 11:28). Prayer asking to bear suffering for the love of God: Oh Lord Jesus! You accepted suffering and death for the love of God and for the expiation of our sins . I offer to you my suffering in body, soul and spirit: my worry, fear, loneliness and sadness, misunderstanding and hatred, loss and shame. Come and travel with me and stay with me as to transform my life. Amen. John Tran Binh Trong

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CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://www.mucvuvanbut.net/chiem-niem/scripture-reflections/scripture-reflections-nam-b/4625-24-sun-ord-b-through-suffering-to-resurrection-2

2024-10-06T04:14:35Z

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The Covid-19 has had serious impacts on all aspects of life across the world. It has caused considerable loss to the powerful economies like the US, the UK, Germany and other developed nations. Nepal suffered more losses due to the pandemic this year than last year. The lockdowns that followed after the pandemic have adversely affected economic and educational sectors. The poor are suffering the most. Lockdown is a powerful means to prevent the contagion but it has not been effective enough in Nepal. Those who depend for their livelihood on daily wage works had to stay inside their houses for months. But the political leaders and their cadres came out in the competition to hit the streets and gather crowds. As a result, Covid-19 spread much faster in Nepal. Service sectors were closed but cultural and religious ceremonies continued, creating the ground for further spread of infection. Importing vaccines and vaccinating people could have helped a lot but political brinkmanship prevented this from happening. There are suspicions of foul play by those in power to make money out of the vaccine import. While this was happening, hundreds of poor people were dying in hospitals due to lack of ICU beds, ventilators and oxygen support. As regular teaching and learning activities came to a halt, children were deprived of their right to education. The schools were asked to upgrade the students based on internal evaluation. This discouraged the students from studying hard. Yes, the government asked the schools to adopt digital teaching-learning methods. This was effective in city areas but a large number of students living in rural areas and lacking access to the internet could not continue learning. Truth is only those technologically sound schools have been able to provide digital teaching-learning to the students. Still, poor connectivity of the internet and reluctant attitude of the students towards study became a hindrance. Lack of smart devices and internet access posed a serious challenge to the learning of the students. Political leaders and policymakers should set aside their differences and work together to defeat the pandemic. Nepal must spare no efforts to procure vaccines and inoculate the people. Covid-19 has wreaked havoc across the world. Entire world is struggling to fight this virus. Developed countries have been able to produce/procure vaccines and inoculate their citizens. Thus the situation is largely under control in those countries. Nepal must spare no efforts to procure vaccines and inoculate the people. This is a critical moment for all. Political leaders and policymakers should set aside their differences and work together to defeat the pandemic. Then a long-term plan should be formulated to minimize the Covid risks. It would be better to form a team of experts to find the ways to save lives and secure livelihoods of common people. The expert team comprising academicians, economists, politicians and social campaigners should work collectively to address the problems caused by Covid-19 in various sectors. Developed countries have shown that with collective efforts and proactive government measures lives can be saved and Covid-19 can be defeated. Nepal should urgently devise long-term visions accompanied by concrete actions to beat the pandemic. Raju Gaihre is a teacher by profession.

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CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://www.nepallivetoday.com/2021/07/03/nepal-should-stand-together-to-defeat-the-pandemic/

2024-10-06T04:08:38Z

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en

Biofuels: ethical issues Biofuels should be environmentally sustainable. The rapid expansion of current biofuels production is unlikely to be environmentally sustainable for a number of reasons. Biodiversity may be lost when forests, grassland or peatland are cleared to grow biofuels crops. Even if existing agricultural land is used, some argue that food production will simply be moved elsewhere, causing the release of greenhouse gas emissions and damage to the environment and using land in other parts of the world (this is known as ‘indirect land use change’). In addition, current biofuels crops yield relatively low amounts of energy, meaning more land is needed to make the required amount of fuel, and biofuels are often imported from countries with less stringent environmental sustainability regulations. Only 31 per cent of biofuels used in the UK met an environmental standard in 2009/2010. Current environmental policies related to biofuels production are generally weak, and they vary from country to country. The large number of standards and certification systems that are currently being developed is likely to cause confusion. An international environmental sustainability standard for biofuels production should be developed, for example by the United Nations Environment Programme. This standard should also aim to prevent unsustainable practices in other forms of agriculture.

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CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/publications/biofuels/guide-to-the-report/principle-2-environmental-sustainability

2024-10-06T04:54:28Z

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en

About Mother's Day in Georgia Georgia marks Mother's Day on March 3rd. Though similar to the day observed in other countries, It is a public holiday in Georgia, as the whole country celebrates this special relationship between a mother and her children, bringing warmth and love to all. It was established as an official holiday by the country's first President, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, in 1991 and has been celebrated every year since. It is a tradition that on this day mothers throughout the country are given spring flowers, mostly violets, sweets, and other presents by the rest of the family. Promoting respect for women and appreciating their role in the family, as well as their enduring efforts in the upbringing of children, are seen as the principal ideas behind the date. This holiday was originally intended to replace Women's Day (March 8th), but both are public holidays.

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CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/georgia/georgia-mothers-day

2024-10-06T04:50:18Z

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en

From February to April, we tend to see quality issues on certain varieties of oysters. It’s something that happens each year, so we put together this FAQ to help address your winter concerns. What are oysters doing during winter? When we’re asked to think of animals that hibernate, bears, bats and other small mammals usually come to mind. But did you know, oysters also “hibernate” during the winter? Contrary to children’s books and fairy tales, animals in hibernation are not sleeping. Hibernation is a form of dormancy in which animals conserve energy to survive harsh environmental conditions. Oysters go dormant during winter because water temperatures can stay below freezing for months. Evolution has also taught them that there is no food in the water when everything is iced over. How do oysters survive their winter dormancy? To prepare for winter dormancy, oysters feed like crazy during the fall to build up glycogen, their sugar stores — which is why they are so sweet in autumn. When the water temperatures drop to 40° F, it signals the oyster to stop metabolizing and go dormant. The oyster will barely pump during this time and survive on its glycogen to get through the winter. When the waters warm up and food is back in the water, the oysters will become active again and start feeding. They will pump, filter, and eat from spring to fall until water temperatures drop again, triggering another cycle of dormancy. What is winter kill? Inevitably, there are oysters that will die during winter dormancy. This phenomenon is called winter kill. Oysters run out of glycogen to stay alive or they are too weak to withstand the harsh conditions. The worst part is, some of these oysters die remaining shut. This makes them difficult to detect even when harvesters go through them by hand. What are some signs of winter kill? Because some oysters die shut, they cannot be detected until they are shaken up or shucked open to reveal dry, shriveled, smelly meats. Dormant oysters are weaker and have difficulty healing themselves, so any chipping during harvest, culling, packing, or transit can lead to liquor loss. “Once we hit late February and into March, we are basically asking the oysters to do the most impossible journey possible. Out of the water, through the packing house and shipped across the [Canadian] border by refrigerated truck. If at any point in that journey, the oyster [attempts] to feed or gets jostled in a harsh manner that loosens the abductor muscle, the oyster will spill some of its precious liquor and there’s no opportunity to replace the liquor… The oyster will not likely open again until spring when he’s either bone dry from survival or is sufficiently convinced that the water temperatures are steady again.” — Jacob Dockendorff, PEI Producer Why does winter kill affect certain varieties more than others? If you are a Pangea Shellfish customer, you will notice that certain oyster varieties are unavailable from March to May like wild-harvested Malpeques. These are the months when winter kill is most apparent, and Canadian supply is a great example. Canadian waters get colder earlier in the year than locations down south. This also means the oysters enter dormancy earlier than its southern brethren. If a Canadian oyster enters dormancy in early November, it may not start feeding again until May when waters warm. It basically needs to survive on its glycogen that whole time! It’s impossible to ask the oysters to be in tip-top shape from March through May when they have not eaten for six to seven months. You will also see signs of winter kill in New England oysters as we approach March, but it’s not as noticeable because their dormancy period is shorter. New England oysters are likely feeding until the end of November and start feeding again in late March. They have to survive about four months compared to the six months Canadian oysters endure. Which varieties are less susceptible to winter kill? Winter kill is less of an issue for southern varieties because of warmer water conditions, but generally, farmed oysters have a better chance of survival than wild oysters. Growers make sure their oysters have the best access to food throughout the year and condition them to have stronger abductor muscles. Farms also have different wintering and culling methods to tackle winter kill and limit its effects on product quality. So, despite Canadian oysters being more susceptible, many of the cultured Canadian varieties look nice throughout the season. When will quality improve? When the oysters finally start pumping and feeding again, it will take a couple of weeks for their quality to improve as they replenish themselves. Timing will vary by area because water temperatures differ by location, but we will see most varieties in better shape by late May. Is there anything I can do to limit the effects of winter kill? Yes! Be gentle. The oysters are weak, so any tough handling will result in dry or dead oysters. Give them extra attention and protection, especially in transit. If you encounter a smelly bag, make sure to go through the bag or box because it could just be one dead oyster responsible for the smell. Discard the dead and rinse the rest. The remaining live oysters are just fine! If there are any issues, contact your supplier. Dead oysters can go unnoticed until shucked, so giving your supplier feedback can help them assess the situation. Have a winter quality question not listed here? Ask it in the comments section below. Special thanks to our Canadian producers for contributing to this piece.

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CC-MAIN-2024-42

https://www.pangeashellfish.com/blog/winter-effects-on-oyster-quality

2024-10-06T04:14:41Z

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en